The University of Washington Bulletin

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

ARBORETUM BULLETIN

Published Quarterly by the Arboretum Foundation

FALL, 1972

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

As you know, among the many crises that have presented
themselves to the Arboretum these last two years, the most
pressing has been the relationship between the University of
Washington and the City of Seattle regarding future manage-
ment of the Arboretum, in particular, a re-negotiation of the
original agreement. Many people have tried to help solve this
dilemma. Senate Resolution No. 1972-44, adopted February
19, 1972, resolved to bring together the City of Seattle, the
University of Washington, and other interested groups in order
to resolve both the administration and the funding of the
Arboretum.

In June, the Arboretum Foundation-sponsored symposium,
"The Urban Arboretum in Time of Crisis," furnished back-
ground for decisions for both the City and the University by
providing the expertise of other Arboretum Directors who
were invited to participate.

Later Legislative Budget Committee hearings in Port
Angeles and in Tacoma gave the University, the City and
interested groups an opportunity to voice ideas for the future
of the Arboretum.

Additionally, the American Association of Botanical Gar-
dens and Arboreta at their annual meeting here in Seattle in
September, 1972, passed a resolution requesting:

. . . the Legislative Budget Committee, the State of Wash-
ington, and the City of Seattle earnestly attempt to re-
solve and clarify the financial and administrative struc-
ture of the Arboretum so that the institution will be able
to continue to prosper and develop in a manner benefiting
its prestigious position.

This was followed by a letter from Fred B. Widmoyer,
Secretary -Treasurer of the AABGA offering any assistance that
his organization could give in helping resolve this dilemma.

More recently, at the third Legislative Budget Committee
hearing in Bellingham, October 27, 1972, further discussions
between the interested parties were held. We are happy to
announce that the University and the City are initiating
negotiations for a new agreement and that the future of our
Arboretum appears assured. Details of the arrangement remain
to be resolved. We shall keep you informed of all subsequent
developments.

THE ARBORETUM
BULLETIN

Vol. XXXV No. 3
Seattle, Wa., Fall, 1972

OFFICERS

John A. Putnam
President
M. Chris Johnson
Vice-President
Mrs. Allen D. Moses
Vice-President
Mrs. Moritz Milburn
Vice-President
Dr. Giacomo Pirzio-Biroli
Vice-President
Mrs. John S. Robinson
Secretary
Donald C. Davis
Treasurer

Mrs. Marilynn Wolf
Executive Secretary

BULLETIN EDITORIAL
BOARD

Gordon D. Marckworth,
Editor

Mrs. Joseph P. Butler,
Associate Editor
Mrs. Hugh Baird
Mrs. Robert Berry
Mrs. Allen B. Engle
Brian O. Mulligan
R. F. Stettler
Reid Kenady
John A. Putnam

The ARBORETUM BULLETIN is a journal of general horticultural information published quarterly, as a bonus
of membership, by the University of Washington ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, a non-profit organization to
further the development of the University of Washington Arboretum. Information regarding membership in the
Foundation may be obtained by writing to the ARBORETUM FOUNDATION , University of Washington, 98195
or by calling EA 5-4510. Articles on botany and horticultural ly related subjects written by professional and
amatuer botanists, horticulturists, educators and gardeners are welcomed. No part of this BULLETIN may be
reprinted without the authority of the ARBORETUM FOUNDATION.

VOLUME XXXV, NUMBER 3

Fall, 1972

TABLE OF CONTENTS

President's Message John A. Putnam

Plant Collector in Siberia John L. Creech

What's New in Pollination? B.J.D. Meeuse

Arboretum Report: July 1971-June 1972 Brian 0. Mulligan

Arboretum Vignettes - 1 972

Horticulture is Helen Moodie

The Long Road Travelled

Arboretum Classes

New Members

Arboretum Spotlight — FrankHnia alatamaha Doris Butler

Favorites — Bog Palls — Labrador Tea ( Ledum groenlandicum)

Bog Kalmia (Kalmia polifolia) Mae Guy

Book Reviews

Arboretum Foundation Financial Statement — 1971-1972

I nside
Cover
2
7

12
16, 17
22

23

24

24

25

28

29

Inside

Back

Cover

COVER PHOTO: Frank lin ia alatamaha, University of Washington

Arboretum. (See p. 25) Photo by:

1

Plant Collector in Siberia

JOHN L. CREECH *

Siberia, with its awesome vastness, has
always intrigued Russians and foreigners alike.
It has also drawn plant collectors and among
the first explorations of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture were those to Siberia by N. E.
Hansen in 1897, 1906 and 1909. He was
searching for hardy fruits and alfalfas, particu-
larly the yellow flowered Medicago falcata.
Frank N. Meyer journeyed through Central Asia
and Siberia during his seemingly endless years
of plant collecting for the USDA prior to the
First World War. Other explorations sponsored
by the USDA included Central Asia and, to a
lesser degree, Siberia during the 1930's. After
World War II, the plant exchanges with the
Russians almost ceased.

In 1956, Longwood Gardens, Kennett
Square, Pennsylvania, and the USDA's Agricul-

*Chief, New Crops Research Branch, Plant Science
Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Photos by: John L. Creech

tural Research Service drew up an agreement to
conduct a sustained program of ornamental
exploration to areas not normally accessible. In
1959, ARS began a plant exchange program
with its counterpart in the USSR, the All-Union
Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Leningrad.
Both programs progressed remarkably well, and
in 1963 the first exploration to the USSR since
before WW II was conducted by Scott and
Creech under joint auspices of these two
programs. This was an ornamental and fruit
collecting expedition to Central Asia and Euro-
pean Russia. Other USDA explorations
followed in short order — Keller and Jones
(1965) and Skrdla and Brooks (1967). In 1971,
I was able to undertake a second exploration to
the USSR under the Longwood program and
with direct field assistant from the Vavilov
Institute. This was the fourth of the current
expeditions to the USSR and the 13th of the
series of ornamental explorations supported by
the Longwood program.

2

Although my main purpose for visiting the
USSR was to collect Siberian plants and visit
horticultural institutions in Siberia which were
assembling Asiatic plants, it is worthwhile to
mention some of the European Soviet institu-
tions that are most likely to be visited by the
usual traveler.

