Trent watershed survey : a reconnaissance

oe ‘ .
~« _ - oo
- say nes
. overs] oo =
— = woh tow oe
—- —_ APs Creme PRO te oem rrr eum arERErmN tT mar eT TEES
oo 6 ed tes 2 rem en en onan or gererwengesene sey e
ee eo oe 0 © eres fotres eres rene ane geneva
wel ee Me) Sr PORTE 1 Oren E EER Some ew
a. oe OTT nn ee reve es Bee ceeen ere ae
«| - re] ne cmp tre pres ereeemmommem
= . en ee ee ener es
_ ower} nnee — Souter eres ar Dr En E er SNe eR Er eRPEENNOe!
—— oe ee ee Oates 120i tale stack od iehenmenaahetlt
~ ow ss — ne .
~ - a *
enna coos ies
es ~ _
Se _

<
— ~ be =
- ° ie
.
< I. ~ «
- —a . 2
ss a .
> ee
- . “
een Ss
~ a
=
wee
aes -
~ fe .
a :
oe eae a
a a ee anes =
> nhteniinedanen a -
a > -<
<mw ee oe
ee fo ge
=a 4 a
ST ee ee
— oS Hae,
ea te pene a
a eer = 2
ee
- St ee
om See Mey peal
aS
oraaes a) pene <a
we ee tel
—— — ae

TAneiya

ml Ldntasabeh a8
i i
if
a

fae

i teeaded
bone i t 4
i ; ERD RSCAARELTAESREAE
' 7 a to ae > PERL EEUAESELOREEES BESE |
ae a $¢ , ei : aa
ee el Addy eee PRESECU PR RD ESERES! a
; f ’* "7. ee ee aban 1% H
| (na eS SOAP HERE ARIE en rere?
1hiy Ceeerggse eer y py aaes LEE H
EREAELICLIPELLA TALL EEEL nhl
| ‘i } j ;
H
e ' tri
j
{ ‘

Commission of Conservation

Constituted under ‘‘ The Conservation Act,” &-9 Edward VII.,
Chap. 27, 1909, and amending Acis, 9-10 Edward VII, Chap. 42,
Ig10, and 3-4 George V., Chap. 12, 191}.

Chairman:
Hon. CLIFFORD SIFTON

Members:

Hon. AUBIN E. ARSENAULT, Summerside, P.E.I.

Dr. Howard Murray, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.

Dr. Cecit C. JONES, Chancellor, University of New Brunswick, Fred-
ericton, N.B.

Mr. WILLIAM B. SNOWBALL, Chatham, N.B.

Hon. Henri S. B&_anp, M.D., M.P., St. Joseph-de-Beauce, Que.

MONSEIGNEUR CHARLES P. CHOQUETTE, St. Hyacinthe, Que., Superior,
Seminary of St. Hyacinthe and Member of Faculty, Laval University

Mr. Epwarp GouiEr, St. Laurent, Que.

Dr. JAMES W. RosBeErtTsoNn, C.M.G., Chairman, Royal Commission on
Industrial Training and Technical Education, Ottawa, Ont.

SIR SANDFORD FLEMING, K.C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont., Chancellor, Queen’s
University

Hon. SENATOR WILLIAM CAMERON Epwarps, Ottawa, Ont.

SIR pou B. OsLeR, M.P., Governor, University of Toronto, Toronto,

nt.

Mr. CHARLES A. McCoo, Ottawa, Ont.

Mr. Joun F. Mackay, Business Manager, ‘‘The Globe,”’ Toronto, Ont.

Dr. BERNARD E. FERNOW, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Dr. GEORGE Bryce, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.

Dr. WILLIAM J. RUTHERFORD, Member of Faculty, University of Saskat-
chewan, Saskatoon, Sask.
Dr. Henry M. Tory, President, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Mr. JoHN HENDRY, Vancouver, B.C.

Members, ex-officio:

Hon. MARTIN BuRRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa

Hon. WILLIAM J. RocHE, Minister of the Interior, Ottawa

Hon. Louis CoDERRE, Minister of Mines, Ottawa

Hon. Joun A. Martuieson, K.C., President, Premier and Attorney-
General, Prince Edward Island

Hon. ORLANDO T. DANIELS, Attorney-General, Nova Scotia

Hon. ao K. FLEMMING, Premier and Surveyor-General, New Bruns-
wic

Hon. JULES ALLARD, Minister of Lands and Forests, Que.

Hon. Witt1AM Hearst, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario

Hon. JAMES H. Howben, Attorney-General, Manitoba

Hon. JAMES A. CALpER, Minister of Railways, Telegraphs and Telephones,
Saskatchewan

ere team L. Sirton, Premier, Minister of Railways and Telephones,

erta
Hon. WILLIAM R. Ross, Minister of Lands, British Columbia

Assistant to Chairman and Deputy Head:
Mr. JAMES WHITE

Commission of Conservation
CANADA

COMMITTEE ON FORESTS

st

TRENT WATERSHED
SURVEY

A RECONNAISSANCE
| nN
C. D. HOWE, Ph.D., AND J. H. WHITE, B.A., B.Sc.F.
With
AN INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSION

By

B. E. FERNOW, LL.D.

Committee on Forests

Chairman:
SENATOR W. C. EDWARDS

Members:

Dr. B. E. FERNow

Mr. Joun HENDRY
Hon. WitiiamM J. RocHE
Mr. W. B. SNOWBALL

and the Ex-officio Members of the
Commission who represent the var-
ious provinces.

To Fietp MarsHuat His: Roya HiGHNEss PRINCE ARTHUR WILLIAM
Patrick ALBERT, DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND OF STRATHEARN,
‘K.G., K.T., K.P., Etc., ETC., GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

| May it Please Your Royal Highness :

i The undersigned has the honour to lay before Your Royal Highness
| the attached report on the “‘Trent Watershed Survey,’’ which was
| prepared for the Commission of Conservation by B. E. Fernow,
| Ploy C.D. Howe; Ph.D and J: H. White, B.A., B.Sc.F.

Respectfully submitted

CLIFFORD SIFTON
Chairman

Ortawa, August 9, 1913

Ottawa, Canapa, August 7, 1913

Sir:

I beg to submit the attached report on the ‘Trent Watershed
Survey,” by B..E. Fernow, LL.D; ©. DD. Howe; Phi. and) EH:
White, B.A., B.Sc.F. It contains the account of a reconnaissance
carried on by Dr. C. D. Howe and Mr. J. H. White, prefaced with an
introductory discussion of the subject by Dr. Fernow.

Respectfully submitted

JAMES WHITE
Assistant to Chairman

Hon. CLIFFORD SIFTON
Chairman
Commission of Conservation
Ottawa

CONTENTS

I. ConNDITIONS IN THE TRENT WATERSHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT. A Discussion By B. E.

Fernow, LL.D.

PAGE

LNT CEN RCH Mice ate Ss, ails, a pve goat giclee wis d'wias W's 6 eee BW We « oe 1
REVO Meme ELE EL VENT. < 2k4ip otdvint bis sea ayn bid'slslec be eee ces 2
Na MONO PEN Ce AMA pce a as wide) crab viedo s%e © ud wis nace padeeees 2
BORTST AMD \WATERELOW +. .¢.0+ 50 uscne cee cecseae dieses 3
CRUSES OF DWTBRIOR ATION wa: sis-cicre oe dein ond ec encacscscve 4
PROCHDURE OF THE SURVEYS. 4 cutis doce vba welas wesseedeaceees 6
SWORN OW YET EURGION Nase ci cie aievesis de sischcerscinlo sve wanes s 7
ECE SOG: COND MEEBO ELV) oe) wet cl cba eale) dv mee leiaie Waddie «ab ae 0 oo 10
(BURR Wali Ge Co ONE D LONG a1 a) sha)a a avain a wg wbaicemiondya wave waive « oe oye 11
HGORESE: CONDITIONG. S85 .suGias bc Peleisio hile Bek du enmaa ae 11
OWNERSHIP CONDITIONS «<6 Ges a <) deteitie'ajs blnisle so sew ede os 14
ENDUSTREAL, DBVEEOPMENG. oi 6:00 ceca ecw cv ceecccee 14
ANISTON TEIN Gh NDE SEY coe ast | cee astra eeeeule’ Wa, Se abaWil nye ba e/a! os olde ode 15

MGR DNRUESee ROME 2156s ieee erate spelee ouals wih wy aedom vod eave & See 15

EEE CO MNOBINIE ATONE nile sis i's ole ia) okayeners tera oe dS EVG pldie’s «0 s'e we «wee 15
NIDNICTPAT. AO WNERSHEP 6s .\ae 24 ds be a chespdwpth alice cuaee 16
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP. 5 cou con cowie aesbeleecsercedae 18
CUASSIRIOATION (ON WANDS . cide whic se ekie ec we een cele we 21
Summary oF Assessors’ RETURNS.............-...e000% 29
ADDENDA: Forust Fires oF 1913..................2- 31

II. PuysIoGRAPHIC AND Forest CoNDITIONS, By C. D. Howe,

Phe,

DRAINAGE, TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS............... 35
DD EATING RI at cet akan fh e's Mu Sere cic Gdiare Seieiarod duced « 30
PRO Gy NERV eee set es eo ee MS es ete le iia a ww vlel ecw 37
Grea eee emi eta Cdr ne File Caleteiy ak hare ee ta 37
NG) Nin ory Ena eee CRI aR elle Ste cow geal Aw clin, Bel ws 38

CoNDITION OF THE VARIOUS ForEST TYPES.................. 39
MO oe CG UNAS fae) ahead 2) 90. Gye coche: bis wis. e-unisln WG @ m.blelars 39
IEEE ER OUR E nunca cis A ened cise wtlalaha’e avs eRe ctw dw Gwisle oo Ws 41
AVI Sow MUM ee et ee tek eats ace a eidialaitare ala GUM @ os 47
CONE R OUR ME VERON 6 ree Ge) Se ke Oe le cet acee wolbs 50
POPE ARs RRCE LPH ain Wide Wick Se Gen ocids Uae kaa eee 51

ROMERO TOWNSREP SO. . oo aigakinue «cigeases «bw is «ss 52
LIMERICK AND CASHEL TOWNSHIPS............ 53
GHANDOS) POWNGHIP a woul Nees cua ee cad sew es 55
ANGPRUTHER LOWNSHIP. ¢ os cco td oh bon cece dene 56
ISUREBIGH, NNOWNSHEP. oA oacck «ce estilo s Sand eve ees 56
Anal Wes PGW NSEREE Uw Soc chic aude iwc etin wlew dala awed oe 58
GERTIRG ESS OCH DOSS 1 ee 58
COSUENIISH PGOWINGHER . 00) 0 ou). che mawd swaps wweeweaes 58
EUPtHR WORTH » LOWNSHIP. wii. s etd aw ce i daaloewde es 58

CONTENT S—Continued

PAGE
FINANCIAL Losses BY FOREST FIRES.................. 60
BTRW + PROTECTIOND sesh iis 52a ne esa ers 64
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS......... 68
Hastines County :
Marvors TOWNSHIP. 5 ii) {oa ee eee ee 68
TAR OWNER) ce ai.) ie ie ne ee Fe 8 69
TUDOR: TOWNSHIP.) s)6 chica core siciatetce See a 70
LIMERICK “TOWNSHIP: 0000. os oe eee oa ek 71
CASHEL) TOW NSEUP $s 2/0) fi UA Sy Ge en Rite 72
WOLLASTON -LOWNSHEP 00000 Oe ee 73
FarapAy TOWNSHIP....... 4) AS A Die ang 74
PETERBOROUGH COUNTY :
CHANDOS: TOWNSHIP 2.) co) a ee a ee 74
MEriunn TOWNSHIP «|. ..iok sa ash eee cee eee as 75
BURLBIGH JLOWNSHIP Ssh Ao Re 76
ANSTRUTHER TOWNSHIP..........cccccccccececus , 77
CAVENDISH TOWNSHIP! S70) tie in ee eae ee 78
GALWAY: TOWNSHIP U5 he ee ieee eae ae 79
Harvny TOWNSHIP: 4.650050, ae ee ane ee ee ee as, 80
VicTORIA COUNTY :
SOMBPRVILLE —TOWNSHEP <6). oi 5 ok ee hs ee ee ct 81
HALIBURTON COUNTY :
Canpirr, TOWNSHIP’)... cies. +. sotel tonic seinen 81
MonmoutTeH TOWNSHIP) neil) Wek oe ee 83
GLAMORGAN "TOWNSHIP. 220/28 6 eae 83
LUTTERWORTH TOWNSHIP. ..........cccecccsescees 84
SNOWDON TOWNSHIP..........0..e0e0e6 Sueseeseteee 4 85
MINDEN TLOWNSHIP ))) 350.0 ht ere oe ee ere 85
Dysart TOWNSHIP......... Rr ae NN SS ; 86
DUDLEY TOWNSHEP 22...) ic) ooo eee ee ee eee 87
GUILEORD “TOWNSHIP & .c.ics dele Giae uae on) aimee ere 87
SPTAWHOPE “COWNSHEP 4 25.0.0 oars hae eran 88
ANSON AND HINDON TOWNSHIPS............2e0e00. 89
HARBURN? TOWNSHEP whi ke a eae eterno ne sane ae a 89
SHERBORNE, HAVELOCK.AND EYRE TOWNSHIPS...... 89

III. Economic AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS, BY JAMES H. WHITE,
M.A., B.Se.F.

FarMIne CONDITIONS )2% 2).5 bias se slaled A Rios Dale eer 91
DETAILS OF FARM DISTRIBUTION............-0eeeeeeee 92
HAstinas. COUNTY hells 2 Aki keene eee 92
Purnrronover ‘Comnry si.) 0. ease ee ee ee 92
HALIBURTON ‘COUNTER U0 r aod eee sie ee enero 93
FaRMiIne Mursons.... civ Saree. BUR ee ee eee menea 93
ABANDONED FARMS 66.5.4 65: 24s ln ie ee eee oe eee eee 94
SOGIAL. CONDITIONS $3 4 04.6. ¢se ee ee SAL RRS ES ea gee 97
EARUY ADVICE 565 isa a eee a ek & ka eae nee 97
LUMBERING CONDITIONS............... Sn LOOT i hear teme ipunn 98
Tounist’ TRarric Conprrions. i, 0)... seo ae ot re 101
OwnnnsHrp ‘CONDITIONS: 46) ic ee Peo ee eee cane epels 101

/

CONTENT S—Continued

IV. APPENDICES.

PAGH
I. Notes on Tap LumseriIna INDUSTRY IN THH TRENT
W APWHSEMOINS (ies vie coe « EO SIND pia ake oP ARECAG 2 ale — 103
II. PaysicaL FEATURES OF THE ARBA..............0000eeeee 108
IME \GEOLOGYT OP PRE ABBA, 3 sis5505400)0 lcs es eee be edecwe 114
IV. MiIneRAL OccURRENCES IN THE AREA INCLUDED IN THD
TIREEENIGNY, ARETE PRIEN AS oS dia Wee od aves ola iv oliate a @ 115
V. Extracts rroM LETTERS oF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES
TO THE DOMINION ForESTRY BRANCH REGARDING CON-
DITIONS IN THE TRENT WATERSHED AND NEIGHBOUR-
ENG COMNTITHS: . 22. ihrs saladelbrd ood od foe as ih. BE eae 120

Bee NERS a it gama oe ee ee 8 GA heel cde eS cite 135

xT.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

Iil.

ILLUSTRATIONS

RoRMER (PINES i. POWs ac acn sie oe oe ee ey ae ee Frontispiece
WATER STORAGE BASIN SURROUNDED BY AN OLD BurRN............... 3
ONE OF THE NuMEROUS UNDEVELOPED WATER POWERS............... ae
A JINATURAT: BARREN 60 oi4):) balgn i sece oo Scdlas | ek: eee ee en Poe 5
ANLAN-MADE MIBARREIN homer 08 ec Pea a hil Ga eae mae ee aaNet 5
PROSPECTIVE -PARMS .5)ete. eh. Oo. ee ee . Sintahe ea eS BD iy 11
ABANDONED THAR Gi.0o 2 Sek ed oI Oe!) Ont ee ea 11
ABANDONED F'ARM STILL USED FOR PASTURE............0c0c0.ececace 38
BANK SHOWING CROSS-SECTION OF SUB-SOIL...........00 cece cece cease 38
Two EXAMPLES oF MAPLE PORESTS) (icin cen) yee ee ee eee 4]
Mixep TyprE—BircH AND PINE, ON THIN GRANITIC SoOIL............. 47
SIMILAR TyPE Wuicu Has SuFFERED SUCCESSIVE FIRES.............. 47
Two TypPrs or REPRODUCTION AFTER FPIRE.,....20.....0......0, 4008 a
Seep Trees Lert arrer Cutrinc ; REPRODUCTION oF PINE IN Com-
MERCIAL QUAN TITIBS: come. cas oe Geen een! Peale ey Biel se eee 60
FoRMER PINERIES : INSUFFICIENT SEED TREES Lert To Ru-EsTaBLisH
Crop ON COMMERCIAL, BIAGIS SUR ee eer ye eee sees a 63
Curtinc In Harpwoop Forest: LitrtE DANGER OF FIRE............ 67

CurtTInG IN PINE Forrest : Mucu INFLAMMABLE MATERIAL ON GROUND 67

BaLsAM-CEDAR SwAMP : Common TYPE In NoRTHERN TIER OF TOWN-

BETERG redone Ae le Sik gl aig ea A en Re Tole ee 89
NATURAL MEADOW BETWEEN GRANITIC RIDGES..................20.0- 89
SAMPLE OF TILLABLE SOIL TO BE FOUND ON UPLAND GRANITIC AREAS... 92
BARM ‘ON A(GUACEAL: IMIORATNE ac, Bees ee Oe ee ee ee 92
FIELD STREWN WITH LIMESTONE BouLDERS : GooD PASTURAGE BETWEEN

fb 0) ee ee mn MA re Aden Was SACD Ma AM eee ahaa CANA. ie EO yy eo fo 95
Poor’ PASTURAGE se ee Se TA EN ene Te en ei ee 95
Py PIGAr, Umi Ai’ (HART. oe ere hee Aue ah es ee oa Ree yer ee cet ae 97
BerTerR Type oF FARMING CountTRY : GULL RIVER VALLEY NEAR MIN-

UTE NT hie ae Re ak a tata el sue helena a ee Aerie EAR CC MMe AE Pc SO ar 97
Wuitr Pine Loe Cut 23 Yrars Aco AND Lert as DEFECTIVE ACCORD-

ING TO STANDARDS OF TMAT. CUME toad ue Cee k te ae eee 99
"THE: PRESHNT CEU VIGSIDE ie Tce wl hidok othe a UG © UR Giaketeeen: eee ea 99

MAPS
Forusr FIRES, AOUoe 4 One eau s cate tts oun hiabeens Gkowa tind eka 32
Forest DIsTRIBUTION IN TRENT WATERSHED.................. In pocket

Crow ‘TIMBER ANDES. is Gas eh ok Te oe esa a iat ante ett took, In pocket

ales xt eee ;
cies Spt betas ni — dy :
mes Ae Se

'
i
i
y

Se

FORMER PINERIES
Now no seed trees remain to re-establish another

These areas once supported sixty merchantable trees per acre.
pinery. 150,000 acres in this condition in the Trent Watershed

Trent Watershed Survey

I
Conditions in the Trent Watershed

Introduction

HE following report on the conditions of a section of a

once rich forest area in Old Ontario, will serve to exhibit in

a precise and detailed manner the consequences of mis-

management under the old system of timber licenses, con-

sequences which afford a warning against a continuance of that system.

The report is also intended to suggest possible methods of recovery.

Furthermore, an area has been considered in which the conditions

are typical of those in thousands of square miles of cut-over lands in
the eastern provinces of Canada.

In the autumn of 1911, Mr. John H. Burnham, M.P., invited the
writer to look over a portion of the watershed of the Trent canal,
situated in Hastings, Peterborough, Haliburton and Victoria counties,
Ontario, in company with the Superintendent of the Canal, with a view
to formulating suggestions for taking care of the forest cover. It
appeared that the Dominion Government had spent some ten million
dollars on this canal and watershed, building dams at some 4o lakes
to regulate the waterflow, although control of the watersheds, from
which this flow derives its source, had not been secured by the govern-
ment. The slopes, once, for the most part, covered with valuable pine
and hardwood forest, had been cut over. A large area, the pinery in
particular, had been repeatedly subjected to fires and rendered liable
to eventual total destruction, especially since the commercial interest
in the lands had to a large extent disappeared, through the removal of
the merchantable pine timber.

A short inspection trip made it clear that these conditions pre-
sented a problem of peculiar and particular interest ; one of sufficient
size and importance to call for careful analysis and consideration ; a
problem meriting the development of some plan for its solution.

The proposition to make a detailed reconnaissance and description
of the area as a basis for recommendations, appealed to the Chairman
of the Commission of Conservation, the Honourable Mr. Sifton. As the
timber had been nearly cut out, the Provincial Government was only
receiving a trifling revenue from this portion of the country ; on the
other hand, the interest of the Dominion, on account of the capital in-

2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

vested in the canal, was considerable. It was, therefore, decided to
make a survey of the entire watershed north of the Kawartha lakes,
or of at least as much as could be done in one season. By careful
planning and diligent application, on the part of the field party, it was
possible to accomplish the necessary field work for all of the water-
shed covered by this report,consisting of 2,100 square miles, during the
summer of 1912, although the travel by foot in connection with
the survey amounted to not less than 4200 miles.

The writer was charged with organizing the survey and laying
out the plans of procedure. ‘The party, consisting of Dr. C. D. Howe
and Mr. J. H. White, both of the Faculty of Forestry, University of
Toronto, and three student assistants, Messrs. Christie, McVickar
and Watt, started in May, 1912, and, by the middle of September, the
survey in the field was finished.

Reasons for the Survey

It may be desirable at the outset to enlarge somewhat on the
reasons for selecting this particular area and to indicate what par-
ticular interest attaches to it. As stated, this area is illustrative of
conditions prevailing over a very large territory of mismanaged lands,
for which it is desirable to formulate a policy of reconstruction and
recuperation. In addition to this, however, the fact that the water-
way and waterpowers developed in the Trent canal draw their supply
from this watershed lends more significance to this territory than
to others.

Value of the Canai—The Trent Canal project has been a subject
of public criticism and often of ridicule, ever since it was conceived,
8 years ago. The criticism and ridicule are not, however, deserved
by the original project but only by the irrational, slow manner in
which it was executed. The canal project, infact, has been subjected
to precisely the same kind of mismanagement as the territory through
which it passes. The chief value of a canal lies in connecting ©
markets and resources, and, therefore, depends mainly on its outlets.
The first outlet of the canal, the one into lake Ontario, is now, after
nearly a century of dilatory work, being completed ; the other, which
affords access to Georgian bay, still hangs fire. So long as the out-
lets to larger markets or for through-traffic were lacking, only a very
limited local traffic could develop. Since the canal does not pass
through agricultural country, and, since the principal resource of the
region it serves was timber—a staple which needs more than local
markets for a profitable and rational development—the value of the
incomplete canal was limited indeed. Since this outlet was unavailable,
the timber, owing to the expense of transportation to market, was cut
in a more or less wasteful manner. Asa result, the government derived

WATER STORAGE BASIN SURROUNDED BY AN OLD BURN

ONE OF THE NUMEROUS UNDEVELOPED WATER-POWERS

REASONS FOR THE SURVEY

eo

scarcely any profit from this industry, and the returns to the lumber-
men were also relatively small. If the cheap transportation which a
canal furnishes had been in existence earlier, much more conservative
logging operations could have been carried on ; much closer utilization
of material could have been made by mills situated along the route ;
much more profit could have been secured from this resource by both
operators and the people, and, moreover, the source could have been
managed for perpetuity, as a basis for manufacturing industries. As
it is, the principal local freight, that from the timber-lands, is almost
exhausted, and a large part of the usefulness of the canal has gone, at
least in so far as local development is concerned. Outside of the
water-power which it supplies, through traffic, which may follow upon
the completion of the two outlets, can alone justify its existence for the
present ; unless by careful planning and management a revival of the
industrial activity, to which, at one time, the lumberman gave rise, can
be secured.

Forest and Waterflow—Meanwhile, another important factor in
the problem, which is closely connected with the timber question, has
been entirely lost sight of, namely, the securing of adequate water
supplies for canal and power purposes by the conservation of a forest
cover on the watersheds. Indeed, this factor, the conservation of
water supplies, is one of paramount importance to the canal. What-
ever may be said regarding the influence of deforestation on climate,
an influence which, it must be admitted, is.only imperfectly under-
stood, there can be no question as to the znfluence on waterflow which
a forest cover exercises. That such a cover prevents extremes of low-
water and high-water stages, and generally regulates and equalizes
waterflow, has been proved both by experience and experiment in all
parts of the world.

The effect of this influence can be readily explained if it is assumed
to act under extreme conditions. Consider a watershed with bare,
rocky slopes. It is obvious that the water precipitation on it will run
off as fast as it falls ; that the water stages in the river will be as erratic
and fitful as the rainfall ; and that low-water and high-water stages
will alternate in conjunction with dry and wet periods.

Now, consider the rock covered not only with soil and vegetation,
but also with a dense forest growth, and then compare this condition
of the watershed with the one previously mentioned. The rapid run-
off is prevented by percolation ; the surface drainage is largely changed
into subdrainage ; the river is to some extent fed by springs instead of
surface flow ; the time during which the waters reach the river is length-
ened ; and the flow becomes more even. Although in the case of un-
usual rains and precipitous slopes even the forest cover may not prevent

4 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION |

floods ; yet they certainly will not be as frequent nor as severe as if the
impediments to rapid surface drainage were absent. The soil, the
litter, the moss and small vegetation, all contribute towards the for-
mation of a water reservoir from which supplies gradually reach the river.

Between these assumed extremes of unfavourable and favourable
conditions there exist all the intermediate conditions of surface cover,
with corresponding efficiencies in changing surface drainage to sub-
drainage : the barren soil covering the rocky slope, the bare pasture
of grass and weed growth, the ploughed field, the farm crop, the shrub
growth and slash, the young forest growth, the old stand of timber,
virgin or culled, and more or less dense,—these conditions in infinite
variation, vary also in effectiveness as to control of run-off in the
sequence given above.

There is one other influence of the forest cover, even of the poor
stands, in regulating waterflow, which other vegetable cover or surface
conditions only possess in a smaller degree. Water, as it runs over the
slope, is apt either to dissolve soil particles or to carry them in sus-
pension, thus eroding the soil, filling the river bed with sediment and
decreasing the capacity of the channel. Even a grassy slope is not as
efficiently protected against this erosion as a tree-clad one.

Engineers have sometimes thought that dams alone may effect
the satisfactory regulation of the waterflow, but the wiser ones have
recognized that, for the best service, dams need to be supplemented
by a forest cover such as a watershed furnishes. Especially for city water
supplies the practice of forestation of the watersheds has now been
generally recognised as essential, mainly for the reason that erosion
and the filling up of water reservoirs is thereby prevented. ‘These ex-
planations of the importance of the forest influence may perhaps serve
to show the bearing of this survey on the Trent canal.

Causes of Deterioration—At the present time, the pine timber, at
least, is practically gone from this watershed. A forest cover still
exists, but, with the present commercial value almost entirely extracted,
interest in its condition is gone ; fires have swept through it repeatedly,
each time causing further deterioration of the forest cover, until, finally,
the bare rock condition or man-made desert is the result. At present
only beginnings of these conditions can be seen here and there, yet
in the three townships of Methuen, Anstruther and Burleigh alone,
nearly 150,000 acres of such desert exist. And, if the present policy of
indifference and neglect continues, what might have been a continuous
source of wealth will become not only a useless waste, but, through the
changes which the water conditions will undergo, may also prove a
menace to industries which have been developed to utilize the water-
powers of this watershed.

©

>... =—ee
Commission of Conservation

NATURE NEVER MADE A COMMERCIAL FOREST HERE,—A NATURAL BARREN

*

C . « " » fi ona
ommisston oF Conger vatieyy

NATURE HAD MADE A COMMERCIAL FOREST HERE,—A MAN-MADE BARREN

on

‘REASONS FOR THE SURVEY

The region under consideration lies on Archzan rock, planed by
glacial action, and not easily disintegrated ; it is covered with only a
thin soil which is easily washed into the streams, and, hence, the danger
of turning it into an irredeemable waste is much more imminent than
it would be in many other localities.

The effect of repeated fires, such as still occur quite generally,
on the future of the forest cover can be studied in this region with con-
siderable precision, and this has been done in a most painstaking man-
ner by Dr. Howe. The financial aspect of this question of fire loss
would alone justify this inquiry. If the reader will turn to page 60
and the following pages, where this aspect of the situation is dis-
cussed, he will be enabled to realize that this is more than an
academic problem.

Here is a sample area of thousands of square miles in other parts
of the Eastern provinces, and the conditions in this watershed are by
no means extraordinary. They repeat themselves wherever axe and
fire have been permitted to destroy the original growth in the Archean
rock country, that is to say, wherever lumbering under the license
system has been permitted, without safeguarding the property as a
producer. The sequence of this mismanagement is everywhere the
same. The removal either of the best or of all timber, without disposing
of the débris, leaves a slash which is invariably subject to fire ; after
this, a loss of interest takes place on the part of the licensee and, what
is still worse, on the part of the government. Nature then attempts
to reproduce the forest and this is followed by a repetition of the fires,
which kill the seed trees and seedlings of the better kinds. The ground
is then re-covered by aspen and birch for a time ; but, through repeated
conflagrations, it is finally rendered useless for any productive purpose.
A similar sequence takes place in connection with the small-farm
portions : at first, through the home market made by the lumbermen,
a fair living may be made by the occupant ; gradually this market
vanishes and the soil becomes worked out ; the surface wears away,
the rocks are exposed, and the people are left destitute and miserable.

There is still another reason for the prosecution of the survey and
that lies in the fact that a portion of the population of this region
occupies farms unfit for sustaining civilized conditions. Not only
_ have many farms been abandoned by the removal of their occupants
to more hopeful conditions, but a considerable number that ought to
be abandoned remain occupied by those who lack the means and energy
to move, thus forming a poverty-stricken community. A far-reaching
policy for the management of this region must include a plan for the
removal of this degenerating population.

6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The problem presented by this region requires the formulation of
a broad and far-reaching scheme of development and recuperation.
The water-flow should be safe-guarded, and industries should be de-
veloped to utilize such small resources as are left, and to contribute
freight to the canal, thus assuring a better future for this area than can
be anticipated under the present policy of indifference and neglect.

Procedure of the Survey

Preliminary to going into the field a correspondence was carried
on with the reeves and township clerks of the counties involved, in
order to obtain their co-operation. Letters were also exchanged with
the Dominion Forestry Branch and the Provincial Department of
Lands, with a view to securing the data which they subsequently
were kind enough to supply. Plans of the townships on a scale of one
half mile to one inch were used in plotting the information.

The survey party started at Marmora, in the south-east corner of
the portion of the watershed that was to be included in the survey, and
camped through the country, moving camp every four or five days as
the plotting of the information proceeded. The party usually divided,
each member taking a section, travelling on foot over the townships,
lot by lot, and securing by interviews with reeves, township clerks and
other informed people, information of unvisited areas and of conditions
not visible in the field, such as economic conditions, and from assess-
ment rolls.

The general instructions for the party read as follows :

‘This survey is to furnish a detailed description of the economic
and natural conditions and resources of the watershed in Peter-
borough, Hastings, Haliburton and Victoria counties feeding
the Trent Canal waters, and to serve as a basis for a plan of manage-
ment.

The economic conditions to be ascertained are to comprise :
(a) Ownership and status of timber limits; (b) Municipal regu-
lations and tax conditions ; (c) Farm development, crops, charac-
ter and quantities; (d) Manufactures and mills in existence,
and possibilities of industrial development locally; (¢) Means
of transportation and development of water-powers, so far as
useful for developing local industries ; (f) Tourist traffic, game
and fishing interests.

The natural conditions to be ascertained and, so far as possible,
to be mapped, are: (a) Topography (in the rough) and segrega-
tion of watersheds ; (b) Land classification by parcels, down to
ro acres lowest limit ; (c) Statements regarding character of cli-
mate and soil; (d) Character and conditions of forest growth in
connection with (b), including estimates of merchantable timber

HISTORY OF THE REGION 7

standing, and of young growth; (e¢) Fire damage; (f) Repro-
duction and rate of growth studies.”’ |

Dr. Howe paid special attention to the study of fire damage and
reproduction, and has treated the physiographic side of the inquiry,
while Mr. White undertook more particularly the investigation into the
economic conditions.

History of the Region

The Trent Canal route is the old canoe route which the Indians
were already using when Champlain, in 1615, travelled over it. The
history of the canal itself and of its gradual development can be traced
from the reports of the Department of Public Works* and, later, of
the Department of Railways and Canals of the Dominion.t Until
1905, the Provincial Government also exercised control over the waters,
having built dams and timber slides, to assist logging operations, and,
also, a few locks, as at Youngs Point, to assist local navigation.

The first suggestion to connect lake Ontario and Georgian bay was
made in 1827, and, in 1833, an act was passed by the legislature of
Upper Canada appointing commissioners to receive plans and to execute
the works necessary for the improvement of the inland waters of the
Newcastle district. In the same year the first survey was made and
the cost of the construction of the works was estimated at $933,780.
The survey of the second portion of the route was made in 1835, and the
estimated cost of the work was $1,048,271, making the estimate for
the total work $1,982,000.

In 1836, aloan of $64,000 for the Trent River works was authorized
by Act of Parliament and in 1837 a further loan of $310,030 was author-
ized, to be applied to the inland division. On the commencement of
the works in that year the Receiver-General set aside the sum of $136,266
to be applied to the works on the Trent river.

Previous to the union of the provinces in 1841 the progress of the
work had been slow, and in fact had been often stopped altogether,
owing, it appears, to the limited advances made by the Receiver-General
to the commissioners. The total expenditure prior to this time had
amounted to $177,592.

In the ‘forties,’ after the union of the provinces, the through route
idea was abandoned, but local development of the waters for logging
purposes went on, until, in 1855, the cost of maintenance of the slides,

: a aaa of Public Works Reports, 1867 (which relates the earlier history),
an :

} Department of Railways and Canals Reports, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1892, 1897,
1906, 1909.

8 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

booms and other works being greater than the revenue resulting from
them, they were handed over to a corporation—the ‘‘Trent Slide
Committee’’—which was to keep them in repair by means of tolls on
the timber floated. Between the years 1841 and 1867 the amount —
expended by the Committee amounted to $492,486, but something
over $47,000 of this was spent on roads and bridges so that the outlay
on the waterway for that period may be put at $445,269. This amount,
together with the $177,592 expended prior to 1841, makes a total
expenditure of $622,861 up to the year 1867.

During the early ‘sixties’ a great movement to secure the timber
limits on this watershed took place, and, by 186s, about 1000 square
miles, the pine area, had been alienated, mostly without or with only
a nominal bonus paid to the provincial government, which also built
locks and dams here and there, to aid the lumber industry. In 1870,.
a flood destroyed many of these works, which were then, in part, aban-
doned. |

Some feeble attempts were made by some of the lumbermen to
revive the canal project, but they were unsuccessful, although by 1872
there were twenty lumber firms in operation and producing considerably
over too million feet of pine lumber. However, the water stored by
the dams that had been constructed continued to be available for
logging purposes.

Further progress in canal building was made in the years 1883-88,
but not until 1896 was the ‘‘driblet’’ policy abandoned and the pro-
position taken up seriously, with yearly appropriations of several
hundred thousand dollars, which in 1909-10 were increased to a mil-
lion, in 1911 to $1,750,000, and in 1912 to $1,938,136.48.

In the Canal Superintendent’s report for 1892 we find the first
recognition of the need of water control for the canal. He writes :
‘““Owing to the immense country drained becoming cleared, and to the
fact that the lumbermen’s dams, which formerly checked the flow, are
being abandoned, there is a liability, until some provision is made to
counteract it, of the heavy spring freshets damaging the several struc-
tures along the route. Need of control of the upper reservoirs becomes
every year a more serious question to those interested in navigation
and water-power.” This need was not supplied, nor was this incon-
gruity of control removed until 1905, when by Order in Council the
province ceded all the works in the back lakes and the water surfaces
of all rivers, streams and lakes, tributary to the Trent river north of
Peterborough, excepting the Crow River basin, to the Dominion Gov-
ernment, and also agreed to sell to the Dominion unpatented lands
along the water surfaces at 50 cents per acre. Two thousand acres
have, so far, been acquired by the Dominion under this provision.

HISTORY OF THE REGION 9

The principal headwaters of the system are, however, situated on
private lands in the central part of Haliburton county, more especially
in the townships of Sherborne, Havelock, Eyre, Stanhope, Guilford,
Harburn, Minden, Dysart and Dudley. These headwaters consist of
a series of connected lakes of not less than 130,000 acres of water
surface, which is not under control of the Dominion. The feeders to
the canal, under the control of the Dominion, lie in nine different basins,
comprising over 100,000 acres of water surface. These nine basins are,
the Gull river and the Burnt river , the two largest, and, in sequence
of their size, the Mississagua, Jack creek, Eels creek, Deer Bay creek,
Nogie creek, Buckhorn creek, and Squaw river. Exclusive of lakes
Simcoe and Couchiching (with 283 square miles of water surface), the
total water area of the canal and its feeders covers nearly 300 square
miles.

When the Dominion took over these watercourses it immediately
repaired the old wooden dams or replaced them by concrete structures,
organized a systematic management of the waterflow, and, as a result,
doubled the waterflow at Peterborough and at other power-houses
without interfering with, but rather improving, the operations of the
lumbermen.

Meanwhile, the lumber industry has dwindled to one-tenth of its
size in 1872, the pine cut in 1011 being’ less than 18 million feet, out
of a total cut of approximately 42 million feet B.M.of lumber. By the
time the last pine log is cut, which will be probably within five years,
or thereabout, the cheap transportation which would have made a
conservative forest policy possible will be just established.

The first part of the problem is how to develop and foster small
industries along the more than 160 miles of completed waterway, in
order to make the most of the horse-power available,* and of the re-
maining wood supplies ; the second part concerns the building up of
the timber production in order to provide future local traffic on the
canal, as well as to conserve the waterflow for the development of water-
powers along its line, and for the maintenance of a sufficient supply of
water in the canal after its completion.

The agricultural settlement of most of the region was a con-
comitant or consequence of the lumber industry, and in many, if not
most cases, was dependent for its financial success entirely on that
industry. Owing to its geological history, the country very rarely
exhibits really agricultural soils. As Dr. Coleman in a memorandum
on the geology of the region states, ‘‘The combination of kames (hills
of sand and gravel with boulders) with pure sand deposits, through

*More than 100,000 H.P.

10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

which rise occasional hills of the harder Archzean rocks, makes a region
entirely unsuited for agriculture, and useful only for forest growth.
The result of glacial action north of the Paleozoic rocks has been the
formation of poor soils deficient in lime and often also in clayey con-
stituents, except for the occasional lime-stone or shale and clay de-
posits.”’

While the lumber industry was thriving and a home market existed,
the farmer on these poor soils could produce and sell enough potatoes,
oats, hay, and meat products, to make a fair living. With the extinc-
tion of this market, however, the trouble began, and at present aban-
doned farms—abandoned by the more enterprising young men of a new
generation—and run-down farms and farmers, too poor and too lacking
in enterprise to move, testify to the mistaken policy of allowing ir-
responsible settlement on non-agricultural soils. Conservation of
human life and energy, conservation of decency in population, conser-
vation of soils for useful production, alike call for a readjustment of this
undesirable state of affairs.

That these statements are not overdrawn is shown by the farm
statistics and is corroborated by the testimony of the people living in
the area reported on.*

Results of the Survey

Preliminary to the formulation of recommendations, a summary
of the findings of Messrs. Howe and White, as detailed in their reports,
was drawn up. A table gives a classification of the whole area in 18
classes.t Since the seven northern townships are, for the most part, still
covered with a virgin or semi-virgin forest, they have been enumerated
separately, and the discussion refers, therefore, mainly to the 1,171,614
acres in the lower watershed. Here, 83.5 per cent is still forest-covered,
but only 700 acres are virgin forest, and less than go,000 acres have been
moderately culled ; the rest have been severely culled and are, therefore,
in unmerchantable condition. Nearly 60,000 acres are waste
lands, the result of fires. Some 580,000 acres are covered with young
and second-growth trees ; less than 12 per cent, 134,000 acres, are
farmed. A table compiled from assessors’ returns is added for com-
parison and to give an idea of values.{t Discrepancies in details of area
from the survey are explained in part by either inclusion or exclusion
of areas in the two lists, in part by difference of method in statement.
On the whole, however, the results coincide fairly in so far as percentages
are concerned.

* See p. 95 and Appendix vy, p. 120.
t See pp. 21-28.
t See p. 29.

THE BEGINNING :

With the exception of patches containing a few square feet, there is, on this prospective farm, no soil that approaches
a loam in texture. It is mostly gravel and sand

ib ie

an)

a. te

‘Littell ‘

‘of Conservation

THE END

One of the many abandoned farms in the Trent Watershed. The amount of human energy expended in attempting
to make a living from such areas has been, and still is, enormous

RESULTS OF THE SURVEY 11

Farming Conditions—The fact that, half a century after the
opening of this region to settlement, its 2,100 square miles contain
less than 15,000 people, and that hardly to per cent of the area of all
the 35 townships included in the survey has been cleared for farm
purposes, would indicate that it is not suitable for agriculture. Indeed,
if the five best townships, so far as farm land is concerned, Chandos,
Marmora, Minden, Somerville, and Wollaston, are omitted, the remain-
der averages little more than 8 per cent of cleared land, and only about
I.5 per cent is tilled land, the other 6.5 per cent being found in the
shape of more or less fair pasture land. Further evidence of the mis-
fortunes which come from farming rocks or the shallow glacial drift
covering them, is furnished by the abandoned farms which are found
through the whole region in large numbers, and which are sold from time
to time for non-payment of taxes at less than 6 cents per acre on the
average.* In consequence, during the last decade, the decrease of the
population has been 15 per cent, as against 5 per cent decrease of
rural population in the whole province. This is, of course, a desirable
solution of the problem, for it is to be expected that those who left are
elsewhere doing better than merely eking out a precarious existence ;
the land which they left, being fit for nothing else but forest growth,
gradually reforests itself.

There is, of course, the excuse that the results could not be foreseen;
that the province needed the revenues from the timber limits ; and that
the settlement on these farms at the time when the lumbermen’s business
was thriving was a natural result. The further excuse may be made
that, at the time in question, employment in the lumber camps pro-
vided an additional source of income for the support of these people.
Even though this be true, it does not alter the fact that the time for
correction of the policy is now at,hand. Here is a native population,
the welfare of which should be of more concern than that of new immi-
grants. Hereisa natural resource to be recuperated for the sole purpose
for which it is adapted.

Forest Conditions—The original forest on the lower watersheds
was to the extent of fully two-thirds, a magnificent pinery, or in part
hardwood with white pine admixture ; the other third was a pure hard-
wood forest, of which maple and beech formed 75 to 85 per cent, and hem-
lock 2.5 per cent. Now, the white pine is all but removed, and, with
the exception of 700 acres still virgin, the whole lower watershed is more
or less severely culled. The pinery has been burnt over at least once
and in most places several times.

*194 of these farms were for sale in 1911.

12 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

This statement, as intimated before, leaves out of consideration
the holdings of the Canada Land and Immigration Company in the
northern headwaters. This is a hill country quite different in character
from the lower watersheds, being still largely covered by a virgin
forest of hardwood, either pure or mixed with spruce, pine and hem-
lock. This region has been only partly culled, and little or not at all
damaged by fire.

The forest cover of the lower watershed, a round one million acres,
can be divided into four types, in addition to the barren country—3.2
per cent—which was originally forest-covered, and that recently burned
over, nearly 2 per cent (22,000 acres), which may, or may not, recuper-
ate. The types of mature timber are pure hardwood, pure conifer
growth, and mixed hardwood and conifer, these being types of the
original forest. The fourth type is the result of forest fires; it is the
original pinery, now occupied by a young growth of poplar and birch,
pure or with more or less young pine intermixed.

Less than 90,000 acres of mature timber remain in a condition
which can be called ‘‘moderately culled ;’’** somewhat over 300,000
acres have been severely culledt ; some 20,000 acres are immature
timber of the original type ; and the balance, some 560,000 acres, is of
the poplar-birch type. This latter type represents not only the largest
area, 57.3 per cent of the whole forest and 42.2 per cent of the whole
area, but is also the most important and most valuable for the future,
as it furnishes an opportunity for reproducing the pinery, which once
represented the chief asset of this territory. According to the severity
and frequency of the fires, more or less of pine regeneration is found
interspersed with the poplar and birch.

The whole area has been burned over at least once. Including
the 37,000 acres which originally belonged to this type and are already
turned into barrens or semi-barrens, and 22,500 acres of recent burns
which will change into this type, we have 620,000 acres of these burned
areas, one-quarter of which has been so often burned that neither seed
trees nor young pine growth exist on it ; these 156,000 acres are there-
fore unable to recuperate by natural processes. Nearly two-thirds
of the area (389,000 acres) have been burned over two or three times
and are practically also beyond natural recuperation, with only six
young pines, on the average, to the acre. Only 75,000 acres, burned
once, promise, if fire is kept out, to recuperate naturally, with 30 young

*i.e. still containing sawlogs of commercial value.
tt.e. with no commercial timber and fit only for cordwood.

RESULTS OF THE SURVEY 13

pine and seed trees—as compared with 60 to 80 in the original stand—
left to the acre.

Occasionally, conditions are much better than this average would
indicate. In Cashel township, for instance, was found an area burned
over once, the fire disposing of the loggers’ débris. On this area 280
trees of white and red pine were counted per acre, which would be
quite a satisfactory reproduction. Another stand in Cashel which
escaped fires after the first one of 75 years ago, and which, therefore,
may be called 70 years old, indicates what might result from protection.
Here, 360 trees to the acre were found, of which 280 were white and
red pine, averaging 6.7 inches in diameter (1 inch in 10.4 years),
which may be estimated at 12,000 feet B.M. (175 feet per year). In
spite of such good showings, the average of 500 acres of sample areas
distributed over the entire area and carefully investigated by Dr. Howe,
gives the low figures just cited as averages.

By means of these countings, it has, for the first time, been possible
to attempt, on a definite basis, and in a convincing manner, an ap-
proximate estimation of the fire loss by the destruction of the young
growth. With the most modest:assumption of values, Dr. Howe comes
to the conclusion that, on this area of less than 1,000 square miles, over
12 million dollars worth of prospective stumpage dues and stumpage
values have been lost to the province, or $20 per acre. ‘There seems tc
be no reason to doubt that twice that amount would be nearer the truth,
and, indeed, in many cases, the whole producing capital has been des-
troyed. Not less ‘than 37,000 acres are reported as being barren,
owing to fires, and 150,000 acres as showing no reproduction of pine
or seed trees. As this is only a small sample area of the thousands of
Square miles of similar country, in similar condition, in other parts of
the province, a realization may be had of the enormous losses that have
resulted from lack of protection of young growth.

Since, in the Trent watershed, on the average, 14,000 acres are
burned yearly, the annual loss by forest fires may be placed at $250,000.
For detail of such calculations Dr. Howe’s report furnishes ample data.
Yet, in these same pineries, through natural processes of recuperation,
there are still prospective values of not less than $8,000,000 left in
young pine and poplar, which it is certainly worth while to save by
more efficient protection against fire.

It should be realized that the capital value of this 1,000,000 acres
of forest property, based on its productive capacity, would, under
proper management, represent not less than $50,000,000, and the
solution of the problem of securing such management would appear to
be worth while.

14 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Ownership Conditions—It appears that the bulk of the land is
privately owned, the provincial government retaining title to only one-
third, or 725 square miles. The important fact which the ‘Ownership’
map reveals is that these government holdings are largely situated in a
compact block with only few outlying parcels, a condition which renders
a conservative policy practicable. That the farming country lies
mainly on the outskirts of this forest country is also a favorable factor.
It is also significant that another 340 square miles is owned by large
corporations, one of these holding a compact block of 171,000 acres,
the other 67,000 acres. Such large ownerships make conservative
management at least possible. The Dominion government owns, as
previously stated, some 2,000 acres, which, however, represents merely
locations for dams, buildings, and other easements.

Of the provincial property, a little over one-third (275 square
miles) represents limits which have reverted to the Crown, after the
licenses had lapsed or been abandoned. ‘The other 450 square miles
are still under licenses, which, since the pine has practically all been
cut, are, however, apt to run out or could, probably, be easily terminated.

Industrial Development—From the description of the forest con-
ditions, it is evident that the hey-day of the lumber industry is passed ;
a few years will see the end of it, at least in so far as pine is concerned.
At the present time the aggregate cut of some ten lumbering concerns
is at the rate of about 10 million feet B.M. a year.

Hardwood logging is but little developed ; the fact that the old
timber is very defective requires that, to be profitable, it must be
manufactured near the source of supply and utilized most closely. ©
The establishment of small woodenware manufactures is most desirable.
Tindle and Jackson, an American firm of wide experience in this line
of manufacture, have lately acquired some 40 square miles inGlamorgan,
Monmouth, Cavendish, and Anstruther townships. They propose to
establish a plant near Gooderham, and to work these limits. Similar
development over the whole hardwood area should be encouraged.

Small amounts of pulpwood, of cedar poles and posts, cooperage
stock, railroad ties, tanbark, and fuelwood are being shipped. Since
the one at Fenelon Falls was destroyed by fire, only one wood-alcohol
plant is in operation in the northern portion of the watershed, viz., the
Donald Wood Products Company—a plant of thoroughly modern con-
struction.

The Mining Industry—Appendix IV* contains notes regarding

* See p. 115.

RECOMMENDATIONS 15

the mineral industry. They have been summarized from the report
on the Haliburton and Bancroft areas by Dr. F. D. Adams and Dr.
A. E. Barlow. Gold, iron, iron pyrites, talc, marble, and rock for
road metal form the mineral resources so far discovered and, in a small
way, developed. Lately, the Cordova gold mine under new management,
has taken on new life. Similarly iron mining, which collapsed owing
to inability to compete with the iron ore production of the Lake Superior
and Minnesota ranges, promises to revive, the Central Ontario Railway
Company having centralized the various small operations in a con-
centrating plant at Trenton. Altogether, while nothing phenomenal
has been so far developed in mining and quarrying, there are materials
in the district which, by careful management, may be expected to
support small industries.

Tourist Traffic—On account of its scenic attractions and the fish
and game which abound there, this region is eminently suited for tourist
travel. Thus far, this is considerably developed only on the Kawartha
lakes, but the region abounds in lakes, which, eventually, will also be
utilized in this way. This resource, as well as the timber and water
resources, has suffered from the forest fires, which have rendered un-
attractive many previously beautiful spots.

The region is by no means inaccessible, the Grand Trunk, Central
Ontario, and Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa railways, furnishing access;
and existing canoe routes could be easily improved right up to the
headwaters.

Recommendations

Nobody who has studied the conditions presented in this report
will hesitate a moment in agreeing that the bulk of the country involved
should be placed in, and managed as, a permanent forest reserve for
the growing of timber. The only question can be : How this is to be
brought about ? There are at least five interests to be considered or
reckoned with and to be brought into co-operation in building up such
a territory—the Dominion Government, the Provincial Government,
the municipalities in which the territory is situated, the private owners
of properties and of timber licenses, and the public at large.

“| “Besides the general interest which the governments naturally have
in the economic condition and development of any portion of the com-
monwealth, the Dominion Government, as pointed out, has a special
interest in maintaining the canal. The Provincial Government still
controls about one-third of the area, partly under timber licenses,
partly in cancelled or abandoned lots. The municipalities are naturally

16 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

most closely interested in seeing as much of their land as possible put to
profitable use, in order to reduce the individual tax assessments and,
at the same time, to permit of a higher degree of civilization through —
increased industrial activities and educational facilities.

Private landholders will be benefited by better protection. Their
property will increase in value owing to the improved environment,
particularly if a continuous improvement of conditions is assured in
place of the present tendency towards deterioration. With manage-
ment for perpetuity, instead of exploitation for a short time, per-
manent manufactures can be established, industrial development will
increase, and the public at large will gain in prosperity.

Co-operation of all these agencies will be necessary to carry through
any far-sighted, persistent policy. The co-operation of the three
administrative agencies, the Dominion, Provincial and Municipal
governments, is especially needed to develop anything like a per-
manent forest policy, for forest growth is slow, and financial results
from timber growing, the only incentive for private enterprise, are slow
in coming, so that only persistent entities like governments can be
expected to carry on the business of timber growing. The policy, then,
should be to bring all the lands which are not strictly farm lands as
rapidly as possible under the control of one, or any, of these three
agencies. These lands should be combined into one or more forest
reserves, and a forest administration should be provided for.

Municipal Ownership—The most natural owners of such forest
reserves are undoubtedly the municipalities as representatives of the
people who are on the ground, and who, therefore, should take the
greatest interest in its condition. One of the counties has already
recognized the propriety of getting possession of these cut-over lands.
The county of Hastings, under the leadership of Reeve P. P. Clark of
Limerick township, organized a Forest Committee in 1911, with this
end in view. It secured legislation from the Provincial Parliament
permitting municipalities to acquire such lands and to expend funds in
purchase of such to a limit of $25,000. In pursuance of this legisla-
tion the County has acquired 2,200 acres in the township of Grims-
thorpe, outside of the Trent watershed, paying therefor the accrued
taxes at the rate of about 17 cents per acre. At the instance of the
writer, and, as a result of his address to the County Council of Peter-
borough, a similar committee to look into the matter of municipal
ownership of cut-over lands was appointed in that county last summer.

Since this legislation marks a new and important phase of the
forestry movement, the Act (I Geo. V. Chap. 74, 1911) is below, printed
in full.

RECOMMENDATIONS 17

‘‘His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the
Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario enacts as follows :

1. This Act may becitedas ‘‘The Counties Reforestation Act.”

2. The Municipal Council of a county may pass by-laws :—

(a) For acquiring by purchase, lease or otherwise, such
lands designated in the by-law as the council may deem
suitable for reforestation purposes ;

(b) For planting land so acquired and for preserving
and protecting the timber thereon ;

(c) For the management of such lands and the sale
or other disposal of the timber grown thereon ;

(d) For the issuing of debentures from time to time for
the purpose of providing for the purchase of such lands to an
amount not exceeding $25,000 to be owing at any one time.

3. No by-law shall be finally passed under this Act until
the same shall have been approved in writing by the Minister of
Agriculture.

4. (a) Municipal Councils of townships in districts without
county organization shall have all the powers, privileges and
authority conferred by paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of section 2
hereof, on councils of counties.

(b) The councils of such townships shall have power and auth-
ority to levy by special rate a sum not exceeding $200 in any
year for the purpose of providing for the purchase of such lands.”’
While this legislation is undoubtedly of the right kind, it would

seem that, on account of financial inability, these provisions by them-
selves are not apt to promise a rapid development of municipal own-
ership. In order to overcome this difficulty, it has been suggested that,
if the Province sees in municipal ownership a solution of the problem,
it should hand over to the counties, free of cost, limits on which licenses
have lapsed, under conditions which would tend to assure the results
looked for.

While we may readily agree that such municipal ownership increases
the interest of the resident population in the property, and hence,
especially in its protection against fire, which is the foremost need, yet
there are some practical arguments, which are mainly financial, against
this policy. The need of control by the Dominion, for the regulation of
water supplies, may also, in part, clash with such a plan.

While, under municipal ownership it might be easier than under
Provincial or Dominion ownership, to utilize profitably the small values
that even a mismanaged wood-lot can often still yield, large areas of
these lands not only contain no values of any kind, but, to become
useful at all, require expenditure for planting ; others to yield better
and quicker results require expenditure in thinning. These constitute
present expenditures for the sake of future returns. Technical advice

18 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

as to these procedures is also required, and this would also entail ex-
penditure. It may be pointed out in passing that a first-class forest
manager is only fully occupied when the planning for and management
of a tract of 50,000 to 100,000 acres and more is involved, hence it is
doubtful whether a municipality could employ a competent man fully.
The size of the property influences the financial success of the manage-
ment also in other ways, namely, when the gain from the good acres can
be used to recuperate the poor acres. This is, in part, the secret of the
financial and managerial success of the German forest administrations.
Moreover, a successful forestry business requires a long continued and
persistent plan, which, with the shifting conditions of municipal ad-
ministration, is not very likely to be followed. Even in Germany, the
success of municipal forest administration—and it is a thorough suc-
cess—is secured only by a more or less strict State supervision. The
best results from a financial point of view in municipal forests, are
secured in Baden, where the State manages the municipal forest pro-
perties for a stated sum per acre paid by the municipality. Altogether,
the financial ability and especially the patience of the municipality
in waiting for returns, will be taxed, if a real management of these
properties for sustained yield is to be inaugurated.

