THE UNHEATED
GREENHOUSE
DEPT. OF AGR1CUL.S JHE
OiV. OF AGR'L EDVCAT10N
THE
LIFE
THE UNHEATED
GREENHOUSE
BY
K. L. DAVIDSON
PUBLISHED BY
"COUNTRY LIFE," LTD. GEORGE NEWNES, LTD.
20, TAVISTOCK STREET 3-12, SOUTHAMPTON ST.
COVENT GARDEN, W.C. COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
1907
DEPT. OF
DiV. OF ACiR'L fiJUVCATlUN
Main TKJ.
Agric.' Dept
CONTENTS
CHAP. PACK
I. ITS ADVANTAGES . i
II. ON TYPICAL COLD GREENHOUSES . . . 8
III. SOME HINTS ON CONSTRUCTION . . . .15
IV. REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE .... 23
V. PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE . . 30
VI. THE ALPINE HOUSE 38
VII. FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING .... 43
VIII. BULBS AND TUBERS — I. HARDY SPECIES . > „ 49
IX. BULBS AND TUBERS— II. HALF-HARDY SPECIES 57
X. LILIES 66
XI. FLOWERING SHRUBS 73
XII. SOME HARD- WOODED PLANTS . . . .81
XIII. ROSES . . . . . . . . .89
XIV. HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING ... 94
XV. AUTUMN PERENNIALS UNDER GLASS . ,. 101
XVI. ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS . * . • • . . .107
XVII. HARDY ORCHIDS . . . . . . 116
XVIII. SUCCULENT PLANTS ... . . .121
XIX. THE POTTING SHED—SUMMER QUARTERS . .128
XX. ROUTINE WORK , . . - , . . . 133
APPENDIX . . .... . » . 143
INDEX ; .. . ;' . - » • « • 241
201885
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
To fact
page
Rhododendron Ciliatum in the Himalayan House at Kew .
Frontispiece
Campanula Pyramidalis in conservatory . . . . 10
View of the East Corridor in the Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh . . . . ... . .n
The Alpine House in Royal Gardens, Kew . . . 38
Interior of the Alpine House, Kew . . . , . 39
Lysimachia Crispidens . ' . 42
Thalictrum Anemonoides . . . . . , .43
Lilium Longiflorum in pots . . * . . . . 44
Simple Grouping of Summer Plants .... . 45
The Stag's Horn Fern . . ... •, . 46
A Hardy Fernery 47
Asparagus Sprengeri . . , ...*,. .48
Chionodoxa (Glory of the Snow) and Iris Rosenbachiana . 49
Fontin's Lily of the Valley ....... 52
A Winter Flowering Iris (I. Stylosa Alba) .... 53
Lachenalias . ... . . . . . .62
A Rare White Nerine . . ., . . . , . 63
Funkia Tardiflora . .... * . .... 64
Arthropodium Cirratum ... . . . "65
Best Form of Madonna Lily (Lilium Candidum) . . . 66
Yucca Guaternalensis in the Temperate House at Kew . 67
Lilies Grown in Tub . . . ;..... . •» 68
Hoheria Populnea . .. ^ .,.*.. . . . 78
Rhododendron Proecox in the Temperate House at Kew . 79
viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Tojetc*
P*&*
Eriostemon Myoporoides . . ... . .84
Glory Pea (Clianthus Puniceus) . » ' . . . . .85
Rose Niphetos as a Pot Plant . . . . . . 92
Rose Jersey Beauty as a Pot Plant . « . i . 93
Broad-leaved Siberian Saxifrage (Megasea Ligulata) . . 96
Shortia Galacifolia . . . . ± ' *" • 97
Primula Marginata . . . . . . . . . . 98
Auriculas .... •-.*-, •..„'.. > , ^. .. 99
Syraphyandra Wanneri . . . . j ^ . . 100
Campanula Isophylla Alba . . .* . . . -\ 101
Campanula Fergusoni . . » . . . ' . .104
Salvia Azurea Grandiflora . . ... • . . 105
Hybrid Cineraria, Kew . .' . ' . . V. . 108
Marguerite Carnations . , . ' . . . . . 109
Cypripedium Acaule . . . . .V .116
Orchis Latifolia , . . . .... . 117
Cypripedium Pubesceus .... • . . . . 118
Group of Sarracenias . . . !. . , . '. 119
Succulent House at Kew . . , . . ; \ . 122
Cereus Triangularis . . * . . . . . 123
Mesembryanthemum Roseum in South Devon "' . J . ; . 124
Sedum Ternatum . . . » ;. . . . 125
^ OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
CHAPTER I
ITS ADVANTAGES
IT is a strange fact that while every other branch of garden-
ing has made giant strides during recent years the unheated
greenhouse still remains neglected and unhonoured. The
outdoor border of hardy perennials has its votaries by the
thousand, and well it may. The heated glass-house is
to be found in most gardens, but it is a question whether
a tenth part of the ^pleasure can be obtained from it
all the year round that may be found in the successful
management of an unheated greenhouse by the skilful
amateur who, whether he rejoices in the aid of a gardener
or no, prefers to keep a corner where he may "potter
about " at his own sweet will amongst his plants, and
work with his own hands on their behalf. This is mainly
due to the vicissitudes of our changeful English climate,
which for practically half the year makes outdoor gardening
impossible for most people, and the heated house dangerous.
But both the joys of the open garden and, in a measure,
even those of the hot-house may be combined and enhanced
under the sheltering roof of the unheated greenhouse, as I
hope to be able to show in the following notes, which are
faithful records of many years of practical experience.
It is well from the starting-point to have a clear under-
A
2 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
standing of what is meant by a cold greenhouse. It is one in
which it is neither convenient nor desirable to have a fixed
heating apparatus, and in which it is only intended to prevent
the temperature from falling below 35° or, in other words,
simply to keep out frost. The term " fixed " is used
advisedly, for though there may be cases of glass corridors or
of a larger glass-garden in which an ordinary fixed flow-and-
return pipe might answer better than a removable apparatus,
it must be borne in mind that the main principle of the
unheated greenhouse — except during the few dead and dark
weeks which precede and follow the shortest day, or on the
occasion of a sudden fall of temperature or of damping fog —
is to keep it cool enough for the plants of temperate regions,
which alone are suitable to be grown in it. It goes without
saying that the mere shelter of glass will not keep out severe
frost. Therefore some means of raising the temperature
under certain conditions of weather, to be considered later,
are not forbidden to the cold greenhouse; but artificial
heat being, in a general way, not only needless but undesir-
able, it should be on all accounts as temporary in its character
as possible. Heating power of even the most temporary
character may be entirely dispensed with, as in the case of an
alpinery, which is one of the most delightful forms of the cold
greenhouse, but, of necessity, it limits in some degree the
choice of plants.
It must be confessed that such unheated glass-houses are by
no means in favour. The professional gardener, as a rule,
pins his faith to the boiler and pipes, and looks askance at
the plants which will thrive in a temperature lower than from
60° to 80°. Tinctured with the hurry and impatience of
slow results characteristic of the age, he rejoices in the quick
development of fine showy plants, and it is not to be denied
that splendid success follows his skilful culture. Much of the
success is ephemeral, however, not to say stereotyped. One
ITS ADVANTAGES 3
may go into greenhouse after greenhouse and find beautiful
and well-grown foliage and flowers, undoubtedly, but all of
the same stamp. It is seldom that a new and distinct plant
arrests one's steps and arouses one's enthusiasm, and how
rarely does one see nowadays the grand specimens of hard-
wooded plants which were the pride and glory of a past
generation, but which took both time and patience to build
up. To-day the gardener's art consists in turning out plants
wholesale, and it is not too often that he has any incentive
from his employers to rise above it, and truly enough it saves
a "power of trouble." The amateur, on the other hand,
longs to move out of the common groove, and grudges no
trouble, but he taxes the capabilities of his unheated house
beyond its reasonable limits, and it fails. Midwinter finds
him mourning over half-frozen flowers, which, in the quaint
phrase of our forefathers, refuse to " blow," and will scarcely
even exist. He also, therefore, denounces his cold greenhouse
as a fraud, because he has grown plants in it which cannot
thrive in a low temperature, and either practically gives it up
or orders a furnace. Thus both professional gardener and
untutored amateur agree in condemning the cold greenhouse,
though from different points of view.
Now my plea is not for unheated greenhouses as against
hot-houses. We cannot do without the lovely flowers of the
tropics — the Allamandas and Dipladenias, the Palms, and the
Orchids, which are such a delight to all flower-lovers. Let us
have these by all means, but all the same we need not over-
look the numberless hardier plants, not inferior to them in
beauty, which are grateful for the simple shelter of glass, and
will give us of their best without the expense and labour
involved by an elaborate heating apparatus. Believe me, the
gardener's — and more especially the amateur gardener's —
troubles are not at an end when his greenhouse is fully
equipped with boiler and quadruple rows of pipes. Let us,
4 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
then, consider chiefly the advantages and disadvantages, or
rather limitations, of the unheated greenhouse for the practical
gardener.
HEALTHFULNESS
There are hundreds of delicate people who dare not venture
to stand about out of doors on a chill autumn or winter's day
to superintend garden operations who yet, of all recreations,
best enjoy the tending and environment of plants. The
relaxing heat of a stove is equally insupportable for any length
of time, and abrupt transitions from the moist warmth, even
of an intermediate house, into the freezing outer air, or a sudden
grappling with a keen easterly blast, is more than even the
strongest can stand without risk. It is no small boon, then,
on a dreary winter's day to have a place of shelter, neither too
cold nor too hot, and a possible occupation where an hour or
two may be safely spent in the company of the plants we love.
It is a melancholy fact that the glass-house, seen from outside
as a garden adjunct, is not itself, in an artistic sense, a thing
of beauty. It is even worse than a mere negative, and some-
times becomes a positive eyesore. All the more reason,
therefore, that the inner aspect should atone for the outer,
that when we enter it we may be tempted by a genial atmo-
sphere to linger long to enjoy the loveliness of leaf and flower,
without a vague dread of an evil genius of bronchitis or rheu-
matism hovering about us with shadowing wing. If we have
the true gardening spirit there will always be some work to do,
some new interest to discover. Outside, the rain may patter
on the glass or the bare boughs toss in the whistling wind,
and only the pale Hellebore or perhaps a belated China Rose
ventures to brave the inclement season before the Snowdrops
come; but within, while we run no risks, we may have
greenery and tender spring tints and scents of early Hyacinth
and Iris, of Violet and Crocus, and a host of flowers which
ITS ADVANTAGES 5
only ask the gentle coaxing of a little shelter to bless us for
our courtesy by stealing, with innocent guile, a few hours
from the "winter of our discontent."
MODERATE COST
" Who loves a garden loves a greenhouse too," and if this
were true in Cowper's day, it is no less true in ours. We are
becoming every day more and more a nation of gardeners, and
no sooner does the passion for growing plants seize upon us
than the necessity of some shelter for them in severe weather
makes itself felt. The fine crop of glass-houses which has
sprung up over the length and breadth of the land during the
last half-century took its origin, probably, from the urgent
need of saving through the winter the bedding plants which
were to fill the garden beds in summer. Cheap as glass
and woodwork may be now, the greenhouse was formerly in
many cases the outcome of much cogitation and self-denial in
small luxuries, to end after all, not seldom, in disappointment,
for the heating, through ignorance of its need, had been over-
looked, and the very considerable expense of a boiler and pipe§
had never entered into the calculation. Bedding plants are
not quite so much in vogue as of yore, but still the wail goes
up — scarcely a week passes but it may be heard in country
home, in rectory, or in suburban villa — " We can't save our
Geraniums " — geranium being a generic term handy for daily
use — " because we have no heat in the greenhouse." And it
is very true, for here we come to the limitations of the cold-
house. In it we must not expect to grow the plants which
require heat in winter to bring them to perfection. Pelar-
goniums, it is true, will exist in a temperature that never falls
below 35°, and some will even stand a slight frost, as is seen
by the vigorous specimens to be seen occasionally against a
wall under the sheltering eaves of a cottage in Devon or
6 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
Cornwall, but they are not the type of plant best suited for the
unheated greenhouse. Generally, in these cases, it is a ques-
tion of expense. Either there is no means of heating or no
efficient member of the household to discharge the duty of
attending to the greenhouse fire, or it may be the cost of fuel
which must be considered — with the usual result of a useless
greenhouse. Expense may be of little consequence in some
gardens, but these are in the minority. Even to those who
are ready to spare no expense the coal bill in these days of
exorbitant prices becomes a question of some moment, and it
is astonishing what a capacious maw is possessed by the
monster called a greenhouse furnace. On the score, then,
both of initial cost of a permanent heating apparatus and a
constantly recurring expense for fuel, I rest a second plea for
the cold greenhouse, in spite of its limitations with regard to
certain classes of tender plants.
SIMPLICITY OF MANAGEMENT
The garden-lover who has no experienced helper — perhaps
also some who professedly have — knows full well the wretched
trick the furnace is apt to play of going out on the very night
of the hardest frost of the year, of pipes bursting at incon-
venient seasons, and the misery of rinding plants ruined and the
work of many a happy though arduous day lost for ever.
Needless to descant on the daily and nightly joys of the stoke-
hole, even when all goes well. But if there be risks and im-
pediments such as these when the thermometer falls below
freezing-point, there are difficulties more insidious, but none
the less real, in regulating a high temperature. Plants grow
with amazing rapidity in heat, and the novice is delighted with
his early success ; but, alas ! they also lengthen, and before
long his plants, like the unfortunates celebrated by Tennyson
ITS ADVANTAGES 7
which were " by squares of tropic summer shut and warmed
in crystal cases," are apt to meet the same fate, or —
" These, though fed with careful dirt,
Are neither green nor sappy ;
Half-conscious of the garden squirt,
The spindlings look unhappy."
Unhappily, too, other things grow as fast as the spindlings.
Aphis is but a feeble foe, comparatively speaking, and easily
to be overcome ; but the horror of a visitation of mealy bug
— the plague of the hothouse — is not to be described, and scale
is nearly as noxious. In the unheated greenhouse the annoy-
ance of such direful insect pests is greatly lessened, and the
careful gardener need have none of them. On the score, then,
of simplicity of management, I rest my third plea.
To sum up, therefore : For health of enjoyment, for mini-
mum of expense, and for easy handling, the unheated green-
house presents certain advantages not heedlessly to be over-
looked by the lover of plants who makes a hobby of cultivating
them for his own pleasure. Add to these somewhat prosaic
advantages the great charm of seeking out and making friends
with rare and unusual plants, of persuading them to grow and
do well under unwonted conditions, of bringing fragments from
far distant lands to remind us of happy hours spent under
sunnier skies, or of raising seedlings sent from furthest corners
of the Empire to show the diverse flora of the environment of
new homes. In such manifold ways the cold greenhouse at all
times of the year never fails the intelligent gardener. It is
subject to no great extremes of temperature, it may be large or
small as means or strength will permit, it may be planted out
to form a garden under glass, or it may be used exclusively for
pot plants. It steps in midway between garden and hothouse,
sharing and prolonging the pleasures of the one and giving a
safe haven to the refugees of the other.
CHAPTER II
ON TYPICAL COLD GREENHOUSES
THE unheated greenhouse may be represented by four distinct
types, which can be classed as follows : i. The glass-garden.
2. The garden corridor. 3. The conservatory. 4. The
ordinary span, or lean-to greenhouse. Under each of these
heads a few remarks will be necessary.
THE GLASS-GARDEN
Under the somewhat clumsy name — for want of a better —
of the glass-garden it is intended to express the greenhouse
adapted for the permanent planting of shrubs and climbers.
It is, in fact, a garden in miniature, covered by glass, but re-
quiring no interior furnishing, as of stands or stages, other
than the plants themselves. The laying out of the beds,
borders, and pathways must be controlled by the size of the
structure and the kind of plants, be they shrubs or be they
alpines, to be grown in it ; but while the main planting is per-
manent, it can and should be so arranged as to leave ample
room for the introduction of successional plants. This, in
outline, is the idea of the glass-garden • and while it may be
the most ambitious, it is, perhaps, also the most delightful,
type of the cold greenhouse. Such a house may be of grand
dimensions — an annexe, possibly, of one of the long ranges of
glass-houses to be found in many a stately garden, constructed
ON TYPICAL COLD GREENHOUSES 9
chiefly for the winter protection of flowering shrubs and bulbs,
and for the purpose of giving interest and enjoyment, together
with a certain amount of exercise, to those who are debarred
from taking an active share in the more vigorous pursuits of
healthy outdoor English life.
It stands to reason, to begin with, that the construction, as
well as the planting, of such a winter garden requires both
judgment and good taste, and will give ample scope for the
exercise of a thorough knowledge of suitable subjects. Here,
too, is a case in point, where a cold greenhouse may reason-
ably be fitted with a single or even double flow-and-return pipe,
as required by the size of the building, in connection with the
main boiler, but so furnished with valves as to shut off all heat,
except when absolutely needful to keep out frost or to put the
air in circulation to prevent stagnant damp. It is not hard to
picture a grand glass-garden of this kind, large enough to give
a permanent home to the flowering Acacias, Himalayan Rhodo-
dendrons, Boronias, Correas, and the like, which, though
tender, live and flower profusely out of doors in sheltered
positions in the favoured climate — for example, of the Isles of
Scilly. It may be taken for granted that all shrubs and plants
— and their name is legion — that will live happily in the open
air in our southernmost counties are fit subjects to thrive well
under the shelter of glass, assisted, in the hardest weather only,
by just so much artificial heat as will suffice to prevent the ther-
mometer falling below 35°. Any of us who have had experi-
ence of the difference in well-doing between plants grown in
pots and those which receive the more generous treatment of
the greenhouse border will readily understand the advantages
offered on this point by the glass-garden. Such a house should
be under the charge of an exceptionally intelligent gardener,
well instructed and interested in the cultivation of hardy
and half-hardy plants, who will take a pride in making use of
the heating apparatus as sparingly as possible. The idea,
io THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
however, of a coalition between hardy plants and a glass shelter
has hardly as yet permeated the minds of any but a few
garden enthusiasts ; but this slur will not long be cast upon
English gardens. Kew has taken the initiative in the costly
and splendid new wing which has been added within the last
few years to the Temperate range of glass-houses, and it is
there we must go to learn what may be done on the grandest
scale in the glass-garden. It is true that ample provision is
there made for raising the temperature, but it is used only in
case of need, and we come upon frequent mention of the "big
unheated greenhouse " in notices of plants in flower in the
Gardens. This covered-in garden, with its rare and lovely
shrubs and exquisite Lilies, forms one of the most delightful
attractions of Kew, which has so worthily earned, especially of
late years, the appreciation and gratitude of all true garden
lovers.
But we need not despair if, on the other hand, our winter
garden must be of very modest character, and if our wish is to
do without heating at all, even of the most temporary and re-
movable kind. So be it. There is plenty of material at hand
if one chooses without trespassing an inch upon dubitable
ground, and quite as much pleasure and happiness to be gained
in the use of it. I remember well the description of such
a winter garden given in tfie pages of the Garden perhaps
twenty years ago. In it there were neither hot-water pipes nor
heating of any sort to get out of order and worry the contented
owner, who was, nevertheless, under no great concern for his
plants even in the midst of the hardest of black frosts, for he
took care to grow only such as could pass through it unscathed,
and who revelled in the fairest of spring bulbs and early
flowers long before the open garden could boast of more than
a chance blossom here and there. Very tew — more's the pity
— have been found to follow so good a lead and attain as great
a reward.
ON TYPICAL COLD GREENHOUSES n
THE GARDEN CORRIDOR
The unheated greenhouse may take on occasion the form of
a glass corridor, and when this happens to be a lean-to passage-
way connecting garden structures, or it may be outlying rooms
of a dwelling, it is the place of all others in which to grow
specimens of the rarer flowering shrubs, such as Carpenteria
californica, which succeed best when trained against a wall,
and which are all the better for having their root-room restricted
by a narrow border. Sometimes a glass corridor may more
conveniently have a span roof, as, for example, in cases where
there is no carriage-way to the entrance of the house, and more
or less distance has to be crossed in bad weather before
reaching shelter. A covered way, under such circumstances,
though not in itself beautiful, is a boon to guests, and some
method of making a simple glass-passage of the kind present-
able at small expense is no less a boon sometimes to the host.
There are plenty of hardy climbers of which use may be made,
like the finer kinds of Clematis and Jasmines, of Ivy and of
Vine, not to speak of Tea Roses, which are the glory of the
cold-house gardener, while a corridor is a most fitting place
for Agapanthus or Crinum Moorei, or any such grand but
unwieldy plants, which are best grown in tubs or in Italian
pottery of the massive sort. The only wonder is, with such
wealth of fine and easily grown plants of every kind and habit
at command, that our glass-houses should, even at this date,
be so indifferently furnished as to variety, which the majority
of them undoubtedly are.
But further discussion of suitable subjects for cold green-
house treatment must be set aside for the present, and we
must turn to the less ambitious types of glass-house, to be
found in everybody's garden, which are mainly under the
personal control of the owner, with or without the help of a
gardener.
12 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
THE CONSERVATORY
There are two forms of glass-house common to the gardens
of most country homes : the conservatory, which adjoins the
dwelling, and into which one or more of the sitting-rooms
generally open ; and the greenhouse, which finds its separate
place, with more or less aptitude for its purpose, in the garden.
Now, " conservatory " is a pretentious name, and it might be
wished that one more modest could be coined to replace it ;
but it would seem as if few folk were alive to the fact that
conservatory and greenhouse are not convertible terms. Yet
the difference between them is plain and well marked — a
conservatory being a shelter where plants in flower may be
shown and admired, while the greenhouse is the home and, at
times, the hospital of plants in growth. Where only one of
these exists, doubtless there must be some adaptation to
circumstances ; but it can scarcely be too much insisted on that
the conservatory is not intended to be turned into a working
greenhouse, as is too often done. If it must be, then I venture
to urge that it is better to draw a curtain between sitting-room
and the inevitable dishevelment of the garden workshop, and
to let a cheerful bay-window, a glass porch, or any other
convenient position receive the plants we have cherished, when
they are ready to be displayed in their beauty. The con-
servatory, being, in fact, an ante-chamber or vestibule to the
living-rooms of the house, should be, equally with these, always
in good order. One of the first considerations, therefore, is to
keep it clean.
This very trite assertion may provoke a jeer, but only
those who have held the reins of management in their own
hands can have any idea of the way in which debris of withered
leaves and fallen flowers accumulate, to say nothing of evil
pests in the shape of slugs and caterpillars, woodlice and
centipedes, which stray in and hide under stages and in odd
ON TYPICAL COLD GREENHOUSES 13
corners j and how important it is to keep clear of the unavoid-
able mustiness which comes of more or less perpetual damp.
For this reason it is strongly to be recommended that a con-
servatory be used strictly for pot plants, that there should be
no heavy fixed stages and no inside border for permanent
planting of shrubs or climbers, in order that, at short intervals,
the house may be emptied and thoroughly cleaned and
rearranged. Stands or stages should be used mainly as aids in
the grouping of plants, and the lighter and more unobtrusive
and easily movable they are the better. These points are
touched upon lightly here, for they must be reverted to later,
and will very likely be regarded as fads; but experience
teaches. Cleanliness and good order, with fresh, healthy
plants, well grouped and not always in the same stereotyped
position, go far to make even a small conservatory not only
the joy and pride of its owner but a pleasure to all who see it.
A conservatory of this kind, however, necessitates some sort
of separate and extra resource to act as feeder to it, and this
may be found in cold frames or pits, or in a working green-
house, from whence plants may be brought, and to which
they can be returned when their flowering is over.
THE WORKING GREENHOUSE
The ordinary span or lean-to greenhouse usually finds its
place in some corner of the garden, and generally is — and
ought to be — furnished with a front bench and some sort of
stage. Dampness and a certain amount of " undress " here is
not out of place. One's plants are in their nursery, or, it may
be, recruiting ; pans of seedlings may stand about ; Ferns may
be tucked away under the stage ; a Mardchal Niel, with its
roots in an inside border, or any other climbers one may
desire, can be trained up the rafters or on the back- wall ; and
pruned back-plants, however shabby-looking, need not hide
14 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
their diminished heads. What would be incongruous and
unsightly in the conservatory is here natural and right. There
is little, perhaps, to be said on so well-worn a theme for the
present ; but certain points of construction, important to be
considered in putting up any of the types of unheated glass-
houses here spoken of, remain to be suggested. Only this let
me add. It is the working greenhouse that is the best of all
— the sanctum sanctorum of the gardener. Who but those
who know it can fathom the peace, the rest, the depth of
happiness to be found within its hallowed precincts. What
marvels of plant life open out there to the patient observer,
what strange vagaries of the germination of seeds, what
mysterious processes in the germination of Ferns ; what rare
loveliness in the silent building up, leaf by leaf, of even the
commonest plant ; what exquisite art in the gradual laying on
of colours and moulding of buds and flowers ! Aye ! but
treasures such as these are only unfolded to the vision of the
devout lover who thinks no toil too great that will unlock the
cabinet of Nature's secrets ; whose hand is not afraid to risk
the roughness of daily tending; whose ear is awake to
whispers so low that they are unheeded by idle passers-by ;
whose eye is quick to note the changes of an hour. Such
reverent students learn to worship while they work, and to
them, in the uplifting symbolism of Eastern speech, plants and
flowers become, in very truth, as " the fringes of the garment
of God."
CHAPTER III
SOME HINTS ON CONSTRUCTION
Too often it happens that we are the victims of circumstance
and have to make the best of what falls to our lot, but when
we can be the architects of our own fortunes in greenhouse
matters it is well to know beforehand exactly what we want.
Without pretending to enter too much into details, which must
be regulated by individual cases, let me set down a few points
of construction of special importance to the well-doing of
the unheated greenhouse which have come under my own
notice.
ASPECT
To begin with, a few words on aspect, which, though they
may apply equally well to all plant-houses, may not be out of
place here. It is generally admitted that for the successful
culture of plants a span house, wherever it is possible, is far
and away the best form of glass structure. It is warmer and
lighter, and in it a genial atmosphere can be more easily
maintained. An open position, away from high walls and
trees, should be chosen for its site, with a run, by pre-
ference, from east to west which, on the whole, gives the
best results. But a lean-to house is often a necessity, and, in
such circumstances, should be placed, if possible, against a
south wall, especially when it is required for the bringing on
of early flowering shrubs or bulbs, and general working
16 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
purposes. For a conservatory the case is different, and east,
west, or even north, should be chosen rather than a southern
aspect, which is generally far too scorching in spring and
summer for the well being of plants in flower, though neces-
sarily colder in winter. It has happened to me to enter into
possession of a conservatory so badly planned at the outset,
though intended to be imposing, and such a veritable sun-
trap, that it was hopeless to try to keep it well arranged with
fresh-looking foliage or flowers. Ultimately it was turned into
an abode for Cacti and succulent plants, for which it was
passably well adapted. For strictly decorative purposes,
therefore, a north aspect may be not without its advantages.
Otherwise it is to be avoided, as it can only be used success-
fully for certain shade-loving plants, of which Lapageria may
be given as a notable example.
It is well to remember that under any aspect — favourable
or otherwise — something in the way of plant life may be found
to which the special circumstances are exactly suited, and
so, when these are adverse, to take courage. It sometimes
happens that a most unpromising greenhouse may turn out
to be a blessing in disguise. A lean-to house in a north
aspect, for example, has been found before now to be specially
well adapted for the culture of certain fine Orchids, such as
Disas, and for New Zealand Filmy Ferns.
Site and aspect being chosen, the special needs of the
unheated greenhouse must be considered. These are dryness,
ventilation, and shading.
DRYNESS
It may seem absurd to insist upon dryness as an essential
point in a plant-house, which, from its very purpose, must be
more or less damp; but there is always a point when a
blessing may become a curse, and of all worries and annoy-
SOME HINTS ON CONSTRUCTION 17
ances in a cold greenhouse there are none greater than drip.
The evil is not so urgent in summer, though even then there
are bulbs put aside to ripen, or succulent plants on no account
to be over-watered, which the drip is sure to visit in prefer-
ence to the moisture-loving plant a foot or two distant ; but
in winter, when heavy rain is often speedily followed by hard
frost, to have pot plants soaked with water and then frozen
is simple ruin, and means many a heart-break. It is by no
means a very easy matter to avoid this trouble, and carpenters
inexperienced in horticultural building have sometimes to be
employed, especially in the country, and they are apt to make
mistakes. It is probably safer to put all such work into the
hands of some well-known and established firm, but it is a
very general practice in these days to obtain woodwork and
glass all ready to put together and to do the fitting on the
spot with such assistance as is at hand. When this is done
care should be taken to insist on well-seasoned wood, the
lack of which is a fruitful source of mischief. Forewarned is
forearmed, and a few hints to those who have to overlook an
inexpert workman or to do the fitting themselves may be
helpful. The slope of the roof, the quality and lap of the
glass, and the shooting to carry off the surplus rainfall, are all
matters of moment which cannot be provided for at haphazard
with impunity. It is an axiom well understood by gardeners,
but not so well by amateurs, that a plant-house should be no
higher than is actually necessary for the plants grown in it,
allowing, of course, comfortable head-room for the cultivator.
In other words, the plants should be as near the light
as possible, a lofty house in most cases being positively
detrimental to them. On the other hand, a low-pitched
house will, as gardeners say, " keep the moisture down,"
which means a damp-laden atmosphere. Now this is just
what is wanted in some cases — e.g., in a Cucumber pit —
where strong heat and heavy moisture are essential factors in
i8 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
successful culture ; but in an unheated house moist air, which
in winter is liable to be stagnant and must be chill, is exactly
what we have to avoid. To put it more accurately, we must
have it in our power to regulate the degree of atmospheric
damp, supplying moisture when required in hot, dry weather,
but keeping mostly on the side of moderate dryness both in
summer and winter. Where the roof is steep, however, hot
sunshine will cause a rapid upward current, which dries the
air so thoroughly that plants will quickly droop, and unless
constantly refreshed they will soon hang out signals of supreme
distress in the way of blight. Not only so, but a steep roof
takes more glass and presents a greater surface to frost. A
happy mean must therefore be struck, and it lies between the
two extremes of 25° and 35°, or at most 40°, with the proviso
that the house be kept as low as it reasonably can be in
accordance with its proposed purpose, whether it be for
dwarf-growing alpines or flowering shrubs or Roses. For a
small house 20 ft. by 12 ft., a good average slope would be
37°, for if the width be narrow a higher pitch is required to
give standing room ; but in planning a house it is much
better to allow for as much breadth as possible, as it will be
found more convenient in every way.
Careful glazing is essential. Glass of 2 1 oz. quality should
always be used, to save breakage amongst other reasons, and
a good average size for the panes is 22 in. by 14 in.
It was pleaded not long ago in a monthly serial of high
artistic authority that greenhouses should be built "as of
old, with small sheets of glass laid thickly overlapping, and
more proof against scorching and freezing than the neat, big-
sheeted, modern kinds," and from an artistic point of view
this advice cannot be gainsaid. There is truth, too, in the
argument that thick overlapping may give more shade in
summer and greater protection in winter, though it does not
counterbalance other disadvantages; but greenhouses, un-
SOME HINTS ON CONSTRUCTION 19
happily, are not picturesque, and we must be content mean-
while with the practical side of the question. So let the
gardener court all the light that is so essential a factor in the
wellbeing of plants. An overlap of half an inch is quite
enough. When it is broader green mould collects, which is
not even picturesque in its ugliness, while in hard frosts the
moisture which lodges becomes frozen, and very often cracks
the glass. Smoothly ground edges to fit closely without any
lap are sometimes recommended, but the panes are liable to
slip and occasion needless trouble. In any case this plan is
better left unattempted by unskilled hands. As a hint to an
inexperienced glazier, and to ensure a water-tight roof, the
squares should be well bedded in putty, which must be neatly
trimmed off within and without — no outside putty being
required — and it is well to use, besides, four brass-tacks to
keep each pane in place. If these small details are not over-
looked, and the woodwork kept at all times thoroughly well
painted inside and out, there ought to be no fear of annoy-
ance from drip. An excellent method adopted by a thoroughly
practical horticultural architect is slightly to round off the
lower edge of each pane of glass, which attracts the wet to the
middle point and greatly lessens the risk of drip.
No less important is it to avoid ground-damp, and a good
brick or concrete path in a working greenhouse is a great
boon. In a conservatory opening out of rooms a flooring of
tiles that are non-porous is very desirable. Flags are
commonly used for this purpose, especially in the country,
and perhaps look better, but they " hold the wet," and if
quite plain tiles are chosen there need be nothing to offend
the eye, while the gain is great. In hot weather the floor can
be sprinkled several times a day, and the moisture will
quickly find its way into the air and leave no puddles behind
it. Borders are not to be recommended, as has been said
before, or any kind of planting out in a conservatory,
20 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
especially in a small one, partly, though not wholly, on
account of ground-damp, but this must be a matter for
individual taste to decide.
Delightful as it is to look out upon a garden picture of
bright flowers close at hand when all beyond is shrouded in
fog or iron-bound in frost, it must be granted that a good
deal of damp, very undesirable but easily communicated to a
sitting-room, is a not infrequent sequence of the privilege,
especially when the conservatory is unheated. It can be
mitigated, however, if not altogether avoided, overhead by
the thoroughly sufficient system of glazing that has been here
recommended for the prevention of drip, and under foot by a
floor tiled throughout, which effectually precludes the rising
of moisture from the ground.
SHOOTING
An abundant supply of rain-water close at hand is
important, no less for the convenience of the cultivator than
for the welfare of his plants, and no working greenhouse
should be built without a tank of some sort to hold the rain-
fall from the roof and proper gutters to convey it into the
right receptacle. The waste of water in this land of ours is
enormous, and it is a subject which calls for much more
serious consideration by experts than has hitherto been given
to it. In a small way — e.g., from the roofs of glass-houses in
private gardens — much good, pure water is allowed to run
away for want of proper shooting, soaking into the ground,
where it makes a swamp and doing harm where it should be
an unmixed good. A well-cemented covered tank below the
ground level with a pump is perhaps the most convenient
form of reservoir, as its holding capacity may be as great, in
reason, as space and circumstance will permit, and certainly
greater than that of any cistern that can be placed in the
SOME HINTS ON CONSTRUCTION 21
greenhouse itself. An open tank possesses this advantage,
however, that the water it contains is tempered and never so
cold as that which is drawn from below ; but it takes up
room, and, unless very well planned, is ugly. For some
positions a barrel half-hidden by Ivy answers very well, and
may be made a pretty feature ; but, in truth, standing water
in an open tank is better outside than within an un-
heated greenhouse, so long as there is a supply close at
hand. The shooting in most general use is 3 in. "half
round " iron guttering, held up by brackets ; but 3 in.
"three-quarter round" spouting is better for heavy rain-
fall, as it is a great nuisance to have an overflow run-
ning down the glass and finding its way into the green-
house instead of into the tank. In fixing the gutters a
fall of from 3 in. to 4 in. should be allowed in a length of
50 ft.
Before passing on to other conditions of temperature
dependent on ventilation and shading, it may be well to
suggest here that much vexation and trouble will, generally
speaking, be saved if the plan of the greenhouse or con-
servatory be made on the simplest lines. As far as my
experience goes most round or octagonal houses with a
lantern-shaped addition at the top are less adapted to
answer the needs of the average amateur, as they certainly
are of the professional gardener, than the more usual
straight-lined forms, which also have the advantage of being
less costly.
One more item. It is becoming more and more the
custom to add coloured glass in some shape or form to plant-
houses. Sometimes it is intended as an embellishment,
sometimes as a screen from too neighbouring houses. Be
that as it may, it can scarcely be too forcibly stated that the
plant-grower who is content with plain, clear panes will find
himself the happier man in the long run. The question of
22 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
taste is another matter. Here we are only concerned with
the best methods of growing plants under certain condi-
tions and enjoying them to the utmost, and my earnest
advice to any one who has it in his mind to build a green-
house is to eschew all and every sort of stained glass in
its construction.
CHAPTER IV
REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE
IT must be always borne in mind that shelter, not coddling, is
the aim and end of the unheated greenhouse, and the grand
difficulty in face of cold-house gardening is how to maintain
a fairly equable temperature. When the selection is limited
to strictly hardy plants, the regulation of cold is, probably, of
less importance than that of heat, but when half-hardy plants
and bulbs come within the range of our desires (and it is
well that they should) the greenhouse thermometer in winter
must not be allowed at any time to fall below 35° Fahr.,
which is the lowest temperature at which frost can safely be
kept at bay. But the owner of an unheated plant-house aims
at reaching a point beyond mere safety. He is ambitious
enough to hope that his winter conservatory may rival, if it
may not in some degree even surpass, the hot-house devoted
to tropical plants, in its wealth of flower and greenery gathered
together from distant quarters of the temperate zone.
Emulation, it is true, strikes but a low note in the scale of
ethics, but human nature needs a healthy stimulus to rouse it
into action, and so we are none the worse for a friendly
contest with a neighbour. But there does come a time when
winter is at its darkest and coldest, from the shortest day
onwards for a few, though only a few, hard weeks, when it
must be confessed that it is almost impossible to keep up a
bright display of flowers in a greenhouse that is totally
unheated. Not quite impossible, however, for we are by no
24 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
means at the end, but rather at the beginning of our possi-
bilities in this direction ; yet even very hardy plants have
a trick of looking self-conscious and rueful in a black frost,
and it is the very motive of the cold greenhouse to make
hardy plants comfortable and to coax them into earlier
flowering.
Personally I have always been quite content with a small,
portable apparatus, called a Heat Radiator, the invention of
an exceedingly able mechanician, Mr. Gillingham, of Chard,
and constructed on scientific principles. This has been
found to answer well in unheated greenhouses of moderate
dimensions — say from 15 ft. to 25 ft. in length.
The special advantage of the little brass or copper cylinder
which goes by the above name, in addition to its neat appear-
ance, is its portability. When it is out of use, it need take
up no room in the greenhouse, but may stand in any con-
venient hall or passage. Should a change of weather give
warning of danger, which sometimes happens very suddenly,
five minutes will suffice to place it in position and light the
lamp, when a rise of several degrees of temperature will
very speedily be shown on the thermometer, which should be
in every plant-house. On rare occasions it may smoke, but
this calamity — for calamity it is — is generally due to want of
care in trimming the wick, and can be avoided by the most
ordinary attention. Few things are absolutely perfect, but
the principle of the Heat Radiator is excellent — it is not
unsightly, and as far as I know, though by no means a new
invention, has never been surpassed for simplicity and
efficiency, as a temporary means of keeping out frost.
During those few dreary weeks to which reference has been
made it was always a simple matter to keep the air in
circulation on chill, foggy days, or a night temperature,
according to weather, of between 35° and 40°, which was all
that was wanted to make Daffodils and winter Iris and a host
REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE 25
of charming spring flowers hold up their heads in happy
contrast to their fellows in the garden outside.
There are several other inventions for the purpose, none of
them perhaps without some drawback, and every season sees
new additions to the list. A demand seriously maintained
for a perfect removable apparatus of sufficient power to keep
out frost will surely call forth exactly what is required.
It may be worth while to make a note of a very rough-
and-ready contrivance which has been successfully extemporised
on occasion for keeping out frost. An ordinary lamp is
lighted and placed on the floor, with a pillar of bricks on
each side to form a support for a very large flower-pot,
which is inverted over the chimney. Upon this a pyramid of
inverted pots, each a little smaller than the last, is built up,
and the hot air rising through the holes of the pots heats
them through and through, and thus a stove may be devised
on the spur of the moment which will diffuse an atmosphere
genial enough to keep the enemy, for the nonce, out of a
house of moderate dimensions.
VENTILATION
By some strange perversity the proper ventilation of the
amateur's greenhouse is often one of the last details of con-
struction to be considered, which would never happen if
experience could only be bought ready-made. Plenty of air
is as necessary to plant life as to human beings, and it would
seem to be as unreasonable to plan a greenhouse without
ventilation as to build a cottage with windows not made to
open ; yet it is by no means an unheard of case for a green-
house (mostly of the smaller sort) to have no other means of
ventilation than the door, while, even in more important
structures, roof ventilation is the exception rather than the
rule. For perfect efficiency there should be not ventilators
26 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
merely but a system of ventilation. Free circulation of air is
indispensable, but it is not always recognised on the other
hand that draught is most injurious to plant growth. The
shrivelling of tender foliage, especially of Fern fronds,
generally set down to want of water, is due, more often than
is suspected, to exposure for a few hours to cross-currents
of air. It should be possible, therefore, in all greenhouses to
"put on " and " take off" air, in gardening phrase, according
to the way of the wind, and in order that this may be
done effectively ventilators fitting closely and firmly must be
provided both at the top and at the sides of a plant-house.
A span roof 20 ft. in length should have four ventilators
placed alternately at each side, and over these, upon the
ridge, it is well to have a wooden cap as an additional safe-
guard against drip. Strong hinges of the kind called " water
joints " are to be recommended, as being more durable than
the ordinary make. In a long house it is a great saving of
labour to be able to open and shut these top ventilators
simultaneously by an iron winch. Side ventilation is provided
for, either by having the lights made to open or by wooden
shutters let into the brick walls. The latter alternative is in use,
mainly, when the span roof rests upon the wall- plate — a form
of glass-house rarely seen in any but professional gardens,
though such " pits " are admirably adapted for plant culture.
It is difficult to lay down precise rules for ventilation,
but as a general principle it must be understood that the
treatment of plants in an unheated greenhouse is in strong
contrast to that given in the stove, where a close humid
atmosphere does no harm. There are not many days in the
year, even in heavy fog, when at least a chink may not be
left open to allow free circulation of air, for though it is a
common practice to keep greenhouses closely shut in foggy
weather, a little dampness from outside is actually less harmful
than stagnant damp within. In winter it is always safer
REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE 27
to open the upper ventilators rather than those at the side.
The chief trouble comes in the early days of spring, especially
if we are ill-provided with blinds. Then the thermometer is
apt to rush up to 80° or so, on the slighest hint of bright
sunshine on the glass, while a keen wind may be blowing
from north and east. It is often hard enough, under cir-
cumstances like these, to know how to regulate the tem-
perature. The temptation is to open side-lights as well as
roof ventilators and to let in all the air we can, for scorching
heat is as bad for hardy plants as frost for those that are
half-hardy, yet even hardy plants under artificial treatment
easily " catch a chill " at the roots in this way, from which
they may never recover. At such a moment we find our-
selves on the horns of a dilemma, and very much inclined
to sympathise with the pitiable case, near akin to our own, of
the gardener of whom Mr. E. V. Lucas tells us, who wrote
to his employer : " I'm varry sorry to tell you that I cant do
enay thing with the greenhouse. I think he will kill every
plant I have sometimes he will get varry hot and another
time I cant get enay heat in him and we cant stope him from
smoking so I doant know what to do with him " ! Happily
the troubles of the cold-house gardener are in great
measure simplified, and if the ample provision which is so
essential be made for ventilation, experience will soon teach
the necessity of avoiding draught. Only let it be remembered
at the same time that a stuffy stagnant atmosphere, per-
sisted in for a few days only, will surely set up an invasion
of that very infectious complaint " damping off."
For eight months of the year it is scarcely possible to
give too much air, and where it may chance that a glass-
house is chiefly used for the shelter during winter of half-
hardy shrubs, or Roses planted out, it is an excellent plan to
have it so built that the lights can be altogether removed
when required. Of late, portable houses on rails for forcing
28 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
Lily-of-the- Valley and other temporary crops have come
somewhat into vogue, and some adaptation of the idea might
be of value for the glass-garden. In any case spare lights
can always be used to good purpose in various ways —
e.g., for Tomatoes during the summer — and need not lie
idle.
SHADING
It is from February onwards that shading, no less than the
ventilation, of the unheated greenhouse becomes a serious
question. The shelter of glass from storm and stress
is heartily welcome, as we know, to hardy and half-hardy
plants which flower at inclement seasons, yet no sooner does
the sun begin to shine in his strength than the glazed roof
is apt to become a funeral pall. If the scorching rays are
not by some means tempered, a sudden farewell will have to
be taken of faded and withered flowers. Tulips open wide
and pale, beneath the ardent sunbeams. Narcissi lie pros-
trate and can never more be persuaded to lift their languid
heads. Rhododendrons and Azaleas hopelessly cast off
their flowers and dangle them in an aggravating way by their
long pistils. Camellias put on brown edges in token of
mourning, and every flower seems to pant out a feeble pro-
test against the cruel fate that took them away from the fresh open
air and consigned them to a furnace — so soon are benefits
forgotten when times are changed ! But blinds of tiffany or
thin strong netting — materials which give sufficient but not
too dense shade — fixed on rollers, so that they may be raised
or lowered at pleasure, will save all this disaster. Sometimes
the sunshine lasts but an hour or two, yet every gardener
knows that more mischief can be done by an hour of neglect
than can be repaired in a season, for it is not only the
flowers that suffer, but serious and lasting injury is done by
REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE 29
the scorching and scalding of tender leaves, which are in
truth the lungs of the plants.
Permanent shading is sometimes given by washing over
the inner surface of the glass in spring with " Summer
Cloud " or some similar composition, and not removing it
until the autumn, but it is only rarely expedient. Plants
subjected to constant shade soon get drawn up in a vain
attempt to reach the light, and their leaves grow pale and
sickly. Occasionally, however, shading of this kind may be
used with advantage in a Fern-house or for a conservatory
built in the eye of the sun, the tenants of which are con-
tinually shifting their quarters. In such cases permanent
shading — *.*., for the summer — may be an actual gain, but
no clouding of the glass looks well, and it is at best but a
poor makeshift. For many years, during the bright months,
I used fixed blinds with the best success in a sunny con-
servatory which had no established occupants. These were
made of very thin strips of wood painted green, through
which the light passed freely but with a softened shade as
of sunshine in a Hazel coppice, full of restful harmony. I
never saw such as these elsewhere, but in some positions
nothing could serve the purpose better, and many comments
of approval were bestowed upon them. In most plant-
houses of the kind under consideration, however, roller-
blinds are undoubtedly the best. Where these cannot for
any reason conveniently be fixed, tiffany may be fastened to
the rafters by hooks and rings, though at the expense of a
good deal of time and trouble in putting up and taking down.
It should be hooked to the rafters rather than to the sash
bars, to allow the hot air to circulate freely between the
shading and the glass.
CHAPTER V
PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE
IT is natural enough for those who are young in gardening
matters to be disappointed when they are warned that plants
from the hardy and half-hardy classes only must be reckoned
upon for cold greenhouse culture. What is the use of a
greenhouse at all, they are ready to ask, if only common,
everyday flowers can be grown in it ?
Let me try to expound both its use and its charm. The
craving for flowers is universal, but in winter we want them
in our rooms rather than out of doors. The garden has a
winter beauty of its own, and we know and love it well, but
it is not the beauty of flowers. The tracery of bare boughs
against the sky, the glow of scarlet Holly berries midst polished
leaves, the quiet grey tones of Rosemary and Lavender — all
these in their various ways give a sense of restful waiting for
the coming activities of spring, and they are very dear to us.