In Miscow several institutions feature trees,
shrubs and herbaceous plants that will interest
the horticultural visitor. In most such places,
emphasis is on the native plants of the USSR,
and nowadays it is fashionable to collect and
display Siberian species. The Main Botanic
Garden of the Academy of Sciences, the Uni-
versity of Moscow Botanic Garden, the Shreder
Botanical Garden of the Timirazov Agricultural
Institute, and the Forestry Institute at Pushkin
are all open to the public. The Main Botanic
Garden includes display beds of horticultural
varieties of annuals and perennials, large collec-
tions of trees and shrubs arranged on a systema-
tic basis, and greenhouses with exotic species.
One feature that is rather unique is a 13 hectare
display of the development of crop plants in
the USSR. It shows the types grown during
each century with the appropriate additions as

new parts of the world were discovered. Pro-
genitor types and advanced varieties of food
plants are grown side by side. In one place the
visitor can examine just about every form of
the cabbage that is cultivated. This garden is
designed so that with a small map the visitor
can take a self-guided tour.

The University of Moscow Botanic Garden
features 40 hectares of native plants arranged
on a geographical basis; and one can visit an
alpine flora, a steppe collection, plants from the
Far East, the Caucasus region, or the Crimea.
Much of this garden is based on domestic
explorations by the staff of the Garden. It is
easy to locate because it adjoins the mammoth
building that houses the University, which is a
stop for all tourists in Moscow. It is unlikely
that many of them get to the Garden, however.

The Shreder Botanic Garden is considerably
smaller, less than 12 hectares, and perhaps the
least likely to be encountered. The small
herbaceous garden is devoted to economic
plants mainly used for teaching purposes, but
nearby is the "dendrarium" with a rather
interesting collection of trees and shrubs. It was
established by a Dane, Shreder, about 100 years

Summertime in the Siberian taiga is a delightful scene of birches interspersed open parks of annual and perrenial.
Here is the home of the Turks-Cap lily (L. martagon).

Acer tegmentosum, growing in the Shreder
Botanic Garden, is especially attractive be-
cause of its striped bark and long racemes of
bright yellow fruit.

ago. By 1892 he had assembled about 3300
species which gradually declined until they
numbered only 188 by 1935. But it is on the
increase, and there are now some 500 species
represented. There is a good collection of
Cornus, in which I found a hybrid of Cornus
alba crossed with an unknown parent. The
hybrid is said to have pink flowers. I collected
cuttings for trial in the U.S. There are numer-
ous maple species, but the most attractive is the
striped bark species, Acer tegmentosum , which
was heavy with bright yellow fruits. Prunus
maackii , with its rich red exfoliating bark, had
developed into large groves and is one of the
more interesting trees for use as a street tree. I
saw it used on several occasions around Moscow
and in Siberia, even under permafrost condi-
tions where temperatures around -60°F are not
unusual in winter.

The Forestry Institute at Pushkin is a special
attraction because it serves as the source of
street trees and shrubs for the City of Moscow.
As such, it contains a 90 hectare nursery and
propagation center with over 5 million trees
and shrubs produced annually. There is consi-
derable attention to mechanization and one of
the most extensive mist propagation facilities I
have seen. Under high canopies of plastic film,
the spray nozzles are mounted some 8-10 feet
above the propagation beds and cuttings are

rooted in a combination of soil and sawdust,
with sort of a mulch of shavings over the
surface of the bed. Among the commonly
planted trees and shrubs are Ptelea trifoliata,
our native hoptree, Acer platanoides , Fraxinus
oriental is, Sorb us, and Populus. All are regarded
as being particularly smog resistant and capable
of withstanding the city environment. A good
yellow leaved form of Corylus ave/lana is
propagated under mist and used frequently as a
park plant.

At all these institutions, I was offered seeds,
cuttings and plants, and literature on Soviet
horticulture. This was true of all the locations
that I visited. But the visitor should be cau-
tioned that it is rather difficult to get living
plant material out of the USSR in good
condition because of the delays encountered
due to "red tape." I was particularly fortunate
in that my shipments were of an official nature
and could be sent by diplomatic pouch. Other-
wise, I fear they too would have been delayed
to a disastrous degree.

I also visited the wonderful Nikitsky Botanic
Garden, Yalta, and several fine institutions in
and around Leningrad, but perhaps the remain-
ing space should be devoted to Siberia.

Siberia is a 4,800,000 square mile region
with broad horizontal vegetational belts (exclu-
sive of the Far East) consisting of the tundra to

4

the north, a vast middle region of taiga (the
swampy conifer-birch forests occupying
1 ,900,000 square miles and covering the greater
part of Siberia), and the steppe that extends
along the southern border into Central Asia.
The area is traversed from south to north by
three great, but meandering, rivers — the Ob,
the Yenesy, and the Lena. Because of the
somewhat restricted mountain ranges, Siberia
has a floristic pattern in which latitudinal
influences are far greater than altitudinal ones.
Most areas of Siberia are "closed” to some
degree although cities like Irkutsk, Novosibirsk,
and others along the trans-Siberian railway are
being opened to foreigners. It is still difficult
for the average person to wander far from the
arranged itinerary.

My journey to Siberia took me to Academ-
gorodok, the Soviet "think tank" near Novosi-
birsk; a small agricultural station at Tulun,
some 300 miles from Irkutsk; Barnaul, a city in
the Altai with an excellent Mountain Fruit and
Ornamental Station; and Yakutsk, the major
city of the Siberian plateau from which I
traveled to a small Yakuti settlement to collect
native trees and shrubs. The purpose was to
collect as many samples of trees, shrubs, and
ornamental plants as possible for evaluation in
the United States.

Siberia, in general, is not the exciting collect-
ing ground I have experienced elsewhere — for
example, Japan and Taiwan — but there were a
sufficient number of surprises for me to make
the journey well worthwhile.

At the small experiment station near Tulun,
in a region of dark, heavy soils, the wooded
areas in some places are largely mixtures of pine
and larch. The forest floor is hummocked with
sphagnum mounds and in this bog-like condi-
tion vacciniums, spireas, alders, and small
birches flourish. To my surprise a rhododend-
ron also occurs in considerable quantity. This is
Rhododendron ledebourii Pjorak, a close rela-
tive of R. dauricum, from which it differs by its
more evergreen habit in winter. I gathered
plants and cuttings of this species and these
should soon be available for distribution. This
park -like locality is also the home of LiHum
martagon and some excellent forms of the
white birch, Betu/a pendula, which the Soviet
botanists have divided into several geographic

forms — the one where I collected being B.
verrucosa.

Two institutions of the Siberian meadow
steppe region are particularly important centers
of research on native Siberian plants. At Novo-
sibirsk the old garden has been moved to a new
1500 hectare site at Academgorodoc. The
garden is organized into a series of separate
sections, one in which native plants have been
assembled on a taxonomic basis, a medicinal
plant garden of excellent quality, a garden of
forage and pasture grass species, a fruit tree
garden, a collection of trees and shrubs on a
very informal park-like arrangement, and a large
collection of ornamentals — particularly bulbs,
ground covers, and cut-flower species. Phlox
paniculata hybrids from their own breeding
programs are displayed in large beds. Over 100
species of perennials have been selected as
winterhardy for use in Siberian gardens. Even
the small annual grass, Hordeum jubatum, is
cultivated as a border plant.