Government Ownership.—It is here that the co-operation of the
financially strong government, with its superior credit and organi-
zation, is needed. If, as appears probable from the appointment
of a provincial forester, the provincial. government assumes its
responsibility for the future of the timber resources of the
province, this region offers a most promising first field for
action. A plan should be drawn up for recovering licensed lands
and for dividing them into units to facilitate management, some to
be managed by the province and some by the municipalities. The plan
should allow for the provision of technical advice for their management,
and for the furnishing of such financial assistance as may be necessary
through a municipal and state bonding scheme. The rights of super-
vision and participation in eventual returns should be retained by the
province. Some such plan of co-operation should obviously be elabor-
ated ; the province selecting for transfer to the municipality such tracts
as entail merely protection, and undertaking the management of the
more complicated tracts as its own reserves.

The first step for the Province to take would appear to be to re-
possess itself of the licensed lands which have practically ceased to
produce the quantity of logs contemplated under the original licenses.
The next thing would be to impose upon the timber limit holders, who
have still some valuable timber left, such conditions as would prevent
th e jeopardizing and the destruction of the property itself.

RECOMMENDATIONS 19

If the Province assumes the responsibility of such a conservative
forest policy, the Dominion might well be relieved of participation in it,
for its interests would then be subserved. If, however, it is not the
intention of the Province to efficiently protect, recuperate, and manage
these forest areas, the Dominion should, by control of the watersheds,
be placed in a position to protect its water rights.

As pointed out, an efficient forest management, especially of
cut-over lands, can be satisfactorily carried on only if compact pro-
perties of sufficient size are placed under one management. It is a
great advantage that such conditions are found here, namely, compact
areas of land in the hands of the Province, which could be placed in
"one reserve under one manager. ‘The man in charge of such property
must be a real and circumspect manager, continuously active on the
ground. His first duty would be to make a careful survey and map
of the property, showing conditions in detail, at the same time,
organizing an effective service for protection against fire, building
watch-towers, and, where roads or ready means of travel do
not exist, he should provide trails, gradually perfecting the pro-
tective service. . Next, he must make it his business to encourage the
establishment of small woodworking manufactures that can utilize
the mature hardwood timber, as well as the minor forest products now
going to waste. The small values that can be secured by an efficient
local manager so far as possible, must be made to pay the cost of re-
cuperation. He must also encourage private enterprise to develop -
the tourist travel and foster the fish and game resources as a not unim-
portant asset of the forest reserve. Then follows the improvement
of existing stands and of natural regeneration by thinnings, the proceeds
of which should, together with the profits of such logging of mature
timber as may still be done, pay for the operation. 7

Next comes the question of planting to improve or make productive
the partly or wholly waste lands. This is a task worthy of strenuous
effort on the part of an efficient man, properly supported by either the
Provincial or Dominion Government. Is it not time to begin such
actual practical forest management instead of merely talking of con-
serving our forest resources, theorizing on their value, and letting them
go to ruin’? ‘The field for reform is, to be sure, so wide, that the re-
formers are staggered by the problem of where to begin ; but here is a
concrete case with which a beginning could be made, a case presenting
a definite situation and a definite problem. If begun not half-heartedly
and in the picayune manner in which such things are usually under-
taken, but with a full realization that only a thorough-going business

20 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

administration on a large enough scale promises success, the result
cannot fail to prove satisfactory.

As to financial outcome we can quite reasonably figure that a
500,000 acre reserve, half the present forest area, managed in the
manner indicated, even in the poor condition in which it is found,
could almost from the beginning pay for its maintenance by the sale of
odds and ends of available timber at the rate of 5 cents per acre, or
$25,000 per year. Within a decade, when the first 750,000 cords of
poplar pulpwood become available this would yield, if cut off in 25
years, at least $100,000 per year, or 20 cents net revenue per acre, from
this source alone. By the time this is exhausted and replaced by a
young pine stand, further pulpwood areas and some pine would have .
become ready for the axe, wood values would have increased, and an
annual income of not less than $2 per acre from a sustained wood
yield may be assured forever. This would be less than one-third of
the net revenue derived from a forest property of approximately the
same size in Germany, the State Forest of Wurttemberg—not an
unreasonable expectation!

The natural reproduction on the areas that are kept free from fires
is found unusually favourable ; it would therefore not be too sanguine
to expect eventually an annual increment of 100,oc00 M. feet of saw
timber besides other materials ; that means an annual business in
growing, harvesting, transporting, and manufacturing of not less than
$5,000,000 to $6,000,000.

A special problem is that of the poor population. With such a
development as would come from the management of the forest re-
serves, there would be occupation for a number as guards and labourers
in the reserves, and some of the better farm locations within the reserves
might be of advantage in keeping these on the ground. But the greater
portion needs to be re-located on more suitable lands, and, as far as
could be ascertained, they would be most willing to accept assistance
from the government to secure new locations, say in the Northern
Ontario Clay Belt. It is important that this matter be made a subject
of special inquiry.

In conclusion, I would point out that this survey and report with
these suggestions as to procedure, is to be taken only as a basis for further
inquiry and planning, a clearing of the decks as it were, and that the
Commission of Conservation should follow up this work by formulating
in more detail plans of co-operation and by bringing them to an issue.*

* At present writing, following up this suggestion,the Commission has put Dr.
Howe in the field to secure further information, especially as to reproduction and rate
of growth, as a basis for further financial discussion.

21

oeeee

eeeee

S16'9F
16¥'T

coeeee

as

Na OIL'S

que0 Jog

SolOY | yUV0 Jog

HOImTHNG YWaHLOULISNY NOSNY

L86'T

soloy | 3U00 Jog solv

> Slee Wee eee See ae os le 6 Se Oo ee eee 8 susLIed “AI
Me a et Ae ee a I te J ee ee Rae poumq Ay}U990y] “TTT

oeeee oe rhe fers aes ee ROR 1G OF OP

Cee MC in ere ae ar oe 8 00-8 2-8 a Kae Oacar
Bene feire\ ples iw awAbl ee erate |e) eee ae sIevok GT 04 T

: odAy rejdog “pF

ooo eee e eee ee oe ee eee W}MO1s Suno ZX
eee eee ees ee ee ee oo Oe . "UMols puoveg
cee reer ee ee ee wee ee oe ° ‘porno A[aIBAIG
‘pando Ajoye1opOU pus UIBILA
: SNOIIJIMOZ) “¢

Sqe ketenes a ele erst ecsleuerey's wre te Wy Mo1s sunox
esGeus te seen re E> TER Ores DUOIaS
*i:6)6).6) @) eas le seice se ee) ells (60 "** "porno ATeIaAeg
shen "* pando ATo}e1OpOUl PU UIGITA
pextyl °Z
Siletie Weatewe oer vee kone iets w Seine ters UjMO1s Sun X
cee eee eee ese seers se eeee YyAo1s puode9
C leiteiies-@\ oe erate 1s Sisliseenemsl iw isiiexs peyno Aje12A99

‘poyno Ajoye1opouUl pu UISITA
: poompieyy ‘T
:4sol0q ‘[]
Bo uroe Aor er area ‘++ -puel pelea *T

SdIHSNMO J, NYAHLNOS—SANV 40 NOILVOIISSVIZ
crOI ‘RHAUNS LSAXOd CGAHSYALVM LNaAAL

ee ee |

VG8'79 [Go Gc
vO Ge | 18 888s
GCGa SOO 1G NC 6 79 22665 OL

9ze'Pe 790%

natedael eipie ° 8/78
BOL SEOL 6°9 yO

OfT ee ee ae

8S ¥ oso=6, On

166 Sh0'%

a pebe ea as
yy 188‘é OG VATA

61P'S a eee I

ZF ee ae OE
Cie SS LCGaLe: I'9S 68°01

9 —

762 OT * 6086

106 028
VOR GIO's G6I 4389'S

quedo Jog seloy | 4u00 Jog sol0y

AVMTV)

AVGVU¥V,]

0G

EET

ee eee

9°96

8577

SoloV

HI

yue0 Jog

6&1

LUVSAG

ee ec

coe ee @

6756

que0 lag soloy

SOGNVHD

GL

At

S77

Wel!

BEY LY Ce eC eS Pe7eSI}SeAUI Beo1Ie puey,
622, CeiCetnonGaty OPC. G0hO. Ot n Onp OkotO Do CeO toro. ono fa ea suoLIeg ‘AI
892 Ch Osa Det OnDRONd 1 OF OND ONcROND. OFC, cate ps pouimg Al}ue00 37 ‘III
167 61
eeltsiioce.. .jlishcer'sh si esereteheeliaesitmeiememteicn ct cme sIeoh oe 04 og
FCO‘ST = eae kleeaaaada Boups Skee sIvok og 04 CT
OFF'T ee) ee) oleh al ehieiiaiieseltstran stialiel ismlchalce sivok CI 04 if
: odéy Iv[dog “fF
9517'S
fae ee we tome eC ee eee Cm mma e he heal Y}MOIS suno xX
eMtate ois x: tall cbc ate oe te) Keel ley arietier otienanlal ie aeienat aa Y}MOIs puoseg
9c0'T seiajiasie, 9) <6) (sami ieimlintleiegial au lettecieiiet aie pene Ajea1aA0g
Oia ee porno Ajeyeropour pue uIsILA
: SNLOI9FIUOT) ae
L8k,
62Aa GatieGe | OR POSc OGLO Or SOsCRDIrE Umt mc cn eace ooo. ee Y}Mo013 suno xX
OGDEIOND ors all (GSC IDeOs Dare) OME Umer hs Oe ClLo Led yyMols puoseg
182 SA Am oth a GOs 20 OO Chit Geceor nen pono AjaleAeg
a ot "sess ss paTnd AToyeLOpOUL pus UISITA
- PeXTI °C
460 IG
Sgietcebectel.--m:|awastat. eiccnaltdeehta alia inanter te: (clle cei. elian stirs YpMo1s suno Xx
anletehecet= Uhelenveraneuiecaniecenibilenie isi. =n'esebialin aati Yj} MOIS puooves
C6L FI siisiuyaecuineienelini<e) ie. ekediel wo auterel wikia ie pena AJa12A0G
Pe! 5 perlite ee peyno AJo}e1opour pue UISII AN
: POOMpIVET *T
:4s010,7 “T]
199 siisohieiis SyEL Sorts ese ie et purl pores |

}U90 lod solv

HSIGNTAVD

22

panuyuoj—sdIHSNMOJ, NUHHLNOG—SGNV] dO NOILVOMISSVID
c1OI‘KAAMNS LSANOA GCAHSUALVM LNAML

23

608'S9 $08'T 698'6Y Aes Wi PO We OMe ee et poye31ys0Aut Bole pue’y
SRS 5. FES ae SS a et a a ae ep ee ee eee OOP TE TOE ON Coe te COD Fas ‘s**guolIeg ‘AY
ZI 982, at ae A CO ge" I $99 cow wie a 6 6ferere SEP TO ole MeO Wee ¥ woe pouing Ay}09903 ‘III
9°88 879'Té 6s =-712 9°89 GATT
eae) Se eee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee, ee cr) eee Ce ae Vetreeeeeesees sargak ge 0} 08
969'8z FIG G89‘E Ce tee et et fot te Yat er tet ie ee Der sey Pe Weel ent ah sIeoh Oe 04 GI
SES 2 Sede eet 1 coe ieee Mec, 1s Re | eh nl a ele Ee gIvak GT 01 [
"+: ody svi[dog ‘pf
70 ee es cee se open 7°0 186
RE: 4150 cuaesere Ble iaetre oS erenepet. ce ie Warcatatenc cmb wr eKbe of Atperiaes ou |" Pere ese enc MEO Seah etek eee NES en le OSH RIO'S ee eee Se, bern "Y}Mols sunox
pS re ere 2 Pvc warelacat. still) veuapapwn. maleMeeone: da lume cteunceneM me ume eoenermetal| a fo Nearey tatu ecl’s to | oisey's) wunc'tuin. 's: Ion wieh nie anteNoney estrus yymord puoseg
\. Sy See ae Semi Ses TA Che? ia lee rg AEE os aL ** porno AjaraAag
Sg rie PRS | A ME ge | ik Ge eke ogc cha ae Tar me IAG ei pono Ajoye1epoul pus UIBITA
; SNOIOJIUOD *E
YT 066 OE 6 iy eee
Ge Cee eee ci i) ean ener aha Clete te ee” Sule ees eens. — SOmceIMaWe lei fue [ing ecemins fms Riga, §'l ean ce colvel om ramremamne ©, tagi|'e 58.46 a lxa) 616) aise mele. is Cire) sey ak Da) yj Mois Suno x
ae ee a ec teharain. ~ Maeucuheses* vail cies mses — Ce ater ecw et le, ual]. desu bar Oe © gn orn oie aes i) wl eee ee ome! omer (eh mama lerr ee. ie) 48) ae eS Sa puesom
OFZ 61 Qcg ole 6 0 60 «6» vl eres ste 8 oooe ‘ poyno A[QI0Ae9
Tig) in? hs SONS Sar UR BS ae A Bg NC) ca | aR geal ns Si eh porno Ajoye1opoul pus UIBITA
> PoxtIl “G
7°99 066°9S 6°97 869 £06 618°0OI
‘ 0F9 su Suauei cm ee sca a hocc, cal care cae op so ee = S| be Pe iopletre int epee soiree all sia emiontel erasielee solepin ein piy.elve sel e aA Y}Mo 13 Suno Ke
Se SEES ea aaa. Meh ac shceee wet Ike em okaics = eveRe nome ee we pepese te SU pr | Memeo be Teepe 6, = rel nets re. S)- mdi omanar ake mene melons tes Menele cs: sree erie!) a ae Y}Mois puoveg
Fasten 36 612 OT ARO ROR CR ie eCECICUC RO SONC ORC ORCEG pene A[a19A09
192,62 Sea eal | meena er ren el | lems rerra rayne eareine awe rinmeices|INibe stele gencens perme Ajoye1epout pue UIBILA
; poompleyy ‘T
. . :4sol0q *[]
Oy 896T BSI SLI Ed SIGS 5s) ee) se! 5 (¢)(e) 6 se) © | ee © Iv: 0) 6 @ eee eee ee purl pereaD T

queso Jog SoldyY |}U00 Jog SoloyY | }UV0 Jog soloy | }U9d Jog SeldV | JU90 Jog soloy

quvy] NOGNIFI THHOSUAY NVDUOWVTY

panuyuoj—SdIHSNMOJ, NAFHLNOS—SANV’] dO NOILVOIMISSVTD
z16I ‘RAAUNS LSHAOX GCHHSYALVM LNAaL

24

$99° ge [at eee ss ee payeS1ys0 AUT Bare pUeT

Pe: LI8‘O7
a es aaa siciciegs CES ems eR MRE er EI see “+ -guogreg “AJ
T'0 OF a ee ee ° e 16 GOL'S vita) aca iei en Selle ait te\eke nl eas a) (awa a eS pouimnq Ay}W9903T "Tit
Resi 907 2 ; ; O° G7 GOL LE
Siete CLP pSecet aaa saosin es S858 Aes 9 Sper eee ere ser) Obs cece adc ce sizof OG 01 0
eae €60'9 een aie Cer sss eeee eta sie 989‘ET © a “al 6) 6) @ ot eon a eee ere elise naan sivok OF 03 CT
erate. IF8 Pe a © =i". ioe ee > eee Ate F10'F aoc ae), Cue ea, mye e ea ofa wt aa sivok CT 0} T
: odAy rejdog ‘F
91 0&9 Gieius-enre: — Xeratieners, 5 e Os7 GOT
e $9Z pan ee Se ae) eh ae ec ehehe oe Nae ments ares apeleee 6Z Wim eee ee heklel ie pu neeene ies Sete ae qyAois Suno x
ee are ere Seas saan Wahoue ease svenska <Sapieue a son ne Road nee so 088 5 Sse AR es ene
eeee 98¢ Ce Sag aie ie eee) gC oe oe wea <cueheie 966 Rae el aulsi-e oe kee e. 6 vel wenn Shale ie poyne AjTereAeg
aoa ee eee Ce Me ae ee Ome RacLoliay ie iselcen(elceis AACE DRO estate oe ho eee | epetie sy iter .e 10 poyno Ajeyeiepoul pues UTZITA
: SNOIOFIUO_D ‘E
eae ty taf 0's IOL's
Seruncuks Ze etane sewers. avalos eraderes > lee tatiana seeialie O6F Se ae R ecw etinl aha .eteler eon melee eae qyAois Suno x
am 8 06 Sree e. ae ema teler on et het eMeseven © -cletelamece oeeitalue OL onlarte cette a2 ank eee eee ese eee YjMOIS puoseg
eae I19‘T eeee ers ceee eee LES Guisigeliel s.6/ ss beuer'e! ® el, =)0 me @uade as peyne AJaIaAeg
wielevere a ewerls SEs SSRI RES SICMCRS eeeee eae SF "sss + + *ngrmo AjeyeIepOUl paw UISITA
> pextfl “ZS
777 SCF st Eee 8S8
S21 atte e 6 e 2 eee ceen-” eet eees ie A Oa 100‘T Sica Sei wii ata ioe wi emt emake "> gyMois suno x
SSP, sewers Ge <ahoss ees toe ME, O-CLO.C Saews OAT. Sie tara cs ireuehs olay weete aims epee ie qj Mois puoveg
® £96 FI 0S2'9 a ae te wa eis eeee O,T-e Slee. we ee Le mene le: ee ee eee) we pene AjaIeAeg
679° 992'T Tee te payne Ajeyesopoul pue uISITA
: poompieyy ‘T
: ysol0q ‘TI
GTe ¥G3'6I Lon S99'T B°9@ aro‘ol ey | BILLY Se ON ae ey ke ee et ee ee ***puey porvea[g 7

a fc | |

queo Jog soloy | }ue0 Jog soloy | quso Jog soldy | }Ued Jog seldy | }U00 Jog sol0y

NGGNIPL NGORLATAL VuUOWNSV JL HLIYOMUALLAT YOINAEWNIT

ar ae a ee Oe SS ete Sa
panuyuoj—SdIHSNMOJ, NETHLNOS—SANVT JO NOILVOIMISSVTD

cI6I ‘KAAUNS LSHAAOT CHHSYALVM LNAAL

25

4°19

ST

rs

LF

S46

fe a,

“eree

$9981

qued Jog sol0y

WTIAYANOG

a a a a a a ae ee ee ee ee eee
panuyuo)—SdIHSNMOT, NAAHLNOS—SaNVW’T dO NOILVOIMISS VT.)

zIOI ‘RAAUNS LSHAOA GCHHSUALVM LNA

9°0

SG

I's

76

eeeere

686'9

juss Jog Seloy | }ued Jod

NOGMONG

ei re
.
Goh Gar
Beis =

6°8

sol V-

yue0 Jag se10V

aNuoOduades LOOAIY,

poo'go. [mer sve ees poyedryseaut gore puey

reer hee (Cor Ge een att oe We Me lle Metin kc ‘AT
020'T tr ce a or ta te Yer Wn ee te ae Se oe poumq A]}W99003T (II
679°0@
eT teed pe pee ees sIvoh 0S 04 oe
0L8'FT s3 pes We eee he ee ee givok 0g 04 GI
991 9 16 eee: 6 6 ey eC ate on ay gl ee sivok CT 04 ‘
: odAy rejdog ‘fF
069
Selonerie > clistensiee ssi Seow eee ww eis yyMois guno x
eee eee ome eee ek ON ie Te Met kl er eC ee oe 7} MO 13 puoveg
06S oie oe) WRG een oa cede eS okey wren peyno AJA1aA9g
iceviens) ei. “ulliel'w wie) a qet ie %s poeyjno Ajoye.1epour pus UISIT A
s SNOLoefImor) fd
$86
ahaGatie: oP all eaanteole. «1s LeWiattema, oie, ie catie mente el ere 7 MO 13 Suno y,9
ee Ta ee aa ee I ee ey ae ee ee a 1} MO Id puos9g
LGL alanteseit ae eee Certara porno Ajo1aAVg
Gen = ee payne Ajeye1opoul pus UIITA
: PoxtIN °%
89°96
Ze RO ea Se sisiele naa ar ee ete” oe ese WyMOIs Suno xX
SIZ a) ee) 0oee).6) 6) 0) soul) ws 6 ws) 6) 6 WyAoIs puoseg
987'GZ Riess) -s\oale) ss cesienie) pgs: 6's" a0) '8::0) © peyno Ajo1eAeG
Ae Oem | oer ecm: Oech) peyno Ajoye Iopoul pue UIsI A
; poompieyy i |
> 4solOyq “TI
BSL'Y fee rel Niet WC ekiaue a 6. @ 6 0 6 Bie 6. es sume a: eee pur pere[D = |

jue0 Jog soloy

HLOOWNOJ

"(zt aded 90s) €161 ul sorg Surmoys deur puv (j9y90d ur) deur uorNnqijsIq }Se10q 94} UO po,VdIPUT Bore ay} UIG}IA OT}

-BdISSB[D OY} SMISULYD ‘I9A0 pauIng oJaM soaiov O0O‘SAI ouIOS E161 UT

*ZIOI Ul SUOT}IPUOD 0} SIOJaI UOT}VIBISSeID BAOqe OYI—ALON

‘BOI JSAIOJ [BJO} 94} Ul 9dAy 4sor10} YoRe Jo uONedIONIed ayy a}0Uep sesoyjueIed UI SeInSYy osey}Us0I0g

VIGTEEL SIT 97 bie E9768 lee 1870 Ea poyed|{seAUl Bore puurT
ENG 996 LE uMabichamlen -) kL mele ees (a a m einerte: sat ve SceE wo So. Setislinmielic. «.~ 'ta\cete- a) ces, wu, (om elie Mpiieh- mae) artes! shies eta ln; ef -etual e.iastekleiemeeletrn suoliegd ‘AI
6 GIE'GS Mey 682 TTI 683. Aas HOS es oS ee peumg Ap}Ue0eY “TIT
(SoG) eR ys O07. 099 Y G6. G97 TE 8°79 [yy'7 1 6°98 [voor
5 LLY ee - wean sew oe elce sat el — ~~ eigelawaer es ec b, S..0@ eek spiel lee) a) aes een eet eel sie srievoh og 0} rays
892 66h 669'6 ama peesor hee sivod 0 0} GT
C8S'8S 99LT 962°G Woe sivok GT 0} T
: odAy e[dog -F
(¢°h) 88 SYT 77 e°8 8I8°¢ BT O86 Oye L86'S
COZ'T et de paee eine $c Shichisa(afiet = -"| ewe cust eilé; eo: ertebelnel a> es iei oe) ahiale- ene! ene Yq} Mos suno xX
OTe F Se Sere teh S|) ee aire sencarcey ee = 2 serxaermietiier <@-|, Lo ae jeurehe,,. < <= CeNeMeves el of lal eh es Se a ae Yj MOIS puoseg
PSE'9zZ SIs‘e 922 608 eke shia in tee; ee es enatie teh (ele teens: pono AJaIVARG
SITZI Cisnel ene eth ent celeia. Ge) Sie sation sete 819'E eee ee eee peyne AjoyeIepour pue WISI A
: ; : SNOJITIUOD “¢E
(1 9) ee a) 90969 Lg 994b 8°9 984'T 8°21 1779
LESS FIZ ZIG val Rica tak em ms 19 ¥tele'eso) (OL sm elms Leb ah BAnen Oh (Som Y}Ao1s suno xX
1S8 ca as e LOT eet heh eee boetimcty cist Pa rar: ic) Clery tact) Goat tars ey lat yy Mois puoseg
OIF'SP ZG T 116 91¢'G Wa eer ee Cerean moe, HecuC nono) Once poyno ATeIaAIg
666 GI OG Risener = ees eR ae pene AjoyV1epoul pues UISITA
> Pox], *S
(2) 8 9¢ #ss0'vIs 9°87 8&é'6I SL. @0e¢ 8°60 GORTT
ZOP'S c CIZ 28s Siete. Reged OS WEL <0 cea ek eaves Geer i wane poets SER ee yyMois Bunox
189'G weak Puli en ee eee ee ae ee qM013 puoseg
9S OFZ O9T ST TES e9c‘OT eC peyno AjarIeAag
E8E C9 08'S 862 Ae fe Le sg co pono Ajoye1epoul pus UISITA
: poomMpleyxy ‘T
G°s8 LOE 826 2 4sol0q “II
VOT 96L‘SET E-oF SYSL $°@I 9946 [él NO) fase tal lg oa Sl a hls ala aah a aa a puy pereygD*
ued Jog so10V jued Jog Soloy | JUsD JOG soloy | JUoD Jog sol0y
STIVLOT, NOLSVTIOM woany, WdiOHNVLG 2
2e)
N

panuyuoj—SdIHSNMOJ, NXFHLNOG—SGNV’] dO NOILVOIAISSVIA
c1Ol ‘RHAUNS LSAAOA CAHSUALVM LNAWL

27

DOS ne ET Ney a SORT DY melee caer oS Sale ete aS Sep poyesijsoaul wore puv'yT
$0 6FI Cevke we TE ee WEES. Ts te Se ee ey pa eee | A Tamas are LW a unm esr aceuy emesermuw © 9 ere eve un ee peuimgq Al}U9900Y "III
97 pip I eh aL pp —— ppg ee ee
ee eae ae a ee Ks be eeee Sr er se Scin gon jai: an na eine na been DC tata ne
SO) ‘T Cee ae Soe ar ale © hence, w Ole ie ee Ae Ne ke Te a eooeoeeressre ee eee sIB0K4 OF 0} GT
: ody av[dog ‘pF
I Sé Tienes Gen ce Gp ee ee ee |
Gta s, ee eee ws a Si ee lie ey eerie Wisi Riss lee ae cen aie ga tate iene allie eee, wk wee een vee: surest ie ts) YjMois BuN0X
eee. 6c iV ee SSeS Sa eS: eee 6 eter ess. Satie eles) — a alle st exe euler ene. se: orW 6 we Wiens peyno ATereaeg
eee R188 Saw ks eR ee en tes aeceke ete “ob See ntas elles s nt peje Ajoyes0 pour pus UISII A,
: SNOIEFIUOD “E
8 g sorT elas 6
PIS CeQienvdd ses S cetewcens e e Sie el o.oo aalis ekemeer ie Rarie PUN heir CRU ae porno A[e19A989
es PFT I as ae gk ae a "r++ snare AToJBIepOU pue UIBITA

: PoxIN *Z

468 GES‘SS

eeee 662'6
eoee 92S‘EZ

0°6@9 86L'S6
elie 6FS E
ian 67S 0G

cae tae oe ean sho STO AleloAoR
"s+ ++ +neqno AToyBIepOU pUe UISILA
; poomMpieyy “T
:4s010q “TI
oe bee ells lee 0! 0, 6:66) 0 0:0 © 0 ‘eC Ore) "6? sciere: pur] polea[D ‘T

OF; 18&

yuo0 J9d soloV

0°9 L083

quad 10g so10V

que0 log = SOLD quo0 Jog 49s: SOD VW

auowt1ox) GUAT ag1anq

ULSI A-TWIag—SdIHSNMO], NEHHLYON—SANV JO NOILVOIMISSVIZ
c161 ‘RHAUNS CAHSYALVM LNAXL

28

eek CS6'ELI atleniema 199'82 ecee 4E9'9 ec ee WhakS eoeeeeve eooeceeoves pe}eS14S9A Ul eoIe puey

80° i ene 6F1 : Ae cen ete celts: otieerre ene ceice ele kee eke es oie = =, Sor feta tenieiienianecieke Saisie esa eh(s se mew Ges fal ap pouing Ay} W99003 ‘IIL
0°S 1é6‘¢ —— ones BSS BOT G0 OST
eeee : ‘silaiialie: 9.0.0 9 ocee aes ee eo (eee ee OE lintrehe ene a ee 6. 6, 6° 0! 6) ey a ea erarea s1v04 OG 03 OF
eeee 261'S eneene enJemense eecee Zor‘ l eeee OST Oo ooo ct OG eieyiaite.i@, (alle: te: lenin hel delice SIvoA OE 0} GT
: odAy rejdog ‘F
9°47 GO9 LL 0°00. =199'8é a iat asc 1° 8g 1826
weeks eeLlT 6000 Sako sa-ge | ee Rec omanns 66.00 Se. Oat ee er One 5 OH DO CececEao oo dsno 6 **YyMoIs Suno zx
eeee 6¢ ‘os ere. tan aesee Ao 6 ecee ene. seen = liviele: swells pine alien salts) we ene ** "pene ATereAeg
€IPr‘OL Othe 3 199‘8zZ erase! «, eocee eevee 1826 DRC eC ere Cm) peyno AJoye1Opour pues ULSILA
: SNOIssIMOD “Ee
617 B06'L 0° @I GeL'Y
ecscee £86‘T ate eice Cre FO eecee eo ecee elie exten Serato ents Cue ORDA ECE Cine TRC eR at rat et ahs pene Ajerleaeg
eccve 692‘ eccve ee epe eocee einer tara) ©) eke. CZF Aetecranny) * porno Ajoyerapour pus UISILA
> PoxIfy *Z
y° oY 46408 ee eee 8°19 69E'S I’ 8¢ 47G0'08
eeee O0r'LT auist ake, emebisiks: en swore Z9E'S eeeoe 066‘T porno AjaIIAeg
eaee Le9'e9 es oe Cerone Cc Dec) ecee ee lene F90‘ST "** "pane AjTo}B1opOU PUB UISITA
: poompleyy ‘T
12:86 16 OLT : qsalO,T “]I
LT 9108 ce Leg. Seas -, ae ee | ee i +++ +puE porters) *]
yuo Jog so10V queso Jog «=6soloy | UOJ JOG sd10V yueo Jog sol0y
STVLOJ, MOOTHAV HT LYNO0UV AL Nuoduv yA ae

panuyUuoj)—UISIL A -TWeS—SdIHSNMOJT, NHSHLAON—SANV dO NOILVOIMISSVIO
cr0r ‘KAAUNS CAHSUALVM LNAML

29

ASSESSORS’ RETURNS

A somewhat incomplete compilation of assessors’ returns gives

1iscrepancies in areas, aS €xX-

the following picture of conditions, the d

plained, being due to inclusions of outlying sections not included in the

It appears that the total assessment averages

Trent watershed.
only $2.30 per acre.

08]
-ndog

ee eee

068°S6T
09¢' 22,
0LZ'0L
FPS
O8L‘ZS
LOT LOT
T80°L¢
096‘6S
FS9‘S1S
O6T'FOT :

qUOTISSOSSV
T2}0L

698'O8F$

086‘2E
LSL‘CI

sourping
jo one A
possessy

LE6‘ZL8'T$

$68 ‘S0T

see
one
possess Vy

8°02 6'0Z
COPOST'T| 6SF'L9Z | OLT'SSz
0S¢‘SP GLT'EL, | 626‘
ET'6T 8E8's =| SLL
ZOE'F9 OSE T | L89°>7
SsGcs. J LPO tL | SLES
CF9'6% €98°2, 1G2'8
GOG‘LE bSE'0T | 900°S
96G:0IT | ¥F60'%E | EP9‘OF
TOKE Sell ete
611‘SP E769 1Ze'9
612 ‘CF ove eee a eile ee
SZ L9 9ZT LST 6
1S60— ah =e 6LT
Gpeee | rt | OFe.
G8S'CS C1464 | T6T'9
F8Z 0S 889° | OSL'T
npgeps a L055
LUL‘OV poe IvO'P
G98‘LE el = £0¢
79'S aa ee
€10'eh GOS‘OT | ZST‘L
OLL 69 OOZ'FT | OLS‘ZT
16609 TL7‘0Z | S80°LT
T6T 61 roe =| ese'y
PPE '6E eS OFT
99992 ZOTLG | SIS'FS
LVZ'TE vL0°9 8GL°G
LLG‘ST 697 €86'T
Solo V Solo V S010

pueT

oysSBM
pessess VT ue UsIe
998010 V Be dues ae

8° oP i oe
LOP'GOG | LOSSST
ZCOTL | F2r‘'9
S612 ZIS‘s
€99'T 9¢9‘9T
SLES 69'S
$96'L 10'S
PES C1 1166
PL8'6E | S89‘ZT
ZEP'9 PE0'S
SCE LG 7 -Le8F
612‘ CP ewe on
P80FI | 9G2‘ST
os7r‘0s | ge
966°98 | LOD
911‘ SOLS
LIL | 6¢2'S
reel al ees
690°SS | LEP‘S
Z86'9E | 088
678 ‘9F sie eerie
OOS‘LT | 9T9°2
00092 | 000‘0T
89L'F1 G19'8
E8P‘L Ive 'P
Fr6'8E | 09,
880‘8 TLL OT
G6S'9T | 020'F
S1Z'8 Z16‘S
SOLO Solo
puey

YSeIg |pur[pooAr| peree[D

Mg a tee ta S140],

|e SRE ee UOFSBTOM
petwenrnps bs 686 8 edoyuryg

I het Jal tat ee we eT YW yy Ne IOS YOLLoUl'T
Vg. Dey ts Jet fect se Tee ey er ey Ce YOO[VAC HT
o.8 wie, 6r bs Pe og pea oe AdAIB FT

joer se rere eses * uinqieyy

2 Och o8 oe 9 eee else o- pioyms
B06, p's capes es pice! uvs1OWIe[)
lg wee od AVpele iy
| © ONe a ‘a Delo awe ogip 6. Wee, auld aIhA
[brie site aera nomena, oe 6 Ste. se qareshkqy
oo wet é PRC EC ORT Get Agtpnug
ice ae Nae RS Ce o° ‘apsIO

** + +gopueyy
' £EMBO pues Ystpuceaey)

- Toy
‘deny; pue yuo
‘YslopIng puv 1oyynajsuy
Bee ‘uopuly puv uosuy

(SNUNLAY ,SAOssassy)

c1Ol ‘RAAUNS GAHSUALVM LNAML

30 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

A few examples as to values and assessments, and other informa-
tion furnished by County Clerks, will give an additional idea of con-
ditions. In Belmont and Methuen 50,086 acres are estimated as waste
land, and 8,088 acres as timber land; the latter is assessed at an average
of $3.50 approximately, some of it as low as 50 cents, and its true
market value is supposed to be $5 ; the waste land is considered still
worth $2, and is assessed at from 50 cents to $1.00 ; the taxes being
12 mills on one-third to one-half the supposed market value.

In Harvey township the timber land is stated to be 23 per cent
(much less than in the survey) and 50 per cent as waste and cut-over
land, which must include, of course, much of the poplar area. The
farm area, stated as 15 to 20 per cent (14% in the survey) is supposed
to be worth $20, a high value relatively, but is assessed at about $10.80
in the average; the timber land, worth $5 to $30, is assessed at from $2
to $12, in the average $6, and the waste or cut-over lands at their full
value of $1 to $5 ; the rate here being 20 mills. Here a flourishing
lumber industry exists, four companies still operating and some of
them have a superior fire-ranging system, the Jackson and Tindle
Company employing a system of watchmen clocks to control the
ranger.

In Glamorgan, one of the poorest townships, with a population of
447 people, 334 per cent is assessed as timber land and 40 per cent
as waste, the latter remaining untaxed, while the former, supposed to
be worth $10, is assessed at from $1 to $3, the value of the timber being
hardly considered, while the farm land is assessed at $1 to $5 per acre,
the average being $4, supposed to be its true value ; the rate of taxation
is 1914 mills. Atleast 10 per cent of the land in farms is entirely unfit
for that use. The total returns per farm are about $200, mostly
derived from cattle, and there is but little chance for outside earnings,
except by cutting pulpwood, which sells at $3.75 per cord, and other
wood in small quantities. Much of the pulpwood is sent to Pennsyl-
vania. The lumbering of pine was finished in 1903. Lumbermen en-
couraged location of lots by settlers in order to escape government
dues under the license system. No tourist traffic or summer hotel
business exists, although the township abounds in lakes and is very
accessible by rail. |

In Haliburton county, the 9 townships mostly in possession of the
Canada Land and Immigration Company, include 250,000 acres of timber
land (partly outside the watershed) and are assessed at $2 while the true
value is supposed to be $10 per acre ; the 75,000 acres of waste and cut-
over lands are assessed at half their value, which is stated as $2.00o—
half for the land, half for the timber—while the 35,000 acres of farm
land are assessed at full value, namely $5 ; the rate being 10% mills.

FOREST FIRES OF 19138 31

ADDENDA

This report and the foregoing tabulation of forest conditions
were compiled in 1912. Extensive forest fires during the summer
of 1913 have altered the conditions on about 175,000 acres. Dr.
Howe has made an investigation of the extent and origin of these
fires and estimates the actual and prospective loss at not less than
$3,000,000.

Dr. Howe’s report is as follows :

It is stated in the body of this report, on page 63, that 620,000
acres of cut-over pine lands in the Trent watershed had been burned
in the past 30 to 4o years,and of this area nearly 390,000 acres had been
burned two and three times: 156,000 acres,four to eight times,while only
75,000, or one-eighth of the whole, had escaped with only one burning.
An idea of what these repeated fires have cost the Province in terms of
potential dues and stumpage values may be obtained by referring to the
table on page 63. It was shown that these burned-over lands contained
enough poplar and young pine to justify an attempt on the part of the
proper authorities to save them from further destruction by fire. At
the present time, for reasons stated on pages 64 and 65, they are
entirely without fire protection.

The necessity of effective protective measures has been forcibly
prescribed by the widespread and destructive fires of last summer.
The fires of last July and August burned over approximately 175,000
acres in the region considered by this report. This represents over
15 per cent. of the forested area within the Trent watershed and
31 per cent of the area classed as former pineries. The extent and dis-
tribution of these burns are indicated on the accompanying map*,
as well as in the table below. The four largest areas are grouped to
represent continuous burns.

AREAS BURNED IN 1913

Township Acres Total
PRMISURUL MOT BE OMe oe whi kia oe kas ce cy « 36,480
Beier oe ee EN Og 19,560
WavenGishrcy TW epee Wekhe ed Glib ic wis 15,740
CGAMMORE AM cok wt eae oe ees eS hk oc ;
ATV VO We Lc Mears St, see creamer eg 1,830
ary AVRORDTOUBEN. pick de clehs tna tough. Ub y cos 800
77,780
INGehiehy aucune ce Gaye ee ae eet) 29,600
MEISE ae ater a ate AR cote, Mamet NRT os 14,500
PaO benpeMik aye, boys he we Neh atin caus 1,000
QAO ULE atin a GO Slat ORS A Yi nh Se 500
45,600
GTAMMORIRDG GO. ck ee os eee at ee 15,480
SSTENCRN IC oT TAROR ARON a Ml lA a a ee 12,700
aber e ne Ao Oa. Gov hac ah 500
28,680
TPO UIE 12°21 PU ai A ae 9,000
are ante Re aid IN Rey ae ues MW ARGtiea iim we vet ed 5,680
14,680

* See page 32.

32 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Township Acres Total

Limenek: S45. acca ake eee 7,500
Pudor ge ee he eee eee, COL 1,500
Cardi a. he ee Rt ee Or 1,200
Barvieye 0) 3 CR Gai eins erent unis veneered 1,000
Guilford lee). oe Bees hae hn did ae 500
Stamhoperncc seus eMac ah Mies). eto 250
| Df PRIN eA UE Ts SER Bible 150

12,100

178,840

(At least 175,000 acres of the total given above are in the former pine lands.)

The fire in Anson and Lutterworth had its origin outside the region
considered by this report, where it burned over much larger areas.
The Tudor fire also burned a much larger area outside the territory
upon which this report is based.

The burning of the areas given above was due to 16 separate fires.
The origin of 4 of these fires is reported as unknown ; 4 as having been
set with malicious intent ; 3 from farmers working in hay marshes ; 2
from a railway engine ; 1 from the camp fire of tourists ; 1 from berry
pickers ; and 1 from lightning. Ten of these 16 fires started on crown
lands not patrolled by a fire ranger.* Two of the six fires occurring on
patrolled lands are reported as having been set deliberately. The
destruction on the three largest areas, namely, the Anstruther-Bur-
leigh-Cavendish area, the Glamorgan-Snowdon area and the Lake-
Methuen area, totalling 148,420 acres, or 84 per cent of the entire area
burned, was the result of 5 fires, and three of these started on crown lands
where there was no actual fire patrol. The other two fires started in
patrolled timber limits in a region where one ranger is charged with the
surveillance of about 100 square miles.

In regions not suffering from forest fires there is a tendency to
minimize the damage they cause. One often hears the expression :
“No particular damage was done, as the fire ran through cut-over
lands.” It is well to consider how little comprehension of the facts of
the case such statements involve. For example, we may make the
following charges to the account of the recent forest fires in the Trent
valley.

EXPENDITURES IN FIGHTING ForEsT FIRES

Peterborough Lumber (Co. ois os xk oe a pee eet area EP $2,500
Wood Products Co. of Candida. ic 50/05 Liat eke ets ee eee ee 350
Gull River Lumber (Oo 4.05). sauce a nose eee eee ae 250
Minden village, 100 days) iabour ?))) i Pi ae Se tia eet 200
Farmers in Anson and Lutterworth, 75 days’ labour.................... 150
Farmers in Glamorgan and Snowdon, 180 days’ labour................. 360
Farmers in Anstruther, Burleigh, and Cavendish, 200 days’ labour....... 400
Farmers in Lake and Methuen, 50 days’ labour.....................45. 100

EO ba obs c's''s Ge age telince ieee See SL RTC ar ARR Ok Ui een CR Ved eae $4,310

* The cut-over lands within timber limits are not actually patrolled by the fire
rangers for reasons stated on pages 64 and 84.

Gommission of GQonsernation

Caunndu

FOREST FIRES, I9I3

Scale
10

d 20 Miles

Burnt areas shown thus__-_-------------Z
Limits of watershed of Trent & Crow Feivereseseves

Ga

Oy

= .

UY
Ye
T
: hk . :
“is
S ) ‘y % Z y
5 g Tat 2 ‘ D.- | :
fog Ne dee
eae ee
Li |

FOREST FIRES OF 1913 33

The sums accredited to the lumber companies were actually expended
in wages and provisions for men fighting fires. The labour of farmers
is placed at $2.00 per day. The number of days employed is obtained
by accrediting to each farmer, whose property was endangered, an
average of three days’ work—a very moderate estimate. In most cases
the women and children aided as well.

While in the field the licensees of the timber berths were interviewed
with a view to arriving at an approximation of the amount of merchan-
table timber killed, but at the time of writing this valuation had not
been completed by all of the owners. However, from estimates by the
chief sufferers it appears probable that this will exceed $50,000.

Much of the standing timber killed by fire will be saved by imme-
diate cutting, but every large operator reports more timber killed than
he can possibly cut before it is rendered useless by disease. Moreover,
as is well known, the cost of cutting and handling burned timber is
greater than that of green timber. On account of these factors, it is
difficult to estimate the actual loss in fire-killed timber.

The coming of the rain during the last week of August was pro-
vidential, as it found the fire endangering farm buildings in nearly
every township, and several villages would doubtless have been burned.
Therefore, the loss of buildings was not as great as might have been
expected. No farm buildings within the area considered by this report
were burned, but several just outside of it were destroyed. One lum-
ber company estimates its loss by way of camps, dams and equipment
burned, at $15,000.

Farmers suffered severe losses through the burning of marsh hay.
The farmers in some of the townships are always dependent upon the
supply of marsh hay, and this was all the more pronounced during the
past summer on account of the almost complete failure of the cultivated
hay crop. In one township alone over 200 tons were burned. A mod-
erate estimate would place the marsh hay burned at 800 tons. The
hay was considered to be worth $8 a ton, which means a loss of
$6,400. Another item to charge to the fire account in this re-
spect is the destruction of the marshes upon which the farmers are de-
pendent. Many of them were burned to the depth of two feet, the
roots of the grasses being completely killed, so that it will be several
years before they can regain their productiveness. The cost of rebuild-
ing fences will be no small item to the farmers, for many miles of these
have been burned.

The estimate of the actual damage caused by these fires, as given
above, is sufficient to refute the claim that ‘‘No particular damage was
done, as the fire ran through cut-over lands’’ ; but it is a mere bagatelle
when compared with the potential loss in youth growth. On page 64
of this report, it is estimated that the cut-over lands, in which most of
the recent fires were located, would yield at maturity on the average,

34 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

seven cords of poplar pulpwood per acre. Of this area, 175,000 acres
have been burned or, in other words, 1,225,000 cords of potential pulp-
wood. This at maturity, say in 25 years, would be worth one dollar a
cord on the stump, or $1,225,000. The present value of $1,225,000
due in 25 years with interest at 4 per cent per annum, is $559,090.
It is stated in the table on page 63 of the report that 75,000 acres
within the Trent watershed contain on the average 30 young pine per
acre. At least 50,000 acres of this type of land were burned by the
recent fires. Had the young pines not been killed, they would have
yielded 3,000 feet per acre at maturity, 50 years hence, or, in other
words, 150,000 M feet. Reckoning the dues at $2 per M and the
stumpage value at $7 per M, the value of this timber would have been
$1,350,000. The present value of $1,350,000 due in 50 years at 4 per
cent interest is $189,945. It is also shown in the table referred to
above, that approximately 390,000 acres contain on the average 6
young pine trees per acre. Of this type 100,000 acres were burned.
They would have yielded at maturity, 75,000 M feet of pine lumber with
a value in dues and stumpage of $675,000. The present value of this
sum due in 50 years with interest at 4 per cent per annum is $98,972.

It will be seen by the above estimates that the fires in the Trent
valley last summer, destroyed young pine worth nearly $2,000,000 at
maturity, and pulpwood worth nearly $1,000,000 at maturity. The
present value of these sums is $848,000. This must be charged to the
fire account, for the present capital stock of the forest in the Trent val-
ley has been reduced by that amount. This reduction of future forest
values by fire goes on without apparent abatement, yet the future sup-
ply of timber must come from these cut-over lands, which at the present
time are without fire protection.

As stated above the crown lands containing merchantable timber are
efficiently protected, but under the present system the cut-over lands are,
as a general rule, entirely neglected. There are two causes of this condi-
tion of affairs. In the first place, there is the wide-spread belief that the
cut-over lands are worthless, a belief that may be readily proven erron-
eous by anyone who studies the rate of reproduction of pine and poplar on
such areas. Secondly, the timber-limit holder has no vital financial inter-
est in his cut-over areas because they will eventually revert to the Crown.
In fact it is not just to the limit holder that he should be required to pro-
tect the lands under this condition. Therefore in any far-sighted policy
of forest administration it is essential that some method be devised ade-
quately to protect the cut-over lands from fire. Forest fires can never
be entirely eliminated, any more than can the fires in a town, but like
the fires in a town, experience proves that they can be reduced to a
minimum, even in a dry season. They must be reduced to a minimum
if there is to be an adequate supply of forest products in the future.

I

Physiographic and Forest Conditions
I. Drainage, Topography, Geology, and Soils

The territory to which the present report refers is the drainage
basin of the Trent Canal waters lying in the townships enumerated
below, in general, those north of Kawartha lakes and Crow lake. The
eastern boundary of the territory is formed by the drainage basin of
Beaver creek, a tributary of the Crow river, in Hastings county ; and the
western boundary by the drainage basin of Gull river in Haliburton and
Victoria counties. The townships in Peterborough county lying be-
tween Stony lake and Rice lake were not included in the survey because
of their prevailingly agricultural character. For the same reason the
township of Verulam, lying north of Sturgeon lake, was not explored.
With these exceptions, all the territory draining from the north into the
Canal and lying between the eastern and western boundaries as given
above, was explored. The region includes portions of Marmora, Tudor,
Limerick, Cashel, Faraday and Wollaston townships and the whole of
Lake township in Hastings county ; Methuen, Burleigh, Harvey, Gal-
way, Cavendish, Anstruther and Chandos townships in Peterborough
county ; Cardiff, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Snowdon, Lutterworth,
Minden, Dysart, Guilford and Stanhope townships, and portions of
Harcourt, Dudley, Harburn, Havelock, Sherborne, Hindon, and Anson
townships in Haliburton county ; Somerville township in Victoria
county, anda small portion of Ridout township in Muskoka district.
The total area surveyed was 1,345,500 acres.

Drainage Basins—The Crow River drainage basin is the largest
in the Trent watershed, including an area of 497,900 acres. The name
is applied to the outlet stream of Round lake, in the township of Bel-
mont. Its upward extension from Round lake is called North river.
Between Round and Belmont lakes, it receives the waters of Otter
creek ; Deer river falls into Belmont lake, and near the outlet of Crow
lake, Beaver creek falls in. Of the tributaries, Deer river, and its
northern extension, Paudash creek, is the largest, and drains 214,200
acres. Its headwaters are in southwestern Faraday and southeastern
Cardiff. On its way to the Crow river it flows through three large
lakes, the Paudash lakes in Cardiff, Belmont lake in Belmont, and
Crow lake in Marmora, and receives the drainage of Loon lake in Chan-
dos. Beaver creek drains 150,800 acres, and its principal storage basins
are Salmon lake in Limerick and Little Salmon lake, and Devil lake in
Cashel. Otter creek and North river drain only 57,500 acres. The
latter has a large storage basin in Kasshabog lake in Methuen town-
ship. All of these waters reach the Trent canal in the township of

36 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Seymour, where Crow river falls into the Trent. The total lake surface
of the basin is 16,150 acres.

Two streams flow into Stony lake, namely, Jack creek, with a basin
containing 46,900 acres, and Eels brook, with a basin containing 66,700
acres. ‘The former is practically confined to the townships of Bur-
leigh and Methuen, while the latter has a long narrow valley extending
to southern Cardiff and Monmouth townships. The principal bodies
of water in these two basins are Jack lake in northwestern Methuen
and Eels lake, and the Monmouth lakes in the adjoining portions of
Anstruther, Cardiff and Monmouth. The lakes in the two basins
have an area of 6,900 acres.

Between Burleigh Falls and Hall Bridge, the canal receives the
waters of Deer Bay creek and the Mississauga river. The former
drains an area of 48,000 acres, and the latter an area of 99,900 acres.
The Deer Bay Creek basin contains some twenty small lakes, mostly in
the township of Burleigh, having a surface area of 2,550 acres, while
the Mississauga has its storage basins in the Katchacoma-Mississauga-
Gold-Eagle lake series in southern Cavendish and Anstruther, the total
area of the lakes in its valley being 7,000 acres. Between Hall Bridge
and Fenelon Falls, the canal has several small feeders, the more im-
portant being Squaw river and Harvey brook. ‘The combined area of
these drainage basins is 81,500 acres. With the exception of Swamp
lake in Galway and Salmon lake in Cavendish, they do not contain lakes
of considerable size. The lakes of the two basins cover 2,000 acres.

The Burnt River drainage basin is the second largest in size within
the area, and contains 371,300 acres. The largest confluent of Burnt
river, Irondale river, meets the main stream in the southwestern
corner of Snowdon. It has its headwaters in Farquart lake in the
township of Harcourt, and flows in a southwesterly direction through
Monmouth, Glamorgan, and Snowdon. ‘The main stream, commenc-
ing as the Haliburton river out of Drag lake in the township of Dudley,
flows through the Kashogawigamog-Canning lake series in Dysart and
Minden. ‘The basin contains about 30 lakes of considerable size and
they have an aggregate surface of nearly 23,000 acres.

Gull river, which flows into Balsam lake, drains an area of 324,200
acres, constituting the third largest drainage basin within the territory
included by this report. The headwaters are formed by a network of
lakes in Stanhope, Guilford, Havelock, and Sherborne townships.
The basin as a whole contains 80 or more lakes. Three of the lakes,
Redstone in Guilford, Kennisis in Havelock, and Gull lake in Lutter-
worth township have a combined surface area of 8,700 acres. The total
lake surface in the basin is 40,900 acres.

Smaller basins not specifically mentioned have a total area of
127,400 acres.

‘TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 37

Some 400 lakes are indicated on the map of this region. These
reservoirs have a total area of 103,000 acres—7 per cent of the entire
area.

Topography.—The country consists of innumerable low rounded
hills and ridges. In the great majority of cases there is less than 100
feet difference in altitude between the streams and the ridges which
separate them. Often the divides between the smaller streams are
nearly flat or slightly rolling in character. When the higher ridges
are ascended one sees an even sky-line and the country has the appear-
ance of a flat plain into which countless depressions have been etched
by the streams. Scattered over the region are occasional hills and
ridges which stand from 200 to 300 feet above the general level of the
plain, as, for example, in Tudor township between Millbridge and
Glanmire, the Blue mountains in Methuen, the Green mountains in
Glamorgan, and the granite ridges in central Anstruther. Along the
northern limits of the watershed, the valleys are deeper and narrower,
and the general elevation of the plain or plateau is about 1,250 feet
above sea level. The northern portion of the watershed in Haliburton
county is approximately 500 feet higher than Stony lake, and the
southward slope of the plain is about 8 feet to the mile. ‘The ridges,
for the most part, have a northeast-southwest direction, and practically
all the larger streams flow towards the southwest.

Geology.—The rocks of the region consist of various kinds of
granite and gneiss, crystalline limestone, amphibolite, gabbro, diorite,
syenite, and sedimentary limestone of Black River age. Except the
Trenton limestone, none of these occur in large areas in pure condition,
since both the granites and crystalline limestones are often mixed with
bands of gneiss and amphibolite. The whole region was once covered with
sedimentary rock, mostly limestone, and in'some crustal movement
of the earth the granite and other plutonic rocks were pushed up through
it. The forces concerned changed the limestone into its present
crystalline form and brought the amphibolites and gneisses into
existence. Three distinctive lines of these intrusive rocks cross the
area in a northeast-southwest direction, and, being harder than the sur-
rounding rock, they constitute the higher points in the topography.
The eastern line of intrusive rock is interrupted, but it can be traced
through the Blue mountains in Methuen, ‘‘The Ridge’”’ in southern
Wollaston, and the rugged diorite ridges in the northeastern portion
of the township. The middle line of eruptive rock extends northward
through portions of Burleigh, Harvey, and Anstruther in a solid mass
of gneissic granite, and then, with some interruptions, joins the great
granitic outcrop to the north of the Trent watershed. The western
outcrop of eruptive rock, begins in Galway and extends through

38 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Snowdon and Glamorgan into Dysart, where it is interrupted, and
then continues to the great northern mass of granite. The last two
lines are composed of granite and related rock, the former averaging
about 10 and the latter 8 milesin width. These two, as well as the east-
ern outcrop of volcanic rocks are surrounded by transformed sedi-
mentary rocks. This sedimentary rock being softer, many of the
stream valleys lie in it. This is notably the case with Deer creek,
Jack creek, Eels brook, Irondale river, and Gull river for the greater
part of its length. ‘The rocks described above belong to what the geo-
logists call the Grenville-Hastings series of the Paleozoic Era.

Sedimentary limestone of a different geological age (Cambro-
Silurian) occurs in southern Marmora in a large block, continuing in
scattered patches westward to central Harvey, where it extends with
some intrusions of other kinds of rock, in a northwest direction through
southern Galway and nearly diagonally through Somerville to the limits
of the watershed.

Soils —The region has suffered severely from glaciation, and the
nature of the soils has been determined by it and by the excessive
flow of waters during and immediately subsequent to the ice age.
Many of the ridges were scoured clean of their soils, and the elapsed time
since has not been long enough to restore them by natural processes
to more than a very shallow depth. The killing of the protecting
trees and the destruction of the humus by fires have resulted in washing
off the soil in many cases, especially on the granite, so that now the
ridges are bare. The rock of the low ridges and upland areas is covered
by a thin mantle of glacial débris, mostly sand, gravel, and pebbles.
It is rarely that one finds the soil on the uplands more than 18 inches
deep, except in local pockets. This applies to farm lands, as well
as to the forest lands. The flats between the low ridges have, at one
time, been covered by glacial waters, and the débris has been more or
less sorted, but the top layer of soil is sand interspersed with thin
layers of gravel. These are the areas which were originally occupied
by pine, and, unfortunately, they are now often occupied by farms.
The stream valleys were filled with glacial drift and the present streams
have worn their channels through it, forming sandy terraces along the
slopes. In the western portion of the watershed particularly, most of
the farms are in the stream valleys. The lower terraces, and especially
the flood plains, contain, indeed, fairly good agricultural soil, but these
areas are very limited in extent except in the lower courses of the
larger streams.