But all the same we want flowers, for, lacking two things,
books and flowers, no home looks home-like. We can buy
them, doubtless, but " boughten " flowers do not satisfy the
craving that will not be still, and we wander out into the
garden ready to welcome the homeliest floweret which has
dared to brave the winter storms. What are we likely in
most localities to find? Christmas Roses maybe, but
besmirched; Snowdrops, not always snow-white, unless,
haply, a carpet of turf lies spread beneath them ; Laurustinus
— except in the milder South — hopeful-looking at a distance,
PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE 31
but sear and brown on closer view ; the earlier Crocus buds
and Primroses wantonly nipped off by saucy sparrows; the
rest, as yet, awaiting their awakening. A handful of purple-
brown Mahonia leaves, a few battered flowers from the China
Rose in some sheltered corner, some clustering Ivy or a spray
or two of variegated Box — these form the sum total of what
many a garden gay enough in summer is able to produce.
Whether we will or no — rare cases excepted — for our winter
posy we must needs go to the greenhouse. Call to mind the
most common everyday flowers that we know — Daffodils, Hya-
cinths, Wallflowers, Stocks, Crocus, Forget-me-not, Violets —
and think whether a greenhouse filled with such as these would
not be an enviable possession from Christmas onwards ?
And then, again, if we are not flower-lovers merely, but
plant-lovers — a very different cult — how keen is the dis-
appointment when, after months of patient tending of one and
another of the lovely green things upon the earth which are
to us as priceless gems, we are robbed of the full fruition of
our labours by treacheries of weather or hungry bandits in
the shape of slugs and snails ! The open ground is no safe
place to which we dare trust our rarest treasures, and a
sheltering frame becomes a necessity, and sooner or later the
frame will need expansion into larger space, where we may
group and make pictures of our plants and enjoy them to our
heart's content.
Yet it is a mistake to think that hardy flowers need be
common. The finer varieties are always worthy if we take
the pains to seek for them ; and it is their earlier flowering
under shelter, no less than their own beauty and sweetness,
that gives them their claim to the greenhouse. A greater
mistake still would be to think that even such everyday
things will bless us with a grace so early, unless we lay our
plans with intention and remember cheerless winter days to
come when summer yet holds her lap full of flowers.
32 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
HARDY PLANTS
Let us try to define the distinction between hardy and
half-hardy plants from the point of view of the unheated
greenhouse. Hardy plants, as we know, are those which
need no protection to enable them to withstand the frequent
changes of our climate in all parts of the United Kingdom,
but for greenhouse purposes we must gather out of these such
as can be made decorative either for foliage or for flower
during the flowerless season. Roughly speaking, this season
extends from October, when the first keen frost sweeps its
sharp scythe over the autumn garden, until March — in some
years later still — when swelling buds and the blackbird's
mellow pipe begin to tell us that spring is here. Before
Christmas, Chrysanthemums, late Tea and China Roses, a
few annuals especially prepared, like Cosmos, the crimson
spikes of Schizostylis, Carnations of the Margherita type, late
purple Asters too tardy to open out of doors, and many
another bright flower will come to our aid. With the new
year, and before if we try, we can have Roman Hyacinths,
paper, and the early Scilly White Narcissus, scarlet Van Thol
Tulips, and Christmas Roses, while the cheerful gleam of
Coronilla and Winter Jasmine and the lovely cream-white
flowers and buds of the Box-leaved Myrtle and of Laurustinus
will not leave us forlorn even at that pitiless season. Then
will follow a long procession of spring bulbs, herbaceous
perennials, and shrubs, which it is our business to coax into
flower to fill in the remainder of the weeks until the green-
house needs no longer to take the place of the outer air. So
much as this, and, indeed, much more, may be done without
any firing at all, for these are all hardy plants, but not without
some extra care when the weather is specially severe, and
maybe, on occasion, at the cost of a little drooping, not very
harmful, of the more tender flowers. Not without energy, and
PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE 33
perseverance and forethought besides, for the winter campaign
must be prepared for in two ways — (i) by retarding such
summer flowers as can be kept back to bloom in the latest
autumn, and (2) by bringing spring plants into flower before
their due season. Midway between these two comes another
class, of which early Rhododendrons and Azaleas are a type,
which flower naturally almost at midwinter, but seldom escape
unhurt if they remain unsheltered. A limit, indeed, can
scarcely be put upon the hardy spring flowers — Anemones,
alpine Primulas, Orobus, Saxifrages, Cyclamen vernum, and
Doronicums — to name but a few out of a host which lend
themselves with gratitude, and enjoy such gentle forcing
as the shelter of glass can give them. They come from
many lands, and often from climates much more rigorous
than our own, but where they are neither puzzled by the
wiles nor entrapped by the cruel ogre of the weather, who
entices them with smiles one day — to gobble them up on the
next.
There is but one hardy plant which for this purpose,
perhaps for its very hardiness, I, for my own part, would not
choose — the low-growing herbaceous Heath (Erica carnea).
Be the winter what it may it never loses heart of grace, but
bides its time. It may blush into perfect beauty a little
sooner or a little later, as the season lets it, but no storm
seems to harm, no stress to change it ; all hurtful creatures
pass it by, only the bees murmur over it their first happy
thanksgiving as they sip the nectar from its tiny flasks. Most
flowers we love to gather and bring indoors, but not this one.
True child of the mountains and the moor, it asks no shelter ;
let us leave it to its liberty, for, as it seems to me, it is
happier so.
34 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
HALF-HARDY PLANTS
It is customary to count as half-hardy many of the soft-
wooded plants which are used for summer bedding, such as
Pelargoniums, Heliotrope, Ageratum, Cupheas, and the like,
but it is a misleading term as far as the unheated greenhouse
is concerned, for in no part of the British Isles will these
survive a winter out of doors, and they might perhaps be
more accurately described as sub-tropical. It is true that
Pelargoniums of certain sorts thrive all the year round in
sheltered spots in the Isles of Scilly, but whole hedges of
them were cut down to the ground-line in a disastrous winter
some years ago when there was a most unusual visitation of
10° of frost. It is also true that they will exist under glass
in a low temperature, but it must always be above 40° Fahr.,
for they quickly damp off unless there is enough warmth to
keep them in a growing state, while to have zonal Pelar-
goniums in bloom during the winter requires not only a season
of special preparation beforehand, but a temperature equal to
summer heat ; hence it is plain that they cannot be recom-
mended for the cold greenhouse.
Ordinary greenhouse plants, again, such as Libonia
floribunda, Bouvardia, Chinese Primula, and even Persian
Cyclamen must be put out of our thoughts, though the last
two do excellently well in the windows of light warm rooms.
It must therefore be clearly understood that by " half-hardy "
in these pages it is intended to express the degree of hardi-
ness which will pass safely through an ordinary winter in the
Isle of Wight or in Devon and Cornwall, and which is able to
endure a trifle of frost for a short time in a dry, still atmo-
sphere without permanent injury. But even for half-hardy
plants like these the mere shelter of glass will not suffice,
because the advantages of climate afforded by the South Coast
are exceptional, and therefore if we decide to grow the more
PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE 35
tender amongst them we must make up our minds to provide
some temporary means of raising the temperature in severe
weather. Amongst the half-hardy plants that are suitable
under these conditions we may include some of the Heaths
and handsome South African Crassulas and Mesembryan-
themums, as well as Gladioli, Lachenalias, Crinums, and other
bulbs from the same regions, the Disas and some terrestrial
Orchids of Table Mountain ; Acacias, Boronias, Correas, and
other hard-wooded plants from Australia and New Zealand ;
strange Cacti and Mamillarias from the arid plains of the
southern United States ; Rhododendrons from the Himalayas,
verily a goodly company, with infinite variety from which to
choose.
It may be added that the two classes of hardy plants and
half-hardy plants overlap each other, and that some things
reckoned tender will survive when hardier ones fail, but the
reason is probably found to be some accident of individual
constitution rather than in any question of temperature.
Many of the plants here mentioned require special treatment
and are not altogether easy to succeed with, e.g.t the hard-
wooded Australasians, which are, nevertheless, well worthy of
all the pains and care that can be bestowed upon them.
Others, again, like the Cape bulbs, present no difficulty of
culture when once their management is understood, as in the
case of Nerines, while succulent plants are the most long-
suffering of all green things, living and often even thriving
under positive neglect, yet rewarding, many of them, the most
moderate understanding of their wants with largest interest of
brilliant and sometimes gorgeous flower.
It is very needful that the distinctions which I have tried
to make clear between plants suitable and unsuitable for the
unheated greenhouse should be carefully noted, for nothing
but disappointment can follow an attempt to make a simple
glass shelter do duty for a house capable of being heated up
36 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
to Orchid or even Pelargonium pitch. No less important is
it clearly to define our intentions to ourselves as to whether
we grow hardy plants only or whether we wish to include the
less hardy, for which a certain amount of heating power is
required, though not enough to render the term " unheated
greenhouse " a contradiction, inasmuch as it need be in most
cases merely a transient encumbrance and not a permanent
one. In either case some knowledge of plants and a hearty
desire to know more is inseparable from the true enjoyment
of this, or, indeed, any other branch of gardening. With
regard to culture, nothing teaches so much as practice, and
when the true gardening instinct exists the early stage of
helpless ignorance soon gives place to greater assurance, as we
take advantage day by day of every hint, spoken and written,
that comes in our way. Then as experience grows we begin
to make experiments on our own account, for there is no
doubt whatever that many plants may be educated and made
to adapt themselves to environments other than those that are
natural to them, and herein lies one of the many interesting
features of advanced work in a cold greenhouse. A generation
since, numbers of plants now commonly to be found in our
garden borders were grown under glass and reckoned too
tender to be trusted out of doors. The result of experiments
during many years in testing the capabilities of unheated
houses in my own garden proved to demonstration that a fair
proportion of plants will succeed admirably under good
management, and are less subject to blight and disease in a
much lower temperature than is usually supposed to be indis-
pensable to them.
The same effects, it is true, may be traced as the result of
the different modes of treatment, as may be noticed in Switzer-
land between the plants of the valley and those of the bleaker
mountain-side — the growth is not so rapid, and luxuriance is
restricted. But what is lost in these respects is made up in
PLANTS SUITABLE AND UNSUITABLE 37
added vigour of constitution and greater power of resistance
to the attacks of insect pests, and even in more abundant
flower. Therefore, in choosing plants for the unheated green-
house we may lay aside all misgivings, so long as we make no
mistakes between plants suitable and unsuitable to be grown
in it.
i
CHAPTER VI
THE ALPINE HOUSE
A GOOD example of the simplest form of the unheated green-
house is to be found in the Alpine House at Kew. It is
nothing more than a low span-roofed glass-house, 40 ft.
long by 9 ft. wide, with flat stages on each side of a
narrow gangway, and has no heating apparatus of any kind. It
is provided, however, with shading to temper sun-heat, should
it prove too powerful, as it often does, in early spring. Here,
throughout the winter and spring months, a succession of low-
growing plants and bulbs indigenous to the alpine districts of
all parts of the globe may be seen in happier circumstances
and in better flower than would be possible out of doors in
our changeful climate. A large proportion of such plants
perfect their growth rapidly during the short but strong summer
heat of their native habitats, and are almost ready to burst into
flower again when their progress is arrested, sometimes quite
early in autumn, by a thick fall of snow which tucks them up
safely for their long winter sleep. Months later, when the
snows melt and there is no more danger to fear, they have
little more to do than to open their bright eyes upon the
world new-clad in greenery. Any one who has had experience,
for example, of a Canadian spring, will understand the sudden
transformation from the winter shroud of snow to gay, green
woods and plains enamelled with flowers. Transplant the
denizens of such climates to our seagirt Britain and, so far
from being happier, they are sore bewildered and tried beyond
THE ALPINE HOUSE 39
endurance by the alternations of mildness and rigour to which
they are subjected, and we who try to cultivate rare and
beautiful species under these altered conditions too often meet
with disappointment. Under the protection of a simple glass
roof, however, the want of the snow coverlet is not so much
felt, and such plants can go on, without check from wind or
weather, to perfect their pure, stainless flowers. At the same
time, they do not give us that sense of unnatural forcing which
is inseparable from the hardy spring-flowering shrubs, like
Lilac or Wistaria, when, as is often done, they are brought on
quickly into bloom in a heated atmosphere. True alpine
plants will not stand artificial heat, and the Saxifrages, Solda-
nellas, Cyclamens, Irises, and other mountain plants shown in
the Alpine House at Kew are grown out of doors during the
summer and autumn, either in prepared beds or in cold
frames where they can be planted or plunged according to
their requirements, and are brought inside to open their
flowers. They are mainly grown in pans and pots which can
be easily returned to their growing-quarters as soon as their
beauty is past. Ice has been standing on several occasions
on a small glass tank containing Azolla filiculoides in the
Alpine House when I have seen Saxifraga burseriana major,
Corbularia monophylla, Primula megaseaefolia, &c., in flower,
and many other plants in bud without showing the least sign
of distress.
Saxifrages are typical plants for the alpine house. The
earliest of them all to open is S. burseriana major, and any one
may be proud of having, early in January, a well-established
pan of so lovely a plant in bloom, for it takes some time to
build up and some care to preserve in good condition. Few
gardens possess a superabundance of this fine variety or even
of the typical species with smaller flowers which open a little
later. Saxifrages, and especially these slow-growing, densely
tufted species, do well grown in pans from 6 in. to 8 in,
40 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
across, in light sharp soil freely intermingled with nodules of
stone — some of the larger pieces being only half-sunk beneath
the surface, against which the little tufts can nestle. A very
pretty specimen may be grown in such a miniature rockery.
To increase the stock, when a plant has gone out of flower, a
rosette may be snipped off here and there wherever it will be
least missed, pressing it gently into a pinch of sharp sand on
the surface of the soil. These will soon root, and each will
become the nucleus of a healthy tuft. Saxifrages of this
section will live in the same pan for a length of time, the bare
worn-out pieces being carefully cut away and fresh soil of the
nature of pulverised granite added as a surface dressing, but
much disturbance of the roots is to be avoided. Very many
species of these minute silvery rock- foils may be grown in this
way. The mossy kinds, represented by S. camposi, grow
much more quickly into good specimens. Amongst the
alpine Saxifrages may be found golden-yellow, pale primrose,
purple, and pink flowered species, as well as white. S. cotyledon
— S. pyramidalis and S. nepalensis being only fine varieties of
the same — which belongs to the encrusted section, makes a
noble pot plant in late spring, though few people, for some
reason, succeed in growing it well. To form a good specimen,
perfect rosettes of the strap-shaped leaves must be chosen for
potting singly in three-inch pots — "perfect" being said
advisedly, as an ill-shaped rosette never produces a fine spike
of bloom. These must be kept entirely free from the
numberless offsets by which, in its native home, it creeps along
the fissures of the rocks. By giving frequent and gradual
shifts into larger pots, the plants are encouraged to grow as
large as possible before the flowering stems are produced.
This may happen either in the second or third season, but if
a succession of young plants be kept up by putting in sufficient
offsets every year, some are sure to flower every spring, and
the tall pyramid of multitudes of milk-white flowers, sometimes
THE ALPINE HOUSE 41
two and even three feet in height, is extremely ornamental.
By planting several of the rosettes in a pan, thus restricting
root-room, and taking care still to remove all offsets, a dwarf
specimen may be grown, carrying several feathery white plumes
instead of the single pyramid.
No more truly alpine plant can be named than that child of
the snowdrift, Soldanella. Its cultivation is not altogether
easy, and a hint given by M. Correvon, years ago, having
proved of great value, may be passed on to others. Solda-
nellas enjoy nothing so much, under abnormal conditions, as
growing in living sphagnum, in full sunshine. Living sphagnum
must, of course, be constantly moist, and requires a thin layer
of sandy bog-soil at the bottom of the pan. The tiny plants of
Soldanella inserted over the surface of the moss send down their
roots among the cool spongy stems and thrive apace. This
method provides as good a substitute for the melting snow as
can be devised under cultivation, but they are successfully
flowered at Kew under ordinary treatment in pans of suitable
soil.
To turn to an entirely different class of plant. Amongst the
luxuries of the alpine house, at present, must be counted the
newer species, increasing in number year by year, of dwarf
bulbous Iris. Some of these are far from new, since I. persica,
nearly related to some of these more recent introductions,
is the very first plant figured in the old series of the Botanical
Magazine (A.D. 1793). But of late years, collectors in various
parts of Asia Minor have turned their attention to this beautiful
genus, and our gardens will be richer in future by their
labours. Very many of these new species are tempting items
for the Iris connoisseur. I. Heldreichi, with large grey-blue
flowers and deep violet falls, is one of the most attractive of
plants to grow for an alpine house. Not quite so striking,
perhaps, in flower, but more so as a plant, with its abundant
channelled leaves, is I. sindjarensis, a Mesopotamian species,
42 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
which blooms in February and March, when its tender slate-
blue flowers shading off to creamy white are both pretty and
fragrant. In the same category with these rare species are
I. Hausknechtii, I. Tawei, I. bolleana, and others. Their cul-
ture is scarcely to be taken in hand by a novice, because they
are both scarce and dear, and their requirements may not as
yet be entirely understood, but there are others, like I. alata,
I. orchioides, I. Danfordioc, I. bakeriana, &c., which are more
easily procured, and are charming additions to the alpine
house. Better known still is I. reticulata in its many de-
lightful forms.
No more fascinating branch of garden work could, in fact,
be taken up by the enthusiastic amateur than the furnishing of
an alpine house for six months of the year from November till
May, providing occupation for the summer and enjoyment for
the winter. The form of it, besides, may be varied, for another
arrangement which can be adopted for the alpine house is a
permanent rock garden under glass — the lights being so put
together that they may be entirely removed during the summer.
Evergreen ferns of low stature, some of the dwarf vacciniums
and gaultheria, and other suitable greenery might here be
grouped — intervening spaces being left with a view to the
introduction of plants in flower in their season from the outside
frames. Such an alpine house, which may be larger or
smaller according to circumstances, would make as charming a
winter garden as could well be devised.
Alpine plants are legion, and it is impossible here to do
more than indicate the lines upon which they may be used
under glass, but a list will be found of the best and most
suitable species, including many of the smaller bulbs and tubers
which have been successfully grown at Kew and elsewhere for
this purpose.
CHAPTER VII
FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING
THE tasteful arrangement of cut flowers is a fine art in which
most people now have some training, but how few ever think
of undertaking the same kind office for growing plants.
Harmony of form and colour in the grouping of plants is no
less important, however, and when it is attained gives just
the touch of difference between mere routine and the cultured
sense of fitness.
To the amateur who finds himself in possession of an
unfurnished cold greenhouse the advice of an " old hand "
would be to think first of foliage plants. The value of
greenery for all decorative purposes is recognised in these
days as perhaps never before. This is proved by the myriads
of fine-leaved plants distributed from the great plant factories
of our day; but it is doubtful whether the modern tendency
towards regarding these as so much furniture is altogether
wholesome. The cool greenhouse may be said to cut at the
root of the evil, for in it plants are grown and not manu-
factured, and long may it be before we give up the old-
fashioned love for tending and training our favourites, until
they become living friends, associated with all the joys and
sorrows of our homes. Most people find out by bitter
experience that plants grown at high-pressure speed in
strong heat are unsuited to the conditions of a mere
glass shelter, but, nevertheless, many of the same species,
or their close allies, succeed admirably when brought up
44 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
under more natural treatment, and are indispensable for
pictorial grouping.
There is no question that in large conservatories detached
from the dwelling, permanent planting of certain evergreen
trees and shrubs is most advisable — a method already sug-
gested on a small scale for one form of alpine house. These
may be associated with well-planned rockwork, or fern-edged
pool, so that the main features of the house may remain
unaltered, while flowering plants can be brought in from the
working-quarters according to season. The Himalayan House
at Kew is a noble example, on a grand scale, of a cold con-
servatory of this character. For such purposes, there is
abundance of material in the way of fine-leaved shrubs ot
larger or smaller growth to suit all positions. Planting for
continuance, however, must be done with the utmost care
and good taste, or it will be disappointing. But this kind of
planting is not always possible, nor even desirable, and many
people, whether they will or no, have to content themselves
with pot plants. In any case, a small space soon becomes
overcrowded and untidy, and no plant is always at its best —
two good reasons why, under limited conditions, permanent
borders are better avoided, and every facility allowed for
frequent rearrangement. This is more particularly the case
when the ordinary small conservatory, which is seldom absent
from the rectory or country home, or even the suburban villa,
adjoins the sitting-rooms. To this end, and for other reasons
given in a former chapter, it is well also to dispense with fixed
stages, using only such simple removable contrivances for the
raising and arrangement of pots as may best lend themselves
to the natural grouping of the plants at disposal. In this
way the whole mise en scene of the conservatory can be altered
at will, but it will be understood that this is intended merely
as a practical suggestion to those who do not begrudge a little
time and trouble to give a fresh setting of ordered beauty to
LILIUM LONGIFLORUM IN POTS.
FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING 45
the too rigid commonplace of ordinary daily life, and applies
only to the drawing-room annexe, which is always in evidence.
The refreshment to mind and eye given by the varied plant
pictures which a skilful hand is able to arrange can scarcely
be told in words, but if one thinks of the ordinary greenhouse
stage, with its serried ranks of flowering plants, flanked by
brilliantly coloured Coleus and other variegated leafage, with
here and there an Asparagus or Fern by way of foil, the
difference may very readily be imagined. It has been said
with reason that two-thirds of the available space in a green-
house might well be allotted to flowerless plants. But even
with greenery the art of harmonious grouping depends in a
great measure on the quick discrimination between concord
and contrast. Sometimes the one, sometimes the other will
give the best effect ; but it is a mistake to think that foliage
of any kind will accord with every flower. The trained eye
will detect in a moment the want of harmony, and hence the
importance of having a good stock of the most varied greenery
to choose from. It may be said in passing that one distinct
advantage of the cold house system is that a much greater
variety can be grown, as foliage plants not in use or any that
are out of flower can be transferred to outdoor quarters or
simple garden frames instead of either taking up precious room
or perishing outright for lack of suitable accommodation.
For all purposes of grouping, then, greenery being indis-
pensable, it will be well to make a note under the two heads
lately defined of hardy and half-hardy plants of some of the
most suitable for cold house culture.
The fashion of the day being to employ Palms of many
kinds for decorative purposes, it is as well, perhaps, that we
can, with confidence, place the two Fan Palms, Chamaerops
excelsa and C. humilis, on the hardy list. They are much
alike in general appearance, but the first-named is perhaps
the best. It is a Chinese species, and is often met with
46 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
under the alias of C. Fortune!, a fact to be noted. The
European Fan Palm (C. humilis) may be distinguished from it
by the thorny projections on the leaf-stalks, the narrower plaits
of its leaves, and by the offsets, which are thrown from the
base of the stem. It is also somewhat dwarfer in growth.
Both are good stand-by plants, doing well out of doors during
summer, but needing shelter from wind and draughts even
more than frost in winter, as the broad leaves are easily torn
and disfigured. Acanthus, so much more grown in pots as
room- and basket-plants on the Continent than with us, should
never be omitted. A. latifolius and A. spinosus are two
distinct and useful species. Aralia sieboldi, another well-
known evergreen, may be set down as indispensable. Small
plants of Muhlenbeckia, with foliage recalling the Maiden-hair
Spleenwort, is desirable for many purposes. All sprays of it
that have been used with cut flowers may be kept, and if they
have not already begun to root in the water, may be given the
benefit of a fresh jug to themselves, where they can complete
the operation at their leisure. In due time several of the
rooted sprays may be potted together and make pretty basket-
plants. Perhaps others may have found no difficulty, but
until the above method of striking cuttings of this graceful
evergreen was accidentally discovered, I never once succeeded
in rooting a plant of it by ordinary means. The jug, which
provides darkness for the rooting stems, is a point to be noted.
Such minute details are very amateurish, but like an old
cottage friend who always planted her cuttings of Lemon
plant, in firm faith, under a Gooseberry bush, " I do believe
there be sum'at in it ! "
For mixing with spring bulbs, Solomon's Seal is one of
the most charming of foliage plants. There should be a well,
prepared bed in some spare corner of the garden from which
in the autumn the best roots can be taken for potting, the
smaller tubers being replanted for the following year that they
THE STAG'S HORN FERN
FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING 47
may have a season for recruiting. The same advice may apply
to most plants which have served their turn in the conserva-
tory. Myrtles, large and small-leaved, and Eugenia buxifolia,
provide good greenery of a different character. Eugenia will
also bear its delicious fruit abundantly in a small-sized pot,
making the greenhouse fragrant with its peculiar aromatic
scent. Small-leaved Ivies can be used in various ways, and
Senecio mikanoides, the Ivy-leaved Cape Groundsel, which
may often be seen trailing half-wild over bushes in Cornwall,
is by no means to be despised where a quick growing climber
is desired. Amongst herbaceous plants, and therefore only
of use during summer and autumn, Funkia grandiflora and
Funkia sieboldiana are very ornamental, and particularly
well adapted for grouping with various kinds of Lilies in
flower.
Nothing of course can be more valuable than a well-grown
stock of hardy evergreen Ferns, both native and foreign. Of
these the British species of Maiden-hair (Adiantum Capillus-
Veneris), of which there are several remarkable varieties ;
Polypody, especially the Welsh form • Hart's-tongue ; Poly-
stichum, with its proliferous forms ; and Asplenium Adian-
tum-nigrum (" French Fern "), may be mentioned. Of exotic
species, Woodwardia radicans, with its massive drooping
fronds, each carrying a bulblet at its point, is invaluable
for large spaces. The Ostrich-plume Fern (Struthiopteris
germanica), and Lomaria chilensis, and L. magellanica are also
large-growing, handsome, and quite hardy. Smaller species are
Lastrsea marginata and Polystichum acrostichoides. Amongst
deciduous species, the very beautiful plumose varieties of the
lady Fern (Athyrium Filix-foemina) are well worth growing,
and the fine Canadian Maiden-hair (Adiantum pedatum)
should not be overlooked. If variegated foliage be desired,
the small Euonymus radicans and Aucubas are useful, and
small tufts of the old-fashioned Ribbon grass, grown in pots,
48 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
go well with various kinds of white Narcissi, and make a fair
substitute for Eulalia zebrina and the variegated Carex
japonica when these are not at hand, though both are good
"grasses" for pot culture. Centaurea ragusina and Cineraria
maritima will supply silvery foliage and come in well for
lighting up a dark corner.
ASPARAGUS SPRENGERI.
CHIONODOXA (GLORY OF THE SNOW) AND IRIS
ROSENBA CHI A NA .
CHAPTER VIII
BULBS AND TUBERS.— I. HARDY SPECIES
THE question of greenery apart, the cold house gardener would
not fare badly if he were restricted to bulbs alone. For sim-
plicity of management, for exceeding charm of flower, and for
the comparatively small space required for stowage when
they are at rest, there is no class of plant that will give, year
in year out, a better return for good cultivation. With
tuberous-rooted plants added to the list, he may do well
indeed. For the earlier winter flowers in the unheated green-
house, hardy bulbs must, in fact, be our mainstay. Nothing
else will take their place, but to have them in perfection we
must take time by the forelock. Herein, be it well under-
stood, lies the main secret of success, for time, under these
conditions, must take the place of boiler and pipes. The right
moment past, we cannot hope to make it up by rushing our
bulbs in a forcing-house. Midsummer-day might, with
advantage, be taken as a signal that it is time to begin to lay
our plans for our winter campaign. Instead of this, as a rule,
the catalogues, which the bulb merchants never fail to send us,
are laid by until, perhaps, some chill November day wakes us,
all too late, to the fact that our greenhouse begins to look
ragged and forlorn.
To a certain extent, both the experienced gardener and the
novice must depend on Dutch bulbs for a bright display of
early spring flowers, and it is better to reckon upon an annual
outlay for such things as Hyacinths, Tulips, and Florist's
5o THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
Crocus, because they cannot be grown to perfection, year after
year, in pots. Even the bi-yearly system, which answers well
for many plants, will not in all cases give the best success with
these. At the same time, with a rotation of three or four
years, we may grow our own bulbs, of most sorts, if there be
any reason for doing so.
It is safe to reckon that from twelve to fourteen weeks at
least, according to the season, will be required to bring such
quick-growing bulbs as Roman Hyacinths and dwarf Tulips
into flower. It is evident, therefore, that, if we want a breath
of the spring-tide to reach us when flowers are fewest and most
precious, the end of August will be none too soon to find the
earliest batch potted of these, and also of some other bulbs to
be named presently, followed by more at intervals of a fort-
night until the end of October. It is seldom that Dutch bulbs
can be obtained quite so early, but the order should be sent
with as little delay as may be after the receipt of the catalogue
— a plan which serves the double purpose of securing the finest
bulbs and of receiving them at the earliest moment.
The first three or four weeks will be profitably spent by the
newly potted bulbs in some retired corner of the garden under
a coverlet, 2 or 3 in. thick, of cocoa-fibre, or sifted ashes,
which answer the purpose quite as well. This is the best sub-
stitute we can give for mother earth, and provides darkness,
even temperature, and moisture for the development of the root
fibres — a matter of the first importance if we want good
flowers.
At the end of that time the pots may be removed, according
to the date when they are wanted — for it will not hurt some
of them to remain in darkness even for a week or two longer
— either to a sheltered spot still in the open where they can
be given a little protection, or, better still, to a cold frame. In
either case they must be shaded for a day or two to inure the
pushing leaves gradually to the light. In due time they will
BULBS AND TUBERS— HARDY SPECIES 51
be ready for their last move to blooming-quarters, and for early
spring flowers such as these a greenhouse with a south aspect
will naturally give the best results.
This kind of bulb-growing, of which the general outline is
here given, is very simple. A few easy rules and careful
watering must not be neglected, and then they will take care
of themselves ; for good cultivation in the bulb grounds and
the summer sunshine have done most of the work, and the
flowers already lie folded in their hearts before the bulbs reach
us. It would be needless to give such familiar directions were
it not that every day one meets with new-fledged gardeners
trying their first flight who thankfully accept the plainest
hints. As soon as the flowering is over the bulbs may be
planted in the borders, where they will give very acceptable, if
smaller, blooms for years to come ; but if they should not be
wanted for this purpose, let them not be wasted. Be sure
that there is some poor neighbour who cannot afford such
luxuries to whom they will be a veritable mine of pleasure.
Narcissus, in its many and varied groups, is perhaps the
most charming of all hardy bulbs, and in one form or other
will carry us from the dark December days to the end of
March, and longer if we wish. Paper White — one of the least
satisfactory to grow, and with a somewhat evil smell — is
generally reckoned the earliest. The equally early Scilly
White is not grown so much as it deserves, though it is familiar
enough in its cut state. It belongs to the Tazetta or bunch-
flowered group, and, though it cannot boast the pure white of
the South European N. papyraceus, it has a sweeter scent,
and the pale lemon of the cup fades by degrees to the creamy
tint of the rest of the flower. This species, said to be a native,
if I am not mistaken, of St. Michael's Mount, on the Cornish
Coast, or at any rate naturalised there, comes into bloom about
Christmas in favourable seasons. On that account it is too
tender for the gardens of the mainland, but may be had in per-
52 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
fection under glass during December. This and some others
of the earlier Daffodils may be potted with the first batch of
Van Thols and Roman Hyacinths, or even before. Next in
order and in quick succession will come such kinds as the pale-
tinted N. prsecox and the deeper-toned single varieties of N.
pseudo-narcissus and Double Telamonius, the great bosses
of which, familiar as they are, can never be out of favour. Then
will follow the splendid trumpets of Emperor; the golden
chalice-cups of Sir Watkin ; Ornatus, the earliest of the
Pheasant Eyes ; the lovely bicolors, Empress, Horsfieldi, and
Grandee, treading on each other's steps; and the modest
drooping heads of the ivory-white N. cernuus. Or, if we like,
we can have double flowers — Butter and Eggs, Bacon and
Eggs, and, loveliest of the group, Codlins and Cream — the
dear old-fashioned names given them by our forefathers, be-
fore even the new-born craze for Daffadowndillies set in.
These are all delightful, and can scarcely be surpassed for bold
grouping, and are cheap as they are good. The sweet-scented
Jonquils must not be forgotten, nor the lovely little double
Queen Anne's Favourite (N. capax), nor again that extremely
elegant and recent introduction of Mr. Peter Barr's, Queen of
Spain.
But we may indulge in rarer kinds if we will, and revel in
the lovely forms given to us by that patient and skilful
hybridist, the Rev. G. H. Engleheart. Or if miniature kinds
are more alluring, there are the three charming species of
Hoop-petticoat (Corbularia), yellow, citron, and white, and the
dainty N. cyclamineus with its upturned petals. Unlike the
so-called " Dutch " bulbs, Narcissus possesses the advantage
of being a good garden investment. Most kinds increase so
liberally by offsets that by good management we can grow our
own bulbs yearly and have enough and to spare. One point
in strong favour of the unheated greenhouse with regard to
these and other hardy bulbs must not be passed over without
FONTIN'S LILY OF THE VALLEY.
A WINTER FLOWERING IRIS (I. STYLOS I ALBA}.
BULBS AND TUBERS— HARDY SPECIES S3
a word. Narcissus is so essentially a hardy genus that many
of the most beautiful varieties resent heat and will not give of
their best under hard forcing, by which also the bulbs are so
much weakened that they are afterwards practically worthless.
The gentle forwarding which is all that hardy plants of this
class get under the mere shelter of glass does no harm either
to bulb or bloom, while we reap the advantage of the earlier
enjoyment of flowers, pure and untarnished by wind or
weather.
A cultural hint may be added. Bulbs have a sorry trick
of "going blind," /.*., the flowers wither away when beginning
to develop. This is mainly due to lack of water. Narcissus,
in most cases ; Hyacinths ; Tulips notably, and in fact the
greater number of bulbs are greedy of moisture during the
rising of the flower scape. After flowering, water should be
gradually withheld.
Iris represents another and most precious genus of hardy
bulbs and tubers. It has but one failing — the short-lived
flowers ; but this is in some degree and in some species atoned
for by their long succession. One of the most beautiful ot
hardy winter flowers, beginning in late November and con-
tinuing until early spring in favoured spots, is Iris stylosa, the
pencilled blue flowers of which have also a lovely white
counterpart. Though a native of Algeria, it may be safely
given a place under the present heading ; but, unfortunately,
it is not one of the most easy to flower in pots. This can be
done nevertheless, and an established group in a broad deep
pan, for it dislikes disturbance at the root, will last for years,
and is worth any amount of trouble to attain. The different
forms of I. reticulata, with their sweet scent and rich livery of
purple and gold, must find a place in every unheated green-
house, and will sometimes take us by surprise there on a
January day. It is seldom that the different varieties of
I. pumila, I. germanica, and similar species are pressed into
54 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
the service for early flowering under glass, yet they respond so
readily to such gentle persuasion that where they have been
tried the result has given much satisfaction. Careful cultiva-
tion in a prepared garden bed and lifting for potting in
alternate years is a good plan to adopt.
The beautiful Spanish and so-called " English " Irises,
though somewhat " leggy," are not the less useful on that
account for grouping with suitable greenery. Nor must the
tiny Iris cristata be forgotten, a perfect gem, with its delicate
pale-blue falls and feathery crests. The slugs have such an
unfailing instinct for this dainty morsel that I have found the
only safe place at flowering time to be some quiet haven under
glass. It succeeds well in a deep pan with sunken bits of
stone, or planted on a bit of permanent rockwork. A top-
dressing of some good light soil now and then helps the root-
ing stems, and the lovely little flowers lift themselves up at
intervals from the leafy points. It is not a showy plant, but
one that every lover of flowers must delight in. Another very
distinct hardy species is I. tuberosa, whose quaint green
flowers with dark velvety blotches will serve as a natural foil
to some of the more brightly coloured kinds. Iris-growing
has its deeps as well as its shallows, but we need not fear to
get beyond our depth with those named above, or to be without
some representative of this lovely tribe for several months of
the year. Other species, more delicate, range themselves
better under the half-hardy list.
In turning over a parcel of bulbs and tubers, perhaps none
look so utterly unpromising as the brown flaps and sticks of
different kinds of Anemone and the little dried-up claws of
Ranunculus, yet to both of these we are indebted for some of
the most brilliant of our spring flowers. In the very early weeks
of the year we shall find the splendid colouring of Anemone
fulgens and of the best forms of A. coronaria, single and double,
added to the lasting quality of the flowers, invaluable for the
cold greenhouse. The last gives us, as well as scarlet and
BULBS AND TUBERS— HARDY SPECIES 55
good purple, all manner of delicate middle tints. The working
up of a good strain of these most delightful Anemones from
seed and by a rigid selection is a most pleasant and interesting
task. But some smaller and less showy species must not be
overlooked. The hardy Greek Windflower (A. blanda) and
the Italian A. apennina raised from seed will give in succes-
sion quantities of their starry flowers of clearest porcelain to
deepest azure, and, though we may see them at their best,
nestling in mossy glades under the shelter of the budding
Chestnut-trees of their native woodlands, yet nothing can be
sweeter than the way they open their blue eyes on a sunny
morning upon very different surroundings in a strange land.
Another species, A. stellata, which Is rosy-purple in its primary
form, but ranges from pure white with dark stamens to cherry-
red under cultivation, also deserves a place.
Probably most people would think of trying Anemones for
an unheated greenhouse without any suggestion. It is much
more rare to find Persian Ranunculus grown in pots for the
same purpose, yet these are well worth a trial. Years ago
beds of Ranunculus were the pride and glory of many an old-
fashioned garden, and the slender claw-like tubers were
increased and preserved, year after year, with the utmost skill,
and laid by in paper bags with loving care until planting time ;
but now we should probably do better to buy our stock
yearly. In a warm greenhouse Ranunculus fails utterly in
pots, but in a cold frame there should be no difficulty, and a
September potting ought to give most acceptable flowers in
April, when we begin to want a change from Narcissus and
Hyacinths.
Of miscellaneous hardy bulbs and tubers, what a long list
might be given. Let a few be named by way of reminder.
To begin with, there are large Snowdrops of sorts which
coaxing will seldom bring into flower before their appointed
time, but which open pure and free from stain under glass ;
and Winter Aconite, not amiss upon a wintry day and almost
56 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
as happy in a moss-surfaced pan as in a furrow of its native
olive-yard on the Italian hills. There is the lovely Crocus
Imperati, in pencilled lilac and buff, and other delicate
winter-flowering species, beloved of many far above their
more robust Dutch brethren, which flower a little later.
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, too, craves for shelter from the
January blast for its fragile bells, purple or white; while
Chionodoxa and Scilla, able to brave the hardest frosts, are
yet very willing to take life more easily. Cyclamen Coum and
C. vernum, too, with their allies, rosy or pure white with
marbled foliage, are ready to give us beautiful leaf forms
when the flowers are gone. Another lovely thing, too much
beloved of slugs in the open, and well worthy of shelter, is
Ornithogalum nutans, which decks itself daintily in green and
silver, while the peculiar sheen of its spikes of drooping
flowers under artificial light makes it a dinner-table decoration
quite unique in its effect.
As spring advances, there is Lily-of-the-Valley, welcome
early or late ; and English Fritillaries, chequered like some
bit of old-world chintz, or white, or palest lemon, with nodding
heads ; and exotic forms like F. aurea, not slender and fragile
like the others, but hanging its large golden flowers upon
stems only three or four inches high. The various species of
Tulip, again — which must not be confused with the garden
varieties — give us a wide range of choice, from the strikingly
fine T. Kaufmanniana to the dainty little rose-and-white
T. Clusii. These are but a few, and every one of these, and
many more that might be added to the number, can be grown
in the open border, most of them without much trouble,
whilst it is not to be denied that good cultivation in pots
entails a considerable amount of labour and care ; but it has
its reward when flowers are rare and cold damp days forbid
much lingering in the garden in search of the few that may
happen to be there.
CHAPTER IX
BULBS AND TUBERS.— II. HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
A LARGE number of bulbs are available for the unheated
greenhouse which are somewhat difficult to place, because
they are suited neither to the warm house nor to the open
garden. Many of these can resist even a few degrees of frost
on occasion, but the rapid changes of our climate are more
than they can endure. For such the greenhouse that can be
kept just above freezing-point by temporary means is admir-
ably adapted. Planting time in some cases coincides with
that of the earliest hardy bulbs, and, as they require to begin
with much the same treatment, August is generally a busy
month in the potting shed.
Lachenalias and Freesias, two well-known groups of half-
hardy bulbs, belong to this section. L. pendula flowers
naturally in November ; consequently, it ripens its bulbs first
in order, and to have its welcome spikes of bright light-
crimson in due season — July is not too soon to pot this
particular species. L. pendula is far too seldom grown, for
it is one of the most precious flowers of early winter. The
genus includes a number of most charming species and
hybrids which have been gradually coming more and more to
the front, and the varied shades of colour in the flowers ot
different species are somewhat remarkable. L. pendula is, I
believe, the only species of its peculiar shade of rose-red.
The greater number are brilliant yellow, either self-coloured
58 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
or touched with scarlet, and with more or less distinct purple
blotches. One species, generally called L. tricolor, but more
correctly L. luteola, has a good deal of green in the drooping
bells, while another, L. ccerulea purpurea, shows a peculiar
metallic blue on the spike of grey-white flowers, and in its best
variety is very ornamental.
The most familiar of all hybrid forms is L. Nelsoni, raised
now many years ago. It will always hold its own, but of late
years these lovely Cape Cowslips, as they are sometimes called,
have been skilfully taken in hand by Mr. F. W. Moore, the
able curator of the Glasnevin Botanical Gardens, Dublin,
and others, and have been brought to a high degree of
perfection.
Lachenalias should be grown with as little artificial heat as
possible, and nothing injures the flowering quality of these, or
in fact of most bulbs, more than to let them start into root
growth before they are potted. The routine of cultivation
may be said to begin as they go out of flower. Water should
then be given them sparingly, and after the leaves die down it
must be withheld altogether. The pots may then be laid on
their side on a warm shelf, where they will not be dripped
upon, that the bulbs may ripen, for to be kept absolutely dry
during their period of rest is essential. The least moisture at
this stage will start the ring of little white root-points into
growth, in which case, it is better to re-pot them immediately.
August is, however, the right month for re-potting all the
kinds, L. pendula excepted, when they should be shaken out of
the dry soil, sorted into three sizes and placed in their flowering
pots without delay. On this point, it is well to remember that
any disturbance of the roots after potting and growth has once
begun will seriously cripple the flowering power of the bulbs.
The larger bulbs will give the finest spikes for pots; the
second size may be " boxed " and will give useful flowers for
cutting ; the smallest, if the sort be valuable, will be worth
BULBS AND TUBERS—HALF-HARDY SPECIES 59
saving for stock, but in any case they must be separated from
the large bulbs. Three weeks under ashes will generally
suffice, and then a cold frame, open day and night, except in
drenching rain, will be the best position until the frost, which
seldom fails to come during the first week in October ; then
an additional thick mat will be needed, and the frame must be
closed in the evening, but as much air as possible should be
given during the day. It often happens that weeks of mild
weather follow that first early frost, but let the leaves get once
badly frosted, all the hopes of the year are lost as far as flowers
are concerned. This open-air treatment, as far as it can be
carried out, gives far better results with Lachenalias than
coddling, and with many other half-hardy bulbs as well.
Several species of Lachenalia may be used with good effect as
basket-plants.
Freesias may be grown on the same lines, and stand up
firmly on their wiry stems under cool treatment, instead of
flopping about in the tiresome way they often do in heat.
Never shall I forget a March day in a garden on the Aventine
at Rome where Freesias reigned supreme. Under the Palms,
bordering the shrubberies, indeed, everywhere, they reared
their pretty heads and filled the air with sweetness. With
plenty of moisture at the root, dry air above, and with as
much sun as our wintry skies will allow, they will do almost
as well under a glass shelter, only frost must not touch
them.
Somewhat in the same category come Ixias — so exquisite
when they open wide their filmy, many-coloured tissues to
the sunbeams. The taller Sparaxis pulcherrima, too, not
often seen, but very beautiful, is a gem tor the cold green-
house. For hanging-pots or baskets the sulphur-coloured
Oxalis cernua, sold now as the Bermuda Buttercup — on the
principle that it comes from Madeira and is no Buttercup — is
most ornamental. Six of the bulbs, not very large at best,
60 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
are quite enough for a good-sized basket, while three will be
ample for a six-inch pot. Scarcely any plant plays more
pranks with its roots than this species of Oxalis. The bulbs
must be planted a good two inches or more below the rim of
the pot to allow of earthing-up, otherwise the silvery white
coils of tubers will shoulder themselves out in the oddest way,
especially if, by chance, they are a little cramped for room.
Turn out a pot a few weeks later and not a trace of these
fleshy coils remain ; instead, if one looks closely, the rudi-
mentary bulbs may be detected clinging to some of the fibrous
roots. Later on, these will develop into shining brown
" nuts," beloved of mice, for they will travel any distance to
get them.
With the single exception of Lachenalia pendula, the half-
hardy bulbs and tubers above detailed may be expected to
bloom in March and April, and are, strictly speaking, spring-
flowering, though with all such plants grown under shelter of
glass a little experience teaches that they may be advanced
or retarded with a little change of treatment — educated, in fact,
to our wishes.
A little later, but in quick succession, to these come the
early flowering Gladioli — G. ramosus and its congeners — from
the dainty " Bride " (G. Colvillei albus), through a whole series
of varieties with pink and scarlet flowers, prettily blotched with
white. These are followed by the fine cherry-coloured spikes of
G. Saundersi, which have only one failing — that their stems are
too slender for the large flowers, and need support. Lemoine's
hybrid strain has also many varieties, with flowers of cream
and purple, which provide a useful change of colour. In
southern countries, these Gladioli are hardy, and may be left in
the open border during the winter, but for the present
purpose they are placed more appropriately on the half-hardy
list.
Alstromerias are now favourite border plants, but one of
BULBS AND TUBERS— HALF-HARDY SPECIES 61
the most beautiful of them all, A. pelegrina alba, is more
tender, requiring shelter, and is perhaps the only one suitable
for pot culture. Alstromerias do best grown from seed, for
the long thong-like roots are easily injured, and dislike removal.
For this reason it is well to sow the seeds of this species in
what is called a " Lily pot," deep and narrow in proportion —
three or four seeds at most being enough for a 7 -in. pot.
This lovely plant, with its heads of white Lily-like flowers,
freckled with palest green, will disappoint no one. It starts
early into growth, and, like Lachenalias and other half-hardy
bulbs, must not be frosted, but it is a typical plant for the
cold greenhouse, as it invariably shows signs of distress in too
great warmth by losing its leaves.
Probably most people would wish to grow Callas, but they
are somewhat more tender than might be supposed, for
the leaves are disfigured by the slightest touch of frost.
They are quite safe, however, in a low temperature, pro-
vided it does not touch 35°.