Tire Altai Fruit and Decorative Plant Station

Betula verrucosa forms a graceful weeping tree in the
taiga parks of Siberia.

is located in the foothills of the Altai Mountain
near Barnaul. It features trees, shrubs and
herbaceous plants of both Siberia and adjacent
China. The garden includes 1500 species on a
plot of about 10 hectares. Here I collected a
new form of Salix ledebouriana , called 'Kur-
aika', an excellent pendulous hedge plant with
grey foliage. It is both cold and drought
resistant. Among the many herbaceous plants
that grow well in this severely dry, cold climate
are Allium , Asti I be, Campanula, Gentiana,
Paeonia, Trollius, and several species of Lilium.
The shrubby species include Cory I us, Mai us,
Sambucus, Syringa, Spirea, and Philadelphus. It
was here that I collected Rhododendron adam-
sii, a dwarf compart species with white to pink
flowers, several species of Actinidia, the un-
usual large leaved plant, Echinopanax elatum,
and Microbiota decussata , a curious juvenile-
leaved conifer. Barnaul is, incidently, not open
to tourists — probably because it is too close to
the Chinese border.

Finally, the area of Siberia of which the city
of Yakutsk is the hub of importance because of
the fiercely cold winters (-70°F), the cool foggy
summers, and the efforts by the Russians to
grow ornamentals under these conditions. Even
here, a small botanic garden is thriving. At this
time it consists of only 10-12 hectares contain-
ing some 120 species in demonstration plots.
About 30 native species are useful decorative
plants. Pin us sibirica, Larix sibirica, B etui a
verrucosa, and several spruce species frequent
the permafrost bogs. They do not grow tall

because the ground is frozen solid from about
three feet below the surface. But this solid base
helps contain moisture during the growing
season, and it is said that without the perma-
frost, Siberia would be a vast arctic desert.

I traveled by landrover some 200 miles into
the taiga to a small Yakuti village where about
3500 people live and are employed much of
their time hunting fur-bearing animals. Here
Potentilla fruticosa grows rampantly through
the meadows. Dwarf birch, juniper, several
vacciniums, and loniceras are mixed in the
sparce undergrowth of the larch-birch forests.
One rose species, Rosa acicu/aris, is also com-
mon. All of these species were in fruit and I
gathered seed from selected plants in forest and
meadow sites. I was pleased to find that Rosa
rugosa and Cotoneaster lucida are cultivated as
hedge plants in this severe region and the types
which have been selected for cultivation here
might find special use in our cold, dry regions.

From Yakutsk I flew back to Moscow in late
August, collected a number of cuttings in the
Moscow institutions mentioned earlier, and
received a large shipment of plants and cuttings
of species I had marked earlier in Yalta, and
then returned to the United States. A number
of these collections are entirely new to us;
others are local selections of previously known
ornamentals. Of equal importance to the collec-
tions are the contacts firmly established with
several botanical and horticultural centers for
future exchanges of plants. ^

In winter, the Central Siberian Botanic Garden,
Novosibirsk, is deep in its blanket of snow. Fruit trees
(apple and peach) are pegged to the ground and grow
in a prostrate fashion to take advantage of the
protection of the snow.

What’s New In Pollination?

B. J. D. MEEUSE *

Part One

1. HONEYGUIDES. In a discussion of recent
developments in floral ecology , poetic justice is
served best by starting out with honeyguides.
After all, it was the study of these "signposts
for insects" (special color patches or patterns
on the petals, indicating the hidden nectar of
flowers) which gave the original impetus to
Sprengel's work (1793), now rightly regarded as
the beginning of modern anthecology. It is
likely that Sprengel, who "humanized" pollina-
ting insects more than a little, attributed to
them a color sense very much like our own. The
ability of honeybees and many other insects to
see ultraviolet (UV) as a color was recognized
only after Karl von Frisch's classical work (See
von Frisch, 1967). Thanks mostly to the efforts
of Daumer (1958), Kugler (1963, 1966) and
Eisner (1969) we now know that the petals of
many flowers which to us seem to be quite
uniform in color, such as those of chicory,
evening primrose and marsh marigold, show
differences in UV-reflection between tip and
base, so that a pattern arises to which insects
pay heed. Usually, the center of the flower (i.e.,
the base of the petals) displays an enormous
U V-absorption and thus a UV-reflection close
to zero. Kugler believed that in at least 95% of
the cases this was due to the presence of
phenolic compounds, especially to those ill-
defined ones known as "tannins" (the same
compounds that give tea its astringent taste).
Since tannins give a characteristic dark reaction
with iron chloride, a simple way to demonstrate
the presence of UV-honeyguides according to
Kugler is to treat flower petals with this reagent
(fig. 1 A); after previous extraction of the petals
with alcohol, in which tannins dissolve, the iron
salt no longer produces the pattern (fig. IB).

*B.J.D. Meeuse, Professor of Botany at the University
of Washington, is author of The Story of Pollination.
Ronald Press, 1961.

Figure 1A Figure IB

Fig. 1. Ultraviolet reflection of the petals of marsh
marigold (Caltha palustris) before and after extraction
with alcohol.

Very recently, however (1972), W. R. Thomp-
son and associates, working with flowers of
black-eyed susan [Rudbeckia hirta) were able to
provide the much more precise information
that the UV-absorbing properties of the petal-
bases are due to flavonole compounds. Yellow
to us, but chemically related to that important
class of red, blue or purple flower pigments
known collectively as the anthocyanins, fla-
vonoles obviously have played an important
role in floral speciation, and in the co-evolution
of flowers and UV-sensitive insects.

Daumer has brilliantly demonstrated that
the behavior of honeybees is indeed guided by
UV-honeyguides. After having detached the
petals of Helianthus rigidus, he reconstituted
the flowers, either in the natural way, with the
UV-absorbing parts of the petals in the center,
or with the petals turned around so that the
UV-absorbing parts were peripheral (fig. 2). The
petals were trimmed with scissors in such a way
that to the human observer there was no
appreciable difference between the two flower
types. However, when honeybees which had
been trained to find nourishment in the center
of the natural model were given a choice

7

Fig. 2. Experimental "flowers" composed of real petals
of Helianthus rigidus re-arranged around a hole. Left:
UV-honeyguides in natural position, near center of
flower. Right: UV-honeyguides near margin. To the
human observer, incapable of discerning the UV-honey-
guides, the two models appear to be identical. After
Daumer.