As a whole, the soils of the area may be roughly grouped into three
classes, which in sequence of their abundance are : stony, light, sandy

Commission of Conservation

IN FOREGROUND, AN ABANDONED FARM STILL USED
FOR PASTURE BANK SHOWING CROSS-SECTION OF THE SUBSOIL OF BOULDERS

Field beyond fence has not been pastured for many years ; note AND GRAVEL : ; :
growth of balsam and tamarack Many tilled fields’are similarly underlain’andthave poor water-holding capacity

CONDITION, OF FOREST TYPES 39

loams ; sand ; and the heavier loams (silt loam and clay loam). The
last named, however, are very restricted and form a very small per-
centage of the entire area.

II. The Condition of the Various Forest Types
In General

With reference to the kind of species, and, at the same time, to the
character of the soils on which they grow, the forests of the Trent
watershed were divided into the following four types: the hardwood
type, the mixed coniferous-hardwood type, the pure coniferous type,
and the poplar-birch type. Each of these will be discussed in detail
in the following pages.

With reference to the degree of cutting, each of these types was
classified as virgin, moderately culled, and severely culled. With
reference to the age of reproduction, after clean cutting or after fire,
the young forests were classified as second growth and young growth. In
the final tabulation of the results of the field work—it was found that the
area of virgin forests, with the exception of that in the holdings of one
company in the extreme northern portion of the territory—amounted to
less than 700 acres. The virgin condition was, therefore, grouped with
the moderately culled condition. By ‘moderately culled’ is meant a
forest from which the better class of saw-logs has been removed. This
condition is most common in the hardwood forests, where the basswood,
elm, ash, and, sometimes, the better quality of maple have been cut,
leaving the forest almost pure maple and beech, yet of a quality which
could be further utilized for saw-logs. In such cases the crown cover
remains practically unbroken. Only 22 per cent of the mature forest
is in the condition designated as moderately culled.

In the severely culled forest, practically all the merchantable
saw-logs have been removed, leaving material fit only for cordwood,
charcoal, or wood distillation products in the case of the hardwoods.
This condition is the prevailing one in the hardwood type because a
large percentage of it is composed of farm wood-lots, in which a long
continued selection system of cutting has led to this result. In the ma-
jority of cases the crown cover in such a forest is unbroken, and it is
only by a close inspection of the interior that the real condition of the
forest is disclosed. Where, however, cuttings for fuel or for wood
distillation products have been made in the hardwood forest, the crown
cover has been very severely broken ; in fact, only scattering trees of
non-commercial species remain. Nearly 8,o00 acres of this type of
cutting were found in the northern townships, principally in Dysart
and Dudley. Under the heading of ‘severely culled’ in the hardwood
type, therefore, a considerable range of conditionsisincluded. The greater

40 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

portion of it still has an unbroken crown cover and is composed of over-
mature trees and abundant young material nearly ready for the axe.
While the saw-logs considered merchantable under the present standards
have been chiefly removed, yet the severely culled hardwood forest
type contains large quantities of material utilizable in the minor wood-
working industries. In the mixed types and in the pure coniferous
types, the severely culled condition prevails, for the lumberman takes
practically everything, so that only scattered poles and saplings remain.

Excluding the recent burns, the old burns, the barrens, and the
young growth, mature forests in the Trent watershed occupy 397,700
acres, and of these 310,300 acres, or 78 percent, have been severely
culled.

As a result of clean cutting or fires, frequent young stands of maple,
beech, and birch; of pine, hemlock and balsam; and of a mixture of
these are found. Such stands were divided according to age into ‘young
growth’ and ‘second growth’, the former being from 20 to 40 years, and
the latter from 40 to 60 years old. The stands of young growth ag-
gregate 12,070 acres, and the stands of second growth only 7,890 acres.
The young growth and second growth of birch and poplar, mostly aris-
ing as the result of fires, were classified separately.

The classification of the mature forest areas into three general types,
namely, ‘pure hardwood,’ ‘pure conifer,’ and ‘mixed,’ is based upon
the degree of intermixture of the two classes. For example, a hardwood
forest was considered pure, if the mixture of conifers among the domi-
nant trees did not exceed 10 per cent ; a coniferous forest was con-
sidered pure, if the intermixture of hardwoods was not greater than 10
per cent ; stands of greater than a 10 per cent mixture of conifers or
hardwoods were designated as a mixed type.

The areas represented on the maps and in the tables as ‘recently
burned,’ z.e. burned within the past four years, do not give the real
extent of the recent fires because they refer only to the areas where
the trees were killed. Areas over which fires had run, killing the young
growth but not the mature trees, were classed as forested. The barrens
and semi-barrens recently burned were not included.

It should be noted that in those townships not lying wholly within
the Trent watershed, the percentages of the area and distribution of the
forest refer only to the portions surveyed and not to the townships as a
whole.

In the appended tables certain townships are separately enumer-
ated, and the area of these lands is not included in determining the per-
centages of the various forest types. These lands are privately owned,
mostly by one company, and with one exception they are practically
unsettled, and, for the most part, almost entirely untouched. They

mae
8
Pres
S
@
at
Xe
&.
{)
Se
5

TWO EXAMPLES OF MAPLE FORESTS

The one shown in the right hand view has suffered from successive ground fires.

Note difference

the two cases

ion in

duct

in repro

HARDWOOD TYPE 41

represent a different type of forest than that farther south, being
pure hardwoods, or mixed conifers and hardwoods, in virgin or semi-
virgin condition. The primary object of the survey being to determine
the conditions on cut-over and burned-over lands, these townships were
considered separately.

‘The composition of the various forest types as described in the fol-
lowing pages was determined by means of sample plots, which for the
most part, were made in strips one chain wide and ten chains long, so as
to obtain as nearly as possible the average conditions. The trees of the
various species were classified as saplings, poles, standards, and veterans.
The saplings are from 1 inch to 4 inches in diameter ; the poles from 4
to 12 inches ; the standards from 12 to 24 inches ; and the veterans
over 24 inches in diameter.

The Hardwood Type

The hardwood forest type occupies a little over one-quarter of
the area included in this report, and almost one-third of the total
woodland area. Excluding the young growth of all kinds we find
that the mature hardwood forest occupies over three-quarters of the
entire mature forest ; in other words, pure hardwood is the prevailing
type. Within the hardwood type only 0.15 per cent is in virgin con-
dition, and 19.7 per cent of it is semi-virgin. On most of the balance
nearly all the saw-logs have been removed, that is, it has been severely
culled. Young growth less than 4o years old covers less than three
per cent of the hardwood area, and second growth, nearly ready for
the axe, hardly one per cent.

The hardwoods occupy the deeper glacial drift soils, which, for
the most part, are sandy loams, but stony. They are found on the
higher ridges, if these are well covered with soil, without regard to the
nature of the underlying rock. They also often occur on the low sandy
flats lying betewen the ridges once occupied by pine. There seems
to be little difference in the composition of the soil of such sites and that
of the adjoining pine lands, except that the water-table is higher, and
hence the soil is much more moist. In addition, since these areas have
never been burned over, the soil contains more vegetable matter. Such
hardwoods as occupy relatively shallow soils are confined to those
overlying the sedimentary limestone, which skirts the southern por-
tion of the region.

In the southern two-thirds of the drainage basin, the hardwoods
are localized and irregularly distributed in patches, being surrounded
by former pine lands. There are, however, some exceptions to this
condition. For example, there is a large, continuous block of hard-

42 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

woods in the eastern portion of Lake township. Another of the same
kind may be found in northern Anstruther and southeastern Monmouth.
These are areas where the rocks have been covered to much more than
the usual depth with glacial débris. In the northern third of the
drainage basin, the townships of Stanhope, Guilford, Minden, Dysart,
and Dudley are deeply overlain by drift, and the forest conditions of
the southern portion are reversed, that is, the hardwoods or mixed
forests are the prevailing types, and the pine lands are localized within
them.

In order to determine the composition of the hardwood type, the
trees of the various species were counted and classified according to
diameters, after the manner explained above. Sample plots to the
extent of 16 acres were made in various places scattered through the
region. Most of these were taken in small patches of virgin stands
or, if trees had been removed, the stumps were counted as standing trees,
the object being to determine the composition of the original hardwood
forest. The results of such determinations are given in the following
pages.

The three plots given below were made in Lake township.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A Low Fiat BETWEEN SLOPES

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... i 12 4& 12 28 31.8
Basswood......+.. Ne 4 4 8 16 18.2
| bye c() | O AO 4 4 4 12 13.6
Yellow Birch....... 4 4 4 12 13.6

Tec Uae Geka Bla ak eae 4 4 By’ 8 9.1
Hemlock ie s.3 ese ce 4 4 8 9.1
Se et, ees ms 4 4 4.6
Pera aa ee 4 32 16 36 88 100.0
Percents o¢h es 4.5 36.4 18.2 40.9
NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A GENTLE SLOPE .

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 8 8 72 512 600 55.6
PeeChy ew une a 24 ae. 320 416 38.5
Heémiloek 3). ook 5X. ap 16 32 48 4.5
Yellow Birch....... te 8 ah A 8 0.7
Basswood.......... ns ve 8 Pe 8 0.7

Ota icons as eee 8 40 168 864 1,080 100.0
Per cents. ec eee 0.8 3.6 15.6 80
NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A BENCH ABOUT 50 FEET ABOVE THE FLAT

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 40 8 32 288 . 368 38 .0
Bebe oo: ) ee m 24 80 136 240 24.8
Yellow Birch....... A) 8 24 144 176 18.2
Basswood... 0s. 3.6 ne It 48 48 96 9.9
Hop Hornbeam..... a i 8 48 56 5.8
MRSA eS 5 2. 5 ‘ha 24 e 24 Psy
Large-toothed Aspen ie We 8 hae le 8 0.8

LNG be chy See 40 40 224 664 968 100.0
Percenh. nic haku 4.1 451 23.2 68 .6

These plots were taken successively from the base to near the top of the slope,
where the type was mixed.

HARDWOOD TYPE 43

The average of the three sites—low flat, slope and bench—shows
the average composition of the hardwood type to be: sugar maple,
41.8 per cent; beech, 25.6 per cent ; yellow birch, 10.8 per cent; bass-
wood, 9.6 per cent; hemlock, 4.5 percent; elm, 3 per cent; hop hornbeam,
1.9 per cent; ash, 1.8 per cent; balsam, 0.8 per cent;: large-toothed
aspen,o.2 per cent. If weignore the poles and saplings and consider only
the dominant or log trees the composition becomes: sugar maple, 46.4
per cent ; beech, 31.7 per cent ; yellow birch, 14.7 per cent ; basswood,
elm, and hemlock, each 2.4 per cent. And, if we assume that the
poles and saplings as given above all come to maturity, replacing the
dominant trees, the complexion of the forest would still remain much
the same. The poles and saplings per acre aggregate 1,972, and, asa
class, their composition is distributed as follows : sugar maple, 46.7
per cent ; beech, 31.23 per cent ; yellow birch, 8.72 per cent ; bass-
wood, 5.9 per cent ; hornbeam, 2.9 per cent ; hemlock, 2.6 per cent ;
balsam, 1.2 per cent ; aspen, o.4 per cent ; ash and elm, each o.2 per
cent. ‘This shows strikingly that the two leading species, maple and
beech, will hold their present position in the future forest, and, since
this is in virgin forest, it indicates that they are fully adjusted to their
environment. It is what is called a ‘“‘climax forest,” the ultimate result
of adaptations.

To show the variations which may occur in this type, the following
sample areas are enumerated. A strip run through the northwestern
corner of Lake township from the base of a slope to a mixed type on its
crest, showed the following composition.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A FLAT AT THE BASE OF A SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... at 10 20 70 100 58.8
Beeenen. . 86 e's Ge 30 10 30 70 41.2

OUR) Oo an es « he 40 30 100 170 100.0
Per cent......... a 23.6 17.6 58.8
NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A GENTLE SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent

pugar Maple... 34, 4 + 16 36 60 60
PRGCE Dil s aids «5 ate a i 16 20 + 40 40
“AG RE a 4 20 36 40 100 100
Per cent... .. 3. < 4 20 36 40

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A BENCH NEAR THE TOP OF A SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
GCG ok SMES at's b 4 36 56 96 45.3
Sugar Maple....... 20 24 S. 44 88 41.6
Hop Hornbeam..... ae & 4 16 20 9.4
Hemlock 2... 065". « ia 8 a le 8 3.7

Mota Go. Soe kw 20 36 40 116 212 100.0
Per cent......... 9.4 17 18.9 54.7

Taking the average composition of these three site classes, we find the com-
osition as a whole to be: maple, 53.4 per cent ; beech, 42.2 per cent ; hop horn-
eam, 3.1 per cent. ; hemlock, 1.2 per cent.

44 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

A sample strip of an acre in Wollaston showed the following composition of the

hardwood type.
NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A MEDIUM SLOPE
SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total

Sugar Maple....... 20 52 40 20 132
BeeeH iy cote ct ey 8 : a 8
Basswood.......... 8 mr 8
Yellow Birch....... At ky 4 4
Hop Hornbeam..... _ ee 4 le 4

Totals: csisee tes 20 68 48 20 156

Per cent......... 12.8 43.6 30.8 12.8

Per cent

In the township of Chandos a sample acre in a virgin hardwood forest revealed

an almost pure maple type as is shown below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A MEDIUM SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total
Sugar Maple....... oe 28 124 on 152
1 sci Neda eee 4 a My oe 4
Hop Hornbeam..... st Na a 4 4

WOpalic io). a sick ce 4 28 124 4 160
Per cent. .f..5. - 2.5 17.5 77.5 2.5

Per cent

95.0
2.5
2.5

100.0

Sample plots in the large block of hardwoods in northern Anstruther show them

to be of the following composition.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A FLAT PLATEAU

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total
Belen oo eee ae 6 42 80 46 174
Sugar Maple....... 12 a 2 80 94
Hemiloek 7.5 fives. ee Le 4 ee 4
Yellow Birch....... 2 a = A 2

Dota eo ee ee 20 42 86 126 274
Per cent......... 7.3 15.3 31.4 46

Per cent

63.5
34.3
1.5
0.7

100.0

Regarding only the dominant trees one finds the stand to be 77.4 per cent
beech, 19.4 per cent sugar maple, and 3.2 per cent yellow birch. The soil was a foot
deep to a pavement of stones. Compared with the maple, the beech occupies the
thinner, more stony soils. This fact is known to the farmers of the region, who avoid
clearing beech lands. On an adjacent ridge where the soil was from 24 inches to 30

inches deep the stand was mostly maple, as is shown below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A Low RIDGE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total
Sugar Maple....... 4 54 70 178
PISMMOGK. Wat sacs 2 2 22 oe 26
Basswood... ....:%.8 om 6 8 cr 14
Hop Hornbeam..... a, Ste 12 ie 12
White Ash... os 3% “A 2 2 6 10
| eh te a he 2 6 1 9
Yellow Birch....... 4 2 oh fe 6
BEAT aia se Se ey 2 2

| 7 aa Oa 10 64 104 79 257
POP OCRUb s 62:2 aves 3.9 24.9 40.5 30.7

Per cent

69.2
10.1

CNW Por
OO CO 1H TON

S eenmeniammeeamement

100.0

Considered from the standpoint of the dominant trees, the stand shows
73. per cent maple, 8.1 re cent each of basswood and yellow birch, 5.4 per cent

hemlock, 2.7 per cent each of white ash and beech.

HARDWOOD TYPE 45

_In the virgin hardwood in Cavendish a sample acre showed the following com-
position.
NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A FLAT BETWEEN Low RipGEs

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Percent
Sugar Maple....... 10 38 54 78 180 74.4
Ue aur sine ve 0 a 8 16 jr 24 10.0
Basswood.......... “e 2 20 22 9.1
Yellow Birch....... 2 6 cE 8 3.3
Hemlock.......... 6 6 2.4
Black Cherry...... - 2 Bi 2 0.8

OROUM o ns. <! seca « a0 10 48 86 242 100.0
OY CONG «i. a5 «ap» 4.2 19.8 35.5 40.5

As to dominant species the stand consisted of sugar maple 82.7 per cent, elm
13.8 per cent, yellow birch 2.5 per cent.

The trees were counted on four acres in the hardwood forest lying between
Hagle lake and Redstone lake in the township of Guilford. The composition on
the various sites is as follows.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE AT THE BASE OF A SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... y 9 14 26 51 60.0
asswood.......... 1 3 “ 3 11 13.1
IBCCCHS 5. eee ces 3 4 2 9 10.5
Yellow Birch....... 3 2 2 ‘i 7 8.2
Hemlock.......... ae 3 3 3.5
Hop Hornbeam..... a 3 3 2.3
Mee cach ca lchvidiaind 1 i a 1 1.2
PAISAIM. fs cco oe am a 1 1 1.2
ROGAN 5.206) ols esis 7 17 31 31 86 100.0
Percent. ou. oss 6s. 8 20 36 36

If one considers only the dominant trees, the stand becomes : maple 45.8 per
cent ; yellow birch 20.8 per cent ; basswood 16.7 per cent ; beech 12.5 per cent ;
elm 4.2 per cent.

NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A MeEpIUM SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
18220 0) Be 12 44 34 90 46.4
Sugar Maple....... 6 12 2 32 52 26.8

asswood.......... 6 12 4 10 32 16.5
Yellow Birch....... 4 10 2 16 8.3
Rete ya clare. erm emery ae 2 2 1.0
Hop Hornbeam..... ne Re 2 2 1.0
Ob Soa esac. Gas 16 46 56 76 194 100.0
Per cent. .....55 8.2 23.7 28.9 39.2

Considering only the mature trees, one finds the stand to be 29 per cent each of
maple and basswood, 22.6 per cent of yellow birch, 19.4 per cent of beech.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A High BENCH

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 8 5 23 45 81 61.0
DECOR bc dk oe ars a 16 25 a 41 30.8
Basswood.......... 1 3 1 1 6 4.5
Hop Hornbeam..... oe a 3 a 3 2.2
Yellow Birch....... hee | 1 ae <a 2 1.5

otaliys shia ck ss 10 25 52 46 133 100.0
Per Gentine ccc 7.5 18.8 39.1 34.6

The composition of the dominant trees on this area is distributed as follows :
ae oe cent ; maple 37.2 per cent ; basswood 11.4 per cent ; yellow birch
.7 per cent.

46 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE AT THE TOP OF A SLOPE

SFECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
| BYEIETS a may MA ine 2 48 22 66 138 71.9
Sugar Maple....... 2 4 4 30 40 20.9
Yellow Birch....... 2 4 4 a | 10 5.2
renmaloelks oc. 5 a6 Sul be 2 le i prone, 1.0
Hop Hornbeam..... vs x 2 eee Fr 2 1.0
MOtaL. aes oe ere 6 58 32 96 192 100.0
Percent. ie 4 3.1 30.2 16.7 50

Without the poles and saplings, the stand has the following composition :
Beech 78.1 per cent ; maple and yellow birch each 9.4 per cent ; hemlock 3.1 per
cent. It is characteristic of the beech to be more abundant in the shallow soils at
the top of the ridges.

Regarding these four site classes as representative, we would find the composi-
tion of the hardwood forest near Redstone lake in Guilford to be : maple 42 per cent ;
beech 40 per cent; basswood 8.6 per cent; yellow birch 5.8 per cent; hop
hornbeam 1.6 per cent ; hemlock 1.1 per cent; elm 0.6 per cent; and balsam
0.3 per cent.

The tables above give a good idea of the variations in composi-
tion of the hardwood forest in the northern and central portions of the
area under consideration in this report. ‘The hardwood forest on the
sedimentary limestone which occurs interruptedly across the southern
boundary of the watershed contains, relatively, more basswood, hop
hornbeam, ash, red oak, and white oak, and it was the only place where
burr oak was seen. Pure stands of hop hornbeam and of oak were
frequent.

Since settlement is more extensive on these soils, some difficulty
was experienced in finding a virgin stand on the sedimentary limestone.
The following plot, however, was made on a lot in Harvey township,
where there was no indication that trees had been removed.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A GENTLE SLOPE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 4 25 1 108 138 29.7
BGEeWOUGs.. 6-faha er 1 12 50 60 123 26.5
Hop Hornbeam..... ie ak 7 110 117 25.2
POSTIES bus oy eel 5 48 53 11.4
PCOO ie bier sao ome 2 18 20° 43°
MeaWOake.. «ssc 2 6 8 1.7
White Pine........ 1 3 4 0.8
HOMOGE; 0s. Ns oes a it 1 2 0.4

ore “a gy aka? goat: wae lB
Tatas ik Sood aay 5 if 69 354 465 100.0

ee
102)
a]
(or)
—t

Per cents .5 ick aa 3.06.4 A:

oo

ee
Sept Ne ‘
ana rt

Slat
'

Co

wiok,
+

med

SSS

A MIXED TYPE,—BIRCH AND PINE, ON THIN GRANITIC SOIL

ee LEP
an of Conservation

A SIMILAR SITUATION WHICH HAS SUFFERED SUCCESSIVE FIRES

OE a rr

MIXED TYPE 47

The average number of trees of the various age classes per acre, and the average
composition by species of 16 acres of sample plots are given in the table below.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES OF VARIOUS SPECIES PER ACRE ON SAMPLE
Piots AGGREGATING 16 AcRES

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 8.7 20.8 30.0 104.2 163.7 51.19
BACCO ae) sinia «aie oka 0.5 14. 25.3 44.8 85.1 26.61
Basswood.......... 0.5 3.0 7.9 Le: 28.9 9.04
Yellow Birch....... 1.2 2.5 2.5 9.2 15.4 4.82
Hop Hornbeam..... “i Wiis 2.8 1 5 13.9 4.34
ECMO). 6 «oo « 0.1 1.0 3.1 2.3 6.5 2.03

TCR CT at sy 3, on 0.3 0.7 Mean) Gave 2.3 0.72
Braise. si )3"., ae ols ci an aed 1.5 0.1 1.6 0.50
RIM ARORO ay satel, ihe 0.1 0.4 0.6 £31 0.35
2.(\0130 a PpEe 4 1s ae sere 0.5 0.16
eM O a. 6s shee ss ae? 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.13
White Pine........ 0.06 0.2 0.26 0.08
Black Cherry...... 8 ala ia 0.1 0.03
LOE a es a 11.3 42.6 75.56 190.3 319.76 100.00
Rericent. iu... -. saa 20.3 30.7 43.

As will be seen from these records, the poles and saplings of the
leading species are abundant, a hopeful condition, assuring the repro-
duction of the forest of the same nature. Where the forest has been
thinned by lumbering, the vigour of the reproduction is all the more
striking. In such situations one often finds dense thickets of young
maple, beech, and yellow birch. Maple, however, is by far the most
abundant among the seedlings and small saplings. One finds it every-
. where. Sometimes a dense carpet of maple seedlings covers several
acres to the exclusion of nearly all other plants.

The Mixed Type

The mixed forest type as exhibited on the accompanying map
represents in reality a combination of two distinct types, namely the
mixed hardwood-conifer type of the well drained areas, and a mixed
swamp type. This swamp type ‘representing nearly one-half of the
combination, is the ordinary black ash-cedar-balsam swamp. In the
former type, which is found on the flats and at the bases of slopes along
streams and lakes, and on some of the low ridges rising above the pure
hardwood forest, the principal conifer associated with the hardwood
is hemlock ; balsam usually holds the second place. The combination,
as given on the map, occupies 59,600 acres, or 5.1 per cent of the entire
area and 6.1 per cent of the forested area. A little more than one-
fifth of the mixed type is moderately culled ; nearly three-fourths is
severely culled ; and the remaining one-twentieth is young growth and
second growth.

48 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

_ A few sample plots were made in the former type, and the tables below indicate
its composition.

NUMBER OF TREES PHR ACRE ON THE CREST OF A Low Rings, Lake TownsHIP

SPECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Hemlock... 2.05266 40 136 160 336 44.4
Sugar Maple...... 8 32 168 208 27.3
DCCC Ys ans 4s eee hs 24 48 104 176 23.1
Yellow Birch...... 16 see 16 32 4.2

op Hornbeam.... a 8 pe 8 1.0

Motal: iccse ces 88 224 48 760 100.0

Per cent...2500% 5 11.6 29.5 58.9

A sample plot was made in Wollaston on a gentle slope rising from a cedar
swamp. While the stand was mostly composed of hardwoods, yet it contained
enough hemlock to bring it into the mixed type.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A GENTLE SLOPE NBAR A SWAMP,
WOLLASTON TOWNSHIP

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Sugar Maple....... 10 10 60 20 100 58.2
Hemiloeks 2.3.62. « x 20 30 ae 50 29.0
Beeeh es sic cee ese 5 Be 20 He 2 22 12.8

Wotan is gaat wi. £3. 10 50 90 22 172 100.0
Per cent......... 5.8 29.1 52.3 12.8

A slope arising from a stream in Anstruther had a mixed forest with the com-
position given below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A SLOPE FROM A STRBAM,
ANSTRUTHER TOWNSHIP

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Hemiloek ... 24.044 Lie 25 12 14 51 37.0
Sugar Maple....... 2 15 7 3 24 17.4
Balsam. 0.60005 3 a Me 5 11 16 11.6
Basswood.......... ce 1 9 3 13 9.4
Yellow Birch....... 1 9 3 i 13 9.4
Bereiies. iene oe a 1 6 3 10 7.2
Hop Hornbeam..... 7 Me 7 5.1
Cedab Cie ee 2 1 3 2.2
| eg ee a aS a 1 1 0.7

MOURA Sao ve 3 51 51 33 138 100.0
Perieent! . ce xicns 2.1 37.0 37.0 23.9

The sample plot below was made in Guilford township on a gentle slope from
a small lake.

NvuMB5R OF TREES PBR ACRE ON A GENTLE SLOPE FROM A LAKE

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings ‘Total Per cent
Hemlock... 6) sawiae er 32 40 Ms 72 35.0
DRAM 3. .ih ees He 12 eA 22 34 16.5
Sugar Maple....... 2 22 6 ie 30 14.5
Valiow Bite. isa'can es 6 18 4 28 13.6
Basswood.......... ie 6 12 4 22 10.7
Hop Hornbeam..... a af 12 2 14 6.7
6 ee Ai ve hot 4. 4 2.0
Black Spruce....... oe 2 ty uf 2 1.0

Sieh diy 4 eal eed 2 80 88 36 206 100.0
Percents. i tes 1.0 38.8 42.7 17.5

MIXED TYPE 49

The average number and percentage of individuals of the various species, and
of the various age classes, on an acre, is shown in the table below.
AVERAGE NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES AND AGE
CLASSES—HIGHLAND Type (4 Acres)

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Hemlock.......... ve 29.2 54.5 43.5 127.2 40.0
Sugar Maple....... 3.5 13.7 26.2 47.0 90.4 28.4
BEBO. ae ida fue bale s's Be 11.2 13.5 27.2 51.9 16.3
Yellow Birch....... 0.2 7.7 5.2 5.0 18.1 5.7
PaSAM yo cic ve. 3s nike 3.0 tom 8.2 12.4 3.9
Basswood.......... 1.7 5.2 L.7 8.6 2.5
Hop Hornbeam..... By 6.7 0.5 7.2 2.3
(O/ef6 i ee a 0.5 ‘2 i.7 0.6
Black Spruce....... 0.5 BO ahs ees 0.5 0.2

BM Me edisves canner ala ia 0.2 0.2 j.3
WOU sic ect ons 3.7 67.0 113.0 134.5 318.2 100.0
Per cent......... 2.2 29.1 40.4 28.3

The mixed swamp type is found on the lowlands bordering streams
and lakes. While frequent throughout the Trent watershed, it is
most abundant in the two southern tiers of townships. In the northern
townships, it is replaced by coniferous swamps. As a rule, black
ash and cedar comprise three-fourths of the stand, and it is from such
swamps that large quantities of cedar poles are taken. When these
swamps are cleared and drained they make excellent farm soils, in fact,
in some townships the only good farms are on such soils.

_ Sample plots totalling an acre were made in the mixed swamp in various places
in the township of Wollaston, and the results are shown in the table below.

NUMBHER OF TREES PER ACRE IN THE MIXED Swamp TYPE, WOLLASTON

| TOWNSHIP
SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent

Black Ash......... ae 26 dt 368 438 47.0
Cedam yew. 10 24 80 180 294 31.
Balsamic kisi «ss Op 2 62 80 144 15.5
Yellow Birch....... mi a 18 16 34 3.7
Flemiloek 222.556 .. ne + 6 6 16 ae |
Tinie, etches. ate 2. 482 vie dp sig 4 4 0.4
Basswood.......... ee rie 2 ‘ 0.2

PROGALA wid awiatere days 10 56 212 654 930 100.0

PemCEWba. Waise sie: be | 6.0 22.7 70.2

A strip a chain wide and ten chains long was run through a mixed swamp on
Paudash creek in Chandos with the following result :

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE IN THE MIxEpD Swamp TyPpb, CHANDOS

TOWNSHIP
SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
biek Ashi... 5. o's « Ly 32 49 91 172 36.9
Gedamrs so. owen. Ks 14 65 83 162 34.8
Balsam a’ dacs os6 ss 0h -8 « 3 14 18 35 7.5
Black Spruce....... 9 15 10 34 7.3
Hemlock... s...¢:. 1. 6 20 5 32 6.9
Yellow Birch....... ce 16 6 3 25 5.4
190) ro Ve a 2 2 4 0.8
lms". Bickel eA, io iA 2 ud 2 0.4

PROUD Tes). sds oes 1 80 173 212 466 100.0
0.

50 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The average acre shows the following age class relations.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES AND
AGE CLASSES—Swamp Type (2 Acres)

SPECIES— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
piel Ash. 2105) Lia 29.0 46.5 229.5 305.0 41.9
Cedar oo... eS 5 19.0 72.5 131.5 228.0 33.2
Balsam... .. sono ani 2.5 38.0 49.0 89.5 11.5
Yellow Birch....... Saar 8.0 12.0 9.5 29.5 4.6
Hemlock... 0/244... 0.5 5.0 13.0 5.5 24.0 4.3
Black Spruce....... bio 4.5 7.5 5.0 17.0 3.6

bi URE aed ae 1.0 2.0 3.0 4

1 CY 6) (=) aa 1.0 1.0 2.0 A

Basswood.......... aN 1.0 ee 1.0 alk

Potal.) 2 Pee ls 5.5 68.0 192.5 433.0 699.0 100.0
Percent ve. 6 11.6 29.9 o7.9

The Coniferous Type

The coniferous forest type, as presented on the accompanying
maps and in the appended tables, is composed of three distinct types :
the hemlock type, the pine type, and the coniferous swamp type.
Taken together, they occupy to-day only a small area, less than 5 per
cent of the total woodland. Only a few acres are virgin ; about one-
third is moderately culled, while four-fifths of the area is severely
culled. The second growth and young growth occupy about one-
eighth of the coniferous forest type.

The hemlock type is found in patches on low land surrounding
lakes throughout the area, but is most extensive in the northern portion.
The largest block in the southern portion of the area is found in western
Anstruther and eastern Cavendish. No sample plots were made in
this type, but it is safe to say that three-fourths of such stands is hem-'
lock.

Some 500,000 acres, or 57.3 per cent of the forested area were once
occupied by pine, chiefly white pine, but, owing to repeated fires,
following lumbering operations, the pine forests now exist only in re-
latively small patches. Such as do exist are advanced second growth
from 60 to 100 years old ; the original virgin pine has been practically
eliminated from the area.

Sample plots were made in a stand of white pine between 60 and
70 years old in the township of Marmora. The stand had occupied
about 57 acres and had been recently cut. The pine occupied two site
classes, the ridges and the flats between the ridges. The soil, a sandy
loam, averaged 17 inches in depth on the flats and 8 inches on the ridges.
From the former site, 150 trees per acre, averaging 11.9 inches in dia-
meter had been taken, while, from the latter, 55 trees per acre averaging
11.5 inches in diameter had been removed. The average yield per acre
was 3,400 board feet. Fire scars on the trees revealed the fact that the

TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION AFTER FIRE

On left, pure poplar and on right, nearly pure paper birch.

The stands are 20 to 30 years old

POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE 51

stand had been burned at least three times. It suffered a light fire,
mostly on the ridges, 20 years ago, and heavy fires 45 and 57 years ago.
The stand probably originated from a fire between 75 and 80 years
ago.

No sample plots were made in the coniferous swamp type. The
species are cedar, balsam, black spruce, and tamarack, and they occur
in various proportions, sometimes one species and sometimes another
predominating. While such swamps are common throughout the area,
they are most abundant and of largest extent in the northern tier
of townships. These swamps occupy some 14,600 acres, or 66 per cent
of the coniferous type. They are the chief source of supply of cedar
poles. :

The coniferous forest is practically cut clean in the process of lum-
bering. Very little remains to establish the future crop. For example,
on a licensed lot in Anstruther an average of 30 mature white pine
trees per acre had been removed. A strip half a chain wide and 20
chains long was run through the cutting, and on this area (2 acres) a
careful search failed to disclose a young pine tree of any kind. A
similar strip was made in a cutting of hemlock, and it was found that
93 hemlock trees per acre had been removed. ‘To reproduce the hem-
lock, there were left 5 poles and 2 saplings. ‘That is, where 93 trees
were taken only 7 were left to establish a future crop, and the chances
are that these will be blown down or burned. Cases like these might
be multiplied indefinitely ; in fact, such is the usual condition on cut-
over crown lands. There is no hope for a future supply, which must
come from such cut-over lands. Another fact should be pointed out
in this connection : it is the custom of the Government to consider
revenues from cuttings like these as current receipts ; whereas, since
forest lands so treated become non-productive and useless, they, in
reality, represent money taken from the capital stock.

The Poplar-Birch Type

The most important type, because occupying the largest area, is
' the poplar-birch type, which is almost entirely the result of forest fires.
It comprises 57.3 per cent of the forested area. It is not a permanent
forest type but represents only the prelimininary stages in the replace-
ment of the original forest. Thatis, this would be the natural process,
were it not for the destructive and retarding influence of man’s agency,
through fires which, if repeated on the same area, eventually kill all seed
trees of the original species and so prevent their re-establishment, or
at least delay it to a very distant future. Where fire does not follow
the cutting of the commercial species, or where only one fire follows,

52 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

the young growth of the original species generally establishes itself, in
the course of twenty or thirty years, in their former numerical quanti-
ties. When, however, repeated fires occur, resulting in the destruction
of the seed trees, the young growth can invade the burned area only
from the margins of the unburned forest. With pines it is only accident-
ally that seeds are deposited more than 200 or 300 feet from the mother
tree, it would, therefore, require many generations of trees to advance
the new growth of the commercial species across a burned area a mile
wide. Areas of this size intervening between seed trees are very com-
mon on the old burns of the Trent valley. Therefore, to say nothing
of the disastrous effects of repeated fires upon the humus content of the
soil, repeated fires retard the natural re-establishment of valuable
species in their original proportions by several hundred years.

The poplar-birch stands for the most part represent former pineries,
and they occur in the thin soils of the crystalline limestones and the gran-
itic rock, and upon the deeper soils of the sand plains and sand ridges.
The composition of these stands was determined in detail in several
representative places from township to township, with special reference
to the reproduction of the commercial species.

Tudor.—The greater portion of Tudor township lying within the Trent water-
shed, some 14,400 acres, or 64 per cent of the area, was severely burned about 32
years ago. Various portions have been re-burned since, the most recent fire being in
1911. The most sterile conditions in.this old burn are to be found along the crest
of the rocky ridge on the Hastings road about four miles from the village of Mill-
bridge, where not more than one-fourth of the area has soil of any kind, being com-
posed of ridges and hillocks of great blocks of rock. The poorer sites are occupied by
poplar saplings and poles at the rate of only 150 per acre. On better sites, paper
birch occurs at the rate of 190, and sugar maple at the rate of 60 trees per acre,
while, at the foot of slopes and in deep ravines, one finds pure maple stands having
170 saplings and 240 poles per acre. The onlyreproduction of coniferous species
(balsam and cedar) is found around the margins of swamps and in some of the deeper
ravines.

North of Horseshoe lake and Jordan lake, where the country is made up of
low sandy or rocky ridges with swamps in the depressions, one finds on the burn of
about 32 years ago on the average acre the following :

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE, OLD Burn, SANDY RIDGE

SPECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
OGINT. patric tone 10 90 360 460 56.1
Sugar Maple..... ae a 170 170 20.7
Paper Birch...... Me a 70 70 8.6
Hop Hornbeam... a aya 50 50 7.3
Pa Cherry... 04.5 ye 20 40 60 6.1
DASA best ee ae Bate 10 10 1.2

MBL ds WAS 10 110 700 820 100.0

Percent ..%c% 2% i, 13.4 85.4

POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE 53

NumBoer or TREES PPR Acre, Basen or SLtopns, TRANSITIONAL TO SWAMPS

SPEcIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Lictiy 61 Cet Ree Dae hei Saas ne aa 110 540 650 51.5
RAY WEARING sic ces ce cece uees Lap 340 340 27.0
PGR BIN aie iste so ace 9 0.0 op ene 20 90 110 8.7
Hop Hormbeam,.........-2+5054 Mi! 60 60 4.8
PACU IEC gic anise ce es oh cons gi 40 40 3.2
UMCWEVEN 0 5.5 css co os ot ne eas ee 30 30 2.4
othe G11 a) a eA bios 20 20 1.6
USL clita Ap Rae Eagle Ri ey ge 10 10 0.8

IR UMS eo ares Sein he Uhauet ac tea is 130 1,130 1,260 100.0
OR CED ft ctice fod n ed ana ave evened 10.4 89.6

If these figures may be considered as representative, it would appear that the
number of trees per acre along the base is 60 per cent greater than along the top of
the ridges; i.e. the reproduction along the base of the ridges is more promising.
There is practically no reproduction of coniferous species on this area except balsam.
This, however, together with cedar, is plentiful in the moister situations. The
stumps on the ridges disclose the fact that pine, now entirely absent, once occupied
them at the rate of 60 trees to the acre.

In a thin strip next to the highway along the Hastings Road grants, however,
second growth white pine may be found in sufficient numbers to indicate future
commercial quantities. In the old burn to the eastward of Bass lake, one finds
patches of good reproduction in lots 17 and 18 in the 17th concession, where the
stand is of the following composition :

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE IN AN OLD Burn, GENTLE SLOPE

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
SugariMiaple, y/o. 5.6. 500d. 30 460 490 40.2
WVPMILO MEMO 40s i. eck al dels a's 200 180 380 31.1
IBAPEROITCNG 4 toe oe. hs as ysenie « 90 40 130 10.7
Hop idormbeam.:..........04.. as 130 130 10.7
Gees reek bs ee ah wee ys , 40 40 3.3
Roret Nesen TIM Wee cei) lel g cS. ak eh Scie va, alo » 10 , "20 30 2.4
(CES BES ob ete nt a ee) 20 20 1.6

“IDE eg 330 890 1,220 100.0

There were about 50 acres in this stand and, with the exception of a few small
patches, this stand contained the only white pine reproduction discovered in travel-
ling two miles through the old burn.

Limerick and Cashel_—North of Salmon lake and Devil lake in Limerick and
Cashel, an old burn covers some 16,000 acres within the watershed and extends
beyond it on the eastern and western sides. The area has been burned at least three
times, 35, 20, and 10 years ago. A few patches of pine reproduction, however,
appear to date from a fire 75 years ago. These were probably too small to be cut
when the region was lumbered about 35 years ago, and escaped the subsequent
fires. In order to determine what might be expected after 75 years on an area burned
but once, sample plots were made in these stands with the following results.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON AN AREA BuRNED 75 YpaRS AGO

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
White ME ei peta io lon sb sas ais tele d oF 180 20 200 55.6
RCM PEING Ge fe oe ccc cece en Be se 80 et 80 ye
CEO EV dee I ek 40 30 70 19.4
NrelOw BITCH. cnc bcc eke 10 ay 10 2.8

BRU LON Cer ore ae toh wake Wis, ae 5 310 50 360 100.0

54 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The average diameter of 20 white pine in this stand was 6.7 inches and the
average age 70 years, so the growth was 1 inch in diameter in 10.4 years. Balsam
reproduction was abundant beneath the stand, in the densest portion yielding 109
to the square rod. They were not over four feet high and ranged between 12 and
19 years old.

The larger area was severely burned after the lumbering of about 35 years ago
The difference in the character of the stands arising from that fire allows a differen-
tiation into several well defined site classes, viz: the tops of the ridges, the base
of slopes and the flats between the ridges—the latter being the best, the first the poor-
est as regards pine reproduction. Sample plots taken on these sites reveal the
composition given in the three tables below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE, Top or RIpGE

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
Peplary glo oi oe rye La ee een ae 170 170 43.6
Paper Birch: Me os.sde see eee 20 80 100 25.6
Wiihite ine si.) 8 eee 40 10 50 13.0
Pia, CHOTEY jc ick chraniee Bee: ly 40 40 10.2
Red Pine? i. cies awe bee 30 ts 30) 7.6

QUAN: vg. c eases hs ot eee eee 90 300 390 100.0

Percent oe cc We aie ent ot eee Del 76.9

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE AT THE BASE OF SLOPES

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
POplar so ose ys + ne a eo kare: 10 170 180 37.5
Wie amen, eke he ae ie 140 140 29.2
a ISAa con cay loc ote ote eee bie 90 90 18.7
Paperbireh. 2PM. 20 10 30 6.2
RedPime. 3. 7ee ee hao oe ay 20 20 A
White Spruce oa.) 2. ca Ba, be 20 20 4.2

Oval os eee Ee Ue a: 30 450 480 100.0

ROK CCUG 5h FE he oe 6.3 93.7

NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON FLATS BETWEEN RIDGES

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
WW bite ames. opel. et eee 100 170 270 55 et
Poplar ees. folk asad cen ee 30 110 140 28.6
White Spruce...... ent eae shes a 30 30.5 6.2
Paper iBirch sisi feo ieea Ba 20 20 4.1
NCAA. sa, nek ee Lt eco sts a 10 10 2.0
Rea: Maple... 25: 2b deed poke ira 10 10 2.0
ed Wale: fo i eer hay) ener ae ane 10 10 2.0

a tall ) eaier ete G & teats 130 360 490 100.0
Per cent: 6 S403 ee Pe et 26.6 73.4

These plots represent patches which escaped a second fire that ran over the area
15 years later. The results of this later fire are their stands now 20 years old. Sam-
ple plots made in these indicate 250 poplar, 190 sugar maple, 20 pin cherry, 10 white
pine and 10 red pine saplings per acre.

About 5,000 acres of the 16,000 acres were burned a third time 10 years ago
and the result is a region of poplar and birch thickets, of hazel and bracken fern,
with no reproduction of pine, although the skeletons of young trees indicate their
former presence.

The old burn south of Salmon lake and Devil.lake has apparently never been
re-burned and its repreduction is excellent. There are frequent patches several
acres in extent of red pine and white pine, and the general average of pine repro-
duction may be taxen as that given in the tables above for the area burned only
once. Aloug the southern shores of Salmon lake and in moist situations farther
inland a thick un lergrowth of balsam is found under the birch and poplar. This
area of good 'eproduction of coniferous species covers about 6,000 acres.

POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE

55

Chandos.—An old burn in the northwestern portion of Chandos contains 7,800
acres and it extends over 2,500 acres in the adjoining township of Cardiff. The
average age of the poplar now occupying the area is 26 years. Frequent pine seed
trees remain, and as a whole the area is fairly re-stocked. The young growth
exhibits a number of site classes, viz; the higher ridges, (originally evidently
covered by hardwoods with only scattering coniferous growth); the lower ridges, (ori-
ginally covered with pine) ; the benches above the streams, and the immediate
banks of the streams. Sample plots were made in these sites with the results given

in the tables below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON THE HIGHER RIDGES

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total
BUPA MADIC... cave ks bp hele ee 20 300 320
120 J. 71S ey RF ae ae a ma 60 30 90
IRE.12(01 8 none Siete he gsc: gana a mae 30 30
MCHOW MOITCN cea sic nie dee ene yn 30 30
ITC UETEV Ga isc sec. cy esse 10 10 20
Op OMMbDeAM! yi... ese es 20 ye 20
PAGED BITC sc. lee ce eee es 10 Sey. 10
MAMET er ae CG Sale ew: 10 ee 10

PRG er ye haar cc ke ke 130 400 530
LEE C18) 1 Ae ed 24.6 75.4
NUMBER OF TREES PPR ACRE ON THE LOWER RIDGES

SPECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total
Ropar. es oo. 45: 10 100 490 600
Hop Hornbeam... oe we 80 80
ISAM 5. ace tees ‘a aah 50 50
APU Me ob iiesec vo, ty 10 sae 20 30
Paper Birch...... fe apes 20 20
Sugar Maple..... 10 heat Ae 10

PUOtal rasa 30 100 660 790
Per cent....... 3.8 Ped - 83.5

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON THE BENCHES

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total
[Bip esraliaih = oul ia A A gee a Le 280 280
1P0 jOILEIE ke OE Ca ae a 50 170 220
(Cleiclaiir VRS aie ge aoe at 80 80
I IR@ISSPTUCE \. 264s sk csse sd lets ee a 20 20
WURGDEERY. 8 ose We Gene ees ae 11 11

WMataili gcc oh cane se 50 561 611
IPCHGEMG. yak us hind see as 8.2 91.8

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON THE STREAM BANKS

SPECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total
(OSI aa ae 10 10 230 250
Poplar. oso. 6d... au 110 120 230
White Spruce.... A pes 20 20
Balsam. . 6. sks ah nee 10 10

MEOGAL ssp sin gs 10 120 380 510
Per Gent. osc. 2.0 23.5 74.5

Per cent
60.4
17.0
5.6

5.6
ait
avn
2.0
2.0
100.0

Per cent

|
| me bow OO oO
bo O10 We

100.0

Per cent

Per cent
49
45
4
2

_

100

These plots are fairly representative of the old burn in this region and it will
be seen from them that the sugar maple is replacing itself in the probable original
quantities (page 47) on its characteristic site. ‘The low sandy ridge is the best site

or poplar and here the stands closely approximate the average composition usually

56 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

found in such situations. The best situations for the balsam are the benches or
terraces from 10 to 20 feet above the streams, while the cedar predominates on the
present erosion channels of the streams. The reproduction of white pine, however,
is chiefly confined to the moist depressions between the ridges and to the edges of
the swamps where occasional seed trees still stand. In the latter situation, on the
average, 28 balsam and 16 white pine saplings and poles were found per acre. A
sample strip a chain wide and 135 chains long (13.5 acres) over the ridges and
through the depressions, disclosed 11 white pine saplings and poles per acre. Five
acres of this strip, however, averaged 28 young pine trees to the acre. Here two
seed trees per acre had been spared both by fire and by the lumberman. The greater
reproduction in this case shows the wisdom of leaving a few seed trees.

Anstruther.—In the township of Anstruther nearly 35,000 acres, or 51.4 per cent.
of the land area has been burned. A good portion has been burned three times,
with the result that the originally thin soil overlying the granite ridges has been
destroyed and the interior of the township, especially, very closely approaches
desert conditions. ‘The pine reproduction was counted on 50 acres, and it was found
to average 8 pine saplings and poles per acre. ‘The pine stumps from former cuttings
average 80 per acre. No seed trees remain. If these 8 young trees are allowed
to mature, then the repeated fires have reduced the potential value of the land in
terms of pine by nine-tenths. North of this area a 20-acre plot revealed only one red
pine and three white pine saplings per acre. A strip containing 12 acres west of the
Twin lakes contained an average of 8.7 young pines per acre. These areas have
been burned twice in the past 20 years and they were formerly pure pineries.

Around many of the lakes and in the ravines there are patches of second growth
30 years old, evidently arising from a fire, which show good reproduction of pine.
For example, on the shores of Twin lakes in lots 30 and 31, in the 11th concession,
there are, on an acre, 34 saplings and 54 poles of white pine, also 1 sapling and 4 poles
of red pine. On the slopes rising from swamps and in the numerous deep gullies in
this vicinity one finds dense thickets of balsam about 30 years old. One of these
contained on an acre the following :

SPECIES— Poles Saplings Total Per cent
TRGB ATEN ie) ti Car eas NS, Mes 155 1,625 1,780 73.4
Paper Dire. 1a. Fe wal he ae 20 410 430 17.7
White Piney) oc ae es 30 55 85 3.5
eed Maple tues ar eens et 15 30 45 1.9
Regal 2 ocean meee 20 15 35 1.5
Pan Cherry). is Paes eee 5 15 20 0.8
POPa Pe ete eee Ghee nae 5 10 15 0.6
Reg shine i) gust. al ko eee 5 5 10 0.4
Black Spruce vshae oie ob see 0 5 5 0.2

WC Ren me ee a FAME 255 2,170 2,425 100.0
PEP COnG sh Ri Ns 35, alana Oh 10.6 89.4 °

Along the margins of the mature forest an abundant reproduction of balsam
is found beneath the old burn type, represented by seedlings and saplings, in many
cases at the rate of 1,600 to the acre. dtd

Some of the semi-barren ridges support considerable oak coppice but, under the
present soil conditions, it probably will never become commercial, even though it
should escape fire. Many of these ridges have already been burned four times in
the past 30 years. On one of these, an acre showed 206 red oak, 60 paper birch, 40
white oak and 22 red maple saplings. :

As a whole, not more than one-twentieth of the 35,000 acres of burned lands in
Anstruther is reproducing the original pine in commercial quantities.

Burleigh.—Burleigh has 54,750 acres of burned areas—the largest amount within
one township in the Trent watershed—and they represent 72 per cent of the land
surface of the township. Much of the township has been burned three times, and
some of it four times within the past 30 or 35 years. Like the interior of Anstruther,
the interior of Burleigh is much like a desert. The reproduction after the various
burns was studied in detail in the region lying between Hels brook and Jack lake.
The oldest stand was approximately 30 years since the fire, the poplars being 27 years

of age on the stump.

escaped the subsequent fires.

POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE

57

It lies mostly in the ravines and protected pockets where it

Sample strips totalling 4 acres were run through these

stands and the occurrence of the various species on the average acre is given below.

POLES AND SAPLINGS OF VARIOUS SPECIES ON AN AREA BURNED BUT ONCE:

NuMBER OF TREES PER ACRE

SPECIES— Trees
FOR AENCNG v: Gata ROM MI eRe peents Ln. 4's 208 .0
AV UGE) UG i Gs Pee sa ele dita os 62.2
Payer Dire. cits cies siete dies 0» > 50 .0
WIDE SOTUCE tuk ye aeicids kde ws 37.5
TD QSPRUEN sc Os aha eas Ras ey. hoi: 29.5
CROAT OA Ly cur tals easlmk A $b me & 130
ROMER Osis NV cca wis alah susiw s 4.5
BP QRIAR ACH S20 iat aes ace dha odin we a oo 1.0
BUCRILENO IG at a ead die die bis wie ores 0.2

Jy2)1 3] Le A Sis Oe 406.4

Per cent

Sample plots to the extent of 7.6 acres were made in a stand arising from a fire
20 years ago with the following results :

POLES AND SAPLINGS OF VARIOUS SPECIES ON AN AREA BURNED TWICE:

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE

SPECIES— Trees
Glamis peters tux ect bce d eth wets 320.0
Ba Merp bing hig oH a ie Oe Waals ee 78.0
Witte: Pimey o Sis. Seated ek ate 19.0
EVAL Sian RO NOY Og RBar le euP ek SE sane Pe 12.0
(O20 Fa AT 2 CR A 11.4
White:Spruce.) J. ..00.000 heen 4.0
RedeRime sania el eile. WAG ae
fam aeaek dot Sie ts igh UL hts 0.9

RO ACEO Ea ks MO OL Sm eat OLR 448.5

Per cent
72.3
17.4
4.3
Pm
2.5
0.9
O27
0.2

100.0

The areas burned three times, the last time 12 years ago, have the composition
given in the table below.

POLES AND SAPLINGS OF VARIOUS SPECIES ON AN ACRE BURNED THREE TIMES :

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE
(Average of 2.7 acres)

SPECIES— Trees
OPS AI hae ALIN, Abe se AMSA Wie sale 328 .0
HE HETY: deeelc ochatgs Piletiaa tte wana 125.0
eer BCH ttc o'occ verre vitic ails oS 93.0
RedW Male ties a es oe ate oleh 60.0
VEULON GS ee recie, CUP REO Lihat faced 58.0
RECUR SP ea vec oh 2a ee 22.0
WintetOake oe oS oe Ee: 3.4
Winite Spruce 0c 2ia 5 ecu ea. 2.2
ISBSSWVOOUE (inte ghee se ipekie we oe ke 2:0
NVFIITER EIGN Au! oh eke ie 1.8
ean Ine. ete as a ae 1.8
PREWeUL STERTIMMN Yee oP UUM iL ene eh nt | eG |
LNCS gis EEA TMT Bi ae ea 1.0
OBIE A Snes Ge, a ee mare 0.7

Otek. aerate ok. 700.0

Per cent ©

46.8

—_
~J
ie)

OO Ce C9 OO «

Or OOOO ©

—_

SOSSSSOSO WM Mes
hm ee bo DO CO © Or ¢

100.00

So far as could be discovered, the area burned the fourth time, in 1911, is without

the possibili
an occasion

al

of pine reproduction, since all of the seed trees have been killed except
one in the margin of a swamp.

58 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Harvey.—In northeastern Harvey some 8,000 acres were burned over 40, 20,
and 12 years ago. The last two fires ran only here and there, and second growth
from the three fires may be found on the same area. A strip of 7.8 acres was made
across the ridges and through the depressions with the following results :

NUMBER OF POLES AND SAPLINGS OF VARIOUS SPECIES PER ACRE
(Average of 7 .8 acres)

SPECIES— Trees Per cent
Poplar sch nee eee ed ce 271.0 90.30
Paper ‘Birch... ee eee aes 16.0 5.02
White Pine 2.055 By wees eee 9.7 Boas.
White Spruce.) ove cece <e: 1.6 0.53
Cedar ie 5 5 Ee ape mee esas 1.0 0.30
Balsama 200 5.0 C aie erates le 0.6 0.20
Hemilogec 2) {eevee a 0.2 0.08
Black: Spruce... (2 eee nena: 0.1 0.04

Totaly) 26 Se Gee aes 300.2 100.00

The coniferous species only were counted on 18 acres on a limestone plateau
and the average per acre was found to be : white spruce, 25; tamarack, 13; cedar,
11.6 ; balsam, 7.8 ; white pine, 7.8 ; red pine, 5.4; black spruce, 0.8. .

Galway.—With the exception of relatively small areas occupied by farms, the
three northern concessions of Galway, about 14,000 acres in all, were burned 35
years ago. Judging from 36 acres of sample strips made in various places, the young
pine averages 3.5 trees per acre. This was originally a pure pimery. Patches oc-
cur, however, where the reproduction is much better than this, especially on the
moist flats, where sample plots amounting to five acres disclosed 27.2 white pine ;
11.6 hemlock ; 6.4 cedar ; 3.4 balsam ; and 0.4 tamarack poles and saplings per acre.

Cavendish.—Cavendish has 21,000 acres of burned lands, constituting 45 per
cent of the township. In the northwestern corner the reproduction of coniferous
species is very good. A sample strip consisting of 8.6 acres revealed 65 balsam,
18.3 cedar, 138.1 white pine, 8.1 white spruce, 3 hemlock, 2.9 tamarack, 0.9 black
spruce and 0.3 red pine poles and saplings per acre. East of Pencillake the region
was burned 15 years ago, and 10 acres of sample strips showed 3.5 white pine and
1.3 red pine poles and saplings to the acre. The same area contained 66 pine stumps
over a foot in diameter per acre.

Intterworth.—Lutterworth township contains 29,000 acres—77.8 per cent of
its area—of burned lands. Most of this was burned in 1881 and by far the greater
portion is without reproduction of pine in commercial quantities. Two strips
were run through the old burn in the southeastern portion of the township. One
of 24 acres revealed young pine at the rate of 1.4 trees per acre; the other of 29
acres disclosed one pine tree to every six acres. This region was formerly a pure
pinery.