The dainty little climbing Tropseolums, not always recog-
nised as tuberous plants, should not be overlooked, as they
also add an entirely distinct feature to the greenhouse in
early spring. T. tricolorum Jarratti is the best known species,
and is often grown upon a balloon trellis. In a small un-
heated conservatory I once had a narrow piece of wired
wall between two windows which every spring was draped
with its brilliant scarlet and black flowers, and was the
admiration of all beholders. T. brachyceras, with small
butterfly- like yellow flowers, has the same habit, and trains
itself to upright wires in much the same fashion, both of
them hanging out many slender branchlets in natural
festoons. Almost any form of trellis, or even a support
of slight twigs, is better than the stiff artificial wire balloon
so beloved of some gardeners. T. azureum, with its slender
blue flowers, is only seldom met with, but it is a very gem
62 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
of its kind, and quite as easy to grow as the others, and
the three are so entirely distinct that it is well to grow them
all. The tubers increase quickly. Two or three new ones
will generally be found on turning out the pots, and the
original tuber will exist for years, growing larger and
larger. A cultural hint may be found of use. It is better
to shake the tubers out of the soil very soon after the
foliage and stems are dead and dry and to pot at once for
the next year's flowering. The usual plan is to put them
carefully away until the autumn, but they have a habit of
taking their owner unawares and sending out a long, straggling
wire-like shoot, difficult to disentangle and easily broken —
an injury irreparable for the season. If kept quite dry
they will not start any the sooner for being potted, but a
watchful eye must be kept upon their movements in early
autumn, so that a support of some kind may be supplied in
good time.
The greenhouse must not be left tenantless in summer,
however, and an infinity of miscellaneous kinds remain to
be mentioned, like Arthropodium paniculatum, charming both
in flower and leafage, Veltheimia viridifolia, some of the
Ornithogalums, Watsonias, and Lilies — one of the most
important groups of all, which must presently be taken into
consideration by themselves. Iris fimbriata, not much grown
and of unusual type, may here be recommended. The pale,
drooping, evergreen leaves resemble a broad-leaved grass, and
are at all times graceful, and the pale-blue crested flowers
which appear in May and June might be some delicately
tinted Orchid. Full exposure to sun and air and generous
treatment during the summer will probably overcome the
shyness to flower of which this beautiful Chinese species
is sometimes accused. Later in the year we may have
Nerines, another genus of Cape bulbs, represented by the well-
known Guernsey Lily, which, being autumn flowering, require
LACHEN ALIAS.
A RARE WHITE NERINE
BULBS AND TUBERS— HALF-HARDY SPECIES 63
rather different treatment. The essential point with these is
the summer roasting while the bulbs are at rest. A hot
shelf near the glass, where they will not get a drop of
water, is the most suitable position as soon as the leaves
have died down. At the end of August or in September, for
they are somewhat uncertain, the flower scapes begin to show,
coming before the leaves, therefore one must be prepared
with good greenery to group with them. These gorgeous
Amaryllids, crimson, scarlet, and cherry-pink, according to
their species, are amongst the most valuable of autumn
flowers for the greenhouse. The pretty little N. undulata,
with pale-pink crimped petals, though not showy, is very
attractive, and the flower-heads of all the kinds are long-
lasting. The flowering, however, depends not only on the
care taken of the bulbs in summer, but of the foliage, and
herein lies the difficulty of growing Nerines without a good
working greenhouse or frame devoted to such things as must
be kept from frost. Out of flower, they are not particularly
ornamental, but leaf growth must then be encouraged, and
they must be kept growing all through the winter.
One difference between the treatment of Nerines and most
other bulbs is that they resent re-potting. It is better to
leave them alone until by natural increase the bulbs burst
their pots. A good top-dressing in early autumn is all that
they ask for. One of my most pitiful garden experiences is
connected with Nerines, of which I happened to have a
good store of finest species. They were left during my
absence from home in a vinery at rest in which were some
broken panes of glass. The pots were first soaked with rain —
then came a severe frost and then bulbs were hard frozen—
treatment from which they never recovered, and the whole
batch was lost. This is mentioned as a warning that where
Nerines are grown — and they are worth growing — suitable
winter quarters, safe from frost, must be found for them, but
64 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
a window in a warm room will answer perfectly, as it also
does for the better known Scarborough Lily (Vallota purpurea).
Belladonna Lilies, on the other hand, will so rarely flower
in pots that they cannot be recommended for the smaller sort
of unheated greenhouse, but planted out in rather poor
gravelly soil, they are admirable for the narrow borders close
to the wall which are found in some conservatories and
corridors.
For such positions also — though it also flowers very well in
pots — the handsome Crinum Moorei is very suitable, especially
when associated with such plants as Funkia Sieboldi and F.
grandiflora (good both in foliage and flower) which will serve
to hide the somewhat ungainly length of stem of the Crinum.
A note should also be made of another Funkia recently
introduced — F. lancifolia tardiflora — which on account of its
late flowering should prove valuable under glass.
Kniphofias — the Red-hot Pokers of our gardens — may not
seem exactly suitable to rank as pot plants, yet there are
some species which do well and are extremely useful grown
in this way for autumn flowering. The very dwarf K.
Macowani and the more robust K. corallina are kinds in
point. For these a cold frame with sunny exposure is the most
suitable position in order that the flower scapes may attain
their full rich colour. The new taller growing species, K.
longicollis, though hardy, produces its clear yellow flowers too
late to open well out of doors, but succeeds admirably planted
out under glass, where there is space for it. It would be
worth trying, when it becomes better known, grown in a
pail or tub for smaller structures where only pot plants can be
accommodated, as it flowers naturally from late autumn
onwards into winter.
The new Anoiganthus breviflorus, which opens its umbel
of golden-yellow flowers in December, may also find a place
in the greenhouse with temporary warming power. But
FUNKIA TARDIFLO
ARTHROPODIUM CIRRATUM.
BULBS AND TUBERS— HALF-HARDY SPECIES 65
enough of these interesting and highly decorative plants have
been suggested to bear out the statement that with bulbs
and tubers alone — though the half has not been told — we
may find material enough to make the cool greenhouse a
source of interest from year's end to year's end.
CHAPTER X
LILIES
HITHERTO Lilies, apart from Amaryllids, have been left out
of consideration, because the subject is too large to be dis-
missed with a mere paragraph. It is obvious, however, that
they are almost the most important amongst flowering bulbs
for the unheated greenhouse in late spring and summer, not
only on account of their intrinsic beauty, but from their
adaptability to varied circumstances. Certain kinds, like L.
giganteum, and perhaps, on account of its' overpowering
scent except in the open air, L. auratum, are only suited for
outdoor culture. Others are admirably adapted for planting
out, where the structure is large and airy. Probably no more
lovely greenhouse picture could be devised than a well-
planned Lily garden under glass, with, perhaps, by a counter-
feit of nature, a streamlet running through it into a rocky
pool, where groups of Lilies might grow amidst and out of
fitting foliage, screened the while from all the dangers, alike
of sun and storm. But such arrangements, though far from
impossible, are scarcely within the scope of all, and perhaps
the topic most generally useful relates to Lilies suitable for
pots.
Only a few, in proportion, out of the many beautiful Lilies
now grown can be considered well adapted for this purpose.
Some, like L. szovitzianum and L. excelsum ( = L. testaceum),
are too tall, others will not submit to being cramped at the
roots, like some of the North American swamp Lilies, and
YUCCA GUATERNALENSIS IN THE TEMPERATE
HOUSE AT KEW.
LILIES 67
some require treatment or soil difficult to give, but a few
hints as to those which are most likely to succeed in a general
way may not be out of place. Amongst early kinds — i.e.,
flowering in June and July — may be reckoned the different
varieties of L. thunbergianum, also called L. elegans. This is
a dwarf-growing species, of which many varieties have been
raised. They belong to the group with erect heads of cup-
shaped flowers, of which the well-known Orange Lily (L.
croceum) of our borders is a type, and are very handsome in
their varied shades of colour from lemon and yellow to
orange-red. Some are so dwarf in habit that they actually
flower at little more than 6 in. high. Such an one is the
buff-coloured variety, L. alutaceum, which is also one of the
earliest. A nearly allied species, L. umbellatum ( = L.
davuricum), fairly common in our gardens, is rather larger
in all its parts, and the flowers are mostly of shades of dark
orange-red. Both species are frequently grown in pots, but
care should be taken to give shade in bright weather, when
they are flowering under glass, otherwise they quickly lose
their rich colouring and turn brown.
A pretty little early Lily, of a different type, is the slender-
growing L. tenuifolium, a miniature turn-cap, with bright-red
flowers, and quite at home in a pot. This is one of the Lilies
most easily raised from seed, which is fortunate, as the bulbs
are not very long-lived. »
Amongst white Lilies, the best known, yet one of the
fairest of them all, is the Madonna Lily (L. candidum), a
wilful beauty, not always kind, for, strange to say, it will not
everywhere succeed. As we all know, this Lily is much in
demand for church decoration, and huge cases containing
thousands of bulbs are sent over from Holland every autumn
for forcing purposes. These bulbs are, for the most part,
finer than any I have ever seen of English growth. They are
cultivated, presumably, in the same enriched soil of the sand
68 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
dunes in which other Dutch bulbs thrive so marvellously, and
are lifted at the exact moment when the leaves are almost dead
and root action arrested. A good many weeks must
necessarily elapse before they are replanted, and the point I
should like to make clear is, that in all the hundreds of these
bulbs of which, as it so happens, I have had experience, never
a trace of disease has appeared, and the flower spikes, unless
they have had too much attention in the way of heat, have
been as good as they can be. Whether this is due to the dry
nature of the sand in which they are grown or the drying-off
process — which certainly does no harm — to which they are
subjected on being lifted, I will not venture to assert, but
those who want Madonna Lilies either for pots in a cold
greenhouse or for church decoration in May cannot do better
than to procure some of these splendid bulbs from Holland.
They cannot be induced to flower so soon as Easter without
forcing, but if obtained as early as possible in the season, given
protection from frost in a cold frame during the severest
weather, and brought into an unheated greenhouse with a
south aspect in March, they ought to be ready for Whitsun-
tide, or even earlier sometimes, according to the date upon
which it falls. Five bulbs in a deep, broad pan 1 5 in. by
8 in. will make a good clump, and the noble spires prove
very acceptable several weeks earlier than they can be looked
for in the garden, whether for church or corridor, or even for
grouping in the shady angle of a courtyard or verandah, with
suitable background and undergrowth of greenery, where, as
sometimes happens, garden-room is denied. Of white Lilies
for pots one of the earliest and best is L. longiflorum. The
trumpet is not so long as in the variety known as L. Harrisi,
which is imported in large numbers from Bermuda, but it is
much more hardy and satisfactory to grow. It comes to us
from Japan and is a well-known favourite. Amongst newer and
less familiar species is L. Alexandras, also from Japan, and
LILIES GROWN IN TUB,
LILIES 69
supposed to be a hybrid between L. auratum and L. speciosum,
though this may be doubtful. The flowers, which are pure
white, are less trumpet-shaped than L. longiflorum, but more
so than in L. auratum, and the thick waxy petals last well,
while the scent is less oppressive than in L. auratum. When
better known and less costly this Lily is sure to become
popular, as it succeeds admirably under pot culture and
flowers at a height of about 18 in.
But many hues may be looked for amongst the Lilies, and
another charming species, also well suited for pots, is the new
L. rubellum, with clear pink- or rose-coloured flowers. It is
too soon, perhaps, to speak positively of its good behaviour,
but those who have had most experience have testified to its
strong constitution and to the early flowering of established
bulbs.
It is, of course, quite possible to grow in pots the lovely
orange-yellow L. Henryi, discovered and sent home from
China some years since by Dr. Henry. Its great height,
however, points rather to its suitability for planting out,
where its magnificent proportions can have full scope, but
in whatever way it is grown it has proved itself to be one of
the most valuable Lilies of recent introduction. At Kew in
the open air it has reached a height of 8 ft., and a single
stem has carried as many as thirty flowers.
I have grown two small North American Lilies sent across
to me by the kindness ot a friend, which are extremely pretty
for the unheated greenhouse. One of these, L. Grayi, is
nearly allied to L. canadense, and has the same kind of
creeping bulbs. The flower is orange-red with reflexed
spotted petals. The other, L. philadelphicum, is quite
distinct, having open-cupped flowers of even more brilliant
colouring. They are both worth growing in this way by a
Lily collector, though not very easy to keep, and both love a
peat soil.
70 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
Of the later flowering Lilies L. tigrinum, though one of the
oldest garden species, is still one of the most beautiful, but
the variety called Superbum is the only one well adapted for
pot culture. Its very distinct shade of deep apricot, however,
makes this variety valuable for the purpose, as well as its
intermediate season of flowering.
But our greatest standby for autumn is the Japanese
L. speciosum, in its different varieties, flowering naturally as
it does in August and September. This Lily, which used to
be known as L. lancifolium, is not always recognised under
the newer name, but it is too familiar to need description.
The three forms are represented by L. speciosum roseum,
L. speciosum rubrum, and L. Krastzeri, which is the best of
the white varieties, and may be distinguished by the pale
green stripe down the centre of each petal. A deep red
variety is known as Melpomene.
In growing these and other Lilies, it is well to know which
species naturally throw out stem-roots and which do not, as
it indicates a different system of potting. Of those which
have been mentioned, L. Alexandras, L. auratum, L. elegans,
L. Henryi, L. longiflorum, L. speciosum, and L. tigrinum all
have stem-roots, and should be potted low, leaving a space of
2 in. or 3 in. above the bulbs for a liberal top-dressing as
soon as these stem-roots begin to push. Without this, they
will wither away for lack of nourishment, and the flowers will
greatly suffer. On the contrary, L. candidum and L. Grayi
root from the base only, and should be potted with the top of
the bulbs almost on a level with the soil, only taking care to
leave a sufficient rim for proper watering — a necessity often
overlooked when potting is done by an inexperienced hand.
I have found the long pots recommended before for Alstro-
meria extremely useful for Lily culture, especially for the
stem-rooting kinds. In buying new bulbs no time should be
lost in potting them as soon as received.
LILIES 71
With home-grown bulbs, the moment to turn them out of
their pots arrives when the leaves and stems have become
quite yellow — a week too soon is better than a week too late —
as root action is suspended for an incredibly short time. My
practice has always been to separate the larger from the
smaller bulbs, re-potting all immediately, and have found
it answer much better than keeping them above ground,
even for two or three weeks, in spite of the fact that the
L. candidum bulbs sent over from Holland do not seem
to suffer.
Two-thirds of turfy loam to one of leaf-mould, some well-
decayed manure from a spent hot-bed, two or three double
handfuls of road-grit or coarse sharp sand, and a sprinkling of
soot, well mixed together, make an excellent compost which
suits most Lilies, but there are a few, like L. Grayi and L. phila-
delphicum, which prefer peat. The pots must be well drained,
and a handful of old hot-bed refuse well rammed down above
the crocks is desirable. After potting a good watering should
be given, and then a thick layer of cocoanut-fibre refuse
will keep the Lily bulbs safe until they begin to push. The
young growths must be protected from frost in the same way
as other bulbs, but the more hardily Lilies can be grown, and
the more they are in the open air (always, of course, according
to the weather) the better. It is a melancholy sight to see
such fine Lilies as L. speciosum, for example, spoilt by over-
much coddling, but they should be brought under glass as
soon as the flower-buds are formed, and watch kept lest these
should be crippled by green fly. They will require an
abundance of water during the growing season, but after
flowering this must be gradually withheld, as with other
plants of the like nature, and the pots should stand
in some sheltered place out of doors for the bulbs to
ripen.
It is easy enough to flower Lilies well for one season,
72 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
for they are as a general rule in good condition when
bought from trustworthy dealers, but the test of a good
Lily-grower is to keep the bulbs year after year, and
probably most of us have a record of as many failures as
successes.
CHAPTER XI
FLOWERING SHRUBS
IN considering suitable plants for the unheated greenhouse,
it is better — partly for the sake of easy reference and partly
because their cultural treatment is, in most cases, likely to
run on the same lines — to group them under specific headings.
Flowering shrubs, both hardy and half-hardy, form a most
important decorative class, whether from the standpoint of the
spacious winter garden, or of the modest conservatory for
which plants in 5 -in. to lo-in. pots are the most suitable
and convenient. The winter garden is pre-eminently fitted
for the permanent planting of some of the countless grand
shrubs and rafter plants, such as the Himalayan Rhodo-
dendrons, Acacias, Magnolias, and others, which flower
naturally during the earliest part of the year, for it is likely
enough to stand idle, as far as show purposes are concerned,
during the summer months — not for lack of material to make
it delightful, but for lack of interest at that season on the
part of the owners of it. For late autumn, a season when the
winter garden begins once more to be attractive to the house
party, such fine things as the deep-purple-flowered Desmodium
penduliflorum and Asparagus umbellatus, which is charming
in flower as well as graceful in greenery, may be cited as
examples less familiar than they might be.
The glass corridor, being often a passage-way from the
house to a billiard-room or to the gardens, might give suitable
place to such mid-season subjects as, for example, Carpenteria
74 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
californica, so impatient of fire heat, but so lovely with its
great heads of wax-white flowers, though this fine shrub is
even now not very well known. The finest specimen I have
ever seen was one which had to be planted, for want of a
better place at the moment, at the end of a centre-border in
a large Rose house, and there it remained till it had to be
removed for want of room. It was a wonderful sight when in
bloom, with every branch weighed down with lustrous flowers.
It is easy enough, however, to keep it within due bounds by
judicious pruning, therefore it can be safely recommended.
There are many shrubs of this almost hardy class which
refuse to flower in pots, because they require a certain amount
of undisturbed, if somewhat restricted, root-room. They are
so eminently beautiful that a wide corridor devoted to their
culture would be a grand feature. To name a few, there
' is Fremontia californica, craving shade during the hottest sun-
shine. Another is the South American Poinciana Gilliesi,
graceful in its pinnate foliage, and with golden-hued flowers
glorified by their flowing crimson stamens. There is Abutilon
vitifolium, with its grey-green, mealy looking leaves and
bunches of exquisite pale mauve (or white) recurved flowers,
so distinct in every way from other Abutilons that it would
scarcely be recognised as such, but quite intractable for pot
; culture. Buddleia Colvillei, too, said by Sir Joseph Hooker
to be one of the handsomest of Himalayan shrubs, would be
suitable for such a position. Its flowers are not rolled up
into Orange balls like the B. globosa of our gardens, but
hang in clusters of white-throated crimson Pentstemon-like
flowers from the ends of the branches. At Kew this fine plant
is found to be better fitted for the cold house than for any
other method of culture. To these may be added Veronica
hulkeana, scarcely hardy in the open, but one of the very best
of the New Zealand Veronicas, growing from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high,
and giving a mass of its pretty light mauve spikes during late
FLOWERING SHRUBS 75
April and May. Another suitable shrub is Weigela hortensis
nivea, somewhat unsatisfactory out of doors in most gardens,
but worthy to take high rank both for its pretty netted leafage
and its bouquets of delicate white flowers. For winter and
early spring flowering, Daphne indica is a useful shrub, con-
tent with a back-wall so long as it can be undisturbed at the
root and can have room to develop. Cantua buxifolia, a fine
Peruvian evergreen, bearing red pendulous flowers at the ends
of the branches in early summer, is suitable for clothing a
supporting pillar. For this purpose Cestrum (= Habro-
thamnus) elegans is also invaluable, flowering later in the
year. All these, and many others, will thrive in a light, airy
glass shelter in a good aspect with a minimum winter tern
perature kept just above freezing-point. Most of them are
hardy enough to live out of doors in favourable positions, but
the severe strain upon their endurance prevents such free-
flowering as we may fully expect under glass.
It is impossible to do more than suggest plants likely to
succeed under cool treatment, but there are enough of all kinds
to suit any and every purpose — the choice must be in accord-
ance with individual tastes and requirements. Three shrubs, to
use a comprehensive term, which may be found in flower in
many a Devonshire garden in November and December, occur
to mind as being well worth growing in less propitious
climates for the absolutely cold greenhouse. Young plants of
the Box-leafed Myrtle flower at a very small size, and though
they will grow into big bushes, are neat and compact at all
times. Beginning to flower in September, they go on con-
tinuously, often till Christmas, out of doors, until compelled
to give up by stress of weather. Their creamy-white flowers
and pearly buds are welcome indeed in a pot at that dull
season. About November the homely little Coronilla glauca,
brave and bright, begins to set about its winter work, and
though it cannot boast the beauty of the less known South
76 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
European species, C. Emerus, which blooms in the spring,
yet its fresh, blue-green leaves and numerous heads of pale
yellow flowers for six dull weeks are not to be despised. To
complete the trio, we have the winter-flowering Jasmine
(J. nudiflorum), so often cut off by unkind frosts in the midst
of its bloom. Grown in a lo-in. pot and fastened not too
strictly to a pillar or rafter to allow scope for its pendent
branches, it is very effective under glass. It may be used also
as a fountain plant for a corner and made to droop over a
low trellis-like contrivance, which "suits its habit better than
being treated as an upright semi-climber. It must be carefully
cut back, however, soon after flowering. Laurestinus — of
which Viburnum lucidum is the best species — is also very
welcome. For this season, too, a curiosity may be grown in
the Glastoribury Thorn (Cratsegus monogyna prsecox), for
though it might be risky to predict that it would actually open
its blossoms on Christmas Eve, according to tradition, yet it
is, in truth, a winter-flowering Hawthorn, and might very
probably keep up its reputation. Many kinds of hardy spring-
flowering shrubs, such as Hawthorns, Wistaria, Malus flori-
bunda, Prunus, and others, may be educated to flower in pots,
year after year, at a very early season. The main secrets are
to keep such things in compact form by skilful pruning and
to ripen the wood thoroughly in open-air quarters during the
summer. Any amateur can try his hand at the cultivation of
such shrubs for this purpose, for they are all worthy in their
way and not difficult to manage, but they are mainly grown
by professional gardeners who have large conservatories to
" furnish " — a term not congenial to the true lover of plants.
Prunus japonica fl. pi., however, with double white flowers, is a
very charming shrub, adapted for either a small or large green-
house, for, by frequent transplanting when young to keep it
within due limits, it may be flowered in a 6-in. pot. It is
naturally of low-growing, bushy habit, and will, after pruning,
FLOWERING SHRUBS 77
which should be done as soon as flowering is over, send up
many strong shoots from the base during the summer ; these
will flower their whole length the following season to a height
of from 2 ft. to 3 ft. Being perfectly hardy, flowering shrubs
of this latter class take up no room under glass when their
purpose is accomplished, but they must receive kindly shelter
in good time to bring them into bloom before their normal
season.
More than one kind of Cytisus is well adapted for the cold
greenhouse, besides the well-known C. racemosus. A beautiful
weeping standard may be grown by grafting the Teneriffe
broom (C. filipes) upon a laburnum stock, when the drooping
branches will be covered with pure white flowers in early
spring. This elegant species may also be grown from seed in
pyramid form by leading up the main stem and leaving the
rest of the branches to themselves.
Several of the shrubby Spiraeas are popular as pot plants,
notably the fine S. Van Houttei, which produces masses of
white flowers in early spring under glass. Amongst such
smaller-growing shrubs, Deutzia gracilis is an old favourite
which we cannot do without, one of the most graceful of
any when in flower, blooming well in a 4j-in. pot if desired,
and only asking to be cut back immediately after flowering
to do better every spring — how it would be prized did we not
know it so well ! Hybrid forms of these beautiful shrubs are
being raised by M. Lemoine of Nancy, who has taken them in
hand. One of these, called D. Kalmiseflora from a fancied
resemblance, may prove to be an acquisition, as it has flowers
of pale pink, edged with a deeper blush.
Hardy Rhododendrons of the very early flowering section
deserve the protection of glass, for in two seasons out of
three their flowers are apt to be spoilt by snow and inclement
weather. One of the first to bloom is the crimson-flowered
R. nobleanum. For planting out in large conservatories, this
78 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
and many still more decorative species may be grown, and in
early spring are of course amongst the most splendid of
flowering shrubs, but most kinds can also be made amenable
to pot culture. There are two or three early flowering and
smaller-growing species, however, which may be noted as
being especially valuable for the unheated greenhouse of
moderate size. The little Siberian R. dauricum opens its
lilac flowers naturally in January and February, therefore it is
thankful for protection at that uncertain season. A little
larger in growth and later to bloom is R. ciliatum, a fine
Himalayan species, with pink buds which expand into white
flowers. Between these two comes a useful hybrid form,
R. praecox, with rosy-purple flowers. R. racemosum, which
should not be overlooked, is a little-known but very charming
dwarf species from China, of quite different character, as its
pale pink flowers are produced in spikes. It is astonishing
how spreading shrubs like Rhododendrons can flower and
flourish in so small a space, but they may often be seen with
several fine trusses, quite happy in 5-in. pots. It is better,
however, to flower them one year and rest them the next by
planting out in a reserve-bed in the open air, though the very
slight amount of forcing which they receive in the cold green-
house does no harm, and if they set their buds well there is
no reason why they should not be lifted and potted every
season.
Of miscellaneous shrubs coming under no special class
there are many which might be suggested : Choisya ternata,
though found in most gardens out of doors, may yet be given
a place for early flowering under glass. The hardy Abelia
rupestris, with its pendulous mauve-white flowers imbedded
in red-brown bracts, is charming either in a large basket, or,
if planted out in a greenhouse border, will make a handsome
autumn-flowering shrub, good enough to join the choicest
company. Nerium Oleander, though more tender, is worth
HOHERIA POPULNEA.
FLOWERING SHRUBS 79
growing, especially in some of its less common single white
or pale yellow and buff forms. It flowers freely, whether in
small pots or in large tubs, but requires protection from
actual frost and abundance of water in the growing season.
For late summer, both the Brugmansias are good and not
very commonplace half-hardy plants, either for a greenhouse
border or for large pots or tubs. In fact, B. sanguinea, with
long orange-mouthed tubes, treated as a herbaceous plant,
succeeds well out of doors up to a point, but beyond that it
will not go. It springs up strongly from the stool in the
spring, and in the course of the summer the robust branchlets
cover themselves with fine buds, which just begin to open
when frost cuts them off. Under glass they are safe, but the
same plan of cutting down ruthlessly to the ground-level after
blooming, even for pot plants, may be recommended, as it
keeps them in better shape. They may, however, be pre-
ferred as standards — a form which often comes in very use-
fully for grouping purposes. The flowers of B. suaveolens
are white and trumpet-shaped, and though it is perhaps a
trifle more tender, it requires much the same cultural
treatment.
Two little-grown plants must close the list, which might
be much prolonged. How seldom do we see the Pome-
granate (Punica granata) in English gardens, except occa-
sionally on a warm wall in the southern counties, yet there is
no shrub more worthy of planting out, if there be a fitting
position for it in corridor or glass-covered verandah, or for
growing in a tub, as we may see it so frequently abroad. The
dwarf variety may be seen in Germany flowering well even in
5-in. pots. The brilliant scarlet flowers, whether single or
double, are suggestive more than any others of warmth and
sunshine, while the shining foliage, red-tinted in the young
spring shoots, is always beautiful.
The other plant of very different character is Echium
8o THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
fastuosum, little known and less grown. It may be called a
shrub by courtesy, since it is not herbaceous. This remark-
able bushy Bugloss was figured in a coloured plate in one of
the earlier volumes of The Garden. Falling in love with its
portrait, I obtained seed and raised it, and in due time reaped
a rich reward for my pains in its magnificent heads, some 8 in.
or 9 in. long, of deep gentian -blue flowers. A very similar
species, E. callithyrsum, is equally handsome, and only a
trifle paler in hue. They come from the Canary Islands, and
are by no means hard to grow. The foliage, as in all
Echiums, is rough and shaggy, and the bush grows large and
spreading, but any one who has seen its uncommon beauty
would consider it worthy of some trouble to grow well.
Whether as a fine specimen in a lo-in. pot, or planted out in
a wide border, few things are more striking in their way than
these two species of half-hardy Bugloss for the decoration in
April and May of the unheated greenhouse.
CHAPTER XII
SOME HARD-WOODED PLANTS
IT is so generally recognised that hard-wooded plants are
more difficult to grow than those that are called, by way of
distinction, soft-wooded, of which Pelargoniums may be
taken as a type, that, with the few notable exceptions, they
have well-nigh disappeared from our greenhouses. They are
slow-growing, but, on the other hand, under proper treatment,
they are long-lasting, for one difference between the two
classes is this, that while soft-wooded plants seldom flower
well when they are old and have therefore to be constantly
renewed, the others, well grown, flower better and better in
their age than in their immature youth. Probably many old
gardeners can well remember some enormous specimens of
the yellow- flowered Heath (Erica Cavendishi), of Hederoma
tulipifera, studded all over with waxy pink and white bells,
of Aphelexis macrantha, a sort of pink everlasting from New
Holland, and others, all typical hard-wooded plants and the
pride of their grower's heart, which used to travel to town
from Staffordshire in their own comfortable van, year after
year, to win their annual prizes at the metropolitan shows.
Splendid examples they were, of which the like are seldom
seen now, and though we may not wish to own such
leviathans of their race, yet it would be a great pity to let
such fine things be forgotten.
Perhaps when we remember that Azaleas and Camellias may
both be included in the ranks of hard-wooded plants, the
F
82 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
cultivation of which most possessors of a greenhouse have
attempted, an effort to grow others may not appear quite so
formidable. At any rate, some of them are so well adapted
to the cold greenhouse that they are worth any pains that can
be taken with them. By way of parenthesis it may be as well
to remind the unbotanical reader that Azaleas are now ranged
under the generic name of Rhododendron, a change which is
rather puzzling until one gets used to it, for writers in garden
literature are now taking into use the more accurate term ;
but for gardening purposes the old name of Azalea is too
firmly fixed in popular speech to be easily discarded and
therefore is retained here.
To begin with, the well-known Azalea indica, which always
suggests a hot-house, is by no means greatly addicted to heat.
Large bushes in perfect health and flowering freely may be
found growing in the open air in many parts of the country ;
yet they must be set down — with most of the other plants
which come under this heading — as belonging to the half-
hardy class that are grateful for protection from actual frost,
chiefly because their fragile flowers are easily spoilt by bad
weather, and besides, for the greenhouse we want flowers
before their due season. To induce them, therefore, to open
their buds during winter or spring, as the case may be, they
must be specially treated. Azaleas set their flowers so early
in the autumn that we can safely predict the amount of flower
to be expected from them. This process once accomplished,
for which it is necessary that the wood be well ripened in the
open air during the summer, it is mainly a question of bringing
the plants into snugger quarters, earlier or later, according to
the time they will be required.
The greater number of the Azaleas we see in our green-
houses have been reared in Belgium, where the process of
grafting is carried on systematically on a large scale. I gained
a great deal of practical information a year or two ago through
SOME HARD-WOODED PLANTS 83
the courtesy of Mr. F. Sander, who spent some time in taking
me over the very interesting nursery belonging to the firm at
Bruges. The small standards when they have reached
sufficient maturity are planted out in prepared beds every
season, where they make sturdy growth and ripen their wood.
Those that are strong enough set buds on every branchlet
during the summer, and are lifted in September, with as little
disturbance of the balls of roots as possible, to be sent away
to other nurseries. The smaller plants are placed again under
glass close together upon stages and packed in with fresh soil.
Here they grow on slowly but steadily through the winter until
planting-out time returns once more. Why should we not
adopt some modification of the same system, even though we
may have but half a dozen plants of the kind to care for ? A
small space of prepared ground in suitable position is all that
is needed, and after planting, but little attention would be
required beyond watering in dry weather. I am convinced
that many small greenhouse shrubs would be much safer, and
the new roots would get more feeding and consequently, give
better results than if kept starving in pots all the year round.
At any rate all kinds of Azaleas — A. indica, A. sinensis
( = A. mollis) and the Ghent hybrids may be so treated
to their great advantage. Firm potting is essential, and not
over much pot-room, a point on which most novices make a
mistake.
It may be a little doubtful whether the same treatment
would answer with Camellias, on account of a tiresome trick
of dropping their flower-buds, which usually happens just
after they are brought under glass from their summer
quarters. Camellias are, in reality, hardier than the common
Laurel, yet they are generally reckoned as greenhouse
plants, probably for the reason that their early flowers do
not stand either frost or wet. They succeed best, un-
doubtedly, where they can be planted out under glass, for
84 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
which their evergreen habit peculiarly fits them, as they are
never unsightly. The single and semi- double kinds are
by far the most interesting as well as ornamental, and there is
a charming little white species (C. Sasanqua alba) which is
well worth growing.
When grown in pots, after they have made their new
leaves — not before — they should be plunged out of doors
in a semi-shaded position, which in their case is better
than full exposure to the summer sun, and they must be
carefully attended to with regard to watering. When it is
time to take them in, about October i, a gradual transition
from open air to frame, and from frame to greenhouse, will
generally overcome the dropping tendency.
It is perhaps a little difficult to define the exact limits of a
hard-wooded plant, but speaking generally, it is one with
woody stem and somewhat wiry branches, and with fine hair-
like roots, which delight in a fibrous, peaty soil mixed with
sand. Of such plants a Cape Heath, or, for that matter, our
common Heather, may be taken as a type. There are a
good many shrubby subjects which may be said to take an
intermediate place, the successful management of which may
lead up to the more difficult New Holland and Cape plants.
Amongst these easier plants to grow, which are content with
good loam instead of peat, may be mentioned the Shrubby
Mimulus (M. glutinosus) with pretty salmon-buff blossoms of
the Monkey-flower type, of which there is also a noteworthy
crimson-red variety. One of the daintiest of the Calceolarias
(C. violacea) may also for convenience sake be placed in this
section. It may be grown out of doors ; in fact, in a Dorset-
shire garden under the shelter of a wall it grew into a good
sized bush, 2 ft. at least in height, and flowered abundantly
every season until an unusually severe winter killed it.
Neither its foliage nor woody habit, nor its pale-mauve helmet-
shaped flowers, are the least suggessive of any ordinary form
— -,v- -
ERIOSTEMON MYOPOROIDES.
SOME HARD-WOODED PLANTS 85
of Calceolaria, and it is always noticeable in a greenhouse, as
it is by no means well known.
Hypericum chinense is another twiggy, low-growing shrub
which is almost hardy, and will do well either in a pot or,
better still perhaps, in a basket, which would suit its some-
what trailing habit. The large yellow flowers nearly equal in
size those of the well-known St. John's- wort (H. calycinum)
of our shrubberies, but are much more elegant from a peculiar
Catherine-wheel-like twist of petals and stamens, and it may
be reckoned a specially fine species of an interesting genus.
The more familiar Polygala dalmaisiana, the purple flowers of
which, with quaint little brushes of protruding stamens, is an
old favourite, presents no difficulties of culture, needing
nothing more than kindly pruning to keep it in shape.
Another charming Australian Pea-flower is Swainsonia gale-
gifolia alba, now well known and popular ; it has been found
to be hardy against a wall in a sheltered Cornish garden.
This may be propagated best by cuttings, as the seed which it
produces freely is apt to revert to the purple-flowered type.
All these sub-shrubs are more or less easily grown, and we
will now take an example of one that will give more trouble.
One of the most gorgeous of Australasian leguminous plants,
Clianthus puniceus, is sometimes called the Glory Pea of New
Zealand. Those who have seen some ot the cottages near
Porlock on the Somersetshire coast, with plants in full flower
climbing almost to the eaves, will not be inclined to dispute
the title. But it will not grow everywhere out of doors, and
in that case must needs be considered a greenhouse shrub.
Except for red spider, there is no special difficulty in its
culture, but for a long time a finer species still, C. Dampieri,
with black blotches on its scarlet flowers — which is not, like the
other, an evergreen, semi-climbing shrub, but a herbaceous
perennial — puzzled even experienced growers. The secret,
however, has been discovered, and a very fine specimen in a
86 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
large basket hanging in the Himalayan House at Kew attracts
much attention as well as admiration during its season.
Success depends upon the grafting of the delicate C. Dampieri
upon a more robust stock, either C. puniceus or, preferably,
upon the nearly allied Colutea arborescens, a perfectly hardy
shrub, more common abroad than in English gardens. The
result of this grafting is to change the intractable C. Dampieri
into a sturdy and easily managed plant, peculiarly well suited
to the unheated greenhouse, as in a cool temperature it flowers
for a length of time during the early months of the year. An
account of a most resourceful method, adopted in some Conti-
nental gardens, has been published, and deserves to be quoted.
Seed of both stock and scion are sown in February ; when
the cotyledons of the young plants are sufficiently developed
to handle, the terminal bud of the stock is removed, and that
of C. Dampieri — the scion — is inserted instead. The union
is not hard to effect under a bell-glass, but it is, necessarily, a
delicate operation. The after-culture is similar to that of other
plants of like nature. The pot or basket in which this fine
species is grown must be well drained, however, and more
than usual care is needed in watering, as it is stated that the
foliage must not be wetted. Probably, also, as in the case of
C. puniceus, the less the knife is used the better. This plan
of growing C. Dampieri is worth attention, and I give it here,
though I have not yet had an opportunity of testing it myself,
as any gardener, amateur or otherwise, might be proud of
rearing and flowering a good specimen of so grand a plant.
It is not impossible that many cases of failure may have been
due to over-kindness in the way of coddling, as the other species
does so well in the open air in a genial climate.
To come to hard-wooded plants, more strictly speaking,
some of the Heaths, such as Erica hyemalis, the later-flowering
but fine and distinct E. propendens, and others, Correa
bicolor and C. cardinalis, Bauera rubioides, Epacris miniata
SOME HARD- WOODED PLANTS 87
splendens, Hovea Celsii, Leschenaultia biloba major, Pimelia
decussata, and Tremandra verticillata are all suitable subjects,
and likely, under careful treatment, to do well in the half-hardy
house. Not long ago, in a somewhat shallow frame under a
wall, I saw a batch of strong seedling Heaths, looking like a
forest of sturdy young Spruce Firs in miniature, getting ready
for a shift into their first pots. This was in the garden of a
keen amateur, who had only taken up gardening a year or two
previously, and was a bold venture ; but in gardening there is
everything to be gained by making such experiments for
ourselves. All such plants as the above require a compost of
good fibrous peat mixed with sharp sand, and the potting must
be very firm — a point which cannot be too strongly urged —
as the hair-like fibres prefer a hard soil into which to root.
Above all the soil must never be allowed to become very dry,
yet the drainage must be good, as stagnant moisture is equally
hurtful. The winter atmosphere of the house must be dry and
buoyant, for which reason a very modest amount of warmth is
necessary in time of severe frost or, more especially, in
continued damp and still weather. Another important point
in the treatment of hard- wooded plants is the judicious cutting
back of the main shoots immediately after flowering. After
this has been done, and as soon as a new growth has fairly
started, the plants can be plunged up to the rim of the pots in
cocoa-nut fibre or ashes out of doors to rest and ripen their wood
for the next season's campaign. An annual re-potting is not
necessary, but it should be given when required, just when the
new growth has begun. Most of the plants named I have
seen doing well out of doors in very sheltered Cornish gardens,
therefore there is little fear that they will not do well in a low
winter temperature under glass. Good cold frames or deep
pits, however, as well as a conservatory, are indispensable in
most gardens where the culture of plants of delicate nature
such as these is attempted.
88 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
It may be useful to give the cultural details of Hovea Celsii,
a very ornamental hard-wooded plant which has long been a
favourite, though now not often met with, and of which the
clusters of rich purple-blue Pea-shaped flowers are extremely
attractive. This plant is more easily raised from seed than
from cuttings, and the seedlings begin to make strong growth
at once. As soon as they are large enough they should be
potted singly in 2j-in. pots, and given a shift into a larger
size as the roots touch the sides and require more room, care
being taken not to allow them to become pot-bound. Hovea
has naturally rather a loose habit of growth, and may be
trained either as a standard or as a bush. If the standard
form be preferred, the young plant may be allowed to grow as
a single stem to a height of 1 8 in. (or more if desired) before
the top is pinched out, when it will break into many shoots.
If a bush be wanted, free pinching must be carefully attended
to from the first to lay the foundation of a shapely plant. The
soil and treatment otherwise are just the same as that of half-
hardy hard- wooded plants in general, for which it will stand as
a good object-lesson. It is to the disadvantage of this fine
Hovea that it needs a large-sized pot before it comes to
flowering size, but it is then very ornamental. Leschenaultia
biloba major, with still more brilliant blue flowers, is another
hard-wooded plant, better known, which has not the same
drawback, as it will flower in a comparatively small pot.
To sum up the requirements of these somewhat exacting
plants : A compost of sandy fibrous peat, pots well drained,
plants firmly potted, protection given from actual frost, a cool,
dry, airy house in winter, careful cutting back after flowering,
open-air summer quarters where the pots can be plunged to
their rims, and careful watering at all seasons. Where these di-
rections can be carried out the growingof the finest hard-wooded
half-hardy plants need present no insuperable difficulty.
CHAPTER XIII
ROSES
ONE form of usefulness, and a very desirable one, for which a
cold greenhouse is well adapted, is for the growing of winter
and spring-flowering Roses. The delight of having Roses,
whether growing or for cutting, during the dull months of the
year can scarcely be overrated, and it is astonishing how much
may be done with a cold greenhouse in this direction. There
are Roses both tender and hardy, and all are not suitable for
the purpose, but, fortunately, some of the very best may be
grown under good management, and will flower well out of
season, without any forcing by artificial means other than the
protection of covering glass. No doubt it does require good
management to have pot roses in bloom in early winter, but
we all know how, in favourable seasons, some of the very best
of the Hybrid Perpetual section and Tea Roses will go on
flowering in the open till nearly Christmas, and how in the
warmer parts of our British Isles we may sometimes gather a
handful of pink or crimson China Roses from some cosy nook
in January, which are even more fresh and beautiful than
during the heat of summer. Such late Roses, however, are
apt to get sadly battered, nor can we always safely reckon
upon them. It is a happy thing, then, for the mere Rose-
lover that very many of the most beautiful Roses can be grown
on their own roots, and cuttings may be struck which will
make satisfactory plants by those who know nothing of the
intricacies of budding, grafting, and the like delicate opera-
90 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
tions. Catherine Mermet, for example, one of the most
charming of Tea Roses, will grow very easily from a slip taken
off with a " heel," and inserted in sandy soil under a bell-glass ;
or it will even put forth roots in a small jug of water, into
which a bit of charcoal has been dropped to keep it fresh.
The main secret is to take the slip or cutting in the right
condition. Generally speaking, the end of the branch from
which a flower has been cut, slipped off at the juncture with
the stem, will be in exactly the half-ripened state most
promising for successful rooting. It is true that own-root
Roses take some time to grow into large plants, but an
established bush is a precious possession and will go on for
years. Cuttings may be put in out of doors from June to
October — the earlier ones rooting the same season, while the
later will break away in the spring. Such rooted cuttings
make a good foundation for pot plants, and will give flowers,
if properly cared for, during six months, more or less, of the
year when the garden outside is bare.
The routine of Rose culture is a large subject, and cannot,
of course, be fully entered upon in a short chapter the chief
object of which is to be suggestive. One main point in the
preparation of pot roses for winter flowering must, however,
be in the unheated greenhouse — referred to here — the removal
of every bud which forms during August and September, when
the second flowering of both Tea Roses and hybrid Perpetuals
may be naturally looked for out of doors. During the summer
all pot Roses that have flowered in the cold greenhouse should
be plunged in suitable quarters outside, so that they may make
new growth and ripen their wood, and it is during the latter
part of this period that they must be watched in respect of
disbudding. In fact, our winter Roses will be in proportion to
the judicious care and attention bestowed upon them, in
watering, mulching, and so forth during this important resting-
time. When they are brought under shelter again, in October,
ROSES 9t
there will then be strength to produce some welcome winter
flowers, and though these may open somewhat slowly from
want of sunlight during November and December, they will
increase as the days grow longer and brighter. One way of
getting extra vigorous plants from young-rooted cuttings is to
shift them at once — either from the open ground or from
pots — into those in which they are to flower, and which may
be from 6 in. to 8 in. in size, plunging them during the
summer in a gentle hot-bed made up of leaves and stable
manure, giving at the same time a liberal top-dressing to each,
but leaving the stems and foliage in full exposure to light and
sun. After some weeks the heating material may be renewed,
if the object be to obtain strong specimen plants quickly.
The pots must not be removed too suddenly from the plunging
material, as the roots will suffer if they are not gradually
hardened off. I have tried a similar plan with other plants
besides Roses, and have found it answer extremely well.
There is no doubt that for the highest success in Rose-
growing for winter- and spring-flowering they should have a
house to themselves, however small it may be. The con-
struction of an unheated Rose house is a matter of importance,
and depends upon the mode of culture decided upon, for
Roses may be grown either entirely in pots or planted out in
borders. In the latter case the lights should be removable,
so that they may be taken off entirely during the summer —
otherwise the Roses cannot thrive. A span-roofed house with
an aspect from north to south, and resting on low walls, is the
best form to adopt, whether for Roses in pots or in beds.
When there is a border at each side it is a great temptation
to plant some of the delightful Noisettes and climbing Roses
in order to make use of the roof-space, but my own experience
and that of others agree in condemning this plan, as it makes
the centre of the house practically useless by over-shading.
It is, nevertheless, not impossible to have climbing Roses,
92 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
even of vigorous sorts, where there is house-room, for they can
be grown and will flower well in pots or tubs, and these can
be turned out into summer quarters when the proper time
arrives. On the whole, it is more satisfactory in a general
way to grow Roses in pots, because they can be brought into
the conservatory when in flower or placed in any other position
where they can best be appreciated ; while the Rose house
during the summer may be utilised, if need be, for the
production of tomatoes.
But a Rose-house, after all, is a luxury by no means indis-
pensable, and we may do very well without one. Yet it is
advisable to grow a good many plants — and by striking our
own cuttings we can increase our stock without any limit save
that of convenience — so that by slight variations of treatment
the different batches may come into flower in succession.
Some may be plunged in their pots ; others, again, may be
planted out in a sunny reserve-bed, and lifted and re-potted in
October, which will retard them slightly, and disbudding may
be stopped earlier or later. In this way there will be no
difficulty in having Gloire de Dijon, or Souvenir de la Mal-
maison, or Mrs. Bosanquet, and some of the China Roses in
flower from November to March, without any forcing, with
others to follow in April and May.
It is not every Rose that will do well on its own roots, but
the most suitable for growing in pots to flower in the cold
greenhouse will be found mostly amongst the China and Tea
Roses and their hybrids. The old pink Monthly Rose and the
crimson Cramoisie Superieure are never de trop, and will help
to bridge over the darkest winter days. Catherine Mermet and
her somewhat numerous progeny — the Bride, Bridesmaid, &:c.
— are all admirable (though not over vigorous) and deserve
all the pains we can take with them. Marechal Niel, of course,
cannot be omitted, and roots very easily. It is generally
grown as a climber, but this method has its disadvantages, and
ROSE NIPHETOS AS A POT PLANT.
ROSE JERSEY BEAUTY AS A POT
PLANT.
ROSES 93
unless there should be a house devoted to climbing Roses,
which is delightful when it can be done, it may be just as well
to try other ways.