Figure 3 Figure 4

Fig. 3. Petal of evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis ),
photographed in ordinary light. To human observers,
petals of this plant are homogeneously yellow in color.

Fig. 4. Petal of evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis),
photographed in UV light. Base of petal strongly
absorbs UV, creating honey guide effect (for insects).

between the type types, they showed a ten to
one preference for the natural model in their
visits. This preference disappeared when the
models were covered with UV-absorbing light-
filters. The flowers of Coreopsis bicolor do not
reflect UV at all and are probably seen as
yellow with a black heart by bees and humans
alike. Training-experiments similar to those we
just described for Helianthus rigidus can be
done with honeybees and Coreopsis, and the
results are essentially the same. Clearly then,
the behavior of the bees is the same, whether
the honeyguides to which they respond can be
seen only by them, or by them and man both.
In other experiments, Daumer has demonstra-
ted that honeybees display a very characteristic,
inborn reaction when they march from the
periphery to the center of a natural flower or
flower-model. Crossing the demarcation-line be-
tween the UV-reflecting and the UV-absorbing
part of the petal (a line invisible to us!), they
come to a sudden halt, thrust their head
forward, and frequently stick out their probo-
scis at the same time; thus, they are quite ready
to start feeding. Again, the same behavior is
displayed in Coreopsis bicolor , where man, too,
can see the demarcation-line. Obviously, then,
bees react to UV-honeyguides and other honey-
guides in exactly the same fashion.

In 1954, Miss Lex has shown that honey-
guides which stand out visually in a flower may
also possess an odor which is different from
that of the rest of the flower. An example is the
pink-flowered form of the common bindweed,

Convolvulus arvensis, which has five white
honeyguides resembling the spokes of a wheel.
In the white-flowered variety, these spokes are
of course invisible to us and probably also to
insects, but it must be assumed that they can
still guide insects by their smell. To the best of
my knowledge, no further work has been done
on this fascinating subject.

2. UNUSUAL REWARDS FOR FLOWER-
VISITORS. Stefan Vogel has shown that there
are at least 500 species of flowers in South
America and South Africa (e.g., Calceolaria ,
some of the baby-blue-eyes (Sisyrinchium) , the
orchid ( Oncidium ) which offer visiting bees a
thin oil instead of nectar; this oil is used for
making a special sort of beebread for the insect
larvae.

Fascinating feeding habits are displayed by
at least 14 species of the butterfly genus
Heliconius , found in Central and South Ameri-
ca. These animals collect large pollen masses on
the underside of their proboscis, mix them with
a clear secretion from the proboscis tip (nec-
tar?) and agitate them for a few hours. The
amino-acids of the pollen, which include the
energy-rich compound proline, go into solution
with extreme rapidity and provide the butter-
flies with a food potent enough to permit the
production of sex cells over an extended
period; the females may live, and deposit eggs
for six months.

Still mysterious is the habit of certain male
Euglossine bees in Central and South America

8

to visit fragrant orchid flowers and to scrape
the perfume off the surfaces of the petals in the
form of minute particles which are then stored
in the large cavities which they have in their
posterior legs. Later on, the males congregate in
open spots in the forest, e.g., on logs, and it is
conceivable that the odor is then used to
influence females sexually. However, if that is
so, it is not clear why the females are not
attracted by the primary producers of the
smell, i.e., by the orchid flowers themselves in
the first place! Sexual instincts, manifesting
themselves in territorial behavior, are very
definitely harnessed in the case of certain male
Centris bees responsible for the pollination of
the orchid Oncidium planilabre in Ecuador. It is
well-known that in some species of Oncidium
the flowers look very much like insects. The
individual flowers in a spray are, moreover,
attached by means of very slender stalks, so
that the slightest breeze will cause them to
dance. When this happens within the territory
of a Centris-rr\a\e, the bee will attack the orchid
and strike it headlong; a pollinarium will be
attached to the front of its head. If the breeze
continues, the bee strikes flower after flower,
and in these later attacks there is an excellent
chance that a pollinarium will be forced into
the stigma of the receiving orchid flower.

3. UNUSUAL POLLINATORS. Stoutamire
(1968) and Thien (1970) have recently demon-
strated that mosquitoes are very efficient polli-
nators of certain orchids such as Habenaria in
northern bogs.

4. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS
IN ORCHID FRAGRANCES, AND THE
PROBLEM OF ORCHID SPECIATION. Or-
chids comprise more than ten percent of all
species of flowering plants. This means that
there are close to 30,000 orchid species. Gener-
ally speaking, any of these will be pollinated by
only one, or a very few insect species; e.g., the
Panamanian orchid (Gongora tricolor) is visited
only by Eug/ossa cyanura males. In tropical
America, the pollinators often are Euglossine
bees: small to medium-sized insects, brilliantly
metallic blue-green or golden and sparsely
hairy. It has been demonstrated that fragrance
is a main factor (probably the main factor) in

attracting these bees to flowers; therefore, it
should be possible to explain the pollinator-
specificity of a given orchid species on the basis
of the particular mixture of odor-compounds
present in its flowers. With the aid of refined
modern methods, Dodson and collaborators
have so far analyzed the fragrances of 150
orchid species from 25 genera (largely euglos-
sine-pollinated). Fifty chemical compounds
have been implicated, of which sixteen have
been identified with certainty and ten tenta-
tively. Most species produce from seven to ten
compounds, but some make as many as
eighteen or as few as three. A very common
compound in Central American orchid flowers
is 1.8-cineole, which was present in sixty
percent of the species sampled; it accounts for
about ninety percent of the mixture of odor
compounds in Stanhopea cirrhata. In field tests
with blotter papers saturated V/ith individual
odor compounds or with mixtures, it was found
that 1.8-cineole would, over a five day period,
attract 433 male euglossine bees representing
thirty-five species; methyl salicylate attracted
113 individuals belonging to six species. The
most effective general attractant was 1.8-
cineole, except in Western Mexico where
eugenol was equally effective in general and
more effective with particular kinds of bees.
Nature achieves selectivity by mixing various
odor compounds; a combination of two or
more attractants often fails to draw species that
would unerringly visit one of the attractants
offered in pure form. In areas where numerous
bee species are present, the differential produc-
tion of odoriferious compounds by different
orchid species may thus limit the number of
bee species attracted. Once this has been
achieved, differences in size and shape of the
orchid flower, i.e., "mechanical isolation", may
act as a second sieve, leading to complete
pollinator-specificity. In principle, then, specia-
tion in orchids can get a start by minor genetic
changes which affect the synthesis of fragrance
components. A mutation which would lead to
production of additional odor components, or
(conversely) would result in the failure to
produce a component present in the original
type, might conceivably be responsible for the
creation of a "new" type of orchid flower
attracting a different species of bee while

9

discriminating against the pollinator of the
parental form. Thus, a new orchid population
could develop that would not interbreed with
the original stock. Ultimately, this might lead
to the emergence of a new species even without
the benefit of geographical isolation. A similar
reasoning can, of course, be applied to those
orchids that attract hawkmoths or flies by their
smell.