Methuen.—The township of Methuen has suffered severely from fires. Only
13 per cent of the land surface is covered by mature forest and the farms constitute
only 2.6 per cent of the area of the township. The rést, 53,000 acres, is bush land,
semi-barren and barren, owing to repeated fires.

The Blueberry ‘barrens,’ situated in the east central portion of the township,
are the most severely burned areas and they cover some 9,400 acres. The area is
composed of low granitic ridges with frequent swamps between them. The rock
is in the last stages of decay, frequently crumbling between the fingers, and it yields
a soil of gravel and coarse sand. The ridges probably originally supported trees
only sparingly, owing to the dearth of soil, but the flats between the ridges have a
soil of sufficient depth to support a forest, and that they can do so is shown by the
presence of scattering red pine a foot or more in diameter. The fire scars on these
trees tell the story of the barrens. ‘They indicate that fires of an intensity sufficient
severely to wound the trees occurred in 1836, 1853, 1865, 1874, 1882, 1897, and in
1911. The trees are 98 years old and they record fires at the rate of one every 14
years. The age of the young growth indicates several intermediate fires too small
or too local to injure the larger trees.

POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE 59

The trees were counted on a strip 100 chains long and a chain wide across the
barrens. The table below indicates the number of trees of various sizes and kinds
on the 10 acres.

NuMBER oF TREES PER AcRE, MeTHUEN BARRENS
(Average of 10 acres)

SPpECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total’ {Per cent
ef) 0) cae ae Es 0.85 25.45 25.35 57.4
ed Ogle... bt 0.1 1.80 TAS 9.00 20.2
White Oak... ......% 0.3 1.25 7 3.70 8.3
eek Pine. y 664k ie Bea ase 2.65 2.65 5.9
Red Pine! 02s 0.2 0.55 0.70 1.45 3.2
White Pine........ 0.05 0.20 0.95 1.20 2.6
Paper Birch........ nk 0.10 0.45 0.55 1.2
OP AMIAT ACK: ci 6d) ss « yaa ee 0.35 0.35 0.7
Red Maple........ 0.05 Cee 8 tas ae, 0.30 0.5

(NGI) el aN Rae 0.70 5.00 38 .85 44.55 100.0
Percent s..'1... 1.6 11.2 87.2 yr

As previously stated, the table above indicates the present composition and the
size of the trees on an area which has been severely burned, in addition to numerous
surface fires, occurring seven times in the past century. Occasional pockets which
escaped the fires indicate what the forest might be now, were it not for the repeated
fires. For example, sample strips were run through a patch of 5 acres which had
apparently arisen from a fire about 30 years ago, but had escaped subsequent fires,
owing to its position between a lake and a marsh. The composition of the stand is
given below.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A Low Fiat, METHUEN
(Average of 5 acres)

SPECIES— Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent
veg eines.) 2 oho 2), Ne 76 212 288 55.8
Poplar ble 4 102 52 158 30.6
White Pine...... ne of 18 20 38 7.4
Paper Birch........ ay 4 18 22 4.3
Mem Ole hi. La. ie 6 2 8 $.5
Jack Pin€...c.0..5. 2 2 0.4

MCHC eU eH) shale sae 6 6 206 304 516 100.0
POY CEN bi.) ed ass 1.1 40.0 58.9

| The poplar and jack pine standards are remnants of the forest burned 30 years
ago.

Another stand of about the same area, similarly protected from fire, was found
on a dry gravelly knoll. A sample plot in it revealed the following composition.

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE ON A GRAVELLY KNoLL, METHUEN
(Average of 5 acres)

SpEcIEs— Poles Saplings Total “ Per cent
PROPANE ais u See sos) rahe arcuate «cations 40 70 110 56.7
EV GICIMESN a. ie a 18 44 62 32.0
COs ede on eat le Ue alee ace +t 8 12 6.2
WMG FAME) os ie ee oaks 6 2 8 4.1
Aer IPE get Oe. eed hes ak : 2 ef 2 1.0

“LULA Ae a 70 124 194 100.0
ely COMM Re Ua ve'g ae Ca Gis 36.1 63.9

These two plots represent sites on which pines, if not burned, would grow in
other portions of the barrens. Here, on ten acres, we find potentially commercial
red pine at the rate of 35 trees, and white pine at the rate of 4.6 trees per acre. Com-
paring this with ten acres on the adjacent seven-times-burned area, as given in the

60 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

third table above, we find there red pine at the rate of 1.4 trees and white pine

at the rate of 1.2 trees per acre. In one case, 39.6 and in the other, 2.6 pine trees per

acre. ‘Thus, if we regard these sample plots as representing average conditions in

the two cases, we see that repeated fires have reduced the commercial possibilities

of one area, in terms of pine, by 15, or, stated the other way about, protection from

ne for only 30 years has increased the commercial possibilities of one of the areas
y 15.

In addition to the barrens, 17,600 acres in Methuen were classified as without
prospect of timber in commercial quantities unless planted. The whole of the area
has been burned three times, and portions of it five times, since lumbering operations of
about 30 years ago. The most severely burned portions are now thickets of poplar with
scattered birch and oak, and are without reproduction of coniferous species. A sandy
flat burned 16 years ago now has on the average acre, 20 poles and 174 saplings of
trembling aspen ; 6 poles and 156 saplings of large-toothed aspen, and 66 saplings
of paper birch. ‘The composition percentage of these species in the order enumerated
is 46.1, 38.3, and 15.6. On a rocky ridge burned ten years ago there were per
acre the following number of saplings : large-toothed aspen, 580 (70.3 per cent) ;
trembling aspen, 228 (27.6 per cent) ; red oak, 10 (1.2 per cent) ; white oak, 8 (0.9
per cent.)

The major portion of the area has been burned three times and it contains scat-
tered reproduction of pine and other conifers. A strip 300 chains long was run
through this in a direction more or less parallel with the ridges and the coniferous
saplings and poles were counted. The average number of young conifers per acre
on the 30 acres thus examined was as follows : red pine, 2.5 ; white pine, 1.5 ; Jack
pine, 1.4; tamarack, 0.8; hemlock, 0.1; balsam, 0.05; white spruce, 0.05. Another
strip, a chain wide, comprising 40 acres, wasrun so as to cross the ridges and depressions
and it was found to contain 292 young red pine and white pine. The 30-acre plot
contained 120 young trees of these species, so the average of the 70 acres was 5.8
trees per acre. At the same time the stumps of the trees removed from the area
were also counted. Those over a foot in diameter averaged 60 per acre. Therefore
where 60 commercial trees were removed only 5.8 potentially commercial remain
to take their place. The repeated fires have killed practically every seed tree,
so this reduction in value in terms of pine is essentially permanent. Thus the
lack of fire protection on these 17,600 acres, has resulted in a growth with a potential
value of only one-tenth of the original forest.

In the northern portion of the township there are 7,500 acres that have been
burned but once since lumbering. The stand is composed of the usual poplar and
birch and the coniferous species are returning in commercial quantities. Balsam
and white spruce are abundant in the ravines and in the moister situations. Sample
plots reveal young pine at the rate of 25 trees per acre. Numerous seed trees remain
so the area is all the time increasing its stock. In course of time, if not burned,
the area will reproduce its original stock of pine.

Financial Losses by Forest Fires

In reading the preceding pages one is impressed by the action of
repeated fires in retarding, and, in some cases, entirely destroying the
reproduction of pine. Since the soil is fit only for the growing of
trees and is especially adapted to pine, it is evident that any treatment
involving a reduced future production of pine on such areas will result
in considerable financial loss to the owner, in this case, the Crown.
An attempt is made in the following pages to reach an approximation
of these losses. For example, in the township of Cashel the first fire,
of 35 years ago, doubtless left numerous seed trees which gave rise to
the pine in the quantities indicated in the tables on pages 53 and 54.
The second fire apparently ran over about three-fourths of the second
growth resulting from the first fire, and killed most of the remaining

ommission of Conservation —

2
“3
Pe
2

EN

WHERE SEED TREES WERE LEFT AFTER CUTTING AND WHERE NOT TOO SEVERELY BURNED, THE
PINE IS REPRODUCING ITSELF IN COMMERCIAL ,QUANTITIES

This is taking place on 75,000 acres in the Trent Watershed

FINANCIAL LOSSES BY FIRES 61

seed trees as one would infer from the numerous fire-killed ram-
pikes scattered over the area. The third fire apparently killed the
few seed trees that may have escaped the second fire. The average
number of young pine trees per acre resulting from the first fire is 170,
from the second fire 20, and from the last fire none. Regarding these
plots as averages for the whole burned area and supposing that the 170
trees would have come to maturity and had yielded 100 board feet
apiece, the average acre, if burned but once, would have yielded 17,000
board feet, upon which the dues accruing to the Crown at the present
rate would be $34 per acre. The second fire reduced the potential
dues to $4 per acre and the third fire eliminated them entirely. This
is a striking illustration of the manner in which repeated fires reduce
the future values of cut-over lands and it becomes all the more striking
when the acreage involved is considered. If we deduct one-eighth of
the area for the swamps, we have in Cashel about 14,000 acres of poten-
tial pine lands. If we suppose that this acreage had been burned but
once and that the young pine occupied the whole area in the quantity
indicated above, namely 170 trees per acre, and that the yield at
maturity would be $34 in dues, then the potential dues would aggre-
gate $476,000. At present, however, there are only 3,500 acres with
t7o trees per acre and the dues on this would amount to $119,000.
Besides this, there are 9,000 acres worth $4 an acre in dues according
to the calculation above, total $36,000. Therefore, the potential dues
on the 14,000 acres with its present stand of young pine amounts to
$155,000, when, if it had been burned but once, they might have amount-
ed to $476,000. Or, in other words, the repeated fires on one area alone
have cost the Government $321,000 in potential dues alone.

By referring to the tables of reproduction in Burleigh on page 57,
it will be seen that the area burned but once now contains, per acre, 148
trees of the various commercial species that will eventually produce
saw-logs. The second fire reduced this number to so, the third to 36,
and the fourth to nothing. Disregarding the other species and taking
the red pine and white pine alone, it is seen that the area burned only
once, now averages 66 trees, that burned twice 32, and that burned
three times only 4 trees per acre. Assuming that these pine trees
escape future fires and at maturity yield 100 board feet apiece, we find
that the first area would be worth $13.20 per acre in dues. The second
fire reduced the potential dues to $6.40 per acre ; the third fire to 60
cents, and the fourth fire wiped out the 60 cents. Unfortunately the
extent of the burns 30, 20 and 12 years ago was not determined, other-
wise these sums might be multiplied into the acreage in each case and the
loss in potential dues in the whole township might be thus estimated.
The area of the fourth fire, however, is 6,000 acres in Burleigh and 1,000

62 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

acres in adjacent Anstruther. If we assume that, had the area been
burned but once, it would have produced pine at the same rate as that
given above in the once-burned, 30-year-old stand, then the three sub-
sequent fires on this 7,c00 acres have cost the Province $92,400 in
potential dues.

Methuen offers an excellent opportunity to study the effects of
repeated fires upon the reproduction of pine. Here, areas burned but
once now have 30 poles and saplings per acre; those burned three
times 5.8 and those burned eight times 1.7 young pine trees per acre.
This dep,reciation in value may be stated in dollars. Supposing that
the original pinery on these areas contained 60 trees over a foot in
diameter per acre and that each tree yielded 150 board feet, then the
stand contained 9,000 board feet per acre. At the present time the
Government would receive $18 per acre in dues alone for this. The
area burned but once now contains 30 trees per acre, which with the
estimate above would yield at maturity $6 per acre in dues. By the
same calculation the area burned three times would be worth at maturity
$1.80 and that burned eight times 30 cents per acre in dues. Consider-
ing the acreage in each class we can make the following calculation :
7,500 Acres Burned Once.

Value of dues if fully stocked (60 trees per acre)..... $135,000
Potential value of dues with present stock (80 trees
WOT ACEO) o/s a Ne Oe a age 45,000
Tess by one Hee. sis aan eee $90,000
17,600 Acres Burned Three Times.
Value of dues if fully stocked (60 trees per acre)..... $316,800
Potential value of dues with present stock (5.8 trees
Wer ACHE) 26. Fs Gaia 8 ee ea eae 31,680
oss by thes fires oan ee ee ee ee 285,120
9,400 Acres Burned Hight Times.
Value of dues if fully stocked (60 trees per acre)..... 169,200
Potential value of dues with present stock (1.7 trees
VEO VAGCEE) 3.4 410. ot ioe ne ee ere ares 2,820
Loss by ete lit fires? bo -.4 Ne aide an wtersebenaste sre 166,380
Total Loss in Potential Dues by repeated Fires on 34,500
PCE OR: cciie sian e aon 5) su seeeietecee Rie ene tae eiie eres et eae . $541,500

The $541,500 represents simply the loss in potential dues. It in-
cludes neither the potential stumpage value of the timber nor its
value to the community in preparing the timber for market.

The tables on pages 21—26 show that 560,500 acres of the 1,345,500
acres included in this report were classified as young growth and second
growth of the poplar-birch type after fires. Besides these, 37,300 acres
were classed as barrens and semi-barrens due to repeated fires. The
recent burns amount to over 22,500 acres. These make a total of 620,000
acres which have been burned, or 46 per cent of the entire area. The rate

ae ee re

“s ¥ z
Commis bf OFF

FORMER PINERIES

A few seed trees remain, but not enough to re-establish the crop on a commercial basis. 380,000 acres in this
condition in the Trent Watershed

FINANCIAL LOSSES BY FIRES 63

of pine reproduction on the old burns was actually determined by
counts on over soo acres of sample area scattered through the various
townships. This was done by running long strips, usually a chain
wide, so as to approach as nearly as possible the average conditions,
and by counting the treesonsuchareas, Besides these actual measure-
ments, mental calculations in regard to reproduction were constantly
made when passing through the old burns. Asa result of these studies
the burned areas may be classified with reference to the number of
times burned and the amount of pine reproduction. These are shown
in the table below, together with an estimate of what the repeated fires
mean in terms of loss in potential dues by retarding or destroying the
replacement of pine. The areas of the former pinery burned only
once, now average 30 young pines per acre, and this, rather than the
number of trees in the original stand, is taken as the basis of the cal-
culations given below. It is assumed that each tree now standing will
mature and, at maturity, will yield 100 board feet, or, in other words,
since the once burned areas average 30 young pine per acre, 3,000 board
feet per acre is regarded as the expected yield ; a moderate estimate,
when compared with the original yield of these pineries, which cannot
have been less than three to four times as large. The stumpage
value is regarded as $7 per M and the dues are reckoned on the
present basis of $2 per M.

Pine REPRODUCTION ON BuRNED AREAS WITH ESTIMATES OF ITS VALUE AND THE
Loss IN 1TS VALUE BY REPEATED FIRES

Burned two | Burned four

Burned once |to three times} to eight
a ta Average 30 | Average 6 | times. No
young pine | young pine | reproduction

trees per acre|trees per acre

of pine

PUSH ORME Lata FU) hana alae acd 75,000 389,000 156,000
Potential value of dues if
burned but once....... $450,000 | $2,334,000 $936,000
Potential value of dues with
‘present stock.......... 450,000 466,800 Nil
Loss of dues by repeated
ETHOS, Ue SORE eR a a 1,867,200 936,000
Potential stumpage value if
burned but once....... 1,575,000 8,169,000 3,276,000
Potential stumpage value of
the present stock...... 1,575,000 1,624,000 Nil
Loss of stumpage values by
MEMEAUCH MECH yO. cael os lessee cs 6,545,000 3,276,000
onaetoss in MOEN bial GUES.|| ... cote ads | cca cuca cee P cauauccads $2,803,200
Total loss in potential stum-
ee eC CNRD Cree ME NR Coe dar fg ad Wacko te [ees cee voles 9,821,000
Se OnC OU aM oe GL ween tues | acc aceb auc $12,624,200

64 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

From the above it will be seen that the total loss in dues and
stumpage under our assumptions is $12,624,200. ‘This sum, of course,
must be offset by the value of the second growth, which, in this case, is
principally poplar. The aggregate of sample strips taken in poplar
stands from 20 to 35 years old was 56 acres. The average number of
poplar trees per acre on these 56 acres was 250. On some 300 poplar
stumps, in all, the annual rings were counted and diameters measured
in the various townships. Their average age was found to be 32.23
years and their average diameter 6.28 inches. From the volume tables
of poplar we find that it takes 33 trees, 6 inches in diameter and 50 feet
high, to make a cord of peeled pulpwood. If we regard 250 trees
per acre as the average for the entire area and apply the above
factor, we find that the average acre, in its present condition, would
eventually yield 7.5 cords of pulpwood. Regarding poplar pulpwood
as worth $1.00 per cord on the stump, then its value on the 560,000
acres at 32 years of age would be $4,200,000. In other words, referring
to the figures above in regard to the pine, the fires destroyed $12,600,000
worth of pine and replaced it by $4,200,000 worth of poplar,
thus leaving $8,400,000 still to charge to the fire account. As suffi-
cient data to give these figures scientific accuracy is lacking, they must
be regarded simply as approximations, but there is no doubt respect-
ing the great financial loss both in the quantity and quality of the
forest products through the agency of fires. It is very desirable that
extensive studies be made upon these old burns in order to determine
as nearly as possible the actual and potential decrease in value as the
result of successive fires. If data of this kind could be prepared and
given wide circulation it would lead to a greater appreciation of the value
of the second growth and so help to make the public more cautious in
regard to fires. At present there is a widespread belief in the public
mind, that a fire in second growth does no particular harm, because it
does not destroy saw-logs. The people forget, or perhaps do not realize,
that from these burned-over lands must come our future supply of pine

—if we are to have a future supply ; that there can be no saw-logs when ,

the mature trees are once removed, if their young, the future producers,
are killed by periodic fires.

Fire Protection

The discussion on the previous pages naturally leads to a consider-
tion of fire protection in the Trent watershed. It is apparent, from the
summer’s observation in the field, that the areas containing mer-
chantable timber are thoroughly and efficiently protected. It is, of
course, to the limit-holder’s interest to do this, and his interest extends

—

FIRE sPROTECTION 65

to the cut-over and burned-over portions of his limits only so far as
fire in them might endanger his standing timber. The other portions
are entirely neglected, and since the recent change in the fire protection
regulations of the Province has thrown the entire cost of protection upon
the limitholder, it is only natural that this should be so. Most of the
limit-holders cutting pine will finish their operations in a few years,
(One of the largest limit-holders expects to clean up all his remaining
merchantable pine in four years.) Under such circumstances,the limit-
holder feels under no obligation to pay for the protection of young
growth which will soon automatically revert to the Crown. So far
as could be ascertained, the limits which have already reverted to the
Crown in the region are not protected by the Provincial authorities.
The result of these circumstances is that over 560,000 acres of potentially
merchantable timber are without fire protection. From the table on
page 63 it will be found that the area contains enough pine, if allowed
to come to maturity, to be worth $4,115,800 at the present dues and
present stumpage value. A like rough estimate gives the stumpage
value of poplar for pulpwood on the same area as $4,200,000. To an
unprejudiced observer, it would seem worth while to attempt to save
property whose potential value at present prices is $8,315,800, to say
nothing of its value to the community in transforming that value of
raw products into finished products.

The preceding statement is made on the assumption, that, if the
area is not protected from fire, the young timber will never come to
maturity, an assumption amply justified by the past history of the area.
The old pineries, with the exception of those in one township, have
suffered at least three extensive fires in the past 35 or 40 years. Within
the same period, many have had four severe fires, and others five. As
a whole, 560,000 acres have been burned in the past 40 years. This
is at the rate of 14,000 acres burned yearly. As only the portions
where they killed standing timber or advanced second growth are
indicated, the map accompanying this report does not give the actual
extent of the recent fires. Surface fires were not included. Most of the
lands classed as barrens have been burned in the past four years, the
time limit of recent burns. The recent burns and the barrens total
60,000 acres. This means that the average yearly rate of 14,000
acres, for the past 40 years has been maintained in recent years. There-
fore it is evident that there has been no appreciable diminution in the
occurrence of fires in this region. Moreover, as the young growth
gets older, as the dead leaves and litter accumulate on the ground, and
especially as the resinous trees will occupy, relatively, more space,
there will be more material for the fires to feed upon and the danger
of destructive fires will materially increase.

66 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The region could be effectively protected from fire with a small
outlay of money in proportion to the value of the property involved.
The topography of the country affords numerous excellent sites
for look-out stations, and the numerous rural telephone lines would |
render very effective assistance. |

The following places are suggested as good points for such look-out
stations : a point between Devil lake and Dixon lake commands a
view of the major portion of Cashel within the watershed, and the
eastern portion of Limerick. It is 8 miles from the telephone at St. Ola
and 2 miles from a farmhouse where the look-out man could stay.
The diorite ridge in Tudor on the Hastings road drops off in a sheer
precipice 200 feet or more. A tower 30 feet high on the edge of this
bluff would give a view of the greater portion of the townships
of Tudor and Lake. The village of Millbridge, with a telephone line, is
about four miles distant and there are farmhouses within two miles.

A sub-station might be established on ‘The Ridge’ in the south
central portion of Wollaston. ‘This is a farming area and a farmer
could be employed. Any one of the several farmers on the ridge could,
from his farm, see the southern half of Wollaston, the northwestern
portion of Lake, and portions of Limerick and Chandos. In the
northeastern corner of Wollaston are some high hills which command
a view of northern Wollaston, northwestern Limerick and southern
Faraday. Here, a look-out station could be constructed within two
miles of a farmhouse, and could be connected with the telephone at
Coehill, a distance of four miles.

The Green mountains in southern Glamorgan are 250 feet above
the general level and present a view which covers the southern half of
Glamorgan and Monmouth and the northern portions of Cavendish
and Anstruther. They are within two miles of farms and could be con-
nected by telephone with Gooderham, four miles distant.

From the Blue mountains in the west central portion of Methuen,
one can see practically the whole of that township, as well as the western
portion of Lake, the eastern portion of Burleigh, and the southeastern
portion of Anstruther. The hills are within four miles of a farm-
house and within 8 miles of Apsley, the nearest telephone connection.

In lot 22, concession vu, of Harvey, there is a high point which
commands a view of the eastern portion of that township and the
western portion of Burleigh, besides part of southern Cavendish. Ina
straight line, it is 5 miles from the nearest telephone connection at
Hall Bridge.

About a mile and a half east of Bass lake in Galway, a knob rises
about 200 feet above the general level, and, from its summit, one can see
all the southern half of the township, the northeastern portion of Har-

CUTTING IN A HARDWOOD FOREST: LITTLE DANGER OF FIRE

Commission of Conservator,

CUTTING IN A PINE FOREST: MUCH INFLAMMABLE MATERIAL ON GROUND

FIRE PROTECTION 67

vey and southwestern Cavendish. At its base is an abandoned farm-
house where the station keeper might live during the summer. A tele-
phone line could be run to tap the one along the Bobcaygeon road about
4 miles to the westward.

Three other look-out stations should be established ; one, near the
boundary of Glamorgan and Snowdon, about midway between the two
railways, to control the large burned-over areas in the adjoining por-
tions of these two townships; asecond, in northern Somerville or south-
ern Lutterworth to protect the extensive areas of second growth in that
region ; a third should be in northern Lutterworth somewhere be-
tween Little Bob lake and Deer bay of Gull lake. There are favour-
able points in the last three places mentioned, but the writer is not
sufficiently familiar with the topography to locate them exactly.

Twelve look-out stations located as indicated above would
cover practically all the old pinery area now occupied by second-
growth poplar and pine. Connecting these points with the nearest
telephone lines would enable the look-out keeper to summon help from
the neighbouring villages to fight the fire. The territory is well sup-
plied with logging trails and cadge roads, and, except for the bridges,
which are now generally broken down, these roads could be made
passable at a relatively small cost. The great point in fighting fire is
to get the men on the spot at its inception. So far as means of quick
transportation are concerned, the region, as a whole, is remarkably
accessible. |

The game-wardens should be made firewardens as well, and with
police powers, especially with power to summon men to fight fire at a fixed
rate perdiem. The tourists, campers, and sportsmen who enter the region
should be required to register with the fire warden nearest their point
of entry, giving him their probable routes of travel, camp sites and
length of stay. Many of the fires are started by settlers burning brush.
They should be made responsible to the fire warden for doing this at the
proper time. The country adjacent to the three railways has been
thoroughly burned. These railways should be required to take pre-
cautions in regard to fires and, if necessary, to patrol their lines during
the summer months. To increase the efficiency of the system an in-
spector should be provided.

If measures like those indicated above could be efficiently enforced,
disastrous fires in the Trent watershed would be reduced to a minimum,
and this at a cost that would not be prohibitive, considering the
value of the property thus protected. A rough estimate of the cost
may be given :

68 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

40 miles of telephone lines ; materials and installation ............... $2,400
Building towers and shelters for look-out keepers..................... 1,200
12 field glasses for look-out keepers. ........... 0.0 c cece cece eee 300
Salaries of 12 look-out keepers ; 5 months at $60 per month........... 3,600
Salary of an inspector :.y 40 | Beeman ek cls sree Oe eee 1,800
Annual cost of fighting fires and incidentals ....................0.00- 700

Total os oid 6a SR Scare oe EN a < $10,000

On the 75,000 acres referred to on page 63 some of the poplar is
already near merchantable size. Cuttings should be made in this
for pulpwood within ten years. On the greater portion of the area,
however, the poplar will not be ready for cutting before 25 years.
Assuming it would be 25 years before the cuttings could be on sufficiently
large scale to pay off the debt of previous fire protection, the sums
given above at 4 per cent compound interest for 25 years would attain
the following values :

$3,900 initial cost, 25 years at 4 per cent......... $ 10,396.60
$5,400, salaries annually, 25 years at 4 per cent.... 224,887.85
$700, fire-fighting, annually, 25 years at 4 per cent. 29,152.15

Bye: Gen ara RN aA pe aC Ma iame U.N $264,436.60

By spending approximately a quarter million dollars distributed
over a period of 25 years the Government would have at the end of the
period poplar alone worth $4,200,000: in addition to this, pine at
maturity worth $4,115,800 in dues and stumpage, at the present rates.
It would be a very profitable transaction even at the present prices.
From the facts stated in the previous pages, namely, that the average
rate of 14,000 acres burned yearly in the past 40 years is still being main-
tained, and that the cut-over lands are now without fire protection,
it is reasonably certain that the 560,000 acres under consideration will be
without commercially valuable timber at the end of the next 25-year
period unless an adequate system of fire protection is installed. No
Government can afford to allow this amount of forest land to remain
continuously unproductive.

HI. A Brief Description of Conditions by Townships
Hastings County

Marmora Township

Watersheds.—About 70 square miles in Marmora township drain
into the Trent canal by the way of Beaver creek and its tributaries.
The remaining portion of the township is drained by Moira river.
The portion of Crow lake lying in Marmora has a surface area of nearly
2,000 acres. ‘The only lakes lying entirely within the township are the
Twin Sisters, and they have hardly 200 acres of surface.

Topography.—The portion of Marmora drained by Beaver creek
is a series of broad, flat plateaus and ridges, which increase in ruggedness

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 69

in going northward. A fairly continuous ridge, extending across the
township in a northeast-southwest direction separates the waters of
the Beaver from those of the Moira. Another ridge runs from the north-
ern side of Crow lake in a northeasterly direction and meets the water-
shed ridge near the centre of the township. Spurs from these two
main ridges divide thejlesser streams and form rounded hills and
knolls. The remaining portion of the township has the appearance
of a moderately dissected plateau on which the drainage is feeble,
and consequently swamps are numerous. ‘These vary in size from little
pockets in the limestone to one containing 700 acres.

Rock and Sotl.—The plateaus and broader ridges are underlain by
limestone, while the sharper ridges represent intrusions of hornblende
and gneissic rock through the limestone. In the northwestern corner
of the township these intrusions have vertical strata forming sharp
crested ridges with precipitous slopes, and the region between the
slopes, not occupied by swamps, is strewn with broken fragments of
rock. Portions of the limestone plateaus are also covered with
boulders.

Forest Condttions.—The forest occupies 73.8 per cent of the town-
ship. The plateau area south of Crow lake, the region between Bron-
son creek and Beaver creek, and the ridges in the northwestern portion
of the township were originally pineries. The pines have been re-
moved and, as a whole, their reproduction is scanty. This comprises
13.4 per cent of the area and is now covered with the poplar-birch
type. The greater portion of the township was, and still is, covered
by the hardwood type, in which maple and beech are dominant, with
scattering basswood, ash, elm, and hemlock. This type is represented
chiefly by farm wood-lots and covers 48 per cent of the area. The
numerous swamps, containing black ash, elm, balsam, black spruce,
and cedar, occupy 12.1 per cent of the area. The pine-coniferous
type is very restricted, only 0.2 per cent. Recent fires have also been
practically absent, burning only 0.1 per cent of the area.

Lake Township

Watersheds—The drainage of Lake township is about equally
divided between Beaver creek and Deer river, whose waters fall into
Crow river, which, in turn, flows into the Trent canal. The township
has 2,600 acres of water surface, the aggregate of a dozen and a half
of lakes. The largest lakes are Tangamong, Trout, Whetstone, Dickey
Islands, Clear, Jack, and Copeway, in the northern portion of the
township.

Topography.—The streams are separated by broad rounded ridges,
and they are the highest and the most precipitous on the diorite out-

70 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

crop along the Hastings road. While not so elevated, the country is
very rough in the northwestern portion of the township around Tan-
gamong and Copeway lakes. The rest of the township, with the
exception of scattered, steep-bluffed hills, has the usual low ridges
characteristic of the Archean.

Rock and Soil.—The rocks covering the greater area are hornblende-
schist and crystalline limestone. There are three large intrusions of
volcanic rock through them. The largest of these is two miles wide
and extends northeastward, from Mud Turtle lake ; another, in the same
direction from Whetstone lake, and still another from Tangamong lake.
The Tudor intrusion of diorite extends four miles in a westerly direction
into the township. Copeway lake lies in an outcrop of massive granite
and there is a patch of sedimentary limestone in the southwestern
corner near Vansickle post office.

The eastern portion of the township is deeply covered with glacial
drift soil of sandy loam, which, however, is filled with pebbles and
stones. The soils of the western half are much thinner, more sandy,
and, in many places, the bare rock is exposed.

Forest Conditions.—The prevailing forest type of the township is
hardwood, with sugar maple as the most abundant species, this and
beech making up three-fourths of the stand. The minor species are
basswood, hemlock, elm, and ash. While the more valuable hardwoods
have been removed, the cutting has not been sufficient to break the crown
cover, so that the eastern portion of the township, especially, appears
as an unbroken forest. A strip of the same nature extends half way
down the western side from the north. This type occupies 56.4 per
cent of the area. Between the hardwood areas there is a belt of the
poplar-birch-old burn type, which comprises 38.6 per cent of the town-
ship. Around the lakes in the northeastern corner, there is consider-
able intermixture of hemlock and pine, but the mixed type, as a whole,
covers only 1.4 per cent of the area. The pure coniferous type is prac-
tically lacking. One and one-half per cent of the area was burned
in IQII.

Tudor Township

Watersheds.—Only the northern and western portions of this
township, some 35 square miles, drain to Beaver creek, and thence
to the canal waters, the remaining portion draining to the Moira river.
Tudor has only 800 acres of water surface within the Trent watershed,
the largest body being Horseshoe lake near Glanmire.

Topography.—The most conspicuous feature of the township is
the diorite ridge entering Tudor from Lake township in Hastings
Road lots 46 to 57, and extending eastward to lot 12, concession XI.

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 71

The ridge rises abruptly on the southern side, often in precipitous
cliffs between 300 and 4oo feet above the general level of the country ;
on the northern side the slope is less abrupt. South of this diorite
ridge the topography has little relief, while to the northward the country
consists of low ridges 50 to 100 feet above the general level. The most
pronounced of these ridges extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly
direction along the northern side of Beaver creek to Bass lake.

Rock and Soil.—The rock on the diorite ridge is very near the sur-
face, much of the area along the crest being entirely exposed or strewn
with boulders, and there is not even sufficient soil for normal tree growth.
North of this ridge the region is underlain by amphibolite and lime-
stone with amphibolite intrusions. Through these at several places,
especially at Glanmire, southeast of Bass lake, and at the township line
south of St. Ola protrude low rounded bosses of massive granite. The
amphibolite is micaceous, erodes with difficulty and makes a thin, sandy
soil when eroded. The limestone is siliceous and also gives rise to a
similar soil.

Forest Conditions.—The portion of Tudor township within the
Trent watershed is forested to the extent of 88 per cent of its area.
Most of this was originally pine land and is now covered with poplar
and birch from 20 to 4o years old.* This type extends over
64.3 per cent of the area. The hardwoods, covering 14.3 per cent
of the area, have been culled of the more valuable species such as bass-
wood, elm, ash, and, to a certain extent, hemlock. Only about 800
acres were classed as semi-virgin, and they lie near Horseshoe lake.
The mixed coniferous-hardwood type occupies 5.7 per cent, and the
pure conifer type 1.2 per cent of the area. The latter is found in the
swamps, since only small patches of pure second growth pine remain.

Along the Hastings road on the summit and northern slope of the
diorite ridge, are some 600 acres which were burned about ten years ago,
as well as an area of equal size in the northeast portion of the township
which was burned six years ago. The greater portion of the territory
south of Horseshoe lake, about ten square miles, was run over by a
surface fire last year. The recent fires ran over 1.1 per cent of the area.

Limerick Township

Watersheds.—Of the 80 square miles of the township of Limerick,
47 square miles are drained by Beaver creek and 20 square miles by
Deer river into the Trent canal, while the remaining portion drains
northeastward by the York river into the Ottawa. The township
contains 3,000 acres of water surface, one-half of which is contained
in Salmon lake, the largest body of water.

*See page 52.

72 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

ae

Topography.—The whole township has the appearance of a dis-
sected plateau with no high elevations. The more rugged portions are
in the northern portion of the township.

Rock and Soil.—The rocks are about equally dnmaed in area be-
tween hornblende schists and crystalline limestones mixed with amphi-
bolite. There are outcrops of diorite along the western border south of
Ormsby and south of Salmon lake. The strata is tilted and much
of it is vertical. Outcropping ledges of rock are more abundant and
the soil is thinner than in the townships to the southward. In many
places it is not over six inches deep, the deepest upland soil covering
the rocks by not more than 18 inches.

Forest Conditions.—About one-third (32.7 per cent) of the township
is covered by mature forest and i2 per cent is under cultivation.
The mature forest is mostly of the pure hardwood type, which covers
22.1 percentofthearea. The best stands of this type are found north of
Salmon lake, where about 2,o00 acres have been only slightly culled.
The remaining 6,000 acres is severely culled or is second growth arising
from clean cutting. Eight per cent of the area is a mixed forest oc-
cupying the wetter situations and 2.6 per cent is of the coniferous
swamp type. The old pineries occupy 45.5 per cent of the area and
are now of the poplar-birch type, in which there are patches of excellent’
pine and balsam reproduction.* Nearly 4,000 acres, or 9.7 per cent of
the area, were burned over in IgII.

Cashel Township

Watersheds.—The portion of Cashel under consideration, about
35 square miles of the western part, is drained by the headwaters of
Beaver creek. It contains 1,400 acres of water surface, mostly in
Little Salmon and Devil lakes.

Topography.—A well defined ridge separates Beaver creek from the
waters flowing eastward. Another ridge extends northeastward from
Little Salmon lake until it reaches the main ridge in concession XI.
These ridges are about 200 feet above the level of the lake. Numerous
small streams divide the spurs of these ridges into many small hills,
resulting in a diversified topography.

Rock and Soil.—The rock and soil conditions are of the same
nature as those already described for Limerick.

Forest Conditions —The ridges mentioned above are capped with
hardwoods, which, for the most part, have not been severely culled.
These cover 26.8 per cent of the area. The remaining portion of the
mature forest is 2 per cent of the mixed type and 3.7 per cent of the
pure coniferous type. The region north of Little Salmon lake was

*See pages 53 and 54.

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 73

once covered principally with pine, but has suffered at least three severe
fires in the past thirty-five years. Various escaped patches, especially
around Devil lake, show excellent pine reproductions. The old burn
type occupies 60.9 per cent of the area.

Wollaston Township

Watersheds—The southeastern portion of the township to the ex-
tent of some 8 square miles is drained by a stream that falls into Dickey
lake and forms the headwaters of the Otter branch of Beaver creek,
while the remainder, with the exception of three square miles in the
northeastern part which drains into the York river, is drained by
Deer river, one of the tributaries of Crow river. Eagle lake, contain-
ing some 600 acres, is the largest body of water. Extensive swamps
are frequent.

Topography.—The township contains a series of ridges running in a
northeasterly and southwesterly direction. The Ormsby-Coehill-Glen-
alda road, which runs through the centre of the township, traverses
six main ridges, having an elevation of about 200 feet above the streams.
To the northward the elevation increases to the height-of-land in Fara-
day township ; southward the ridges are of the same-general elevation,
with the exception of the ridge separating Deer river and Beaver creek
waters, which is between 400 and 500 feet above the streams.

Rock and Sotl.—About two-thirds of the township is underlain by
limestone with amphibolite intrusions. There are diorite outcrops in
the southeastern and northeastern portions of the township, granite
in the southern portion, gneissic rocks in the southwestern and west-
central portions, and a small area of syenite near Coehill. The granite
outcrops, especially along the line of contact with the other rocks,
are almost entirely lacking soil. A belt of sand, approximately a mile
wide, extends across the centre of the township from east to west.
The soil on the limestone is, for the most part, thin and sandy. Where
deeper, it has a bed of boulders and pebbles for subsoil.

Forest Conditions.—Somewhat more than 80 per cent of Wollas-
ton is forested. With the exception of the sand belt and the granite
areas, the township was originally covered with hardwoods, which, as
usual, are chiefly composed of sugar maple and beech. This type makes
up 42.6 per cent of the area. It has not been culled as severely as
most of the southern tier of townships, and nearly half of it was classed
as semi-virgin. Approximately 14 per cent of the area is swampy,
and much of the lumber industry is concerned in harvesting cedar poles
from the swamps. The mixed type, mostly swamps, comprises 5.7
per cent, and the pure coniferous type—all swamps—covers 8.5 per cent

74 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

of the area. Approximately one-quarter of the township is now in
possession of poplar and birch, the area of the former pineries.

| Faraday Township

Watersheds.—The western half of the township or approximately
45 square miles, drains into Deer river by the way of Pandash brook, and
thence by way of Crow river into the Trent waters. The waters of
the eastern portion of the township flow into the York river. Small
lakes are numerous, but the largest has an area of less than 300 acres.

Topography.—The numerous ridges are all approximately the same
height until the northern part of the township is reached, where the
granite outcrops extend from 50 to 100 feet higher than the limestone
ridges to the southward. The slopes are steep, often precipitous, and
the valleys are narrow, the widest being not over a half mile wide.

Rock and Sotl.—The greater portion of the township is underlain
by limestone, thinly covered by soil on the ridges and deeply covered
by sand in the valleys. The major portion of the three northern con-
cessions is occupied by gneissic granite, with many amphibolite inclu-
sions. Where the forest is unburned, the soil is gravelly loam covering
the rock to a moderate depth, but, on the burned areas, the bare rock
is largely exposed.

Forest Conditions.—Eighty-seven and one-half per cent of the town-
ship is forested. The mature forest is of the maple-beech type and it
covers 35.1 per cent, while the immature poplar-birch type covers
34.9 per cent of the township. The least culled portions of the hard-
wood forest are in the northern and southern portions of the area lying
within the watershed. The mixed forest and the coniferous forests are
found in the swamps, and they comprise 3.4 per cent and 1.8 per cent
of the area, respectively. Eight and one-tenth per cent of the township
has been recently burned.

Peterborough County
Chandos Township

Watersheds.—Practically all of Chandos township discharges its
waters into Deer river. Its water surface comprises 4,500 acres, and
it is practically all contained in Loon lake.

Topography.—South of concession xiv, Chandos is a series of
broad, rounded ridges and hills, having about the same elevation, 150 to
200 feet above the lakes and stream valleys. The region has the ap-
pearance of a plateau which has been dissected by the streams. North
of concession xIv the elevation increases rapidly in a series of ridges

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 75

to about 500 feet, above Loon lake. The northern portion of the
township belongs topographically to the more rugged regions in Cardiff
and Faraday, while the southern portion corresponds to the flatter
regions to the southward.

Rock and Soil.—North of Loon lake the rock is about equally
divided between crystalline limestone and hornblende schist and a
mixture of the two intimately associated. The soil is a light sandy
loam. South of Loon lake it is mostly granite and nearly related
rock.

Forest Conditions—Apparently the forests of Chandos were origi-
nally about equally divided between coniferous and hardwood lands.
The former pine lands are now covered with poplar and birch, which
extend over 32.1 per cent of the area. Some 18,890 acres, or 36.6
per cent of the area, now support a hardwood forest, of which all but
2,600 acres have been severely culled. The better class of hardwoods
is found along the eastern margin of the township. Mixed swamps
containing cedar, fir, hemlock, black spruce, black ash, elm, and maple
are frequent along the slow-moving Paudash creek and Deer river.
These swamps occupy 11.1 per cent of the area, and from them come
most of the merchantable timber cut in the township. As a whole,
91.9 per cent of the township is forested.

Methuen Township

Watersheds —The central and eastern portions of Methuen drain
through Kasshabog lake into North river, thence by Crow river into
the Trent. The waters from the northwestern portion of the township
flow through Jack creek into Stony lake. The township has nearly
6,000 acres of water surface, mostly contained in Jack lake and in
Kasshabog lake.

Topography.—The most conspicuous topographic feature of the
township is a high ridge running in a northeast-southwest direction,
and separating the Jack creek from the North river drainage. The
ridge is 1,100 feet above the sea, between Jack creek and Kasshabog
lake, where the ridge and its spurs are called the Blue mountains, and
it rises about 300 feet above the surrounding plain. In the other por-
tions of the township the ridges are not more than 100 feet above the
streams, and, in most places, much less. The east-central portion of
the township is nearly flat, and is called the Blueberry ‘barrens,’ an
apt designation, for huckleberries are about the only things of com-
mercial value that grow upon them. The drainage is sluggish and
marshes and swales are abundant. South of this area the country is
much broken by low ridges with the exception of the outcrops of sedi-

76 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

mentary limestone near Vansickle P.O. and near Oak lake, where the
topography is rolling. |

Rock and Soil—Most of the rocks are granite and hornblende
schist and they are about equal in distribution. The granite lies be-
tween the schist in a band about four miles wide, extending from the
southwestern corner of the township. Much of this rock is so far de-
cayed that it can be crumbled in the hand and it gives rise to nearly
pure gravel. The soil on the hornblende schist is very sandy. A small
outcrop of crystalline limestone along the road in the northern portion,
and the two patches of sedimentary limestone in the southern portion of
the township, are the only places where a soil approaching a loam in
texture can be found.

Forest Conditions.—The greater portion of Methuen was once a
pinery, and 43.3 per cent of the area of the township is now a man-made
barren, while 41 per cent is covered with poplar and birch arising from
fires. The hardwoods occupy 12.8 per cent of the area, and they are
found mostly in the northern portion, the largest patch being in the
northwestern corner around Jack.lake. They are all severely culled.
Only 2.7 per cent of the township is under cultivation.

Burleigh Township

W atersheds.—The waters from Burleigh flow into the Trent waters
by three routes: Jack creek, Eels brook into Stony lake, and Deer
Bay creek into Deer bay. The latter receives the waters of a dozen lakes
in the northwest quadrant of the township. The total lake surface is
3,500 acres.

Topography.—The highest points are in the north central portion
of the township, where the highest ridges are about 150 feet above the
general level of the low ridged plain-like surface. East of Eels brook,
the plain-like character of the surface is still more apparent. The out-
crops of sedimentary limestone south of the Cedar lakes are flat.

Rock and Soil.—A line drawn from the southwestern corner to the
northeastern corner of the township would divide about equally the
granite and crystalline limestone areas, the former being on the western
side and the latter on the eastern side of the line. The crystalline
limestone area contains a number of intrusions of granite which occur
as low rounded ridges. The soil is absent on the higher granite ridges,
a condition due to repeated fires. In fact, this is the condition on most
of the granite outcrops. In local pockets and along the bases of
the ridges, the soil is a light gravelly loam, and it is usually not over
8 inches deep. The soil on the crystalline limestone is of the same char-
acter, but, as a rule, it contains more sand and pebbles. On the sedi

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 77

mentary limestone, the soil is a heavy loam. Near the township line,
while the soil on the limestone is of good quality (silt loam and clay
loam) it is too shallow for really successful agriculture on most of the
farms. |

Forest Conditions.—Of this township, 95 per cent is forest land, and
82 per cent of this has been burned within the past forty years. In
IQII, 9.5 per cent of the area was burned ; 2 per cent ten years ago ;
70.4 per cent has been burned at various times between 20 and 4o
years ago. The latter areas are covered with birch and poplar. ‘The
original forest was pine interspersed with hardwood ridges and hard-
wood flats around some of the lakes. The stumps show that the pine
occurred in many places at the rate of 60 trees upon an acre. With
the exception of a few scattered patches, 70 per cent of this area has
no young white pine to take the place of that cut and burned. On
12 per cent of the area, however, there is a fair reproduction of white
pine. This is most pronounced on the areas which have been burned
but once. Many of the farm wood-lots on the sandy terraces of Eels
brook show excellent second-growth white pine.

In the northeastern and the southwestern corners of the township,
there is a culled hardwood forest, constituting 8 per cent of the total
forest area. Maple and beech are the predominant remaining species,
the merchantable ash, elm, and basswood having been removed. The
remaining 10 per cent of the forest area consists mostly of swamps and
semi-barrens.

Anstruther Township

Watersheds.—The greater portion of Anstruther is drained by
headwaters of the Mississagua river, which flows into Buckhorn lake.
A strip about 214 miles wide along the whole eastern border of the
township is drained by Eels brook. The township contains fourteen
lakes of considerable size, the largest, Eagle lake, near the southern
border, containing 1,400 acres. The whole lake surface of the township
is approximately 5,000 acres. _

LT opography.—The highest points are a series of rounded granite hills,
about 100 feet above the general level in the south central portion of the
township. There are hills of about the same elevation around Eels
lake in the northeastern corner of the township. The remaining portion
has the usual topography of an elevated plain interspersed by ridges
25 to 50 feet above the general level.

_ Rock and Sotl.—The township is practically all granite and rock
of a similar nature, except in the valley of Eels brook, where hornblende
schist and crystalline limestone occur. In the four most northern
concessions across the township, the granite is covered by a loam to an

78 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

average depth of rs inches, well sprinkled with boulders and pebbles.
There is a similar soil west of Eagle lake, Deer lake and Cranberry lake,
and scattered patches in the eastern part along Eels'brook. The rest
of the soil throughout the township is mostly shallow gravel and sand.
The granite hills in the interior are largely devoid of soil of any kind, a
condition brought about by repeated fires. |

Forest Conditions.—The forests of the township have been thorough-
ly culled, with the exception of some 5,000 acres in the neighborhood
of Eagle lake, where the commercial timber is chiefly hemlock. There
were about tooo acres of pine and hemlock in concessions x11 and
xiv along Stony creek, but one more season’s cut will finish that. These
two groups, with some other areas of a similar nature, make 15.5 per
cent of the forest now standing, as coniferous. Approximately 7 per
cent of the forest is of the mixed type—maple, beech, pine, and hem-
lock—and 20 per cent is pure hardwoods. Last year 1.5 per cent was
burned. The remaining 56 per cent is second growth, of which 51 per
cent is the poplar-birch type, the result of fire. |

Cavendish Township

Watersheds.—About three-fourths of the area of Cavendish drains
into the Mississagua river ; most of the remaining portion is drained
into Squaw river and thence into Pigeon lake. A few square miles
in the extreme northwestern corner are drained into the Irondale river
and thence by Burnt river into Cameron lake. The water surface of
the township is 7,600 acres, or 14 per cent of the total area. The largest
lakes are Catchacoma and Mississagua. :

Topography.—There is very little diversity of topography in the
township, it being a succession of low ridges of similar elevation and
depressions, and the highest points are in the northwestern corner of
the township, where they are about 100 feet above the general level.

Rock and Sotl.—The rock is, for the most part, crystalline limestone,
with frequent intrusions of granite and hornblende schist. The soil
is shallow, sandy, filled with pebbles and stones, and only in a few places
approaches a loam below the first two or three inches.

Forest Conditions.—A little more than one-half of the forest area is,
or was, controlled by the hardwoods. On the flats and gentle slopes,
maple is the principal species, often composing three-fourths of the
stand. On the ridges and other situations where the soil is shallow,
the beech replaces the maple. The minor species are elm, basswood,
hemlock, yellow birch, black cherry, and hornbeam. Thirty-six
per cent of the hardwood forest is moderately culled, z.¢. the merchant-
able elm, basswood, and hemlock have been cut ; 17 per cent has been

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 79

severely culled. Much of this has been burned in patches. Around
the upper end of Catchacoma lake there is a good forest in which
hemlock is the prevailing species. This joins to the eastward with
the block of hemlock in Anstruther. This, with patches of coniferous
forest in other places, makes 7 per cent of the forest area belonging to
the coniferous type. Of the area 2 per cent is composed of mixed
forest. This has been severely culled. The remaining 38 per cent
of the forest area has been burned at various times and is now chiefly
covered with birch and poplar.

Galway Township

Watersheds.—The southern and western portions of the township
drain southerly by Squaw river and Harvey brook into Pigeon lake,
while the central western and northwestern portions drain southerly
and westerly by Union creek into Four-mile lake in Somerville township
and thence into Balsam lake. The largest body of water, Swamp
lake, contains 1,000 acres. Lakes are not so frequent as in other
townships, since only 3.5 per cent of the township is water.

Topography.—The topography, especially that of the eastern
portion is similar to that already described for Cavendish. There
is less relief and the ridges are broader and flatter in the western por-
tion of the township. A high point, about a mile east of Bass lake,
commands a view of the southern half of the township.

Rock and Sotl.—Crystalline limestone covers the greater portion
of the township. The sharper ridges are composed of hornblende
schist. There are outcrops of granite and related rock in the
north-eastern portion. ‘The soil on the top of the ridges is not more
than 8 inches deep ; on the slopes it is deeper but sandy, while, at
the base of the more gentle slopes, good loam occurs. It is, however,
patchy and restricted in distribution. In common with the whole
region, Swamps occupy the depressions between the ridges.

Forest Conditions —The township is forested to the extent of
87.6 per cent of its area, a little more than one-half of which, 53.2
per cent is the old burn type. The hardwoods occupy 17.3 per cent
of the area, and they are found in best development in the central
portion of the township. They have been for the most part severely
culled, only goo acres being classed as virgin and semi-virgin. The
mixed type as usual is found on the low lying land, and as usual makes
up a small percentage of the area (4.4 per cent). The area of the coni-
ferous type (12.2 per cent) is relatively large. This is due to a block
of pine in the western portion of concessions v, VI, VII, and VIII.
Four-tenths per cent of the township has been recently burned.

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Harvey Township

Watersheds—The principal stream in the township of Harvey is
the Mississagua river, which drains Mississagua, Catchacoma, Gold,
Eagle, and other lakes of this series in the townships of Cavendish and
Anstruther. The most northern headwaters of the stream are found
in Glamorgan township not far from the village of Gooderham. The
river meets the canal waters in Buckhorn lake about a mile east of
Hall Bridge. This stream and its tributaries drain the eastern portion
of the township. The central and northwestern portion of the town-
ship is drained into Pigeon lake by Squaw river and Harvey brook,
while the southeastern portion is drained by Deer Bay creek, which
has its origin in the lakes of Burleigh. Buckhorn lake and its water-
connections with Stony lake form the southern boundary of the town-
ship, while the southwestern boundary is formed by Pigeon lake.
Compared with the townships to the eastward, Harvey contains few
lakes in the interior.

Topography.—The higher and rougher portions are in the granite
areas in the eastern portion of the township. ‘This is due to elevation,
as well as to the presence of numerous ridges and knolls of glacial drift.
The western half of the township is quite flat, except where the streams
have worn through, or where granite out-crops through the prevailing
sedimentary limestone.

Rock and Sotl.—As indicated above, the rock is mostly granite
and sedimentary limestone. The eastern and northern portions of the
township are mostly granite, with outlying patches of sedimentary
limestone. West of Harvey brook and in the area lying between Buck- |
horn lake and Pigeon lake sedimentary limestone with local patches of
granite is found. The soil on the granite areas is very thin and, in
many places, entirely absent, while that of the limestone areas is, for
the most part, of agricultural quality, being silt loam and clay.

Forest Conditions.—A little over one-half (50.8 per cent) of the
township has been thoroughly culled and burned, and is now occupied
by the poplar-birch type of forest.“ It is apparent that the granite areas
were originally occupied by pine, hemlock and spruce, and the limestone
areas by hardwoods. The coniferous forests at the present time cover
only 1.4 per cent of the area, and the largest block may be found
in the northeastern corner of the township. The hardwoods are mostly
maple, beech and basswood, and they occupy 22 per cent of the area.f
The mixed coniferous-hardwood type is poorly developed, comprising
only 1.7 per cent of the area. The granite areas, with the soil mostly
absent, are barrens. ‘These are found in the southeastern corner of

*For a description of the composition of this type see page 58.
{See pages 46 and 47.

CON DITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 81

the township and near the mouth of the Mississagua river, and they
cover 8.6 per cent of the area. A little over 1 per cent of the township
has been recently burned. 7

Victoria County

Somerville Township

Watersheds.—The township is drained almost entirely into Balsam
lake by three streams. Burnt river flows diagonally from the north-
eastern to the southwestern corner of the township, Gull river forms
the western boundary of the township. Midway between these
streams, near the central portion of the township, is Four-Mile lake,
which, with its receiving and discharging streams, makes another valley
parallel to those of the first mentioned rivers. The drainage of the
extreme southeastern corner of the township flows into Sturgeon lake
after passing through the northern half of Verulam.

Topography.—The topography of the township is determined
by the three streams mentioned above, since they have worn rather
wide valleys into a plateau. The ridges are low, often with flat divides
between the streams.

Rock and Soil.—If an irregular wavy line be drawn from the south-
eastern corner of the township to the central point of its northern bound-
ary, it would separate in general the granitic rocks on the east and north
from the sedimentary limestone on the west and south. The extreme
northwestern portion of the township, however, is granitic. The
transition from the granite to the limestone is in many places marked
by an abrupt escarpment, as may be seen along the road on the 13th
concession line. The soils both on the limestone and on the granite
in the northern portion of the township are thin and sterile. Those
on the limestone in the southern half of the township are deeper, but
even there the best farms are in the wide valleys of the Burnt and
Gull rivers.

Forest Condittons.—Somerville has practically no forest containing
saw-logs, outside of a few swamps and farm wood-lots. Sixty-one and
seven-tenths per cent of the area is occupied by the old burn type.
The mixed forest comprises 5.1 per cent, the hardwoods 4.4 per cent,
and the conifers 1.3 per cent of the area ; and all three of these types
have been severely culled.

Haliburton County

Cardiff Township
Watersheds.—About 12 square miles in the northeastern corner
of Cardiff township drain eastward into the York river waters ; the
drainage of the remainder of the township goes into the Trent waters.

82 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The waters from a little more than one-half of the area drain into
Paudash lake in the east-centre of the township. From this, they
flow by Paudash creek and Deer river into Crow river and thence
into the Trent canal. The waters of the southwestern quadrant of
the township collect in Eels lake and are carried by Eels brook into
Stony lake. A portion of the northwestern quadrant of the township
is drained southwesterly into Irondale river and thence by Burnt river
into the canal, at Cameron lake. The township contains 5,330 acres
of water surface. ‘The largest lake is the Paudash group which contains
about 1,400 acres.

Topography.—The eastern half of the township is a high plateau
which has been dissected into broad rounded ridges. The plateau
ascends in going northward, and in the northern portion of the town-
ship is 50 to 1oo feet higher than in the southern. The most
pronounced ridges in this area lie west of Paudash lake and on the
divide between the York and Trent waters. The ridges in the north-
western part of the township are nearer together and sharper in outline.
The highest points in Cardiff are in the granitic outcrop in the southwest
quadrant of the township. Swamps are frequent; the largest, containing
some 2,500 acres, is found in the southeastern corner of the township.