Besides these already named, a few of the best Roses for
the purpose are Niphetos, La France, Mme. Lambard, Marie
van Houtte and Anna Olivier. General Jacqueminot, how-
ever, cannot be omitted, and Ulrich Brunner and Mrs. John
Laing, all Hybrid Perpetuals, should do well. These may
find a place in the most modest greenhouse, and will give
untold pleasure. I had some Roses early in April which
were lifted, as an experiment, from the cutting-bed as late
as February 12, and brought into an unheated but shel-
tered greenhouse. These, without any previous prepara-
tion, made wonderful growth and are well set with buds
already showing colour. They are planted for a special
purpose in painted margarine-tubs, which I may commend to
the notice of other gardeners as being useful and handy for
many like purposes. This little bit of experience tends to
show that fewer difficulties exist in growing pot Roses than we
might suppose. In fact, it is no use waiting until everything
we read of in books as essential is ready to hand. Now and
then, and more often indeed than is supposed, a great success
will reward very scanty opportunities, and my advice to a
novice is to make a beginning by striking as many cuttings as
possible. By so doing, we shall soon find out the best
varieties to grow and the best method of cultivating those
which we find will adapt themselves best to our own special
circumstances.
CHAPTER XIV
HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING
THERE are two seasons when a few good herbaceous perennials
may be used with advantage for the decoration of the un-
heated greenhouse. In the earliest months of the year, while
winter still lingers, they are wanted, not only for the sake of
variety, but that we may forestall the tardy spring. Again,
towards the end of September, when the first frosts may come
any day to rob us of our border flowers, it is well to be able
to prove that the plant world is not peopled solely with
Chrysanthemums. In the one case, they must be gently
forwarded by all means at command ; in the other, with some
exceptions, they must receive special treatment to retard their
flowering. In a greenhouse in which absolutely no means of
heating exists, the gentle persuasion of hardy plants to earlier
flowering afforded by a glass shelter is of special value.
Another phase of the same practice, namely, the protection of
plants which flower naturally during winter, has already been
considered under the head of the Alpine House ; but a good
many perennials of larger growth than most alpines, suitable
for an ordinary greenhouse, may be mentioned here. Adonis
amurensis, a somewhat recent introduction, is one of these,
and differs but little from the better known A. vernalis, though
it is scarcely so fine a plant, but its bright yellow flowers are
amongst the earliest of the year.
Christmas Roses (Helleborus niger) can fairly claim a fore-
most place in the winter list. These are not always easy to
HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING 95
manage as pot plants. One of the most successful growers I
ever knew was a farmer's wife, whose Christmas Roses were
always to be envied. These used to divide their yearly cycle
between a deep earthenware washing-pan, in which they
flowered, and a shady border under a north wall, to which they
were banished as soon as the flowers were past their best, but
not neglected, for they received a generous mulch of farmyard
manure and an occasional drenching with rain-water, not
wholly free from soapsuds, during hot and dry summer
weather. When the buds had gained some size in the late
autumn, the clump was carefully lifted without disturbing the
roots and reinstated in the brown pan, whose winter station
was on the broad windowsill of the best parlour.
Here, sheltered from wind and rain, the flowers opened,
pure and fresh, in due season. No better system than that
adopted by my old friend can be followed, though a broad,
deep garden-pan, with drainage-holes complete, may be substi-
tuted as more fitting for the greenhouse, though it is doubtful
whether it would prove an actual gain. To prepare such a
plant the root-stock of an old clump must be carefully broken
up into pieces, each with growing buds and some of the black
fibrous roots attached, from which the species derives its
name. The only right moment to do this is just when the
greening sepals show that the flowering time is over and
active root growth is setting in, and these flower-stems should
be cut away to prevent an effort to seed. After planting the
pieces, not too thickly, the pan should be plunged, preferably
in a border shaded from midsummer sun, and the surface
mulched to keep the roots moist and good. It is very possible
that there will be no flowers the first season, as Hellebores
dislike root disturbance. After the first year the plant should
be turned bodily out of the pan into the border during the
summer and replaced in autumn, which can be done with very
little meddling with the roots.
96 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
Astilbe japonica, popularly known as Spiraea, is a true
garden perennial, which flowers out of doors early in summer,
and is valuable from doing well in shady places, but it is so
universally grown as a greenhouse plant that this fact is
generally forgotten. A. chinensis, which is quite distinct from
the Japanese species, with which it must not be confused,
flowers rather later in the open air, but answers well under
pot culture. Its taller growth and branching, feathery flower-
spikes make it a most desirable addition to the greenhouse.
The handsome but tender foliage, as well as the pretty delicate
flowers of the various species of Epimedium also, are never
seen to better advantage than under glass, where they are
secure from rough weather.
There are a good many well-known garden plants which
may usefully be employed in the same way for the cold
greenhouse. Orobus vernus is valuable for pots early in the
year, when its clusters of blue-purple Pea-flowers are very
spring-like and welcome. Several varieties of it exist, and it
is easily raised from seed. O. variegatus, which flowers later,
may also be tried.
The large-flowered Forget-me-not (Myosotis dissitiflora) is
a gem of the first water, and may very successfully be grown
in pots or in zinc troughs about 4 in. wide as an edging for
groups of plants to hide unsightly pots. These troughs may
be made of any size and shape, and have been found extremely
useful filled with growing plants of this Forget-me-not or
of white Rock-cress (Arabis albida) in church decoration,
especially for windows, being less perishable as well as less
formal than many of the designs used for the purpose.
Shelter in early spring is peculiarly acceptable to this Forget-
me-not, as the first flowers are often injured by frost. It is a
good plan to grow some spare plants in an outside border,
that they may scatter their seeds, and to use these strong
self-sown seedlings, which answer far better than cuttings, for
BROAD-LEAVED SIBERIAN SAXIFRAGE
(MEG A SEA LIGULATA).
HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING 97
potting in the autumn. In Italy the large-leaved Saxifrage
(S. crassifolia) is used as a pot plant in all sorts of positions —
on terrace-walls, on the balustrade of a sunny loggia, some-
times even in the half-shadow of an over-springing archway.
The pink clusters of flowers rise well above the thick oval
leaves, and the good effect of the old-fashioned plant thus
grown takes one by surprise. To get the ruddy flush of
leafage which they will put on in full exposure, the plants
must live out of doors, and be brought into the greenhouse
only in the depth of winter. There is a charming white
variety of this species very little known, and both should be
noted.
Some of the Doronicums are bright and sunny-looking.
The dwarf D. caucasicum responds quickly to kindly shelter,
and opens its big yellow Daisy-like flowers very early in the
year. The tall D. excelsum comes into bloom a little later.
It is apt to flag in the hot spring sunshine, and must be kept
as cool as possible.
Another favourite and good plant is our old friend Dielytra,
now called Dicentra spectabilis. It is a hardy perennial, but
in some parts of the country the succulent stems and sprays
of graceful pink flowers are often damaged by late spring
frosts.
Another very charming hardy perennial is the white form of
the Peach-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula persicifolia). To get
it to flower in early spring requires considerable forethought,
as the foundation for the next season must be laid in the
previous April, but the way to manage it is as follows : Good
side-pieces must be chosen which show no sign of sending up
flowering stems, or the plant will be in bloom before it is
wanted. These should be potted firmly in good loam, in
7 -in. pots, and plunged at once in an outside border. In the
autumn the pots must be transferred to a cold frame, like
most other plants which are being brought on gently for
G
98 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
early flowering, and later be removed to the greenhouse,
where the spikes of pure white flowers will be very acceptable.
There are many garden forms, single and double, of this Bell-
flower, of which the type is blue, but a very good one for the
purpose in view is that known as the large white Cambridge
variety.
The preparatory process thus sketched will be found useful
for other herbaceous plants, and may be tried with modifica-
tions for any perennial which seems in the grower's fancy to
be suitable and desirable. Heuchera sanguinea with its
spikes of carmine-red, Tiarella cordifolia, the feathery white
plumes of which are never out of place, though never so
lovely as in their native woods, the long-spurred Rocky
Mountain Columbines (Aquilegia ccerulea and A. chrysantha)
are all wild flowers of the New World, well known now in our
best gardens, but they may be pressed into the service of the
cold greenhouse should circumstances suggest their use. It
is a well-known fact that plants can be educated, so to speak,
to change their time of flowering. A species, for example,
which flowers naturally in June, by an alteration of treatment
and temperature may be induced to bloom in April. The
following season, in all probability, with the same treatment,
the flowers will appear a month earlier, until, instead of
midsummer, that particular specimen gradually becomes
accustomed to open its flowers in spring. This tendency to
change of habit is a very useful one, and should be turned
to the best advantage by the cold-house gardener.
Primroses of several different types are valuable in the
earlier months of the year, and follow each other in obliging
succession. Dean's hybrid forms of the common Primrose
(P. acaulis) make pretty groups of many shades — pure white,
lilac, and deep crimson being found amongst them, as well as
the normal Primrose colour. In arranging these in a green-
house it is well to group them in gradations of one colour,
HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING 99
otherwise the variety is so great that they are apt to lose their
refinement of character, which is never the case when care is
taken in the juxtaposition of tones. The fine race of Poly-
anthus Primrose may be used in the same way, and if there
be no wild garden or bit of mossy woodland where they can
be grown as Nature would have them, it is a moot question
whether the next best way of enjoying these beautiful plants
is not in the cold greenhouse, coaxed into flower a little in
advance of their kith and kin out of doors.
Primula Sieboldi, of very different character to either of
the above, is another elegant species, especially when the best
hybrid forms are chosen, as the type unfortunately has flowers
of rather an ugly shade of rose-purple, but this has been much
improved upon by careful selection and inter-crossing. This
Primrose throws up its tall slender stems and clusters of six
to ten large flowers well above the pale green leaves, and is
very distinct. It is also better suited for pot culture than for
the garden on account of the thin fragile nature of both
flowers and leaves, which are, moreover, deciduous. The
creeping rhizomes, which are slender and not very noticeable,
are apt to be dug up and lost in the open border, and
therefore it is a good practice to divide and re-pot the plants
as soon as the leaves show signs of dying down. The pans —
for these are best for this Primrose — can be plunged in a
shady place to take care of themselves until the time arrives
in the autumn to remove them to the frame or greenhouse,
when they will need nothing more than a little top-dressing.
Auriculas, too, of the so-called alpine section, are very good,
and it is interesting to raise seedlings both of Primroses and
Auriculas, taking care in the first instance to buy seed of a
thoroughly reliable strain, and afterwards, by rigorous selection
and casting away of all doubtful and mixed colours, to work
up a first-rate stock of one's own choosing. All these arc
common, everyday plants, yet a most effective greenhouse
ioo THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
display can be made in early winter and spring out of
materials such as these, with a few bulbs and hardy greenery
to match.
It is more interesting still to grow uncommon plants. One
such, not to wander from the Primrose, is a Javan species,
which has been known for perhaps half a century to explorers
by the name of the Royal Cowslip, but is, nevertheless,
comparatively new to cultivation, and is still rarely met with.
The climate of Java is tropical, but it has lofty mountains,
whereon, at an elevation of some 9000 ft., Primula imperialis
is found in company with Buttercups, Violets, Honeysuckle,
and other familiar English plants, choosing, however, only to
grow in moist, cool spots, under the shade of bushes or in
thickets. As far as is known, this particular species is to be
found in no other part of the world. To give some idea of
this giant of its race, it may be said that it sends up a stout
flower-stem some 3 ft. high, from a rosette of very large and
long, Primrose-like leaves. The flowers, which are borne
in whorls — in this respect resembling some other Asiatic
Primulas — are of a shade of yellow, deepening into orange,
peculiar to itself, and it is in all ways, when well grown, a fine
and striking plant. The difficulty has been to get foreign
seed to germinate, but ripe seed has now been perfected by
home-grown plants, and probably it only needs, like so many
of the Primrose family, to be sown as soon as ripe to sprout
quickly and freely. The Royal Cowslip may be given as a
type of many another rare and beautiful plant which will
adapt itself, under loving culture, to the cold greenhouse.
Nevertheless, it takes some enthusiasm, no less than pains-
taking, to enable us to get off the beaten track of everyday
garden routine and seek out for ourselves the far-off treasures
of distant lands.
SYMPHYANDRA WANNERI.
CHAPTER XV
AUTUMN PERENNIALS UNDER GLASS
IT is easy enough to have plenty of bright flowers under glass
in late autumn where an average temperature of 50° to
60° Fahr. can be maintained, but when there is no heating
apparatus or merely a portable one, plants must be chosen
warily. Chrysanthemums, no doubt, are the mainstay of all
gardeners for conservatory decoration at this season, and are
as available, being hardy perennials, for unheated as for heated
houses, though the flowers have a tendency to damp off in
chill, foggy weather. No one would wish to be without such
old but fine stand-by varieties as Mme. Desgranges and its
bright-coloured sports, Source d'Or, Mile. Lacroix, Bouquet
Fait, Cullingfordii, and others, not forgetting some of the
delightful single forms, grown naturally as free-flowering
bushes. For our special purpose, early, and mid-season
varieties are more to be recommended than late ones. It is
true that nothing else can quite take the place of chrysan-
themums in greenhouse decoration. They are so universally
grown, however, and it is so easy to get information on all
points with regard to them, that it will be more profitable to
inquire what other flowering plants are attainable from
Michaelmas to the end of the year.
Naturally, we think first of the few late-blooming perennials
which, though quite hardy, are likely out of doors to have
their flowers either crippled or wholly destroyed by early
frosts. One such, often grown in pots on this account for
102 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
the greenhouse, is Stokesia cyanea, a fine composite, with
blue Thistle-like flowers. There are two varieties — a fact
which has only recently been made known — and as one of
these is summer-flowering, care should be taken to get the
right sort for late work. Aster grandiflorus, the latest of the
Michaelmas Daisies, is sometimes treated in the same way, as
it seldom perfects its large blue flowers in the open border.
Senecio pulcher is a good late-blooming Groundsel, with red-
purple flowers, which may be put into the same list. It is
interesting to grow it from inch-long root-cuttings in early
autumn, like Seakale, thus securing fresh plants every year,
and the best effect is made when several plants occupy a
broad, deep pan to form a clump. The colour of the flowers,
unfortunately, is one that contrasts badly with most others,
which is a drawback. A very good low-growing plant belong-
ing to the same genus, Senecio Ksempferi, may be mentioned
here, though it is somewhat more tender. It has broad,
handsome foliage, splashed with white and a touch of pink,
and is worth growing both for its leaves and flowers. It
bears a loose cluster of large yellow Daisy-like flowers, and is
more often seen in Belgium and elsewhere on the Continent
as a window plant than with us. This is not to be confused
with Farfugium grande, with round yellow spots on its green
Coltsfoot-like leaves, which is, perhaps, a greater favourite
with English folk than it need be.
Chrysanthemum serotinum, better known amongst her-
baceous perennials as Pyrethrum uliginosum, rears its great
height and holds up its flowers high above our heads in the
autumn garden, unless the precaution is taken of heading
down the plants in early June. These tops may be put in as
cuttings and make excellent little pot plants, proving very
useful in the greenhouse during October and November.
The Winter Cherry, Physalis Franchetti, is striking and
handsome for late autumn when grown with several stems
AUTUMN PERENNIALS UNDER GLASS 103
and hung with its vivid orange-scarlet capsules. It is
much finer in every way than the old P. Alkekengi. The
first frost makes the leaves drop when the plant is out of
doors, but with the protection of glass we get foliage with the
brilliant lanterns, which is a great gain. Another hardy
Japanese perennial — Tricyrtis hirta — which is, strictly speak-
ing, a miniature Lily, with a short, creeping root-stock, makes
an admirable late cold greenhouse plant. Its pretty mauve-
white flowers, spotted with lilac or purple, are very Orchid-
like in their effect, and are borne pretty freely.
Carnations of the self-coloured Grenadin type, which are
chiefly white and scarlet of various shades, are invaluable for
autumn flowering. If the object is to ensure really good
flowers it is a good plan in the first instance to raise a batch
of seedlings from reliable seed of the best strain, which should
be allowed to flower the first season in the open ground. Many
variations will occur amongst them, and a strict selection of the
finest must be made for future stock. Any tendency to throw
up flower-stems in the spring must be kept in check, and
layers should be laid early in the season, before midsummer if
possible. When thoroughly rooted, which will be in about
six or eight weeks from the time of layering, they should be
transferred to 5-in. pots, and it must be borne in mind that
Carnations, of all plants, like very firm potting to ensure good
flowering. If all goes well flower-stems will soon begin to
appear, and a cold frame will be sufficient to bring them on
until they are ready for the greenhouse.
For hanging-baskets or pans raised to a position near the
eye, a creeping Himalayan perennial, familiarly known as the
Shamrock Pea (Parochetus communis), which flowers natur-
ally in October and November, is extremely pretty, both in
its twin Pea-flowers of pale stone-blue and its large trifoliate
leaves. It is also more satisfactory to flower under glass than
out of doors, even on the most sheltered rockery. For the
104 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
same purpose two Italian Bell-flowers, Campanula fragilis and
C. isophylla alba, are invaluable, the latter being the more
easy of the two to grow into a fine specimen. A little early
pinching-back of the shoots will help to retard their flowers till
late autumn, when they are very welcome. Though these are
both natives of sunny Italy, they prefer partial shade when
under glass. A fine blue variety, C. isophylla Mayi, named
after its raiser, has recently been introduced.
So far, mostly quite hardy plants have been under considera-
tion, but there are a good many half-hardy perennials which
may be used, with a little careful preparation beforehand, for
the autumn greenhouse. Two or three dwarf species — not
varieties — of Dahlia, for example, come in very well to fill up
a gap at this late season. D. gracilis, a slender-growing
Mexican plant, with bright scarlet single flowers and finely cut
leaves, is good and showy, only care must be taken to secure
the true species, and not some coarse-growing seedling
masquerading under the name. D. glabrata (syn. D. Merckii)
has smaller lilac or white flowers, but produced very freely ;
while the Black Dahlia, so-called (which is not really a Dahlia
at all, but Cosmos diversifolius), makes a good foil with its
dark brown, velvety petals. These can be raised from seed,
and answer best if they are grown in pots plunged out of
doors during the summer, and all the strength thrown into the
growth by the removal of all buds until the plants are wanted
to flower. Arctotis arborescens, a very beautiful, but rather
tender, perennial, often used for summer bedding, comes under
this class. It is somewhat bushy in habit, and likes plenty of
room, but it is well worth taking any pains to get its large
creamy-white flowers in autumn. These are tinged with pink
on the under-side of the petals, and the fine grey-green foliage
sets them off to great advantage. How true it is that no
greenery goes better with any flower than its own leaves.
Another species, A. aureola, has glowing orange flowers, which
CAMPA :ULA HYBRID FERGUSON!.
SALVIA AZUREA GRANDIFLOPA.
AUTUMN PERENNIALS UNDER GLASS 105
it produces till quite the end of the year out of doors in the
Isles of Scilly, and would probably answer as well as the larger-
growing A. arborescens. Alas ! they have one fault, they close
in dull weather.
Paris Daisies, both white and yellow, grown from spring-
struck cuttings, make delightful autumn plants when plunged
out of doors during the summer, and the points of the shoots
carefully pinched out to make them bushy. There is some-
thing so innately cheery about them that, common as they
are, they may not be left out of our year-end programme.
Several of the hardier Salvias, treated in the same way,
make fine and useful plants. They are so quick-growing, as a
rule, that after the cutting stage is passed they require several
shifts during the season, until finally they reach a Q-in. pot, in
which size they should flower well. Severe pinching is also
necessary to make them compact, but in any case they take up
more room than most plants. For a strictly cold greenhouse
it is better to be content with such species as S. Pitched (syn.
S. azurea grandiflora), S. coccinea superba, S. Hians, purple
with spotted lip, and S. patens, well known, with deep blue
flowers, of which there is also a white form, rather than the
more tender species. In a good season, however, and with the
temporary help, on occasion, of a heat radiator, S. splendens,
with its brilliant scarlet spikes, S. gesneraefolia, and S. rutilans,
but with Pineapple scented foliage, may be successfully grown,
though they need a genial temperature of at least 50° to
develop their flowers satisfactorily. The cultural treatment of
both hardier and more tender species during the summer is
identical.
The subject of retarding flowering plants by refrigeration,
which is coming so much into vogue, can hardly be passed
over without some reference here. It is now quite possible
to procure many different kinds — perennials (such as Astilbe
japonica, better known as Spiraea), bulbs, represented by
106 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
several species of Lily, and even hardy deciduous shrubs, like
Azalea mollis — ready prepared to flower in the autumn green-
house. These will, probably, require special care to bring
them to perfection after the severe ordeal to which they have
been subjected. But the amateur who loves his plants, and
desires to know more of the unstinted variety which the
garden of the world offers to the seeker, may do better than
to hark back to spring when so great a wealth of autumn
flower is within his reach. There is more show of reason for
helping autumn and spring to clasp hands over the sleeping
form of winter.
CHAPTER XVI
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS
NOTHING is more dismal and ugly than a greenhouse left bare
and empty of its proper occupants. Not seldom, indeed, it
then becomes a storehouse for all sorts of garden lumber, the
untidiness of which it fails, unluckily, to hide. Yet it is not
an unlikely thing to happen that one finds one's self at some
time or other with a greenhouse on one's hands, yet for a
period too short to accomplish much in the way of plant-
growing. A year's tenancy of house and garden is, in truth,
for gardening purposes, an awkward gap to fill. It is, of
course, open to any such tenant to put the conservatory into
the hands of some neighbouring florist should there be one
within easy distance, and under some circumstances this is,
doubtless, the best way out of the difficulty. If the green-
house, however, happens to be unheated a professional
gardener will probably shake his head in despair of doing
himself any credit during the winter months, and, beyond
supplying a few evergreens in pots, may even decline altogether
to attempt any floral decoration until the spring. It is not to
be denied that there are considerable obstacles in the way, and
for the winter almost everything depends upon the time
available for preparation ; but a good deal may be done, at the
cost of a few shillings and a little time and trouble, with
annuals and biennials or certain other plants, possessing,
strictly speaking, a longer term of life, but which may be
treated as such. A few suggestive hints as to the most
lo8 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
suitable may be useful, not only to those who mean to depend
entirely upon such yearlings, but for others, who will find
many of them exceedingly valuable, if not indispensable,
additions to their flowering plants. Where time fails to raise
these for ourselves it is generally possible to buy strong
seedlings of ordinary sorts ready for potting, so that we need
not wholly despair of procuring decorative material of this
temporary nature, and with little outlay.
Annuals are often regarded with some contempt, but it may
be traced in most cases to failure in growing them well,
resulting mainly from the initial mistake of sowing the seed
too thickly. Seed is often minute, marvellously so when
one thinks of the germ of life and the earliest food for that
germ which is, in one way or another, packed up in it. It
does not at all follow, however, that the plant produced from
a microscopic seed should require to be looked at through a
magnifying glass when full-grown, and this we must always
take into account. A single seedling of Nemophila or Lim-
nanthes will make a grand free-flowering specimen if allowed
proper scope, when a dozen cramped into the same space
will be utterly worthless and disappointing.
Seeds, minute or otherwise, must not be sown too thickly, and
with the larger kinds, like Tropaeolum or Lupine, it is a good
plan for indoor work to put them singly into the smallest pots
and to shift them as required into larger sizes. Annuals,
again, under these circumstances must never in the earlier
stages be allowed to get pot-bound, needing constant attention
from the first, until they get their final transfer into the
flowering-pot. Hardy biennials may often, on the contrary,
be planted outside with advantage to make their growth
before being potted for the greenhouse, which is a great saving
of time and labour. These require a somewhat longer time to
bring them to the flowering stage, and are generally sown one
year to flower the next. The time of their flowering depends
MARGUERITE CARNATIONS.
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS 109
in most cases on the time of sowing and subsequent
culture — a statement not so obvious as it may seem at
first sight, because they are sometimes contrary in their
ways, and may, if they are in sulky mood, pass over a whole
season.
A houseful of Wallflowers in midwinter, some in flower and
some coming on, would be no mean success to attain. The
full red-brown of Harbinger and the clear yellow of Belvoir
Castle, which are amongst the earliest to bloom, are at all
times beautiful, and other later well-known varieties, to be
found in every seed list, will give intermediate shades never
out of harmony with each other. Wallflowers are really
perennial in duration, though not very long-lived, but as they
flower within a few months of sowing, they are commonly
treated as annuals. For very early winter the first sowing is
best made in April, and a second may follow three weeks
later. Where there is a bit of garden ground the young plants
may be pricked out 3 in. apart in rows with not less than 6 in.
between the rows. Later on, when they begin to require
more room, every second plant may be transferred to a new
row, allowing 6 in. between each of them. Here they may
remain until October, when they can be potted in 5-in. pots
for flowering in the greenhouse. Where there is no garden,
boxes or zinc trays may be made to serve the purpose. In
either case care must be taken to keep the plants weeded and
watered in dry weather. Wallflowers are hardy things — never
more so than when grown on the scanty foot-hold of a
crumbling wall, their natural home. Cultivation in rich soil
tends to make them less hardy, and the shelter of glass, there-
fore, is very welcome in severe and especially in windy
weather, and will also hasten the flowering time. Double
German Wallflowers are very popular and handsome with
their quaint purple and Primrose tints, but they are more
tender and not so fragrant as the smaller-flowered common
no THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
sort. They come into flower later, and the seed need not be
sown till May.
Stocks, which are mostly biennials, are neither so hardy
nor so early as Wallflowers, but they are very useful, and if
seed of the intermediate section be sown in June and treated
much in the same way as recommended for Wallflowers they
will flower quite early enough to take their place when the
Wallflowers begin to grow shabby. Some experts prefer to
grow them entirely in pots, giving them shifts into larger sizes
as soon as the roots touch the sides. All-the- Year-Round is
a very fine white variety, and there are crimson and purple
shades in the same strain. For a later display the annual Ten-
Week Stocks may be sown as early as February under glass,
and, with good cultivation, will be in fine flower long before
any of their kind out of doors. The large, sweet-scented
flowers of this section are very beautiful in the infinite variety
of their delicate tints.
Scarcely any introduction of recent years has been more
welcomed than that of the annual Margherita Carnations of
Italian origin. Sown early under glass, planted outside as
soon as the seedlings are strong enough, and allowed room
enough to develop, they will grow during the summer into
vigorous plants well set with buds in time to be potted with
other things for winter flowering. If the season be favourable
many buds will open before Christmas, and with a good strain
of seed, which is always a most important factor in the case, a
very large percentage of the plants will give fine double-
fringed flowers of refined hues. The single " rogues " are
also extremely pretty, and by no means to be despised as
decorative plants. Few people realise how well the common
white Pink, as well as its rose-coloured form, treated practic-
ally as biennials, respond to gentle forwarding under glass.
Tufts of cuttings or divisions of old plants put out in new soil
in rows in May can be lifted and potted in September. They
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS in
may then stand out of doors with the pots plunged in ashes
until Christmas or thereabouts, and will come into flower about
nine weeks after being brought in. How welcome they are,
filling the greenhouse with sweetness on an April day, none
can tell but those who have tried them.
Sweet Peas are a great stand-by, but it is essential that they
should be sown about midsummer to come in for very early
blooming. Three seeds sown in a small pot, and transferred
with as little disturbance of the roots as possible into larger
sizes, and grown out of doors, will make beautiful specimen
plants. They may be pinched back now and then to make
them bushy, and will flower well in a lo-in. pot; but they
should be brought under shelter before the first early frosts at
the end of September or they may receive a check which will
retard their blooming. Eckford's good varieties offer abun-
dant choice of colour, and these should be kept distinct, as
mixtures are seldom desirable or effective.
Any of the hardy annuals which are recommended in the
seed lists for autumn sowing, which usually means August and
onwards, may be tried with a fair chance of success, and
should flower by relays from early spring. Mignonette will
scarcely be overlooked. The old-fashioned kind, though not
so large or handsome as Machet, Parson's White, and some of
the Covent Garden strains, is the sweetest of all. Three seeds
sown in a small pot, the strongest only to be retained, and
re-potted as required in rich soil, will give very satisfactory
results.
Tender annuals for summer and autumn blooming, such as
Astors, Tropaeolums, Mimulus, Nemesia strumosa, Salpiglossis,
Celosias, Martynia fragrans, &c., must be sown under glass in
March, April, or May, according to circumstances, and require
a good deal of care in pricking-out, potting, and in some cases
pinching-back, with as much open air as possible to prevent
their spindling. These may be so timed as to flower until
1 12 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
late autumn. Greenery should not be forgotten, for which the
Japanese Hop, Zea Mays, and some of the elegant annual
grasses, will answer well. The biennial Fish-bone Thistles
(Chamsepuce Casabonae and C. diacantha) are also very useful
for this purpose. Cosmos bipinnatus, with its finely cut
leafage, makes an effective foliage plant while it is young, and
a few out of a batch of seedlings might be reserved for this
purpose, but the plants intended to flower will do better if
summered out of doors. This, being one of the latest of
autumn-blooming annuals, is not very satisfactory in the
garden for our climate, but if grown under generous conditions
it is exceedingly ornamental in the greenhouse during October
and November, either in its white or light purple form.
I will transcribe a short extract from a book seldom to be
met with in the present day — Mrs. Loudon's work on annuals,
which is well illustrated with coloured plates. The hints there
given have been very useful to myself, and they form a guide
for the general culture of annuals in pots, whether autumn or
spring sown. I quote the following passage verbatim, but it
will be noticed that in the case of Rodanthe Manglesi, the
plant in question, the time of sowing is stated to be April,
Rodanthe being half-hardy, but the same cultural directions
are applicable whether the seed be sown in autumn or in
spring, i.e., whether the annuals be hardy or half-hardy.
" The seed was sown on April 5, in pots filled with three
parts peat, or rather heath-mould, and one of loam. In the
first week of May, when the plants were still in the seed-leaf,
they were pricked out singly into small 2j-in. or 3-in.
pots. In a week's time they were shifted into rather larger
pots, and this shifting was repeated six times, always into
rather larger pots, till the middle of August, when the plants
were in 9j-in. pots, and when they were first allowed to
flower. On September 14, when one of these plants was
sent to us by Captain Mangles, it was ij-ft. high about
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS 113
4 ft. in circumference, and had a thousand expanded flowers
upon it, besides innumerable buds, which have continued
expanding ever since, and it is still (November i) a blaze of
beauty. It is watered every morning with a little warm
water, and the dead flowers are cut off as they fade. « The
great art,' says Mr. Goode, in the manuscript directions sent
us by Captain Mangles, ' is to prevent the plant from growing
upwards, and to cause it to increase and expand in breadth
instead of length.' To do this, all that is required is to watch
it well, and the moment the roots have nearly filled the pot,
to transplant it into a larger one. By constantly attending to
this, the plants will grow thick and shrubby in their character,
and while the shoots will grow strong and capable of bearing
a most profuse floration, the beauty of the plants in shape will
be greatly improved." This may be old-fashioned practice,
but nevertheless the above passage is highly suggestive, and
it proves that an annual plant may be grown into a fine
specimen, even though it may live out its life in a succession
of pots. The same routine of treatment will answer equally
well for biennials.
One or two dwarf annuals of a succulent character are well
adapted for summer flowering under glass — Portulacas, which
enjoy the extra heat and are delightfully gay in their vivid
colouring of crimson, yellow, and purple, and the free-flower-
ing Mesembryanthemum tricolor, pink and white, with a dark
eye. These should all be sown very sparingly, as they are
apt to resent transplanting, and do better if they are thinned
rather than pricked out, looking best when grown in shallow
troughs or pans.
The different varieties — orange, yellow, and white— of
Iceland Poppy (P. nudicaule) do well treated as biennials,
and, sown in autumn, make charming pot plants for early
spring,
For those who like to travel out of the common track, two
H
ii4 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
beautiful species of Pentstemon, not very often met with, may
be added to the biennial list. P. Cobsea is a Texan plant
which blooms naturally late in autumn and has long, shining,
deep green leaves and spikes of bell-shaped lilac or white
flowers. Being very viscid they attract insects to such a
degree out of doors that their beauty is sometimes marred by
the small victims which cannot get free from the sticky trap,
but they make very fine pot plants. P. Murrayanus is quite
distinct from the last, having glaucous leaves and bright
scarlet tubular flowers, and there are garden varieties dis-
tinguished, as Grandiflora, of different shades of rose and
violet. Both these species, which are quite different to the
well-known border Pentstemons, do better sown in early
autumn and protected during the winter either in a cold
frame or greenhouse, as they are somewhat tender, but are
well worth growing by those who do not begrudge time and
trouble.
As a garden experiment, which probably has never been
attempted, it would be interesting to prove what could be
done in the way of cold greenhouse decoration by the use of
annuals and biennials alone. To this end I will gather the
hints given above into four distinct rules :
1. Pot off singly while still in the seed-leaf.
2. Shift several times into pots a size or two larger than the
last, to encourage root- growth.
3. Use rich soil and water often with weak soot-water,
which is a good and safe stimulant.
4. Pick off all early buds until the plant is sufficiently
strong to support a luxuriant bloom, and remove all withered
flowers as they fade, to prevent the formation of seed. Some-
times it may also be desirable to pinch out the point of the
leading shoot, so that laterals may be thrown out below to
make a shapely plant.
The successful cultivation of annuals is, in fact, a fine
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS 115
<:'* t
art, and may be summed up in the garden-lad's definition of
gardening, " A-doing of things at the right time " — a maxim
instilled into his understanding, no doubt, by a past-master
of the craft, and which applies with double force in the case
of this handsome but short-lived section of plants.
CHAPTER XVII
HARDY ORCHIDS
To include Orchids in a series of plants eligible for an
unheated greenhouse may seem, at first sight, to be out of the
question. Nevertheless, in hardy terrestrial orchids, there is
a tolerably wide field open for experiment, and for the sake
of those who find in this special class the acme of all that is
beautiful in plant life, it is well that it should not be omitted.
Terrestrial Orchids include some very fine genera, in which
many of the species are hardy, though others of the same
genus inhabit the Tropics — a well-known example being found
in Cypripedium. Besides the handsome Cape Disas — the
purple- flowered Bletia hyacinthina (China), which was long
grown in stove-heat until it was discovered to be quite hardy
enough for out-door culture — and the hardy Cypripediums —
there are great numbers of ground-Orchids found in all parts
of the Temperate Zone which may be ranged under the
popular head of Orchis. The flowers of many of these are
very fine, while others possess exceeding interest from their
mimicry of various insects, like the Bee and Fly orchises of
our own chalk downs and their fringing woodlands. A
collection of some of the best of these is well worth growing,
and quite sufficient in itself to take the shape of a very good
hobby, including both hardy and half-hardy species, though all
would need treatment differing from most ordinary plants. It
would be well, therefore, for any one taking up their culture
to make a speciality of them. To see these plants in their
CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE.
ORCHIS LAI I FOLIA.
HARDY ORCHIDS 117
native habitats, makes one long for a closer acquaintance with
them. Never shall I forget one spring morning on the Appian
Way, when the grassy borders of the wide Roman road were
bright with patches of C. papilionacea — a painted beauty, not
to be confounded with our modest white butterfly Habenaria
— and bee-and-spider-like Ophrys of various species, and the
delight of gathering new kinds amongst them. A mental
note was registered on the spot that the next venture in cold
house experiment, when opportunity offered, might well be
on some of these quaint and lovely plants. For here I must
confess that I am about to trench on the cultural experience
of others, rather than on my own ; yet knowing, by ocular
demonstration, how much may be done in this direction, it
seems better not to leave out entirely so important a group.
It is quite possible to procure, both from foreign and
English dealers, tubers and roots of the most desirable species
of terrestrial Orchis, African and American as well as
European. The chief difficulty is to make sure of their having
been collected at the right season — a too frequent source of
failure. Most of this class will do well in deep pans, in light,
turfy loam, alternating as to quarters between a cold frame in
summer, and a greenhouse in winter from which, for the half
hardy kinds, frost is just excluded. One reason why the
interesting South European Orchises are hard to cultivate
satisfactorily in our climate out of doors seems to be the same
that often arises with bulbous Iris and other alpine plants —
growth begins too early, and they cannot stand the crippling
alternations of frost and thaw. This trouble is overcome
where such plants can be given the shelter of a cold house.
The fine Madeiran Orchis foliosa is well known, and is a
robust and very ornamental plant for the unheated greenhouse.
It grows to a height of 18 in. and upwards, and the hand-
some spikes vary in colour from a deep shade of purple to
pale rosy-lilac. Being one of the easiest to manage, and
n8 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
increasing year by year under good treatment, it is one of the
best upon which to try one's 'prentice hand. As an example of
quite another type, Calypso borealis, a small but very choice
bog species, may be quoted. It is scarcely 4 in. high, yet
the plants in the Alpine House at Kew attract many a
visitor who knows their rarity, and can admire beauty in
miniature. Unlike O. foliosa, and the Ophrys or insect-like
section, which are mostly found in dry, open spots, this little
North American gem delights in shade and bog-soil, like our
own marsh Orchises, and will do well in a spongy compost of
sandy peat and loam, to which some chopped sphagnum moss
would be a good addition. The same treatment will suit
Goodyera pubescens, with silver-veined leaves.
On the whole, the hardy bog-Orchids seem to be more
easily managed than those of the insectiferous section. Most
of them can be successfully grown in pots or pans in the
compost already recommended and surfaced with living
sphagnum, which keeps the soil moist and cool and is as
near an approach as can be made to that of their native
haunts.
Hardy Lady-slippers (Cypripediums), for example, would
form a grand addition to the cold Orchid-house. C. spectabile,
the pink and white Mocassin Flower of North American swamps,
is one of the most vigorous and best known of these, and
finds a place in all good English gardens provided with
suitable positions for bog plants. Once upon a time, when
crossing a long stretch of swamp in Canadian backwoods
settlements, in a rough country waggon, bumping along as
the creaking wheels rolled over the unsteady logs of a
corduroy-road, I remember seeing this lovely Cypripedium,
for the first time, growing in massive clumps with other
ravishing bog plants, and being sternly forbidden to attempt
to gather one of them at peril of sinking shoulder-deep in the
ooze, if not risking life itself. It was a hard trial at the
i
CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS
HARDY ORCHIDS 119
moment for a young and wilful enthusiast. In such a spot,
Mocassin Flowers can be seen at home at their real best. But
I am not sure — since we cannot in our English gardens
emulate the wild luxuriance and tangle of the native bog,
which is picturesque, but malarial withal — whether the most
enjoyable way of growing such bog plants is not on the
lines I have here ever so slightly suggested, so seldom is
it that one sees them entirely at their ease in the bog-bed.
Two or three species of these hardy Cypripediums have yellow
and brown flowers, such as our own rare C. calceolus,
reputed intractable under cultivation ; C. parviflorum, smaller-
flowered, but elegant with its twisted petals and sepals ;
and C. pubescens, a stronger-grower than either, easier to
manage, and fairly plentiful. A scarcer North American
species, C. candidum, has a white lip, with sepals and petals of
greenish brown. There are, besides, other hardy Cypri-
pediums worth growing ; for example, the somewhat uncanny-
looking Siberian C. macranthum, with its large purple pouch ;
and the stemless red-flowered C. acaule.
Associated with these — for, though they are not Orchids,
they company together by nature — one or two species of
Sarracenia would be very fitting to cultivate, being seldom
quite satisfactory in the open garden, as the pitcher-shaped
leaves generally become torn and disfigured. S. purpurea, the
typical Huntsman's Cup, and S. flava are two of the hardiest.
This hardy section of Sarracenia would offer a field for
hybridisation quite as interesting as the tender species which
have already been taken in hand by experts with such
gratifying results, as may be seen any spring day at Kew, in
the annexe devoted to such plants.
The Disas, again, which take rank among the finest
Orchids, are pre-eminently amenable to cool treatment.
D. grandiflora, one of the glories of Table Mountain, when
it has donned its fine scarlet coat, lives with its roots in the
120 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
sides of the water courses which abound in that locality,
where they are never dry, while the atmosphere, even in the
hot months, is tempered by the cool mists which hang over
the plateau. Here there is often snow and hail and even
ice during June, July, and August, the South African winter
months. On the authority of Mr. James O'Brien, a well-
known expert, D. grandiflora, in an unheated house, has passed
through weeks of hard weather, stiff-frozen, in a temperature
varying from 5° to 14° of frost, not only safely, but with
better results as to flowering than others of the same species
wintered in warmer quarters. This is distinct encouragement
to try what can be done not only with Disas, but with other
Orchids found at high altitudes. Happily, experience has
already proved that one of the most charming and decorative
of all, Odontoglossum crispum, wants very little coaxing to
do extremely well, for it has been successfully grown in a
sheltered lean-to house with a north aspect which was prac-
tically unheated. In fact, this and some other kinds, now
always treated as cool-house Orchids, suffered much in the
early days of their introduction from over-much coddling.
Many times have I seen in the garden of a well-known
amateur a low damp house of this description devoted to
C. crispum and a few similar species, and admired the
robust health and clean growth of the plants, to say nothing
of the perfection of flower, which left nothing to be desired.
CHAPTER XVIII
SUCCULENT PLANTS
THERE is still another class of plants, available for the
unheated greenhouse, which presents especial advantages to
busy people, and which must not be passed by unnoticed — those
which the French call les plantes grasses, but which we term
Succulents. In the days when Masson was sending home his
ample stores of new discoveries from South Africa, and when
Prince Salm-Dyck thought it worth while to publish his
splendid monograph on the Mesembryanthemum, succulent
plants in their numberless quaint forms were in high esteem,
and, indeed, well deserved the attention they received.
Modern methods ajid impatience of any but quick results
have ousted most of these old favourites, but there has been a
strong tendency of late years to revive the ancient love for
these curious prickly things, amongst which may be found
some of extraordinary brilliance and beauty of flower. The
exhibits from the historic Chelsea nursery of new hybrid
Phyllocacti at the Royal Horticultural Society's Shows of
recent years testify to this, yet none of these can exceed
the gorgeous splendour of the old Cereus speciosissimus,
well-beloved of our forefathers. These " fat " plants, so
singularly adapted to the dry and barren regions in which
they are mostly found, are — and for an analogous reason
— well suited to any one who has a taste for cultivating
plants, but little time personally to devote to them, for
they are not impatient, like most others, of a little neglect.
122 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
In fact, they are much more apt to resent too much fussy
attention, especially in the matter of watering, than a little
wholesome negligence. Many business men have found
recreation and solace in making a collection of these char-
acteristic plants. A collection, however, hardly appeals to the
majority, but a selection may well be chosen by those who
have any fancy for them, for they are easily grown and easily
stowed away in winter, if, indeed, they are not in flower, while
they possess more fascination than might be supposed. I
once gave an Echinopsis Eyriesii — one of the many-ribbed
globular Cacti — to a friend, who watched, with a great deal of
interest, the slow evolution of the fluffy, button-like knobs
which one day were to develop into flowers. It happened
just at the time that a move had to be made from the old
home to a newly built house at no great distance, and, during
the flitting, the greenhouse was mainly left to chance. Days
passed by before the neglected plants came to mind, but in
the gloaming of an early summer evening some errand occa-
sioned a visit to the dismantled house. The key grated
harshly in the unused lock, echoing through the silent,
deserted rooms, yet lo ! a presence was there. A fragrance
— new and unfamiliar — pervaded the still air of the empty
house, filling every corner with mysterious incense. It was the
Cactus, which, all unconscious of neglect or oversight, had put
forth its long white trumpets after the strange, sudden manner
peculiar to its kind, and was breathing out its sweetness in all
the unearthly loveliness which white flowers will take on in
the fading twilight — a voiceless poem, and for the moment
overpowering in its simple pathos.
It is this quality of uncomplaining patience which gives to
succulent plants of all kinds a value not to be estimated for
busy people, and, it may be added, for invalids to whom the
care of a few pot plants is often a great resource and boon.
Yet it need not be supposed that there is no attraction in
i.
i
SUCCULENT PLANTS 123
their quaint forms and brilliant colours for others besides
business men and persons in feeble health. Far from it. The
flat-leaved Cactuses (Phyllocacti) before - mentioned have
flowers of exceeding beauty, and, besides, are not beset with
the cruel spines which belong to so many of their kin. The
old pink Cactus (P. phyllanthoides) is one of the most valuable
of any of this section, though, strange to say, it is not very
well known. The soft rose-pink tubular flowers are borne
in great numbers, and are much longer- lasting than many
others of the same family. The white-flowered P. crenatus
and the still finer Cereus grandiflorus are still the cynosure
of all eyes during their brief season of beauty, though the
time has long gone by since supper parties used to be
arranged in order to watch the wonderful unfolding of the
shaggy grey buds of the Night-blowing Cereus into the great
milk-white blossoms which were to fade so quickly before
the dawn of a new-born day.
To come to another group, Agaves and Aloes also fill a
very useful place, and well-grown specimens are handsome
whether in or out of bloom. Echeverias and Cotyledons,
though smaller, may be put into the same category. In the
genial climate of the Scilly Isles and in positions sheltered
from cold winds, these will all live and thrive out of doors.
To show the profusion with which the somewhat shy aloes
will bloom there under suitable conditions in the open air, a
unique and striking decoration for a large dinner-table may
be mentioned which once seen could never be forgotten, com
posed entirely of the fine clear yellow flowers, tipped with
green, of a species very much at home in the rock-garden,
arranged with suitable greenery. One reason why succulent
plants are seldom so satisfactory as they might be is because
they are kept too much under glass, whereas, as gardeners
express it, they cannot in most cases be grown too " hard."
The hottest exposure in the garden should be allotted to them,
124 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
where they can remain in the open air day and night during
the summer months, and this attention will generally be repaid
by annual flowering.
Of the different genera of succulent plants of moderate
height and character Mesembryanthemums may be recom-
mended as amongst the most interesting and profitable to
grow, for two special reasons — the plentifulness of their bril-
liant, many-hued flowers, and the fact that a number of the
finest species are quick-growing and may be treated practi-
cally as biennials or even as annuals. The usual practice is to
let Mesembryanthemums grow into gnarled and woody shrubs
which are ugly in themselves and never flower, until at last they
are discarded as worthless. That this need not be the case is
plainly shown by the fact that certain free- flowering species
of the type of M. bicolor used to be grown for market in
great numbers by the nurserymen of the day when succulent
plants were in vogue. It is quite true that a large proportion
of Mesembryanthemums are merely of botanical interest.
This must naturally be the case in a genus comprising some
hundreds of species. Nothing finer, however, by way of
colour can be grown for a sunny porch or greenhouse than
M. bicolor, M. micans, and M. polyanthon when their masses
of small daisy-shaped flowers of glittering orange and scarlet
and purple are open in the sunshine. Amongst those of
different character and with larger, if not more conspicuous,
flowers, M. blandum, in both varieties of rose and white, is
seldom entirely out of bloom, and is admirable for any
position where it may be wanted to trail, or for a hanging-
basket. M. aureum, an upright species with large, sparkling
orange flowers, opens with the earliest spring sunshine, even
in February. M. glaucum, one of the hardiest, with hand-
some canary-yellow blossoms from two to three inches across,
flowers at all seasons, according to treatment ; and M. spec-
tabile, with pretty glaucous leaves and fine rose-coloured
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM ROSEUM IN SOUTH DEVON.