In still another and completely different
way, Euglossine bees are important to orchids
and other plants. Especially in tropical Ameri-
ca, the population densities of many plant
species have been reduced to a very low level as
the result of human activities, competition, and
the action of herbivores and seed-eaters.
Clearly, when only a few widely scattered
individuals are left of a certain plant species,
cross-pollination becomes a problem. From the
point of view of species-survival, it is therefore
gratifying that female Euglossine bees forage
over long distances and visit the same plant
individuals repeatedly along a "routine”
feeding-route; even in a tropical rain forest,
traveling at a rate of almost twenty km per
hour, they may return to their nests from as far
away as twenty-three kilometers, often with
full pollen loads. Reliable outcrossing is thus
made possible over distances far greater than
one would expect if only such pollinating
agents as the wind or small bees were taken into
account. (Janzen, 1971).

5. RECENT FINDINGS (DEVELOPMENTS)
IN FIG POLLINATION. Smell must also have
played an important part in the original estab-
lishment of pollination relationships between
figs (Ficus) and the tiny female wasps that use
some of the flowers in their "syconia" (inflores-
cenes) as incubators, transforming them into
galls. Pollen is not transported passively on the
glossy and smooth outside of these wasps as
was tacitly assumed in the past, but is actively
collected and then transferred to special poc-
kets at the underside of the female's abdomen
or in the cephalothorax, from which it is later,
mysteriously but conveniently, extruded again
during the act of egg-laying (Ramirez, 1969;
Galil & Snitzer-Pasternak, 1970; G a I i I & Eisiko-
witch, 1971 ). This puts the case of the figs in a
class with that of yucca and yucca moth,

heretofore always claimed to represent one of
the most "improbable" pollination-situations.
(The moths in question, Tegeticula yuccasella
(Riley) on Yucca filamentosa L. (Riley, 1892)
and T. maculata (Riley) on Yucca whipplei
Torr. (Powell & Mackie, 1966) seem to display
"foresight" when with their highly specialized
mouthparts they transfer pollen balls to the
stigmas of the flowers; the seeds which develop
as the result of this "senseless" act will later
serve as food for the larvae hatching from eggs
deposited by the moth in the flower's ovary.)

6. TIMING EVENTS IN FLOWERS. I n some
species of flowers, opening and closing are
controlled by environmental factors that may
change at very short notice. For example, in
crocuses, tulips, winter aconite and certain flax
species, the temperature is decisive; a rise of
only 0.2°C suffices to cause opening in crocu-
ses. However, as indicated by some striking
common names (4 o'clock plant; Jack-go-to-
bed-at-noon) , there are many flower species
which open and close at a very specific hour of
the day, regardless of the weather. Nectar
production and pollen liberation may also be
tied to special hours. The ecological and evolu-
tionary significance of this situation can be
understood immediately when one links it with
the fabulous time-sense of bees and many other
insects, a gift which makes it possible for these
animals to visit the flowers exactly at the time
which is the most beneficial for both plant and
insect. Undoubtedly, the pronounced rhythmi-
city of clock-flowers is closely connected with
their built-in "biological clocks." As illustrated
by Oestrum nocturnum , the famous 'dama de
noche' of Spanish-speaking countries, such
flowers may even in the lab be very rigid in
their behavior, refusing to respond to an
imposed change in the external conditions.
Normally, the Oestrum- flowers open and be-
come very fragrant in the evening and close
again in the daytime; the individual flowers
remain active for at least a week. They stub-
bornly retain their periodicity even in constant
darkness or constant light! However, in many
instances it is possible to "set" the biological
clock, e.g., by reversing day and night one can
force buds of the queen-of-the-night cactus
(Cereus grandiflorus) to open in the morning

10

instead of in the evening. In 1959, Arnold
found a similar situation in certain evening
primrose species where each flower lasts for one
day only. The buds that opened on the first, as
well as those that unfolded on the second day
after the day/night reversal, stuck to their
original time schedule and would still open at 6
p.m. Only those that opened on the third day
after the switch (or later) followed the new
regime and opened at 6 a.m. This shows that in
evening primrose a flower-bud may be sluggish
in resetting its biological clock, or perhaps more
correctly: its course of action has been set
irrevocably two days before actual opening.

In our Seattle laboratory, working with
certain arum lilies such as Arum and Sauro-
matum (the voodoo lily), we have gained some
more insight in the timing-processes of flowers
whose opening is controlled by the light/dark
regime. The behavior of the inflorescences of
these aroids in nature is clearly synchronized:
the striking heat-development in the so-called
appendix, during and after the unfolding, al-
ways reaches a sharp peak late in the afternoon
in Arum, and around noon in Sauromatum . In
stark contrast, the opening of inflorescences
kept in constant light is non-synchronized (and
also retarded). Constant darkness prevents
opening altogether. Reversal of day and night

leads to normal synchronized flowering and
heat-development. But the peaks are shifted 12
hours. Clearly, a certain alteration of light and
dark periods are essential. However, it is also
essential that a certain minimum dark require-
ment be fulfilled. This can be shown (e.g.) by
keeping developing Sauromatum- inflorescences
in constant light until ripe for flowering and
then giving them a single dark period of at least
six hours; the peak in heat-production by the
appendix is reached forty-two hours after the
beginning of this "dark-shot”. The important
conclusion to be drawn from these experiments
is that there is a striking parallel between the
processes determining the opening of certain
flowers (or inflorescences) and those respon-
sible for the induction of flower-buds in short-
day plants. For example, in cocklebur, a typical
short-day (or long-night!) plant, a critical dark
period of eight and one-half hours must be
exceeded for flowering to occur six to fourteen
days later. Very similar experiments can be
done with four o'clock plants; the moment of
their flower-opening is determined by the
moment of nightfall, so that only near the
equator will they always open at 4 o'clock.
Moreover, in this case, too, the nightly dark
period must exceed a certain length.,

(To be continued.)