Rock and Soil.—The rocks of the township are about equally divided
between granite, hornblende schist, crystalline limestone and gneiss.
The granite lies in the northeastern and the southwestern corners of
the township, and the two outcrops are connected by a narrow band
west of the north arm of Paudash lake. A large area of hornblende
schist lies between these two granite’ masses. Most of the limestone
is in the southeastern corner of the township. The gneiss lies for the
most part around the borders of the granite. From Cheddar post-
office eastward and northeastward nearly to the township line there
is a belt of fairly deep glacial drift soil, on which the good upland farms
of the township are located. In the rest of the township the soils are
thin or sandy.

Forest Conditions.—The township is covered with forests to the
extent of 93 per cent of its area. Somewhat more than half (56.6 per
cent) of the area was originally covered mostly with pine, but it has
been replaced by the old-burn poplar-birch type. The coniferous
forest is now confined to the swamps ; it occupies 7.7 per cent of the
area, and has been thoroughly culled of its commercial timber. The
hardwoods cover 13,000 acres, one-quarter of the township, and only
200 acres of these were classified as virgin and semi-virgin. The
mixed coniferous and hardwood type occupies 4.3 per cent of the town-
ship. Only o.1 per cent of the area has been recently burned.

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 83

Monmouth Township

Watersheds.—The waters of Monmouth are carried to the Trent
canal by the way of the Irondale and Burnt rivers. A small portion,
however, in the southeastern corner is drained southward by Eels
brook. Otter lake is situated in the northeastern portion of the town-
ship, and contains only 600 acres. The entire water surface of the
township is 2,100 acres.

Topography.—The highest points in the township are in the granite
region in the southeastern corner of the township, the region west of
Otter lake, and the extreme southwestern corner. These places look
really mountainous when compared with the general dissected-plateau
topography of the rest of the township.

Rock and Soil.—The geological structure of the township is much
diversified, since it contains representatives of nearly all the different
kinds of rocks found in the Trent watershed. The greater portion of
the rock, however, is crystalline limestone with its various impurities.
The deepest and finest textured soil is found in the south central portion
of the township, it being an extension of the drift soil, covering northern
Anstruther. The upland soils in the other portions of the township
are usually thin or, if deep, very stony. Bare ridges and ledges, are
frequently exposed. :

Forest Conditions—The southern portion of the township, with the
exception of the southeastern corner, was originally a pinery, while
the northern half was, and still is, of the hardwood type, with former
pineries on the stream terraces. The old pinery is now occupied by
poplar and birch, a type that covers 38.4 per cent of the township.
At present only 1.1 per cent of the township is coniferous. The hard-
woods, as a rule, contain little saw-log material. They cover 47.7 per
cent of the area. The mixed type covers 1.9 per cent, and recent
burns 2 per cent of the township.

Glamorgan Township

Watersheds —The township of Glamorgan drains into the Trent
canal by the way of the Burnt and Irondale rivers, the latter taking
most of the drainage. It contains eight rather small lakes, the largest
being Koshlong, in the north-central portion of the township, with an
area of 770 acres. The water surface of the township is 3,900 acres.

Topography.—The roughest and the highest portion of the township
may be found in the diorite in the southeastern corner. Greens moun-
tain at the western edge of the outcrop has an altitude of 1,466 feet
above sea level, and it stands about 250 feet above the general level

84 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

of the plateau. The rest of the township has the characteristic topo-
graphy of low, broad, major ridges and lower, sharper-crested minor
ridges. . |

Rock and Soil.—The eastern portion of the township south of Mink
lake and in the valley of the Irondale river on the south, is underlain by
crystalline limestone. Most of the remaining portion, except for the
diorite area in the southeastern corner is granite. The upland soils
throughout the township are, almost without exception, absolute
forest soils, being too thin, too sandy, or too stony for successful
farming.

Forest Conditions.—Of the area of the township, 68.5 per cent is of
old-burn type, mostly the result of an extensive fire about 30 years ago.
This was once a pinery.. At present only 0.5 per cent of the area is
covered with a coniferous forest. The hardwood type occupies 20.7
per cent of the township, most of it being in the southeastern corner.
This is composed of farm wood-lots, and it has been severely culled of
its saw-logs. The mixed coniferous-hardwood type has an extent of
I.1 per cent, and the recent burns cover 1.3 per cent of the township.

Lutterworth Township

Watersheds —The drainage of the major portion of Lutterworth
is into Gull river. The southeastern corner of the township, however,
is drained by tributaries of Burnt river. Seven per cent of the town-
ship is covered by water.

Topography.—The portion of Lutterworth north and west of Gull
lake is very rough, a maze of ridges and monadnock hills, but, as one
goes southward, the altitude decreases, the ridges are lower, broader
and farther apart, until, at the southern border, the region has the ap-
pearance of a plain into which the streams have worn narrow valleys.

Rock and Soil.—The rock of the township is about equally divided
between granite and crystalline limestone with frequent intrusions of
granitic and hornblende rock. The latter lies in a strip about five
miles wide, passing diagonally through the township on the southern
and eastern side of Gull river. In the south central portion of the
township there are outcrops of sedimentary limestone. Except in the
immediate stream valleys, the soil throughout the township is either
thin and sandy, or deep and stony. Obviously, nature never intended
it for a farming township. |

Forest Conditions.—The greater portion of the township was evi-
dently once an imménse pinery, but now only o.1 per cent of its area
is covered by a coniferous forest. The former pinery, 78 per cent of
the area, is now covered with poplar, most of which is the result of

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 85

fire in the early ‘eighties.’ The mature forest is now represented by
maple-beech wood-lots from which most of the merchantable saw-logs
have been removed. These comprise 9.9 per cent of the area. One
and five-tenths per cent of the township supports a mixed coniferous-
hardwood forest, also severely culled.

Snowdon Township

Watersheds —The township of Snowdon is drained by Burnt
river and its tributaries. The largest of these, the Irondale (in reality
the main stream, but not so named), after collecting the waters of the
southeastern third of the township, meets the Burnt river at Kinmount
Junction. Near the same point another stream enters from the north,
flowing just back of the Bobcaygeon lots nearly across the township.
Near the centre of Snowdon, Burnt river receives another branch
flowing from the Canning-Kashagawigamog lake series in Minden and
Dysart.

Topography.—The eastern portion of Snowdon is the more diversi-
fied, having numerous rather sharp crested ridges. The western half of
the township is a broad plateau, not dissected to the usual extent.

Rock and Soil—The township is composed chiefly of granitic rock.
A narrow strip along the northern boundary and the northwestern
corner, as well as the southeastern corner, are occupied by outcrops of
crystalline limestone. The northern third of the township is fairly well
covered with glacial drift, with loamy but rather stony soils. To
the southward the soils are thinner, with frequent outcrops of bare
rock, especially in the areas lying between the Burnt and Irondale
rivers. |

Forest Conditions.—Like Lutterworth, the greater portion of Snow-
don was once covered with pine, and it, too, is now practically
without mature forests, since the aggregate of the scattered patches
amounts to only 7 per cent of the area. Of this, 3.1 per cent is of the
hardwood type, 2.3 per cent mixed, and 0.6 per cent coniferous.
All of these have been severely culled of their saw-logs. The present
forest is, to the extent of 81.5 per cent of the area, of the poplar-birch
old-burn type.

Minden Township

Watersheds.—The waters of Minden reach the Trent canal through
Burnt and Gull rivers, the former draining the northwestern half
and the latter the southeastern half of the township. Minden is
well supplied with lakes. Little Boshkung, Twelve-mile, Mountain and
Horseshoe lakes, through which Gull river passes, total about 2,600
acres of water surface, and Soyers, Kashagawigamog, and Canning lakes,

86 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

drained by a branch of Burnt river, have approximately the same
area. Water forms 11.7 per cent of the total area of the township.
Topography.—The highest points and most rugged topography of
the township are found in the outcrop of volcanic rock lying west of
Kashagawigamog and Soyers lakes. The rest of the township has the
usual dissected plateau appearance.

Rock and Soil—The greater portion of the township is WndeePan
by crystalline limestone, with the usual intrusions of gneissic and
hornblendic rock. A large outcrop of volcanic rock appears in the
central portion of the township. Its crest forms the watershed be-
tween the two principal streams and the contact between it and the
limestone is marked by a pronounced escarpment, especially along the
western side of the outcrop. The northwestern portion of the town-
ship, west of Mountain and Twelve-mile lake is underlain by gneissic
granite. The eastern two-thirds of Minden is deeply covered with glacial
drift, and the soil varies from a clay loam, through sandy loam to al-
most pure sand, the poorer upland soils being in the southern portion
of the township. Excellent farm soils are found on the first terraces of
the lakes, and on the flood plains of the streams, especially along Gull
river. The soils within the granite area, except in the stream valleys,
are thin and sandy. ;

Forest Conditions—Minden was originally covered with hard-
woods, except for the sandy terraces along the streams and lakes, which
were covered with pine. This forest is now, for the most part, repre-
sented by severely culled wood-lots, which constitute 44.4 per cent
of the area. About 14 per cent of the hardwood type has been
only moderately culled. The largest block of this lies west of Twelve-
mile lake. The mixed type occupies 4.3 per cent of the area, while
only 1.6 per cent is coniferous, and this is mostly spruce-balsam swamp
—not pine. Only 18.1 per cent of the township is composed of the
poplar-birch type, and this probably represents the extent of the original
pineries.

Dysart Township

Watersheds.—Burnt river and its tributaries carry the surface
waters of Dysart into the canal. The eastern extension of the northern
tributary is called the Haliburton river, while Burnt river proper
drains the southern portion of the township. ‘The largest body of water
is Kashagawigamog lake, which extends into the township from Minden
and Grass lake. ‘Together they present a water surface of about 820.
acres.

Topography.—The southern half of the township is of the broad
plateau type, with the most dissected part in the eastern portion.

CONDITIONS BY: TOWNSHIPS 87

North of Kashagawigamog lake and Haliburton river the summits are
from 200 to 4oo feet higher than in the southern portion of the township;
the valleys are deeper and the topography more rugged. The Hali-
burton river flows through a narrow valley about 300 feet below the
general level of the plateau.

Rock and Sotl.—A band of crystalline limestone about two miles
wide crosses the central portion of the township in an east and west
direction. On both sides of this the rock is gneissic granite, with many
amphibolite inclusions. The contact of the limestone with the granite
on the north is marked by the valley containing Kashagawigamog,
Grass and Head lakes, and Haliburton river. The soils on the
granite throughout are thin and stony, and are of little agricultural
value. Some good upland farm soils occur on the limestone south and
southwest of Haliburton village.

Forest Condittons.—The forests of the township are prevailingly
of the hardwood type (57.1 per cent) of the area. They have been
depleted of their timber trees and, in some places, have been very severely
culled. The poplar type occupies the next largest area (24.6 per cent) ;
3.4 per cent of the area is mixed conifer and hardwood and 1.8 per cent
pure conifer. The latter is mostly balsam-spruce swamp. * Recent
fires cover only 1.7 per cent of the township.

Dudley Township

Dudley was not visited by the writer. It is drained by Burnt
river and the Haliburton and Irondale branches. Drag lake in the
central western border of the township is the largest body of water, and
covers about 1,700 acres. Two other lakes of considerable size, Lake
Miskwabi and Lake Kennibik, are found in the south central portion
of the township. The total water surface of the township is 4,800 acres.
Except for the region about the two last-mentioned lakes, where the
rock is crystalline limestone, the prevailing rock of the township is
gneissic granite. The township is characterized by a hardwood forest
which occupies 89.7 per cent of the area, and, as a whole, it has not
been severely culled. Four and four-tenths per cent is of the mixed
and 4.9 per cent of the poplar type. Farms occupy only 1 per cent
of the area.

Guilford Township

Watersheds.—The township of Guilford belongs to the Gull River
drainage system. ‘The streams are mostly only short connecting links
between the numerous lakes. The township has the largest water sur-
face of any of those considered in this report, nearly 6,000 acres in all,

|

88 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

or 13 per cent of its area. Redstone, situated in the northeastern |
portion of the township, is the largest lake, having a ees 2,500
acres.

Topography.—The topography of the township increases in diver-
sity, and the ridges become higher towards the north, where they stand
about 300 feet above the water courses.

Rock and Sotl.—The valley containing Eagle, Grane Grass and
Pine lakes is crystalline limestone. The rest of the township is gneissic
granite. The whole township is well covered with glacial drift soil,
which is, for the most part, a stony sandy loam, and is thinly dis-
tributed on the higher slopes.

Forest Conditions.—Apparently there was considerable pine scat-
tered through the original forest, but this has now been removed,
except for a patch of some 3,000 acres in the northwestern corner of the |
township. Along the streams and around the margins of the lakes,
hemlock is abundant, especially around the chain of lakes lying west-
ward of Redstone lake. Asa whole, the proportion of conifers is greater
in the northern portion of the township. The forest is, however,
prevailingly of the hardwood type, which comprises 62 per cent of the
area.* The coniferous type is next in abundance, covering 23.1 per
cent of the area. Four and six-tenths per cent of the township is cov-
ered by the old-burn type and 3.8 per cent by the mixed mature forest.

Stanhope Township

Watersheds.—Stanhope has the most picturesquely situated lakes
within the area of this report, being for the most part surrounded by
mature forests. The three largest, all about the same size, are Bosh-
kung, Kashagawi, extending clear across the western border of the
township, and Pipikwabi. Each of these has a surface of about 1,600
acres. The total water surface of the township is 4,500 acres, or 12
per cent of its area. This township drains into Gull river.

Topography.—The southern half of the township has the typical
plateau topography, with frequent sharp peaks and knolls standing a
hundred feet or so above the general level. The ridges are more fre-
quent, and the valleys deeper, in the northern half.of the township.

Rock and Soitl.— The southeastern portion of the township is
underlain by crystalline limestone. The remaining portion of it is
gneissic granite. The southern third of the township is deeply covered
with drift soil, frequently of sufficient fineness to make good agricul-
tural soils. The soils in the northern portion are thin and stony.

* For the composition of this type see pages 45, 46.

BALSAM-CEDAR SWAMP: A VERY COMMON TYPE ESPECIALLY IN THE NORTHERN TIER OF TOWNSHIPS

10)

NATURAL MEADOWS AND SWALES ARE FREQUENT BETWEEN THE GRANITE RIDGES

CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 89

Forest conditions—The southern portion of the township was
originally covered with hardwoods, now represented by farm wood-lots.
In the northern portion conifers were, and still are, more abundant.
The areas occupied by various types are as follows : hardwoods 29.8
per cent ; poplar-birch 26.9 per cent ; mixed 17.3 per cent ; conifers
10.7 per cent ; recent burns 3.2 per cent.

Anson and Hindon Townships

Some 15,700 acres along the eastern side of Anson lie within the
Trent watershed. Most of this area (62.8 per cent) was once covered
with pine, but is now occupied by the usual poplar-birch type which
follows burning. The hardwoods cover 22.9 per cent of the area and
have been severely culled. The mixed coniferous-hardwood type occupies
only 1.5 per cent of the area. Twelve and six-tenths per cent of the
township within the drainage basin is cleared land.

Only 5,000 acres of Hindon are contained within the Trent water-
shed. Of these, 3,200 acres—or 62.5 per cent—are now controlled by
the poplar-birch type. Severely culled hardwoods cover 1,680 acres,
or 32.4 per cent of the area. The remaining portion, 266 acres (5.1
per cent) is farm land.

Harburn Township

The township of Harburn was not visited by the writer, so he is
unable to describe it from a topographic standpoint. The lakes of the
township form the easternmost headwaters of the Gull River system.
Haliburton lake is the largest body of water and it covers some 2,400
acres. With the exception of the southwestern corner, which is under-
lain by crystalline limestone, the rocks are gneissic granite. As swamps
are more numerous than in the other northern townships of the Trent
watershed, spruce, balsam, and cedar are more abundant. With
regard to the proportion of the area occupied, the forests were classified
as follows : hardwoods 58.1 per cent ; conifers 28.4 per cent ; mixed
type 12 per cent; poplar type o.5 per cent. Only 1 per cent of the
township is cleared for farming purposes.

Sherborne, Havelock and Eyre Townships

Portions of Sherborne, Havelock, and Eyre belong to the Gull
River drainage system. Their topography and geology are similar to
those already described for northern Stanhope and Guilford. The
prevailing type in Sherborne is the mixed coniferous-hardwood forest,
which occupies 72.5 per cent of the area within the watershed and four-
fifths of this, some 8,000 acres, is virgin or semi-virgin. ‘The old burns

90 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

occupy about one-quarter of the area. Havelock has a prevailing
coniferous forest of spruce, hemlock, balsam and pine, covering 28,000
acres within the watershed, and it is all virgin and semi-virgin. The
forests of Eyre are also coniferous ; the western half of the drainage
basin containing spruce, balsam, and pine ; the eastern half spruce,
balsam, hemlock and scrubby hardwoods. ‘These cover some 25,000
acres and they have been only slightly .culled.

Ul

Economic and Industrial Conditions
Farming Conditions

It is evident from the geological origin and nature of the soil
of the region under discussion * that it is, for the most part,
unsuited to agricultural pursuits; yet the bulk of the popula-
tion is engaged in farming. In general, the soil is shallow sand
or gravel of glacial origin, only in limited areas of sufficient depth to
permit the growth of crops. It follows that the farming settlements are
found mostly in segregated blocks wherever the latter condition ob-
tains. For the same reason, the area under cultivation on each farm
is very small. Neglecting the three or four best agricultural townships,
the land which is being actually tilled does not average more than
15 to 20 acres per hundred acres cleared or farmed. Under certain
conditions of soil and market, and with intensive farming, this would
suffice for a good living, but not under the present conditions prevailing
in the Trent watershed. This low figure of actually tilled land is in
itself indicative of the non-agricultural nature of the region.

This is further brought out in the following table, which gives the
percentage of land cleared for farming purposes in each of the townships

investigated.
AMBEFULNCEs 6. 26 ose se dike oo 3.5 WATROPIGRS eine ko 5 ae ee ae os 3 8 12.1
BUpletey ab dg od aieeles gene said) 4.7 RGECE WOTONS pci oh Gd Lis coal 8 Shain 10.4
CACM IENS «fie e ants. hae Aas a 7.0 WI SPMIOP Es ts: < oso re cs eee 26.2
aonelae eto falas ee mek es 6.6 IMIGGRARG ER, Ss aes SEs ale oO wo 2.7
Cavendish...... A ssh ci cnakaamtets ie 1.4 Wnndetiee suds os sie hs bags we wns 31.5
ROTATOR es ycol ci sasel a esas apanasera ex 18.2 LOMEVOUDA S66 occ ace ees Gms acm 8.9
MOVIE GAT ars skate Sinlg a's S bict e Biel s. 6.0 11.4 SOWVEROIE SS cer le crac ed cs scien s 12.4
PREACH ied chal hue caroaae 12.5 DGMERVINGS (52 BSE ceed cee die bie 27.3
GIs Me ate ee aes abies 12.4 SEREIBEN Gioia s/o Sooo se wa ak ale awe 12.1
Glamorgan. eos ee ba cw 7.9 ATs oA ae 22 See ee FS Vek 12.3
BVO grass cute te whey ehhe hero ois 14.0 WOHMOLOR <0 ce te. oso sae tele 16.1

3
wr
(a>)
bo
f=)

These percentages include the land under tillage and pasturage,
the latter usually in a worn-out condition or even grown up with brush.
Needless to say, not all the clearings were mapped ; their patchy nature,
in many cases, led to their being overlooked,. and, in other cases, this
would have made an exact estimate of the total clearings on a farm too
costly in time, especially since this information was only secondary
to the forest investigation. The above figures, as a rule, are higher
than those given in the returns of township assessors, because the latter
generally reduce the area of fields by allowance for rock exposures,
stone piles, swamp, thickets, etc.

*See pages 37, 38 ; 68-89 for a brief description of the geology of the region
by townships ; and 108-113.

92 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

The average per cent of cleared land for the 1,171,614 acres in-
vestigated was 11.4.* The township of Minden leads in the percentage
of land devoted to farm purposes, with Somerville, Marmora, Chandos
and Wollaston next in order. Neglecting these five, which for special
reasons will always remain farming townships, and those where too
small a portion lies within the watershed for arriving at a fair propor-
tion (Anson, Herschel, Hindon, Ridout), we find that the typical con-
dition in the forest townships is 8 per cent of cleared land. The
assessors’ figures would give a smaller percentage, and figures of land
really adapted to farming, still less.

Details of Farm Distribution

A brief description by townships will serve to present the typical
state of affairs in attempting to farm soils which are much better
adapted to forest use.

1. Hastings county—Referring to the Forest Distribution map ac-
companying this report and beginning in the east, the Hastings road,
with the townships of Lake and Wollaston on the west and Tudor and
Limerick on the east,—an early colonization road—presents to-day a
picture of more abandoned farms than occupied ones. Lake township is
almost without settlement. Cashel contains one small settlement in the
south-west. Tudor and Limerick, though thinly settled, contain but
little agricultural soil. Wollaston, with the exception of the Ridge
settlement, is farming a ridge of sand. The western portion of Faraday,
embraced within this watershed, possesses considerable settlement,
despite the unsuitable character of the soil. This is largely owing to
accessibility to railway transportation in three directions—Bancroft,
Deer Lake and Coehill. Much of this township is patented under the
Mining Act. |

2. Peterborough county—The Wollaston sand ridge extending west
through Chandos furnishes that township its best farming area ; the
farms in southern Chandos are rough and stony. Methuen, with one
road running down the eastern portion, has a few farms in the north,
one settler at Sandy Lake near the centre, and two small settlements
(Oak Lake and Vansickle) in the south-east, on limestone areas ; the
remainder of this barren township is totally uninhabited. The re-
maining townships of Burleigh, Harvey, Galway, Cavendish and
Anstruther form a block provided with three roads, the Burleigh,
Buckhorn and Bobcaygeon, running northerly. Farming in Burleigh

*This calculation omits the practically unsettled townships of Bruton, Dudley,
Eyre, Guilford (in part), Harburn, Harcourt and Havelock, to the extent of 173,932
acres. The inclusion of these would bring the percentage still lower.

fy my ‘hy
Pagan

Mh hij le

TILLABLE SOIL ON UPLAND GRANITE AREAS IS CONFINED TO SMALL PATCHES BETWEEN THE RIDGES

FARM ON A GLACIAL MORAINE. NOTE THE STONE PILES

FARM DISTRIBUTION 93

township is confined to a straggling settlement along the Burleigh road,
the very narrow former bed of Eels brook being utilized for the purpose,
and another, westward, towards Burleigh Falls. Summer visitors to
Mt. Julian, Burleigh Falls, and Buckhorn are familiar with the poor
character of the soil in those vicinities; the whole of Burleigh township is
also as little adapted to farming operations. Burleigh road continues up
the east side of Anstruther with a thin sprinkling of farms from Apsley
to Clanricarde, and this, together with the Hadlington community, is
the extent of settlement in this township. Ten deserted farms were
counted within that compass. ‘To the west of Anstruther lies the town-
ship of Cavendish with the Buckhorn road up the centre and a cross
road to Mt. Irwin ; about a dozen families live within the township.
The portion of Harvey east of the Buckhorn road is unsettled, the land
being similar to that of Burleigh township. The relatively high per-
centage of cleared land in Harvey given on page g1 is due to the in-
clusion of south Harvey and the part adjacent to the Bobcaygeon
road—a limestone area on which fine farms are found. In Galway,
outside of the Mt. Irwin and Bobcaygeon Road settlements, there are
few farms to be seen. Somerville, with 27 per cent of the land cleared,
though much of it is unsuited for farming, was included in this report
merely to round out the watershed.

3. Haliburton county—In Lutterworth the farms are confined to
the Bobcaygeon road and the region south-west from Minden, many of
them abandoned. Proceeding easterly through the other townships
the settlement is largely related to the railways. Snowdon, with 22
abandoned farms, has its farming industry centred mostly about Gelert.
Glamorgan’s farming is mostly confined to the vicinity of the railway ;
17 abandoned farms out of a total of 143 attest their owners’ opinions
as to the suitability of the soil for this purpose. In Monmouth, the
farms occur scattered through the country tributary to the railway, the
main settlements being Hotspur, Tory Hill, Essonville and Wilberforce.
In Cardiff the farms occur in small remote settlements, principally in
the northern half. The township has some 18 abandoned farms ; 9
of them almost in succession are to be seen on the road running along
the south side of Paudash lake. Minden is an old farming township,
one of the best. Stanhope has settlements scattered through the south
half. The remaining northern townships are privately owned and
practically unsettled with the exception of central Dysart.

Farming Methods

This sparse and checker-board-like distribution of the farming
settlements in a territory which has been open for settlement for over
forty years is indicative of the difficulty of finding soil to till. The

94 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

striking number of abandoned farms occurring in every township tells
its own story. Neglecting the townships of Wollaston, Chandos,
Somerville and western Harvey, the three southerly tiers of townships
in the region concerned contain, as a whole, few agricultural areas be-
yond mere gardens, such areas not totaling even 10 per cent of the land
area. ‘They constitute a territory whose obvious use is for forest growth.

The farming practice is along lines especially called forth by the
natural conditions already described. Generally speaking, the only
crops are hay and oats, but it is a struggle for each settler to grow
even enough of these for his own use. The shallow soil requires fre-
quent rains as an absolute necessity for the vegetation, so that two
weeks of hot dry weather means poor crops, as was evidenced in many
districts during the past season.

However, with an abundance of rough grazing land, the main
interest centres in dairying. Scattered throughout the whole region,
especially the eastern portion, in each settlement is to be found a
farmers’ co-operative cheese factory, and one is impressed with the
extent to which each settler is dependent on his cows. In the western
portion and especially along the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa railway,
the dairy industry takes more usually the form of cream shipments to
centres of consumption farther south, or to local creameries. Worthy
of note among these latter is the creamery at Kinmount, which manu-
factures some 30,000 pounds of butter annually. But, as a general
rule, the cattle are not high grade and the returns are not very satis-
factory. The average gross returns are about $20 to $30 per cow for
the season, or about $5 per cow per month. In addition, as the number
of cattle a settler can winter is controlled by the crops ‘he can raise in
the summer, the size of each individual operation is limited. The
dearth of hay land is partially met by the natural meadows and marshes
which are eagerly sought out.

There is no doubt that there is room for improvement in the farm-
ing methods followed, especially as regards rotation of crops, soil
manuring and improvement of stock. Relatively little sheep raising
is done, and fruit growing is not attempted at all. The formation of
co-operative breeding associations and farmers’ institutes, together
with the circulation of farm journals, would help the general status of
the agricultural industry. But the fact remains that the soil is only
here and there suited to that use.

Abandoned Farms

With conditions so unfavourable to agricultural activities the re-
turns suffice for a bare living, which must usually be supplemented
from some other source. Many, after years of struggle, have given up

Conimission oF. Co

FIELD STREWN WITH LIMESTONE BOULDERS: GOOD PASTURAGE, HOWEVER, BETWEEN THE BOULDERS

POOR PASTURAGE: MAXIMUM DEPTH OF SOIL LESS THAN TWELVE INCHES

ABANDONED FARMS 95

the fruitless attempt, and to-day the whole region with which this
report deals is dotted with abandoned farms.* During the survey it
was made the practice to ascertain why the former owner had left,
though a glance at the fields was generally sufficient. There was always
the same explanation—udinability to make a living. Time and
again, following a spur road, it would be found ending in a remote
pocket of soil, which had once been ferreted out as good farm land, but
which had, after all, been finally abandoned. Along the earlier col-
onization highways one finds long stretches unsettled to-day and with
no signs of any former occupation beyond the mute testimony of neat
piles of stones or occasional ornamental or fruit trees. There is not a
single township but has its quota of such examples as indicated on the
map. Often, these abandoned farms are among the best in the settle-
ment, but their owners could not continue getting a mere subsistence
despite their best efforts. Instances were met where the owner had
simply left his farm, often with buildings above the average, unable to
find a purchaser. |

The following statistics of population, taken from the Dominion
Census returns, indicate the extent of decline during the last decade.

POPULATION POPULATION
Census CENSUS Crensus CENSUS
TOWNSHIP : 1901 1911 TOWNSHIP : 1901 1911
Anstruther....... eet? * 542 290 Parveys fe Es 5b: 1199 1027
WOUTICW oes os os wes 145 352 Lake and Marmora... 1931 1762
Orion 698 518 Were rik 0 cea! cond 597 448
COPTELO LE! Ie apa 200 176 Lutterworth......... 464 411
@NAMGOS. «oss. s oa Peveiele 806 ris Methuen... on. ess 247 107
OTC eyaevet ck Ss, oie eis ene 80 30 Widen. ob ees t's. 1170 984
ND SATGE ihe ly cic Ses ow 6 643 475 Mmonmotths £2.00. 2 629 699
122 120 Cy ae ee 1339 152 SNGWOOR. 2a os aes 856 760
RWB 8 bo cfu le ws ofs oe 698 338 pomerville; is... 632% 2105 1870
Glamorgan... 26... 6S. 527 482 Stanhope............ 500 489
Guilford eos eS 263 262 FANG GBA aS 242s fee kb ss 632 643
Pla Moura ts ok ode ce ek 78 56 Wollaston 620i 2.52 834 911
SHG UHM OMeR cea Ae tee OR OMS eS suk Ps cages 17,183 14,595

From these figures it is seen that there has been a decline of 15.2
percent. How much of this is due to the same causes as are accountable
for the rural decline throughout Ontario generally cannot be known, but
it can be surmised from the fact that the average decline of Ontario
is only 4.2 per cent. As is to be expected, it is usually the more pro-
gressive settlers and the young people who have fewer ties who are
not content to stay.

* The term ‘“‘abandoned”’ is here applied to a farm which from the appearance
of the buildings, etc., it is evident to the passer-by has been deserted by the original
owner ; the land, however, is generally in use by a neighbour.

96 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

In daily talks with settlers throughout the investigation there was
general agreement that, in their own language, “‘this country was never
meant to be farmed” and that ‘“‘ they would get out if they could.”
They were anxious to know the possibilities in Northern Ontario and the
western prairies, and envied the immigrant farmer with his fertile soil.

It may be here explicitly stated that the settlers throughout are an
energetic, hard-working, resourceful people ; but they face an impossible
proposition. They are, to a large extent, emigrants from the more
southerly townships attracted years ago by free land. In addition,
work in the lumber woods was plentiful and a livelihood was assured.
A study of the conditions of occupancy shows that some 75 per cent
of the lots were patented when the patentee had the right to the timber
without pine reservation. It cannot be doubted that much of the land
was patented for the timber it carried, and not on account of its agri-
cultural suitability. But, with the gradual disappearance of lumbering
activities the settler was finally forced to make a living by farming.
This largely explains the present conditions.

The yearly sale by the county treasurer of lands for taxes unpaid
for three years is the closing scene in this struggle to wrest a living from
non-agricultural soil. Incidentally, these sales reveal the low cash:
value placed upon these farms by their owners.

The following figures are compiled from the official lists for 1912 :

I. PETERBOROUGH COUNTY :

NUMBER OF F'ARMS AGGREGATE
AGGREGATE
TOWNSHIP ADVERTISED iy TAXES FOR
CREAGE
FOR SALE 3 YEARS
Methven. 254s ecu ae 6 1,000 $ 69.28
Burleigh: fb4 2. ile aoe es 6 639 110.57
CHANGOS: fi35/. ae hoe ee 6 592 81.26
COW ae Pear ane mn ay ae 9 900 59.69
Cavendish oe oe eee 4 400 44.99
Ray eyes 25h or D castle yee gs eis 4 430 53.03
aD 3,961 $418 .82
II. Hastines County :
TOWNSHIP

Lakes. oe ik eee eee 35 4,517 $ 289.55
Pav ay sakes, bun si payee wea 4 532 54.00
aerials |. 5 2 done Gas ane 17 965 131.78
PG fats ca aR eee ee 27 2,320 239.30
AV OUSBtON is cornu otae eae 23 1,140 297 .75

106 9,479 $1,012 38

TYPICAL UPLAND FARM AND FARM BUILDINGS

gmmission Of Conservation

A BETTER TYPE OF FARMING COUNTRY. GULL RIVER VALLEY NEAR MINDEN

SOCIAL CONDITIONS 97

III. Hauisurton County (1911 List) :

‘TOWNSHIP

Beni ohh tilt PO Vas gh Nay Seana eee 7 700 $ 222.89
IDI 0 a Oe eS a 1 100 25.36
LD SSeS Pe et an Pe zee 1 64 33.61
AMIGEOAM SOS. bec cic sees ues 6 552 210.62
URUOUG Sis tye kw sich d ica. t be gh evap ci 2 162 20°42
PRATT 2 Mee ss os wale oc ha es 3 200 69.97
Dtterworth. 0 ie lease 7 332 176.89
APRON Ethie fos bas aoa owe eie 2 ean tlic 5 434 273.74
IPOMMOUTWs oe ew ea ee we 13 1,318 409.15
SROMVIOLONIN iste. atic ties os bee a bok 8 783 304.44
53 4,645 $1,747 .09

A total of 194 farms comprising 18,085 acres to be sold for three
years back taxes aggregating $3,178.29, or at the rate of less than 6
cents per acre per year.

Social Conditions

It is a matter of universal observation, that, with such economic
conditions as have been described, there is associated more or less
social degeneracy, and many of the settlements show that this territory
is no exception to the rule. Mental and physical defectives were
commonly encountered, and the moral tone of some communities was
very depressing. The explanation is traceable to the conditions of
securing a livelihood, not to the people.

For the same reason the status of education is, in the majority of
the townships, far from satisfactory. Sparse settlements with meagre
returns from the soil make the efficient maintenance of schools very
difficult. In some schools the teachers were found to be professionally
unqualified, other schools were found closed, and, in other cases, the
dwindling of the settlement is making the financial up-keep too heavy
for those remaining.

The impression received daily throughout the season’s investiga-
tion was the dreary hopelessness of attempting to secure returns by
agricultural activities, from a soil inherently adapted only for forest
use. The amount of human energy unavailingly expended in this
attempt, represents an incalculable asset lost to the Province. It is
but another example of past misguided or rather unguided occupancy
of townships which should never have been thrown open for settlement,
and of the lack of appreciation by Government of its obvious duties.

Early Advice—That ‘this was not done through ignorance of condi-
tions is shown by various reports of the early Commissioners of Crown
Lands and of Parliamentary inquiries. Extracts from two of these,
will suffice to show that, even in those days, there were men who were

98 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

aware of the necessity of segregating agricultural from absolute forest
lands, and the setting aside of the latter as forest reserves. As early
as 1855 a committee of the House of Commons, Hon. A. T. Galt, Chair-
man, reported, among other things: ‘It appears from the evidence
that settlement has been unreasonably pushed in some localities quite
unfit to become the permanent residence of an agricultural population.
Especially has this been the case in some of the Free Grant roads and
adjacent country, lying between the waters of the Ottawa and Lake
Ontario. Your Committee would refer to the evidence and recommend
that the Government should, in all cases, ascertain positively the charac-
ter of the country before throwing open any tract of land for settlement,
so that such lands that are really not fit for profitable cultivation
may not be thrown upon the market. There being considerable
diversity of opinion among the! witnesses in regard to some of the
localities adverted to, it seems to the committee that the Government
should have an examination made by some thoroughly competent and
reliable officer, whose report would be available in any further consider-
ation of this subject.”

Again, in 1865, the Hon. A. Campbell, Commissioner of Crown
Lands, in his report for that year, stated : ‘‘Though much of it (the
pine country) has been denuded of its valuable timber, it is the opinion
of the best informed, that a large area remains untouched ; happily
for the interests of the country, the pine exists on lands for the most
part unfit for settlement. It needs a careful discrimination between
pine lands exclusively and lands fit for settlement, to place it in the
power of the Government to conserve this valuable source of national
wealth. Should the whole of our uncultivatable land be set apart,
as I think should be done, as a pine region, and no sales made there,
the land would, if the trees were cut under a system of rotation such as
is now adopted in Norway and Sweden and in many of the German
States, recuperate their growth of merchantable pine in cycles of 30
and 4o years, and pine growing might be continued and preserved for
ages to come. In view of the future requirements of this continent
and of Europe, and of the singular advantages Canada enjoys as a
pine-producing country, I humbly submit that it is of the utmost
importance that we should now take steps in this direction.”

If the warnings of such men had been heeded it would have been
better for the prosperity of Ontario.

Lumbering Conditions

In former times, the region under consideration lay within the
southern fringe of the vast pinery that covered the southern slope
of the Laurentian shield. In nearly all the townships, licenses had

WHITE PINE LOG CUT 23 YEARS AGO AND LEFT AS DEFECTIVE ACCORDING TO STANDARDS AT THAT TIME

In certain townships there is still much material of this kind in the woods. In some cases, lumbermen are now
hauling such logs to their mills

Aioenoon

THE PRESENT HARVEST. COMPARE SIZE OF THESE LOGS WITH THAT IN ILLUSTRATION ABOVE

LUMBERING 99

been issued in the early ‘sixties,’ and by the ‘seventies’ the lumbering
industry was one of the first magnitude. During the season 1872-73,
the cut of pine from this watershed amounted to some 120 million feet ;
last season probably less than 10 million feet of pine were cut. The
same season saw the close of operations by the largest pine lumbering
concern of the region ; probably but four concerns remain able to scrape
together a million feet of pine yearly. Five years will see the end of
the pine so far as commercial quantities are concerned. With the
exhaustion of the remaining softwood stands, mainly hemlock, in cer-
tain portions of Stanhope, Sherborne, Galway, Cavendish, and An-
struther, the lumbering of coniferous species will be practically at an
end, and this will be within a decade. The present limit holders realize
this and are buying all they can from settlers. One mill was found
whose sole supply of logs came from discarded logs of former operations
and pine ‘rampikes’ dead many years. It will be seen from the table
on page 26 that the coniferous areas in existence constitute but 4.5
per cent of the forested area ; the areas of mixed composition likewise
aggregate only 6.1 per cent ; and not all of either these two types is
mature timber.

At present there are ten lumbering concerns whose operations
within the watershed exceed one million feet of logs a year each. The
total cut in 1911-12 was in the neighbourhood of 40 to 45 million
feet, distributed approximately as follows: pine 40 per cent, hem-
lock 20 per cent, with small amounts of spruce, basswood, ash, elm,
cedar, birch, balsam, maple, tamarack and beech. Probably 10
million feet of this came from the semi-virgin townships in the north
owned in fee simple, with which we are not here concerned. As al-
ready intimated, the 1912-13 cut will show much less pine. The bulk
of the logs are sawed at Marmora, Peterborough, Lakefield, Lindsay,
and Coboconk.

Besides the saw-log industry there is a small production of cedar
poles, posts and cross ties, shipped principally from Coehill, Kin-
mount and Haliburton. But the opinions of those engaged in the
business confirm the field observations that the cedar swamps are nearly
exhausted. Cedar is a species of such slow growth that its extinction,
commercially, is unavoidable.

A small amount, probably not over 3,000 cords of spruce, balsam
and poplar, cut by settlers, is shipped out of the region, mostly from
Kinmount and Gooderham, for manufacture into pulp and paper.
some of this goes to Campbellford, Thorold, etc., but the bulk of it
goes to Pennsylvania despite the long transportation. This is pro-
bably owing to the fact that the majority of the Ontario mills possess

100 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

their own limits. During the past season the average prices paid the
settler were $4 per cord for poplar, and $5.50 for spruce and balsam.

In addition to the pulpwood there is a small trade in basswood
and poplar for excelsior, and cordwood for fuel, to various Ontario
towns and cities, as well as a small quantity of tanbark, which is shipped
to factories at Acton, Toronto and Omemee. An example of close
utilization is seen in the shipment of fire-killed pine, with cull pine and
hemlock, to Toronto brickyards, from certain points along the Hali-
burton branch of the Grand Trunk railway. There are also a few
small cooperage plants at Marmora, Deer Lake, Glanmire and Kin-
mount, but elm, the species most largely used, is getting scarce.

In the wake of the lumbering operations, fire has followed, so that
to-day over one-half (57.3 per cent) of the forested area is composed
of poplar stands, the majority of them 15 to 30 years old. These, with
the hardwood areas, which as yet have been but little exploited, con-
stitute the future source of wood supply in this region. The hardwoods
cover one-third of the total forested area.

The future of the lumbering of the region lies mainly in the utiliza-
tion of the poplar and maple. Some of the lumbermen, when discussing
with them the possibilities of future industrial development, claimed
that the maple, owing to seam and black heart, is unprofitable. But
it must be borne in mind that the handling of hardwood is a proposition
of so different a nature from pine lumbering, that success cannot be
expected where it is treated as a minor adjunct to a softwood business.
Hardwoods as a whole are more defective, and the closest utilization
of every log, not of maple only but of all the species, for the particular
product for which it is best suited, is necessary to secure proper returns
in the hardwood business. The field for the development of local
minor wood-using industries, especially the manufacture of small
woodenware, has not, as yet, been developed, although waterpower is
available everywhere.

The other species, poplar, now covering some 560,000 acres as a
result of past fires, will, in the course of 15 to 20 years be mature,
and ready for manufacture into pulp, matchwood, etc. It represents
a forest resource of great value, not only owing to the great quantity
in almost pure stands, but also on account of the favourable conditions
of transportation and water-power manufacture.

Despite the deterioration during the last forty years in the character
of the forested area of the Trent watershed this region still possesses
much forest wealth—one worthy of conservation by progressive methods
of treatment.

TOURIST TRAFFIC 101

Tourist Traffic Conditions

From the climatic and scenic standpoints, central and northern
Ontario will always attract their share of summer tourists. In the Trent
watershed, with the exception of the Kawartha Lakes region, this traffic
is undeveloped. This region is very accessible, with the lakes dotted
with islands. Practically all of these islands, especially in Stony lake, are
the sites of summer homes to which the cottagers return yearly for
the hot season. In addition to this class, the transient tourists find
accommodation at the numerous summer hotels scattered along the
Trent Canal system, notably at Mt. Julian, Burleigh Falls, Buckhorn,
Bobcaygeon, Fenelon Falls, Rosedale, etc.

The townships to the north of these lakes offer unknown possibilities
in this respect. A glance at the Forest Distribution map shows that all
contain numerous lakes for camping purposes. These are well wooded,
mostly with hardwood in the northern and poplar in the southern
portion, with plenty of fishing, and with a connecting net-work of
streams for canoeing. Some of them are not very accessible as yet,
_ but with many people this is an added asset. The altitude throughout
the region precludes any hot weather, and the nights are always cool.
The region is particularly an inexpensive recreation ground for the
great mass of urban citizens who have but a short vacation in which
to tone up.

Ownership Conditions

A classification upon the basis of ownership of the land area here
considered gives approximately the following figures :
(1) Under license to cut timber last season..... 450 Sq. miles
(2) Old licenses reverted to the Crown........ 275 sq. miles
(3) Owned in fee simple in large holdings....340 sq. miles
The land held in fee simple presents the unusual aspect of two
corporations alone owning some 218,000 acres of it. The Canada
Copper Company owns some 67,000 acres in the eastern portion of the
watershed in the townships of Faraday, Wollaston, Limerick and
Tudor ; some of this, however, is in the Moira River watershed. The
Canadian Land and Immigration Company owns nine townships in
the northern portion adjacent to Algonquin Park, some 17,000 acres
of it tributary to Trent waters. These were grants given, in early days,
at a nominal price per acre, for colonization purposes.
Settlement within the region concerned is at an end though the
locating of single lots is still in vogue to a slight extent. The locators
usually finish with them within three years, and then abandon them

102 COMM SSION OF CONSERVATION

without having paid any taxes to the municipality. The licensed land
carries only timber privileges, the land itself remaining provincial
property. On the map showing ownership conditions the outstanding
feature to be noted is the large amount of logged out land in the hands
of the Crown. It must also be taken into account that, as the com-
mercial timber will be exhausted within the next decade, the bulk of
the area at present under license will revert gradually to the Crown.
Furthermore, the licensed lands adjoin lands already in the possession
of the Crown. Such a condition of block ownership facilitates any
management that the Crown may deem expedient to undertake.

Appendix |

Notes on the Lumbering Industry in the Trent Watershed

Mr. J. B. McWilliams, for many years Crown Timber Agent in the-
region, has compiled from the records of the Department of Lands and
Forests of the Province, the data in part, upon which the‘ Ownership”’
map has been based, and has furnished, in addition, interesting his-
torical and local data, of which the following are reproduced :

ORIGINAL LICENSES

Anson.—The first license in Anson was issued to Walter Gowan, season 1861-62,
area 2814 square miles. No bonus paid.

Anstruther.—The first licenses in Anstruther were issued to R. H. Scott, season
1862-63, area 4414 square miles. No bonus paid. To A. H. Campbell,
season 1867-68, area 1734 square miles. No bonus paid.

Belmont.—The first licenses in Belmont were issued to T. McCabe in 1866-67,
area 614 square miles. No bonus paid. To William Sutherland, season
1875-76, area 14 mile. Bonus paid $2.10.

Burleigh.—The first license in Burleigh (South Division) was issued to John Ludgate,
season 1862-63, area 25 square miles. No bonus paid.

Cardiff —The first licenses in Cardiff were issued to Sanford Baker, season 1863-
64, area 50 square miles. No bonus paid. To Sanford Baker, 1863-64,
area 28 square miles. No bonus paid. To Gilmour & Co. 1864-65, area
314 square miles. No bonus paid.

Cashel.—The first licenses in Cashel were issued to Sanford Baker, season 1860-
61, area 9 square miles. No bonus paid. To Potts, Easton, Gilmour &
Co., season 1862-63, area 4114 square miles. No bonus paid.

Cavendish.—The first licenses in Cavendish were issued to Platt & Bissonnette,
season 1862-63, area 5714 square miles. No bonus paid. To Strickland
Bros., season 1867-68, 814 square miles. No bonus paid.

Chandos.—The first licenses in Chandos were issued to Gilmour & Co., season
1862-63, area 34144 square miles. No bonus paid. To J. C. Hughson,
season 1864-65, area 1914 square miles. No bonus paid. ToJ.C. Hughson,
season 1864-65, area 414 square miles. No bonus paid.

Jalway.—The first licenses in Galway were issued to Gilmour & Co., season 1862-
63, area 49 square miles. No bonus paid. To Matthew Thompson,
season 1870-71, area one square mile. Bonus paid $4.00.

Glamorgan.—The first licenses in Glamorgan were issued to Mossom Boyd, season
1863-64, area 1634 square miles. Bonus paid $33.35. To John R. Rodgers,
season 1863-64, area 2434 square miles. Bonus paid $25.20.

Harvey.—The first licenses were issued to John Langton, season 1855-56. area
1634 square miles. No bonus paid. To John Langton, season 1862-63, area
7 square miles. No bonus paid. To Anderson & Paradis, season 1862-63,
area 6 square miles. No bonus paid. To John Maloney, season 1862-63,
area 2 square miles. No bonus paid. To James Cummins, season 1862-63,
area 4 square miles. No bonus paid.

Lake.—The first licenses in Lake were issued to James Cummins, season 1862-63,
area 3614 square miles. No bonus paid. ‘To James Cummins, season 1862-
63, area 1614 square miles. No bonus paid.

104 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Limerick.—The first licenses in Limerick were issued to Sanford Baker, season 1860-
61, area 5 square miles. No bonus paid. To Campbell & Gilmour Co.,
season 1862-63, area 4114 square miles. No bonus paid.

Lutterworth —The first licenses in Lutterworth were issued to Gillis & McLaren,
season 1862-63, area 14 square miles. No bonus paid. To Alex. Dennis-
toun, season 1862-63, area 714 square miles. No bonus paid. To R. H.
Scott, season 1862-63, area 514 square miles. No bonus paid. To Boyd,
Smith & Co., season 1872-73, area 334 square miles. Bonus paid $44.10.

Marmora.—The first licenses in Marmora were issued to James Cummins, season
1862-63, area one square mile. No bonus paid. To A.S. Page Co., season
1866-67, area 314 square miles. Bonus paid $12.00.

Methuen.—The first licenses in Methuen were issued to James Cummins, season
1862-63, 3914 square miles. No bonus paid. To Cummins, McCabe
et al, season 1862-63, area 56 square miles. No bonus paid. To Fowlds
Bros., season 1862-63, area one square mile. No bonus paid. |

Minden.—The first license in Minden was issued to R. C. Smith, season 1866-67,
area 1614 square miles. Bonus paid $38.57.

Monmouth.—The first licenses in Monmouth were issued to Mossom Boyd, season
1863-64, area 2434 square miles. Bonus paid $33.35. To J. C. Hughson,
season 1863-64, area 1634 square miles. Bonus paid $37.86. To John R.
Rodgers, season 1863-64, area 3714 square miles. Bonus paid $38.57.
i hae R. Rodgers, season 1863-64, area 234 square miles. Bonus paid

3.60. :

Sherborne.—The first licenses issued in Sherborne were to Ross & Co., season 1868-
69, area 10144 square miles. Bonus paid $519.25. To W. A. Scott, season
1869-70, area 1034 square miles. Bonus paid $4.10.

Snowdon.—The first license in Snowdon was issued to Mossom Boyd, season 1862-
63, area 4514 square miles. No bonus paid.

Somerville—The first license in Somerville was issued to Samuel Dickson, season
1863-64, area 414 square miles. No bonus paid.

Stanhope.—The first licenses in Stanhope were issued to Samuel Dickson, season
1862-63, area 434 square miles. Bonus paid $323.29. To Samuel Dickson,
season 1862-63, area 1614 square miles. Bonus paid $57.60. To Mc-
Dougall & Co., season 1862-63, area 2514 square miles. No bonus paid.

Tudor.—The first licenses issued in Tudor were to James Cummins, season 1862-
63, area 2414 square miles. No bonus paid; and to J. Lingham, season
1862-63, area 1034 square miles. No bonus paid.

Wollaston.—The first license issued in Wollaston was to Harris, Bronson & Coleman,
season 1860-61, area 75 square miles. No bonus paid.
LiceNsES Now In Force

Anson.—Area 11 square miles, to Quincy Adams Lumber Co. (500 acres within
watershed).

Anstruther—Area 6 square miles, to J ackson & Tindle Co.
IT: (2 iT

Fo 2g ts * Peterborough Lumber Co.
te 53 ce ce (a§ (73
é¢ 3814 (as ce 66 (a9

Burleigh (North Division).—Area 1014 sq. miles, to Alfred McDonald estate.
“ 304 ‘‘“ “ Peterborough Lumber Co.
(South Division) “ 8% “ “ “< se

NOTES ON LUMBERING INDUSTRY 105

Cardiff. —Area 3 374 square miles, to Gill and Fortune.
Peterborough Lumber Co.
ie “4 Me Rathbun Co. (abandoned ?)
ese. is “ Spears and Lander.

Cashel.—Area 9 square miles, to Rathbun Co. (part outside watershed)

81% George B. Ferguson (outside watershed)
« 414 “ of Gill & Fortune (some patented lots included)

Cavendish.—Area 2 square miles, to Jackson & Tindle.
66 1? 66 66 66 66

6c 84 66 66 6c 6c

4 334 5 “ Peterborough Lumber Co.

CUNO Sta es HG square miles, to Alfred McDonald Estate

ey rf Ke Rathbun Co. (abandoned ?)
“1834 o a James Thompson (abandoned ?, part
patented)

Galway.—Area 49 square miles, to Alfred McDonald Estate.

Glamorgan -—Area 8144 square miles, to Jackson & Tindle.
. 1874 34 4 i Woods Product Co.

0216 a ee Mrs. Alice Hunter.

Harvey. —Area 8 $74 square miles, to Mossom Boyd Co. These
Alfred McDonald Estate nearly all
: iy 4 Ny patented
ERO ae a Peterborough Lumber Co. Two-thirds of
this patented.
“ 3% “ > John Carew Lumber Co.

66 28 66 6c

Lake.—Area 1614 square miles, to Rathbun Co. (abandoned—only 5,000 acres of
this unpatented.)
“« 636% Ww ‘« Pearce Co. (6,800 acres of this patented).

Marmora.—Area 31% square miles, to Michael J. O’Brien (outside watershed).

Methuen.—Area 21 square miles, to Peterborough Lumber Co.
Paik 5) Rathbun Co. 4,500 ac. patented.
“3914 * re James Thompson 4, 300

Monmouth.—Area 6 square miles, to M. J. O’Hara { (abandoned — 1,100 ac.
ees 07 ‘f Jackson & Tindle \ of this patented. )

Sherborne.—Area 414 square miles, to Michael Dyment & Son { outside water-
éé 1% 6c t3 T3 ‘s oe

shed.
"1044 - “* ~ Gull River Lumber Co.
_, (partly outside watershed)
ie 4D . a (outside watershed)

ae 1 : :
Stanhope. Area o ‘4 square miles, to Gull River Lumber ne (part patented)

Tudor. -—Area bp ‘f Square miles, to Aa Aer sag (outside of watershed)

106 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

To give some idea of the lumbering operations on the Trent waters
40 years ago, say 1872-73, an estimate of the pine lumber taken out
that season by the principal operators, may be compared with the
pine taken in same district during the past season. Gilmour &
Company had a mill at Trenton and their output for the season of 1872-
73 was about 22,000,000 feet B.M. Fowlds Bros. had a mill at Hastings
and their output for the season 1872-73 was about 1,500,000 feet B.M.
McDougall & Ludgate had a mill at Harwood, south side of Rice lake,
and their output for season 1872-73 was about 10,000,000 feet B.M.
Ullyott, Saddler & Company had a mill at Harwood, and their output
for season 1872-73 was about 12,000,000 feet B.M. The Dickson Com- |
pany had a mill at Peterborough and their output for season 1872-73
was about 5,000,000 feet B.M. George Hilliard had a mill in Peter- -
borough and his output for season 1872-73 was about 4,000,000 feet
B.M. John McDonald had a mill in Peterborough and his output for
season 1872-73 was about 1,500,000 feet B.M. James Z. Rogers had
a mill in Ashburnham, now the east ward of the city of Peterborough,
and his output for the season 1872-73 was about 1,000,000 feet B.M.
Boyd Smith & Company had a mill at Nassau, three miles north of
Peterborough and their output for the season 1872-73 was about 6,000,-
ooo feet B.M. R. S. Strickland & Company had a mill at Lakefield
and their output for season 1872-73 was about 4,000,000 feet B.M.
N. Shaw had a mill at Buckhorn and his output for season 1872-73 was
about 2,000,000 feet B.M. W. A. Scott had a mill on the Mississauga,
2 miles north of Buckhorn, and his output for season 1872-73 was
about 5,000,000 feet B.M. Mossom Boyd had a mill at Bobcaygeon
and his output for season 1872-73 was about 10,000,000 feet B.M.
J. D. Smith & Company had a mill at Fenelon Falls and their output
for season 1872-73 was about 9,000,000 feet B. M. Hilliard & Mowry
had a mill at Fenelon Falls, and their output for season 1872-73 was
about 4,000,000 feet B.M. Green & Ellis had a mill at Fenelon Falls,
and their output for season 1872-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M.
W. M. Snyder formerly had a mill in Peterborough and took out about
3,000,000 feet B.M., season of 1872-73, and had it sawn by contract.
A. H. Campbell & Company, former owners of the Nassau mill, took
out about 4,000,000 feet B.M., season 1872-73, and had the logs sawn
by contract. Paxton, Bigelow & Trounce had a mill at Port Perry
and their output for the season 1872-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M.

Besides the parties mentioned there were a large number of small
operators taking out from 100,000 to 300,000 or 400,000 feet B.M.
each, generally cut on private lands. Also a large quantity of square
timber was taken out for the Quebec market by Gilmour & Company,
Mossom Boyd, T. Buck, John McDonald, Matthew Reid, and Thomp-
son & Cluxton. Not one of the parties mentioned above is engaged
in the lumber business at the present time.

Compare that season’s cut with the past season and you see how
the lumbering business has fallen off in the Trent district. Last season
the Cavendish Company took.out about 8,500,000 feet of pine, which,
completes their cut of pine and they retire from business, having sold
their other timber to the Peterborough Lumber Company.

NOTES ON LUMBERING INDUSTRY 107

The Peterborough Lumber Company, of Peterborough, took out
last season about 300,000 feet B.M. of pine, besides their hemlock.

The Alfred McDonald Estate of Peterborough took out about
800,000 feet B.M. of pine.

The Pierce Company, of Marmora, took out about 450,000 feet
B.M. of pine.

: Mr. Phillips of Burnt River took out about 110,000 feet B.M.
of pine.

The Cavendish Lumber Company have cleaned up the last pine
timber limit of any value in this district, and, in the future, only a small
quantity can be taken out, principally scattered trees.