SUCCULENT PLANTS 125
flowers is another favourite. Most of the species have the
drawback of only opening in sunshine, but there are a
few, like M. lacerum, which have not this failing. Indeed,
the different hours at which Mesembryanthemums open is
one of their most interesting peculiarities. Some expand in
the morning, some at noon-day, others at four o'clock in the
afternoon, and a few are night-flowering ; but if for any
hygrometrical reason they refuse to open at the right hour, it
is seldom that any amount of coaxing from later sunshine
tempts them out of their fit of sulks for the day. Besides
their bright flowers, moreover, Mesembryanthemums take some
of the most curious forms of leafage. Best known of these,
perhaps, is M. tigrinum, with stemless boat-shaped leaves,
furnished with wicked-looking interlacing claws, between
which the large, solitary, golden-hued flower pushes its way.
But this is only one amongst many which will repay a little
study. No plants are more easily grown from cuttings. With
such species as M. polyanthon — the copious-flowered section,
as they are called by their historian, Ha worth — small tops may
be pricked over the surface of a pot or pan in the early spring.
Every bit will root, and the young plants, without any dis-
turbance, will give a mass of colour in two or three months'
time with less trouble than any plant I know. The larger-
flowered sorts require rather more patience — but the main
points are to let the rooted cuttings have as much open air
and sunshine as possible, to harden their tissues, and to give
water with moderation and good judgment, as the softer and
more succulent species are easily ruined by over-watering, and
should be kept quite dry during the colder months. No one
who takes the trouble to understand and to grow these fine
plants well will have reason to be disappointed in them if
they choose the right sorts.
All kinds of Mammillarias and Echinocacti present features
of interest, though it sometimes lies more particularly in their
126 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
curious forms and in the colour and diversity of their prickly
spines than in their flowers. The pretty little Texan M.
lasiacantha is remarkable for the silvery, feather-like tufts
which take the place of the sharp spines so characteristic of
these singular Cacti.
In summering succulent plants in pots of all kinds out of
doors, it is well to raise them well above the ground level, out
of the way of slugs and snails, which are exceedingly fond of
browsing upon their juicy stems and leaves, causing much
disfigurement which cannot afterwards be remedied. A plat-
form of some kind, however temporary, with a hard surface,
as of slates, for the pots to stand on, is very much to be recom-
mended. Mesembryanthemums more particularly fill their
pots with roots very quickly, and should never be allowed to
strike through the drainage-holes into the soil. Even on a
hard standing-place the pots should be moved pretty often, as
it tends to check over-luxuriance of growth, which not only
makes them tender but hinders abundant flowering. A very
sharp, gritty soil suits most succulent plants, though it is not
unusual to find that, in fear of feeding this class of plant too
much, growers run into the other extreme of starving them.
A large proportion of Cacti and plants of like nature are
tolerably hardy. As to that, one must be guided in the
choice of kinds suitable for an unheated greenhouse by a
knowledge of their native habitats. Most plants from Cape
Colony are subjected at times to somewhat severe frost,
especially at high altitudes, and in Colorado and elsewhere in
the New World where Cacti abound, they are often under
snow for weeks together. What they cannot stand, however,
is superabundance of damp in winter, either in soil or atmos-
phere, and drip is fatal, especially when followed by severe
frost. Dry cold is not particularly injurious, but these very
accommodating plants may be placed almost anywhere for
safety in severe weather — in a bay-window or on a vacant
SUCCULENT PLANTS 1*7
shelf, or even, under great stress of circumstances, in a
cupboard, so that they cannot be said to be very exacting in
their necessities.
It is seldom that any attempt is made to group plants of
this somewhat stiff character, but in a house with removable
lights, such as has been elsewhere suggested, a very charming
rock-garden might be made with succulent plants alone,
especially if it were lofty enough to include some of the
hardier Dracaenas, like D. australis and D. indivisa, and such
graceful subjects as Furcraeas, though this would be on an
ambitious scale and out of ordinary reach. Such a house
would be more interesting and ornamental than the usual
monotonous rows of Cacti in pots; and more than one
amateur has already adopted the plan with success. Of all
plants, those of a succulent nature should be grown by
themselves under the conditions which suit them, because
those conditions are usually detrimental to other classes ot
vegetation. Given complete dryness in winter when the
temperature is low, and as much sun and air as possible for
the rest of the year, with sufficient moisture during the
growing season, their wants are few compared to the amount
of interest and pleasure they will bestow upon any grower
who cares to study the immense diversity in their forms and
to encourage them to develop the singular beauty of their
flowers. « v
CHAPTER XIX
THE POTTING-SHED. SUMMER QUARTERS
SOME sort of potting-shed is essential to the gardener's
comfort, with a bench of suitable height at which he can work
and wide enough to hold his pots, his heap of potting-soil, and
his necessary tools.
For pot plants, it is usual to mix a compost according to
their different requirements, for which the ordinary garden soil
may be the foundation, though it is seldom satisfactory without
additions. The very best preparation that can be made for
potting-soil is to form a little stack by saving parings and odd
pieces of turf wherever it can be procured — if from an old
pasture so much the better — and turning the slabs grass-
downwards to decay. In process of time this will become
the basis of excellent soil for all potting purposes ; and should
be used in many cases chopped into small pieces or even
pulled apart by the hands. A mistake which is made by most
novices is to sift their potting-soil, thereby taking from it the
best part of its nutriment. It is necessary, sometimes, in
delicate seed-sowing to use sifted soil, but otherwise it is
scarcely ever of advantage. Besides this turfy loam from the
stack, we should be provided with some good sound peat,
which is absolutely needful for certain classes of plants. This
can be procured in large or small quantities through any local
nurseryman. All leaves should be collected every autumn
and carefully laid up in a heap to decay, as leaf-mould is a
most important factor in lightening and enriching the soil on
THE POTTING-SIIED 129
the potting-bench. Lastly there should be a supply of sharp
sand, and here a few words may be needed as to its different
qualities. The beginner invariably thinks that any kind of
sand will answer, but this is far from being the case. Silver-
sand is generally recommended, and answers fairly well, but for
the most part it is too fine, nor is it always easy to obtain. If
it be possible, therefore, to procure locally a coarser quality,
more of the character of finely crushed granite or quartz, it is
very much to be preferred. The coarse grit used by builders
will generally do equally well for potting purposes, but builders
do not always trouble themselves to get the best for their own
use. Sea-sand, thoroughly washed from salt, may also be used
where it can be easily obtained. But the fine sand of the
green-sandstone formation, or indeed any of soft earthy
texture, is positively injurious to pot plants, clogging the soil
instead of making it free and open. In some districts,
especially where flints abound, road-grit is the very best that
can be procured for the purpose. The use of sand, be it
remembered, is merely mechanical and not nutritive j never-
theless it is indispensable, as it assists drainage and keeps the
soil permeable and sweet. A bag of charcoal is another
addition to the potting-shed which should not be omitted. It
is most useful as drainage, being much lighter than the pot-
sheards in common use, while at the same time, it supplies a
fund of nourishment to the growing roots. Pounded very
small, it may be mixed with potting-soil to the great benefit of
most plants, including Ferns, and especially for such as do not
require re-potting every year. Where bulbs are grown in water,
as they not infrequently are, a piece of charcoal dropped into
it keeps the water fresh and pure. It is also a help to those
cuttings — and there are many such — which it is convenient to
root in water. With regard to drainage, an inch or more of
broken sheards should be placed over the hole at the bottom
of every pot — a single piece not being sufficient, as is too often
130 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
supposed — and this may with advantage be supplemented by
a layer of dead leaves or moss, which prevents the rubble from
becoming choked. In potting, the soil should be made very
firm, and a wooden rammer, which may be either round or flat,
is a very useful tool to keep at hand, though the " potter's
thumb " is an implement no more to be dispensed with in
gardening than in the moulding of pottery. Loose potting is
the mark of an inexperienced hand, and very few plants
succeed under such a system — for one reason because water
runs through the loose soil too quickly, draining away the
nutritive particles, while insufficient moisture is left behind to
sustain the roots. Besides this, however, the fibres evidently
like to feel the resistance of the firm earth as they push their
way into it.
Not many tools are necessary. Besides the rammer afore-
said, we must be provided with a strong, sharp knife for
cuttings, a budding-knife and a pair of scissors, but one tool
may be suggested which is not often used by gardeners. This
is the smallest size of mason's trowel, with the sharp point
rounded off, which will be found much more handy than the
ordinary scoop-trowel for the work of potting. A skein of
Raffia should also have its appointed hook in the potting-shed,
to be ready for all tying purposes. A few bundles of wooden
labels of different sizes should be at hand, as well as a pot of
white paint, for a dash of this on the broad end of the label,
wiped off with a bit of rag until the merest film remains, is the
best preparation for legible writing.
SUMMER QUARTERS
The mention of summer quarters occurs very frequently in
the preceding pages, and a properly arranged position where
pot plants out of flower can be placed and cared for during
their period of rest is one of the most important considera-
THE POTTING-SHED 131
tions for any possessor of a greenhouse. A bed of cocoa-nut
fibre, or even ashes, under a north wall is a good situation for
some plants. Others, again, require a more open, sunny
position, that they may get their wood well ripened to ensure
the next year's flowering. Therefore it is well to choose sites
in both aspects. A cold frame with a brick or concrete floor,
safe from garden vermin, and facing south, is admirable for
Cacti and such like plants which enjoy summer rains as well as
summer sunshine, and the lights can be entirely removed for
two or three months with great benefit. Similar quarters will
suit Cape bulbs at rest, such as Freesias, Nerines, and
Lachenalias, but in their case the lights must be left on, as it
is essential that they be kept absolutely dry and baked during
the weeks which intervene between the fading of the leaf and
potting-time, which comes in most cases about the end of
July and during August. Cold frames are useful, besides, in
a hundred different ways. In addition to these plunging-beds
and wooden or brick frames, there should always be a reserve
space, generally to be found in the kitchen garden, where
certain plants and bulbs may be planted out to recruit after
a season of flowering under glass. This is always a weakening
process, though much less so in an unheated greenhouse than
when stronger forcing is in practice : still, most plants are
benefited by a term of free growth in the open air. Some
may be lifted every autumn, and can be trusted to do their
duty well, but others require to be treated on the alternate
system, flowering one year and resting the next ; while in the
case of bulbs, if we wish to raise our own stock, a longer
rotation will be necessary.
The treatment of pot plants at rest is a part of gardening
sadly set aside by the average amateur. The professional
gardener knows too well how much his future success depends
upon the care then given to neglect it. It is true that it is
not always easy to provide all the accommodation that is most
1 32 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
suitable, but it behoves every grower to make the best
preparation in his power for this purpose, remembering always
that the greenhouse itself is far from being the fittest place
in which pot plants, for the most part, can recruit their spent
strength and make ready for the next season's campaign.
All the above may seem to be trifling and unimportant
details, scarcely worth insising upon, for they come naturally,
as it were, to old gardeners; but it is a great help to a
beginner to be put on the right path from the outset, as
every one will bear witness who has gone through the
helpless stage of floundering in and out of initial difficulties.
CHAPTER XX
ROUTINE WORK
THE amateur gardener who is content to supply his green-
house with pot plants from a nursery, even though he be
willing to take some care of them when flowering is over,
loses a vast deal of enjoyment. The different processes of
seed-raising, of propagation by cuttings by various methods,
of the training and pruning of growing plants, are full of
interest, and give great zest to the occupation, which then
becomes a real recreation of the best type — which consists in
a change of work. To have nursed a seedling one's self, through
all its different stages, into a vigorous flowering plant, gives a
satisfaction which the finest effort of the nurseryman will never
bestow upon a mere purchaser.
A very simple form of Wardian-case and a set of bell-
glasses of various sizes are of the greatest assistance in
raising plants either from seed or from cuttings. The case
which I have long had in use was originally made with a
water-tank to be heated by a lamp burning beneath it, but
any artificial heating was dispensed with years ago. All that
is needed is a removable zinc tray, about 2 in. deep,
to hold a layer of damp sand on which the pots can stand.
It is, in fact, a mere glass-box with a sloping lid, standing on
legs of a convenient height, which may be made by any
one who is capable of handling carpentering tools. This
most useful piece of furniture can generally find a place in
some unoccupied corner of a greenhouse — preferably, of
134 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
course, in a working greenhouse, as it is not ornamental — and
is then always ready to take in a pot of cuttings or of
seed, and is invaluable all the year round. Seed-sowing is
not merely a springtide occupation. In almost every case
seeds vegetate more surely and freely when they are sown as
soon as ripe, though some are benefited by a short time of
waiting to harden and consolidate. The seeds of Primulas,
Anemones, Gentians, and many other plants will germinate
at once if sown as soon as they are gathered, but if they
are held over till the spring a few may come up, but it is
quite possible that there may be no crop of seedlings until
the following year — not because the seed is bad, but because
the vitality is in some degree lowered. For this reason, it is
not wise to discard any pan containing valuable seed, without
giving it the chance of germinating the following year. This
may seem a formidable trial of patience, but I have done
it many times and with success. Seeds should, therefore, be
not only collected, but sown, as soon as they are fit. Another
point to remember is that seeds can scarcely be sown too
thinly. It is much better to have a few strong plants than
dozens of spindlings elbowing themselves out of the seed-pan
and driving the raiser distracted trom inability to .cope with
them. Nature is prodigal in the matter of seed-sowing, but
she thoroughly understands the principle of the survival of
the fittest, and prepares for it in her seemingly rough and
ready way. Under cultivation, lavishness of this kind is
mere waste of life. Nothing is more fascinating than to
watch the germination and progress of seedlings, from the
unfolding of the cotyledons, through the processes of pricking-
out and shifting into pots of graduated size, until, after due
education in the way of training and trimming into shape,
they grow into fine specimen plants. The same may be
said of cuttings. The little slip that one begs of a kindly
neighbour and which responds to care by rooting and
ROUTINE WORK 135
thriving gives an infinity of pleasure by association and by
pride of skill. It is here that the bell-glasses come in as
valuable auxiliaries. A cutting has twice the chance of
striking if it be kept "close," as it is then sheltered from
trying variations of temperature, for its well-doing depends
largely on the leaves never losing their freshness and remaining
as far as may be in workable order. It may — possibly —
recover if put in water to revive after it has become limp, and
do well, but it is safer far, seeing that its leaves are its lungs,
never to let a cutting flag, so that there may be no interference
with the work of forming a callus. This term is applied to
the granulation of the tissues at the base of the cutting, and
shows that healthy action is going on, which will soon be
followed by roots. As a rule, a cutting will root much more
rapidly under a bell-glass, but the close treatment does not
answer in every case. A pelargonium, for example, roots
much more freely in full exposure to sun and light, and would
suffer from the damp still air of the bell-glass. It is very
necessary, in all cases, to lift the glasses at least once a
day to wipe off the condensed moisture within them, other-
wise the cuttings are apt to " damp off." It is difficult to
give any very definite rules as to the uses of bell-glasses.
Failure is probably due, when it occurs, to the cuttings
being in an unfit state to strike, but they are, when properly
used, indispensable additions to the amateur's garden outfit.
It is well always to remember the old garden adage that " In
spring you may bid your cutting to grow, but in autumn it
must be asked."
The training and pruning of pot plants are arts which must
be learnt by practice. The amateur seldom has courage to
use the knife as much as he should, but the beauty and
symmetry of most plants depend upon the treatment they
receive on this point. Many kinds, both of seedlings and
cuttings, have to be pinched back at an early stage to induce
136 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
bushy growth, otherwise they may run up with a bare
unsightly stem. If they are allowed to go ahead at their
own sweet will, it is a difficult matter to bring them back,
later on, into good shape. The time at which pruning is
done is also of great importance. Too often the cutting back
of a plant or shrub is neglected at the right moment — then, in
a fit of energy and ignorance, we set to work and find, too
late, that we have diligently cut away every hope of flowers for
the coming season. Deutzias flower on the young wood, and
any cutting away that is needed of the old branches should be
done immediately after flowering. Clematises may be taken
as another familiar example. The purple C. Jackmani
flowers in the autumn on the new growth of the current year,
and requires pruning back during winter before the shoots
begin to break. C. montana, as well as those of the large
earlier-flowering type (like C. lanuginosa), bloom, on the
contrary, on the wood of the last season, and merely need
thinning out, or must be cut back very sparingly when
flowering is over. The same rule applies to the charming,
half-hardy New Zealand species, C. indivisa. Many of the
fine hybrid forms of Clematis succeed well, not as climbers,
but in small pots, and are particularly well adapted for an
unheated greenhouse.
Roses on their own roots of the less vigorous type, such
as Catherine Mermet, are often sufficiently pruned by cutting
their flowers with a tolerably long stem, whereas stronger-
growers are the better for harder cutting back. A few shrubs,
like Brugmansia and Desmodium, will bear cutting down to
the ground level after flowering, and succeed all the better for
such drastic treatment.
ROUTINE WORK 137
WATERING
is one of the most critical operations of greenhouse work,
requiring both knowledge and judgment. The plan of going
round with a watering-pot and giving a driblet to every plant,
whether it wants it or not, is most injurious. Many a time
it happens when leaves are noticed to be flagging that more
water is given, when in reality the soil is saturated and the
plant is already suffering from over-doses which it has not the
power to assimilate. In potting, sufficient space should be
allowed below the rim of the pot to hold water. In hot, dry
weather this space may have to be filled up two, or even three,
times, in order that the soil maybe thoroughly moistened — espe-
cially when the potting has been as firm as it should be — after
which it will probably need no more for a day or two. Arums,
being water-plants, are all the better for standing in a pan of
water during growth, and a drop hanging from the point of
the leaf is a sign of perfect health. Heaths, though they
must never once be allowed to become dust-dry, will not bear
sodden, water-logged soil, which will decay the fine root-fibres,
and it is a matter of experience to keep the happy mean.
Succulent plants, on the other hand, must be kept dry rather
than moist, and in winter, as a general rule, require no water
at all, unless they show signs of distress by becoming shrivelled.
Almost all plants, however, during their growing season, will
take ample supplies, because it must be remembered that all
food reaches them in liquid form. When active growth
begins to lessen and life shows signs of ebbing, it is better
gradually to withhold water. Bulbs, especially those which
lose their leaves, require a season of complete rest, and usually
have to be kept dry. Cape bulbs, like Nerines and some
others, as before, said, enjoy a few weeks of roasting on a
sunny shelf or frame — the pots being turned on their sides,
138 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
the more surely to be safe from drip — and bloom all the
better for it. Scarborough Lilies (Vallota purpurea), on the
contrary, being more or less evergreen, must be kept growing
all the year round. The drying-off system, though admirable
in many cases, does not always answer — a fact which has been
proved with regard to Cyclamens, which formerly used to be
so treated. I had a fine Persian Cyclamen for many years,
treasured in memory of a friend, which literally gave hundreds
of flowers every season. The corm was re-potted immediately
after the blooming was over, and the pot sunk in a bed of hot-
bed refuse prepared for plants which were benefited by such
treatment and kept watered. The old leaves soon disappeared,
new ones taking their place almost at once, and nothing could
have been more satisfactory than the result. When I see it
stated, as I often do, that two-year-old corms of Cyclamen are
of little value, fit only for the rubbish-heap, I call to mind my
ancient comrade who fought the battle of life for many years
so bravely, and sigh to think of the waste of good plants
which, with a little care, might give delight to many who
cannot afford the luxury of buying them.
A brass syringe is a very useful help in watering — a shower
overhead being both refreshing and cleansing to most plants,
and a terror to red spider. Ferns, however, and more par-
ticularly Maidenhairs, though they love a damp atmosphere
about them, are not improved by having their fronds wetted.
In truth, there is scarcely any part of greenhouse work which
has to be learnt by experience so much as watering. Yet, oddly
enough, in the absence of the rightful owner the watering-pot
is generally entrusted with a light heart to any one willing to
undertake the office of using it, without a thought of
Nemesis.
A word may here be said on the use of Insecticides. In an
unheated greenhouse there should be little occasion for such
applications. Blight of all kinds, especially mealy-bug and
ROUTINE WORK 139
scale, naturally grow apace in the warmth and close atmos-
phere of the hot-house, but ought never to be found where
there is no artificial heat. Green fly and thrips are sometimes
troublesome, but a very little watchfulness and attention will
suffice to keep them under, and prevention is better than
cure. In a small greenhouse, a basin with a decoction of
quassia-chips, or even of plain water, and a small paint-brush
always at hand in use will keep the enemy at bay. On a
larger scale, fumigation occasionally will be necessary. When
plants are growing vigorously, there is little to fear from
insect pests, and towards this desirable end some kind of
artificial manure or plant food is often a great help, such as
bone meal — in certain cases to be mixed with the soil in
potting — or one of the many specialities advertised for the
purpose. Soot-water, made by putting a coarse canvas bag
containing a peck of soot into a barrel of rain-water and letting
it stand, after an occasional stir, until the liquid is of the
colour of strong tea and quite clear from sediment, is one of
the most valuable of fertilisers that can be used, and may be
safely given to Ferns as well as to flowering plants. It should
be diluted with rain-water when used, and given twice a week
during the growing- and flowering-period — a much better plan
than administering a strong dose haphazard. Stimulants of
all kinds must naturally be discontinued when plants are at
rest.
A garden-book in which entries are regularly made ot
plants received and from whence they come, with accurate
dates of seeds sown and of their germination, with all
other details of the kind which may strike the cultivator
as being noteworthy, helps to lift the routine of green-
house work out of the rut of mere commonplace, and
makes it at once more systematic and scientific. Such a
record faithfully kept, besides adding tenfold to our interest,
increases in value year by year, and can confidently be
140 THE UNHEATED GREENHOUSE
appealed to for the settlement of doubtful questions which
continually crop up.
It is a happy thing to have a working greenhouse of our
very own where we may find occupation, not in desultory
fashion, but with method and intent, and even make mistakes
at our own sweet will. In doing so we learn by experiment
the intricacies and the art as well as the delights of plant-
management, which neither gardener nor printed book can
teach so well as the practice of our own hands — so true is it
that one grain of experience is worth a whole bushel of
theory.
The unheated greenhouse has a future before it full of
possibilities, while on its experimental side there is a vast
amount yet for the most skilful to learn. On a large scale, it
is worthy of a palace, but like all other phases of garden-work
it belongs to no class and adapts itself to every home, bringing
beauty and solace as much into leisured as into toiling lives as
scarcely any other recreative occupation can. The trend of
modern out-door gardening is towards broad effects, grand
vistas, spreading lawns, and cascades of roses — in short,
towards all the garden luxury which lies within the scope of
ample space and riches at command — delightful beyond
words for those who can indulge in them. The unheated
greenhouse, while it appeals to these, for it may take on noblest
proportions, appeals first and foremost to the plant votary ol
another calibre and to a different sense. It is within the
compass, if need be, of moderate means and moderate powers
of health and strength, providing a calm and restful, yet suffi-
ciently absorbing, recreation at all times from the arduous
duties, or, it may be, labours of life, whereby the simplest
home and family festival may be glorified — or the hours of
harass and sorrow mitigated and soothed, while the tension of
anxious care is relaxed.
ROUTINE WORK 141
The earnest wish of my heart will be fulfilled if these prac-
tical hints, slightly, but not, I hope, carelessly, strung together,
may awaken greater interest in a branch of garden-work which,
for some special reasons, is beyond all others suited to rest
the weary brain without over-taxing a not too robust
physique.
APPENDIX
In offering the following lists it may be well to
state that the different classes of plants are arranged
under distinct heads no less for the sake of clearness
than with intention from a cultural point of view.
In starting work in an unheated greenhouse it is
desirable that the amateur gardener should choose
one or, at most, two of the classes named, according
to individual taste, making a specialty, for example,
of roses or bulbs or alpines, as the case may be,
rather than that he should attempt to grow a mis-
cellaneous selection in which each separate plant
requires a different treatment.
The subjoined lists make no claim to be descrip-
tive, but simply supply practical hints from past
experience as to the treatment of the plants named,
which it is hoped may be helpful.
( 145 )
A SELECTION OF PLANTS SUITABLE FOR
FLOWERING IN AN ALPINE HOUSE
FROM JANUARY TO MAY
Many Alpines admirable for the Rock Garden are purposely
omitted from this list as unsuitable for various reasons, whilst
some are named which are equally available for an ordinary un-
heated greenhouse. These are marked with an asterisk*.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
*Adonis amu-
6-12 ins.
N. China
Rich
Ranunculaceae. Much ear-
rensis
Yellow
Jan.-Feb.
sandy
lier than A. vernalis,
loam
which it somewhat re-
sembles. The Japanese
have taken this plant in
hand, and by hybridis-
ing have obtained many
finely-coloured varieties,
which will probably soon
find their way into our
gardens.
Anemone apen-
6 ins.
Italy
Loam
Ranunculacege. Apennine
nina
Lavender
March
and leaf-
Wood-anemone.
-blue
mould
blanda
6 ins.
Greece
it
The earliest form of Wood-
Deep-
Jan.-Feb.
anemone. A. bl. Scy-
blue
thinica is a pure white
variety.
*fulgens
9 ins.
S. Europe
Loam
Almost all alpine anemones
Scarlet
Feb.-Mar.
and a
are beautiful, and may be
little lime
grown with success for
Pulsatilla
6-9 ins.
N. Europe
,,
the Alpine house, but the
(Pasque flower)
Mar. -Apr.
,,
four species mentioned
are the most generally
satisfactory for pots in
early Spring.
K
146
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Sou.
General Remarks.
Androsace Lag
3 ins.
Pyrenees
Sandy
Primulaceos. Many other
geri
Pink
March
peat and
species besides the two
sarmentosa
4-6 ins.
Himalayas
loam with
named of these delicate
Rose
Apl.-May
leaf-
alpine plants are grown
mould
in pans and flower well in
the Alpine house at Kew.
Wedge between small
pieces of stone.
Arabis albida fl
4-6 ins.
Hort. var.
Ordinary
Cruciferae. A handsome
pi. (White
White
March
loam
double form of the well-
Rock-cress)
known white Rock-cress.
New and good.
Aubrietia del
3-6 ins.
S. Europe
Sandy
Cruciferae. Many fine
toidea (Purple
Lilac-
Mar. -May
loam
garden varieties of Au-
|Rock-cress)
purple
bretia have been raised
of late years, varying
much in tones of colour
from pale purple to al-
most crimson.
Bongardia Rau-
6 ins.
Persia
Sandy
Berberideae. An interest-
wolfii
Golden
April
peat and
ing and pretty plant, apt
yellow
leaf-
to perish from damp when
mould
grown without protection.
*Cardamine
4-6 ins.
U.S.A.
Moist
Cruciferae. A desirable
rhomboidea
Lilac-
March
loam and
little plant, bright in
purpurea fl. pi.
purple
leaf soil
flower and easily man-
(Double Cuck-
aged. Plant in reserve-
oo-flower)
bed in summer.
*Conandron ra-
6 ins.
Japan
Sandy
Gesneracese. A remark-
mondioides
Pink to
May
peat
able and interesting plant,
purple
allied to Ramondia and
Haberlea. Introduced in
1879.
Dodecatheon
8-10 ins.
N. Ameri-
Moist
Primulaceae. Slender
Media (Ameri-
Purple,
ca
loam and
stems with umbels of
can Cowslip)
lilac, or
April
leaf-soil
pointed flowers with
white
petals turned back. Dis-
tinct and pretty. There
are several good species
and varieties. Shade
loving.
*Epimedium al-
6 ins.
Cent.
Peat and
Berberideae. All the Epi-
pinum
Crimson
Europe
loam
mediums are elegant both
and
March
in flower and leafage,
yellow
and as foliage plants
PLANTS SUITABLE FOR ALPINE HOUSE
i47
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
*alpinum ru-
Foliage
Japan
Peat and
alone form a distinct
brum
red-tintd
Mar.-Apl.
loam
feature in an alpine house.
*macranthum
10-12 ins.
Japan
,,
White
April
*pinnatum
12-15 ms-
Persia
,,
Apl.-May
Erysimum alpi-
6 ins.
Norway
Ordinary
Cruciferae = Cheiranthus
num (Alpine
Sulphur-
April and
loam
alpinus. A well-known
Wall-flower)
yellow
May
plant.
Galax aphylla
3-6 ins.
N. Ameri-
Moist
Diapensiaceae. Chiefly re-
(Wand Plant)
White
ca
peat and
markable for its beautiful
May
leaf-soil
red shining leaves during
winter. Difficult to grow
well.
*Gentiana acau-
2-4 ins.
European
Moist
Gentianeae. Like the last-
lis(Gentianella)
Deep
Alps
loam and
named, these can be
blue
Mar.-Apl.
leaf-soil
grown in pans kept moist
and cool out of doors
verna
1-3 ins.
,,
Boggy
during summer. Gen-
Bright
April and
peat and
tians succeed best when
blue
May
leaf-soil
raised from seed sown as
soon as ripe and disturbed
as little as possible after-
wards except for an occa-
top-dressing.
Geranium ro-
6-9 ins.
Britain
Ordinary
Geraniaceae. Though only
bertianum al-
White
Mar. -May
loam
a form of a common Eng-
bum
lish wilding, this white-
flowered Crane's bill may
be grown into an ex-
tremely elegant plant.
Haberlea rhodo-
4-6 ins.
Roumelia
Sandy
Gesneraceae. Somewhat
pensis
Lilac
Mar.-Apl.
peat and
like a miniature gloxinia
leaf -soil
with the habit of Ramon-
dia. Plant in a deep pot
with a cleft at the side,
wedging the roots be-
tween stones, so that it
may grow in a vertical
position against the side.
Houstonia cce-
3-4 ins.
Virginia
Sandy
Rubiaceae. Forms dense
rulea (Bluets)
Blue or
April and
peat
tufts crowded with flow-
white
May
ers, and may be used for
surfacing pots in which
tall bare-stemmed plants
are growing.
APPENDIX
*~
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
lonopsidium a-
2 ins.
Portugal
Ordinary
Cruciferae. A useful little
caule (Violet
Lilac
Feb. -May
loam
annual for many purposes
Cress)
and may be had in flower
at any season from suc-
cessive sowings. Sows
itself freely.
Isopyrum tha-
9- 1 2 ins.
Europe
Sandy
Ranunculacese. A grace-
lictroides
White
Mar.-Apl.
loam
ful little plant, with fo-
liage somewhat like Mai-
denhair fern.
Lithospermum
3 ins.
S. Europe
Sandy
Boragineae. A trailing
prostratum
Gentian
April
loam
evergreen, constantly in
blue
flower and makes a good
pan.
Lysimachia cris-
6-9 ins.
China
Primulaceae. A dwarf
pideus
Pink
Mar.
branching plant, flower-
ing profusely for a long
time. Of recent intro-
duction.
Mertensia al-
6-10 ins.
Rocky Mts.
Ordinary
Boragineae. A charming
pina
Light
April
loam
little alpine. Another
blue
sp., M. primuloides, flow-
Leaves
ered in Alpine house,
glaucous
Kew, April and May,
1902.
Morisia hypo-
2-3 ins.
Sardinia
Damp
Cruciferae. A pretty little
gaea
Yellow
Mar. and
sandy
plant for growing amongst
April
loam
stones half-sunk in a pan.
Myosotis alpes-
2-3 ins.
Europe
Rich
Boragineae. The Forget-
tris
Bright
April
moist
me-nots make charming
blue
and May
loam
ing pot plants. A garden
azorica
4-8 ins.
Azores
Sandy
form of M. azorica — Im-
Deep
May
loam
peratrice Elizabeth — is
blue
often so grown, making a
*dissitiflora
6 ins.
Switzer-
Ordinary
sturdy little bush of
Sky-blue
land
light
about 6 ins. high and
Jan. and
loam
flowering profusely.
Feb.
*Nierembergia
Creeping
La Plata
Moist
Solanaceae. A fine trail-
rivularis
White
May
sandy
ing plant when well
loam and
grown, rooting at the
leaf-
joints. Large white
mould
flowers.
PLANTS SUITABLE FOR ALPINE HOUSE
149
Name.
Height and
Colour.
:X
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
Genera Remarks.
OmphalodesLu
4-6 ins.
Greece
Sandy
Boragineae. A very lovely
ciliae
Lilac-
April and
loam
mountain plant.
blue
May
Leaves
glaucous
Onosma albo
3-6 ins.
Asia
Sandy
Boraginese. Liable to
roseum
White
minor
loam and
damp off in wet seasons
echioides (Gol
and rose
April
peat
out of doors, therefore
den Drop)
4-6 ins.
S. Europe
suitable for cold house
stellulatum
Yellow
April
where the climate is un-
tauricum
6-10 ins.
Caucasus
M
genial. O. echioides is a
yellow or
May
biennial.
white
Papaver alpi
3-6 ins.
Alps
Ordinary
Papaveraceae. Best treated
num
Orange
N. Europe
sandy
as an annual. Sown in
to white
Spring
kam
August or September will
flower in early Spring.
Phlox amrena
6-9 ins.
U.S.A.
Sandy
Polemoniacess. The two
Rosy-
May
loam
first make pretty pot-
pink
plants. The trailing
divaricata ca-
9-12 ins.
N. Am.
lt
species do better for pans
nadensis
Blue
May
or edging troughs.
reptans
Crteper
Alleghany
,,
Purple
Mts.
April
subulata
Creeper
St. of N.
,,
(Moss-pink)
Pink-
York
^
lilac and
March
v
white
Polemonium
6 ins.
N. West
Sandy
A variety more easily
Jacob's Ladder
White
America
loam and
grown than the beautiful
(confertum)
April and
leaf-soil
typical form with deep-
v. melitum
May
blue flowers.
Primula
Primulaceae. The primu-
*denticulata
Sins.
Himalaya
Rich
las are amongst the most
Lilac or
Feb. on-
moist
interesting of Alpine
white
wards
loam
plants, and there are
marginata
3-4 ins.
Switzer-
,,
many more species than
Lilac
land
can be enumerated here.
Mar.-Apl.
P. marginata has leaves
silver-edged with farina.
megasesefolia
4-6 ins.
P. megaseaefolia is a valu-
Purple
Feb.
able new species.
onwards
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
pubescens alba
3-6 ins.
Hybrid
Sandy
P. pubescens alba = ni-
White
April
loam
valis is a charming plant.
Reidi
2-3 ins.
Himalaya
Sandy
P. Reidi is a choice little
White
Apl.-May
peat
primrose. The possessor
rosea grandi-
4 ins.
Kashmir
Moist
of an alpine house should
flora
Rose
Apl.-May
loamy
turn his attention to this
peat
delightful genus. All the
viscosa
2-4 ins.
Pyrenees
Light
primulas love coolness
Rosy-
May
loam and
and moisture.
purple
leaf-
mould
&c.
Primulina Ta-
4-6 ins.
N. China
Sandy
Gesneraceae. A recent in-
bacum
Violet
Spring
loam and
troduction.
leaf-
mould
Ramondia py-
3-4 ins.
Pyrenees
Sandy
Gesneraceae. This may be
renaica (Ro-
Purple or
Apl.-May
peat
grown in a cleft pot in an
sette Mullein)
white
almost upright position
with advantage.
serbica var.
3 ins.
Monte-
»»
The best variety.
Nathaliae
Lilac
negro
May
Ranunculus am-
3-9 ins.
Alps and
Ranunculaceae. A beauti-
plexicaulis
White
Pyrenees
ful alpine buttercup.
April
*Saxifraga api-
3-5 ins.
Hybrid
Gritty
Saxifrageae. A very large
culata
Primrose
Feb.-Apl.
loam and
genus including plants of
burseriana
2-3 ins.
Eur. Alps
leaf-
very different habit. Most
major
White
Jan.
mould
interesting and generally
onwards
and
easy to grow.
Boydi
2-3 ins.
Hybrid
chips of
Yellow
Feb -Mar.
lime-
Camposi
3-6 ins.
Spain
stone
Large
Spring
white
Grisebachii
4-5 ins.
Macedonia
tt
A new species highly spo-
Rose-
Jan. -Mar.
ken of, and one of the
pink to
earliest to flower.
purple
oppositifolia
Creeping
Eur. Alps
»
vars
stems
Feb. -Mar.
Purple
and
while
PLANTS SUITABLE FOR ALPINE HOUSE
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Rhei
2-4 ins.
Gritty
Pink
loam and
*Stracheyi (Me-
4-8 ins.
W. Hims.
leaf-
gasaea section)
Pink or
March
mould
&c. &c.
white
-April
and
chips of
lime-
stone
Schizocodon sol-
2-3 ins.
Japan
Sandy
Diapensiaceae. A most
danellioides
Rose
March
peat
beautiful plant of recent
introduction (1893), and
still scarce.
Sempervivum
3-4 ins.
Central
Gritty
Crassulaceae.
arachnoideum
(flower
Europe
loam and
(Cobweb House
stems)
May
leaf-
-leek)
Red
mould
*Shortia galaci-
2-3 ins.
N. Caro-
Fibrous
Diapensiaceae. One of the
folia
White
lina
loam and
gems cf the alpine house.
March
leaf-
This and the above schi-
mould
zocodon belong to the
same natural order, and
are worth any trouble to
establish. Both have a
tendency to deep-coloured
foliage, like Galax aphylla
— a near ally.
Soldanella alp-
3 ins.
Tyrol and
Moist
Primulaceae. Difficult to
in a var. Wheel-
Violet
Swiss Alps
sandy
flower. For culture in
ed
Mar.-Apl.
loam and
sphagnum moss see Chap,
peat
VI.
*Symphyandra
6-8 ins.
Transyl-
Sandy
Campanulaceae. Biennial.
Warmer!
Purple-
vania
loam
A very desirable plant
blue
May
nearly allied to Campa-
nula. Likes shade.
Thalictrum ane-
6 ins.
N. Ameri-
Moist
Ranunculaceae. An ele-
monoides
White
ca
sandy
gant little plant, best
March
peat
raised from seed.
*Tiarella cordi-
6-9 ins.
N. Ameri-
Ordinary
Saxifrageae. Rather larger
folia (Foam
White
ca
light
than most of the alpines
flower)
April
loam
given in this list, but
very useful. Feathery
white spikes.
Trientalis ame-
6-9 ins.
N. W. Am.
Sandy
Primulaceae. Very similar
ricana (Star-
White
April
peat
to the European species
flower)
but a finer plant.
152
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Viola calcarata
Creeping
Austrian
Moist
Violaceae. The New Hol-
stems
and
sandy
land violet (Erpetion re-
Purple
Swiss Alps
loam
niforme) is an interesting
Mar. -May
little plant, very similar
Munbyana
4-6 ins.
Algeria
H
in character to these al-
Purple or
Feb. -May
pine violets.
yellow
pedata (Birds-
6 ins.
N. Am.
,,
foot Violet)
Blue
May
( 153 )
BULBS AND TUBERS SUITABLE FOR ASSOCIATING
WITH ALPINE PLANTS IN FLOWER FROM
JANUARY TO MAY
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Brodisea sellowi-
6 ins.
Uraguay
Sandy
Liliaceae. A new species
ana
Yellow
Jan. -Mar.
loam
which flowers more or less
throughout the winter.
Colchicum mon-
3-4 ins.
S. Europe
Moist
Liliaceae. These species
tanum var.
Lilac-
Jan.-Feb.
sandy
of Colchicum, unlike C.
Ritchii
white
loam
autumnale, flower with
the leaves.
*Crocus Im-
3-6 ins.
Italy
Light
Irideae. C. Imperati is one
perati
Lilac and
Jan.-Feb.
sandy
of the first flowers of the
buff
loam
New Year in an alpine
Sieberi
2-3 ins.
Greek
M
house.
Lilac-
Mts.
self
Feb.-Mar.
Cyclamen coum
3 ins.
S. Europe
Sandy
Primulaceae. Unlike the
Asia
loam,
autumn flowering species,
minor
leaf-
these flower with their
Jan. -Mar.
mould,
leaves, which in C. coum
ibericum
Rose to
Caucasus
and lime-
are dark green but in C.
white
Feb.-Apl.
stone
ibericum are marbled
chips
with white.
Dicentra cana-
6 ins.
N. Am.
Rich
Fumariaceae. A pretty
densis (Squir-
White
April
loam and
Fumitory with fine-cut
rel-corn)
leaf-
glaucous foliage.
mould
Eranthis cilicica
i -6 ins.
Asia
Ordinary
Ranunculaceae. The well-
Yellow
minor
potting
known Winter Aconite.
Jan.
soil
Chiefly useful for its ex-
hyemalis
„
Europe
»
treme hardiness and ear-
liness. The first is rarer
and rather more delicate
in growth, but there is
little difference.
154
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
*Erythronium
3-6 ins.
Mts. of
Liliaceae. These rare Dog's
grandiflorum
Yellow
Washing-
Tooth Violets mostly have
robustum
ton
mottled leaves and make
March
beautiful and interesting
Hartwegi
4-8 ins.
California
Loam
pot-plants, being taller
Cream -
Mar.-Apl.
and more lasting in flower
white
than the well-known E.
Henderson!
4-6 ins.
Oregon
and
Dens canis.
Pale-
Mar.-Apl.
rose
Howelli
4-6 ins.
tt
peat
Pale
mauve
Johnston!
4-6 ins.
»
Rose-
pink
*Fritillaria au-
6 ins.
A. minor
Sandy
Liliaceae. F. aurea has a
rea
Yellow
March
loam and
large drooping bell yel-
pudica
4-6 ins.
Rocky
leaf-
low flecked with brown.
Yellow
Mts.
mould
A lovely plant. Several
April
bulbs should be grown
in a pan. F. pudica is
quite distinct.
Hyacinthusazu-
4-6 ins.
A. minor
Loam
Liliaceae. Several bulbs
reus
Sky blue
Jan.-Feb.
and leaf-
should be grown in a pot.
mould
Iris bakeriana
4-6 ins.
Armenia
Irideae. All here named
Blue and
Jan.-
are bulbous species. I.
violet
March
Heldreichi is very dis-
Danfordiae
3 ins.
A. minor
Rich
tinct, lasting long in
Yellow
Jan.-Feb.
gritty
flower, and one of the
*Heldreichi
2-5 ins.
A. minor
loam
most beautiful of the re-
Grey-blue
Jan.-Feb.
cent introductions from
and
and
Asia minor, only a few of
purple
which are given here.
*Histrio
4-6 ins.
Palestine
leaf-
Blue with
Jan.-Feb.
spotted
mould
falls
persica
3-4 ins.
Persia
Pale
Feb.-
bluish,
March
green and
violet
BULBS AND TUBERS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Leucojum ver-
6-8 ins.
Cent.
Ordinary
Amaryllideae. A well-
num (Spring
White
Europe
potting
known Spring bulb.
Snowflake)
Feb. -Mar.
soil
Merendera cau-
3-4 ins.
Caucasus
Moist
Liliaceae. Very like a
casica
Pale
Feb.-Mar.
sandy
small colchicum, to which
purple
loam
it is nearly related.
Narcissus Bul-
S. Europe
Sandy
Amaryllideae. These small
bocodium =
loam
Narcissi are all charming,
Corbularia
and
and with care do well and
(Hooped Petti-
leaf-
increase in pots. The
coat)
mould
bulbs are so small that
*vars. citri-
4-6 ins.
Feb. and
they are only suitable for
nus
Sulphur
a rock garden otherwise.
*conspicuus
4-8 ins.
March
Yellow
*monophylla
3-4 ins.
Algeria
White
Jan. -Feb.
Narcissus cy-
6-8 ins.
Portugal
Moist
N. cyclamineus has re
clamineus
Pale
March
soil
flexed petals, as denoted
yellow
by its name.
minor
4-6 ins.
Europe
Ordinary
These are the smallest
Bright
Feb.-
potting
Trumpet daffodils.
yellow
March
soil
minimus
3-4 ins.
triandrus
6-10 ins.
Spain and
Sandy
A charming little species
White to
Portugal
loam and
with many varieties. Well
sulphur
Mar.-Apl.
leaf-
adapted for pot culture.
mould
Petals reflexed.
Puschkinia scil-
4-8 ins.
A. minor
Rich
Liliaceae. Allied to Scilla.
lioides
White
March
sandy
striped
loam
blue
Scilla bifolia
6-8 ins.
A. minor
Sandy
Liliaceae. The best var. of
var. taurica
Bright
Feb.
loam
S. bifolia.
blue
sibirica
M
Siberia
M
or white
Feb.
Scoliopus Bige-
3-6 ins.
California
Sandy
A curious and attractive
lovii
Chocolate
Jan. -Feb.
loam
little bulb, in habit and
and
leaf like Erythronium,
brown
with a small three-petal-
led flower of remarkable
colouring. Introduced
about ten years ago.
'56
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
*Sisyrinchium
6-9 ins.
N.-W.
Sandy
Irideae. Eight to twelve
grandiflorum
Purple or
America
peat
should be grown in a pot,
white
Jan.-Feb.
as the habit is very
slender. It sometimes
will flower as early as
New Year's Day.
Tecophilsea cy-
6-9 ins.
Chili
Sandy
Haemodoraceae. The Chi-
anocrocus
Gentian-
Mar.-Apl.
peat and
lian Crocus. Pot in Au-
blue
leaf-
gust and keep rather dry
mould
until fairly growing.
( 157 )
HARDY BULBS AND TUBERS NOT MENTIONED
UNDER ALPINE HOUSE LIST
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Anemone coro-
Q-I2 ins.
S. Europe
Good
Ranunculaceae. The choi-
naria (Poppy
Early to
rich
cer kinds, especially the
anemone)
late
loam
double vars., are very
Spring
useful in early spring in
stellata
6-8 ins.
S. Europe
M
the quite cold green-
Rosy
Mar.-Apl.
house. There are several
purple
garden forms of A. stel-
or white
lata.
Brodiaea uni-
4-6 ins.
Buenos
Ordinary
Lily Order. A good many
flora
White or
Ayres
potting
new species of Brodiaea
pale blue
Mar.-Apl.
soil
have been introduced of
late years which may
prove useful as pot-plants
grouped with suitable fo-
liage, the stems being tall
and leafless.
Convallaria ma-
6-12 ins.
European
Rich
Lily Order. The vars. of
jalis
sandy
Lily of the Valley named
For tin's va-
White
Mar.-Apl.
loam
are amongst the best.
riety
" Victoria "
lt
tt
var.
Cyclamen euro-
4-6 ins.
Cent. Eur.
Sandy
Primrose Order. The au-
paeum
Purple-
Sept.-
loam and
tumn-flowering cycla-
red or
Oct.
leaf-
mens bloom before the
white
mould
leaves, but keep their
neapolitanum
6-8 ins.
S. Europe
and a
rosettes of beautifully
Aug.-Oct.
little lime
marbled foliage through
the winter and spring.
libanoticum
6-8 ins.
Lebanon
This is a recently intro-
Pale-
Feb.-Mar.
duced Spring - flowering
rose
species with rather large
foliagejand flowers.
i58
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Fritillaria Me-
12-15 ms-
British
Moist
Lily Order. Few of the
leagris
Che-
Mar.-Apl.
sandy
foreign species exceed our
quered
loam
own English Snake's
Purple or
Head Fritillary in beauty.
white
pallidiflora
9-12 ins.