A silken curtain veils the skies,

And half conceals from pensive eyes
The bronzing tokens of the fall;

A calmness broods upon the hills,
And summer’s parting dream distils
A charm of silence over all

Tertius and Henry Van Dyke

11

ARBORETUM REPORT

JULY 1971 - JUNE 1972

BRIAN 0. MULLIGAN ,

I. Improvements and Maintenance

Under the former heading should be
noted the work done by several students from
the Department of Landscape Architecture at
the University at the lower (west) end of
Woodland Garden around the pool. Unneeded
shrubs were removed and more rocks brought
in and placed, to the general improvement of
the site.

In the rather swampy area below and
north of E. Foster's Island road, in the grove of
native alders, we constructed a trail leading
around the head of the lagoon or water channel
to the west bank. This included building a
bridge over the small creek. The material used
for the trail was the chips derived from cutting
up the brush accumulated during the winter.
The trail makes it possible to traverse this area

even during the winter months with reasonable
comfort and ease.

The final section of the old nursery fence
north of Woodland Garden was replaced with
new posts and barbed wire. Additionally, a long
strip of the grass walk in the center of Azalea
Way was cultivated at the end of March; sand,
lime and fertilizer were added; and grass was
sown early in April. Additional seeding was
necessary in May, but we hope that we shall in
due course have a better grass cover here than
previously. Other sections will have to be done
by degrees where the grass has worn away.

Spraying grograms have been continued
against the most important pests: on elms,
oaks, junipers, spruces in mid March; the white
pines in May for an infestation of a web worm
(a new problem); and for control of broad

Grove of native red alders (Alnus rubra) near lagoon at N. end of Arboretum, just after construction of new path
through them. Photo by: B. O. Mulligan

MM

X 1

;> Ik x > \ p

leaved weeds and blackberries in summer. We
now have to borrow a qualified spray operator
from the University grounds crew for this
purpose, since both our own men were transfer-
red there in July, 1971 .

Casoron was applied both in fall (200
lbs.) and again this spring (100 lbs.) for control
of horsetail (Equisetum spp.) and quack grass
[Agropyron repens) along Azalea Way and
elsewhere.

Nearly half a ton of fertilizer was spread
in February in areas on both sides of Arbore-
tum Drive E., from the magnolias to Madison
Street.

Young trees on both sides of the Boule-
vard and along the east fence area were pruned
during the winter. A number of inferior types
of lilacs were removed from the collection, and
this spring we have eliminated plants killed by
cold last winter (some Ceanothus, Eucalyptus
and evergreen azaleas, Nandina in the Japanese
garden, certain Mexican pines including most
plants of P. patula ). Others less severely dam-
aged were cut back as necessary (some ever-
green Berberis, the Chinese Ilex cornuta, some
Pyracantha species, other Eucalyptus species).

II. New Plantings

No planting was done between 1 1/22 and
12/20/71 and between 1/24 and 2/10/72,
owing to weather conditions or lifting plants
for other places. No large groups were planted;
the plantings consisted chiefly in the filling of
vacant places. The following areas were
improved:

Azalea Way

Heathers on the east bank between Wood-
land Garden and Loderi Valley (46 plants of
three kinds). Various azaleas, both evergreen
and deciduous, in November, chiefly filling
gaps in beds between the picnic tables and
Woodland Garden (48 plants of 26 kinds).

Woodland Garden

Three more Japanese maples (named
clones of 1966 Searles gift, planted at east
end in front of a group of sourwoods
( Oxydendrum ).

Sorbus collection

Four more species and one hybrid added,
the latter ('Wilfrid Fox') imported from

England in 1966. Also here, at north end of
area, two plants of a Chinese spruce, (Picea
likiangensis) , with others of the same genus.

Area around lagoon, and below E. Foster's
Island Road

Alders (Alnus): five species, 11 plants.
Seeds from Korea, Japan, etc.

Willows (Salix): five species of hybrids, 6
plants. From Belgium, Czechoslovakia,
Wisconsin, etc.

Elders (Sambucus): four species, 5 plants.
Seeds from Korea, Poland, etc.

Ailanthus: 3 plants on W. side of lagoon
below bridge.

Rhododendrons: (in spring, N.W. of pic-
nic tables here; 9 plants added to existing
group.

Viburnum: three forms of V. plicatum,
one plant of each; two of V. sargentii,
type from Japan and 'Susquehanna' from
U.S. Nat. Arb.

South of Lookout

Along service road: New bed of specimen
hollies (7 plants), including Ilex aquifolium
8-10 feet tall, and five selected camellias,
among them 'Citation', 'San Jacinto' and
'Silver Anniversary'.

Ash collection (Fraxinus)

In meadow W. of Azalea Way, in March,
five species, 6 plants, from various sources; 1
from Japan.

Rhododendron Glen

Collection of rhododendrons and other
Ericaceae plants from the estate of late Mrs.
S. Anderson, 13 plants. Others remain in
lath house.

Japanese Garden

Chiefly to replace winter losses. Azaleas,
14; other shrubs including Viburnum
Davidii, Pittosporum tobira and bamboos; 9
plants in all.

Summary of plants — 1971-72:

Trees:

86, of 66 kinds
Conifers:

19, of 14 kinds
Shrubs and vines:
464, 191 kinds

Total:

569, of 27 1 kinds
This compares with:

In 1970-71: 617 plants
1 969-70: 658 plants

13

III. Acquisitions

A. Plant Material

1. Seeds*

184 packets received up to
6/1/72 (in previous year 333 packets).
Donors included: Christchurch Botanic
Garden, New Zealand; Botanic Garden,
Canberra, Australia; Tohoku University
Botanic Garden, Japan; Botanic Garden,
Izmir, Turkey; University of Grenoble,
France (15 species collected in Nepal);
Arboretum at Horsholm, Denmark (seeds
collected in Rocky Mountains, in Colo-
rado and Utah); Arboretum Belmonte,
Wageningen, Holland (5 species of Acer)-,
Principal Botanic Garden, Moscow; Mor-
ton Arboretum, Lisle, III.; Arboretum of
University of California at Davis; U. S.
Forest Service, Bishop, Calif. ( Pinus
species); Mrs. T. O'Brube, Seattle, seeds
collected in New Zealand.

2. Plants and Scions

142 lots received in same period
(355 in 1970-71). Imported material in-
cluded a small collection of rare species
from Hillier & Sons, Winchester, England;
three new magnolias from Treseder Nur-
sery, Cornwall, England; and nine uncom-
mon items from the Royal Botanic Gar-
den, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Two collections of rhododend-
rons were aquired; one from the estate of
the late Mrs. Stephen Anderson, formerly
of Bellevue, Wash., (16 kinds, plus 13
other plants of the Ericaceae family). The
other, purchased from the former L. E.
Brandt nursery near Tacoma, Washington,
(12 plants, chiefly hybrids). We continue
to receive young plants from both the
U.S.D.A. Plant Introduction Station at
Glenn Dale, Md., and the U. S. National
Arboretum at Washington, D. C., but in
smaller numbers than formerly. From the
latter we received in March plants of the
true Spanish fir ( Abies pinsapo ) raised
from Spanish seeds, two dwarf forms of

*Note: Total of seeds and plants received 1971-72
slightly less than total number of seeds received
1970-71 .