CUT OF PINE, SEASON 1872-73

OPERATOR MILL Cut Feet B.M.

Gilouryds CO, oe ciels be asi ole oe PERU OVER be Sera acct ah Sirk: 0.8 wiki, Ar 22,000,000
OW IGS LOS. ol, so Sis aheve.e wind vteleys ER EI? oi ces Ga a o's ase 1,500,000
McDougall & Ludgate.......... NATE WOOL) bie su Sonora a an np ate e 10,000,000
[JIT OUG Sytner ei Mdi ge Seg Gee Wee 12,000,000
Dickson Co.. Bo ae Peterborough erases cane ler ire oh ote 5,000,000
Ae eh aint iy WAL VAEY ban. daccuicerva veakeoate 4,000,000
John McDonald............... LE AO ERR ee ee arene 1,500,000
UeSY Bin TROSETS:s o.g ic e'c bc ole baw a POTUEIEIATG gcc dw oe so bles se 1,000,000
Boyd, Smith & Co............ J IGYSIS AT AR BOP aed 6,000,000
R. S. Strickland & Co......... LUE eG 02) (6 Is Peg ed 4,000,000
IN ais ND Wares: ushidinite Biaice 5 stcrate Gig wucteds NACI ORD brates te Uemrct te sie a of.d 933» 2,000,000
NVA COLO ee shu spect nyeiars seas Mississagua River ........... 5,000,000
IEGSSOMI BOVE) ow ce os ahs fe ae Bobeayeeon 2.02 4. yes cas se 10,000,000
DD Sraithe ds’ Cow’) ocd eee 5 Renelon Balls.es seo. fa eke 9,000,000
Hilliard & Mowry......... Ren Be x PE CHL Se UY 2 4,000,000
Green. & Bllis:..). ccc c desde eee oe o Stile pate existe Galle us ag 5,000,000
NGAI IRIS) C2 (25 RO = an Sawn by contract............ 3,000,000
ole AMI Del EC, COs. i Vat Vas wie tra Bs vie bcd Ceieiee de sie's e big'e's 4,000,000
Paxton, Bigelow & Trounce..... Porgy Perea nt ees fle aid as 5,000,000
117,000,000

In addition to the foregoing, there is the unenumerated cut of small operators
and the cut of square timber for the Quebec market, figures for which are not available.

CUT OF PINE, SEASON OF 1911-12.

Weer Es CGN eater fies nba, theo Batch alate tush sind oaletsin <je/s weeks 8,500,000
Peterborough Lumber Co....... Peterborough ................ 300,000
Alfred McDonald Estate....... iT al tae oll eee Ae an 800,000
earee CO sik es Ue etka warta ets MMammoraws Kote iy ei 450,000
ERUPT TOS Es Cen Pena et ee eee AD RNa PG PR rVveR ego fi sid btw eA 110,000

10,160,000

The Crown timber fea latipes of 1849 fixed the dues at a half-
penny (1c.) per cubic foot of square white pine, and fivepence (roc.)
per log 12 feet long, any diameter.

In 1852, new regulations were made; square white pine was left
: < half-penny rate, but the pine logs increased tp sevenpence

T4C.

In 1856, another change was made and square pine left at the half-
penny and pine logs at six pence per log 131% feet long, any diameter,
or ro cents per standard log 13% feet long by 20 inches in diameter.

In 1869, new regulations were made ; square white pine was charged
14 cents per cubic foot and 15 cents a standard of 200 feet, or 75 cents
per 1,000 feet.

In 1887, the dues on pine were increased ; square white pine was
charged 2 cents and pine lumber $1.00 per 1000 feet.

Appendix II

Physical Features of the Area *

The general character of the surface of the area embraced by the
map accompanying this report is constant throughout its entire extent,
and forming as it does, a portion of the great Canadian Shield, or North-
ern Protaxis of America, its features are those presented by this great
region in most other places. Here the country is a great plain, rendered
somewhat uneven by depressions worn in its surface, and which are now
occupied by a great number of lakes and streams. While the term
peneplain is a convenient one to apply to this great stretch of country
with its distinctive physiographic features, it may perhaps be more
accurately designated simply as a somewhat dissected plain. From
the surface of the plain, in a few places, there rise low, rounded hills
or monadnocks, forming pronounced features of the landscape.

Owing to the depressions, and the hills in question, the country pre-
sents to the casual observer a rolling or hilly character, but that it really
is a plateau or elevated plain, which has been etched or dissected by the
agencies of decay and erosion, is evident from a study of the landscape as
seen from any of the higher points in the area, as for instance, from the
summit of Greens mountain, on lots 15 and 16, concession I of the town-
ship of Glamorgan, which is 1,466 feet above sea-level, and from which
an uninterrupted view of the surrounding country can be obtained in all
directions as far as the eye can reach. ‘The sky-line from here is seen to
be flat and even around the whole horizon, its uniformity being broken
only by three or four low hills, rising from the plain in different direc-
tions. ‘To the north and west the sky-line appears absolutely flat. The
hills constituting the unevennesses in the sky-line are, like Greens
mountain itself, composed of masses of harder rock, which remain by
virtue of the resistance which they offer to erosion. ‘Thus, the most
noticeable of the little humps on the sky-line, as seen from Greens
mountain, is a group of hills composed of granite, which forms part of
the Anstruther batholith; and is situated on concession v of Mon-
mouth. Another is formed by a ridge of dioritic rock, which is crossed
by the Monck road in the eastern portion of the same township. An-
other slight unevenness in the sky-line is caused by a granitic mass
north of McCue lake, in the same township. The same even sky-line
is well seen from the higher points in the central and southern portions
of the township of Anson, or from any of the higher elevations in the
townships of Dysart, Harburn, or Bruton. It is also very distinctly
seen from the Hastings road, just south of McKenzie lake, on the line
between the townships of Lyell and Wicklow. In the southern portion
of the area, the same even sky-line, broken only by a very few low, iso-
lated hills, can be observed from the top of the Blue mountains in the
township of Methuen, or from the higher points in the great dioritic
intrusion occupying the central portion of the township of Lake.

* Reprinted nearly verbatim from Geology of the Haliburton and Bancroft
Areas, Province of Ontario. By Frank D. Adams and Alfred E. Barlow. Geological
Survey Branch, Department of Mines, Canada, 1910.

PHYSICAL FEATURES 109

Although, however, when viewed from any particular point, this
plain appears very even, its surface is not quite horizontal. From the
southwestern portion of the area the plain rises gently, on going north,
until an area of maximum elevation is reached, beyond which it slopes
gradually down toward the north, or northeast again. This area of
maximum elevation is situated beyond the northern boundary of the
sheet. This constitutes the watershed of the region, the waters from
it being carried off to the south in a number of small rivers, into large
lakes, which lie to the south and west, beyond the limits of the map,
and thence into the St. Lawrence ; while along the northern slope
it is drained by a number of little streams, which unite to form the
Madawaska river.

The heights of all the points in the area whose elevations have been
determined—some 120 in number—have been recorded on the map.
The elevations being chiefly of points along lines of railway are, natur-
ally, somewhat lower than they would be for adjacent points on the
surface of the plain, the railways following, so far as possible, lines of
depression.

The average height of the plain, as a whole, in the area covered
by the map, may be taken as about 1,250 feet above sea-level. In the
higher tract referred. to above and forming the watershed, it is about
1,500 feet. So far as known, the highest point in the area is on the
Hastings road, about six miles north of Maynooth, in the township of
Wicklow, which was determined barometrically to be 1,570 feet above
sea-level.

In the southern portion of the map, the plain continues to slope
gently to the south, and eventually passes beneath the Paleozoic strata
which here border it. The lowest points in the whole district are along
this contact, Stony lake being only 768 feet, and Deer bay 793 feet
above sea-level ; while the roadbed of the Central Ontario railway,
which, crossing concession xIv of Tudor, is 1,035 feet above sea-level,
sinks to 944 at Millbridge station, and to 828 at Bannockburn station,
four miles and a half farther south.

The average gradient of the southward sloping portion of the plain
cannot be certainly determined with the data at present available, the
exact height of a sufficient number of points not being known. If,
however, a line is taken from the height-of-land which forms the divide
between the Muskoka and Madawaska rivers, in the township of Peck
(1,500 feet), in a direction S. 19° E. to the surface of the plain at a
point two miles south of Gooderham (1,213 feet), in the township of
Glamorgan—a distance of 46 miles—the gradient will be found to be
6.4 feet to the mile. If a longer line is taken, running a little to the
west of that just mentioned and parallel to it, from Canoe lake in the
_ township of Peck (1,379 feet), to Deer bay (793 feet), in the township

of Harvey, at the extreme southern limit of the map, the total descent
will be 586 feet, and the gradient: 8.1 feet to the mile.

These figures probably represent very closely the average southerly
gradient, except along the easterly margin of the area, where the plain,
as shown above, has a more uniform elevation from north to south.

The plain, as has been mentioned, presents by no means a perfectly
even surface. It has been etched by the agents of erosion, and is thus

110 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

pitted and scored. In these depressions lie the lakes, which are so
abundant in the area, or in some cases swamps, and the streams and
rivers which connect and drain them. The accentuation of the country
is, however, very low, and it is very seldom indeed in any portion of the
area that the hills whose summits represent the plain rise as much as
250 feet above the waters of the lake or river at their foot. In by far
the greater number of cases the difference in level is much less than
this. The greatest difference in level of any two points on the map, so
far as known at present, is 639 feet, the highest point being that north
of Maynooth, referred to above, and the lowest being the surface of
lake Kamaniskeg, lot 12, concession x1x, in the township of Raglan.
If the depth of the waters of this lake were added to the figure given
above, the maximum difference in level to be found in the area covered
by the map would probably be obtained.

At some points in the area, as has been mentioned, isolated hills,
or small groups of hills, forming notable features in the landscape of
the surrounding district, rise above the general surface of the plain.
These, as has been mentioned, are usually composed of some more
resistant rock, and survive on account of the greater resistance which
they offer to the action of the forces of denudation. One of these
already mentioned—Greens mountain—on lots 15’and 16, concession 1
of Glamorgan, rises 1,466 feet above sea-level, or 253 feet above the
level of the surface of the surrounding plain, and is composed of a mas-
sive gabbro. Another, made up of syenite, is known as the Blue moun-
tain, and is situated in the central part of the township of Methuen.
It is, at its highest part, 300 feet above the surface of Kasshabog lake,
which lies immediately south of it, or about 1,100 feet above sea-level.
Its height above the plain, in a shallow depression of which the lake
lies, would thus be somewhat greater than that of Greens mountain,
although its height above sea-level is considerably less.

Along the southern margin of the map area also, conspicuous hills
are formed by the isolated outliers of the horizontal Paleozoic strata
of the great plain of central Canada, which bounds the Archean country
on the south. These Paleozoic strata formerly completely covered
this Archean country, along its southern portion at least, the stirface
of what we may term the Archean plain being seen to pass beneath
them. Now that the strata in question have been almost entirely
stripped off, and the underlying Archean (or pre-Palzeozoic) plain is
once more laid bare, these surviving remnants of the Palaeozoic stand
up from the surrounding Archean country as steep-faced hills, com-
posed of horizontally bedded limestones, and which can be seen for long
distances. :

The plain is almost everywhere more or less mantled by drift, the
ice of the glacial period being the latest agent of erosion. The thick-
ness of this drift varies considerably in different places. Over the
greater portion of the area it is comparatively thin, so that, while it
forms the soil of the country, the underlying rock, in the form of smooth
roches moutonnées, protrudes through it at frequent intervals, giving
ample opportunity for astudy of the petrographical character, and the
structure of the rocks beneath. In some districts, however, the drift
is heavier, and forms an almost continuous covering, no exposures

PHYSICAL FEATURES 111

being visible for long. distances. Areas of heavy drift are found in
the northern portions of the townships of Dysart, Anstruther, and
the southeastern portion of Carlow. The drift in these stretches
of country, and generally everywhere at the higher levels throughout
the area, is unstratified and filled with boulders, the stratified gravels
and sands being found about the lakes, and in the river valleys. The
drift undoubtedly gives to the plain a somewhat smoother surface than
it would present were the surface freed from drift, although the accen-
tuation of the country is probably not decreased by its presence, to
any considerable extent ; for, while the drift undoubtedly fills many
depressions in the subjacent rock surface, it also mantles and thus in-
creases the elevation of many of the highest portions of the area. When
the drift is very thin and disconnected, or when, as in a few places, it is
absent, the country assumes a very rocky and barren aspect, great
expanses of bare roches moutonnées surface extending in every direc-
tion. Such tracts are almost exclusively confined to certain develop-
ments of granite or diorite, as for instance, those crossed by the Buck-
horn road in the township of Glamorgan, or by the Hastings road in the
townships of Wollaston and Limerick. Similar drift-free areas are seen
in the great Blueberry ‘barrens’ in southeastern Methuen, as well as in
the diorite and granite areas of Cashel and Grimsthorpe. The thin-
ness of the drift sheet, or the absence of drift, in the case of the granitic
or dioritic areas, is due in part to the fact, that, being composed of
rocks which offer a marked resistance to erosion, these areas stand at
relatively high levels, while most of the other rocks of the district, being
somewhat softer, are apt to form the depressions in the plain, and are
there likely to be more or less covered by drift. This cause, however,
by no means determines the distribution of the drift in all cases, for,
as has been shown, many great stretches of granite, forming the higher
portions of the area, lie under an almost continuous mantle of drift.

One of the most characteristic features of the landscape of this
region, as of most other parts of the great northern protaxis in Canada,
is the immense number of lakes, large and small, which stud its surface.
some 500 lakes occur in the area of 4,000 square miles embraced by
the map which accompanies this report, or one lake to about every
8 square miles of surface. These lakes range in size from comparatively
large bodies of water, like Kawagama lake, which has an area of about 22
Square miles, down to very small lakes or ponds, which cover only a
small fraction of a square mile. These lakes are filled with beautifully
clear and fresh water, and discharge through the multitude of streams
and little rivers, which, with them, constitute the drainage system of
the district, and along the course of which are many beautiful water-
falls, supplying ample power to mills at various points. By means of
these hundreds of lakes and their connecting streams, it is possible,
if the routes be known, to traverse the area in canoes in almost any
direction, without making portages of any great length. Thus, there
is a good canoe route from Gull lake, in the southwestern portion of
the area, northward through the township of Minden to Whitney on
the line of the Grand Trunk railway, and thence south through Baptiste
lake to Bancroft, on the Central Ontario railway. From thence there
is a canoe route to the northeast, down the York branch of the Mada-

112 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

waska, to beyond the limits of the sheet. While thus it is often very
difficult, except for the experienced woodsman, to traverse the forests
of the unsettled portions of the country on foot, the district is admirably
suited for canoe travel, and, by means of canoes, access may be had to
any part of it.

The lakes, which are so numerous in this tract of country, occupy-

ing, as has been shown, shallow depressions in the plain, are, in some
cases, true rock basins, and, in other cases, depressions in the mantle of
drift. Other lakes have banks which are in part rock and, in part,
drift, occupying, in some instances, portions of a rock basin which has
been partitioned off, or partly filled up by a mass of drift.
A striking example of a rock basin is that occupied by Clear lake,
in the southeastern corner of the township of Sherborne. Still other
excellent-examples are afforded by Compass lake and Stoplog lake,
situated in the granite country forming the western side of the town-
ship of Burleigh. This tract of country is free from drift, and consists
of a series of low ridges of granite running with the strike of the gneiss,
in the depressions of which lie little lakes. Another peculiar example
is to be found in a narrow lake, nearly two miles long, crossing conces-
sions XII, XIII, and XIV on the west side of the township. of Lutter-
worth, this lake depression being remarkable in that it cuts directly
across the strike of the gneiss in which it is excavated, throughout its
whole length.

As an instance of lakes which lie in depressions in the drift, the
two lakes situated on lots 25, 26 and 27, of concessions x, XI, and XII
of the township of Harcourt, may be cited. They lie in a sandy pine
flat, which has an elevation of only a few feet above their waters, and
which is continuous with that through which the branch of the York
river draining these lakes flows, both to the north and south of the
lakes in question. Another lake about which very little rock is exposed,
and which may be said to occupy a drift depression, is Clearwater lake
in the township of McClintock. Oxtongue lake, in the same township,
as well as Beech and Maple lakes, in the township of Stanhope, are in
like manner almost entirely bordered by drift. Head lake, by the side
of which the village of Haliburton is situated, and many other sheets of
water in the area, have no rock exposed about their margins.

Furthermore, it can be clearly seen from the surface features of
the country, that, in many cases, groups of these lakes, which are now
separate sheets of water, were at one time connected. The low flats of
stratified sand which separate them are clearly portions of the lake
bottom when the water stood at a somewhat higher level than at present,
while the higher land, which formed the original lake shores, can be
seen in the background bordering the plain.

Thus, in the southern portion of the township of Dysart, Head
lake, Grass lake, and the little lake immediately to the south of the
latter sheet of water, were at one time connected with each other, and,
with Lake Kashagawigamog. In the same way, Drag lake formerly
extended to the southwest across the sand flat on concessions Iv, Vv,
and vi of Dysart, to Long lake, on concession Iv, and thence to Blue
Hawk lake, on concession I of Dysart. Drag lake was thus formerly
at least twice as large as it is at present, and probably extended to the

PHYSICAL FEATURES 113

west from Blue Hawk lake, down the valley of the Burnt river, which
would give it a still larger area. Many other similar instances may be
observed in all parts of the area.

The drift, however, is comparatively thin everywhere, and the
depressions in its surface probably, in many cases, mark equivalent
depressions in the surface of the underlying gneiss, and thus a glance at
the map shows the remarkable influence which the strike of the rocks
underlying the area has had upon the distribution, position, and shape
of the lakes, and upon the course of the streams. In the southern por-
tion of the area the lakes lie very largely along the course of the bands of
Grenville limestone, while, in the granite region of the north, they form
a delicately etched pattern of the surface of the great plain of granitic
gneiss, occupying shallow depressions, whose course is determined
chiefly by the strike of the country rock ; and, even when the lake
runs across the strike, the long arms and bays in its deeply indented
shore line will be found to follow the direction of the strike.

The group of lakes in the townships of Nightingale, Clyde, Sabine,
and Lawrence show in a striking manner how the shape of the lakes is
determined by the complicated twisting of the strikes in that district.

Appendix IT
Geology of the Area*

The region is a very typical Archzean or Pre-Cambrian area, near
the southern margin of the great Canadian Shield or Northern¥Pro-
taxis of the North American continent, which stretches with almost
unbroken continuity to the borders of the Arctic ocean. Ordovician
strata, which survive as evidence of the transgression of the Pale-
ozoic sea from the south occur as isolated outliers of various sizes and
shapes. They form conspicuous steep-faced hills of horizontally
stratified rocks in the townships of Lake, Methuen, Burleigh and
Harvey, in the south-west angle of the Bancroft sheet. To the south
of Stony lake, the northern portions of Dummer and Smith townships
are underlain by the main body of the Ordovician, which forms the great
plain stretching southward to lake Ontario and beyond.

The line of contact between the highly inclined crystalline rocks
of the Pre-Cambrian and the horizontal limestones and sandstones of
the Palzeozoic is marked by a very distinct and abrupt change in the
character of the country. The Pre-Cambrian region is decidedly
rocky and uneven and is thus, in large part, unsuited for purposes of
agriculture. It is pre-eminently a grazing country with stretches
of uncleared forest land still remaining. In marked contrast the
country underlain by Ordovician strata is prevailingly flat and fertile,
well cleared, and occupied by a large farming population.

In the area covered by the Forest Distribution map, the Laurentian
country is underlain by a diversified series of altered sedimentary rocks
among which limestones predominate, resting upon and invaded by
enormous bodies of gneissic granite.

The sedimentary series is largely developed to the south-east, where
it is comparatively free from igneous intrusions. ‘Towards the north-
west, however, the granite, in ever-increasing amount, arches up the
sedimentary series and wells up through it, in places disintegrating it
into a breccia composed of shreds and patches of the invaded rock
scattered through the invading granite, until eventually connected
areas of the sedimentary series disappear entirely and over hundreds
of square miles, the granite and granite-gneiss alone are seen, holding,
however, in almost every exposure, inclusions which represent the last
scattered remnants of the invaded rock. In addition to these extensive
batholiths of granite and gneiss, other rocks of an intrusive character
occur. Among the more important may be mentioned gabbros, diorites
and amphibolites, in addition to nepheline and other alkaline syenites,
with which the corundum deposits are associated.

*Extracted from Guide Book No. 2, International Geological Congress, 1913

Appendix IV*

Mineral Occurrences in the Area included in the

Trent Watershed Map

Gold

The Belmont or Cordova mine, operated by the Cordova Explora-
tion Co., has been opened on lot 20, concession 1 of Belmont.

The Deloro mine, formerly known as the Canada Consolidated,
is the most important gold mine in central Canada and is situated
in lots g and 10, concession vir of Marmora. The ore consists of
mispickel or arsenical pyrites, with gold in quartz. This mine is
almost unique in that it produces both arsenic and gold.

The Richardson mine on lot 18, concession v of Madoc caused the
noted Madoc gold excitement of 1866 and following years. It proved,
however, to be a small, though very rich, pocket.

Gold was discovered on many other properties in Madoc and
Marmora. It has also been mined in a small way, on the following :

/

Belmont —lot 18, concession III
Tudor —lots 4, 5, 5 1 ; Craig mine
Grimsthorpe —lot 30, Ix

Copper

A copper-bearing vein has been opened on lot 22, concession III
of Dungannon.

Galena
Galena has been mined in a number of localities. Concerning
some of them Vennor says: ‘‘It may be remarked that many of these

veins in Tudor, yielding considerable bunches of ore near the surface,
show little more than traces of ore at the depth of a few feet.”

It has been mined on some 25 lots in Tudor and in the following
localities :

Lake —lot 6, concession x1 ; Katherine mine
6c (79 66
— I
Bb]
rh — “ 10, ‘: x1 : Donahue mine
‘ es 66 Li, 66 XI
Madoc — “ A, Wy vi ; Hollandia mine
Molybdenum

Molybdenite has been found in the following localities :

Harcourt—on, or near, N.E. corner of lot, 3, concession 1
Cardiff—about three miles southwest of Deer Lake Station
Digby—lot 6, concession vII
Lutterworth—lot 23, concession v

- —Miner bay, Gull lake
Monteagle—lots 6, 26 and 27, concession I
Anstruther—lot 24 (or 25), concession XIV

*NotE—The notes contained in this Appendix are, in large part, summarized
from Geology of the Haliburton and Bancroft Areas, by Frank D. Adams and Alfred
EK. Barlow, except references to Madoc, Marmora and Belmont townships, which
are from reports of the Geological Survey of Canada.

116 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Iron

Iron ore has been mined extensively in the southwestern portion of
the area covered by the map, notably the Bessemer mine in Mayo,
the Wallbridge and Seymour mines in Madoc, the Blairton mine in
Belmont, and the Coehill mine in Wollaston.

The most important occurrences are :

Burleigh -—near Apsley village
Dungannon—lot 30, concession XIII

Glamorgan — “ 27, XV
FE RS 35, (73 IV
¢ —lots 29, 30, 32 sa
at —lot 27, XIII
Lake . — “ 18, Pe III and Iv
Te ie 5, i v and v1; Paxton mine
inden — it, I
Monmouth — “ 30, te XIII
Mayo —lots 2, 3,4 “ vi and lots 11
Snowdon —lot 20, cf 1; Victoria mine

—lots 25, 26, 27, concession IV

ie —lot 33, concession Vv

Tudor — ay a x1; St. Charles mine

- —lots 6,7,8 “ x1Ix ; Emily mine

* —lot 18, : XVIII; Baker or Horseshoe mine

—lots 56, 57, Hastings Road West
Wollaston — ‘ 12, 13, 14, 15, concession vir ; Coehill mine
Belmont —w 7, 8, concession I; Blairton mine

—lot 19, ; Ledyard mine
Also in some 26 localities in Madoc and td townships.
Ochre

Ochre has been mined near the shore of Loon bay, Kawagama lake,
concession x11, Sherbourne township.

Pyrite
There are deposits of pyrite in the following localities :

Cashel—lot 23, concession vil ; Little Salmon Lake
23, rs Iv ; Gunter mine
Madoc— “‘ ll, oe xa

Mispickel

As stated under ‘‘ Gold,” the ore found at the Deloro mine contains
mispickel. For a time, arsenic was produced there but, as it is a by-
product of Cobalt ores, its production is no longer remunerative.

Mispickel has also been found in :

Faraday —in concession 1x, about seven miles west of L’Ama-
ble station—the Best mine

Dungannon—Bradshaw lot in concession v1

Wollaston —Rollins lot, five miles west of Coehill

Mica

This mineral has been prospected or mined at a number of points
as below :

MINERAL OCCURRENCES 117

Monmouth—lot 16, concession x

Cardiff at at hy XXII
— ‘ 30, ft XIII
Glamorgan— ‘‘ 35, 4 I
Methuen — “ 15, “ vir ; Lynn mine
— “ 16, ri vir ; Osterhause mine
Late

Talc is being mined and ground at Madoc village. It has also
been mined on lot 9, concession v of Grimsthorpe. There isa very large
market for this mineral as a filler for paper, etc.

Graphite
The Parpe ee occurrences have been noted :

Monmouth Tyee 9, Monck Road
2. concession XIII

Anstruther — “ 38, a I

Glamorgan — “ 30, IV

Corundum

From an economic standpoint, corundum is one of the most im-
portant minerals in this area. There are a great number of corundum
occurrences in the northeastern portion of the area, but only those in
Carlow township have been developed to any extent.

The Ashland Emery & Corundum (formerly the Ontario Corun-
dum) Company has mined it on lot 14, concession xiv, and lots 15
and 16, concession x1 of Carlow.

The Canada Corundum Co. formerly operated the Craig mine and
other deposits covering an area of 2,000 acres in Renfrew and Hastings
counties. This mine is now closed down, and, as the mine buildings
have been destroyed by fire, it is improbable that it will be re-opened
in the near future.

Other localities that have been prospected are :

Monteagle —lots 5 and 138, concession I
Dungannon— “ 6 and 7, J XIV

Garnet

Crystals of garnet, usually about half-inch across, but, in some cases,
an inch, or even more, in diameter have been noted on the east town-
line of Cardiff at its intersection with the line between concessions vI
and VII.

They are also found on Fishtail lake, lots 12 and 13, concession Ix
of Harcourt.

Apatite

Apatite is found at various points throughout the region, but the
inaccessibility of much of the district, together with the low prices
prevailing, have prevented the shipping of the material, although
considerable development work has been done in the township of
Monmouth, to the northwest of Tory Hill.

118 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Apatite has been reported as occurring at the following localities :

Dudley —lot 4, concession ITI
Dysart == 1A, ue
Harcourt — “ 21, of

Monmouth —lots 14, 15, and 17, cbiicaanes XI
“ —lot 3, concession X

Cardiff — 8. a XVI
66 Baer 22. be XIV
66 eManGG 22, 66 XIX
Faraday —5 miles southwest of Bancroft
Monteagle —lot 26, concession vI
Marl

Much attention has been directed to deposits of marl because of
the demand for it in the manufacture of Portland cement. These
deposits are nearly pure carbonate of lime, with a greater or less admix-
ture of certain impurities, mainly silica and organic material.

The more extensive and important deposit in the area is that which
is still in process of deposition, covering the shores and the greater
portion of the bottoms of the Blue Sea lakes, in concessions x11 and
xu of Limerick. The other deposits form the bottom of Snow lake,
lot 24, concession 1x of Wollaston. ‘The depth of the marl was in neither
case ascertained, but it is very evidently of such extent as to be available
for economic purposes.

Marble

An unlimited supply of various marbles can be obtained in this
district. Only a few places have been opened for ornamental stone,
but these examinations were sufficient to show that marbles of various
colours and textures, equal to the best imported material, could be
obtained. Large. blocks, free from flaws and shakes, suitable for
columns of any size can be quarried, and as transporation facilities are
adequate, stone could be put on the market in large centres, such as
Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, at prices much lower than those ob-
taining for imported marbles.

On lots 1 and 2 ,concession x11 of Faraday township, a great deal
of work has been done in opening up a marble quarry.

The presence of good workable marble has here been proved, over
an area more than half a mile long by some 1,000 feet wide. Stone can be
obtained ranging from a coarse crystalline white marble to a grayish,
dove coloured, fine-grained stone; variegated and veined marbles
have also been uncovered.

The Ontario Marble Quarries, Ltd., have opened up a quarry on
lots 41 and 42, Hastings Road East in Faraday. At least four varieties
of marble can be obtained in different parts of the area.

Other marbles deposits have been noted in many localities including:

Faraday—lots 41 and 42, Hastings Road West
Dungannon—lots 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, concession x
Lutterworth—lot 19, concessions Iv and v

‘ 20, concession Vv
Glamorgan — lot 2, VI

Serpentine marble is found in:
Lutterworth—lot 13, concession xIv

MINERAL OCCURRENCES 119

Lithographic Stone

A fine grained limestone that makes an excellent lithographic stone
has been quarried on lots 7 and 8, concession v of Madoc. Owing to
the limited market in Canada, production has not, as yet, been under-
taken on a commercial scale.

Sodalite

On lot 25, concession x1v of Dungannon, some considerable develop-
ment work and quarrying have been done on a body of sodalite, which
it is intended to work extensively for a decorative stone. This mineral
which has a beautiful blue colour, ranging from a dark shade to a very
pale blue, takes a high polish, and is eminently fitted to be used as
ornamental stone of high grade.

In this deposit of sodalite, more particularly near the edges where

it merges into the nepheline rocks, there are patches of aventurine
feldspur or sunstone, which can be polished and used as a semi-precious
stone.

Immediately south of the above, there is another occurrence of
sodalite on lot 25, concession x111, township of Dungannon.

Appendix V

Extracts from Letters of Township Clerks and Reeves to
the Dominion Forestry Branch Regarding Conditions
in the Trent Watershed and Neighbouring

Counties

Before the survey was begun, the Dominion Forestry Branch
made some enquiries to ascertain conditions and sentiments regatding
a forest policy in the counties of the Trent watershed and neighbouring
counties. This correspondence was placed at the disposal of the Com-
mission, and the following extracts are reproduced to show that simi-
lar conditions prevail in the adjoining counties, and that, in general,

the idea of a forest policy finds the general approval of those conversant
with the conditions.

CARDIFF TOWNSHIP, HALIBURTON COUNTY.

There is probably 50% of the land in this township unfit for agri-
culture, being rough and rocky. This land has formerly been covered
with pine timber and is now growing maple and beech, which, owing to
distance from rail, are practically valueless. There is very little danger
here from fire as the country is so cut up with lakes, etc., and, if refor-
ested with valuable varieties, which would grow just as well as the pre-
sent valueless ones, these lands would be a source of perpetual income,
while now they offer no inducements to settlers. There will never be
any more than a belt a few miles wide along the line of the Irondale,
Bancroft and Ottawa railway successfully settled by farmers. The
maple and beech cannot be taken out by water and cannot be worked
profitably more than 5 miles from a railway. ‘The result is that all lots
are being stripped of everything valuable, and that locators then
abandoned them outside this 5 miles ; and it will become increasingly
difficult to reforest with more valuable varieties as time goes on.

Monmovuty TownsHip, HALIBURTON COUNTY.

Your letter of the 14th instant ve non-agricultural land, town- .
ship of Monmouth. The 1912 assessment roll is in the hands of the
assessor at present, but as near as I can estimate from the 1g11 roll,
there is just about one-quarter of the township land in the hands of the
Government, and this land is almost entirely unfit for agricultural
purposes. And in my estimation, I think it would be a grand step for
the Government to preserve the forest. It is a disgrace the way
the settlers are destroying the forests, not only in this township but
all over the north country. They think they are getting something
for nothing. Lots of wood of their own to last their children’s children,
and yet they go into the Government land and slash away, taking only
the good body wood and leaving a great slash to help on the forest fires.

Trusting you will be successful in your attempt to preserve the
TOPEBD. Sais os

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 121

MARMORA AND LAKE TOWNSHIPS, HasTINGs CounrTy.

In reply to your letter re non-agricultural lands in Marmora and
Lake townships that could be re-forested, would say that at least
one-half of Lake township could be re-forested, perhaps about 40,000
or 50,000 acres. There is considerable timber in Lake township yet.
Only a small portion is used for agricultural purposes.

In regard to Marmora township, I would estimate that there are
about 30,000 acres that could be re-forested.

Would think that it would be a grand thing to establish a forest
reserve on those lands. Bush fires would be the greatest hindrance.

Hoping to hear from you at an early date to know if the matter is
progressing favourably through the other parts of Canada.

LIMERICK TOWNSHIP, HastTincs County.

You have asked me a hard question to answer. In the first place,
this township is not a good farming township. A man who intends
to do anything wants from three to five hundred acres, in order to work
the best portion, and pasture the rough portions. There is about 50,000
acres of land in the township, about 17,000 assessed to residents. The
balance is held by non-residents. ‘I estimate that there are from ten to
twelve thousand acres as good as what is settled on and would be settled
if it could be bought. There are from ten to fifteen thousand acres that
has been mestly a pinery. It is all stripped and left a slash and the fire
has run over it until it is a barren looking place, so grown up with small
red cherry, some poplar, and small undergrowth, that it is hard to get
through it. Some places there is little pine. There was some land
burned over when I first came in the township, forty-eight years ago.
It has been mostly all cut over and is pretty much all aslash. I have
watched the growth of the timber and it makes very slow progress.
Some affords some wood but nothing of value. I am one of the oldest
settlers and have been through the forest a good deal, and my opinion
is that the second growth will never amount to much.

CHANDOS TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY.

Yours of the 22nd to hand and contents noted. The assessment
of 1911 of the Township of Chandos, gives the total number of acres of
waste land as 11,158 acres, while perhaps 25 per cent of this is drowned
land, or too wet for forestry. The balance, or as much of it as possible,
should, in my opinion, be administered for forest reserve purposes.

HARVEY TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY
In reply to your letter, I would say that I judge there is twenty
per cent of this township of Harvey unsuited for agricultural purposes,
and that it would be a wise act to have the said twenty per cent reserved
for forest purposes.

HARVEY TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY

In answer to your letter of Jan. 17, I would like some more informa-
tion in regard to what you would consider non-agricultural lands.
There is a great deal of land in Harvey township not suitable for culti-
vation. In fact, I do not think that more than 20 per cent of Harvey
is at present under cultivation. This includes about all that is suitable
for cultivation, and some that is not suitable. On the other hand,

122 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

there is a great deal of land used as pasture land, particularly round
the lakes, and I do not know whether you would call this agricultural
land or not. Kindly advise me on this point. In regard to establish-
ing permanent forest reserves, I certainly think it would be advisable
to have as much of the rough land growing timber as possible, but would
like to know how you propose to acquire this land, in how large blocks,
and what kind of timber, etc.

There are settlers living on land in Harvey who are not able to
live on the land alone, but have to help make a living in some other way.
Such land would certainly be better growing timber than anything else.
A great deal of this pasture land I spoke of is merely slash land or, at
best, is land that was settled on and, as long as the timber lasted, the
settler made a living and perhaps grew a crop of wheat and one or two
of hay, but, as it could not be cultivated, it soon became fit for nothing
but pasture and the occupant was forced to go somewhere else. Then
some farmer in Harvey or elsewhere bought the land and used it as a
cattle pasture.

MINDEN TOWNSHIP, VICTORIA COUNTY

Yours re non-agricultural lands in this district to hand. In reply
will say that a fair estimate of such land in my township would be from
sixteen to eighteen square miles. When I make this estimate, I mean
lands that are almost altogether useless for agriculture. While the
greater portion of the township is settled and the majority of the lots
are cleared, there are portions of nearly every lot of very little value for
agriculture. If it could be made workable, I think the establishment
of forest reserves a good scheme.

TOWNSHIP OF SOMERVILLE, VICTORIA COUNTY

In reply to your favour of the 17th, I do not know that I can give
you avery satisfactory reply. You ask me for an approximate estimate
of the non-agricultural lands of the township. I should say that there
are about sixteen, thousand acres,in this township unfit for agricultural
purposes, some being portions of,lots, the remainder of which are fairly
good. Most of this poor land is fenced and is used for cattle runs
(pasture). As to establishing forest reserves I am not in a position to
give an opinion. Some of the poor land is in blocks of from one to two
thousand acres, but a great deal of it is mixed between patches of fair
to good land.

I have thought, when I see people (as some are doing) cutting young
timber and selling it as cordwood, that it is a pity such practices could
not be prevented, especially when it is young pine. I think, where a
man has made a purchase of a government lot and paid one or two small
payments, the sale should be cancelled if the land is growing up to young
timber, especially if it is pine timber, even if the money he had paid
were refunded to him. It might be all right to sell this waste land if
it were sold under restrictions as to cutting young timber and the pre-
vention of fires.

For Addington County, see Lennox and Addington.

For Durham County, see Northumberland and Durham.

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 123

FRONTENAC COUNTY
Please find below areas asked for in County of Frontenac. The
woodland mentioned would be partly second growth, ‘‘swamp,”’ partly
timber growth and partly alders, ‘‘marsh’’ wild-hay, and wet land
‘“rushes,”’

Swamp, Marsh,
Woodland Slash Wet Land

TOWNSHIPS. Acres. Acres. Acres.
PPTEBIC at, ihe ek. oes eee 7,498 2,406 10,888
OCLEOHE Cty ee ee Lk as de de oe we ae 9,846 ses Be 19,018
Clarendon and Miller ............. 9,340 ee 15,390
Eee rOOk 0:2... his ao Lie hes 864 eon 44,156
SBME DEO ah ec Secs He oc bis nao eles 8,140 aes 19,767
POUSHOOTOURE. Fee Ue ele wa o's 10,382 e's 2,753
ICR ehh if es Boda PO ob delate ce Belace 5,788 | Love 18,586
(St) ee OE ANE eS SP } 16,341 ! ye 6,898
PRU ATA Ceo Foi Gk Mea ee Mra ie eg 7,6961% We iA 4,566
Palmerston and N. & 8. Canonto... 3 5,084 At i 28,970
1300041510 7 Page eae PP 1,322 aye 25,593

Total area of County is 702,113 acres.

Bancor, McCiLureE AND WICKLOW TOWNSHIPS,
HastTincs County
Presented your letter of Feb. 3rd before Council of Bangor, et al.
They authorized me to write stating that in their judgment 50 per cent
of the township of Bangor, et al, is unfit for agricultural purposes and
that it is well suited for a forest reserve, having been pine land, and now
a large part of it is growing up with young pine.

-HUNGERFORD TownsHiP, Hastincs County
I would estimate the area of non-agricultural lands in this township
at 10,000 acres. Personally, I think it a serious mistake that the matter
of reforestry was not pushed along 15 or 25 years ago. Consider that
permanent forest reserves would form an inestimable asset.

Mayo ,Townsuip, Hastincs County
In regard to amount of non-agricultural land in our township,
there is about seventy-five per cent of it non-agricultural land, and I am
of the opinion that the forest reserves would be all right here.

LANARK COUNTY

In the accompanying table you will find the acreages for the various
sub-divisions of each township of the county. These figures were ob-
tained from the township rolls for tg11. You will also find in the last
column the estimated percentage of each township which is too rough
and rocky to be used for agricultural purposes. These estimates were
obtained from the clerk of each township. It would seem as if there is a
good opening here for the establishment of forest reserves since there
is so much land that is not now, and never will be, of agricultural
value.

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

124

I

TgG2Z
TE9V
606%
YG8ET
8808
GGCIT
TS6LT
9Z9TT
OISST
GZOIS
CTI¢L
T 61 STOIT
EY) VSI8>

ANMDOOFRDOOCONS
OW OOM WDION
HOO RFMO ARAN Aa
Oo mn se ree

OD LD NI CO O19 CO 00 09 109 G2 CD SHON
OHADOODAANATAAN

v1L8 TAA Sie Se

ING aNV1 ING
aang -d0OOM ugg
qOVaHOVy

XN AN

re

OD “OND -NHOOoroaonw

S
ice)
sH
re
wD -Omwd -HMOWOOM OH

MOOT INAS
dWVMG wag
qOVaAIOV

Ayunor) yreuey

SLZST ie . Ig 920ZE cecz9o o) 6; (@iecie. 0 ele e: Bet eEwee tele, & ele leah eam onseyUOS[
PS8 €80 -| ren | Ghose =e "rrttts + Ao[suIT THON
6026 Gch | 8LZST Gucep = 6 re eae * “ssoding YON
ted pee S| orca | “arc meas eee Sr em
aoa bee S| = aye sei het a eee einen
ee Ory ec ube hicieron Rae
GLE ese | Ser0t pages lie ee oe oZOOIg1ayy YING
TISt c’*69 O8hZP 61119 see eee eee eee eee ecoeeeeeee * AVSUIVY
pe FO ed Seams lpr ce oan ee eee
SOReace ea See | a ee tae: 5 2 eee
Zoe 9°3r | 8889 EC00L= | oe ee aZOoIg1oys YON
ce ee pe oe a ee eee a
coo eee 0°92 eO80I LGOLF St as TP ae as Se ee Sara
vont = cece de arecelecne; ee eae ee waa,
HSV1IS LNW) aqguvaty) | ASvawoy
aOVaAdOV aad GHOVANOV | AASSaSSV dIHSNMOT,
IVLOT,

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 125

Nortu Burcess Townsuip, LANARK COUNTY

The average agricultural landin North Burgess township from the
Rideau lake to the concession vi1I, would average about 15 per cent.
Along the Rideau it would average much less as there is over 3,000
acres not settled on and only used as pasture land. Very large timber
used to grow in this township, especially between Black lake and the
Rideau. The fire in 1870 destroyed all growth of timber. I believe
the land along the Rideau would be very suitable for establishing
forest reserves.

DRUMMOND TOWNSHIP, LANARK COUNTY

Your letter re the establishing of permanent forest reserves on non-
agricultural lands received, and in reply would say, that the non-agricul-
tural lands in this district are principally marsh lands, that have been
cleared either for farming purposes, or by bush fires, and are now pro-
ducing nothing but weeds or scrub. Some of this land produced heavy
timber, pine or tamarack. I might say that there is not any great
amount of such lands, a few hundred acres in each place and not more
than three or four places in the immediate district.

I am satisfied that, if these lands were reforested, they would not
only be revenue-producing but be a benefit to the surrounding country.

NortH ELMsLey TownsuHip, LANARK COUNTY

In reply to your letter re the establishing of permanent forest
reserves on non-agricultural lands in this section, I would say that
there are several hundred acfes of land in this township which have
been partially drowned by the Tay canal and Rideau canal. On this
land there were elm and ash swamps, which are now cut down and
there is nothing growing in their place. Part of this, I suppose, is too
low for any timber, while, on a large part, I should think that poplar
might grow if once started, but through this section poplar is only
growing on swamps that have been burned over, and these I mention
are too wet to have any bush burned on them, although they are
mostly clay bottom and deep soil. Any of the high land is good for
grass, and I think that the owners would not care to have them planted
with forest.

LavANT TownsHiPp, LANARK COUNTY

Re your enquiry of Jan.3oth (file 33532) regarding non-agricultural
lands in Lavant Township, I may say in reply that the assessment
roll of 1911 gives the following—acres of woodland, 36,644 ; acres of
slash, 1,467. The above figures will, I think, be a fair estimate of the
non-agricultural land in this township.

Regarding my opinion as to establishing permanent forest reserves
in this township, I may say that the bulk of this land has been burned
over a number of times and I am safe in saying that as much of the
original forest has been destroyed by fire as has been marketed. A por-
tion of the east corner of the township lying furthest from the railway
has, so far, escaped fire. I estimate it at about 3,000 acres, and it is
fairly well timbered with original forest. The balance, where fire has
passed over, is principally covered with a second growth of poplar,
white birch and some white pine, hut is swept by fire before it becomes

126 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

fit for any use. If means could be taken to protect this from fire, a
good supply of timber would be the result.

Ramsay Townsuip, LANARK COUNTY

Replying to your favor of recent date, I might say that there is a
large area of non-agricultural lands in this township, but I would judge
that the greater part of these lands would not be suitable for reforesting.

I have 175 acres of land without a stick of wood on it—all good
farm land and under cultivation. Would your Department supply me
with young trees if I wished to devote a few acres to bush, and at what
cost ?
. YONGE AND Escott REAR Townsuips, LEEDS COUNTY \

Replying to yours of recent date as to an estimate of the non-
agricultural lands in Rear Yonge and Escott, would state that, in vicin-
ity of Temperance and Charleston lakes, there are probably 1,000
acres of low and hilly (some rocky) lands, from which the timber has
been mostly taken off. Some is now growing up to small timber, and
I am of the opinion that these lands should be reserved for a future
supply of timber.

LENNOX AND ADDINGTON COUNTIES

Your letter of the roth instant re non-agricultural lands in the
county of Lennox and Addington duly received. We have three muni-
cipalities that contain a great deal of poor land which could be classed
as non-agricultural, viz. :

1. Sheffield.
2. Kaladar, Anglesea and Effingham.
3. Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby.

Nearly one-half of Sheffield is non-agricultural, about four-fifths of
Kaladar, Angelsea and Effingham and about four-fifths of Denbigh,
Abinger and Ashby. If you wished I could write to the clerks of these
municipalities and get further information for you, provided you let
me know what further you required.

DENBIGH, ABINGER AND ASHBY TOWNSHIPS, LENNOX AND
ADDINGTON COUNTY

The township of Denbigh contains about 50,000 acres, of which
about 29,000 acres are either owned, located under the Free Grants
and Homesteads Act, or otherwise occupied by private parties. Less
than 20 per cent of this area is under actual cultivation. About 50
per cent is composed of rock, swamp or marsh land, not fit for culti-
vation.

All the land at all fit for agricultural purposes is now occupied
and the remaining Crown Lands are unfit for settlement, and, as they
are nearly all situate in the north western portion of the township they
should, in my opinion, be included in a permanent forest reserve.

The township of Abinger contains about the same area as Denbigh,
but contains a larger proportion of land unfit for agricultural purposes.
It is also a part of this Free Grant District, and about 14,000 acres are
occupied by settlers. The lands still belonging to the Crown are chiefly
in the southern portion of the township and, together with similar lands

OPINIONS OF TWONSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 127

in adjoining townships, form part of a forest reserve established by the
Provincial Government.

The township of Ashby contains about a similar proportion of
land fit for settlement and cultivation to the township of Abinger,
but, as it does not belong to any Free Grant District, and the land
has to be bought at fifty cents per acre, only about 4,000 acres are
occupied. There is some good agricultural land in the centre and north-
ern portions of the township, which would soon be taken up by settlers if
they could get it as Free Grants, but as the areas are isolated and small,
in comparison with the area of the surrounding non-agricultural lands,
in my opinion it would be better not to encourage any more settlers
to locate there, but to establish a permanent forest reserve of all Crown
Lands within this municipality and adjoining townships ; to increase
the precautions for the prevention of forest fires and to assist in reforest-
ing these now unproductive areas, and thus provide a perpetual supply of
timber for the future.

KALADAR, ANGLESEA AND EFFINGHAM TOWNSHIPS, LENNOX
AND ADDINGTON COUNTY

In answer to your enquiry of the 17th of January, I beg to say
that there are about 22,077 acres of land not assessed in the townships
of Kaladar and Anglesea, which would be mostly lands not fit for
agricultural purposes, while the whole of Effingham is not assessed at
all and would come under the same class of lands. It would be very
desirable to have all that waste land re-forested, but would be a very
hard task to accomplish as there are always bush fires, the source of
which it is always impossible to ascertain, which destroy all the young
growth of timber. For instance, three years ago a forest fire, of un-
known origin, swept over all the lands mentioned and completely des-
troyed a fine young growth of timber, a great deal of which had already
attained commercial value.

McLEAn AND Ripout Townsuips, Muskoka DISTRICT.

In reply to your circular letter of the 17th of January. In the
united townships of McLean and Ridout, Muskoka district, the asses-
sor returns 31,531 acres of woodland. Generally, the pine, hemlock and
floatable timber have been taken off, leaving a scattered hardwood
of poor quality, birch being the best. Where burned over, there is
frequently a second growth of pine, which grows rapidly, but, unless
attention is given to trimming and thinning out, it will not become
of much commercial value as the tops spread out in many branches
without any leading stem. I have several acres of such second growth,
cleared about 40 years ago. Some years ago I trimmed a few, which
have since grown more shaply. There is said to be 4,000 acres of slash
land and 2,600 acres of waste or marsh land. ‘The soil is a rather poor
sand and not likely to give very good results from tree planting, unless
well cultivated.

OAKLEY TownsHIP, Muskoka DISTRICT
Yours of January 17th under file No. 33532 received. Re non-
agricultural land in the township of Oakley, would say there is about
65 per cent of the land in this township unfit for agricultural purposes.

128 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

I believe anything that can be done to perpetuate the supply of timber
in this section of the country, as in many others, would be desirable.
Most of all, we deplore to see the pine timber being depleted. Twenty-
five or thirty years ago, this township was well timbered with this
species, which long since have been cut down and taken away, with the
result that scarce a seedling can be found. True it is, many places are
fairly well supplied with trees of the above species, ranging probably
from fifteen to thirty years old, but where must a crop to follow these
come from, without the adult tree to supply cones ?

I think it would be wise if some measure were adopted whereby
at least one adult tree would be preserved on every hundred acres of
land. This, with more strict enforcing of the laws relating to forest
fires; would, in my opinion, be a great benefit to our country.

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM COUNTIES

I am in receipt of a communication from your office of the rst
instant, file number 33532, with regard to an estimate of the non-
agricultural lands in the counties of Northumberland and Durham.
I may say, that, so far as I can tell, there are about 40 square miles in
Durham and about 25 square miles in Northumberland of non-agri-
cultural lands.

With regard to the advisability of establishing forestry reserves
on these lands, I consider it a most excellent thing, as these lands at the
present time are of almost no use whatever, and we had thought of
commencing some reforestation work in connection with this office, in
the coming year.

UXBRIDGE .TOWNSHIP, ONTARIO COUNTY 3

In reply to your enquiry of Dec. 1st, I beg to say that practically
all of the non-agricultural land in this county is in the township of Ux-
bridge, and, so far as I can find out, the extent is about 2,000 acres.
It would most certainly be in the interests of this section, to establish
a permanent forest reserve. Not only its own value, but the value
of adjoining lands would be materially enhanced.

ASPHODEL TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY

In the township of Aspodel, there is a steep gravelly ridge which
runs from north-east to south-east across the whole township. It
should never have been cleared, and would be far better reforested.
Some evergreens brought from Guelph and planted last year appear
to be doing well. There will be about 5 per cent of the township
lands unfit for agriculture. It would certainly be wise to have these
lands reforested, but the difficulty is that it is nearly all private property,
and the trouble would be in protecting the young trees from cattle,
especially with such trees as maple, basswood and such like, all of
which grow well when protected.

LEEDS AND LANSDOWNE FRONT TownsuHIP, LEEDS COUNTY

I beg leave to report that I have examined the assessment returns
made by the assessors for this municipality, and find that the number

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 129

of acres given as slash or waste land is 3,897 acres. I believe those
figures might be increased, as the acreage always overruns. I would
consider it a wise act on the part of your department to establish per-
manent forest reserves on those lands. .

ENNISMORE TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY
There are about 17,000 acres of land in the township of Ennismore
and there is about one and a quarter to one per cent not fit for agri-
cultural purposes. Reforesting approved of.

Nortu MonaGHAN TownsHiPp, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY
Yours of December 22nd to hand, re file No. 33532. In reply to
same I might say that I have consulted our reeve, Mr. W. G. Howden,
and, in our opinion, there is not enough non-agricultural lands in North
Monaghan worth bothering with for forest reserve purposes. If, on
further enquiry into the same, I ascertain anything different I will
immediately notify you.

OTONABEE TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY

In reply to yours re waste land in the township of Otonabee, there
is about 10 per cent unfit for agricultural purposes. About four-fifths
of the 10 per cent is composed of swamp land with much soil from one
to eight feet in depth. The timber is principally tamarac and, as it
is being depleted of timber, a young growth of tamarac is growing up.
Also, part of the swamp area is flat rock along the margin of Indian
river with soil a few inches in depth, the balance (one-fifth) is light
sand land and small patches on steep hillsides. They are both found
in small patches in many different parts of the township. Of course
they should never have been cleared.

SmiItH TOWNSHIP, PETERBOROUGH COUNTY

In reply to your enquiry re non-agricultural lands in Smith town-
ship (your file No. 33532), would say that there are about 600 acres
of such lands in this township.

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY

Replying to your letter of January 1st, file No. 33532, would say
that in the county of Prince Edward there are some 15,000 acres of
waste land. ‘This is as I estimated it from reports I have obtained from
the Clerks of the Townships and from the County Records. Of this
amount, about 12,000 acres are marsh and swamp land, which in present
conditions is no good for agriculture. It may be that in time this land
could be drained and diked and thereby rendered useful, but it is a ques-
tion. Then we have a tract of land in the township of Hallowell
comprising about 600 acres, known as the ‘Sand Banks’ at Wellington.
The sand is blowing and gradually covering up land. It is owned by
the Provincial Government, although the farms which are being covered
are owned privately. This land would make a very interesting study
for reforestation.

Then, in each township, there is a considerable amount of slash land
and shallow land which is not profitable for agriculture, and which in
my opinion, would be suitable for reforestation. The amounts are
estimated according to the following :

130 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

Ameliasburg township nS eve ee Sh PM 500 acres
SOp bias urge yaa ley tae eilis aries Ns ee ea 200 ‘
Hillier Oy ME ata ye NC AUS Haan duit cS RAC 350 “
Athol Ae, ig eer ee GH ANNA rtomeReUatT Orceh fe aie I. 300 ‘
Hallowell Te) ety wake hace t atistagts CARON. U0 a ea 300 “
Together with the 600 acres included in the Sand Banks.
North Marysburg township Be Soin Pa Stes 2 Sea ae 150 acres
SOU | le Wet PAP Re RN caida Nis Ie 200 ‘f

The above is a fair estimate of the amount and extent of non-agricultural
lands in this county.

You asked me to give my opinion as to the advisability of establish-
ing permanent forest reserves on the non-agricultural lands here with
the idea in view of establishing a perpetual supply of timber for the
future. I must admit that I have not sufficient knowledge of the possi-
bilities of reforestation to give an opinion that would be worth very
much. At the same time I believe that it would be profitable to re-
forest a considerable amount of this land. At present it is used merely
for rough pasturage, and it cannot be said that it is of very high value
for this purpose.

ALICE AND FRASER TOWNSHIPS, RENFREW COUNTY

In reply to your letter of the 31st ult., I would say that west of
lot 6, township of Fraser, the land is not fit for agricultural purposes.
I may also state that this municipality is as far west as there are any
lands that can be used for agriculture, with the exception of a small
strip along the Ottawa river, in the townships of Petewawa, Wylie,
Rolph, Head, Maria, and Clara. Take the townships of Master,
Stratton, Bronson, Edgar, Barron, Guthrie, Clancey, Niven, White,
Fitzgerald, and Algonquin Park, west of these townships. ‘The land
is not suited for agriculture. The chief thing is to preserve the natural
growth of forest woods that are growing. The large pine is mostly
cut out, but there is plenty of young growth if it can be preserved
from fires.

BRUDENELL TOWNSHIP, RENFREW COUNTY

Your enquiry of the 31st ultimo to hand. I am pleased to see an
interest awakened in the question of reforesting the non-agricultural
areas of the country. ‘This section of the country is eminently adapted
for the growth of forest and is of little value, apparently, for anything
else. Many of the farms are abandoned and growing up in second-
growth. It has been all very heavily timbered before the axe of the
lumberman and squatter and destructive forest fires came to lay waste
the country’s one important resource. If there is nothing done in
the way of reforesting, it will not be for want of available land of the
best kind.

CARLOW TOWNSHIP, RENFREW COUNTY

Replying to your favor of the 3rd instant re forestry, I beg leave
to advise you that there are no forest lands in the township of Carlow
that would be worth forming into a reserve. There are, however, in
this township about 20,000 acres of land that might be classified as
non-agricultural lands. I do not think these lands could be successfully
reforested as the soil is, generally speaking, of a rocky nature.