Siberia
tt
Yellow
Spring
recurva
1 8-20 ins.
California
Orange-
April-
scarlet
May
2ft.
Gladiolus Col-
Hybrid
Loam
Iris Order. The well-
villei albus
White
Apl.-May
and
known gladiolus " The
sandy
Bride."
leaf-
mould
ramosus
2ft.
Hybrids
These belong to the early
(vars.)
Shades of
June-Aug.
summer flowering class.
scarlet
Iris cristata
4-6 ins.
U. S. A.
Ordinary
Iris Order. The Common
Lavender
Early
potting
Flag iris and the dwarf
-blue
summer
soil
I. pumila in their many
germanica
2-3 ft.
„
,,
beautiful forms will flower
Various
early under glass if grown
pumila
4-6 ins.
M
M
out of doors and lifted in
Various
Jan. For this purpose,
plants specially grown in
a reserved bed should be
used.
reticulata and
6-8 ins.
Caucasus
Sandy
These beautiful bulbous
Purple
Jan.
loam
irises, though quite hardy,
cyanea
Bright
to
and
are well worthy of the
blue
March
leaf-
shelter of glass.
Histrioides
Light
mould
violet
Krelagei
Red-
purple
Sophenensis
Varies
sindjarensis
9-12 ins.
Mesopota-
Sandy
A pretty new bulbous
Slaty
mia
loam
species.
blue and
March
cream
Xiphioides
2-3 ft.
Pyrenees
lt
English Iris is stronger
(English I.)
Various
July
growing with larger flow-
• ,
ers than the Spanish I.
HARDY BULBS AND TUBERS
159
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Xiphium
2-3 ft.
S. Europe
Sandy
(Spanish I.)
Blue,
May-
loam
yellow,
June
bronze,
&c.
Kniphofia
12-18 ins.
Hybrid
,,
Lily Order. These dwarf
corallina
Scarlet
Autumn
" Red-hot Pokers " make
Macowani
12-15 ins.
C. Colony
}J
good pot - plants, but
Orange-
August
should stand out of doors
red
until about to open their
flowers to get full colour.
Milla biflora
6 ins.
Mexico
Rich
Lily Order. The small
White
August
sandy
bulbs are apt to be lost
loam
unless grown in pots.
Narcissus (Scil-
Amaryllis Order. Indis-
ly White, &c.)
pensable for cold house.
For best vars. see any
good Catalogue of Spring
Bulbs.
Oxalis floribun-
9-12 ins.
Chili
Sandy
Geranium Order. The Sor-
da
Rose
Through-
loam
rels only open in sunshine
out
or under artificial light.
summer
incarnata
9-2 ins.
C. of G.
}i
Pale
Hope
lilac
Spring
lobata
2-3 ins.
Chili
„
Golden
Autumn
yellow
Ornithogalum
9-12 ins
S. Europe
Rich
Lily Order. Remarkably
nutans var.
White
March
sandy
effective under artificial
boucheanum
and
loam
light. Scarcely ever seen
green
in good flower out of
doors owing to slugs eat-
ing off the stems.
Paradisea
12-15 ins'
Switzer-
Rich
Lily Order. Like a minia-
Liliastrum ma-
Pure
land
sandy
ture Madonna lily.
jor (St. Bru-
white
April
loam
no's lily)
Ranunculus
8-12 ins.
S. Europe
Loam
Buttercup Order. These
asiaticus
Various
and Asia
and leaf-
may be grown in pots in
Early
mould
cool frames with plenty
Spring
of ventilation, as they
are easily drawn up
and spoilt by too much
i6o
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
coddling. Plant the
tubers in September and
October. Very ornamen-
tal when well managed.
Sternbergia
4-6 ins.
Caucasus
Ordinary
Amaryllis Order. Useful
fischeriana
Yellow
Jan.-Feb.
potting
from flowering in early
soil
winter, when the crocus-
like flowers are pretty.
Trillium
1 2- 1 8 ins.
N. Am.
Sandy
Lily Order. The American
grandiflorum
White
April
peat and
Wood -lily, so called.
leaf-
mould
Tulipa
8- 1 2 ins.
S. France
Loam
Lily Order. All kinds of
clusiana
Rose and
Spring
and leaf-
Tulips beginning with the
white
mould
early Van Thols and in-
fragrans
1 2 ins.
Algiers
,,
cluding many beautiful
Yellow
April
species as well as florists'
retroflexa
1 8 ins.
Hybrid
,,
varieties, are invaluable
Yellow
May
for the Spring months
from January (if planted
early enough) to June.
HALF-HARDY BULBS AND TUBERS.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Agapanthus
2-3 ft.
S. Africa
Good
Lily Order. Admirable in
umbellatus
Blue and
Summer
rich
pots and tubs for many
white
and
loam
purposes, and can be
var.
Autumn
stowed in an out-house
during winter.
Alstrcemeria pe-
12-15 ins-
Chili
Sandy
Amaryllis Order. A lovely
legrina alba
White
May-June
loam and
plant. Best grown in a
leaf-
long lily pot.
mould
and a
little peat
Anoiganthus
breviflorus
Arthropodium
2 ft. and
N. Zealand
Sandy
Lily Order. Beautiful
cirrhatum
upwards
May
loam
plants both in foliage and
White
and peat
branching heads of small
paniculatum
1 8 ins.
N. S.
but numerous flowers.
White
Wales
May
Begonias
Scarlet
Hybrids
Sandy
Begonia Order. A great
Tuberous
to white
loam and
summer show can be
vars.
and
leaf-
made with these popular
yellow
mould
plants, and the tubers can
be kept in sand or cocoa-
fibre in any safe place
away from winter frost.
Canna indica
Dwarf
Hybrids
Rich
Ginger Order. These are
and tall
Summer
loam and
most accommodating
vars.
and
sandy
plants, and are admirable
Shades of
Autumn
peat
both in foliage and flower.
scarlet
It is better to start the
and
)
root-stocks early in a cu-
yellow
cumber frame. These
can be stored during win-
ter in any dry frost-proof
place.
L
162
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Crinum Moorei
2-3 ft.
Natal
Rich
Amaryllis Order. These
Pale
Early
sandy
are remarkably fine plants.
pink
Summer
loam
The bulbs are large and
Powelli
2-3 ft.
Hybrid
,,
take large pots. Plenty
Rose red
of water in summer and
P. album
White
Summer
kept rather dry in winter.
Cyrtanthus
8-12 ins.
C. of G.
Sandy
Amaryllis Order.
angustifolius
Orange
Hope
loam
Slender elegant plants.
May
and
With care, the bulbs in-
lutescens
Lemon
Feb.-Mar.
fibrous
crease fast, especially C.
Macowani
Scarlet
Early
peat
McKenii.
McKenii
White
Summer
Dahlia cocci-
3-4 ft.
Mexico
Rich
Daisy Order. These
nea
Scarlet
Autumn
loam
species of Dahlia may be
Mercki ( =
2-3 ft.
Mexico
used with good effect for
D. glabrata)
Lilac
October
late autumn flowering.
Zimapani ( =
I -2 ft.
Mexico
For this purpose they
Cosmos di-
Dark
July-
should be plunged in the
ver sifolia)
maroon
October
open border, and all buds
picked off until they are
wanted to flower. Tubers
stored in winter.
Freesia refracta
10-12 ins.
C. of G.
Sandy
Iris Order. These succeed
alba
White
Hope
loam and
much better when grown
Leichtlinii
Yellow
lt
leaf-
without heat, but will
mould
bear no frost. There is a
pretty new species (F.
Armstrongi) with pink
flowers.
Funkia lanci-
1-2 ft.
Japan
Lily Order. A new late
folia, var. tar-
Lilac
Late
variety which should be
diflora
Autumn
inquired for.
Gladiolus
li-2 ft.
S. Africa
Rich
Iris Order. All the hybrid
Saundersii
Pale
Early
sandy
gladioli may be grown
scarlet
Autumn
loam
successfully in pots, but
Lemoinei
Various
Hybrids
should stand out of doors
Summer
until they flovsr to en-
nanceianus
,,
M
sure sturdy growth. Start
under glass.
Haemanthus
12 ins.
S. Africa Sandy
Amaryllis Order. Curious
albiflos
White
June loam
and interesting plants.
*puniceus
Orange-
,, and
The leaves of H. albiflos
salmon
fibrous
are evergreen. All re-
*sanguineus
Scarlet
,,
peat
quire a season of complete
*tigrinus
Crimson
April
rest and dryness after
flowering.
* Flowev-h«ads appear before the leaves.
HALF-HARDY BULBS AND TUBERS
163
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Iris fimbriata
I-I^ft.
China
Sandy
Iris Order. A charming
( = I. chinen-
Lilac-
Apl.-May
loam and
but rather tender species,
sis)
blue
leaf-
which is impatient of
mould
root disturbance. Stand
out of doors after flower-
ing.
Ixias
1 2- 1 8 ins.
S. Africa
Sandy
Iris Order. Ixias do best
Various
May-June
light
potted in October and
loam
sheltered in a cold frame.
Six or eight corms to a
5-in. pot. I. viridiflora is
one of the most beautiful.
Lachenalia
6-8 ins.
S. Africa
Loam
luteola
Yellow
May
with a
and red
large pro-
Lily Order. Beautiful and
Nelsoni
Golden
}>
portion of
easily-managed bulbs (see
pendula
Rosy
November
sharp
p. 58)
purple
coarse
tricolor
Yellow,
Early
sand
and vars.
scarlet,
and
purple
edged
Laipeyrousia
6- 10 ins.
S. Africa
Light
Iris Order. Charming
cruenta
Pale
June
sandy
little bulbs, which flower
carmine
loam
for a long time. Repot
( = Anoma-
Spotted
every season in Feb. or
theca)
crimson
March. Easily raised
from seed and flower the
following year.
Liber tia formo-
1 2- 1 8 ins.
Chili
Rich
Iris Order. A pretty and
sa
White
May
sandy
uncommon plant.
peat
Nerine corusca
10-12 ins.
S. Africa
Loam
Amaryllis Order. Most
Scarlet
All
and leaf-
beautiful bulbs with large
Fothergilli
,,
Autumn
mould
heads of flowers which
Sarniensis
Crimson
flowering
with
appear before the leaves.
(Guernsey
crushed
(See pp. 62, 63.)
lily)
charcoal
rosea
Rose-
is an
pink
excellent
pudica
White
compost
undulata
Pale
for these
pink
»"
1 64
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Ornithogalum
12-15 ins-
Spain
Sandy
Lily Order. Handsome
arabicum
White
Summer
loam
cool greenhouse bulbs.
aureum
6-12 ins.
Cape
and leaf-
Golden
June
mould
yellow
Oxalis Bowei
6-10 ins.
Cape
Sandy
Geranium Order. O. cer-
Deep-
August
light
nua is an excellent basket
rose
loam
plant for sunny positions.
cernua
6 ins.
Madeira
,,
(Bermuda buttercup.)
Lemon
April
enneaphylla
4 ins.
Fuegia
»
White or
June
pale pink
Pancratium
i-i£ft.
S. Europe
Very
Amaryllis Order. Fine
illyricum
White
Summer
sandy
sweet-scented flowers.
maritimum
,,
„
loam
Grow three in a large pot
P. illyricum is the har-
diest.
Richardiaaethio-
1-2 ft.
S. Africa
Rich
Arum Order. When
pica
White
May- June
loam and
brought on for early
leaf-
flowering, arums must be
\
mould
carefully protected from
frost in cold greenhouse
as the leaves are easily
injured. This plant is the
Pig-lily of Cape Colony,
where it will probably be
a lost plant in a few
years !
Roscoea pur-
6 ins.
Himalaya
Sandy
Ginger Order. This plant
purea
Purple
July-Aug.
loam
used to be grown in stove-
(Orchis -
and peat
heat, but has proved to be
like)
hardy in the southern
counties.
Sparaxis ( =
3-4 ft.
S. Africa
Light
Iris Order. Better known
Dierama)
and
sandy
as Sparaxis, but now
upwards
loam
Dierama. Treatment as
pulcherrima
Purple-
Autumn
for Ixias. Very fine
red
plants.
pendula
Lilac
June
Sprekelia
6- 1 2 ins.
Mexico
Sandy
Amaryllis Order. Jaco-
formosissima
Blood red
Mid-
fibrous
baea Lily. Remarkable
summer
loam and
in form and colour.
leaf-
Bulbs can be stored
mould
through the winter.
HALF-HARDY BULBS AND TUBERS
165
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Tropaeolum azu-
Slender
Chili
Sandy
Geranium Order. A single
reum
twiners
October
peat
tuber in a pot. Elegant
Sky-blue
and
and showy. It is best to
brachyceras
Yellow
Chili
leaf-
re-pot the tubers as soon
June
mould
as the foliage is dead.
tricolorum
Scarlet
Chili
tt
yellow
Apl.-May
and
black
Vallota pur-
1 2 ins.
S. Africa
Good
Amaryllis Order. The
purea
Scarlet
Summer
sandy
well-known Scarboro'
loam
lily. An evergreen bulb,
which must always be
kept growing and dis-
turbed as little as pos-
sible at the root
Veltheimia vi-
1 2- 1 8 ins.
S. Africa
Light
Lily Order. Bright green
ridifolia
Rosy-
Spring
loam
wavy leaves and a hand-
purple
and leaf-
some spike of pendulous
mould
flowers. Some varieties
are better coloured than
others. Easily managed.
Watsonia an-
1-2 ft.
S. Africa
Sandy
Iris Order. These require
gusta
Red
loam
the usual treatment of
var. Ardernei
White
C. Colony
and a
Cape bulbs — to be kept
and others
June
little
dry when at rest. The
peat
white var. is a compara-
tively new plant, and is
very fine.
Zephyranthes
6- 10 ins.
Virginia
Rich
Amaryllis Order. The
Atamasco
White
Early
sandy
Zephyr flowers are all
Summer
loam
pretty, but Z. carinata is
Candida
White
La Plata
,,
remarkably fine, and
September
worth any trouble to
carinata
Rose-
Central
M
succeed with. Several
pink
America
bulbs in a pot.
June
166
LILIES FOR POTS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Lilium
Ij-2ft.
Japanese
Sandy
One of the newer lilies,
Alexandra
Pure
hybrid
loam and
having been introduced
white
July-Aug.
leaf-
about ten years. Inter-
mould
mediate between L. au-
ratum andL.longiflorum.
Starts to grow early in
the year. Use deep pots
for mulching stem roots.
auratum
3-4 ft.
Japan
Moist
The well-known Golden
or more
June
sandy
Lily. Mulch the stem-
Ivory-
to
peat and
roots.
white
Sept.
leaf-
and gold
mould
Brownii
2-3 ft.
Japan
Sandy
A fine species, with long
White
July
loam
bell-shaped flowers with
with a
and
and
red anthers. Stem-
purple
Aug.
peat
roots.
line and
stained
purple
outside
candidum
2-4 ft.
S. Europe
Sandy
The Madonna Lily. No
Pure
and
loam and
stem-roots.
white
A. minor
leaf-
May
mould
Catesbaei
1-2 ft.
N. W.
Moist
A small but bright lily
Orange-
America
peat and
with erect bell-shaped
red
Summer
a little
flowers. Quite hardy,
spotted
sandy
but a little difficult to
maroon
loam
grow well.
Lilium davu-
2-3 ft.
Siberia
Rich
Flowers hi upright umbels.
ricum
Orange
July
sandy
flushed
loam
red
LILIES FOR POTS
167
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
elegans ( =
I ft.
Japan
Peat,
There are many hybrid
thunbergia-
Orange-
June
sandy
varieties of this fine
num)
scarlet
and
loam,
dwarf lily of different
July
and leaf-
shades of colour, such as
Vars. :
mould
those named.
alutaceum
Buff
atro-sangui-
Deep red
Stem-roots.
neum
citrinum
Lemon
yellow
Grayi
I £-2 ft.
Roan
Moist
An elegant lily with creep-
Red
Mts. of N.
sandy
ing rhizomes and no
spotted
Carolina
peat and
stem-roots.
purple
Spring
loam
Turn cap.
Krameri
2-3 ft.
Japan
Rather
Difficult, but worth any
Fragrant
Summer
stiff san-
trouble to grow well.
pink
dy loam
Stem-roots.
and peat
longiflorum
1-2 ft.
Japan
Light
White Trumpet Lily. One
Pure
June and
rich
of the most delightful
var. longiflo-
white
July
loam and
and satisfactory. The
rum insulate
sandy
Japanese form is stronger
(said to be
leaf-
and better suited for the
one of the
mould
present purpose than the
most robust
Bermuda-grown L. Har-
forms)
risi. Stem-roots.
Martagon
3-4 ft.
S. Europe
Sandy
A very fine lily for a shady
var. album
Pure
June
loam and
corner of conservatory or
white
leaf-
verandah grouped with
mould
foliage plants and robust
where it is happy. No
stem-roots.
philadelphi-
1 8 ins.
N. Am.
Moist
Leaves in whorls. Flowers
cum
and
July and
sandy
bell-shaped and erect. A
upwards
Aug.
peat
rather delicate lily, but
Orange
very pretty where it
spotted
succeeds. No stem-
roots.
rubellum
12-15 iQS-
Japan
Leaf-
One of the newer lilies.
Rosy-
June
mould
which promises to be a
pink
and
vigorous and very desi-
sandy
rable species. Four to
loam
eight funnel - shaped
flowers on a stem.
i68
APPENDIX
Name.
'Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
speciosum
2-3 ft.
Japan
Rich
Well known as L. lancifo-
vars. Kratzeri
White
July
loam,
lium. A charming species
roseum
Pink
to
peat, and
in all its varieties. Stem-
rubrum
Rose
Sept.
leaf-
roots.
mould
tenuifolium
12-15 ins.
Siberia
Sandy
A distinct and delicate
Scarlet
May
loam
little lily. Easily raised
Turn-cap
and June
and peat
from seed, and should be
constantly renewed. A
specialist's plant.
tigrinum
2-4 ft.
China
Sandy
Tiger-lily — an old garden
superbum
Full
and Japan
loam and
favourite, but extremely
apricot
Autumn
leaf-
desirable from its unu-
spotted
mould
sual shade of deep apricot.
chocolate
The variety named is con-
sidered the best for pots.
Readily increased by leaf-
bulbils. Stem-roots.
umbellatum
Vars.
European
Sandy
The garden form of L.
vary in
Alps
loam and
croceum. There are
height
leaf-
many varieties which are
Orange
mould
very handsome and hardy.
to
Heads of upright bell-
deep red
shaped cups. Stem-
roots.^
( '69 )
HARDY FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Acanthus
Ever-
Cent, and
Ordinary
Acanthus Order. These
latifolius
green
S. Europe
potting
make fine pot plants, and
spinosus
2-3 ft.
,,
soil
may be planted out to
recruit during the sum-
mer and lifted for winter
foliage.
Aralia Sieboldi
1-3 ft.
Japan
Rich
Ivy Order. A useful and
= Fatsia ja-
Ever-
potting
fine shrub either in a
ponica
green
soil
small or large state.
Araucaria
Ever-
More ton
Sandy
Conifers. These two pines
Bidwillii
green
Bay
loam and
are very useful in a small
excelsa
,,
Norfolk I.
leaf-
state, and may be grown
mould
in pots for years. They
can be raised from seed.
Bambusa
2-2$ ft.
China
Good
Grass Order. This is a
tessellata
Large
and Japan
rich
dwarf species, whichmight
leaved
loam
be employed in various
ways, but some of the
taller bamboos should be
tried. They are largely
grown in Italy in pottery.
Centaurea
1-2 ft.
S. Europe
Sandy
Daisy Order. Handsome
ragusina
Silvery
loam
where grey-toned leafage
foliage
is wanted.
Chamaecyparis
Dwarf
Japan
Rich
Conifers. Popularly
obtusa
Ever-
and
known as Retinosporas,
pisifera
green
rather
and valuable for winter
moist
greenery.
loam, but
well
drained
170
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
[Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Chamaerops
Dwarf
China
Rich
Palms. The first is now
excelsa
Ever-
and Japan
loam and
known as Trachycarpus
humilis (Har-
green
S. Europe
leaf-
excelsus. These dwarf
dy Fan Palms)
mould
Fan Palms are easily
raised from seed, and
though slow-growing (un-
less pushed on hi heat),
are useful at all stages
and very handsome when
well grown. C. humilis is
the dwarfer of the two,
and may be distinguished
by the spines upon the
leaf-stalks. They require
abundance of water in
summer.
Cupressus
Ever-
China
Light
Conifers. A very beautiful
funebris glau-
green
but rich
and distinct weeping Cy-
ca
with very
loam
press, which in a young
glaucous
state may be grown very
foliage
effectively in a pot.
Rather tender.
Danaea Laurus
Ever-
Portugal
Good
Lily Order. Alexandrian
= Ruscus ra-
green
rich
Laurel. Not often
cemosus
i ft. and
loam
grown as a pot-plant, but
upwards
sometimes succeeds well.
Eucalyptus glo-
Blue
Australia
Rich
Myrtle Order. Seedling
bulus
Gum-tree
loam and
plants quickly grow into
crushed
useful shrubs for the
charcoal
greenhouse where glau-
cous foliage is often of
advantage. E. citriodora
is another species often
grown in small pots for
its fragrant leaves.*
Eugenia Ugni
Ever-
Chili
Loam
Myrtle Order. A pretty
green
and leaf-
shrub at all times, and
White
mould
will fruit in an 8-in. pot.
flowers
The berries, which are
edible, give a delightful
scent to the greenhouse
when ripe.
E. globulua will stand a certain amount of frost, where there is no draught.
HARDY FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING
171
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Euonymus ra-
Dwarf
Japan
Ordinary
Spindle-tree Order. The
dicans varie-
Ever-
potting
var. named roseo-argen-
gatus
green
soil
teis with a tinge of red in
the variegation is the
best form.
Funkia (Plan-
Herba-
Japan
Rich
Lily Order. A flowering
tain Lily)
ceous
Autumn
sandy
plant, but invaluable as
gran di flora
1 2- 1 8 ins.
loam
greenery for associating
White
with other tall growing
flowers
lilies. Rather tender.
sieboldiana
Pale lilac
M
M
Beautiful glaucous foliage
flowers
of a peculiar shade. Quite
hardy.
Hedera. Helix
Climbers
British
Ivy Order. All kinds of
or
mostly
Ivy are invaluable for the
trailers
cold greenhouse, and may
Many varie-
be used in various ways —
ties, both
for screens, hanging-pots,
green and
&c. The smaller varieties
variegated
are best for pots. All can
be struck easily from cut-
tings, but some of the
variegated kinds are
rather tender and root
best under a bell-glass in
shade and moisture.
Miihlenbeckia
Ever-
New
Moist
Buckwheat Order. In a
complexa
green
Zealand
gritty
small state this makes a
climber
loam
pretty basket-plant. May
or
be freely cut, and the
trailer
dark stems with small
with long
Spleen-wort-like leaves
wiry
are very useful in floral
stems
decorations.
Myrtus commu-
Ever-
S. Europe
Sandy
Myrtle Order. Both the
nis
green
Fls. July
loam and
Common and the Box-
Many vars.
bush
leaf-
leaved Myrtles (fls. Sept.)
mould
are good stand-by plants
for cold greenhouse. Sy-
ringe often in summer.
Nandina domes-
Erect
China
Loam
Barberry Order. A hand-
tica
ever-
Red
and
some Bamboo-like plant.
green
fruit
sandy
Young foliage tinged with
3-5 *t.
peat
red.
172
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks*
Origanum Dic-
6-9 ins.
Crete
Sandy
Lavender Order. A pretty
tamnus
Grey-
Summer
loam
little plant with grey
green
woolly leaves and hop-
herb
like heads of flower with
pinky-green bracts.
Othonna cheiri-
9 ins.
N. Africa
M
Daisy Order. A semi-suc-
folia
Prostrate
culent perennial with
stems
glaucous foliage.
Yellow
fls.
Phalaris arun-
2-3 ft.
British
Moist
Grass Order. Useful for
dinacea varie-
sandy
foliage with early bulbs.
gata (Ribbon
loam
Several of the annual
Grass)
grasses may be grown in
pots for the same purpose
— e.g., Hordeum iubatum
(Squirrel tail grass), La-
gurus ovatus (Hare's tail
grass), and Briza maxima
(Quaking grass).
Polygonatum
l£-2 ft.
European
Rich
Lily Order. Invaluable
multiflorum
sandy
for arching foliage with
(Solomon's
loam
Spring bulbs.
Seal)
Reineckia car-
Creeping
Japan
Loam
Lily Order. Tufts of
nea variegata
rhizomes
and leaf-
lance-shaped leaves with
mould
cream- white stripes.
Senecio mari-
i-i^ft.
S. France
Sandy
Daisy Order. Better
tima
Silver-
loam
known as Cineraria man-
white
tima. Easily raised from
foliage
seed, but a good variety
should be selected and
increased by cuttings.
mikanoides
Climber
S. Africa
Ordinary
Useful where a quick
(German Ivy
potting
growth is wanted for
soil
trellis or otherwise. Na-
turalised in Cornwall, but
must not be mistaken for
Cape Ivy (S. macrog-
lossus), which is more
tender.
HARDY FOLIAGE PLANTS FOR GROUPING
173
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Sibthorpia euro-
Minute
British
Moist
Foxglove Order. The
paea variegata
trailer
peat and
green-leaved type is a
loam
rare British plant, car-
petting boggy spots in
Cornwall. The variegated
form is a charming little
trailer, each little leaf
being bordered with white
and succeeds well with
living sphagnum in a
basket.
Veronica cu-
Dwarf
N. Zealand
Moist
Foxglove Order. These
pressoides
shrub
sandy
interesting shrubby Ve-
1 2 ins.
loam and
ronicas somewhat resem-
leaf-
ble certain forms of Coni-
Hectori
1-2 ft.
„
mould
fers. They are often
allowed to starve for want
of water.
( 174 )
FERNS (BRITISH AND FOREIGN)
The soil in which most ferns will flourish is sandy peat and
leaf-mould.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Genera Remarks.
Adiantum Ca-
pillus-veneris
var. grande
6- 1 2 ins.
Temp.
Zone
Evergreen. There are many va-
rieties of the Common Maidenhair.
This is a fine sort with very large
leaflets.
pedatum
9-12 ins.
N. Am.
Deciduous. Other Adiantums,
such as A. cuneatum and A. for-
mosum; will succeed perfectly
where frost is excluded, but are
Aspidium acule-
atum, var. pro-
liferum
1-2 ft.
British
only half-hardy.
Prickly-shield Fern. Many beau-
tiful varieties.
falcatum
Lonchitis
12-15 ins.
10-18 ins.
Japan
Temp.
Holly Fern.
zone
Asplenium
Adiantum-ni-
4-12 ins.
British
Black Maidenhair Spleen wort.
" French Fern " of the florist.
grum
bulbiferum
1 2- 1 8 ins.
Australia
A vigorous and useful fern.
or more
Ceterach
3 ins. in
dense tuft
British
Scaly Spleen-wort.
Felix-foemina
var. plumosum
flaccidum
2-3 ft.
Long
H
Australia
Lady Fern. Many very beautiful
forms.
A form of A. bulbiferum.
weeping
fronds
marinum
4-12 ins.
British
Sea Spleen- wort. Grows best in
moist shade, sheltered from
draught.
FERNS (BRITISH AND FOREIGN)
175
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Trichomanes
Tufts Of
British
Maidenhair Spleenwort. This and
narrow
A. Ceterach are good for moist
fronds
rock work at the edge of a green-
house pool or fountain.
Blechnum Spi-
9-12 ins.
British
Hard fern. Bog soil kept moist.
cant ( = Lo-
and upw.
Many good forms. Evergreen.
maria)
Cheilanthes fra-
2-4 ins.
S. Europe
Half-hardy. A small but beautiful
grans
fern and sweet-scented.
Cryptogramma
6-10 ins.
N. Temp.
Parsley Fern. Deciduous. Plant
crispa
zone
between stones in pot or pan.
Cystopteris
Bladder Fern. A deciduous species.
bulbifera
N. Am.
Multiplied by numerous small
fragilis
British
dark-green bulblets, which fall and
become new plants. C. fragilis is
also deciduous but very hardy and
elegant. Suitable for small rock-
work.
Davallia cana-
i2-i8ins.
Canaries
Hare's-foot Fern. Deciduous and
riensis
half-hardy.
Doodia aspera
6-12 ins.
Temp.
Evergreen, but half-hardy.
Australia
Nephrodium di-
2-3 ft.
British
Broad Buckler Fern.
latatum
Filix-mas
i-3 ft.
„
Male Buckler Fern.
hispidurn
1 2- 1 8 ins.
N. Zealand
Half-hardy.
Nephrolepis ex-
1-2 ft.
Tropics
This fine fern, though tender, will
altata
succeed with care in a room in
winter. Greenhouse where it can
be kept rather moist in summer.
Onoclea ger-
N. Temp.
Ostrich Fern. These are large-
manica ( =
zone
growing, handsome ferns, belonging
Struthiopteris
but not
to the so-called Flowering Ferns
germanica)
British
like Osmunda. Better for planting
sensibilis
N. Am.
out than for pots.
Onychium ja-
12-15 ins>
China and
A light graceful fern suitable for
ponicum
Japan
pots.
Osmunda cinna-
2-3 ft.
Canada
Flowering Ferns.
momea
claytoniana
1-2 ft.
Himalayas
andN.
America
regalis
2-4 ft.
British
Royal Fern.
Pellaea hastata
6-12 ins.
S. Africa
A pretty half-hardy species.
i76
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Polypodium au-
1-2 ft.
Tender, but does well in a room in
reum
winter.
Dryopteris
6-10 ins.
British
Oak Fern. Deciduous.
Phegopteris
6-9 ins.
»»
Beech Fern. Deciduous.
var. crista-
A fine crested form.
tum
P. vulgare
British
Common Polypody and fine varie-
var. cambri-
9-12 ins.
ties. This fern likes plenty of
cum
moisture both at the root and on
var. elegantis-
»
the fronds.
simum
Pteris cretica,
6-12 ins.
Crete
Brake Ferns — the group to which
var. albo-li-
our common Bracken belongs.
neata
P. cretica and P. serrulata are
scaberula
12-15 ins.
N. Zealand
amongst the best known of our
ordinary greenhouse ferns.
serrulata
9-18 ins.
China
The common Ribbon Fern.
tremula
2 ft. and
Australia
A handsome pale green species.
upwards
Scolopendrium
6- 1 8 ins.
British
Hart's tongue, of which there are
vulgare
many beautiful frilled and crested
varieties.
Trichomanes ra-
4-12 ins.
Ireland
The Killarney Fern. A very fine
dicans
fern, but, like all the Filmy ferns.
succeeds best under a bell-glass or
in a Wardian Case.
Woodsia hyper-
3-6 ins.
Arc.
Small tufted ferns, liking coolness
borea
Europe
and moisture.
ilvensis
3-6 ins.
I. of Elba
obtusa
6-9 ins.
U. S. Am.
Woodwardia ra-
2-3 ft.
A very large handsome fern of
dicans
drooping habit, proliferous at the
tips of the fronds.
177 )
FERN ALLIES
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Equisetum syl-
vaticum
Selaginella den-
ticulata
helvetica
uncinata
1-2 ft.
Trailing
and
moss-like
British
S. Europe
Switzer-
land
China
Wood Horse-tail. A very elegant
plant, too spreading to plant out,
but may be grown in a pot or pan
to sink amongst stones at the edge
of greenhouse pool.
The ordinary " Lycopodium."
A very hardy species, but does not
mat so much. Excellent for
feathering up damp stones.
The blue-tinted Selaginella = S.
caesia. Half-hardy. Cuttings put
in early in autumn will winter well
under a bell-glass, and will make
good plants for the following
season.
FLOWERING SHRUBS WHICH MAY BE GROWN
IN POTS (MISCELLANEOUS)
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Abelia rupes-
i -3 ft.
China
Sandy
Honeysuckle Order. Flow-
tris
Lilac-
Autumn
peat and
ers in a small state, and
white
loam though not showy, the
pale-tinted flowers with
chestnut-red calices are
very effective. Good for
large basket.
Azalea (Rhodo-
1-2 ft.
China
Moist
Heath Order. The com-
dendron) in-
White
and
sandy
mon Azalea flowers with
dica
and red
Japan
peat
its leaves. The A. mollis
Early
and
section is deciduous and
Spring
loam
the large flowers precede
sinensis =
„
,,
,,
the foliage. Those ordi-
mollis
Orange
Middle
narily known as Ghent
and
season
Azaleas have a good deal
yellow
of the character of the
shades
N. American and Cauca-
Ghent
Pale
Hybrids
sian species (Honeysuckle
pink,
Latest
Azaleas). It is a good
sulphur,
to
plan to plunge Azaleas of
or white
flower
all kinds in the open
ground during the Sum-
mer, and to re-pot in
early Autumn. In flower
according to treatment
from February (the
earlier) to May.
Berberis Dar-
2 ft. or
Chili
Rich
Barberry Order. These
wini
more
April
sandy
answer well in pots.
Orange
loam
Plunge out of doors du-
Ever-
ring Summer and prune
' )
green
back as needed after
flowering.
FLOWERING SHRUBS
179
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
stenophylla
Arching
Hybrid
branches
Feb. Mar.
Bright
yellow
Brugmansia
3-4 ft.
S. Am.
Rich
Night-shade Order. These
sanguinea
Orange
Late
sandy
handsome shrubs may be
suaveolens
3-4 ft.
Summer
loam and
grown in tubs and cut
White
leaf-
down as soon as flowering
mould
is over ; or as standards.
Protect during Winter and
bring into greenhouse as
soon as fear of frost is
over. Few things repay
a little care more fully.
Camellia japo-
From 1 8
Japan
Sandy
Camellia Order. Quite
nica
ins. and
Spring
peat
hardy, but the flowers are
upwards
and
the better for protection
Shades of
loam
from weather. C. reticu-
red to
lata (large growing) is one
white
of the finest.
reticulata
Semi dble
China
Bright
rose
Sasanqua
Dwarf
China
small-fld.
single
Caryopteris Mas-
2 ft. or
China
Sandy
Verbena Order. A late
tacanthus
more
October
flowerer out-of-doors; and
Lavender
rather tender, for which
-blue
reason it is often grown
for the greenhouse in
Autumn.
Cassia corym-
2 ft. and
Buenos
Rich
Broom Order. A hand-
bosa
upwards
Ayres
sandy
some shrub, which will
Yellow
loam and
grow for years and flower
peat
well in a large pot.
Cercis Siliquas-
Tree
S. Europe
Rich
Broom Order. It is not
trum
Purple
May
sandy
generally known that the
or rose
loam
Judas Tree can be easily
raised from seed, and
1
flowers well in a small
i
1
state.
i8o
APPENDIX
Name*
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil General Remarks.
Choisya ternata
2 ft. and
Mexico
Rich
Rue Order. A popular
(Mexican
upwards
Spring
light
shrub. Plunge out of
Orange-flower)
loam
doors after flowering.
Prune when needed after
flowering.
Clematis caly-
Climber
Corsica
Rich
Buttercup Order. The Bale-
cina
ever-
Jan.-
loam
aric Clematis,with its dark
green and
March
and a
bronze-green foliage and
winter
little
pale spotted bell flowers,
flowering
lime
is distinct and pretty if
greenish
well grown and trained.
white
montana
Climber
Himalaya
,,
The well-known Mountain
White
Mar.-Apl.
Clematis may be used in
the same way. The large-
flowered hybrid clema-
tises are now often used
for spring decoration ;
grown in 5 -in. or 6-in.
Cistus lusitani-
i-i^ft.
Portugal
Sandy
pots for the greenhouse.
cus
White
May-
peat and
Cistus Order. A lovely
with
June
loam
little shrub with flowers
crimson
nearly as large as those of
spots
the Gum Cistus, falling
purpureus
2-4 ft.
Levant
,,
but renewed each day.
Purple
June
More tender, but a good
spotted
greenhouse plant, with
Coronilla Erne
3 ft. and
S. Europe
Loam
fragrant leaves.
rus (Scorpion
upwards
Spring
and
Broom Order. A bright
Senna)
Bright
sandy
and beautiful spring flow-
yellow
peat
ering shrub.
glauca
I £-2 ft.
S. Europe
C. glauca is very useful
Sea-green
October
on account of its late
foliage
and
blooming.
and pale
November
yellow
flowers
Cytisus fragran
Yellow
Canary
Sandy
Broom Order. Hardy in
Islands
loam
the southern counties,
filipes
White
Teneriffe
and may be grown in
racemosus
greenhouse protected
from actual frost. C.
filipes is very graceful as
a weeping plant grafted
on laburnum.
FLOWERING SHRUBS
181
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Deutzia gracilis
1-2 ft.
Japan
Rich
Saxifrage Order. Cut out
White
Mar.-Apl.
sandy
old wood and plunge in
Lemoinei
White
Hybrid
loam
open air as soon as new
and
growth is fairly strong.
Kalmaeflora
pink
Many new and desirable
hybrids have been raised.
DierviUa(=Wei-
2 ft. and
Japan
Good
Honeysuckle Order. A
gela) hortensia
upwards
May
moist
remarkably fine bush in
nivea
Pure
sandy
foliage and flower. Rather
white
loam
tender. The only one o
the Weigelas suitable for
the greenhouse.
Echium calli-
2-3 ft.
Canary
Sandy
Forget-me-not Order. A
thyrsum
Gentian-
Islands
loam and
striking and beautiful
blue
peat
Bugloss.
Fabiana imbri-
1-2 ft.
Chili
Loam
Night-shade Order. This
cata
White
Apl.-May
and
plant is often mistaken
sandy
for a heath, which it
peat
much resembles.
Fuchsia corym-
2-3 ft.
Peru
Rich
Evening Primrose Order.
biflora
Deep
Summer
sandy
A very handsome species,
scarlet
loam
seldom seen now. Large
crimson
and
leaves with red mid-rib
fulgens
i ft.
Mexico
leaf-
and long slender drooping
Orange-
Summer
mould
flowers. F. fulgens is
scarlet
also fine and distinct.
procumbens
Creeping
N. Zealand
The N.Z. species makes a
Flowers
pretty basket-plant when
incon-
well set with rosy- purple
spicuous
fruit. All kinds of fuch-
sias are admirable for
summer and autumn in
the cold greenhouse, be-
cause the leafless plants
can be stored away with-
out difficulty during win-
ter.
Forsythia sus-
Long
China
Rich
Olive Order. This will
pensa
arching
and Japan
loam and
make a charming pot-
branches
Feb.
leaf-
plant for very early
Yellow
mould
spring. After flowering,
the shoots should be cut
back hard, and new
growth encouraged for
the next season.
182
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Gillenia trifo-
1-2 ft.
N. Am.
Moist
Rose Order. An elegant
liata
Pink and
June and
sandy
little shrub somewhat like
white
July
peat and
Spiraea.
loam
Hydrangea hor-
1-2 ft.
China
Rich
Saxifrage Order. No spe-
tensia
Pink or
Early
gritty
cific compost has yet been
blue
summer
loam
discovered to give blue
to
flowers without fail.
autumn
Crushed Cornish granite
var. Thomas
Pure
in the soil and sea-air
Hogg
v.'hite
seem to favour their pro-
duction. The white var.
is very good.
Hypericum chi-
8-12 ins.
China
Sandy
St. John's Worts. A pretty
nensis
Yellow
Spring
loam
low-growing, spreading
shrub for a basket. Flow
ers 2 ins. across.
Kerria japonica
2 ft. and
Japan
Good
Rose Order. The single
upwards
Early
sandy
form is very pretty and
YeUow
spring
loam
not very common.
Lonicera frag-
Low
China
Light
Honeysuckle Order. This
rantissima
Ever-
Jan.-
rich
is not showy, but is wel-
green
Feb.
loam
come from its very early
climber
sweet-scented flowers.
Magnolia stel-
i-3 ft.
Japan
Rich
Magnolia Order. A lovely
lata
White
Feb.-Mar.
sandy
species, and the one most
loam and
suitable for pots. Should
leaf-
be plunged in a warm
mould
sheltered position during
summer. M. conspicua is
sometimes used in the
same way for a large con-
servatory.
NeriumOleander
Ever-
Palestine
Moist
Periwinkle Order. The
and varieties
green
and
rich
best varieties of Oleander
3-4 ft-
S. Europe
loam and
both single and double,
Pink,
Late
leaf-
are of continental origin.
white, or
summer
mould
They should be grown in
buff
a sunny open air posi-
tion during early summer
and may stand in a deep
saucer of water. This
should be discontinued
after flowering is over,
when the plants go to
FLOWERING SHRUBS
'83
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
rest and may then be cut
back. Much grown all
over the continent even
by the peasants, who
winter their plants in-
doors in cowsheds or
cellars.
Pernettya mu
Ever-
Straits
Moist
Heath Order. Very effec-
cronata
green
of
sandy
tive when in fruit during
I £-2 ft.
Magellan
peat and
late autumn and winter.
Fls. whitt
leaf-
Many varieties with large
with
mould
berries of various shades
coloured
of pink, red, purple, to
berries
white.
Pieris ( =» An-
2-4 ft.
U. S. A.
Moist
Heath Order. Evergreens
dromeda) flori-
White
Mar.-Apl.
peat
with waxy Arbutus-like
bunda
and
flowers. These do best
japonica
3ft.
Japan
leaf-
planted out during sum-
White
May
mould
mer and lifted and potted
about October.
Primus sinensis
Dwarf
China
Rich
Rose Order. A charming
alba plena
and
March
potting
Plum for early forwarding
slender
soil
under glass. P. triloba
White
does best planted out
rosea plena
Pink
M
against a wall, but, where
triloba fl. pi.
Pink and
China
>t
it cannot be otherwise
white
Mar. Apl.
grown, will succeed with
caro in a pot.
Punica granata
Tall and
Persia
Rich
Loosestrife Order. This,
(Pomegranate)
dwarf
Summer
sandy
though a wall-tree, is
vars.
and
loam
much grown in Germany
Scarlet
autumn
in pots or tubs, and
should be so employed
more frequently in Eng-
land for corridors or
verandahs.
Rhaphiolepis
3ft.
Japan
Sandy
Rose Order. Japanese
japonica
Pure
May
loam and
Hawthorn. A distinct
white and
peat
and desirable shrub.
sweet-
scented
1 84
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Rhododendron
3ft.
Siberia
Peat,
Heath Order. These small
dauricum
Purple -
Jan.-Mar.
loam,
flowered early Rhods. are
praecox
Rosy
Hybrid
and
extremely useful for win-
purple
Feb.-Mar.
leaf-
ter and spring, where
racemosum
i ft. and
China
mould
there is only a glass
upwards
April
shelter. B. racemosum
Pink and
is new, with terminal
white
racemes of pink and
white flowers, and is very
distinct.
Spiraea, var.
I £-2 ft.
Hybrid
Rich
Rose Order. Much grown
Houttei
White
April
light
for pots. A desirable
loam
variety for early spring.
Veronica hul-
Ever-
N. Zealand
Good
Foxglove Order. Many of
keana
green
May
moist
the smaller growing N.
1-2 ft.
sandy
Zealand Veronicas make
Lilac
loam
good pot-plants. They
speciosa (many
Shades
N. Zealand
like sun and abundance
varieties)
of purple
Summer
of water.
and
crimson
Viburnum pli-
2-3 ft.
Japan
Rich
Guelder Rose Order. A
catum
White
April
free
fine shrub, and does well
Tinus(Laurus-
l£-2 ft.
S. Europe
moist
in pots. Most desirable
tinus)
White
Dec.-Mar.
loam
for cold house where it
will hot flower outside.
Wistaria sinen-
Climber
China
Ordinary
Broom Order. Very good
sis
Lilac or
April-
potting
grown in standard form
white
June
soil
for early spring flowering.
Zenobia speci-
2 ft. and
Southern
Moist ! Heath Order. A very
osa
upwards
U. S. A.
sandy
beautiful dwarf shrub,
pulverulenta
White
May
peat
with glaucous foliage and
white bell-flowers.
CALlFU
FLOWERING SHRUBS BETTER SUITED FOR
PLANTING OUT IN LARGE GLASS STRUC-
TURES, WITH TEMPERATURE NEVER
LOWER THAN 35° FAHR.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Abelia flori-
Ever-
Mexico
Sandy
Honeysuckle Order. Both
bunda
green
March
peat
handsome shrubs, not
6-8 ft.
and
often met with.
Rosy-
loam
purple
triflora
2-4 ft.
Himalaya
,,
Red and
June
white
Abutilon mega-
Slender
Rio
Turfy
Mallow Order. Good
pot amicum
3ft.
Grande
loam
pillar plant. Foliage
Red and
Aut.-
and
mottled yellow = A.
yellow
\Vinter
leaf-
vexillarium.
vitifolium
Robust
Chili
mould
One of the most beautiful
and tall
May
of shrubs, but only suit-
Pale
able where space is ample.
mauve or
white
Acacia dealbata
All yellow
Australia
Turfy
" Mimosa." Exceedingly
(Silver Wattle)
flowered
loam,
fine for large structures.
Racemed
sand,
" Among the hardiest
heads
and
and most easily culti-
leprosa
Globula
,,
leaf-
vated of all greenhouse
heads
mould
plants." — Nicholson's
longifolia
Cylin-
,,
Diet, of Gardening. Prime
drical
immediately after flow-
spikes
ering.
platyptera
Solitary
Swan
%
heads
River
1 86
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country am
Season unde
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
riceana
Long
Tasmania
and others
weeping
spikes
Anopterus glan
Ever
Tasmania
Sandy
Saxifrage Order. A very
dulosus
green
April-
loam and
handsome shrub with po-
3ft.
May
peat
lished leaves and long
White
Rich
panicles of white flowers.
Buddleia Col
4-6 ft.
Himalaya
light
Strychnine Order. Fine
villei
Pendu-
May-
loam
and very distinct from
lous
June
the well-known B. glo-
crimson
bosa with orange balls.
flowers
Cantua buxi-
Ever-
Peruvian
Turfy
Phlox Order. A very
folia
green
Andes
loam
beautiful shrub when in
3-4 ft.
April
and
flower. Rarely seen.
Rosy-red
leaf-
tubular
mould
flowers
Carpenteria
4-8 ft.
Sierra
Light
Saxifrage Order. One of
California
White
Nevada
rich
the finest of white-flow-
flowers
May-
loam
ered shrubs. May bs
2-3 ins.
June
grown in a pot or tub,
across
but shows its character
much better when planted
out.
Cassia corym-
4-8 ft.
Buenos
Rich
Broom Order. Flowere
bosa
Yellow
Ayres
sandy
profusely with fine heads
Summer
oam and
of bloom.
peat
Ceanothus azu-
2-4 ft.
Mexico
Light
Buckthorn Order. " Gloire
reus
Pale blue
Apl.-May
rich
de Versailles " is one of
loam
the best, but there are
other fine varieties which
vary from blue to rose-
colour.