Japanese box and three new hybrid mag-
nolias raised at the Arboretum. Numer-
ous other single or small lots of plants
came to us from many sources, for all of
which we are grateful since they add to
the range of our plant collections and also
give us opportunity to test novelties, e.g.,
the new hybrid shrub Sycoparrotia , from
the Botanic Garden at Grueningen,
Switzerland.

B. Library

Thirty-two new titles have been
added during this year, compared with 44
and 68 in the previous two years respec-
tively. Among them must be mentioned Wild
Flowers of the World, by Dr. Brian D.
Morley and Mrs. B. Everard (Putnam's,
N. Y., 1970); Handbuch der Nadelgeholze,
by Gerd Krussmann, published in 18 parts
by Parety, Berlin (1970); Moss Flora of the
Pacific Northwest, by Hattori Botanical
Laboratory, by Elva Lawson (Japan, 1971);
Wild Flowers of the United States, vol. 5 by
H. W. Rickett, New York Botanic Garden
(McGraw Hill Co., 1971), a gift from the
Isaacson Corp., Seattle; Flora of New Zea-
land, vol. 11, by L. B. Moore and E. Edgar
(Wellington, N.Z., 1970); The Endemic

Flora of Tasmania, pt. Ill, by Prof. W.
Curtis and M. Stones (Ariel Press, London,
England, 1971); Insect Pests of Ornamental
Trees and Shrubs of the U. of W. Arbore-
tum, by Sharon J. Collman (Master's thesis,
Seattle, 1971), and Pinetum Woburnese,
Catalogue of Coniferous Plants ... at
Woburn Abbey (London, 1839). Gift of the
Bloedel Foundation.

As is our practice, the more valu-
able books are being stored in the Rare
Books Department of the University library
and only those retained here which we are
likely to use frequently.

C. Gifts and Donations

(7/1/71-6/1/72)

This has been an exceptional year
for gifts to the Arboretum from many
groups and individuals, undoubtedly due to
our well publicized budget problems. The
total amount received for maintenance alone

14

in eleven months has been $13,835. Of this,
the Unit Council contributed $10,398,
$6,422 for manpower, $1,200 for hiring a
dump truck for nine months and $1,530 for
mounting descriptive signs on Waterfront
Trail. Seattle Garden Club has recently given
us $3,600 for two men on Azalea Way this
summer, which will certainly be of real
assistance to that area. The Friends of the
Arboretum contributed a new 60-inch
Jacobsen power mower at a cost of nearly
$2,300. The following Arboretum Units,
clubs or individuals gave us $100 or more for
maintenance during this period: Units #4, 8,
21, 22, 32, 33, 45; West Seattle Garden
Club; Miss Annie McFee and Mrs. R. D.
Pinkham.

The Foundation funded a new heat-
ing unit in a storeroom at a cost of $585.
Many other checks were received without
specific designations as to their use; these
totalled $3,907. Major contributors here
were Units #1, 17, 18, 19, 39, 48, 61; Mrs.
W. Wyckoff, Mrs. A. R. Kruckeberg, Mrs. C.
Lawrence, Mrs. Warren Dewar, the Joshua
Green Foundation, and Lake Forest Garden
Club.

Gifts for the library totalled
$811.00, from three Arboretum Units (#8,
41 and 6) and two private donors. Part of
the substantial contribution ($350.00) from
Unit #36 (Helen Janeck) to celebrate its
25th anniversary was used to purchase an
original botanical drawing by the Belgian
artist Raphael Ghislain. With a donation
from Dr. and Mrs. T. L. Marks, we acquired
a copy of The Moss Flora of the Pacific
Northwest, by Elva Lawton (1971), the
definitive work on this subject; this was
given as a memorial to the late Mrs. A. S.
Young.

For memorials we received $61 1 .00
during the year from some 36 donors.

IV. Plant Material Distributed

In order to reduce the number of plants
in the Arboretum nursery, a special effort was
made to find appropriate places outside the
Arboretum where they might legitimately be
utilized. As a result we were able in November

to dig 30 plants (of 26 kinds) for the Ferndale
School District's “Vista Tree Library", in What-
com Co., Washington for which they were most
grateful. In the same month we assembled a
further 84 plants (of 36 kinds) for the grounds
at the State's Echo Glen school near Preston,
Washington, to which we have been supplying
young trees both for experimental as well as
ornamental purposes since the spring of 1967.
Maples, mountain ashes, lindens and spruces
were well represented. Mr. Witt inspected and
reported on the plantings June 2, 1972: “Des-
pite the very severe winter, the majority of the
trees planted before 1971 were in good condi-
tion . . . Conifers seem to thrive there, and most
pines, spruces, false cypresses, etc., were in
strong growth." The rainfall in 1971 exceeded
95 ins. Frosts occur earlier and later than in
Seattle, and snow falls more frequently, so that
we should in due course learn more about the
hardiness of these species.

Dr. R. L. Ticknor, Director of the North
Willamette Experiment Station, Aurora, Ore.,
selected a small number (18) from our nursery
lists, to add to the very extensive collection of
street or ornamental trees which are grown
there. These he collected in December; they
included six kinds of oaks.

A considerable number of plants of all
kinds, probably 200-250, also went to the
University of Washington campus or nursery,
although some which were marked for removal
still remain here. A collection of 65 camellias
was also moved in the spring from our lath
house to a new site adjacent to Bloedel Hall on
the campus.

Approximately twenty-eight other lots of
plant material were sent out on request during
last fall or this spring; to the University of
California at Davis (scions of Japanese cherries),
the Morris Arboretum at Philadelphia; the U. S.
National Arboretum at Washington, D.C.;the
Morton Arboretum, Lisle, III.; the University of
British Columbia at Vancouver, B. C.; and
North Dakota State University at Fargo, all
miscellaneous surplus young plants.

Since January 1, 1972, thirteen lots of
scions for propagation have been sent out,
chiefly to other institutions and correspondents
in the U.S.A., but three went to Europe. In

(Continued on p. 18)

15

Prunus incisa ( r. ) , P. subhirtella 'Pendula' (c.) and P. Sargentii (rear, I).
in full bloom in Arboretum.

;

!