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 131

HAGARTY AND RicHAarRDs TOWNSHIPS, RENFREW COUNTY

Yours to hand re non-agricultural lands. In reply would say there
is a portion of the township of Hagarty (northwest corner) that is not fit
for agricultural purposes, although mostly taken up, principally for what
timber is on it, and part of Richards. The Golden Lake Lumber Co. is
at present engaged cutting timber in the latter township. In my
opinion, if these lands were set aside there is enough young timber
starting, that in a few years will be valuable, otherwise, if fire gets in,
which usually occurs where there are settlers, it will destroy the young
trees.

Will be willing in future to give any information within my know-
ledge.
RADCLIFFE TOWNSHIP, RENFREW COUNTY

There is any amount of land up here that would just suit this,
but I could not give you an estimate of the number of acres. It would
have to be travelled.

RAGLAN TOWNSHIP, RENFREW COUNTY

Yours of the 2nd instant to hand. In regard to your letter, I will
give you my opinion on the matter ; there is a lot of land here not fit
for agriculture, and, if it were efficiently protected from hunters and
fishermen, so that we could keep it from getting burnt over again,
this waste land would, in 25 or 30 years, be worth more than the farms
with buildings, as in most places the pine is coming up again. The
whole of this country is not fit for agriculture. If the Canadian Govern-
ment establishes a forestry under the same plan as there isin Germany,
I could give you very good advice on it as I have served that country
for eight years in the Forestry Branch. The only and safest plan
to protect the forest is to keep the people out of it, as there is plenty
of good land in New Ontario where a farmer is able to make a living ;
I cannot tell you how much exactly land is here for that purpose, but
I am certain of half in Raglan, and there is one block of Radcliffe
township about eight miles square which is not settled yet. If I could
speak to you personally I could give you more information.

SEBASTOPOL TOWNSHIP, RENFREW COUNTY

In reply to adjoined circular I beg to state that in the township of
Sebastopol are 9,312 acres of unoccupied Crown lands, which are proba-
bly quite unfit for agricultural purposes, and that of the 32,757 acres
of occupied land probably one-half is unfit for agricultural purposes.

TOWNSHIPS OF WILBERFORCE AND NortTH ALGONA, RENFREW
CouNTY

In reply to yours, No. 33532, I would say that it would be impossible
for me to give an approximate estimate of the non-agricultural land in
our townships. The fact is, I think the greater part of it should be
classed assuch. There is quite a lot of mountain land with little patches
here and there between the hills and someone trying to grow something
on it, but, if those mountains were reserved and protected from fire, I
believe that, in a short time, they would be valuable. There is quite a
growth of young trees, white and red pine, and many other kinds.
There is quite a number of square miles of that sort of land, some of it

132 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

held by farmers living at some distance, who cut. and haul their fire
wood from it, but I think if it were reserved and properly handled it
would soon be of great value. Young trees, up to the size of those
which are on those mountains, grow very fast. I think I have given
you about all the information I can in the matter, and wish you success
in your undertaking 5.02.0 Gane) .ds oe ape ied oj ae ee

I see by your reply to my report re waste lands, you have got an
idea which I did not intend to convey. I said I considered the greater
part of the land in this municipality was non-agricultural, but I did
not say that the whole of it was covered with a growth of young trees.
There is quite a lot of mountain land covered with trees, but the rest of
it, although I consider it non-agricultural, is being farmed. Also the
young trees growing on those mountains are not all red and white pine.
It is mixed forest.

SoutH ALGONA, RENFREW COUNTY

In reply to yours of January 31st, might say that in township of
South Algona at an approximate estimate there would be about fifteen
thousand acres of non-agricultural land therein, and I myself, have
many times thought of your scheme of establishing permanent forest
reserves. It would not only be a benefit for timber, but also be the
means of causing.the working class of Canada to be more industrious,
and, if this means was once started, it would also be means of one part ©
of Canada to try and compete with the other, and cause many more
industries to spring up.

CARDEN TOWNSHIP, VICTORIA COUNTY

In reply to your communication of the 17th (re forestry), I beg leave
to inform you that there are 38,256 acres of land in the township of
Carden, returned by the Assessor in 1911, aS Swamp, marsh or waste
land. The chief part of this land is used for grazing purposes. The
limestone rock is near the surface. There are some portions of this
land which I think it would be profitable to establish as forest reserves,
but am not in a position to say which portion should be segregated.

DALTON TOWNSHIP, VICTORIA COUNTY

In reply to yours of January 17th, 1912, re non-agricultural lands,
I may state that the number of acres is 25,000, which is well adapted
for reforestation.

FENELON TOWNSHIP, VICTORIA COUNTY

Your letter received. As you will notice in the Ontario Recapitu-
lation returns, Fenelon is down for 9,640 acres of swamp, marsh, or
waste land, 1,756 wood-land, and 7,600 odd acres slash land and about
32,000 Cleared. Of course, some of the cleared land is not worth much,
but it gives a certain amount of pasture as does some of the waste land,
and I suppose farmers will not wish to sacrifice present returns, however
small, for benefits to the country generally in the distant future.

I am not conversant with the plans of the Government to start
forests, so am not able to give an opinion, but the waste land is very
much scattered. Some odd hundred acres of the tamarac swamps are

OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 133

getting pretty well cleared, but I suppose they would, if let alone, grow
up again.

LAxTON, DicBy AND LONGFORD TowNnsHIPs, VICTORIA COUNTY

In reply to yours of the 17th instant, which I enclose, would say
that, according to the last revised assessment roll of the municipality of
Laxton, Digby and Longford, there are 64,164 acres of non-agricultural
lands in this municipality. Quite a large amount of this is barren
rock and marsh, or beaver-meadow lands, so that I would not recom-
mend establishing permanent forest reserves in any, unless it would be in
the township of Longford. This particular township might warrant an
inspection, as there are at present 38,872 acres of wood land, principally
in this particular township.

INDEX

A’ PAGE

Abinger township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of....... 126
Re DOMMAIMOAMOTIL OL GAM WAI TO) reo cilde a's 6 baa oldie'd oe evn, de cege Weeds aa haeles 100
eT eMC RE AEG rhe Wanna ae Navi aces iod 9 dod vias a ea # WA lalate vai ace whe 21
LTO Meats tara A hard Ste oth Wyse, © di gna alpha «dunce! ga, « woh 9m sold xdpbeve dee she 26
PENNS MIE ATE cet ache) 11-16 ah iad cl Mt Ghat are = a Y dle: o10\l0\el-a;u. n.o°alachale Aughewe ae Kiel M oie bean 15
CE LC HL TVONINGG ONC cat 9 athe ailty add SAEs eho dD. alk laso' n'dhe bie dieiah ad wimuss alam ae he aed 108
EVO UiCiee MAMET AGN IY 4.1/5 alana’ cares et fieiess « winlehe eimie 4 synlelaiaved si Alo 4, n\n 'nlliloie «>a 115
PAMEReGe Wie DOmaICMMIStAUG)). 4 se. ak cae Macc bse es oae bane oelelns deca wee 104, 105, 107
Ameliasburg Township, Prince Edward county...............2020eeeeeees 130
PORTICO MERA MUG eUMALCUES tek crete chat cetl, )4t a Genk 4p eOPS olga Wiai’a ova oiale wi ae Bwct'a = edn, Rage wha 103
Alice township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands in................. 130
Anglesea township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of....... 127
Anson township, Haliburton COUNEY.). 2... ssc sek secs eeessesecsancs 35, 108
EES MEIC ACOs ayia ales, gras aide s Malls dorms ele vie es a'gnlad tidme 31
SEAPSSOUA TELUS NOM yc)'scicis oe.4.6 2 adlels'd's',9 oa css cicle a csv. oe oe taid a> wp 29
ClARBINC ATOM! OL MAMICIS ATs oS. sluecd ac x ok «ol enlclere’d © «2 4.4 0 «0's, slateisysnmis ome 21

DE RC RIP UIGmOM errr et tess lent Music's & vlc cide giove ates spel w acid. coe Aiea «ed 89
eExpenaioures fOr fire-fO MTN... isc cc cgi wens dened as emia’ sadeeesces 32
MNCOTIBGSETIO MAM ROUC Grades )e's a cate sida doles &cav ele a aaj ead abvinidis bia «14 hance ate 104
OUP e MMC CHSC MIM te rue atule oi cafe's isisie eer Sie o wie 8 ms @ s atace.e lend» be Gochaib 193
Anstruther township, Peterborough county...............ccee eee eeeeee 4,14, 35
SUCH UUM MMO ues tee -a cee te nie G8 oo sleiee Saat oes Guan s seas 31
VASES SOESMMELUMME VOL cae cre tols cigae dose Unc dees og Solve ve ws as ane aa 29
Cast CaVtOM Oe PANGS! MM aie yiits. aifaers ea 'scs Ana'g as eed S'sly als «ws s)m erage scenes 21
GECHME OL POMUNALION I. a sire. cade cee ls wha dejaca wane ceva s waneid’s Levens 95
ICRC RUM IORY Oleee pee sere. Ue ener cdo aii eis asa eval os waa Saye aun 77
expengitures for fre-femting so. on ceed ce dices cca deecesewawass 32
Par GGHIT EE presen ee eae SAC Rea a ease « 111, 115, 117
NCCHSeEMOMWAINLOLEe ca ose aes nc cea gcle ame eg ceeaeeaekeemaungee cs 104
Gecurrence: of hemlock type Missi f oie oak els eialslewieccacvececacesvsvecace 50

Din SHIAIMIGEME Ess Noha! Paah tal aia) sig/ Cale Meat eslaNwale ule alste'd'a'delv'waewecee ace 103
percentage Of farming: land IN. cise bocce tle ile eel ew eS eeelwe gees 91

Bred Propo Feey BN LONUS y URGED BLE catenin niin hem Gre wnits valium wep eh ye when 44, 48, 56
Peace, OCGUECENCE Qigua. EM tr CU d ORM S, cls's a VadlalaW a G UaelWee oo weieblows J bars 117
SRS LENE Aye epee tl of Para ee meee Miciei Cite ini a eee RGte AS » dM Waban + ald eranae 66, 92, 116
Perc cM ST LSMITM GY Gach nicl omen eras Ia ete A wae: SLAs wigs sin a da 4 odie apyateabeeey o baraleraigin 110
FAME Mee MM OOK cess. view sah ein ca cerns NE RR eee a Sy SEES phere a eee Be 5
POSE MEET eetreant re cic Pre eg UM a Sa aa ew meena ers «e's cie 106, 107
Ashby township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of......... 126
Ashland Emery and, Corundum’ Company. .............5 sence ress caessess 117
Asphodel township, Peterborough county, non-agricultural lands of......... 128
PORCROLOeCU Raa CAM ar MANGAS! MSO ted es wes as 29
Athol township, Prince Hdward county +. . 6... 6 eke eh he de ee cee cee 130

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

B
PAGE
Baden, municipal forests in.............. Te alaleals 42 tne Rae eee eae 18
Baker, Sanford... hss ects seoreis Gre oo shai wos, d ian gin calla Rielle per eee 103, 104 »
Baker mine... oo scp cis date tn hee aie sin ce oo So eg Mieke ne 116
Balsam. dake... . 5 isha ee ea ke Bathe ocak 2s a Mie ee Sl ene el ener 79, 81
Boer Crobit oa. 25 5 5 aia ase ear oe tes ate se or a Neca tlahe chs eae Ne aa Oa 118
Bangor township, Hastings county, report of clerk on .................... 123
Bannockburn, 565 a seh eure ates biate ae Ae ue B Gaeldig Aloe ee oe 109
Baptiste lake}. 00°50 eta Cee iho Oak Se Sao Oe eae 111
Barlow; (Ad Tas ey ad ei eae i SERS ORE GOL) SCR te Nabe an aaron Wee 15
geolopical reportiol see i se eR ee i ee ie ee 108
report on qminerals'by sie. i ea sl ee ee ne eee 115
Barrie township, Frontenke county). 0.% 6. oa ee ee oe eee 123
Bags take ooo. Gk Ree Se Nel ook ial ee ea ae 66
Bathurst township, Lanark county..............0c0cececeees ne eae SE 124
Beaver OER oie Lah ee ee Ne a eee ee a 35, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73
Beckwith township, Lanark county <0. 2055... gale... oan oe or eee eee 124
Bedford township, Frontenac county.) 2 a6 aes oe oe ee ee ee ee eee 123
Beeeh Wake oi a ee EE EAs OOO es a see eee eee 112
Belmont. lake: ccc Le Bae Pa nee Ces eee eee eee nen 35
Belmont mine of 8 oy oe oasis See eee a oe ees ee eee 115
Belmont) tows oi) 5 aioe claw sie ale oie ioe ee etre) eect ee terete be tae eee 116
assessore’ ‘returns for’. fo toe oo eee Oe Oh ee ew aed tele ee eee 29
information from’ County Clerk: ic.) coc sis evr. ea le cre oe See eee 30
occurrence of old Im’. 2060) ete oe os oe ee oe ee ee eee 115
original licenses i226 oot eed ae OR, Be ee ee eee 103
BeRSeNIEN MINE 6 5s 12 eae sate skis eh eels She A ate ale 2 Oe eee 116
BGs TIN 63 es ehalelylshele aa wliatl doch Bak atlabre arte See te Ure nena oe ees ee 116
Blaieton Mine's |.) se els ahs sabe a vo raha ate teresa ee rate a eae ea 116
Blueberry: barrens: 5 o/.'.'. 4s eves ao Soke eek oe ee OR ee ee eee 58, 75, 111
Blue Hawk ‘lake... 5 foi c5 hai oe ik ee Os eee ee 113
Blue mountains (2254503 tie ee Tata cae a anne Meek eRe ee 37, 66, 75, 108
Blue Sed lakes .c.o 06 esis pe obs oes Pa etek oe ecco eee ene eee eee eee 118
Bobcaygeon... ioc < ddan ed « Ls b Shade bale Cee Oren ene eee 101, 106, 107
Boshkung lake oo bids ba des o0.0 sacle ee 28 eS ae per no eeatie ne Re eee 85, 88
Boyd, Mossom 50.35 vas heh sie Gee oe ee eee 103, 104, 106, 107
Boyd, Smith and Company’. . oso .04 alee es ode ee ae ee 104, 106, 107
BrOmson Creeks. ...5./s'e ps pnd vo Gk be Herb ae Ae ook plone @ get taba dee TR ne a Pi Ete eee 68
Brudenell township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands in............ 130
Bruton township, Haliburton county—................. Jiahehe ee tes AE ee OM. 108
assessors’ returns LOM)». (5/01. Vigies's'su's pies lalate Winlohtee wlate whe tate anne irccee oetene 29
classification of lands md $V .ii¢555'. G3 ee ee eee 27
PICHON js snc \.'s o's pbs eats ew ee ee ae ee ee ee eee 93, 101, 106, 107
Biitkhoth oreeke so oc sak ss ws ei a ge ae eleheree ee rtan ae SAS te i Mey sa 9
Baokhorn Dalkce . <o..¢ o'3 statisavas ep rgicds 4 ations GGA Re ee eee en ee 77, 80
BRON Do ag 5 sine elem hb bie Bee Wher ta Sw 8 Soin fe Ra me 106
Burleigh Falls. «30 sv isk ea wae eee ky te ey eet 36, 93, 101

INDEX

PAGE

Burleigh township, Peterborough county..................00e0e eee eee 4,35, 112
AUC eM USTLG CITA Ewe mea araee ss pd NGS gay oy ar oce a dvavs a eiele eo a00« 40 ee ae 31

“EIST SPISTOR IS) EGA OU ASE (0) LES AA a 29

Gls BIICALIOMeGn WATS MI! Sie. 6 a4 uitesks bs ols ce'nls dessa eee ule vec ee «ee 21
GeCiMe OL DOMUIATIOM: WEL cmt > Wh kde aes wot Ps wd ed cole pel gu athe ee yea es 95
expenditures tor fre-ehting 221. keke eee wee eee erboeecer coe. 32
farm sold FOP UNpPald LARCH. pe ceo. ad be ea ees cds ae welneeteecuoces 96
URCMLOBRCBEII Mh Mn Dine Manager ayn Soh Ue Re Sak ee UN Ss eh als ow ee 61
MIGeTISCRIMOW IM TORCE 4 9.25 h ce Se ells © blk adiaidce ne ee euetae dela ete tin alee « 104
MCCUE TICE SO tl OINGIIY fe eas epesdryne kak te ales les he de. 6 Sos Legendas wate aihe'v os 116

Gui iitmicenerseemmen sah ewer Se ae ME ts ok Uk a aula Mclean © ¢ wiee nm od 103
mereenuage or farming Tame IW es ok fe is kde eae Ge cle wee emedeetas 91
DAMME TOU taKeIN IM oy wae Meee ak. tens 2 NE kee ee ese op ere 56
fhetneea lie Tele OM Mench eh tvat hte aN otek ets s atatetelale wise ciavléie ob adie bab deteee dees 1
Em NCO ashy a atin ke SAMA Pas bie Wala owe A en ote aes ome 12
DEVORE BENV ED ysict toa Lait shila) die 'aa'e lo gleds eG ofa 9, 36, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 107, 113

C

Oe arate TURIN ete nt an Aree ey ct a a's GS aes et coughs c Vor arenas stl wie» di oc Spawn alias ea Shar 78, 82
Clemenjel yall SA IST aN DAMS MC Ee cag eee Tee ts Ora a 103
Craranrs, oye bie ve Walls (a ieeh alec hk Gro 00) 62) 3 yeaa a en nr Oy 106, 107
Campbell and Gilmour Co..................... TENS PON AC One ty ania oa oa 104
OP rerio) IyalMom AMOK a ete wee eine ari 2079 02d, ade ate a apb mln Alara alapaiei ade ele ale op eeeeeie.« 98
Campbellford, shipment of pulpwood to............0.... 00 cece eee e eens 99
Cumeda @onsoldated Mime: 24. ijk oo eda vos csachelernin boi nja seed sley weep ade 115
@angda Copper Compamy ca. 0 fe oi old was enhaw oa ds dois ole wn ainpd a ckede ada oe 101
ManadavC orn atm COMPANY’, fcca cs tak bale 6 nels e cc asues eee'veessveeawue’ 117
Canada land and Immigration Company... .. 0.2... ..s0'deeh dnd oe en ce eee 12, 30
SE AMMAN DBE me eee se eee reer ls a 2 ek wal 5, we cada sg wale UV s Ga Fe knee ane bls 85
(HGS HG Ras oO aR oieeh TE Paks A Ma dae ee a SS est tate 109
Carden township, Victoria county, report of clerk of...................... 132
Cardi township, Hahburton ‘county... 0.2... 6... bee cae a wee ae sees 35
TSONGA Wa. Mine aa SP PST MRT ye EE NES ee et ae re 118
SRG ey ae RO ULME ERC CE UN NGM rector) Jan area Welty ddl Weeds be 5 eal ac ble lalie a! Wi droety i! Sher eiaule shod Mtb 32
SPEEA OUNa EC UUIMS EO ae 'c's uals Wr sidea sae ia lee wd Goda alee Asia alte mt Ww ew ecapen 29
GlarsiieatiOnu@rlaMGe MMs) 5's 25. aa g ern wale su oases dc amin nis edhe ey esdiniesewe 21
GeEIMES Gi PO MUlAnIONGIM |. A. His oe sa db wes delcie das vn so wmmaaureletelomeio’ 95
MERCH PLGUe Ul eam eA Malem Sai. os Sau wake bs habia ang dolkbel ayaa wieivtn 81
RAPES! SOL LOM! UMA PARES ch! jails 5 cn ge ows sie wc antes © Ge ne a Sleyelene oepee 97
eebTGn NE GS a QUELLE ee ee iste) 8's ec Wik ck 5 ae devia d Quai ebay Kee od ek wee 117
INGeMAe SIMO Wan LONE suum Free een ow Sol ile d dele wa ew ewe dhebk'wk 105
PES. TID ye a REARS Sigh A cael) CONT SATE IR SO US Ne PC 117

PEDO EAS OOM ATH EY NER ARTE St A) ee ie eee eee ve eee nS 115
SYREN RSE e detec Mae Aer MOR oe cic cg asic dls Sh eicte x vib eed Bae eiee ve 103
MeLCeNtare OL Farm e PANG This YO. a oe ek oe cs y dole de a adi aelae s wham 91
ePIC CRO ER GLC Rue ai oes oe GEC MG aie 5 ook ay, psn ate Waban Ube tow was Oates 120
@anlow, cownship, Renireyw COUNGY .. lh 6. ek eck ee ce we en ce aceon 111
Oe eae UTC UMN Ep eer PEP a Nya EI oe a, WO LS cioy's al Ss acm! Sable Wty ew whale nea dbs 117

Oe Amma rGtT a ams 1. css eee ek bo ded ose Sa wd wi ehendies ed abe kia wk 130

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Cashel township, Hastings county... . och danse le hen ae eee 35, 111
assessors’ returns fon. 4). 2. sone ie a a's Ro kes els &, se eRe” See 29
classification of lands tm: soit baie ans aa od Ce ee eee ee 21
decline of populationim.)35. 005 Selo. ood ec ae ee pee eee 95
description Of o.oo ec ass eee ia oo Se ete ee ee 72
fire losses, Imiy % o.5. 6 os Pe ya oii 5 eis Sain old RN ee a 61
licenses now in TOPE. c/ciachias Saies 6's Beale hs ne Gene Gen ere 105
original Ticensesic.s (0. fan Bakes 6 Pana w 00 eo he Ge Wee ee hea 103
percentage of farming land 33) 60) ob he ale ee eee cee eed ee ee 91
PY TUS WS ei sikh ba ee Ge ore tagn (ae) aid RAE iat are 116
Teproduction Of PiNe.dMs Fag). kts ssuas sae spe boeken Cle Pe er ths)
sample plots: taken: iin sos. cle b e/a e's oie eyatiel oer aianaiete ene ee Seen 53
Catehacoma lake. ac 5 3.5) 2 tie were oe acae bane Fae te es eee eae 78, 80
Cavendish ‘Company . 22). babadcle acs 6 ie hehe dec ee ee ae 106, 107
Cavendish township, Peterborough county............... cece cece eee 14, 35
areas-biirmeddn LOU 5. ei irs. cele aay aie lele is a's ote et ele ele eae EN ST ey: 31
assessors’ Peturns fOr: iic.c).cpesje eee ce cue Crean Bat es ee 29
classifiestion of lands imy 0. 223 eon eels ee eee 22
deseription Of 04 ee ac ee RS et ce 78
expenditures for fire-fighting’. wo. 22.2. 8 ie ae See eee 32
farms sold for unpaid taxes: ).) 40 03osineide ee oe ee aston eee eee 96
licenses now in foree so. ie. ke odo ie ea ee Oe ae anes 105
occurrence of hemlock type ins... 0 Wh ie ay ee te sis alae eee 50
OFIPINGl WeeNSes es 56 go ac ase eas, gece eter ae sc Oto TEE Oe ee Ree ene 103
percentage of farming land imo. 603025 ose ak oe ce ei ere eee _ Ol
sample-plots taken tm. o's 6). hid betes ela oe a oie olin coeeue Rete eo neers .45, 58
Cedar Takes} a5 dais eee oe on ara ele Occeeas e aata et a chee ene cae ee ae 76
Central Ontario Railway 'Company «3/2... 00 853602426 ee ee ne eer 15, 109
Chama ste) oe Po NN TUN IES oe Tee IC eee ae 7
Chandos township, Peterborough county............. 0... ee cee cece ee enes 11, 35
assessors’ revarns TOL.) ic No ease eee ee eae leg cea ree 29
classification of lands ins.) 6 6 ods ties dk oe ae Oe oe ss oe eae 22
decline of population im. 2 foe 2 ene Pe ae oe ee Siero ener et tleen 95
Geseription OL)! ' Pe ee VW I Ne ae Sek rc hie os eee a 74
farms'sold for unpaid taxes’, fi.) boa ge oe oo | aie oe aden 96
licenses mow ‘in FOLGE 3! eis See Pe ik oe ee eee 105
original licenses: 626 0 eee Re ead bs PO ee cae ee ee eee 103
percentage of farming land Ines os ees outers pe lene Rect sii 91
report: of clerk ons 423445 oo Sls dais Os oe ee eee Cen er renner 121
sample plots taken jac). 665 Gaie ee Ot ei ee caleoastiene ale 44, 49, 55
Christie, EL. Tiiateis'a's/oiotelanata wislabecd ie letteanetenh sack wee imi aloes Gta Rinna ae ieiekehe tear eae 2
OWamricarde s,s o's clave c dikin Gate hte wale ha salar teen each ea tent 0 peat ese er ea ati 92
Clarendon township, Frontenac county.................+-0.: ciedv ies 6 oF chain fx 123
Clath, PooPee 5 coke id ie Re ao ea Te a ee 16
Classification of Tamas oii3 i ea a uie Wil Gis a ie ee Ha av ale nie el cet ne 21, 27
totals in whole ‘ares [5 se ek aloe eee ee teeta one a nana aes ete eres 26, 28
Clear Talee oo sie oi 's ay ee oe we ee ata ae ey ree een ere 69, 112
Clearwater lakes i.e Ps SGN ee Ge WI A te ote te erences ec Rae 112
Clyde township, Haliburton county... 2.2.6.0... 0050. ccusccusceweneens 29, 113

INDEX

PAGE

Comocoiin, SAW=l0E WNOUMETY Alans see eerie cleave nsccwagturaatperoseecaace 99
Pee eae Tn i maRMRIE TE Bun MSN Es Geille sc igs de arb he wae sc va hove ods 66
SMPEMMOICCCem ate Net mee UAL ses ein ec hadla giy'e'c bane hp ke e's eae ree 8 a6 99
CABS NL oa Ta ie OO te el aR, Bae 2 Re 116
SOOO UTR aR Wiha aol bk A ABE «cle bos uma Bake eh ews YALA Seta 8 ig hapa 9
Ponieasssl eM au A Nem DR ED LT. by tee fa eh bce be a etme 112
Comicvoug forest, Clean CUCHNE Glos. sc hentecccccccseersrercdvnagesvares 51
POMC MCMARERT IE Ry a ae An ae repenes erat as Othe fale) way ea ep a DN eae dele bina @ Apis 50
Conterausvwoods, depletion Of.) Fic ti fect ene ce deo aeccucresrececssace 99
Wo-amerarrom, Necesiy OMT stints hath. saws lesdecs neeicewsewasenaaewe 16
ame Waris rade cua NM SG Lae eae taja feta sss eacas s 69
Copper mining..... SPRITE OS ag Pa RP a yaa 115
Porn arate ara AAA es Ny Mm cde aie ela gts wr wie Pcie ae a ed aeea not 4 o andl on 115
Coraove Exploration Company. sy his. ke. gee eek elie vee 115
SO rrammel elimi MENIINNTA anit ahem vay eats hae eaves ol BORN RES ee aT ee eae alele 117
Mincicnine lakers te mc N NAR nV LA Geb a pe hac tae 9
@oumntiessRelorestation ACh ska sls eae Wilt wn cece ees e haces ewsnsp siene 17
County Clerks, examples of information from..................000eee eae 30
(CARI SERVICER Me NCP UTS 20) A TR ceca ate Bae ye ROR a a 115, 117
ROMS RM Ae ete De ON IE Fl aks are | Lee w ecailep be Seen 78, 88
ive? TIRES AS ERS ae OF BRIE TRU cot SD Oe RR a 35, 68
SrovenicClea nm SHR Sk PEN Ee UA Poa le 8, 35, 69, 73, 74, 75, 82
SUM Gleeees Ohm mT dina UE WG, ede N ace kl ged hd vane celeue atone 12
CHU UTITSL ol EGOS STR AAS A AUER ae a lata a UE Ae 2 SOSA ea A 103, 104

D

Me Tey Pe eR Gee SARL hethonct Gch So 8 Fd eae GONG x Cys vv Baeuke ewe Saw 94
DPalhousieltownship, anark Coumtiy. 2466s. gs ba dace ca ie elets de eee ae ee 124
Dalton township, Victoria county, report of clerk of....................... 132
Dams, insufficiency of, without forest cover...............0 000 e cece ee eee 4
Marhnetownelkip: Lanark COUNLY 5056.2 Fens eeends sees wy Pe awd Peek tee 124
IENEGI? [ERIN opel octet bt a eae URI ae are ae bre eo Oe 67, 76, 109
IDYEGTP JBN eel Rata) cA, AU eae Pam ae h 91 Ro: SN aa a 9, 36, 76, 80
Peermencciema na tome rede Murs Romie cultiis Sas Wine he Rew asd Stade oats wile wand Of 38
TENSE GIS, hg heh aed RR ORE a a ey ne 78
Weerduake. cooperase plamt Bb... Qed ou sd ere Coe te Ses cee oe die ea lege ee bles 100
We Sere ace mma kUinel Seder war ula Yi aides is ds v dk Re sea, OME « Gs Oa Pee oes 115
PEST DIVE Tet Ne ante ad MARR at ein Gee elena ele S 35, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 82
Caro ols mMG ais wars ROSAS esi oia es hs ala Na earn e oy OM Os ee ee eee et 15, 115
Denbigh township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of....... 126
PBC Mist cee NIONG RES EUR SOR NM ee 2 ak Sau. ww Qe OEE dm shea Ets eal e es 104
Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario...................0..... 6
PSS UN aM Lh OY Cae Ma Gus Gard che i aicinn'e os ON Ew Ae U RUS Oa deeasee sg 4
LONER AES STOT HEH ICO ALSTOM ek A “:
Re Care EEO Gi ein AS tiars ONO e ie rk hs sigs Sale Kas de axie@ eu ean § ea 35, 53, 66, 72
EU rere a ease Neeeenne ti a Lk MARR rey, cLaPd: A ahaa: 4 no w'd elias awa Rew igwne ee we 69, 73
HOVEISSOMS: SHMNUEN Si ie oe clo bates Te Aad eas Bia) Grd) boa 8 San CORP OCTET AAaN RNB 104
AMIR se Sow OR COHN POSMIN Maney ok acs Gs i Siok arabes cesiap arr Shai edu we ate SUS CA UN es GOS IR 106, 107

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Digby township, Victoria county—
molybdenum 1m... Aes dee ae iva a lle gale Suniel ee 15
report. of ‘clerk of 2 .c. Gee ee Ce ce ee sia he aioe OS Le eee ee 133
Dioritte ridge im ‘Tudor township). 5.30. .424 24) 2. (hc eee eee eee Tie
Dioritic areas........ NRO er not I COR EM IR hale | Ny ees wlels 3 3 111
Duxon lake o's 565 Fo eh srenetc as eo aiaure eho ee soe ON Seaham 66
Dominion Forestry Branly. 2000. 0 oo. oe Ree ee eee 6
answers to IMGQUITies Of fy i 7,286 sets eb Oe 4s bts eo Ce ee ate Oe eee 120
Dominion Government property 4: 6)... 0s... 6 3 se ae ee Oe eee: 14
Doniinion’s interest im Trent watershed: . ..). 1.4. sa soar deten ci eine L!
Dominion ownership'diseussed.!\. 2 2's... oss. oe oe ape eee ke ee eee eae 19
Wonahiie mimes. |5. yen ogee he ieionee Paes ery) he ee ea oe ee etna: MS 115
Donald Wood Products 'Companyen.. 62.0.0. V2.2 ee i ee ee 14
UD) tae 0: en nan tak MEMS HrMI ET SIAN Ty bs os Od a oly oe & 87, 112
Drainage, impediments to surface .............002cecceeeaee piciien sisp etree 4
Drift, mantle Of. oes ou Gates eae ace antic: aie ieee ia URN fe ee ae ee a 111
Drummond township, Lanark county, report of clerk on ................ 124, 125
Dudley township, Haliburton county ..3.0.2.52 424-2. ¢ poem eee oe eee 9, 35
Py Ce 3 FO | 0 RM OM OAE EAIA UES PEIMR MAR Dy noniha AVE AO sae ANN UN Ain nl ha NdeI 118
assessors’ returns fO%. 6 oc 6 ic Foisce sare CO ee ee ee 29
classification ‘of lands'im J.) 5.2 eek amine oe ee ee eee eee 27
decline of population Im, .. 2.0. ./cc sl. ao pial cheats eicle Oe oe ee eee eae 95
GESERID EOD: OF eo 5 oc ia%! o aiglbn ao eltie Cis cei es pee 3) pce eee eaenue Rate el NE eee eee 87
fats sold for unpaid taxes).:) .s0 2 eed oe ete ee ee eee 97
type ot forest COVER MA) i6 ce ya ogee a. oo ee 2 neo ere anes ae eee ee 39
Dues, less of, by forest Gres 0). si oe eas Ses iets wie ke eam le eee eens 13, 62, 63
Dungannon township—
oO) 6) OL =) Ga | de eR A RS DMMP TR EMD onan reste UCM RINK un IH ceiiahes ce oo a'o Bie: on 115
COLUM GID WG 6 ee yom he testes Ae RE = Se a ea 117
Ve) ) 6s nnn eM ee rahe oA daianion yo chs 6 116
joo 6) (oy lc se PEM nn Oh o'er ns 1s hg ace teeta moe 118
TAISPICKEL Toisas ana bah 3 od 6s wt oh, Gee Se ec ee 116
SCRE ITS TM ial sic4 siaiiw ca ato, po elisvg alate cele Tae tacts pee ate en chen ere te 119
Durham county, non-agricultural lands im)’. \. 20.0.4.) soos eres eee eee 128
Dyment.and Son, Michael... 5.0. oa3;s sos pein cnc ore ene eye ee es ee 105
Dysart township; Haliburton county 030.2062 oie 9,35; 108)) 1b tel
gpatite Ws lols oe IN ane 8 2) eerie ee neat ei ele nae 118
areas burned in TOUS yu. 2 dis. eh die ae aro aoa epee) aun ne ee 31
ASSESSOTS’ PECUTHS MOR cee iicci Oeke Wiel al weed Se ee eae teen a ee 29
classification of lands Ut. 4 \i.60.06 6 ces +e eos eine ee lene ee eee 22
decline of population Imids<..\gcahias weed Mi fee Pee ete 95
Geseriptiom. OF 565 5 she dsc hla wee ses ee seein + ale ee ena gett eRe ee eae 86
farms sold for unpaid taxes. wis) hitsaerlaes: 1 ok alien ne ee eee 97
percentage of farming Tand 10) ..!. 5:6). vel cic oe ie See eee 91
type of forest Cowen Tso). 555 ie ic elk inf elec ioe lege, odo ayn oe a a gna ee EP 39
E
Fipigte Vale. oo cia a bic Srna wee Maino neseis win wee ce See Ae eee one 45, 73, 77, 80, 88
Economic conditions, classification Of.............0.0cesececenececececene 6

PAGE
Economic and IGQUStTId) CONGIIONS. 676 coc c ile deo ndvodvesndedecviwevees 91
USL iif rolls pe CD RI ING ET lagi a Pan Ala aR Es te 9, 36, 38, 76, 77, 82, 83
ee eh aC Mr net APR Util eve NEN OME aah are silat eidh ness Be Uber 2°00 6 hes ws mosenetee SOG ba eee bln 6 a 77, 82
Effingham township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of...... 127
Bilevations of various points in Map-ared,........cececccucevevcacsveceees 109
PETA Dy AMIR me ely dP ess AR ly Peete echy diy cp'chdy dv as ol vs at okkbe a eR bud G's Golo 116
Ennismore township, Peterborough county, non-agricultural lands in........ 129
Escott township, Leeds county, report of clerk of...................00005- 126
Pema APLC ery nie Noo eg 2) geal eee te ci sah puto! a) es tv a 'eliio av Gh nrsibanelldlarand lateral eed bea aah 93
Evretownsaip, Haliburton COUnGY ...6.0 66 cee bce cwevaledecdece¥edousens 9
ET Aan NERC ONIN ECS «8 Da ea abtey ctu aovpela\aein'e 4\'¥ dhareretdicn aidan iwienig «Delos Meld’ s 32
eRe apna Oe METIS OOTY gh ee Ate ets elie ik vw elem, om tau wwwe'iw eam we. Bieleie ale 29
ClAssIMeALIGM OF TAMGS MM i. ).) Leese cine cies bo dikes blaldle dep ei ale newealentus 27
CACM ICR ON ar ON ie hie ou Liles ean fen AM Meals disg Me Meld eldie dela wo be eB 89
F
Faraday township, Hastings county..................05- Bae ate tas BSNS Dadi ah 2 35
SURES Cue MERINO Ty Bret SNP e es lire, ach ol leg he Lioths. Wake wlellal a) ret anu ‘tlw aie «fdas Be 118
GVSITOSCUOTRS STEAD LUIS 110) peas Re Ran et pe Re 29
ClISSUT CAO OL VAMOS ee hs facia crave ao !h'e whal dQ) a/a' ald a: e2d\dim elena aw oe wiaarerae 22
Geeime Ol POpUlatOM WN ik ol dae oa Pe nine epaialogle aah Yu asad we beans 95
GeSeMNp tM Oly me rare Cane ate 8 cs ictorgt Satatnae lg ceed wes barat ware, Bil aum/e pth 74
hermas SOMLON UNPAIG TAKER. oi. eS sf ed aie de a ee ele Bale a o «0 cis ome Wleeialelete 96
TREES] DUIS Sh RS Aa NO ae rae eee wee Pee cc ee ne Pee 118
AMIS UC OE WN ey see bic cele ave elsic'ed biel ale « Les hae bewe Sha 5 reeninls OE tae. 116
percentage of farmaine land imi. so. ks say vee cle dias os sla awww 's pica are 91
Barmime areas, Gisthibution Ofy 25 4) 4... «6 diane ss cie v head aaisieea cls bi ecncese ate 92
FARMER RC OIMCNTTOMS tl oC ea yisa aesie tae ohelauia'a ns a bie Mee ale Gd Wiel wihvee Os lel< « wie 10, 11, 91
HE era MIAN UMLO CSI Sgi4 fon Ver eR rouse! geht Muncie aco 2, Gua e la wre! Gin wg Bi'e’Piavemeceh ial a od 93
EE MES eet IMCLONE Melia its csi arate. cis wile aPosaky as eck Sietnieie mie"e ela een’ s Miele Sv «le 10, 11, 94
eros UmMbh fOr CUUIVATION. We 546 i's. cask ee vec o eo 6 Oe seem w 6d dew wae akon 5
PRO EEN NEM a IMA eta Cite uurn ts Caih wack akc Deel Saas G awk Slwidls week Rare 36
TRETICROMOMANLS) hh Inter recline a viitualG aw iis aug eats UE E el 14, 36, 101, 106, 107
Fenelon township, Victoria county, report of clerk of................0000-: 132
Bert Sem CreON CUES y Cee ih. anh nee Sia. OS gnats o dincd Gad < ae si wiesue BIRR ol kters 105
Hinaneial losses due to forest fires: 0... 6. ce cee cca ste we wcc ace dale einle 60
PUP ARCI a Re SUtey PEODABIEN cca Oak gcc {shea 8 dead claw a%G 6 kY.8 Liwlecela ww Wales guielare 20
TIRE ORIEL SURO SRBC GO) Se OR A NT Oe eee a 64
PREC Oe GelAly Olin Rem Cae so du awe aida o'dne wie eradaneter ahs Witla wae eae ale 68
Fires—
CURES SUDA UR) ee OD SP 2 ee are ee eee 31
EOIN a reece foe Pe REED OF a weg kia, « Reale, wele ge eaieemt ews 32
SHCUMmORUCMOALCE came e Heme CUS Co... sla spire ay Beige tele wares 5
SXMUCMCLGMECS TOP DRMUUN Pe. oe be kis oa. + uc ss aisivinls Sip inlaws calelew waiele as 32
PR Te ST etPrOns es Gtre UO ic 5c aie eee a Gul as dix shed oe wulukad cece mucween 60
MGs CMM VUES MIIPS ite PREG HRS eS Sek wk a GlUN Vo wsgitay Shave’ Gla Gucais alleles obs 33
ISIS “BAREIS LSS Ne) ot NARS GL 9 le Se 67
POT SHED | LSID S06 Ge CRA ce dell CA 1 a a Lee 117

CCOOMMIISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE

Forest conditions. 404 4c. neha eee oe ey Ine POPU rae APR ie) ely) dae Ag 11
Forest conditions in townships surveyed.............020 cece cee cence eevee 68-90
Horest: cover, typesvol . cee. sees wate Cueto eee eee eee LG aiveataee 12
Forest, fires, financial Jlossesibiy . 10). 2h. £0. oh eR Ree ee eee ~ 60
Forest, property, capital value of ...; 0.060... ¢s.csnk OS Ree een ee eee 13
Forestry Branch, Dominion)... .).o4 5 62% wees cee ee sb rasta Bonar HANS lt Beisel ee 6
Forests, influence of,on waterflow .siis 6494). Aer ee ee ee 3
Forest types— Ae
elassificationiel : (fused dave ies ewe cee Oh eee Our wee bs oo eee . 39
method of determining... . oo)... oe ais eRe ee eee ee 41
Four-mile lake i335 ona S ee abe Sank he eat eo ote Repeats eee ee 79, 81
Powlds Broa ng 6 ss cca G8 oe he baa sock On eee eee ee ee 104, 106, 107
Fraser township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands in................ 130
Frontenac county, areas of woodlands in..............0.0.0sereceecertes — 1238

G

Galena. mIMINg oo 56 5H isk CK oot oh eR Gee ee eee 115
Galt, om A Dic ree iala ete wee lit ale lan Pha Re 98
Galway township, Peterborough county............ 00. c cece cece eee ee 35
ASSESSOT'S’ TObUTMS POM. (5.0. c625.)/ hrs het alek ahha ou Me che ee 29
classification of lands tn) oii)... ci eh ee 22
decline of population: 1 9 ./.)..) 6s tata ea te ‘tat SN On Nae 95
COSCRIPHION (OF 014) 0.0 GW ohoe RAG et HPL Oe es 79
farms sold ‘for:unpaid taxes. o'/csshartite\c's's eholene aoe ae eee ree eee 96
licenses now in Loree ss... aisic eros koe 0 Sietota ae nolan te kee 105
original TICENSES )..\.).!) ose ive ate lets kaha OE Sk Se Oe eee eer 103
percentage of farming land in: 4 65/22.4Gl ee eee eo oe ee eee 91
sample plots takemiin....24 25.04 Pee Ree ee Cin Aes keene ee are 58
Garnet, Occurrence OF 5 5 so eae dk Ree ee os nae 117
Geology of townships'surveyed . 26.) 0 issn .5 eek beak Woe eee Pega ee ee 68-89
Geology of Trent -watershed.)..).).:.o5\6'. ick Glee toede ae eee etree cline aero 37
Georgian DAY. = 5. daetette o.fo% Gh teks Yolo folic to's ete lanai a eC Be Dates Sok ee Pepall
German forest administration... 25 Soe6 oes die eee dee ae a ee ee 18
Gill and: Fortune .cih cab d a DER. OL OO Rn Le Oe ee 105
Geils: aa), WEG Tare ra js 12 jeep lay solu ase ye eels 1 te, eee al ee ne 104
Gilmour and Conmmpaity: i 3.40244: matin ee eee eee eeeeeae tenet 103, 106, 107
Glamorgan township, Haliburton county................... 14, 35, 108, 109, 111
areas burned dm 1913 4.6 )4.5 o 0 ake GA AA A Ae ek ee Rk, kee een ee 31
ASSeSsOrs TebUPMS TOP sa is6.2'.4.be Saha Salers fe eee pee ee 29
classification. .of lamds:im:) 54.68. vasis |. ea ali Sie ek eee epee 23
decline of population 10.0. dices cislaieteialo's tales a's ahs lots nos 8 ee 95
eseription OF ......)2:.,/i6 site % foi ta ow la\nla’o’s's wigha tsetse telore te etapa tes i iedeter Olea 83
expenditures for fire-fightitag s,s 4 siniols's fo le 'c tere le he nie ence eee 32
farms sold for wipaid takes: 6 ot. o/c ies i's ss lae ls teen te eer ee eer 97
graphite it, : 046s u Ghar embeatateeh Gh es eae eines By ee 117
information from County Clerks). ' 45:0)... 10% ois’ slo we meee eee tee 30

BTML TOD. w: 5 5. i 4 se Se ip thls Mota Utila fote Be la Pela Salle 1c fo te fu lo le iano a te ReTe Re eed ee 116
licenses now i fORGC iit fu la setae ifs itu a's oc fale ta ats es ha te a ee 105

142

INDEX

Glamorgan Township, Haliburton county (continued) PAGE
PTPOUT MIE a te iat a wer eae igre. ah, oa cd aaa ie ewe Se ela bd oleae Seb 118
RETECePR TSS Merry atte uy ane eee) nL acyl cy thy ci ahah es andes acteBes 6 AY: ain sola @lo'e Wi So0"d 117
POOP UMC Mee ya) sec serassttenota cians se asesaladayniay asbrors xi asb\eaekjas adores asaya Bibbs ACB Ho 103
MENCent Age Ol LAP MMIe MAMA, 5s chsiseaietcc ls ose «vin isa wlan cioreinccesea bee 91

ACH ID TNT ee Al EE Serve bane ack Cena Sr. See en a eae) a a 37, 70
COGMETAES PMG. hs sayy aH ial Mine nog > ie MASA Nls bibs bia pila wae wia’eb WSs 100

Golden. Lake Bumber Company si cioiecieccuieeclcncccccesceeasdcededbeesce 131

SETAE eam APL yy af a iy oe a ahiiay SH. ovelinvcush ova eiw'a BIS GUE wld Ware he owe 80

Be Tce TEL TALENT E00) chad aac jupuiyaterapetodeasicbe/shensis S\asgie-avwies Sp oldie athala lace old wie eee 115

CE CUCL EG TEMUOTEN IE iecoliaiedavesu uth ates ais''s(aMalel aa ahd Sia lesee! ayaa 4 oe “i BNaItaNe tela thao, wean palate 14, 66, 80
SHIMIMCHh) Of (UL WOOG, LOU « (c../ofa)2/s00\ne/eladghan o's 0 Ua bldle n'a Cid vials bisa ov seb es 99

Cae uniter ONE GRVTTELSIUNID 0) o.jsc sata ala Neva eregeainvas wld < s/elelateiale abblalse & d's viele bene 18

re eITIMREN Ue ee ins he Asis pile isire El acho ensteegs ic dhs ,/vho a ae Sie, 'siat dnee-cnitn.e viele blow 103

Cee TVG GM TTT TUS TAMA, oe ola sus scese- ole aie elairesera-e erie taue oars Give a)hpdie'le Olbe ose lb eralele 15

COATT (TTC ATINR, BUN SS RRR a ene eo ee a or ee re ee 111

GTAP Mite WOCCMTBCNCANON 34/2 usu ile Giise sc tee ok @spaibin ae oso 6 a aw's)s eR w eke ale bps 6 117

Eee CRM MU CMs Poh Mh UaN diane anna dNery gf svah a 6x dna oie ad eh ake aw be pale OM 86, 88

See INA MAN a ie aM Rh ee etek MOMS aoe Pius acwis o tadermtletalecw Stabe Calote 106, 107

ee MS My CUMIN EMU ey chee atic ent Wael ssaicel, So uaeo. aly cays Gh wd iela@ienusaid oe debe Ys 37, 66, 83, 108

Re MEM Te reIMESCORE ah {als iekcisis ais) a lasiny& wanda Dale g<ler6 oo '.Wiaoe & biajec. ne ope eae wale 113

Grimsthorpe township, Hastings county..............2.0.00e eee eeceeees 16, 111
Reel GE ITIMRaep amit wate warner Me ie Fe Rt ad cake a hake ah ORES 115
DLA TH EAN EE Ae LOL Sy he ae Ta 117

Guilford township, Haliburton county............... 0c cece ec ee cece eeeee 9, 35
BECoNuaMENed et TOLD yc cea sepiaaiw due ss baw biak ou Ge sib we wa wala 32

DORBESSOUM, TEUIMMS LOF ah igi. 4 fine a.ajes dja-hd a bulbs oa @ shel aloes ous ee R RAE 29
Classica bion Ol- PAWS IN ya 5b se Pe bob win 2b cus wiles asetaheseiS ule aie WEG %leale dies 27
Gecimeol MOPUAMION Wi. saves dies kane nee sh Ca Nba wa aes ane eltlentlelag Xo 95
GERORIPUIOMU OR sys cits genni es us Wk tides we em UO Mie deteu Ga dhs 87
TEMA SOL TOL UNMAIG TAKES. 2 ic.2 is acs cas clahaedubeh oodde cms deur 97
BB eMp Leal Ota) LAKOCMVIM: 6 l65 tis cs nce dew wc dies wines tres aged RNa ere Sau Weal 45, 48

KOEI TSU TES 8 Aa ORT a gn Le atk a 36, 66, 84, 111, 115

REEVE Se lasek orden Siete Dag © else be €s owe ws 9, 35, 36, 38, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89

Gullihiven Humber Company. io... 065 6 oc ee des vee Sec e en sa wealoe wees 32, 105

Eee rane enema Nea ge Wo pig hac ha ewe hn wv ex ia/ eh atce Ro med ROGER ele 116

H

Hagarty township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands of.............. 131

Veg CI UGMRC OUT Yl wtliand Mena tenale ki a fechas, crue miele MG dw Wiel elbewle a APO MIRA @a usr 1, 6,9
Mrs es MAH GOP AHEM rata s Gea Nici he als «ata diahcinete Kars ws de va Wmfers 30
classification of lands in northern townships of...................0205: 27

OURS) GE TUT TNR ESS GE MAU SSA DC a A CG ee 28
CONGUEIOM On TOWNSMIPS IN ie) cis oc we se ved was oo wae a ee Geen wane 30
GEseniplion: Of tOWwNSAIOA IM: 6.6. oc ee a lok knee eee cee ae gage eens = 81
PVEREGS ULI CEBIEN IIT). x ee Whe Sata hak acis < ua We Cascktein sR bia Se peak « 93
PHEMIAUROLG TOR UMPRI TAXES Osc Veh wicca ec ee ee ae kn wate sae es 97
LENATITS, M15 SEER COA 0 ER CaS Se 35

LE REIPISUSU GT) TET 22 29) CARED TSG 169 CO eg 112

143

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE

Haliburton, cutting of cedar ate. GS aieeee seek cee eee eee sawn 99
Haliburton lake. i)... cfe citer nee OG eee eee ecu ele an ee eee eee 89
Haliburton river... waned cae uc ceuiee ome ee kere ere) Oo eae ane nan 86, 87
Hall Bridge. .'. 2/5 0's sie bate ibe oe meee ee ne isi) oi ae Sletce ee een eee .36, 66
Hallowell township, Prince Edward county...................... oineens eae 130
Harburn township, Haliburton county .: 2.4... 20.0634. ele De eee .9, 35, 108
assessors’ returns fOF : oii iis a's os disi@ oie eee 0 cl aeRO eR a Sia i Theo)
classification of lands in............. be adled Ue alah ae ta fe RAS eS ne ee (28
decline of population in.......... ip lb oie ela Gk CeCe near rare anbelly ROS
GESOrIptION OF 66 in: cic Ese Ser Gt ei lC G) R UA ee eda era a ane 89
farms sold for unpaid taxesi) 2... Ss ee A ee ee ee 97
Harcourt township, Haliburton county................ccc cece cece ecece 35, 112
apabite We e's 6 eke es wo! Pee Oe eo ein hae AAC EI eaten a 118
assessors. returns. fOr... cece wee eeees ae oe eee eee Sen coke 29
classification of lands ini... oo). 8 sie 4s woe Hes Oe Save lele eee s Ge ee 28
Parnhets TOUMG Ws ie es Be aa een gas ot alee ee ecg ae ro allie
maOly DGeWITE; Ts) ae aca als Laila these he yk Des ee sore alee eee eee een 115
Hardwood logging... foe iis. 64 de Wes eae ae een eae iia av ale hasoul eos Ree 14
Hardwoods; lumbering Of: 3600. 55 ss abe et ss wee Ble 0) ee 100
Hardwood. type... ss. ess os Yen Seca Sate ES ga oe de ee ea Al
Harris, Bronson and Coleman..................... Aahcl Bare Es otal CEL OV AN 104
ERArvey: BROOK 5. 6.5 slice! sia Bes ot 65-88 onl wry sl go UU Shoes lun nae adele Lene 36, 79, 80
Harvey township, Peterborough county..............cceeeceeecececees 35, 109
areas burned 199) 1908 366 cess foaled sie canara ne he Ben Cee cen el ae 31, 32
assessors TeturMs FOL es). 655 ce shelsve alelso a cede owl a ee sig he eles ee eee 29
classification: of lands im... .5)5 Sau Bes needs sea ee agate GE eee 23
decline of population im.) 33.60. 4 F208 Gen cei late eee 95

GES OrIELOM OF iis ios soiiacle ra a cy sous she a hel bee en ee ee aa ae ee ey at ere ee 80
farms sold for unpaid taxes :...60.64 2.526 ghee be autem ee ee 96
information from. ‘County’ Clerk) 003.0 2 cai) ee cit en 30
leénses NOW IM TOPCO) 4 2). 5 055.5 eyed aa SUA ee ee CO eee 105
Omri: HCO MGE Te ois) bec Bi 5geen sos evasion felctes J cond kwie Wale en NRO teas Bae ie ge 103
percentage of farmaing Lard 0h oi. ooo oo. isl s'sloicdas ahoh oreo stthiene or envelop etree 91
report of Clerk OM soi). 2p aise aa Sieve aa! s ne lahene re aie Eee chee eae 121
sample. plots tale My. ooo sce) c 05, sce) tea eqaceitecs miesepebapole ytd tenet ence eee nena 46, 58

| 50:1 .,'¢5) 5 6 Caron rae nny a PLA RUM RMR URUE umes Sb SRM Ar BG a 106, 107
15 C12) 311) 7: i es ey Maman pIUae Hua OMS WINN Gnu aS, lira (eae! Go. 106, 107
FIgsbings COUEY «6c. 5 sigs ccye sosin weg we Re eee eee ae one ee eee 1,6
description of townships Mm. (3. 00000000 15 los ce ein oe oe eee eee 68
farm dist wtbiOn 40 ose as e's es cg See heen he ee ie a eee eee ene 92
farms sold for unpaid taxes.............2ceeee eens PEA MPAR MN Sic) 2 96
organization of Forest Committee in... ......... 00. cece eee eee eee eee 16
townships surveyed We oo. ils eile via eas ice ae 2 aoe otete ace 35
Havelock township, Haliburton county. 0 ...0.). sienlan oe ese eee ee 9, 35
assessors’ reburnis FOr yb as dale is eRe aig Pi He LER een 29
classifiedtion of lands ish aks adage ie headed Silas eee oe Eee 28
Geseription OF 0). \050 vis s/s hiv a epee ee ed Pau Ie cpa a crate eget ns eR ee ae en 89
heed Dake oo nae shes eiw'ts a's so Rea aliete alls ee Yiu saw We tcvar eth Gr Rt neal ae ee 87, 112
Hemioelks type. ooo ois avin sale U Spe ali Wa Ome cre aye aye ne rete nee 50