Chimonanthus
3 ft. and
Japan
Turfy
Allspice Order. Flowers
fragrans gran-
upwards
Jan.
loam
on leafless branches at
difloms (Win-
Yellow
to
and
Midwinter. Generally
ter Sweet)
and
March
leaf-
trained against a wall,
brown
mould
but that is quite un-
Very
necessary. Prune after
sweet-
flowering.
scented
FLOWERING SHRUBS FOR PLANTING OUT
187
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Clethra arborea
6 ft. and
Madeira
Loam
Heath Order. Few green-
upwards
July-Aug.
and
house shrubs are more
White
sandy
beautiful.
peat
Clianthus puni
3ft.
N. Zealand
Loam
Broom Order. A good
ceus (Glory
Scarlet
May
and
pillar or wall plant. Sub-
Pea)
sandy
ject to red spider, and
leaf-
requires free syringing.
mould
C. Dampieri grafted on
with
this or on Colutea arbo-
broken
rescens makes a fine
charcoal
basket, as grown at
Kew.
Daphne Dau-
Ever-
Hybrid
Sandy
Mezereon Order. A good
phini
green
Spring
loam
hybrid form, and in flower
3 ft. and
and
for a long time.
upwards
leaf-
Purple
mould
' .,
Genkwa
Deciduous
Japan
>t
This species flowers before
2-3 ft.
Mar.-Apl.
the leaves appear. Both
Lilac
are fragrant.
Desfontainea
Ever-
Chili
Light
Strychnine Order. Very
spinosa
green
August
loam
like a holly in leafage.
3ft.
and
Flowers £-in. in length.
Scarlet
peat
This also succeeds in a
and
pot, and is good and dis-
yellow
tinct.
tubular
flowers
Desmodium
5 ft. and
N. China
Good
Broom Order. Prune to
penduliflorum
upwards
Autumn
rich
ground level after flower-
Deep red,
loam
ering.
purple,
or white
Fremontia cali-
4 ft. and
Sierra
Sandy
Mallow Older. A fine de-
fornica
upwards
Nevada
loam
ciduous shrub with leaves
Bright
Apl.-May
somewhat resembling the
yellow
Fig. The flowers owe
their colour to the calyx
and not to their petals.
i88
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Grevillea ros-
3 ft. and
Australia
Sandy
Protea Order. The first
marinifolia
upwards
June
peat and
is hardy in the S. of Eng-
Red
loam
land. G. thelemanniana
theleman-
i ft. and
Australia
is a remarkably pretty
niana
upwards
Spring
shrub with foliage like
Bright
southernwood, and gem-
red and
like flowers. Half-hardy.
red and
yellow
Hoheria popul-
6-10 ft.
N. Zealand
Turfy
Mallow Order. As yet but
nea
White
Autumn
loam and
little known, but likely to
leaf-
prove valuable as an au-
mould
tumn flowering shrub in
the cold greenhouse.
Kalmia latifolia
3 ft. and
N. Am.
Moist
Heath Order. A rhodo-
upwards
April and
sandy
dendron house would also
Pink and
May
peat
suit these beautiful
white
shrubs.
Climber
Lapageria alba
Chili
Fibrous
Lily Order. Lapagerias of
rosea
Late
peat,
either variety will suc-
summer
loam,
ceed sometimes in shady
and
and
positions which are un-
autumn
charcoal
suitable for other plants.
A narrow restricted root-
run suits them best, and
they answer well trained
over a corridor. They re-
quire plenty of water
when growing and fre-
quent syringing, as well
as protection from slugs
for the young shoots.
Difficult to establish, but
admirably well suited to
the cold greenhouse.
Lonicera sem
Ever-
N. Am.
Rich
Honeysuckle Order. The
pervirens
green
May-
light
Trumpet Honeysuckle. A
climber
June
loam
very fine climber. Half-
Scarlet
hardy.
and
yellow
FLOWERING SHRUBS FOR PLANTING OUT
189
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Standishii
Deciduous
China
Rich
L. Standishii is nearly
shrub
Feb.-
light
allied to L. fragrantissima,
4-6 ft.
March
loam
but flowers before the fo-
White
liage appears. Good for
Fragrant
winter flowering.
Mitraria cocci-
Dwarf
Chili
Sandy
Gloxina Order. A pretty
nea
Ever-
July-
peat
and uncommon shrub,
green
October
and
with somewhat the habit
with
loam
of a fuchsia. The shoots
climbing
should be pinched now
habit
and then to induce bushy
Scarlet
growth, and cut back
after flowering.
Olearia macro
2 ft. and
N. Zealand
Rich
Daisy Order. One of the
donta
upwards
June-
loam and
" Daisy- trees " of N. Zea-
White
July
leaf-
land, and a fine species.
daisy-like
mould
fls. in
heads
Plumbago ca-
2 ft. or
C. of
Fibrous
Thrift Order. Rather ten-
pensis
more, of
G. Hope
loam and
der, but succeeds in a
climbing
Summer
sand
cold greenhouse when cut
habit
back hard after flowering
Pale blue
and kept rather dry in
temperature not lower
than 35° Fahr.
Poinciana Gil-
Ever-
S. Am.
Sandy
Broom Order. A tropical
liesii ( = Caesal-
green
Early
peat and
looking shrub, and very
pinia)
6-12 ft.
summer
loam
fine where there is ample
Yellow
space. Hardy in I. of
with red
Wight.
stamens
Rhododendron
Light
Heath Order. For large
ciliatum anc
sandy
unheated glass structures
many Hima-
peat or
of the Winter Garden
layan species
sandy
order, Himalayan Rho-
and hybrids
loam and
dodendrons and their nu-
leaf-
merous hybrids are mag-
mould
nificent, flowering earlier
No lime
than the same out of
doors.
Sophora tetrap
6-8 ft.
N. Zealand
Good
Broom Order. The N.Z.
tera ( = Ed
Yellow
Spring
sandy
Laburnum. A very fine
wardsia gran
flowers
loam
shrub for the winter
diflora)
1-2 ins.
garden.
long
190
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Vaccinium ser-
Dwarf
Himalaya
Sandy
Cranberry Order. A very
pens
evergreen
April-
peat or
distinct and beautiful
with
May
loam
shrub with a tuberous
arching
No lime
root-stock and graceful
branches
habit.
Scarlet
Vitis hetero-
Deciduous
China
Rich
Vine Order. The Hop-
phylla humuli-
climber
and
sandy
leaved Vine is sometimes
folia
with
Japan
loam
called the Blue-berried
*var. tricolor
turquoise
Vine. There is a good varie-
-blue
gated form.* Though
fruit
fairly hardy, it often fails
to fruit out of doors, and
so misses a main feature
of its beauty.
HARD-WOODED PLANTS
GENERAL CULTURAL HINTS. — Pot very firmly in clean pots. Winter
in a dry temperature, never falling below 35° Fahr. Give plenty
of air at all times by day (but without draughts), except in severe
weather. After flowering cut back freely, and when growth is
fairly re-established repot the plant if required into one size larger.
Two or three weeks later, most kinds will be benefited by being
plunged in the open air for a couple of months. Water carefully
at all times. Return to the greenhouse before there is any fear
of frost to perfect growth and set flower buds.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Acacia armata
Ever-
Australia
Peat
Broom Order. Amongst
green
March
or
the most easy to grow of
1 8 ins.
and
loam
hard-wooded plants, and
and upw.
April
with
will flower in either small
Globular
sharp
or large pots.
yellow
sand
heads
Drummondi
Pale
Swan
lemon
River
cylindrical
April
heads
juniperina
Yellow
Tasmania
May
Bauera rubi-
Ever-
N. S.
Sandy
Saxifrage Order. A pretty
oides
green
Wales
peat and
little shrub with saucer-
1-2 ft.
Mar.-Apl.
loam
shaped flowers continu-
Pink
ing for some weeks.
Young shoots root easily
under bell-glass.
I92
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Boronia hetero-
2 ft. and
Australia
Sandy
Rue Order. Not difficult
phylla
upwards
March
peat
to manage, being free
Rosy-
rooters and fairly quick
purple
growers. Lasting a long
megastigma
i ft.
Australia
,,
time in flower. The
Purplish-
May
second very fragrant.
brown
and
yellow
Camellia thei-
Ever-
China
Sandy
Camellia Order. The Tea
fera
green
Nov. -Mar.
loam and
plant, pretty and in-
2 it.
peat
teresting. Not generally
White
known to be a species of
Camellia.
Chorizema cor
Ever-
Australia
t ibrous
Broom Order. Holly-like
datum
green
April
sandy
leaves and pea-flowers.
Loose
peat
Needs care in potting and
slender
watering. C. Lowi of
habit
better habit with brighter
Red and
coloured flowers.
yellow
Lowi
M
t)
Correa cardi-
Ever-
Australia
Sandy
Rue Order. Beautiful
nalis
green
Spring
peat
shrubs with drooping tu-
2-3 ft.
or
bular flowers. C. bicolor
Bright
loam
and C. magnifica are
scarlet
merely vars. of C. spe-
speciosa and
Crimson
,,
,,
ciosa.
varieties
to white
Crowea angusti-
Ever-
West
Peat
Rue Order. Easy to
folia
green
Australia
and
manage, but flower best
1-2 ft.
Spring
loam
when grafted on Correa.
Red
Saligna major
Pink
)(
>t
Daphne indica
Ever-
China
Sandy
Mezereon Order. Well-
(=D. odora)
green
Spring
fibrous
known, but not often
i-3 ft.
peat
well grown. Own root
Purple or
and
plants are better than
white
charcoal
grafted ones. Slow grow
Very
ing, and do best in small
fragrant
pots according to size of
plant, and are very im-
patient of over- watering.
Cuttings in August under
bell-glass.
HARD-WOODED PLANTS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Darwinia mac-
Ever-
Australia
Good
Myrtle Order. The " Tu-
rostegia
green
May-
fibrous
lip-Myrtle " is so fine that
1-2 ft.
June
peat
it is included in this list
Bell-
and
though somewhat more
shaped
sand
difficult to grow than
fls.
some others of its class.
Cream-
A healthy plant will begin
white
to flower from 6 ins. high.
streaked
The buds for the next
red
season are formed whilst
it is still in bloom and
open-air summer treat-
ment does not suit it. A
good plant for cold green-
house, as it resents heat.
Desfontainea
Ever-
Peru
Sandy
Strychnine Order. This
spinosa
green
August
loam
fine shrub should be
2-3 ft.
Especially
grown as much as possible
Tubular
averse
in the open air. It sel-
fls.
to lime
dom flowers well two fol-
Scarlet
lowing seasons, therefore
and
the alternate system suits
yellow
it best.
Epacris hyacin-
Ever-
Australia
Good
Epacris Order. These
thina
green
Early
fibrous
lovely plants are not
1-2 ft.
Spring
sandy
hard to grow, but are
White
peat
generally over-watered.
miniata, &c.
Red,
M
A large number of garden
tipped
varieties to choose from.
white
Pure white to deep rose.
Erica caven-
Ever-
Cape
Sandy
Heath Order. Air-loving
dishiana
green
(hybrid)
peat
plants, but will not en-
Yellow
May-July
dure draught or over-
hyemalis
Pale pink
Winter
much damp. Both these
and
and Epacris require
spring
special conditions to grow
propendens
Lilac
May-June
them well. A cold frame
and many
during summer suits
others
them well.
Eriostemon
Ever-
Australia
Sandy
Rue Order. A very pretty
buxifolius
green
Mar.-June
fibrous
shrub which will flower
i-3 ft.
peat
profuselv in a small pot.
White
It should stand out of
and pink
doors from July to the
end of September.
N
i94
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Hovea celsia
Ever-
Australia
Sandy
Broom Order. The habit
green
April-
fibrous
of this pretty plant
Blue-
June
peat
is somewhat straggling,
purple
therefore it must be kept
pinched in and trained
from the first. It may
also be grown as a stan-
dard.
Leschenaultia
Ever-
Australia
Sandy
Goodenovia Order. Very
biloba major
green
June-Aug.
fibrous
careful potting is neces-
i ft.
peat
sary as the roots are par-
Bright
ticularly susceptible of
blue
injury. They do not take
formosa
i ft.
June-Sept.
,,
kindly to open-air treat-
Scarlet
ment, and also like rather
more warmth (45°) than
any other hard-wooded
subjects named. Remark-
ably fine plants.
Pimelia ferru-
Ever-
Australia
Sandy
Mezereon Order. This
ginea (= P.
green
May
loam
likes more water both at
decussata)
1-2 ft.
the roots and overhead
Pink
than many Australian
plants.
Poly gala dal-
Ever-
S. Africa
Sandy
Milk-wort Order. Easy to
maisiana
green
April-
fibrous
manage and a good plant
i-3 ft.
May
peat or
to begin on in this class.
Purple
loam
Cut well back after flow-
ering.
Sparmannia af-
Ever-
S. Africa
Turfy
Lime-tree Order. African
ricana
gre n
May
loam
Hemp. An easily grown
i ft. and
and
and rather popular soft-
upwards
sand
leaved shrub which flow-
White
ers at a small stage, but
with
will grow into a tree.
crimson
stamens
Trachelosper-
Ever-
China
Rich
Periwinkle Order. This
mum jasmin-
green
Summer
sandy
does well as a trained pot
oides ( = Rhyn-
semi-
loam
specimen and is easily
chospermum)
twining
and
managed, lasting some
Clusters
peat
time in bloom and very
of white
sweet-scented.
fit.
( '95 )
MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS FOR POT CULTURE
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Calceolaria vio-
2ft.
Chili
Rich
Foxglove Order. A very
lacea
Pale
June-
sandy
distinct species with hel-
mauve
July
loam and
met-shaped flowers.
Hardy
leaf-
mould
Celsia Arcturus
1-2 ft.
Crete
Sandy
Foxglove Order. The large
Yellow
May-
loam
Mullein-like flowers with
H. -hardy
Sept.
purple stamens set on
wiry stems are always
admired.
Cytisus frag-
li-2 ft.
Canary Is.
Sandy
Broom Order. Does per-
raus (= race-
Yellow
Spring
fibrous
fectly well in a cold green-
mosus)
H. -hardy
loam
house.
Diplacus gluti-
I J-2 ft.
Cali-
Sandy
Foxglove Order. Shrubby
nosus
Orange-
fornia
loam
Mimulus. Showy ever-
buff
May-
and
green slender shrubs,
coccineus
Crimson
July
peat
very free-flowering and
H. -hardy
liking partial shade.
Erythrina Cris-
Herba-
Brazil
Sandy
Broom Order. Coral Tree.
ta-galli
ceous
July
loam
Almost hardy in the S.
stems
and
counties. The annual
r •
Fls. deep
peat
stems have to be cut
scarlet
down in autumn and the
roots stored for winter.
.
Repot when the stems are
3-4 ins. high, taking great
care not to injure the
growing shoots.
Fabiana imbri-
Ever-
Chili
Ordinary
Nightshade Order. An old
. cata
green
May
potting
favourite, not so often
i^ ft. and
soil
grown now as formerly
upwards
for the greenhouse, but
White
free flowering and useful.
tubular
Hardy in south counties.
lpw"'s^s.
flowers
196
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Fuchsias
Deciduous
Garden
Rich
Evening Primrose Order.
(Named vars.)
1-4 ft.
hybrids
sandy
Fuchsias are particularly
Hardy
Summer
Loam and
well suited for the un-
and
leaf-
heated greenhouse in
autumn
mould
summer from the ease
with which they can be
kept through the winter.
They may be cut down
almost to the pot level
or only trimmed and al-
lowed to retain their
woody growth to make
large specimens year
after year. In either case
they can be stored safely
in a cellar or even in an
. . V • '
outhouse.
Hydrangea hor-
i-3 ft.
China
Loam
Saxifrage Order. Decora-
tensia
Pink or
April-
and
tive and easily managed.
blue
Sept.
decayed
They are particularly use-
var. Thomas
Pure
Garden
manure
ful as tub plants for ve-
Hogg
white
var. good
in
randah, terrace, or cor-
paniculata
Cream-
equal
ridor, and succeed in
grandiflora
white
parts
shade.
Hardy
Hypericum chi-
9-12 ins.
China
Rich
St. John's Wort Order. A
nense
Bright
Summer
sandy
handsome evergreen bas-
yellow
loam
ket-plant, with flowers
H. -hardy
nearly as large as the
dwarf species known pop-
ularly as the " Rose of
Sharon."
Maurandya bar-
Slender
Mexico
Good
Foxglove Order. Easily
clayana
twiner
Summer
sandy
grown from seed on cut-
Purple or
loam
tings, and useful for a
white
greenhouse trellis. Free-
H. -hardy
flowering and showy.
Rubus rosaefo-
i-ii ft.
Himalayas
Sandy
Rose Order. A pretty and
lius fl. pi.
White
August
loam and
distinct Bramble like a
H.-hardy
leaf-
miniature rose.
mould
Swainsonia ga-
i ft. and
Australia
Sandy
Broom Order. A charm-
legifolia alba
upwards
July
loam and
ing Pea-flower, now very
White
peat
generally grown.
H.-hardy
MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS FOR POT CULTURE 197
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Veronica An-
dersoni
I-I^ft.
Bluish-
violet
or white
Garden
hybrid
Summer
and
Good
sandy
loam
Foxglove Order. The
variegated form of V.
Andersoni is very good.
Several of the N. Zealand
H.-hardy
Autumn
shrubby veronicas make
good pot-plants.
SOME HARDY PERENNIALS FOR SPRING
FLOWERING UNDER GLASS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Aquilegia chry-
2ft.
Rocky
Good
Buttercup Order. Pains
santha
Pale
Mts.
loam
should be taken to get the
yellow
May
and
true species of these fine
coerulea
9-15 ins.
Rocky
leaf-
Columbines which are
Pale blue
Mts.
mould
best raised from seed in
and
April
the first instance. None
white
of the numberless hy-
glandulosa
8-12 ir .
Siberia
lt
brids are so beautiful as
Dark
April
the pure species, good as
blue and
they are. No greenhouse
white
plant can be more ad-
mirable than these in
early spring when well
grown.
Astilbe chinen-
l|-2 ft.
China
Ordinary
Saxifrage Order. Of the
sis
White
March
potting
same character, though
and April
soil
very distinct from the
japonica
i ft.
Japan
well
second, which is the fa-
White
April and
enriched
miliar Spiroea japonica,
May
and a finer plant.
Campanula per-
1-2 ft.
Europe
Ordinary
Hare-bell Order. (See
sicifolia alba
White
potting
Chap. XIV.) Experi-
soil
ments in early spring
flowe '.ng might be tried
with other species.
Cheiranthus
1-2 ft.
Madeira
Good
Wall-flower Order. A very
mutabilis
Cream,
April
sandy
handsome but rather ten-
changing
and May
loam
der wall-flower. It should
to purple
be grown generously into
a large plant, but it is
safer to put in cuttings
every season for fresh
stock.
SOME HARDY PERENNIALS
199
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Convolvulus al-
Slender
S. Europe
Rich
Bindweed Order. The sil-
thaeoides
twiner
Spring
sandy
very foliage alone is very
Pink
loam and
beautiful for a trellis or
leaf-
screen, and it flowers
mould
freely. Hardy herba-
ceous.
Dicentra spec-
1-2 ft.
Japan
Rich
Fumitory Order. An old
tabilis ( = Die-
Rose-red
Spring
loam
favourite and good pot-
lytra)
plant. Put out in reserve
border during summer.
Doronicum cau-
6-12 ins.
Caucasus
Ordinary
Daisy Order. This little
casicum
Yellow
Feb. -Mar.
potting
Doronicum is welcome
soil
under glass in Feb. It
should be grown in the
reserve border and potted
in late autumn. The tall
D. excelsum is neithei
so early nor so satisfac-
tory.
Fragaria indica
Trailer
India
Ordinary
Rose Order. A pretty
Golden-
May
potting
little basket-plant. The
yellow
soil
red berries are ornamen-
H.-hardy
tal, not edible.
Francoa ramosa
2 ft. and
Chili
Light
Saxifrage Order. Popu-
upwards
May
loam and
larly known as the " Mai-
White
leaf-
dens' Wreath" from its
H.-hardy
mould
long arching stems of
pure white flowers.
Helleborus ni-
6-12 his.
Cent.
Good
Buttercup Order. Christ-
ger
Pure
Europe
rich
mas Rose. (See Chap.
white
and
loam
XIV.)
A. Minor
Jan.-Feb.
var. maximus
Pink
Nov.-
This var. is much earlier
outside,
Jan.
than the type.
white
within
Heuchera san-
9-18 ins.
Mexico
Rich
Saxifrage Order. A very
guinea
Carmine-
May-
loam and
effective pot-plant which
scarlet
June
leaf-
responds to generous
H.-hardy
mould
treatment. It has lately
been taken in hand by
experts, and fine hybrids
are resulting from the
crosses.
20O
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Iberis correae-
Hardy
Garden
Ordinary
Wall-flower Order. The
folia
Ever-
hybrid
potting
typical form of I. gibral-
green
April
soil
taria which is usually
12 ins.
and May
grown is not so compact
Long
in habit as I. g. hybrids,
heads of
an improved variety.
white fls.
gibraltarica
1 2 ins.
Gibraltar
Pale lilac
Mar. -May
H.-hardy
Lathyrus ver-
12 ins.
Europe
Ordinary
Broom Order. Flowers
nus ( = Orobus
Purple
March
potting
very early under glass.
vernus)
or white
soil
Should be planted in re-
Hardy
serve border after flower-
ing and re-potted in
September or October.
Linum arbo-
i-i^ft.
Crete
Sandy
Flax Order. A pretty
reum
Yellow
Feb. and
loam
shrubby perennial which
March
and
will flower early under
narbonense
i-iift.
S. Europe
leaf-
glass. L. narbonense is
Bright
April
mould
of very different habit,
blue
and a lovely plant if the
right species is obtained,
but L. perenne is often
substituted for it.
Mimulus macu-
8-12 ins.
Garden
Rich
Foxglove Order. Hybrids
losus
Yellow
forms
loam and
of M. cupreus (Chili).
and
Spring
leaf-
Flower quickly from seed
brown
mould
but the creeping under-
ground stems are peren-
nial.
moschatus
2-3 ins.
N. W.
Harrison's is the largest
(Musk)
Yellow
America
flowered variety of the
Summer
Common Musk.
Myosotidium
i-ijft.
Chatham
Sandy
Forget-me-not Order. This
nobile (New
Rich blue
Island
peat and
fine plant is unfortunately
Zealand For-
H.-hardy
Apl.-May
leaf-
a little difficult to grow.
get-me-not)
mould
It dislikes root disturb-
ance, and does best in a
deep pan in a cool corner
of a sheltered frame,
carefully watered through
the summer and brought
into the greenhouse in the
SOME HARDY PERENNIALS
2OI
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
autumn. Seedlings will
not flower before eigh-
teen months. To flower
it well is an achievement
worth trying for.
Megasea ( =
Ever-
Siberia
Ordinary
Saxifrage Order. Large
Saxifraga)
green
Mar.-Apl.
potting
thick - leaved section,
cordifolia
i ft.
soil
making pretty pot-plants
Rose-
for early spring. The twd
pink
last are half-hardy.
ligulata var.
Deciduous
Nepaul
M
ciliata
i ft.
Feb. -Mar.
Bluish-
white
Stracheyi
4-8 ins.
Himalayas
It
Pink or
April
white
Papaver nudi-
9-18 ins.
Iceland
Sandy
Poppy Order. Seed sown
caule
Orange,
loam
in August or September
yellow,
and potted off singly will
or white
flower early under glass.
Iceland poppies are pe-
rennial though often
treated as annuals.
Primula acaulis
3-4 ins.
British
Loam
Primrose Order. Hybrid
Crimson
(garden
and
forms raised early in
to
forms)
leaf-
spring will be amongst
white
Feb. -Mar.
mould
the earliest flowers of the
auricula
3-6 ins.
European
moist
following winter under
Yellow,
Alps
and
glass, and look very well
purple,
Mar.-
cool
grown in baskets or pans
or claret
April
surfaced with moss. The
Sieboldii
8- 1 2 ins.
Japan
Sandy
large-flowered Polyan-
Rose and
April-
loam and
thus-primroses should not
lavender
May
leaf-
be overlooked for this
to pure
mould
purpose. The Alpine
white
section of Auricula will
also make a good display,
giving rich colours set off
by the mealy foliage. It
is important to get good
strains of seed in all
classes. The garden
forms of P. sieboldii are
an improvement on the
type.
202
APPENDIX
Name.
Height anu
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Sou.
General Remarks.
Ranunculus cor-
2-3 ft.
Teneriffe
Moist
Buttercup Order. A giant
tusaefolius
Bright
April
rich
Buttercup and handsome
yellow
and May
loam
when generously grown.
Trollias asia-
i-i£ft.
N. Asia
Moist
Buttercup Order. Globe
ticus
Orange
Mar.-
loam and
flowers, though scarcely
europoeus
i ft.
May
leaf-
so vigorous in pots as in
var. napellifo-
Yellow
mould
a bog-bed out of doors,
lius
are still valuable addi-
tions to a cold house in
early spring.
Viola tricolor
6 ins.
Garden
Rich
Violet Order. Pansies
(Pansies)
Various
hyrbids
sandy
used formerly to be more
Spring
loam and
largely grown in pots
and
leaf-
than now, and where
summer
mould
there is no possibility of
keeping out frost they
are by no means to be
despised as greenhouse
plants. By taking cut-
tings of special sorts or
odorata fl. pi.
4-6 inr
sowing a good strain of
Marie Louise
Mauve
seed in July, pricking out
Conte Brazza
White
in boxes or in a reserve
bed in the open and pot-
ting early in December,
they can be brought into
flower under glass in early
spring, and will give a
great deal of variety and
rich colouring for a con-
siderable time. They will
be found especially suit-
able for a semi-shaded
aspect which is not very
favourable to less hardy
plants. A few pots of
sweet violets should never
be left out in any green-
house.
AUTUMN-FLOWERING PERENNIALS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
Amphicome
Herba-
Himalayas
Sandy
Bignonia Order. A very
Emodi
ceous
Aug.-
loam and
beautiful perennial but
i-i£ft.
October
leaf-
little known, and a valu-
Fls.
mould
able addition to cold green-
tubular
house plants. It may be
Rose
seen in the Cape House at
H.-hardy
Kew in its season, which
seems to vary under cul-
tivation as it was in
flower there in April
1902.
Anemone japo-
2-3 ft.
Japan
Loam
Buttercup Order. These
nica Honorine
White
Aug. and
and leaf-
are very good for small
Jobert
Sept.
mould
tubs. They require a
good deal of root room,
but if treated liberally
var. elegans
Pale pink
tr
with a good top dressing
of fresh soil in spring and
copious supplies of water
in hot weather, the plants
may be left undisturbed
for two or even three
years and are capital
additions to groups for
porch, verandah, or cor-
ridor. They may be
retarded by dis-budding
as soon as the ^arliest
flowers begin to show.
204
APPENDIX
»*.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
j Soil.
General Remarks.
Arctotis aspera
Shrubby
Cape
Sandy
Daisy Order. Both va-
var. arbores-
i-ijft.
July
loam
rieties are remarkably
cens
Stems
and
fine half-hardy plants —
spreading
October
leaf-
the colour of the flowers
and
mould
being the main difference.
procum-
They require to be kept
bent
safe from frost and rather
Fls.
dry at the roots, but can
cream-
be managed successfully
white
in a temperature of 35°
with pink
minimum. Large grow-
reverse
ing, and not suitable
var. aureola
i-i^ft.
where space is limited.
Bright
orange
Aster grandi-
2-3 ft.
N. Am.
Ordinary
Daisy Order. Good forms
florus
Purple
Nov.-
potting
of Michaelmas Daisies
and others
various
Dec.
soil
make very effective pot-
plants — a fact not gene-
rally realised.
Calceolaria alba
I*-2 ft.
Chili
Sandy
Foxglove Order. This
White
Aug.-
peat
charming species is most
H.-hardy
Sept.
and
desirable for early and
loam
late autumn. It can be
raised from seed or cut-
tings. Old plants may be
cut down and stored
safely from frost and will
break again from the
base in spring. The same
may be said of C. am-
amplexicaulis
Herba-
Peru
plexicaulis, an old species
ceous
Late
with soft pale-green stem-
Lax
summer
clasping leaves, not so
growth
and
much in fashion now as
Fls.
autumn
it might be. The last
lemon-
might easily be mistaken
yellow
for a fuchsia when not in
H.-hardy
flower.
fuchsiaefolia
2-3 ft.
Peru
Fls.
Autumn
bright
yellow
H.-hardy
AUTUMN-FLOWERING PERENNIALS
205
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Campanula Vi-
1-2 ft.
Azores
Sandy
Hare-bell Order. A dis-
dali
Foliage
August
loam
tinct and pretty plant if
semi-
and
well grown. Of shrubby
succulent
leaf-
character.
Fls. waxy
mould
white
H.-hardy
Chrysanthe-
li-2 ft.
Canary
Rich
Daisy Order. Paris Daisy
mum frutesceus
White
Islands
sandy
or Yellow and White
var. Etoile d'Or
sulphur
Summer
loam
Marguerites.
H.-hardy
and
Autumn
Coleus thyrsoi-
2-3 ft.
E. Africa
Sandy
Lavender Order. This new
deus
Spikes of
at high
loam
Coleus, which has much
deep-blue
elevations
the habit of a Salvia, is as
flowers
Nov.-
yet untried for the un-
H.-hardy
Dec.
heated greenhouse, but is
so handsome that it is
mentioned here, as it
grows at an altitude of
6000-7000 ft. and may
probably become accli-
mated.
Jacobinia mag-
2ft.
Brazil
Sandy
Acanthus Order. This
nifica carnea
Pink
Aug.-
loam and
species has been grown
H.-hardy
Sept.
leaf-
successfully in a green-
mould
house just protected from
frost, and when well
pinched back to promote
bushy growth is a most
decorative plant. The
splendid /. chrysoste-
phana (Golden Crowned),
which is far finer, would
be well worth trying.
Moschosma ri
2-3 ft.
S. Africa
Sandy
Lavender Order. A new
parium
Branch-
Late
loam
and useful plant from its
ing head
autumn
late blooming, though not
of small
particularly showy.
white fls.
H.-hardy
206
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Nicotiana affinis
2ft.
Brazil
Moist
Nightshade Order. Well
White
Summer
rich
known and a true peren-
and
loam and
nial, but more often
autumn
leaf-
treated as an annual.
mould
Flowers well in a 6-in. pot
and is very useful for the
greenhouse in autumn.
N. sylvestris, a newer but
very similar plant of
more vigorous growth,
has the advantage of
keeping its flowers open
by day.
Nierembergia
Shrubby
Chili
Rich
Nightshade Order. Pretty
frutescens
i-i£ft.
Early
sandy
and free-flowering. N.
Fls. blue
autumn
loam
gracilis is less hardy than
shaded
the first, but is a good
to white
greenhouse plant.
gracilis
6-12 ins.
Buenos
»>
Fls. white
Ayres
and
purple
H.-hardy
Petunia
i-i£ft.
Garden
Rich
Nightshade Order. The
Fls. from
hybrids
sandy
double forms make very
purple
Summer
loam
showy pot-plants, and
to white
and
should be grown always
autumn
under glass, as they do
not succeed with open-
air treatment.
Physalis Fran-
cheti
1-2 ft.
Japan
Sandy
Nightshade Order. A finer
Calyces
No v.-
loam and
and more vigorous species
Orange-
Dec.
leaf-
than the old Winter
scarlet
mould
Cherry (P. Alkekengi),
and very ornamental as
a pot-plant in autumn,
grown in bushy form.
Statice Holfordi
i ft.
Garden
Turfy
Thrift Order. Well-known
Fls. blue
hybrids
loam
species. Th^ earliest
profusa
i^ft.
Autumn
and
flower-stems may be
Fls.
sand
pinched if the plants are
purple
inclined to flower too
and white
soon.
H.-hardy
AUTUMN-FLOWERING PERENNIALS
207
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Senecio pulcher
Herba-
Uruguay
Moist
Daisy Order. Several
ceous
2-2i ft.
Sept.-
sandy
loam
plants should be arranged
in a good group with a
Red-
background of foliage to
purple
give the best effect. Root
cuttings strike freely after
the manner of Sea-kale.
Kaempferi
Mi ft
Japan
Moist
S. Kaempferi is a Colts-
Yellow
Autumn
loam and
foot-like plant with broad
H.-hardy
peat
pale-green leaves splashed
with creamy-white heads
of large golden-yellow
rayed flowers. Fine.
Stokesia cyanea
lift.
N. Am.
Sandy
Daisy Order. This hardy
Blue
Aug.-
loam and
perennial succeeds best
aster-like
Sept.
leaf-
grown out of doors and
fl. heads
mould
potted in summer for
autumn flowering under
glass.
Tricyrtis hirta
i-iift.
Japan
Sandy
Luy Order. Though a lili-
White
Aug.-
loam
aceous plant botanically,
flecked
Oct.
and
Tricyrtis has more the
with
peat
appearance of an Orchid,
mauve
and is both pretty and
uncommon looking. Very
easily managed.
TRAILING PLANTS FOR BASKETS
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil
General Remarks.
Campanula fra-
Trailer
S. Italy
Ordinary
Hare-bell Order. These
gilis
4-6 ins.
Late
potting
are all delightful and
Lavender-
summer
soil
easily-grown plants for
and
baskets or hanging pots.
autumn
All half-hardy.
Cisophylla alba
3-6 ins.
,,
White
Mayi
3-6 ins.
Hybrid
Mauve-
New
blue
Convolvulus al-
Slender
S. Europe
Very
Convolvulus Order. The
thaeoides
twiner
June
sandy
finely-cut foliage, like
Fls. pink
loam
frosted silver, of this
arvensis
Twiner
British
and
species forms its chief
and
June-
leaf-
beauty. The Field C.,
trailer
Sept.
mould
though a British weed,
Pink or
makes a charming basket
white
plant for a sunny posi-
mauritanicus
Trailer
N. Africa
tion.
Lavender-
Summer
blue
and
autumn
Lotus peliorhyn-
Trailer
Canary
Ordinary
Broom Order. The hang-
chus ( = L.
Fls.
Islands
good
ing stems of silver-grey
Bertholetii)
scarlet
May
potting
foliage with miniature
H.-hardy
soil
" lobster-claws " at their
ends are very effective.
Lysimachia
Trailer
Garden
Moist
Primrose Order. The Gol-
Nummularia
Foliage
var.
ordinary
den - leaved Creeping
aurea
yellow
June and
soil
Jenny.
Hardy
July
TRAILING PLANTS FOR BASKETS
209
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Mitchella repens
Trailing
N. Am.
Moist
Woodruff Order. A charm-
ever-
Spring
sandy
ing little plant with lea-
green
loam and
thery dark-green leaves
White
leaf-
and white jasmine-like
Hardy
mould
flowers in May followed
by scarlet berries which
remain through the win-
ter. It likes shade and
moisture.
Nertera de-
Creeping
N. Zealand
Moist
Woodruff Order. Bead
pressa
in dense
Summer
light
Plant. Generally grown
tufts of
and
sandy
in a pan. Erroneously
minute
autumn
loam
known as New Zealand
leaves
and
Duckweed.
Fls. in-
leaf-
conspicu-
mould
ous
Orange -
scarlet
berries
H.-hardy
Nierembergia
Trailer
La Plata
Moist
Nightshade Order. This
rivularis
White
Autumn
sandy
plant may be used in
cup-
loam
various ways, e.g., to sur-
shaped fls.
face large pots, as well as
Hardy
for baskets.
Parochetus
Creeping
Himalayas
Weil-
Broom Order. " Sham-
communis
stems
Oct.-
drained
rock Pea." Clover-like
rooting
Nov.
sandy
leaves and rather large
at joints
loam and
pea-flowers of an unusual
Cobalt-
leaf-
shade of blue. A pretty
blue
mould
plant.
( 210 )
ANNUALS SUITABLE FOR POT CULTURE
HARDY Annuals may be sown in August and September, to flower
under glass in early Spring. Half-hardy and Tender Annuals do
best sown in a Wardian frame in March and April to flower in
summer and autumn.
Most Annuals require a fairly rich compost consisting of three
parts of good loam and one of thoroughly decayed manure with
some sharp sand.
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Arctotis brevis-
6-12 ins.
Orange
Cape
Daisy Order. Handsome
capa
Summer
and choice but requiring
grandis
1-SiJL
White
and
full sun. Half-hardy.
autumn
Browallia gran-
i£ft.
Pale blue
Peru
Nightshade Order. For
diflora
or white
Autumn
large specimens put three
speciosa ma-
1 2 ins.
Deep blue
in a pot. Sown early
jor
these flower in autumn
and will continue until
cold weather disables
them. Good greenhouse
plants. Rather tender.
Campanula
12 ins.
Purple
Taurus
Harebell Order. A re-
macrostyla
veined
Mts.
markable and interesting
July
species. Hardy.
Clintonia pul-
6 ins.
Rich blue
Cali-
Harebell Order. Ex-
chella ( = Dow-
or blue
fornia
tremely pretty for a
ningia)
and white
Summer
hanging pot or basket.
Half-hardy.
Collinsia bicolor
12-15 ins-
Lilac and
Cali-
Foxglove Order. Autumn
white
fornia
sowing is best, and the
verna
1 2 ins.
Blue and
tt
plants will be very at-
white
Mar.-May
tractive in early spring.
violacea
6- 1 2 ins.
Purple
Arkansas
Hardy.
and white
Early
summer
ANNUALS SUITABLE FOR POT CULTURE
211
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Cosmos bipin-
2 ft. or
Mauve,
Mexico
Daisy Order. Very late
natus
more
rose, or
Late
flowering. They may be
white
autumn
planted in outside border
and carefully lifted in
September to flower in
the greenhouse. Half-
hardy.
Dianthus Hed-
pins.
Crimson
Japan
Carnation Order. Sow in
dewigii
or white
Summer
autumn for early spring
flowering. The large
single vars., such as Crim-
son Belle and Eastern
Queen, are the most ef-
fective and do well in
pots. Hardy.
Gaillardia am-
i-i£ft.
Deep red
Texas
Daisy Order. Well-known
blyodon
Sept.-
and showy for autumn
picta
12 ins.
Orange-
October
blooming. Half-hardy.
red and
yellow
Godetia Whit-
lift.
Crimson
Cali-
Evening Primrose Order.
neyi and vars.
to white
fornia
All the named varieties
July-
make fine pot-plants for
October
summer and autumn.
Hardy.
Helichrysum
Ij-2ft.
Shades of
Australia
Daisy Order. Strong
bracteatum
crimson
August-
growing everlastings
and
Sept.
which are often grown in
yellow
pots. Half-hardy.
Impatiens Bal-
1-2 ft.
Purple,
Trop.
Geranium Order. Balsam.
samina
rose, or
Asia
These are decorative
white
Early
plants if well grown.
autumn
Sow singly in thumb-pots
in March. Give the
young plants successive
shifts into a larger size
until they are in 8-in. or
lo-in. pots. Feed gene-
rously. Stand out of
doors in good weather,
and disbud for a time, if
very large specimens are
required. Tender.
212
APPENDIX
Name
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
lonopsidium
2-3 ins.
Lilac
Portugal
Wallflower Order. A mi-
acaule
nute but useful little car-
peting plant. In flower
at all seasons as it gene-
rally sows itself. Hardy.
Ipomcea hede-
Twiners
Light blue
S. Am.
Convolvulus Order. Both
racea
6- 10 ft.
and white
July-
pretty species of green-
Sept.
house convolvulus not
Quamoclit
,,
Scarlet or
,,
often seen, and very dis-
6ft.
dark red
tinct from each other.
The foliage of I. Quamo-
clit is finely cut. Tender.
Lathyrus odora-
4-6 ft.
Garden
Sicily
Broom Order. Sow in
tus (Sweet
vars.
July and August for win-
Peas)
many hued
ter flowering under glass.
It has recently been
stated that cuttings can
be easily struck from
side shoots — which is
worth doing of an extra
good variety. Hardy.
Lavatera tri-
2-3 ft.
Rose-
S. Europe
Mallow Order. An im-
mestris, var.
pink
Summer
proved form of a well-
splendens
known showy annual.
var. alba
M
White
Jf
Leptosiphon al-
6 ins.
White
Cali-
Phlox Order. Low-grow-
bus
fornia
ing plants with brilliant
aurens
,,
Orange
Early
but small flowers. Hardy.
roseus
}F
Pink
spring
Limnanthes
6-8 ins.
Yellow
Cali-
Geranium Order. Good
Douglassii
and white
fornia
for baskets in spring.
Very
Very hardy. Sow in
early
autumn.
spring
Lobelia tenuior
1 2 ins.
Deep blue
Australia
Harebell Order. A pretty
and white
Sept.
species lately re-intro-
duced. Half-hardy.
Martynia frag-
lift.
Crimson-
Mexico
Pedalineae Order. A hand-
rans
purple,
July-
some large-growing plant
yellow
Sept.
not often seen, and sweet-
throat
&
scented. Half-hardy.
Mesembryan-
6-8 ins.
Yellow
Cape
Fig-marigold Order. The
themum pome-
July
first expands after mid-
ridianum
day as its name implies.
ANNUALS SUITABLE FOR POT CULTURE
213
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
tricolor and
4-6 ins.
Rose and
April
All are good for sunny
var. album
white
and
greenhouses, and do best
Pure white
May
in very sandy soil.
Mina lobata
Climber
Red and
S. Mexico
Convolvulus Order. A
cream-
Summer
beautiful annual climber
white
when treated generously.
The spikes of flowers
which change colour as
they mature are remark-
able. Seldom seen in per-
fection. Half-hardy.
Nemesia stru-
12 ins.
White,
Cape
Foxglove Order. A most
mosa
orange to
Summer
distinct and lovely an-
carmine
nual.
Nemophila in-
Trailer
Sky-blue
Cali-
Nemophila Order. Sown
signis and vars.
4-6 ins.
or white
fornia
in August or September,
Spring
this is capital for baskets
or
or pans for early spring
summer
flowering. A single plant
makes a good specimen.
Hardy.
Papaver glau-
lift.
Crimson-
Syria
Poppy Order. The various
cum
scarlet
Spring
kinds of Poppy are es-
Rheas (Shir-
2i ft.
Many
,,
pecially valuable sown in
ley vars.)
coloured
autumn for spring flower-
ing. Very hardy.
P. umbrosum
lift.
Deep
Caucasus.
scarlet
Rodanthe Man-
1 2 ins.
Pink or
Australia
Daisy Order. Delicate
glesi(=Helip-
white
Summer
little everlastings which
terum)
and
are much grown from 6-8
autumn
in a 5 -in. pot. (For
another plan see Chapter
XVI.) Half-hardy.
Sabbatia cam-
9 ins.
Rose-pink
N. Am.
Gentian Order. A pretty
pestris
Summer
and uncommon plant. A
good plan is to place the
pot in a saucer, filling it
frequently but not letting
the plant stand altogether
in water. Half-hardy.
Salpiglossis si-
i-iift.
Crimson,
Chili
Nightshade Order. Best
nuata nana
purple or
Late
sown in early spring for
yellow
summer
summer and autumn
reticulated
and
flowering. Rich soil.
autumn
Half-hardy.
214
APPENDIX
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Schizanthus
12 ins.
Various
Chili
Foxglove Order. These
Wisetonensis
(Garden
new hybrids, lately in-
forms)
troduced of an old and
Autumn
favourite plant are very
fine. Sown early and
shifted into larger pots
.
as required, single plants
will be very ornamental
for autumn in the un-
heated house, but will
not answer for winter
flowering. Half-hardy.
Statice Bon-
1 2 ins.
Yellow
Algeria
Thrift Order. Flowers
duellii
everlasting. Seed of
Suworowii
lift.
Lilac
Turkes-
these annual species of
tan
Statices may be sown
Summer
either in spring or au-
or
tumn as desired for sea-
autumn
son of blooming. Au-
tumn seedlings will re-
quire a little extra care
during winter. Half-
hardy.
Thunbergia
Dwarf
Buffer
S. Africa
Acanthus Order. These
alata
twiner
white
Summer
must be started in a close
2* ft.
with dark
frame or Wardian case
eye
and, when the seedlings
are strong enough and
have been gradually har-
dened off, make charming
basket or trellis plants.
Tender.
Tropoeolum
Climber
Scarlet-
Columbia
Geranium Order. These
lobbianum
orange or
Summer
fine " Nasturtiums " are
vars.
yellow
really perennial, but are
generally treated as an-
nuals. They make fine
pillar plants or baskets.
The soil should not be too
rich for the latter pur-
pose, otherwise they are
apt to become too vigo-
rous. The Tom Thumb
section of T. majus are
very handsome, and, in
ANNUALS SUITABLE FOR POT CULTURE
215
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
default of anything more
choice, would make a
small greenhouse gay in
a few weeks during sum-
mer and autumn.
Verbena hy-
brida
12 ins.
Scarlet,
purple to
white
Mexico
Summer
Verbena Order. These are
now very generally trea-
ted as annuals, and raised
from seed year by year.
With a little training
they succeed very well as
pot plants.
BIENNIALS
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Campanula
2-2J ft.
White to
S. Europe
Harebell Order. The well-
Medium
deep
Spring
known " Canterbury
purple
Bells." These make very
and pink
fine pot-plants.
pyramidalis
2j-4ft.
Lavender-
Europe
The " Chimney " C. is
blue or
Autumn
really perennial, but does
white
best treated as a biennial.
Side shoots can be rooted
if desired, but seedlings
generally make the best
plants.
Chamoepeuce
Rosettes
Pale
S. Europe
Daisy Order. Chiefly val-
Casabonae
of deep
purple
uable as foliage plants
(Fishbone
green
when young for green-
Thistle)
leaves
house or plant groups.
veined
They do not flower till the
white
second year. Sow in au-
Diacantha
Leaves
Purple
Syria
tumn. Hardy.
spiny
with
silvery
veins and
spines
Cheiranthus
1-2 ft.
Various
North
Wall-flower Order. Ger-
Cheiri (Wall-
and
man, French, and English
flower)
Central
hybrids are distinct from
Europe
each other, and all are
Late
fine. The German are
autumn,
mostly double forms of
winter,
the Rocket Wall-flower.
and
The old English double
spring
Wall-flowers must be pro-
BIENNIALS
217
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
pagated by cuttings. The
single forms by seed.
Harbinger, a rich crimson
brown, begins to flower
before Christmas, and is
invaluable where there is
only the shelter of glass.
Very hardy.
Exacum affine
6 ins.
Lilac-blue
Socotra
Gentian Order. A rather
Summer
uncommon plant and
and
generally grown in heat,
autumn
but it has been managed
successfully by raising
seedlings in autumn in a
Wardian case, in which
they remained until all
danger of frost was over
in spring. Tender.
Humea elegans
3-4 ft.
Minute
Australia
Daisy Order. Sow the
brown
July-
seed in July and pot
flowers
October
singly when large enough,
in large
letting them grow slowly
branching
or in a light airy position
panicle
in frame or greenhouse.
In spring, they must
be encouraged to grow,
giving successive shifts
until they reach a 9-in.
pot. Rather difficult to
grow well, but have a
very good sub-tropical
effect. Tender.