INDEX

PAGE
Herschel township, Hastings county, classification of lands in.............. 23
MITA EROD LOWE irs new aida d 2a da di dh .bd'4 de 4A dv ares AR DOG bb eo 0 a 0 oS 106, 107
EUR CMe OUP iti tues Muara Ne ga ardi'a aS aaah «dele QR wim D's & w'clw nein oe 6 > 106, 107
Haltieritownship, Prince Edward County... ... 0.6512 ccssce0%erDades eb eeces 130
Hinchinbrook township, Frontenac county. .........0.05600edesarvcecbece 123
Lindon. township, Haliburtom county. i... 200.000) Sela e lee Verve eee Peeks 35
Pope esOUseMeUUUAS MOUe Gia. 4¢Gs ac ssa sks wBt aad bbs beds be. eae swale 29
Clas SMA PIORE Ol MATIOS UN ele isis ot sc aye hoc a Se bie wete's elsladeeeeslebece 23
ACID Mae Vata eat, Bae Melgar es dina a edie eee bie ie Mack We se Sdebad oe 89
HiStOt Git NCNM My AteFANeGe 282 201. ve deued eo addaladadeeedéucecducseeds 7
JE COM NGG dhe SES MEG RATE ioe Ofelia i 115
Horseshoe lake................ PM Le Se ee Ue GW ga Seat ne 52, 70, 85
[EIGHT VOCS) 10 HS OIE Gey Pele, Le A OP St AAS Po eg 116
TSIGHETOTONE eed eM Cia a IE oe MVEA 2S A a 93
[5 Gini, IEA) Cree) aA Re REA ee Ms ee Pa ce 2
REWOL MO On ires OF IGISet Leen iill lsc. sek bee kee da daekeaes oleae 31
SCRE ROLN ORK Ol tn mer terre TMM AR Sa ORM ache te Rec mune gene 7
[BIRDIE SOE ol dik Oran ied ED, ASS RS a a iA ha ak ee 103, 104
Hungerford township, Hastings county, report of clerk on................. 123
EMILCI NEV SNe N ICC rem Uneaten sat rere Ce Melt ak dd Ve ee 105
I
lnnebun trial clevielapmienit) ssa he.) sisi chee ste aos eine Miele eaee'alalc seeds cvemle ends 14
DME UCLIOM SN GONSUAVEN AIG. ec) silico sard a)s Urept vite wtelea e'e sala sla'ae obs Wsla icc plaints 6
Irondale, Banerott, and Ottawa Tatlway o... 6. oc Scn edhe sie a cold piece halons w 15, 120
IISHOTTNCIE) STS (eA a cunt re OO ee 36, 38, 78, 82, 83, 85, 87
Jaton panty nay aren Ges IE Dear ae Reo eae eee Met Se ee ee 116
IPPC See MaKe) Olpegieaes Deol emit MONEE Fe Rae ey oo Ee iM ach dre: Alclad eM die’ Wie seh 6 areldvala «'¢ 69
J
Ae RG LEE ham eee Ato ge oe en NN RE Es Ln ace haige 6,4 9, 36, 38, 75, 76
a erie Weed All ceo eg a eae SAAN hs ak uc ok AME get ay ena, wha eta sdi'g ik aces b wen Siew de Rais dm 69
ae csony sind Minthe COMPANY) cs). ck sk os clo w bind were es eke ve de eelens 30, 104, 105
Site @ RO MEM UNMNEIETH CO) nce anucm le Geis a cu 5's «cpa wig. g ais mm d wis le se Goa Se Carum am a's 105
Opera CC CNeee Od art ais Mert MSL Ah, eo icle a Wielide tu leialenciiicleaym Cayayete p's as 52
K
Kaladar township, Lennox and Addington county, report on lands of........ 127
Ipaer PME ERIC Ledeen at Ric hea ee eee doen ORR cit K Sie Ware ene we ek wed we gie eK 110
ABNER E RR Cre RENEE ene eh aN See eS 8 LS) a ential a inmate cil seaen eon. RARMMRRNRE & 9
EPs DV DERE oar Pea hr en ca tts cain A idah'p |p 0) § it APN isc A Ue eater h ame Ok 88
ean ee MOR AIRE. Se cies ais s Os sb ood e's vale do eons wa eememeh conebth 85, 86, 112
UNSER) SUES J SN D0 IR ANCL ogey os 8 OU ete Eee (Py ater 35, 75, 110
Emre Ee EMC MEIN iris Oc. back Ge wee OR a Rk CaS Rec 9 Snags 5 aid MRR ebabe eS ee 115
Perr eeEI eM TeEICC I tee ice fk cle a cg ag ahh hiss o wind nldbee@idia et mrehGretay ih ibd 111, 116
PORET ine SOIC Ee CS OR AGU PA gcd bla ou e-k Wale Wwe Megan ER 2, 35, 101
Kennebec township, Frontenac county. .... ..) 2... cae ee ee eee laa ves 123

145

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Kennibik Take w 36 3e'6 4 2's ew DR cies oO Se al oe 87
Kenmisis: lake 20) ile usc acs: bead Wiehe Brett Si aledles diets ntlo alles a aos aur 36
Kinmount—
cooperage plant at... 324 pin ke ee oe oe De ee eee 100
CLEAIIETY Bib yo a's. 5 kiuik ee as, erla acer tea PM ak Es oA na ena Rea 94
shipment of cedar and pulpwood from. ..\... 3:04.05 sais a sae 2 ee eee 99
Koshlong, Take. 7.) ee ah al a scree Gaal 83
L
Lakemela ss ie) a ie kn ee eit ae oa UR aI neal sate 99, 106, 107
Lake township, ‘Hastings county. we ds coc Os ok ee ee eee 35, 108
areas burned:in 1913s Hahei! ahd ot kG cl see eee nt eee 31
assessors returns TOP is es Seg oe hdige wise sieves tackle Ee ene) eee nea 29
classification ‘of Jands.in 2', 20540. sade Suede oa ee ie eee eee 23
decline of population Iie. 30 oe Sic os oe Sie oe eee eee 95
description Of. oi) is eies)s ea se les ek ke cee ee ee ee 69
expenditures for fire-fighting). 0/0. 3 ao ne nn Vee eee 5 bee eae kee 32
farms sold. for unpaid taxes. oie. su sd Vea ew dak 4 00s ole oe ee ee eee 96
(OCS Cie | 6 ae ee Seem Tee Ie gen MURINE NY Hnebepavin Seid Wats eB 8e Ee a 115
BOTA EINES y ‘ah vas sok we aces Sa cen OAL Se I he ee 116
licenses mow mm forces joined s wae cae te Soa Saeed ee eee tete’e tue ales
original Ligenses. 3.66 s0 es bP eg ete He a eae ee 103
percentage of farming land ins ../6\ne gisad- abalone sa eee oe eee 91
report-of clerk(Om). 0). i.60 dsc ioe cial VO AE ed Meee EE ee eee 121
sample plots:taken, inio!' <3. 53 Soa ees ele eee 42, 43, 48
L’ Amable stations) a) £202 kas) dg a Se NP ne tree a ee 116
Lanark county, classification of lands im 02... J600s 8. aces ok Se one eee eee 124
Lanark township, Lanark county (0/7726. es Ae ee ee 124
Lands, Ontario Departutentof 6). ise Ge A ae eee eee eter 6
Langton, Obs. sic). a ae Ghd Fae Bice oak Seed ate le UN ate Oe es eet a 103
Lansdowne township, Leeds county, waste lands in.................eeee8- 128
Lavant township, Lanark county, report of clerk on................... 124, 125
Lawrenee township, Haliburton county. 6.25) 48 Juan cake emer tee ewes 113
Laxton township, Victoria county, report of clerk of...............0000 00> 133
Tie yard. Wine s5 ess tke as oe iete ieee ee ela Se eee Ra RRC DNS ee 116
Leeds township, Leeds county, waste lands in......... 0... . cece eee eee eee 128
Lennox and Addington county, non-agricultural lands of................... 126
Licenses—
lands ander s sie ss hin WSO 5 wie Sree ele ee ee ee ee eee 101
now in. Loree y! giii44 664k PAG RP Ee a en eee 104
OLAS TIG oo: nse is v's hah 8 wees SEU A a ko RUN Woe ce ne et ee ee 103
License py stern fii i c6d vas oihis iar lel Stn eeeisuer et cal ng Aaa aa esNlCd eRe ee 5
Limerick township; Hastings county. .ieials swiss ks cao a Rhee eee ee 35, 111
areas burned 1n-1913 4.4.6: bo aie hake he ed hed cen OM ee ene 32
GBHERSONS LEbUPNS FON ss» ehevienvis sew cee bie eh bis sees ds )ays oa n'y avila delete 29
classification. of Tamds iis). ¢é. <5 us ¥ 64 o gb bd sb. eee Oe ie ome 24
decline of population im, i, 4:5 negd Gia we 4 as BR eee eee renee 95
Geseriptionr OF 56 5 casisia. su, etew sdoneea ewe Vo ban noes RASA REE ee Rat CH es ee 71
farms sold for unpaid tages ii 54's wissen cco Shee Peer Ruiopnlatee tate 96

146

INDEX

Limerick Township, Hastings County (Continued) PAGE
ACHR Nae UR ce ACN Ad Ayia Wiets oo S.eiee mie Bee oe & ala oh aw ee wae 118
Gmc MCCUBEAASSIICUE ip hirW icine saz ace blee'tisit'e bubae 6 0c ne a'ecs deus haw’ 104
DEVCeNEaee OF TAMING ARID eis ce eke eos cet es oes deuduneeecvves 91
FEMORAL OMe sit Aa Era Wa sv acd ihe 8s ee 46 de aca old we Wa Od od wed oad ee 121
SAM Ol PROM M Nhe oh 4 widislée win a'e ga Gabe Tew Melee die a wren be! 53

TINGS SAWaLOR WGUSEIY: Abies sab soa tien wa ne 00 bv ee ads been e wie stele oValaee e 99

Eee eLeriteaey tem RR WN et Nol PHVA a alg )n Vleet eral albie wah a kK s gk we cide et «Deol 104

TE cre Mtr A MOR DOM Oi ze, Ve pits elybave aiebalp oath Sie ais a) we alal'v, dve ovale adie abolive a AalatavelDeade © 119

PE Ree ENO OMM CEN Mcp en ies se pei amie ndin die ole pi'|e'S'cla<-v'a'a ie tale a eae awe Ware aay 66

PP GleMAEIG YA Lee Nien crs i ace wip iets, B Lvarkcidlblelalcialedl eas aia nte's haul Weed 35, 72

eTEG en a eNoe Aee MINING Pa pega kc orsha dl aS a) als ois dew ord diwaie Waa Badia a savalb Wes 116

Longford township, Victoria county, report of clerk of...................4. 133

MIR Ey eae MePe eeu ein ALU a WeAILN A: aie Mite /e tok a iel'dahal eld ata wa ote ene-atbloe es 112

Look-out stations—

SIGAEILCO IRCCS ORs. ni gtnaed se eats o aoe ales Dee shoe uae canons yh aweee 66
FAN CHOHLOR COST OMe siya Mlayh orate. w igs lala avaxse, Oa wy ip widened a Uke ace arava 68

hoonpbavaiGawa mamma Ake gid cikecw ss cssoeacae eds cnceseenabeedwen dudes 116

Tee@Tinis ce hee ee Cedi anes she ee PE, iA Cae te ats 35, 74

eughborough township, Frontenac coumty.............)..-.ceeeeeneseead 123

iudgates Johny 20% so adie. a 8 BPN Ree ERAN: 0's abs ahs coda cra hmavnioo ee whe aie a oF ike 103

Ena AAA MINED COMILNOMS rete sisi eieia bas wider m als ao! o's alas w aie-b ere aheleine U oleien.e obi ole 98

DUMiberine IMGUStTy, MOLESION, o2osceec a coke ss ads ce cence seantecdcacsvs 103

Lutterworth township, Haliburton county............ 02... cece eee ee ee eee 35
AVCASM UMMC CMTE LOM ete aah Rt sie dal sie a SRR whe so 4a cae de wee eed 31
ASROS SOLS PCUMUMBANOL cho) e wn gabe aisle <diauerdia gh k's aes we'd Ole woke vee be vale 29
PG ASslin Cail Gmy Ol MAIC sedMey «Gh, o/s eleva claves @ acl Slee dua 6/aye clo 4 eels a w ovarara'e aber 24
decline Of papUltiOn ime: edges. pic etwas ede sens dlnueneueaviwes 95
GH COND CLOMNOIN Masha nenie ice Wold h ace ¥'3 eis MAN ebay ein eke wierh'y x ka nld eee ows 84
Sxpendinures (Or APES NGINE 6g. 6 alec ec hams deeeaeceslensdce cueeDes 32
farina sol) LOR UNPAIG: UAMEH. a0 sucess edocs gee dae beae ds cee csleecdes 97
LOTS eae een Mala coats wu ARN ew oe wea eabeewede eee t's 116
ENT OLMIS win tera nee ORO rm nat Ramee ol Sh aid atte 118
Hea ERS EROL EGIL IN Denes Nea ener ee Vente orth’ Bet ici arene «csr ar ae ago ofaone «ia Guae BO 115
OLGA UMCENSeS ANSHeU uy as tee ow eo aesald Ube vce ae cu aeave naw en owes 104
percentage of farmine Jamd ti os 1s ek okies 6 OR ce Gale c Gee edad ee 91
SAT eyplOts| CACO aU aid sd Woda e so eina a uacwdew ted see yc cases 58

Lyellitownship, Nipissing Gistriet . 2.6... as ve we de eae Wea oe a veces 108

UMigota Aa yey NOUR aR Nt Oe ee me Oe oe A 117

M

Uircleh was TIVOR Ural catraahay taka’, & alas f «6.4 4 acsearle Ue Mauna e ty Ba Rberis arma 109

PaaGOG BOL vGmCIUCMIeNM bie We go ea cues wn da Case x cadeehanga cad ven eevee’ 115

Madoc township, Hastings county—

Geet ere Mil Steer OP eR RNs URRY "ok cna kg eta Liar d Ay aid Banik neta shane Milas wei Gi 115
Re Ce Re aa eA Ce Oe ee Kk dn rete Gaeatihe Wal Wd wines 115
MOOT Eee te here tg Co, Ac wo C&A Sew mg aie wie eu WARN as te Lede bee 116
ME NOGRA De AEOHC Edis coo Oe Os) Gh cvs x po SR ERE oe Shae Se eon 119
PREC were) We Re ROR cia Cie eel GAGs «chal Qu ety @ Lae ae RUC eRa OA AD ata 116

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Madoc ‘village, mining of tale ati oreo lass ae a oo eee eee 117
Maloney, JObM: (3. cig) 3) SS ee eae ee eee ene 103
IMU Vake@es: 2 oie. o esc ks sic hoe Blecher 112
Marble, occurrence of so...) ae Soe fa 4a hignallova ce, SEER ee nae 118
Markets, extinction of farmers’ ).2 30075 0..6 04 ns ok as ein ee ee ee 10
Marl, deposits ef. ).).:. 5): ornare also olen tae Mis ieee ane atic NE RS ba apg a 118
Mearmors, Oni 5 ts ORR RO UO Ne er Nee el ee 6, 107
cooperage plant ab. o.oo sa oa acs eg hd So oe 100
Saw-log industry abe. sce koe as Galea eo are eee Lotta ce a aie 99
Marmora township, Hastings county.) 6.000.) oak aban ee | eee eee 11, 35
assessors’ returns TOP Soe 6S he als ae we esa oa ee I ee 29
classification of lands in 3.0." ).8- Uodie oe. «Shae So ee eae ie ee 24
decline of population: mi. . 7/505 eae d suas On od oe eee eee 95
esermptiOn ‘Oli. ive oe a eccvs. leben etait /a ks 1 ee ee 68
20) (6 1s ee EL ee a MMAR MRA ogPN ARMIN. TQ ME Te 115
licenses Now in forces )s.,., 5 es gins baw ais Fae ale se ne 105
origmal Licenses... «2.625 05 64) g.0 Wd 4 wie, «dons 9 eae wet A ee 104
percentage of farming land im. 004 shes fehl oe eee 91
report of clerk Om... 4.5 s)c5, s/he io Re Re et ese ee 121
sample plots, taken 0 oii. as.c)siess 4 ache lg th wie qepaiae cae eee Seas 50
Marsh hay,’ burning Of. o 2) isis Sie: isle claleacd a 0s ee eg a a 33
INTRO ODT a5 Whe & Slee ues s, 6d a ie ayy tea ae, ee TES ee ee 109, 110
Mayo township, Hastings county—
POI TN 4 ep soe spate Hes Gah A Noh, PS A NE a 116
report of clerk On... 2.4. ose eek Uk DA a ee eee 123
MCCA eT) gic lace eels, foe es, Mi hs oy 0 Wee che een Teva ov tc og ee 103
MieClintock . ees ou koe rece te ey mle the Sah eee eg ee ae ern 112
Ie ie Take ods, ie;eieccrs ayessees, evecoees, Coe sebasie. Synge eg Si eters enor eae 108
MeDonald, Tob 66. occ.5 occas a ole 085 4 os td spec Pe ee 106, 107
McDougall and Tard gates oo...) 6.0 alesse hteese ae See ee ee 106, 107
MieKenzie dake 5. ici acces speedo 3.8, «the mins sekslaya leh Sie et REL Rete tae eee 108
McLean township, Muskoka district, report on lands of................... 127
PLC Vicker, oF og oie cobie kee acs kee ea le ain Vecleceua fopallone ae halt UE ce nie Da an 2
Dc W tlians) oF. BB 55 x. ca.cpesceth «sol ovens suapaetave aia: epbae ect skeet ee Oa Senne Coreen 103
Methuen township, Peterborough county...............00e cece 4, 35, 108, 111
areas Durmed im TOUS oo. 6 ooo; +,.0,ss0tocest.s eile ieceyvce aeninud bec Re aE ores ae 31
BSSCSSOYS’ TEGUPTS LOL. . 5ia.5 is, s,incecave oe sralacesceeice eR RNR eNO es Ree eae 29
Classification of damds ty) )i5 jie eee se eeo'e alee ene ee 24
decline of population im.) os. ices 2 walked See ee 95
el citings] (0s (ie: hia annette cu ML hel ume on lr a Fqoe sh 6 75
expenditures for fire-fe ting oa :5 42 G e al ae ce ee ee ge etree 32
farms SOld for WmMpPAIG TAKES «ss ym s'ctajeeisiare's’s ahve tndaatetal ete ehata label eae nena nage 96
FAKES LOSSES TD oo 555i aia'als/p\asaiptura'a 4 aiahetathobeltyi ts tel nti Hal elias tate iene et een ree a a 61
information from County ‘Clerk. oy. ic ss oe ee ee ene 30
Licenses DOW 10 -LOLCE.'s ovine ciligsaharstaraletnnelnlate: «\e' ale wlarafetblatsialeGle MetaaaE heen 105
NOUN CEG TED oo ae ata pn “nates ota de “ulin fu Puta aaa has Mant ss eis Syke Mabie Mel Nae Rena CENT Oe techn Rene 117
OTIginAal Wcemses 5. oon: aise cu a's! a tele atts ious Sailelohe to teNe ala Audis Gla pene keane ee 104
percentage of farming land is fi). 5 6254 os 4. sonl 5 ban Dee Reena ane ornare 91
sample plots taken Wy ois esis sss 55 oa ee bm 88a ye eo Aer eee 58, 59

INDEX

PAGE
eer men IVT EA Ten Miran Une Meta ET Mei Uae’) to Ae ao oly olin Plain wie pie Seca vl @ bid bs 116
HES TGC SU Ai Bier Sie IN age ey SO ar 37, 66, 109
Mier towinenip, PTOMbEMAC COUMEY 0.65. a5 ae eye ooo clsletdeen leap he wa lela do o> ads 123
Minden township, Haliburton county, . 21). v6 bod 2a eco lead thane ee ca ee os 9, 11, 35
Pas oa B COUN MSAIONEN EME ering eile d bye wise Reals eo ule wee elB de ences 29
ClABAMG ADH Oly LUMIGS UNM etary a te + cide xycie sda ue PV Mel acals bees a oe bdlas 24
Cee Oe POUL AMOMUAM eh cee co, ons piel mn a din alie’s b elec avay,\a e's na acer 95
CIO TEND TORING al nairalnnn el Malet atten 2 40'S ae andi Sean o.c aye © kd uLH som «ie epee 85
AEE SO LOR INP ATC MANOS INA cial. sp uidais cise eapisarr eld cds cen tands.e 97
IEF TI 2 NOR ec 8 RE ae al) A ae RE nat Po a as 116
ORI MINCEMGeSISAMCU.§ cn yaa iris hole ob Sava cA mele es web a wp soe wear 104
MeneeMiage Ob TAMING TAM, ete 25 be ca w+ bn ca cislaee Sa ascsieedieceasdy 91
TETRA CHE (DIESE “OY iy ARANDA EP a at Sie A re UE me os em a a a 122
Minden village, expenditures for fire-fighting...................0.0000005. 32
Dein cota layer Grd Ae ae Dues ee eg oo he ht, sei calged NG. 9 aiken ace cis exe ie igi’ ah «3 115
ie Gre RTGS TV I Pere Se crete a cra hs ahtaagle wld.c ms wale +, 4}008 au ean Wik, dw ye obe ode 3 15
DS Tiss Warpath a, Le Nr oe oo) ae ob a dees a ue hcalty by dual 4'4ieid Sie wed nia pienb 87
RUINS RC ee OC CMERCMIGES: Of, ices 6 2 a ull, 0G aw ws 0 0 oa es ect ona, be clad Bho Sie geld od cd « 116
UT sis ates UL cal Alle meee ee ece 4 ler catig 1e wi'e he ook» GG hc dee abe sel obd x cha whim, Ma aleuthoy me acd 78, 80
IE CIGSSSISIS 25 FB a GK fe ECL CAR RC Og 9, 36, 77, 78, 80, 106, 107
A ier SIS Pitre ee een BNL ictal wate) a Geach ava dasa OMe are Ym ween! 0a 47
Ua es ined mts ere em nC Va Gia hy ENA te kta TAY woe aN Sea ayes dap soe Sin hese sales,» 68, 70, 101
Manly yc mitt, WMA MOL oe ke ae tec st alan es due otele nv clea ceaneadsewceas 115
DM mnian UL RU Ser arm n\n mers ae te Wiad e Wine fet wae Wala ne.eels 36
Monmouth township, Haliburton county........:. 2.0... 00... c cece 14, 35, 108
BOTS MOLE ahah i ha Ale Ok, aM AIR ao eae a ee aS a ba 117, 118

PAE TSB PO MINN CCAM CUM cae Ny OM ee an MORE Ai Gold ci duc eee cre a) Eile wie). sb proven da main Soe an”
PISISLEISSLONGCY, DHE (DPI OTSUR ICO) Ra Par cu ae oe eg 29
ElacsimedttOMV Olam GS aM. ahh) in esate og ulmis sie Ena c ok gw Wee Go mee wee 25
CECH CHE h POMUlAtIOMAIINs, Gait ite onic sas neem Seles bebe aun o oie ae ec ae ee 95
CIS GUMONMO TO, OTA a eh ASO) 0 IN Sri a ae ca ago 83
femmes soldvron umpaid taxes. i), hve. vse. cucdos ccc enous css cae eeurees 97
SAP BY OL OATES ible, Syl) CRN FU a AS ees R.A gm 117
it CHIRnU Mia MoM TOI Satie, we nde. Fake rhe cS We cue as wun arom ued» « 116
IGCSnISe Sym OraMUNNORCE Auteur de ch. sane Ga eer a wive cuvia'cc View cs due es * 105
[TECTIA | ESS cae, coke RRC leet Ni te ARO! ori eR ae ee 117
SEL ll MCE Neat ae eee oe, Ces ee Ri ue ce Ee ON vue dap oie idle es 104
PELCEMLAZS Ol MarmMIMe MAME Wy a cycnln eo hs be ens Seem ek ae vee wate 91
HE MOT GF OMe C LOR em MN ny 652s GV uw Savas Srv ale to doomen Gok cmos we wa 120
Montacue township, anenk Goumtiy. bi... ca kk. yw lee cee cca etme aleme ss 124
Nionteagle township, Hastings coumby..... 1.0.6. 0G. ee cee caw cameh's 118
PRR UTUCIEEUMR... dt Wil ape eer eee ate g AR SON NOE EN A yet NR a 117
STRU ERGY TTT N TUNES YR 24 IN At oe a eaanan Sire 117
i TOUS) TORN INT TIE SESS MR ct Re Ug i 115
ROM UrCAl ad GMiineket TOR MaMleme Ga sae | tec eee ae kde ews eeccwees 118
FITOMEINE MEER etic ete 5 Me SRI iene as 6 slg wia’ x dw ‘a ain AWS w nae ig iene & a Died 85
TolGenlisvmine auton om itd oaks ee be ea es was See eee eee Cees eee 93
iieestcemenULEE Ee peneR RIM Soren Muah unite a A aL ala dle e autie © 4-cAuabebbbas dated 93, 101

149

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Mud Turtle lakes .05.5 60085 eee Pi oe ae a i ee 69
Municipal ownership «325 ek 23.8 2s 885 6 3S oe ee eee 16
arguments for and against: s224% 26.6. san oe et ee ee ee ee 17
Muskoka district, townships surveyed in. ............c cee ee cece ee eeceeee 35
N
1 (CC a pa Sees SLADE LE a TiN aL LEE MN RE DIR HU elo mtr Sig 5 106, 107
Natural conditions, ‘classification Of «42:05 3.152120 42.4 ue ceekoris ee ieee ee 6
Nightingale township, Haliburton county. 2.056 oye. kee es ee ee 113
INOBIES Creeks oo cas Sac pies hea tae eoalie & Syene SON eles cen ese ee eee 9
North Algona township, Renfrew county, report of clerk on ............... 131
North Burgess township, Lanark county, report of clerk on............... 124,125
North Canonto township, Frontenae county. ... .51,..¢)2 5... s 6. eee 123
North Elmsley township, Lanark county, report of clerk on............. 124, 125
North Marysburg township, Prince Edward county....................... 130
North Sherbrooke township, Lanark county..................0 00 cece eeee 124
Northern townships, Haliburton county—
classification ‘of lands tn e246. oi Ope ee ce oe eee ee 27
totalaiol Fee S25 a Ee Gee he eats Me Ota ie oa ee 28
North Monaghan township, Peterborough county, non-agricultural landsin.. 129
INGE GI PIVEN eae oi Sik Bc ae Se hele ae ere oe re ee Un cee er 35, 75
Northumberland county, non-agricultural lands in.....................06. 128
O
pe VAN 8 ied inl coe sno oho es Hews ou ayo UR tei elec Ue besa a on on ence nee 76, 92
Oakley township, Muskoka district, report on lands of.......... a, eee anata 127
O’Brien, Michael J. s....5 0. ais oh ad aida oe ee he ee ee Cee 105
Ochre, mining:.of 5. 3/2)..'2'5 oe e dsla aie ee ee Gees hee Er eee eee 116
CY aie TN sic. ooin, Risks 8 ak eek oy a te lea et ie ees ee 105
Olden. township, Frontenac county) 0.04 6. oh de en ee ee ee 123
Omemee, shipment: of tan-bark 605)... 0 5:cs.0 sill eee ue otra didens oun aye ere 100
Ontario Corundum Comipany 5/502. i) ss Sind ees eae ees ie one 117
APBATIO, VARS 5 5c s ba. wise oso ecbip ors, te) 4 Pad) Reis me RUST eeepc Ree ee eae eae 2,7
Ontario Marble Quarries, Tat 5. eisliio sia, des 2 elena ee eee ee a 118
Oso township, Frontenac county. si3.,< 25 cede cl ote eas hee ee 123
Opberharise mayne, 416.5 'e 5b ispe's a B beek ne ae eee a Secale Rie eye ete isie marae ace ese eee 117
Otonabee township. Peterborough county, waste lands in.................. 129
Ottawa,,as market for marble. . a. 05 aose lcs fad = Sonia ee oes eee 118
OGGA WA DEVE oi oie ois koi as ute wd dw’ oye Beck lerere 6 pl nina Sree late @ aia wee neni terete 71
biter rg ao aig. oa a nialintin whol te ew tarts yl er eee Ala aa © ie GUI Te eee ete a 35
J MObter Vike 5 4:4. ils so aw dinates eV ee eee Se eee eee Fat eee elaine Tee 83
Ownership conditions. ....50006 6. fia s ep ie Pelee a ee ee 14, 101
Oxtonmue Valse. 5 aco ince c eb ie aera aie a clot ete ure eee atte ene en eer ee eee 112
Pp
Page Co., A: 8.2. be SE ee a ee ee 104
Pakenham township, Lanark county:.-0)< ow). od Se ye ese os ne ree 124
Palwozoic strata. soo iss ekki bi and wie acihe 6 chin atlas ec ee ee eae 110

INDEX

PAGE
Palmerston township, Frontenac county...........ccccevccccvcccscecvecs 123
eee REMC Ny sagt ley ise Ge la hin AO a Wel ono dna ie’ Welete whee é we 35, 74, 75, 82
Fe UN NEL TM Uae cist tui 2 9oe ahaa blah atten ints: 1elehoie colin ees 'ake x Yeti ae wate dsb ash w s a's 35, 82
PARED, ICCIOW ANG: MFOUMCE) Sst bajo tiessbbalediedcdneddaedccasecacerene 106, 107
[PEO cic Feu: SU REMIINES JER AIG cic 06 ON aaa ge a oe ee a 116
DCm MORTAL te Soa a ieee Outta aia sia'ei saxo p-0 ue dowel g awn ee #6 qian es 105, 107
Peck tovriship, INIPISSIM GISHICH ) i. esas neseee sete deb ecdecavbacaetare 109
Pennyslvania, shipment of pulpwood tO... . 0.6.06. 0 leew c weed tee ceeeees 99
Percentages of various types of timber. ..........c.ccccccccccccccccceces 21
Entra LMC OmET a Yen ene et pete hire es atredeh ovis ettiitaNe ls 9 diale(elg a wate ¥ic Vue heie dad'ew caw aig 26
PerPeOWliy, MIRMACORICNE LOD 5.) acc's cies diccecsesecdetscenvedececesauvnsn 16
ee SpeLO TIAL ETA Sigal AMIN eh lly BEATE lila Py UL eek a 99, 106, 107
EMU OREM MUGOUIMy ante cc'c cia © ater ale le teneing 49 cia a's) oatarate o's wb eve ate'e ee pwaiewns 1,6
BOLEIEESSEU DEC OLIICM Obi eh Ll atr ree mianie wath y bis cua ae elaldie esse hoe ecetye se « 16
GESCHIPUOM- OL TOWNSHIPS It! os. ulead ied acs's ena seladececctscnedee 74
DLT MCL IS CAO UUM MED tr aes, ele ais ect )k ard soe iakate alt wd ola e auie aslelz eee cea ees = 92
HAMAS AOL LOR MAI CARES.) i.) ee cafe cin ccc cdideswwenecwamenvanenss 96
LO WMS MLSVNUIVEVEG sce ee ule ns eae ow a npakalees one v cuss uweceeeen es 35
eterboroughy lumber, Co. 26s Swe cde eee vive cade seas ees cns 104, 105, 106, 107
GxpPeneiburesMGr ALEEHWNE I. V6 ce coke ce cee cepa cece decdeccvcece 32
nits) hin. Of Uri RAVE. ctiic ae ss ccna cscs cle ecm as ecd eps onenucecess 107
Physical features of area surveyed............ccccccccccccccccccrcsesece 108
Perec ed OURO OMA a rye ere sae tet nie eh aa cal aha s coy. aetn 48m, eka wnds «ie a'eic,e: 45 mein, ib miele « 107
JP begin bela Wie CS a ie al eon TE A De Can a 2 ee 78, 79, 80
Pine—
CIUGROM eRe eee Shs nA ey ethers cle x ahah Si os Weal ar War Wee icke'y ta Rade wre ke ore wd 6 107
BICMIELICHIION i he Oe) epee ee hyerusarahe) sah st Dabistci sv ol ah gta hal aay eChiata sD elerele dle'a'w'w ow ee 99
Exbenstve Géstruction Of choc rae Sac cewta caer cew helesewasaeeceaveeese 50
reproduction of, in Cashel townships. ..............c ce cececccececece 13
FEproducbion OM) DUTMEd ATES. ocd ewca vc c ees Cesecavsseseunsevecs 62, 63
ere baleen Rem ra rete clave aces Sluis eye's ca viele eg os’ athe auuneeees «© 88
Eeeroiiscral ye heiiematener en tate eae sie Ze wey Nt iio tar er AO PU oe ee 88
Poli POV ASLe ret Gnse mene ne ane he Stents ata. lets www ate whe sta wala atweg.s sadam oe vie 19
EareerernNU MEIGSCMINCLECIe Gilets ho vidhae eddies 418 Seale eed da nelate’s bi dew eu awe ctees 103
EO bike RG mye tee ante ete nee cae os w Mey NewS wield ae cSt Se sea sas eos ene 51
ACP AGM RELI ROOU ects te Wye miele cia ead al dele dia'e wighui alata w'dlae s Welwa calein « 100
i eNO ee eae rere AG cralat alias, disvglsucslisia. oy Paw berg ke Se kame wie dae y € 64, 65
Ponaglationy GeclinerOh us hu dtok Gc. wally Seek av dua vwasis'd Ceucew deme aie anes 95
Portland cement, importance of marl for............. cee cece cece cece cence 118
Portland township, Prontenae COUnUY. 6... 6. sek. ek ce cine ce cereweeeases 123
PER GSMs RETURN Mtie se ce nN ED Cee S CE o's 5 alk a wim ain a Sts an waren Biante Bre mS 106, 107
Pautsemacton, Gilmour and: CO ng... is Cesc suede se edeeweameateameccuns 103
Baverty or rural populations ig. shaw ce... Seaweed RUE Sein rel ie 5, 20
Prince Mdward county, waste lands in ............sccencanccncddlaceacesive 129
PeCO WCIMUOTIMS GM So i GRU MO MG Cok ud San Gd vwesit wun kbn peek aeeay bans b+
PEO VAUCIGL OWMETSNID CISCUSSCUN aos wa CoA ee ke es we bine menses cadence nnn eeied 18
Pee OD RESONATOR CNPC IN Su ctn MRT PeN et CIR) fe Sieh a(x apeeudl sal 4's. 6 0): 6:8 wsmleimi ule inh Mika ve jach, 5 meee Sl 14

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGE
Public Works Department (of (Canada). o.t.0. Hye ee ee ee a
Pulpwood—
destruebiow ols. i. .ecainsk yin fue wle sie waitin Wace eae ee We a 34
poplar, value:Ofl. 21) Oe PN ieee La Lyla Oty 64, 65
Pyrite, deposits Of. wi... 0s te Soe Sas UL ee 116
Q
Quebec, .as market for timbere 0) ee ee ee eee 106, 107
Quincey Adams Lumber (Co. 0.55.0 6) nis ee Ves Np eee) eae 104
R
Radcliffe township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of..................... 131
Raglan township, Renfrew county). o) boa cee tee eee 110, 131
Railway facilities: Oo taco eaten satiny en lol ovate, Ue cee, UNE RA eae eae 15
Railways‘and Canals,’ Department of. eae 5s cup caleh ed Gee rie
Ramsay township, Lanark county, report of clerk on.................... 124, 126
Rathbun Coie bee ac Web ooh s pe ald Pele tone ee Ose ee Ad a nee 105
Reasons Lor SUrVEY 66) oo hs bs) oe acca SG Oe aa ee 2
Recommendations........ i he ONCE SE AAR OI ee SONG Stee ks ee 15
Recuperative. measures, proposed 3) 045 Oh eso os oranda Ce os ee He ae ee 6
Redstone lakes’. often ile cece hpscne end are tba gud ahuen Tam an Cee meee Ce a 36, 45, 46, 88
Reeves, answers of, to inquiries of Forestry Branch..................... 120
Reforestation Act, Counties: 0. ..4 04 0 eee ea 17
Reid, Matthew 0c cht seh oe CCN One NN ie Ue A PA En 106
Reproduction of pine in Gane township. $2009 oh OAe Be Orn ete 13
Reproduction, prevention of, by fires. 20.06 2.4.5 268) ee ee 65
Revenue, loss. of; due to burns.) 00 5 oe Oe aaa ee a 13
Rice Take ye oe os eo eins SB wba we ee lie ee eee 35, 105
Richardson mine’. 6 e050. ea ais ae ee a ee lee ea 115
Richards township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands in.............. 131
Ridout township, Muskoka: district :. ../.). 16.0 sce Cen Hee eee Be)
classification ‘of lands sr 70). be 2c 86 cae ee eo ee eee eae 25
report on Lands ot 8566s die «ails obela tose Whe ieee Rasta sk rete center tees 127
Roches moutonnées \) 2). 5 gis ie ik ee a os ae 110, 111
Rodgers, Job Bs oe ee ae 6 6 seed Siete Oe Ae ee 103, 104
ROPES, AUC Zico 'e e wsa see wks eee SN A Ce Nasa ae 106, 107
FRGBEGAIE oo. 6. 232 ed a tle ue RO ak ik Ca ae es po ee 101
Une) 00 i C1; a EAN Curmaum MENT Aub entire sais we MW Yn oc! uals Ol alae a in 104
Rouind ake 6.0 oe at bis ee aint ake tee ae eae Re ea eee tet te ee 35
Rural population—
decrease of.......... eas be alin h AOUS bobs at ai ahd Rim nates lavetal GLa cUENe tes eee ae aaa 11
POVELEY OES ei aral ls a aed elas he tea ere aU cae ne ect ea aes 11
Ss
Sabine township, Nipissing district 1.4) .ccbicc:c0)era sens ales asteee ane eRe een dec 113
Sb. Charles ratte sci) ss iisssievacees! atin atepeteheps te iw oh phate eee SR eaneGk: Caan ree Snel cee eee tae 116
SE. Lea wPemee TIVE 5 so op ss us cba ies 008 pa Bhtod ta debsonapn bac 1a Haare nah Gen TE Aenea 109
SS, nD ag ain io ve ro issu Ze reyes pn tnile initcdn tn dade uaetcesita ty Aa eitbonc. tc J. Ign eo 66
Salmon. lake... ih 6 a6 04 56 see es he Wim le gm Ole agh MLA tet ee 35, 53, 71

INDEX

PAGE

Pe ATUNOLeN LOU) VANCSIOL ae cep din Misia awd evan Sv teas de mb dar one asen eee 42 et seq.
sayeth yo Bie Ge ORE le IO MORO |. cd a a a 103, 104
MY ee ah seo oats Same dag eT eS CC Se fer) 104, 106, 107
Sebastopol township, report of clerk of............ Fae BO A: aie alt: ih ae 131
pemi-virgia lands in Elalipu@ton COUNTY... cee cbc cece rece ecewes 27
EON SR CHMMEMRA PEO Te cue ae are MEER EAMES 2, oly 70 ial eh eiciglniauttae pine 2 Be « «ace 28

SHV OSM IME, G51 TH) 0] | EB plata 2 Nel ae ee Nm ee 118
| SOURUNIT COUNT ORNS fg eee el oly hace a hat Recah a Geaomama Ee nnA Saeavn e aPO a 116
NOLIEURT, O ce obec a Mle ates le 2 ae Url a ted ie TPR RN ch 2, a a AaR Sm E R 106, 107
Sheffield township, Lennox and Addington county......................-. 126
Sherborne township, Haliburton county............... 00.0: e eee ee eee 9, 35, 112
CSC AULOMON We Mnels We.) AnD tic Se aio buece eve love ayeare.s slop -¢ ae es oe 25
ChSSVRECTHIGLS “OL SIA cuRN SA ELEE CoA Ea Nk A i a eR 89
IETS SRURONU MINTO eS tee Mem retell yeti ee eee oy ce a wip rare 105
(O10) 511 ,2).10 a ae eee Pn ENR eee me dom hah fio SS 6 wie ees 116
CRG MCCNSES te Mea AVM ava Tl iae carck Mises SOR oe bode ae et 104

Beret Opera Leo MMR MOTO nara 20, 1 aoe whee do) wea niet, leak < pis cw inl cudee Sesh me mee pele we 1
SEG e Mm Gere eenan en min I taaun ete aI iw"G Uouader lsc) 0G bide ates wie shoes coed wld vye a Ae 9
Sen ATIC COO Me tai et ap et als als, gua sts lel do Vielels Muah wna ere @ir wow le whace 106, 107
PSL TOMI Tal (Qt, aM aT AR Ch a AN RR eats 104
Smith township, Peterborough county, non-agricultural lands in............ 129
SHumMourtownship, Haliburton COUNtY...1.....0.-ce. cesses see een wee eeas 35
RE ASe LD Une aU Oe eneR i atten! ace yk hare vighe sels Gus Bad Bays ow Mele ee ee 31

PS ACSa Un sueRe GUIS ROM ls eral Tk io ah een CREA wd clk aeytinys Se amnPace 29
Bae MEe ETO TN Ose PANIUES IM soso erat etY.,cala f GRha'« site w ale eck Go auxin v'acebals aint ems 25
decline Gi pe pUlatiom Wl. A 2h, sce cas Suse a dco ole die bere Hie «pone g Shave bid es sas 95

Pres ter ROMOOR vaya eer ea tte eck ey eeti, gPhone up tU oe kas 85
expenditures tor fire-fehtine so. 2... bes. bbw ele ewe beet tw ee eee ne te 32
PAEMS SOLA MON WPA: DAREN: aoa. oavew «ac cw hee os vows view wae wecwes 97

IRC ny TRY whe es dR aN ania Pike Oc. LTR. ae a le 0 ie a 116

WRI oayet IGM Resse nti sihatl ys anara eens Aes aye eka Caen elake bw hbgee kts SEA An es 104
Percentape On tarmmme amd iM. fe le ks cc lal ee ale eae wt soe sels a ee ce sie 91
SET BIN Ki ch mtn ear mea ENS a Ds iden OMAR Pa Seal le Ol es 0 Uae t aad Eas 118
PS EsrGl MeeVee mn i hire iui ar as Wt eo Be 106, 107
Deck cona@ibions. 6 occ. hee ee oe oe A ae a te eee Re Cet ey ee eo 97
Reaves ILI ON Ooi eh I etre NV ME Hs De Lowi adlic wig ese yaa m Whbs das Qigarenle Stee Sx deeee 119
el Seam COMMS MS SUT VEVEU Ss meta cc ka lsi< sche b wocin dw « clupeuwid nes Whlidaeile ateuare 68-89
DM SLOuMMnEMb WeICCEOMEC met iceak ie sk cei ioc. ee cee « wleina vibe alia! GeBoae 38
Semenvwile township, Victoria county... . .\o.....s vse a~eeen ses ene ae ute wee 11, 35
assessors’ returns for............. TYE SPATS eh te tte eek Ae ee ce 29
CIEIGIST TG SEON LUTEAL C173 SVEN Ni ca NAO Va Lo Rg reo ee gt 25

Sse MMe ATG SUL OIN MIN ee sees vs ake who kees «./8.s kee ahi w-Saucm ose Repeilamend x ee ata pauies 95
PORIMT RIGID, CRE SOR ere he ee ree eee | Pee eee 81
SGFCIai es MUI CEMBEGNENOG C GLNkre My em SM 2 Ok a wa ae UW eis alec oat 104
mereentaeevor farming tnd im v2 oes lee ok oo ko wee de wel ies 91

BC TUbHe BOHOL ROIS KOs Oe cl See AGE Se Gecicts ses Vie bho w wtbee header ucuwtay 122
Sophiasburg township, Prince: Hdward county. .......... 0.0.00... 000 eee eee 130
South Algona township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of ................ 132

153

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

PAGH
South Canonto township, Frontenac county..............02..0..0e5ns--0s 123
South Marysburg townsburg, Prince Edward county...................... 130
South Sherbrooke township, Lanark county........................00-00- 124
Sayers Lae es isc see v w ofie: ein alseie setae eames Dela OUR cena there a cy cane ee ee 85
Spears and Tiamder oi. soe cg. 34 disease asp Ses ah sb. eee grou ai =) ce Ree Sec ea 105
QUA W TIVES 42!) e ace 0 8 Sees a a erro al ee actin ANA GGL OUR ee 9, 36, 78, 79, 80
Stanhope township, Haliburton county............. 0.0.2.0 eee eceee 9, 35, 112
areas burned in 1913........... Pen ON MPM EM bes cb otc nc 32
ASSESHOFS, PECUIMGAOR 6c 2. 375.8 rss be elo tes dota Garces nl ee eee oe Dae)
classification<o£ lands ti. dies bc) inves opin basa bigest eee ee 26
decline of ‘population mss. 3 en) aa ee eee eee 95
description of.......... align ly, abreast 6 as ie: a Sirol ate ae een 88
heenses WOW: I fOLCE pisces big soe Cato Be Re he Ge ae oe 105
original lncenses!s....s ies gysks Cia os BIL Slatin Bh a arte eo ON ede ee 104
percentage of farming Janda. shu... hen ke ose ole no ae Oe 91
Shon Takeey yi) oi aeset tena suas aia dee ode tea he tinea 35, 36, 37, 75, 76, 80, 101, 109
Stoplog Jake. yg. ello a Boe See Ry are, seed beet oes ase i sae eI a 112
Storrington township, Hrontenac county. |. e4. 5. 6 4c) in oe oe Oe ee 123
Strickland Bres: cassie k 05 Oats We is he ee Cee 103
piricklamd, (Re S.; amd CO ne gals. Miu wisi cena ase e Glee eras cr ee pel 106, 107
Stumpage values, loss due to fires.............. 000 c ee eeee Pent Ye 63
mturmean Aalce oie oat ob «daa toseraile ce to toleslol esl cites eaees one RGN a cee annie (hd a ee 35, 81
Survey—
(=). 41,2) 05 HO) Sc ena Nam are Tn NMA re ent os nM CU Ma Sh kota @A oo 1
PYOCEGUPE OL soo 2 Bale cele se asiee Wee he ek ce CAR ea ae 6
POESUUS) OL oa: sien d gd Sicvarasthounlon dts owe Bue 0 lees Sei te oUt ale ae ee a 10
Sutherland) Willies eae se le Magis, Oe he Se teale aie arte endings che aleatc ies elie earn eae 103
Sveum ake i oS ee eos whit aa tae ad od ome eee es ce ere ncn teu AUR NE ee 36, 79
SV ATID: BHGIO Ss SG sie gale w ooh a Seile cu Wigs erleua h arieue Mare eh oi ay eae ae 49, 50
T
Tables: of classification. of lands. «0... 60.442 «aces cipeee ee ae ee eee 21, 27
(0) 11: rr Oar nora rine, anime vn MMA adh tials Si Nail R BREW UH Moa SS Ms 26, 28
Wale,: rawanig Ole ss so Fe i Wi WPA AR te aiis i eye Sena Eten ata ee gees 117
Fangamoneg lake... o's yy Lae ale 0 ye te Oe ee ea eer ea 69
Taxes; sales for non-payment of s .j./5 3)... ee ie se Sa ee cee eae 11, 96, 97
Thompson and: ‘Chaxtom 2.0/5.) tater ete Vee oes nearer are eee ce 106
Thompsons: J ames ii ey): 25 ech teehee late lta sarong cent ne nee 105
Thompson, Mattlew tii: 22s einen ei Sk eee eee rea ere 103
Thorold, shipment of pulopwood! to. v.46... ee ee pee eee eeita ars ener 99
Timber, types OF «af etches ee i Whe aln aie dk alee let sheen Dene ear ete ea an Ree 12
Tindle and Jacksoms \. du) sc ihn a aisle dcth ors eal RRR ORO aetna easere 14
Topography of townships surveyed): i..4!6/605's ase aa ecm oe eee ee 68-89
Topography of ‘Trent watershed iio c's sss ls eis nie etree ee) al fale evecare 37
Toronto—
market for -Wartahe o.s5- dears 44070 Be aha Whe 3 8 Ei he peer ae cea 118
shipment of tam=barkk b0\s.414))34, 055.30. kl Ri ere ene ce ees eee 100
Teorey EEG os oak aegis osc b sa phe seis 8) Se A igh Ree co ce ence eset eto 93, 117
Tourist trablic sss. o 5 o's et siete iH a bt A ele ele Re Ro sretiee 15, 101

INDEX

PAGE
Township clerks, answers to inquiries of Forestry Branch.................. 120
MM MeTrC CATE Mime Bhi nie te. he aia vid a aia la tiple ad eaylolwte. ao wige 1, 68, 69, 71, 82, 83, 85
RUG cee CON teat ee iat cele AMM Ne Gy yw Bla atu ee ade oleh @ iets! a ne 2
IIE LORGIOaUene Plo Fi eA EMPRESS NS Sy alee et pinva.e he mid uo v's ou 2
RVC UPSD DINO tera Walger, tema sels Ale. fests 1a a ao «alate Dace wisgidi el mathe 6 a yee’ 2
Trent district, decline of lumbering business in..................0 ee eeeees 106
WEE ra Hi 2 Lak oS alae ae On US ga RE 0), AT a 15, 106, 107
ICID MNES POI I Bie ia netncn ccamutt Ne AND K aa eiatieie dilye@ Bek aaa oh 6 37
Tf STEN PENILE RONEN AERC 2 eta aby PO andl Rs eT 7, 74, 75, 81
Pane itr SINCE) COOMMMITGLCE fe. s'esierets sate ye aichalsels cis slvis os bale be bactabisewcwepa@e 8
Myent watershed, typical character Of. oi 0.6. esse cco s cs ew eccencevecerses 1,5
MOR UIE a Ge member esc ie APM WN MMU: PBEM Dre Meer a Sa o's leita glttiw epee d's wae «a's & ate 69
Midor township: Hastings COUNGY jo .ic. ccc te ees e ee ace smokes decease 35, 109
iets! [UENO (0 Lr aL M011 eal A IR es EE 32
BESeOSORSUITEDMEMEMOP: Gee eo antes ot a's wcatee fa ecire-e aa sie na cele ae ed asnlank 29
ClBSSICHLIOMEG MAM NUiE suche sy S West <a uw cle sia 6 dos Awe wis Deis swale eu os 26
CEC MMELOL IO PUlablOM NN. tae ie 2) Wee eg seta eee wo lela wee em 4 etd eee ance ee 95
ESTE) PLEO UTS COIS, Ot Aa a ESR ao SR Lol Ce Cr 70
diorite ridge’im . 4.04... 08... RATNER ate RAMAN ACH heute Dok wont ey chara aan oR 66, 70
farms Sold for Unpaid taxed yb Sik cw ede cee eden cheese ncaaacetecnas 96
Bee Brel Ea er eee ee ce eee eee wate attra n'a wie 115
PC ClmInEenene en neuen Ainer tne ote i Le, i a eee Se ls £15
TROY, Tae el ate Me ACL oh 2 AAS a a RAD aD gn Soe 116
HICOMSeS MONG TOLER Wenn. redial Gale al i Ec Le a 105
Original MeENsess kl. Pe whale ows be bk ERR S VRS SUN Ad | HO eRe 103
Pereentare or tarmime Tani 0. . ah sice ks wade eu 6s waend Gee eke caja «'s 91
Samp Ley Os tAkeMn ils 3:5) Wise Ws allies We wiles ae alc eh eanelee ein Ucple ana ed sb « 52
PONE IMME W elie wikis citi tte Ciavassu ue AUs Wi wile hs WoWward cieke seas CM ci sieew & sere ethele’o a 85
“TTGRETIY, SSNS UTTS) TATE EISTIS UN RSee a e nP E a URac e 68
SME CAROREEIMOITCI S Shi:8 Ato ANe NREL Et ee te ee ee a uaae ems 21, 27, 39
percentapesciOl. In: Whole area f 5 Cade Sele choca es ac eww ne dbenes 26, 28
U
Willvotnsacdien and Coe ee iduie og Cow sted Sa oe cine bye ee ea se 106, 107
MCOMIBCR CE ere ren GR) er RUE oa uray ly OW epee pe lee Mrs aie « 79
Uxbridge township, Ontario county, non-agricultural lands of.............. 128
V

irri ron sores t TRE Mere wre Meus Wits Gk eed dicts, d's gues ¥ lato e Semis ete em ea ks 13
Nar ec oninbemt, Gamal. Web tu ue ce ko cate Oca este diele Sui ka ee ee Gee aw Ske 8 2
WDIINE, SIRS 3 CSUR PREG OT LE AIO RR 7S ee 92

WaT GMa TELS AO ANA ARR Egg hac © 0 Coat Cea PRD CS ein 7
Wenner, quoted om occurrence of galena... 0. 6.05... es ee en en ceweee 115
WER mn LOnmnnip, VIGLORIA COUNT 6s. ..clea ce ccc ue geeks bac ces ce yeeeadn 35
WTEC. EULA st RR O70 ee Se ne a 1,6
MEReretOnyGr abew, SUEVOYCO MO. sk wake ee eee ceed ang ween Wee 81
HOW DTS BURVE VOU UGS sc wiiok Falk duc din veda uc ues weeee es ca awaaieue cate 35

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION

WwW

PAGE
Wallbridges aniane cscs oc 2 8s Sn Hie, Si Eee ck os Se 116
Wardens, fire and games « 2) 5 ousiHeue ad have oe, sc eas cee 67
Water control, recognition of meediof. ho. 2. see eee 8

Waterflow—
interests of forests ON. : 4% 25.2.4. 4.-/s sets eiaatalanct ie teter ation ee 3
safe marine OF 5. si ci faye avosene ves acuamenvass Miciaeces Ge reenact anes me 6
Watersheds in townships surveyed... i .3..54.404 ©. css Joe ces oh ete 68-89
Wrath, JR. MNCS aig ois 22 ei Ray co lipheced la al nia GaN ea ae NE a ee 2
Whetstone: Taken). viscous chs Seine ae ay lis Re I ase eae 69
WHR ad TE oo ec oe. sxe con shes dp spe A Iyre RLU esa oer cep ua Sa ee 2
BEOPE OF WORKGOL 5653 etsy sda kee hei Bde s ie, ial ca UE Ia a (
Wicklow township, Hastings county................ ria iio) Saeed sh aie Ae Oe 108, 109
Walberior@e feign chic ead ako dale tae jetadahs Sec ce yaoi yates ee 93
Wilberforce township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of.................. 131
Wamberay SMa io acces ke ae eGo Wee Ie EU ea 105
Wollaston township, Hastings county... 2.02.0... 0.2.5. asasehieeee ee 11, 35, 111
areas: burmed: tay TOUR a3 Si ti diasepauae einahe eee i 6 A nn eee 31
ASSESSONS) MetUMMS TON 5 6: 255/255 W dis Gigs GR oe oye ese Re ee a 29
classification of lamds-10i... oii) bs ais seis ee > 2 eee ele ays ae eta 26
decline of ‘populatiom iar, 5). ..36,8)c/5 ete eee eo ie ee ee a ee 95
description OF 5.55% 546 wether tel ane coals ce ram On nan 72
farms sold:for unpaid taxes. 4a. /ib aie Su ee eo el ea ee - 96
GOOD THD so. sdhce:oas e's go sevalnal hoes ania edn: SABRES ices REM ondee Siete ie Ag 116
10002% oA. A a ee ORR R IM EORE A eas Mcrae hy al Mori i NL Wes 118
TAISpIekke] Ma Sates Males Fm lelac ellens ee UR ee eee pee 116
original Jicensés. issued . 2% 64:52 Geaahs SUN UG on eee ee le ree eee 104
percentaveof farming land ims .2a.50 1 aint a ice ties ee eee 91
sample plots taker’ Ms, id 6.%.0) cotndnl a clashes een ae ne eee 44, 48, 49
Wood Products Co. of Canada, expenditures for fire-fighting............. 32, 105
Wiurttemberg: State Porest-ob . 4.15.0. . 2 she ate ie serge eh ene eee 20

Y

Voom Pomna bj. as'2 «aa, ta dabei cnn gos tr epee eet eit eae ee 7
Yonge township, Leeds county, report of clerk of............. 2.0.0.0 0000e 126
b Ao) a his) fn er ee rm ME ORE a tanita. ales Ue ate 71, 78, 74, 81

nape
Bh
ua

vf

at
ark |

Tye 77

its of t

he a ed b cae i
(One reso liane ean Ullonry Goumitsstm of Corserration
the so lows the Gan ay a

HONOURABLE CLIFFORD SIFTON, CHAIRMAN

JAMES WHITE, ASSISTANT TO CHAIRMAN

CROWN TIMBER LANDS
1912

Scale zo'000; 3°95 Miles to | Inch

we
aA WAIN se) Fara es i s
S ¥ ‘ Lands, cancelled or abandoned licenses. ................ [an

| yy Lands\undenllicense 9.72.)
7 : ae é (Patented lots within licenses have been excluded)

leaves ee AV ASN \ PSA N GS i DRAINAGE AREAS

| MS ‘ as \ 4 ioe \ Gulliver 324,200 ac. Deer ri 214,200. ac

| hes ESE 2 {Es e re Burnt river ===. 373,300) Beaver 150,800 =

! ih eeeyinver 441800

we th
Dyes 3 . Samy ia 36,700 « Nothin
Dah A ae Missimsauga river. 99,900 " y
eS A 20
iS ¥

<i

| Jack creck 46,900 «Round,
Smaller basins not G

specifically mentioned} 127.400,“ Dsin [emt aise
Divine cre ot Mt Crow lakes and mouth 60,000. ©
River barial worth of Tan ore of Gar
Kawartha lakes 1.165.900 © River basin. - - 497,000 «

Bema ce
sa

MNS ANG :
he Wor ay
We isi

ort
ava

WZ

See Wh Ea \\
Ser Rea
Zp Ea A

CPLA ae
(a a8

Accompanying “Trent Watershed. Survey” report, by CD Howe wid) JH White Bose map Prom pilates of Dept of Interter map

& '

ith aS idk
a Rian tre ALE

pau es vee eget meters
. ceabe
a
. . < «
- « .