Matthiola (In-
12-15 ins-
Red and
Garden
Wall-flower Order. East
termediate
white
forms
Lothian Intermediate
Stocks)
Spring
Stocks are more for pots
than the Brompton Sec-
tion, and are quite worth
growing for the green-
house. They like extra
rich soil. Hardy.
Pentstemon Co-
i-i^ft.
PurpleJ
Texas
Foxglove Order. Hand-
bsea
and white
Autumn
some plants not often met
murrayanus
2-3 ft.
Scarlet
Western
with, and better under
U. S. A.
glass than in the open.
218
APPENDIX
Name.
Height.
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Wrightii
2 it.
Rosy-red
Hybrid
P. murrayanus is rather
June
tender. The others are
hardy.
Scabiosa atro-
2-2$ ft.
Maroon
S. Europe
Teasel Order. Seeds sown
purpurea
to white
July-
in June and July and al-
and vars.
August
lowed to make their
growth in an open frame
will make useful bloom-
ing plants in early spring.
( 2I9 )
HARDY TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS
THE compost usually recommended for Terrestrial Orchids is a
mixture of sandy loam, peat, and chopped sphagnum moss with a
little charcoal in small lumps. Leaf-mould is now largely used by
Orchid growers as a substitute for peat. The bog-species like
plenty of moisture. Most of the plants here named will do well
with cold-frame culture and brought into a greenhouse to flower.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Bletia hyacin-
12 ins.
China
This used to be treated as a stove-
thina
Purple
Mar.-June
plant, but has proved to be
quite hardy in the open garden.
Quite worthy of a greenhouse,
and lasts long in flower.
Calopogon pul-
15-18 ins.
N.Am.
Tuberous rooted, with grass-
chellus
Purple
July-Aug.
like leaves. Grows naturally
with pale
in swamps where Cranberries
yellow
thrive.
fringed
lip
Calypso borealis
4 ins.
Northern
A miniature plant, but very beau-
Rose with
Hemi-
tiful in its delicate colouring and
brown pen-
sphere
markings. Shade from scorch-
cillings
May
ing spring sun.
and yellow
crested
lip
Cephalanthera
1-2 ft.
Britain
A shade and chalk-loving British
grandiflora
Cream-
May- June
Orchid but rare. Probably
(White Hellebo-
white
would not succeed without some
rine)
addition of lime in the soil.
22O
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Cypripedium
8-10 ins.
Northern
It is stated that this species is
acaule
Broad
U.S.A.
only found in swamps in N.
var. alba
twin
May-
America growing amongst the
leaves
June
sphagnum without a particle of
Sepals and
soil near its roots. In such situa-
petals
tions it is common but not else-
* greenish
where. It thrives in the full sun
Lip, rose-
in the wet moss. The white var.
purple
is rarer than the type.
Calceolus
1 2- 1 8 ins.
European
One of our rarest English wild-
Leafy
and
flowers in limestone districts in
stem
British
Northern counties. Difficult to
Sepals and
cultivate, and must not be kept
petals
wet like the above, though it
brown
likes shade and moisture in
Lip,
summer and comparative dry-
yellow
ness when at rest.
candidum
1 2 ins.
N. Am.
An expert writes : " C. candidum
Sepals and
Early
is found in peat bogs, where the
petals
summer
roots are always wet, while the
greenish-
tops (in summer) are fully ex-
brown
posed to sunlight."
Lip, white
guttatum
6-9 ins.
N. Russia
A small but rare and charming
Twin
June
species. Sandy leaf-mould and
leaves
sphagnum recommended. Likes
White,
shade and should be kept rather
marbled
dry when at rest.
rosy-
purple
macranthum
9-12 ins.
Siberia
A very beautiful species, if true to
Large
May-
name, and hardy but difficult to
Rosy-
June
flower. It requires a stronger
purple or
compost than others, and thrives
red self
best in good fibrous loam mixed
with broken charcoal.which helps
to keep the soil sweet, as root
disturbance is to be avoided.
parviflorum
li-2 ft.
N. Am.
A good species, the long- twisted
Leafy stem
Early
petals being a distinct feature.
Sepals and
summer
Compost of peat and leaf-soil
petals
with partial shade and moisture.
brown,
spirally
twisted
Lip,yellow
HARDY TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS
221
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
pubescens
1^-2 ft.
N. Am.
The most vigorous and easily
Leafy
May-
grown of the yellow-flowered
stems
June
species. It is not so particular as
Fls. brown
to soil, but will thrive and flower
and
well under the ordinary condi-
yellow
tions which suit Cypripediums.
A very desirable species.
spectabile
I*-2ift.
N. Am.
The Red Indian's " Moccasin
Leafy
May-
Flower." This species is essen-
stems
June
tially a shade lover and is said to
Sepals and
dwindle and die if the trees
petals
which give it coolness and
white
shelter in its native swamp are
Large
cut down.
rounded
Hp,
There are some other hardy Cy-
rose or
pripediums, such as C. arietinum
pink
and C. montanum, but the above
comprise the best known.
Disa grandiflora
i $-2 ft.
C. Colony
A cold-house Orchid of brilliant
Scarlet
June-
colouring and not hard to grow.
and light
July
There are several varieties, e.g.,
pink
D. grandiflora Barrellii and D. g.
superba. Disas grow naturally
on the banks of streams, and in
graminifolia
I £-2 ft.
Table
times of flood are often sub-
(Blue Disa)
Fls. not
Mountain
merged. They should never be
large
allowed to become very dry
but
even in winter, and too much
brilliant
water can scarcely be given when
blue
they are making their growth.
Pans with perforated side-holes
suit them best. The Blue Disa
requires rather stiff soil.
Diuris alba
1 2- 1 8 ins.
Australia
A great number of terrestrial or-
Bluish-
Summer
chids are indigenous to Australia
white
and Tasmania. The three species
aurea
Yellow
of Diuris here given are distinct
lilacina
Purple-
and pretty with grass-like fo-
lilac
liage. The long-tailed flowers of
D. lilacina are borne in succes-
sion on a spike for some time.
All will do well in a mixture of
loam and peat.
222
APPENDIX
[Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Goodyera pubes-
3 ins.
N. Am.
A pretty low-growing surfacing
cens
Foliage
July
plant with silver tracery of
green
veins. The dark-green leaves of
veined
the British species are not white-
white
veined. Both like shade and
repens
Ever-
Britain
leaf-mould.
green
Habenaria ciliaris
I £-2 ft.
N. Am.
Habenarias are of the type of our
Orange-
Early
British Butterfly orchis (H. bi-
yellow
folid)', but many of the exotic
with
species are far finer. For the
fringed
most part they seem to grow
lip
naturally in wet swampy ground
fimbriata
i-i£ft.
N. Am.
amongst the sphagnum.
Lilac-
(In full
purple
sun)
fringed
fl. spikes
4- 10 ins.
psycodes
Rose to
N. Am.
crimson
(In deep
fringed
shade)
Fragrant
Ophrys apifera
6-8 ins.
Britain
This species grows freely on dry
(Bee-orchis)
Lilac with
June-
chalk banks, often by roadsides
brown lip
July
in full sun — conditions rather
difficult to imitate under culti-
vation to their satisfaction.
insectifera
Of the
S. Europe
These include Spider and Bumble-
same type
April-
bee orchises.
as above
May
but
*
larger
muscifera (Fly
Slender
Britain
In shape and colour of flower
orchis)
spike
In shady
this is quite distinct from all the
6 ins.
woods on
above species of Ophrys.
Fls.
chalk
maroon
May-
with blue
July
spot
speculum
4-12 ins.
S. Europe
The Looking-glass Orchis, so-
called from its central shining
steel-coloured disk. Well known
on the Italian and French Ri-
vieras.
COOL-HOUSE ORCHIDS
223
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Orchis foliosa
i^ft.
Madeira
A very fine and easily managed
Purple
May
species, often grown for ordinary
greenhouse decoration.
papilionacea
I ft.
Rome
Besides these S. European or-
Crimson
April
chises, our own British species
provincialis
i ft.
Rome
are well worthy of cultivation.
Pale
April
yellow
and others
COOL-HOUSE ORCHIDS WHICH MAY BE TRIED IN
A GREENHOUSE— MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
THIRTY-FIVE TO FORTY DEGREES
Dendrobium nobile .
Ly caste Skinneri
Masdevallias . ..'.,-
Odontoglossum Crispum
N. China and India.
Guatemala.
Mexico and Peru.
Alexandras Mexico.
I have had so much success in growing various tender plants in
greenhouses where the minimum winter temperature was never
lower, but very frequently as low as 35° Fahr. that it seems more
than likely that under other suitable conditions some of the hardier
of the Cool-House Orchids would do well. The experiment would
be an extremely interesting and valuable one.
PLANTS SUITABLE FOR ASSOCIATING WITH
ORCHIDS IN A COLD-HOUSE
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
SoU.
General Remarks.
^Eschynanthus
4 ins.
Mounts.
Sandy
Gloxinia Order. A true
Hildebrandi
Scarlet
of
peat,
alpine of comparatively
Burmah
leaf-
recent in troduction( 1 894).
mould,
Found at high altitudes
and
in the Shan States. The
broken
tubular scarlet flowers
charcoal
are produced in terminal
clusters. Very good for
basket or block.
maculatus
Drooping
India
»
An old species little known
wiry
(? Hima-
but an admirable basket-
stems
layas)
plant for cold- house or
Fls.
August
room. I have grown it
orange-
for many years under
scarlet
such conditions with suc-
with
cess.
maroon
markings
These two JEs. should be
noted as they are the only
two, it is believed, of this
handsome genus that will
thrive without stove -
heat.
Arisacma tri-
9-12 ins.
N. Am.
Loam
Arum Order. The North
phylla
Spathe
May-
and
American " Lords and
striped
June
leaf-
Ladies " and an orna-
dark
mould
mental plant.
brown or
white
PLANTS AND ORCHIDS
225
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Cephalotus folli-
2-3 ins.
Western
Sandy
Saxifrage Order. New Hol-
cularis
Spike of
Australia
rough
land Pitcher-plant. A
rather
peat and
pretty and singular spe-
incon-
sphag-
cies which must be grown
spicuous
num
under a bell-glass. The
white
pitcher-like leaves with
flowers.
lids form its chief in-
terest. Well worthy of
cultivation.
Darlingtonia
i-i*ft.
Cali-
Well-
Sarracenia Order. An in-
californica
Pitcher-
fornia
drained
teresting and curious spe-
like erect
April
sandy
cies of hardy Pitcher-
leaves
peat and
plant allied to Sarra-
veined
chopped
cenias.
white
sphagnum
and rose
with
Fls. pale
nodules of
green and
limestone
yellow
or charcoal
Drosera binata
with dark
Australia
As
Sundew Order. Insecti-
veins
June-
above
verous plants easily
6 ins.
Sept.
grown and very interest-
filiformis
White
N. Am.
ing, though not showy.
June-
Drain well but let the pot
i ft.
July
stand in pan of water.
Purple
Our British Sundews also
make interesting green-
house plants.
Sarmienta re-
Trailer
Chili
Moist
Gloxinia Order. A pretty
pens
Scarlet
Summer
sandy
little creeping shrub suit-
peat
able for an orchid basket
sphag-
or to root over a tree-fern
num and
stem. Shade and plenty
charcoal
of water.
Sarracenia flava
2ft.
N. Am.
Fibrous
Sarracenia Order. Many
(Side-saddle
Yellow
April
peat and
beautiful hybrid forms
Flower)
4 ins.
May
sphag-
have been raised of these
across
num
singular hardy Pitcher-
rubra
i-i£ft.
N. Am.
M
plants. They require
Reddish-
Apl.-May
still damp atmosphere,
purple
and are extremely hand-
some when well grown.
Bog plants which grow in
company with Cypripe-
diums.
P
226
APPENDIX
Vame.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
Soil.
General Remarks.
Saxifraga cus-
Trailer
China
Sandy
Saxifrage Order. A charm-
cutaeformis
4-6 ins.
June and
loam and
ing little half-hardy plant.
(The Dodder
Fls. white
July
grit
with soft variegated mar-
Saxifrage)
bled and veined leaves.
Sarmentosa var.
Leaves
Garden
,,
The variegated form of
tricolor
cream-
origin
the well-known " Mother
white,
of Thousands." A some-
green,
what delicate but ex-
and red
tremely pretty plant.
Half-hardy.
Sibthorpia euro-
Trailer
Garden
Sandy
Foxglove Order. The small
paea variegata
with
origin
loam and
round leaves are edged
minute
leaf-
with a silver margin.
flowers of
mould
Grown in semi-shade is
no
very charming for the
account
surface of pans or hang-
ing baskets.
SUCCULENT PLANTS
Any in the subjoined list may be grown in a dry winter tempera-
ture never lower than 35° Fahr. The soil that suits most succu-
lent plants is composed of rather rich loam mixed with coarse
grit and a little lime rubble. It is a mistake to starve them for
want of water in summer, but they must be kept dry in winter.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Agave americana
var. variegata
Tall
spreading
rosette
with
South
America
Amaryllis Order. A fine plant
for pots either in a small or large
state. Increased freely by
suckers.
recurved
leaves
Victorise Reginae
Stiff
stemless
rosette
with
Mexico
A distinct and very handsome
Agave introduced in 1875. No
mode of propagation except by
seed.
curiously
margined
leaves
Aloe arborescens
var. frutescens
Tall stems
with
rosettes of
very glau-
cous spring
leaves
S. Africa
Lily Order.
The species here given are dis-
tinct, and are all worth growing
in a small collection of succulent
plants. The heads of brilliant
coloured flowers are not unlike
ciliata
Fls. red
Rather
those of a dwarf Kniphofia.
climbing
dark-green
leaves
Fls. scarlet
Very good
228
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
humilis
An
S. Africa
upright
somewhat
incurved
rosette of
very glau-
cous
leaves
Fls.
orange-red
stemless
mitriformis
Tall stems
S. Africa
Leaves
dark-green
stem-
clasping
with
strong
prickles
Fls. red
spicata
Yellow
S. Africa
(See Chap. XVIII.)
tipped
green
umbellata var.
Stem short
S. Africa
picta ( = Sa-
A dense
ponarico)
rosette of
dark-green
spotted
and lined
leaves
variegata (Part-
A well-
S. Africa
Often seen in cottage windows.
ridge breasted
known
A)
species
Fls. pale
salmon-
pink
Cacti. Cereus fla-
Creeping
Peru
Torch-thistle. C. flagelliformis x
gelliformis (Rat's
prostrate
Garden
C. speciosissimus. The flowers
Tail C.)
, stems
hybrid
resemble the latter with the
var. flag. Malli-
Fls. deep
creeping growth of the first.
soni
rose
Scarlet
SUCCULENT PLANTS
229
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
grandiflorus
White
W. Indies
The Night-flowering Cactus. This
nycticalus
Night
Mexico
is generally treated as a stove
flowering
plant, but if kept safe from frost
White
may be grown with the rest. It
will flower well in a 6-in. pot if
well managed and trained to a
light trellis.
speciosissimus
Four-
Mexico
angled
stems
Fls.
scarlet
shaded
violet
Echinocactus cap-
Globular
Mexico
Hedge-hog Cactus. A fine species
ricornis
ribbed
with spines mostly at the apex.
spotted
with
white dots
Yellow
flowers
cornigerus
Globular
Mexico
A very formidable-looking spe-
with
cies as most of them are, but the
strong flat
interest of these curious plants
spines
consists largely in their many-
coloured
coloured and diversely shaped
red or
prickles. Splendid specimens
yellow
may be grown planted out on
Fls. purple
rock- work under glass as at Kew.
Grusoni
Globular
Mexico
golden
spined
Lecontei ,
Spines
Mexico
from pale
yellow
to pure
white
multicostatus
Many
Mexico
ribbed and
varies
greatly
Fls/white
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass,
General Remarks.
Simpsoni
Globular
Colorado
clustered
Pink fls.
Small-
growing
sp.
Very
hardy
Wislizeni (Fish-
A large
Southern
hook Cactus)
growing
U.S.A.
sp. with
very
strong
hooked
ribs
Echinocereus
Procum-
Texas
Mostly low-growing or procum-
Berlandieri
bent stems
and
bent with pretty flowers.
Fls. purple
Mexico
candicans
Spines
Chili
Rainbow Cactus.
deep red
to cream-
white
enneacanthus
Branching
Texas
A free-flowering sp. Spines yel-
stems
low and short.
3-6 ins.
in clusters
Fls.
reddish-
purple
pectinatus
Clustered
Mexico
The flowers of this species are
stems
large and fragrant.
Spines
white
Fls.
mauve-
pink
procumbens
Prostrate
Mexico
This species requires more warmth
stems
in winter than most, and to be
3-4 ins.
kept very dry.
Fls. rosy-
purple
Echinopsis Ey-
Very short
Argentina
The flowers of Echinopsis are
riesii
spines
funnel-shaped, sometimes 8-10
Fls. pure
ins. long, and produced from the
white
side of the globular-ribbed stem.
SUCCULENT PLANTS
231
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
MiiUeri
Fls. rose-
Hybrid
They must never be over-watered
colour
as the very succulent stems be-
and
come overcharged with moisture
double
which results in a disease akin
and others
to dropsy. Otherwise they are
very hardy.
Epiphyllum rus-
Dwarf on
Brazil
This variety is of garden origin,
sellianum
their own
(Type)
and, as it does not flower till
var. Gaertneri
roots,
May and June can be kept safe
but
from frost more easily than the
usually
well-known E. truncatum. It
grafted
is, moreover, a very fine plant.
Fls.
scarlet
Mamillaria appla-
Long tu-
Mexico
This Mamillaria has long scarlet
nata
bercles
fruit which gives it a special
with tufts
character.
of white
spines
Fls. white
tinged red
Small
bocasana
Hooked
Mexico
Small, but very distinct.
spines set
in silky
tufts
glacilis pulchella
Spines in
Mexico
A clustered species.
silvery
stars
lasiacantha
Spines in
Texas
A very choice little Mamillaria.
feathery
The Kew Hand-list gives more
rosettes
than a hundred species and va-
and others
rieties. The four here given are
sufficiently typical.
Opuntia micro-
Flat
Mexico
Prickly Pear. There are innu-
dasys
jointed
merable species of Opuntia —
stems
some of them handsome, but
closely
they are extremely unpleasant
spotted
plants to cultivate on account of
with tufts
their penetrating and almost
of spiny
poisonous spines. O. mlcroaasys
gold-
is one of the most attractive-
coloured
looking, but has to be handled
hairs
with great care. The second-
named is not so vicious, and is a
well-known hardy species.
232
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Rafinesquii
Dark-
U.S.A.
green flat
stems and
few spines
Fls.
yellow
Phyllocactus Ac-
Dwarf
Mexico
Flat-stemmed Cacti. One of the
kermanni
stems
finest and most easily grown.
spineless
Fls. rich
full
scarlet
anguliger
Broadly
Mexico
A handsome and distinct plan
angled
even when not in flower.
stems
Fls. white
grandis
Dwarf
Honduras
A magnificent species. Its only
Fls. ivory-
fault a too short duration in
white
flower. Individual blooms open
with pale
in the evening and last generally
yellow
two days. A well-grown plant
and brown
produces many flowers in suc-
sepals
cession.
6 ins.
across
phyllanthoides
Dwarf
Mexico
This old species is amongst the
Fls.
very best, and the fls. are more
tubular,
lasting than those of most Cacti.
bright
These are four distinct Phyllo-
pink and
cacti, but there are numerous
very freely
hybrids of garden origin which
produced
are very fine and desirable.
( *33 )
VARIOUS SUCCULENT PLANTS (NOT CACTI)
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Cotyledon aga-
Stemless
Mexico
Crassula Order. Plants formerly
voides
rosette
known as Echeveria and Pachy-
Fls.
phytum are now classed under
orange
the head of Cotyledon. There
bracteosum (Sil-
1 2 ins.
M
are very many other good spe-
ver Bracts)
Grey-
cies — S. African and Californian.
leaved
fulgens
Fls. scarlet
tl
and yellow
gibbiflora
Echeveria-
M
like
Large and
handsome
rosette
on stem
12-15 ins.
Crassula Bolusii
2-3 ins.
S. Africa
A minute but very pretty carpet-
Small red
ing plant.
leaves
spotted
and
blotched
Fls.
flesh-pink
falcata ( =
1-2 ft.
,,
Handsome and distinct with fine
Rochea falcata)
Grey
,,
branching heads of glittering
sickle-
flowers.
shaped
leaves
Fls. orange
scarlet
lactea
Shrubby
M
A useful basket-plant for winter
6- 1 o ins.
or early spring flowering.
Heads of
pure white
flowers
234
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Rochea ( = Kalo-
Under this succession of names
santhes)
Table
we find our old friend Crassula
coccinea
Shrubby
Mts.
coccinea which needs no recom-
1-2 ft.
Summer
mendation as it is well known as
Fls.
one of the most decorative of
carmine
S. Africa
greenhouse plants.
jasminea
Dwarf and
Spring
decumbent
Flowers
white
TWENTY-FOUR GOOD SPECIES OF MESEMBRY-
ANTHEMUM
Having carefully grown and studied some 150 species and varie-
ties, the subjoined are given as amongst the best for general cultiva-
tion.
Soil. Loam with a plentiful addition of coarse sharp sand or
crushed granite.
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Mesembryanthe-
Prostrate
Flowers
An Australian species, but Me-
mum abbreviatum
habit of
large
sembs., with very few excep-
M. edule
Rose-
tions (of which this is one), are
but more
pink
natives of S. Africa. Interesting
glaucous
because it bears large edible
and less
fruits, which are rather pleasant.
spreading
bicolor (= coc-
Shrubby
Orange
A remarkably handsome plant.
cineum)
erect
and
GUttering in sunshine when in
12-15 ins-
scarlet
full flower.
Ls. finely
medium
cylindric
in size but
profuse
May-Sept.
blandum
Stems
Fls. pure
One of the most useful of all as it
shrubby,
white,
may be made to flower at almost
rather de-
large
any season except the dead of
cumbent
winter, by putting successive
Ls. pale
cuttings.
green and
long
var. roseum
Identical
Rose-pink
in habit
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
Cooperi
Much
Fls.
branched,
Rosy-
decumbent
purple
3-4 ins.
Summer
Ls.
studded
with
silvery
dots
deltoides
Dwarf
Fls. small
For permanent rock-work under
branching
pink
glass, this and its allied species
3-4 ins.
Very
will make excellent carpeting or
.
Ls. wedge-
sweet
overhanging plants.
shaped
Spring
toothed
densum
Trailing
Flowers
This belongs to the bearded sec-
stems
large
tion, and is one of the best.
3 ins.
Mauve-
Ls. cylin-
purple
dric with
June
tuft of
hairs at
apex
edule
Prostrate
Flowers
Hottentot Fig. This edible sp.
spreading
very
never ripens fruit in England,
stems
large
though M. abbreviatum, which
Ls.
Pale
is nearly akin to it, does so in
3-angled
yellow
favourable seasons.
dark green
falciforme
Shrubby
Fls. large
There are various forms of this
6-12 ins.
and hand-
sp., some much more free-bloom-
Clusters of
some
ing and fine than others.
very
Silvery-
glaucous
pink
sickle-
April-
shaped
June
leaves
formosum
Dwarf
Flowers
Somewhat like M. spectabile but
shrubby
large
really distinct.
12 ins.
Rose-
Ls. long
pink
and
with white
3-angled
centre
Spring
SPECIES OF MESEMBRYANTHEMUM
237
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
' General Remarks.
glaucum
1 2 ins.
Fls. large
A very fine species. Old plants
Erect
Sulphur
flower well and the stems bend
Ls. short
with
down and recurve with age. One
very
yellow
of the hardiest.
glaucous,
centre
3-angled
March
onwards
inclaudens
6-8 ins.
Fls.
Never closes its flowers, and is
Branches
medium -
valuable on that account.
spreading
sized
Ls. dark-
Pale
green and
mauve
angled
Spring
Stems red
and
summer
lacerum
12-15 ins-
Fls. large
Pretty both in foliage and flower,
Shrubby
Petals
which, like above, keeps open
erect stems
finely
after having arrived at maturity.
Ls. very
cut of a
glaucous
peculiar
with
shade of
crested
chamois-
keel
pink
linguaeforme
Stemless
Fls. large
This goes on flowering with each
depressed
solitary
pair of leaves for some time.
Ls. tongue-
Bright
shaped
yellow
dark green
July-Sept.
and long
lunatum
9-12 ins.
Fls. small
A slender pretty plant.
Shrubby,
Pale pink
branching
and very
Ls.
sweet
crescent-
Spring
shaped
micans
i-i^ft.
Fls.
Brilliant and free flowering.
Erect
medium-
shrubby
sized
and
Scarlet
slender
with gold-
Ls. in
en centres
clusters
July-
finely
Aug.
cylindric,
and
glittering
APPENDIX
Name.
Height and
Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks
mucronatum
Dwarf
Fls. rose-
Very nearly akin to M. deltoides
spreading
pink
(which see) but larger. M. mu-
shrubby
small
ricatum is again almost identical
Ls. deltoid
Vanilla-
but the smallest of the three and
scented
more densely crowded.
Spring
polyanthon
Slender
Fls. bright
A many-flowered brilliant species,
branching
purple-
and one of the most charming.
stems
mauve
Cuttings of soft young tops fre-
Ls.
Small
quently put in give the best
glaucous
but
results.
finely
numerous
cylindric
Spring or
summer
productum
1 2- 1 8 ins.
Fls. large
Erect
Brilliant
shrubby
purple
Ls. bright
Summer
green
and
clustered
autumn
Stems red
rostratum
Stemless
Fls.
Unlike any of the others. Not
3 ins.
medium-
showy, but curious. Opens in
2-cylindric
sized
the afternoon.
upright
Lemon-
leaves
yellow
gradually
forming
clusters
rubro-cinctum
Habit of
Fls. very
A fine species but not very free-
M. edule
large
flowering.
Ls. red-
Rose-red
edged
spectabile
1 2 ins.
Fls. 2 ins.
A good pot-plant for any green-
Fig. stems
across
house, and very free blooming.
erect
Bright
Ls. very
rose-pink
glaucous
3-angled
tenuifolium
Slender
Fls.
Not very free-flowering but makes
lax
shining
a handsome specimen trained
growth
coppery-
against a light trellis. Fls. of a
Ls. bright
red
remarkable tint.
green
June-
clustered
Sept.
SPECIES OF MESEMBRYANTHEMUM
239
Name.
Height and
„ Colour.
Country and
Season under
Glass.
General Remarks.
tigrinum
3ins.
Fls.
" Tiger-chap
" of Haworth. There
Stemless
bright
are several
allied species, but
clustered
yellow,
this is the
best for an ordinary
rosettes
large
collection.
Ls.
Opening
curiously
after
ciliated
mid-day
and
Autumn
marbled
Cuttings of the soft shoots should frequently be put in as Mesem-
bryanthemums of the shrubby sorts especially, soon grow old and
shabby and do not then flower well.
For any one wishing to grow Succulent Plants exclusively, the
foregoing lists may be a useful guide in forming the nucleus of
a good collection.
INDEX
ABELIA rupestris, 78, 178 ;
floribunda, 185 ; triflora,
185
Abutilon megapotamicum,
185 ; vitifolium, 74, 185
Acacias, 9, 35, 73, 185, 186,
191
Acanthus latifolius, 46 ; spin-
osus, 169
Aconite, Winter, 55
Adonis amurensis, 94
Agapanthus, 1 1 ; umbellatus,
161
Agaves, 123
Ageratum, 34
Aloes, 123
Alpine House, plants for
flowering in, from January
to May, 145-152
Alpine plants for associating
with tubers and bulbs in
flower from January to May,
153-156
Alstrcemeria pelegrina, alba,
161
Alstrcemerias, 60, 61
Anemone coronaria, 157 ;
poppy, 157; stellata, 157
Anemones, 33, 54, 55
Annual flowers for unheated
greenhouse, 107, 108
Annual flowers, tender, for
summer and autumn, 1 1 1 ;
in the cold greenhouse, 114,
115; and Mrs. Loudon, 112,
H3
Anoiganthus breviflorus, 161
Anomatheca cruenta, 163
Anopterus glandulosus, 186
Aphelexis macrantha, 81
Aquilegia chrysantha, 98 ;
caerulea, 98
Aralia Sieboldi, 46, 169
Aralis albida, 96
Araucaria Bidwilli, 169 ; ex-
celsa, 169
Arctotis aureola, 104 ; arbor-
escens, 104
Arthropodium cirrhatum, 161 ;
paniculatum, 62, 161
Arums, wintering, 137
Aucubas, 47
Auriculas from seed, 99
Asparagus umbellatus, 73
Astilbe chinensis,96 ; japonica,
96
Aster grandiflorus, 102
Asters, China, 1 1 1
Azalea, Ghent, 178; indica,
178 ; mollis, 178
Azaleas, 33, 81, 82, 83
Azolla filiculoides, 39
BAMBUSA tessellata, 169
Baskets, hanging, Shamrock
pea for, 103
Bauera rubioides, 86, 191
Begonias, tuberous, 161
Bell-flower, Peach - leaved,
The, in pots, 97,98
Bell-flowers, Italian, Two, 104
Bell-glasses, Use of, 133
Berberis Darwinii, i78;steno-
phylla, 179
0
INDEX
Biennial flowers in the cold
greenhouse, 107, 108, 114,
115
Bletia hyacinthina, 1 16
Blight, destroy, 138
Boronias, 9, 35, 193
Bouvardia, 34
Brodiaea uniflora, 157
Brugmansia sanguinea, 179 ;
suaveolens, 179
Brugmansias, 79
Buddleia Colvillei, 74, 186
Bugloss, bushy, The, 80
Bulbs, half-hardy, 161; spring,
in the unheated green-
house, 46 ; Cape, in resting
season, 137; for unheated
greenhouse, 49 ; tubers for
associating with Alpine
plants in flower from J anuary
to May, 153-156; in water
and the use of charcoal, 129
Buttercup, Bermuda, 59, 60
CACTI, 1 6, 35 ; drip fatal to,
126; flat-leaved, 123
Caesalpinia Gilliesii, 189
Calceolaria violacea, 84
Callas, 6 1
Calypso borealis, 1 1 8
Camellias, 81, 83, 84, 179
Camellia theifera, 192
Campanula fragilis, 104 ; iso-
phylla alba; Mayi, 104; per-
sicifolia as a pot plant, 97,98
Canna indica, 161
Cantua buxifolia, 75, 186
Cape cowslips, 58
Carex japonica, 48
Carnations, The Margherita,
1 10 ; grenadin, for autumn,
103
Carpenteria californica,73, 74,
186
Caryopteris mastacanthus, 179
Cassia corymbosa, 179, 186
Ceanothus azureus, 186
Centaurea ragusina, 48, 169
Cereus, night- blowing, 123 ;
speciosissimus, 121
Cercis Siliquastrum, 179
Cestrum elegans, 75
Chamaecyparis obtusa, 169 ;
pisifera, 169
Chamaepeuce Casabonae, 112;
diacantha, 112
Chamaerops humilis, 45 ; ex-
celsa, 45
Charcoal to keep water pure,
129
Cherry, Winter, 102 Jfl
Chimonanthus fragrans, 186
Chionodoxa, 56
Choisya ternata, 78, 180
Chorizemas, 192
Christmas roses, 94, 95
Chrysanthemum serotinum,
for autumn, 101
Chrysanthemums, 101
Cineraria maritima, 48
Cistus lusitanicus, 180 ; pur-
pureus, 1 80
Clematis, n, 180
Clematises in small pots, 166 ;
pruning, 136
Clethra arborea, 1 87
Clianthus Dampieri, 85, 86;
puniceus, 85, 187
Columbines, Rocky Mountain,
The, 97
Conservatory, The, 12, 13
Construction, some hints on,
15
Convallaria majalis — Fortin's
variety, Victoria variety,
T57
Corbularia monophylla, 39
Coronilla Emerus, 76, 180;
glauca, 75
Correa bicolor, 86 ; cardinalis,
86
Correas, 9, 35, 192
Corridor, Garden, The, n ;
glass, flowers in, 73
Cosmos bipinnatus, 112; di-
versifolia, 162
Cowslip, Royal, The, 100
INDEX
243
Crassulas, South African, 35
Crataegus monogyna praecox,
76
Crinum Moorei, 11,64, l62 '»
Powelli, 162
Crinums, 35
Crocus Imperati, 56
Croweas, 192
Cupheas, 34
Cupressus funebris glauca, 170
Cuttings, striking, 134, 135
Cyclamen, 33, 39 ; Coum, 56 ;
europaeum, 157; libanoti-
cum, 1 57 ; neapolitanum,
157; Persian, 34; vernum,
S<5
Cyclamens, Persian treatment
of, 138
Cypripedium, 1 16, 1 18; acaule,
119; Calceolus, 119; candi-
dum, 119; macranthum,
119; pubescens, 119; parvi-
florum, 119; spectabile, 118
Cyrtanthus angustifolius, 162 ;
lutescens, 162 ; Macowani,
162 ; McKenii, 162
Cytisus filipes, 77 ; racemosa,
77
Cytisuses, 180
D
DAFFODILS, 24 ; earlier, grow-
ing; the, 52 ; in pots, 52
Dahlia, Black, The, 104 ; coc-
cinea, 162 ; gracilis, 104 ;
glabrata, 104
Dahlias for the unheated
greenhouse, 104; Mercki,
162 ; Zimapani, 162
Daisies, Paris, 105
Daphne Genkwa, 187 ; indica,
75, 192; Dauphini, 187
Deutzia gracilis, 77 ; Kalmae-
flora, 181
Deutzias, 181 ; pruning, 136
Desfontainea spinosa, 1 87
Desmodium penduliflorum,73,
187
Dielytra, 97
Diervilla, 181
Disa grandiflora, 119, 120
Disas, The, 16, 35, 119 ; Cape,
The, 116
Doronicums, The, 33, 97
Dracaena australis, 127 ; indi-
visa, 127
Dracaenas, Hardier, The, 127
Dryness, 16 ; importance of, 17
122
ECHINOCACTI, 125
Echinopsis Eyriesii,
Echium calUthyrsum, 181 ;
fastuosum, 80
Epacris miniata splendens, 86
Ep»imedium, 96
Erica carnea, 33 ; Cavendishi,
8 1 ; hyemalis, 86; propen-
dens, 86
Eucalyptus globulus, 170
Eugenia buxifolia, 47 ; ugni,
170
Eulalia zebrina, 48
Euonymus radicans, 47
Euonymus radicans varie-
gatus, 171
FABIANA imbricata, 181
Farfugium grand e, 102
Fern allies, 177
Ferns, British and foreign,
174, 175, 176; evergreen,
native and foreign, 47 ;
filmy, New Zealand, 16 ;
syringing, 138
Flag, Common, The, 158
Flowers of bulbous plants
"blind," 53
Flowerine; plants, Retarding,
by refrigeration, 105
Foliage plants for grouping,
43 ; hardy for grouping,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173;
silvery, 48
Forget-me-not, the large
flowered, 96
Forsythia suspensa, 1 8 1
Freesias, 57 58, 59
244
INDEX
Freesia Leichtlinii, 162 ; re-
fracta alba, 162
Fremontia californica, 74,
187
Fritillaria Meleagris, 158 ;
pallidiflora, 158; recurva,
158
Fritillaries, 56
Fritillary, snake's-head, 158
Fuchsias, 181
Funkia grandiflora, 47, 171 ;
lancifolia tardiflora, 64,
162 ; sieboldiana, 41, 172
GARDEN-BOOK, Use of, 139;
corridor, The, 1 1 ; glass, The,
8 ; winter, The, 73
Gillenia trifoliata, 182
Gladioli, 35, 60
Gladiolus Colvillei albus, 158 ;
Lemoinei, 162 ; nanceianus,
162 ; ramosus, 158; Saun-
dersii, 162
Glass, coloured, evil of, 2 1
Glazing, careful, necessity for,
18
Goodyera pubescens, 1 1 8
Glory Pea, 85, 187
Green fly, destroying, 139
Greenhouse, cold, and routine
work in, 133 ; hardy plants
for, 32, 33 ; its advantages,
i ; healthiness of, 4 ; mode-
rate cost of, 5 ; manage-
ment of, 6 ; aspect of the,
15 ; possibilities of the, 140,
141 ; spring bulbs in, 46 ;
working, the, 13, 140
Grevillea rosmarinifolia, 188 ;
thelemanniana, 188
Groundsel, Cape, ivy-leaved,
47
Grouping, foliage plants for, 43
H
HEMANTHUS albiflos, 162 ;
puniceus, 162 ; sanguineus,
162; tigrinus, 162
Hard -wooded plants, 171; cut-
ting back, 87 ; some, 8 1
Hawthorns, 76
Heaths,33,35,86; watering,i37
Heating, 23, 24
Hederoma tulipif era, 8 1
Heliotrope, 34
Helleborus niger, 94
Heuchera sanguinea, 98
Hoheria populnea, 188
Honeysuckles, 188, 189
Hop, Japanese, 112
Hovea Celsii, 87, 88
Huntsman's Cup, The, 119
Hyacinths, 49 ; Roman, 50
Hydrangeas, 182
Hypericum calycinum, 85 ;
chinense, 85, 182
INSECTICIDES, 138, 139
Iris alata, 42 ; bakeriana, 42 ;
bolleana, 42 ; chinensis, 163 ;
cristata, 158; Danfordiae,
42; English, The, 158 ; fim-
briata, 163; germanica, 158;
Hausknechtii, 42 ; Heldrei-
chi, 41; Histrioides, 158;
Krelagei, 158 ; orchioides,
42 ; pumila, 158; reticulata,
42 ; reticulata and cyanea.
158; sindjarensis, 41, 158;
sophenensis, 158; Spanish
The, 159; winter, 24
Irises, 39
Irises, The, 53, 54; Xiphi-
oides, 158; Xiphium 159
Ivy, ii ; German, 172
Ivies, 171 ; small-leaved 47
Ixias, 59, 163
J
JASMINES, 11
Jasminum nudiflorum, 76
Judas tree, 179
K
KALMIA latifolia, 188
Kerria japonica, 182
INDEX
Kew, Himalayan house at, 44
Kniphofia corallina, 159;
Macowani, 159
Kniphofias, 64
LACHENALiANelsoni, 163 ; tri-
color, 163; luteola, 163;
pendula, 60, 163
Lachenalias, 35, 57, 58, 59
Lady-Slippers, Hardy, The,
118
Lapagerias, 188
Lapeyrousia cruenta, 163
Laurustinus, 76, 184
Liber tia formosa, 163
Libonia floribunda, 34
Lilies, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72 ; belladonna, 64 ; for pots,
1 66, 167, 1 68 ; Guernsey, 62,
63 ; Madonna, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72; Scarborough, 64,
138
Lily of the Valley, Forcing, 28,
56, 157
Lonicera fragrantissima, 182
Loniceras, 188, 189
M
MAGNOLIA stellata, 182
Magnolias, 73
Malus floribunda, 76
Mammillaria lasiacantha, 126
Mammillarias, 35, 125
Mesembryanthemum, 35 ; sow-
ing, 124, 125 ; opening of
flowers of, 125
Mesembryanthemum aureum,
1 24 ; bicolor, 1 24 ; blan-
dum, 1 24 ; glaucum, 1 24 ;
lacerum, 125; micans, 124;
polyanthon, 124, 125 ; spec-
tabile, 124 ; tigrinum, 125 ;
tricolor, 1 1 3
Mignonette, the old-fashioned,
in
Milla biflora, 1 59
Mimulus, shrubby, The, 84 ;
glutinosus, 84
Moccasin flower, The, in its
wild state, 118, 119
Muhlenbeckia, 46 ; complexa,
171
Myosotis dissitiflora, 96
Myrtle, Box-leaved, 75
Myrtles, 171 ; large and small
leaved, 47
N
NANDINA domestica, 171
Narcissi, The, 159
Narcissus, certain sorts of, 52 ;
paper white, 5 1
Nerine, 62, 63, 137
Nerines corusca, 163 ; Fother-
gilli, 163 ; pudica, 163 ; sar-
niensis, 163 ; undulata, 63,
163
Nerium Oleander, 78
Neriums, 182
Nemesia strumosa, 1 1 1
OLEANDER, The, 78
Olearia macrodonta, 189
Orange-flower, Mexican, 180
Orchids, bog in pans, 1 1 8 ;
hardy, 116
Orchis, Bee, 116; Fly, 116;
foliosa, 117, 118
Orchises, Terrestrial, diffi-
culties in their culture, 1 17
Origanum Dictamnus, 172
Ornithogalum aureum, 164 ;
arabicum, 164 ; nutans, var.
boucheanum, 159
Ornithogalums, 62
Orobus, 33 ; vernus, 96
Othonna cheirifolia, 172
Oxalis Bowei, 164 ; cernua,
59, 164; enneaphylla, 164;
floribunda, 159; lobata,
incarnata, 159
246
INDEX
PALMS, Fan, 45 ; hardy, 170
Pancratium illyricum, 164 ;
maritimum, 164
Paradisea Liliastrum major
159
Parochetus communis, for
hanging baskets, 103
Pea, Shamrock, for hanging
baskets, 103
Peas, Sweet, under glass, 1 1 1
Pelargoniums, 34
Pentstemon Cobaea, 1 14; Mur-
rayanus, 114
Perennials, autumn, under
glass, 1 01 ; hardy, for
spring, 94
Pernettya mucronata, 183
Phalaris arundinacea varie-
gata, 172
Phyllocacti, 123
Phyllocactus crenatus, 123 ;
phyllanthoides, 123
Physalis Alkekengi, 103 ;
Franc hetti, 102
Pieris floribunda, 183
Pimelia decussata, 87
Pink, common white, under
glass, 1 10
Plantain Lily, The, 171
Plants, greenhouse, suitable
and unsuitable, half-hardy,
34 ; hardy for greenhouse,
32, 33; hard-wooded, 191 ;
pot, in summer, 130, 131,
132; of stiff character,
grouping, 1 27 ; suitable for
flowering in Alpine house
from January to May, 145-
152 ; pot, time to prune,
136; pot, training and
pruning of, 135 ; watering,
137
Plumbago capensis, 189
Poinciana Gillies ii, 74
Polyanthus primrose in the
greenhouse, 98
Polygala dalmaisiana, 85
Polygonatum multiflorum, 172
Pomegranate, The, 79, 183
Poppies, Iceland, The, 1 1 3
Portulacas, The, 113
Potting-shed, The, 128
Potting, Tools to use in, 1 30
Primroses in greenhouse, 98
Primula, Chinese, 34 ; im-
perialis, 100 ; megasesefolia,
39 ; Sieboldi in pots, pro-
pagation of, 9
Primulas, Alpine, 33
Prunus, 72 ; japonica fl. pi.,
76; rosea plena, 183 ; sinen-
sis alba plena, 183 ; triloba
fl.pl., 183
Punica granata, 79
Pyrethrum uliginosum for
autumn, 102
RANUNCULUS, 54; asiaticus,
159
Red-hot Pokers, 64, 159
Refrigeration, Retarding
flowering plants by, 105
Reineckia carnea variegata,
172
Rhapiolepis japonica, 183
Rhododendron ciliatum, 78;
dauricum, 87 ; nobleanum,
77 ; racemosum, 78
Rhododendrons, 33, 35, 184,
1 89 ; hardy, 77 ; Himalayan,
9,73
Ribbon grass, The, 47, 172
Richardia aethiopica, 164
Rock-cress, White, 96
Roscoea purpurea, 164
Roses, 89, 90,91,92,93; Tea,
1 1 ; pruning, 1 36
Ruscus racemosus, 170
SALPIGLOSSIS, in
Sal via azurea grandiflora, 105;
coccinea superba, 105 ; ges-
INDEX
247
neraefolia, 105; Hians, 10;
patens, 105 ; Pitcheri, 105 ;
rutilans, 105; splendens, 105
Salvias, hardier, The, 105
Sarracenia flava, 1 19 ; pur-
purea, 119
Sarracenias, The hybridisation
possibilities, 119
Saxifraga burseriana major,
39 ; crassifolia as a pot plant,
97
Saxifrages, 33, 39, 40, 41
Scilla, 56
Seed-sowing, 134
Senecio Kaempferi, 102 ; mika-
noides, 47, 172 ; maritima,
172
Senna, Scorpion, 180
Shading, 28, 29
Shooting, 20
Shrubs, flowering, 73, 178, 179,
1 80, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
1 86, 187, 1 88, 189; miscel-
laneous, for under glass, 78
Sibthorpia europaea variegata,
173
Snowdrops, 55
Soil for potting, the best, 128,
129
Soldanellas, 39,41
Solomon's seal, 46, 172
Soot- water, making, 1 39
Sophora tetraptera, 1 89
Sparaxis pulcherrima, 59, 64 ;
pendula, 164
Spiraea Van Houttei, 77, 184
Spiraeas as pot plants, 77
Sprekelia formosissima, 164
Spring, Hardy perennials for,
94
Sternbergia fischeriana, 160
Stock all the year round,
no
Stocks in the unheated green-
house, no ; Ten- week, no
Stokesia cyanea, 102
Structures, flowering shrubs
for large, 185
St. John's Wort, 85
Succulent plants, 16 ; for the
greenhouse, 121 ; summer
treatment of, 126
Swainsonia galegifolia alba,
85
Syringe, Brass, its use in
watering, 138
TEMPERATURE, regulation of,
23
Thistles, Fish-bone, The bi-
ennial, 112
Thorn, Glastonbury, 76
Thrips, destroying, 1 39
Tiarella cordifolia, 98
Tomatoes, 28
Tools to use in potting, 130
Tremandra verticillata, 87
Tricyrtis hirta, 103
Trillium grandiflorum, 160
Tropaeolum azureum, 61, 165 ;
brachyceras, 61, 165 ; tri-
colorum, 165 ; tricolorum
Jaratti, 61
Tropaeolums, in ; climbing,
61
Troughs, zinc, for growing
plants in, 96
Tubers and bulbs for associa-
ting with Alpine plants in
flower from January to May,
153-156; half-hardy, 161 ;
for unheated greenhouse,
49
Tulipa clusiana, 160; fra-
grans; 160; retroflexa, 160
Tulips, dwarf, 50
VACCINIUM serpens, 190
Vallota purpurea, 64, 138,
165
Veltheimia viridifolia, 62, 165
Ventilation, 25, 26, 27
Veronica cupressoides, 173 ;
hulkeana, 74, 1 84 ; Hectori,
193; speciosa variegata, 184
248
INDEX
Veronicas, New Zealand, 74
Viburnum plica turn, 1 84 ;
lucidum, 76
Vine, ii
W
WALLFLOWER, Belvoir Castle,
109 ; Harbinger, 109
Wallflower, German double, in
the unheated greenhouse,
and sowing seed of, 109
Wardian-case, value of, 133
Watering plants, 137
Weigela hortensis mvea, 75
Watsonia Ardernei, 165 ; an-
gusta, 165
Watsonias, 62
Winter Sweet, 186
Wistaria, 76; sinensis, 184
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