Trunks of Paulownia, Salix sp. and Alnus rubra beside
lagoon north of Arboretum entrance.

Photos by:

B. 0. Mulligan

View N. across lagoon at N

Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula' on Azalea Way after heavy snowfall.

i of Arboretum from parking area off E. Foster's Island Road.

March, the Morton Arboretum requested cut-
tings of a large number of junipers; we were
able to send 1 1 species and five cultivars.

The annual international seed exchange
list was reduced in size this past season,
multilithed instead of printed, and sent out to
fewer institutions, in order to lessen the
amount of work involved as well as the cost
both in materials and labor. At the end of May
this year, we had assembled and mailed 1705
packets to 130 botanical gardens or arboreta
throughout the world. This compares with
2,850 to 182 places in 1971 , and 3,244 to 214
institutions in 1970— quite a considerable re-
duction in both categories. Again we are greatly
indebted to the loyal and reliable team of
workers from Unit #25 which performs this
important work for us each year over a period
of several months. Without such help it could
not be accomplished.

V. Educational Affairs, Community Services
and Visitors

Because of the uncertain staff situation
created by the cut in the budget, certain public
service programs were cut rather severely during
the past year. No lectures or tours were
scheduled after June 30, 1971, except for
out-of-area groups or those making arrange-
ments prior to that date. As a result, only 13
tours were conducted (31 in 1971; 20, 1970)
and 1 2 talks or lectures (19 in 1971 ; 19, 1970).

Extension classes were scheduled for
Saturdays, leaving workdays free for other
activities. As in the past years, the College of
Forest Resources managed them. The following
were taught by Arboretum personnel:

Arboretum in Depth; Fall tours: Mr. Witt,
6 hours (29 students)

Winter Propagation: Mr. van Klaveren, 6
hours (26 students)

Grafting Ornamentals: Mr. van Klaveren,
1 2 hours (17 students)

Arboretum in Depth Spring tours: Mr.

Witt, 8 hours (35 students)

Summer Propagation: Mr. van Klaveren,
1 2 hours (15 students)

Additional classes included:

Bonsai, beginning and intermediate
(Mrs. H. Raphael, 46 students). Fall
and Spring Weed Identification and

Control (Chico Narro, 10 students).
Spring Birds of the Arboretum
(Mrs. Zell a Schultz, 43 students).
Fall and Spring Garden Nutrition
(Dr. S. P. Gessel, 41 students). Win-
ter Nature Photography (Donald
Riecks, 11 students). Spring Prun-
ing (E. Narro, 38 students).

The staff also were called upon to give
lectures and demonstrations to various Univer-
sity classes. Mr. Witt lectured to classes in
Forest Resources (on dendrology). Geography
(plant geography), and Landscape Architecture
(horticulture), while Mr. van Klaveren gave
propagation demonstrations to dendrology
classes from the College of Forest Resources.

Articles written by the staff during the
year include: “Maples in the Northwestern
U.S.A./' by the Director for the Year Book,
1970, of the International Dendrology Society;
"Remarkable and Reliable P i er is" and "The
Madrona — Pride of the Pacific" by J. A. Witt
for Plants and Gardens (Summer, 1971), pub-
lished by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mr.
Witt also reviewed Wild Flowers of the United
States, Vol. 5, The Northwestern States in
Pacific Search (April, 1972), and continued his
regular monthly articles "Plant of the Month"
in the publication of the Washington State
Nurserymen's Association Balls and Burlap.

Members of the staff have served on
various committees. Mr. Mulligan was a member
of the University of Washington Landscape
committee and of the Allied Arts of Seattle
Street Tree committee. Mr. Witt is President of
the American Association of Botanical Gardens
and Arboreta for 1971-72, a member of the
Horticultural Advisory committee for Opera-
tion Triangle in Seattle, and of the Ornamental
Horticulture Advisory committee for Edmonds
Community College.

Members of the staff also attended several
important meetings during the year. Mr. Witt
went to Chicago in September for the annual
meeting of the American Association of Botani-
cal Gardens and Arboreta and was duly elected
President for the ensuing year. In May 1972, he
represented this Arboretum at the centenary
celebrations of the Arnold Arboretum at
Boston, Mass., and in mid June attended a
Regional Workshop at Portland, Ore., on the

18

Effect of Air Pollution on Plants. Mr. van
Klaveren travelled to Santa Barbara, Calif, in
October for the meeting of the Western Chap-
ter, International Plant Propagators' Society.

Requests for research material included
seeds of a number of Vaccinium species for
Texas, of our native Acer macrophyllum for the
Institute of Tree Biology at the University of
Edinburgh, Scotland, and male flowers of 31
species of certain conifers, in 11 genera, for
work at the Department of Botany, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington. The
value of our plant collections is beginning to be
appreciated elsewhere.

The Arboretum entered some 15 trusses
in the Seattle Rhododendron Society's Early
Competition and was awarded the Josephine
Nelson Trophy for the best Fortune i series
hybrid, R. 'Avalanche'. In May a small exhibit
primarily of foliage plants was set up for the
Society's annual show at Bellevue.

The number of telephone inquiries for
information remains very constant. In the year
ending May 31, 1972, we answered 3,433; in
the previous year it was 3,460, and in 1969-70,
3,229. The peak months are usually April-June,
and again in September, when calls will average
well over 300 per month.

The number of visitors to the Japanese
garden in the year ending May 31 , 1972, rose to
81,979. For the previous year it was 75,412,
and in 1969-70, 61 ,726. This speaks well for its
continuing popularity.

On October 15, 1971, a party of about
thirty members of the International Dend-
rology Society from some eight countries visi-
ted the Arboretum, at the start of a tour which
took them through western Oregon and Califor-
nia. The Arboretum Foundation kindly hosted
them at a luncheon.

In May 1972, we had the pleasure of
receiving Mrs. M. Hilton, Dr. T. S. Elias and Mr.

View N. over lagoon W. of E. Foster's Island Road. Native alsder, maple and ash trees visible. Liquidambar
orientalis on ridge in distance. Photo by: B. O. Mulligan

D. Brown from the New York Botanical
Garden, here to show films on their successful
training program for youths and their children's
gardens.

VI. Staff Position and Problems

In June 1971, we had a staff of 16
full-time persons on the University payroll of
$11,104.00, plus the Japanese gardener and
janitor on a part time rate ($710.00 for both in
June). (On an annual basis, $136,591 .00.)

On the same budget in May 1972, we
have seven full time employees, with a payroll
of $5,500, plus the Japanese gardener and
janitor ($650.00). (On an annual basis,
$64,822.00.) This is a cut of 48% in the budget
compared with a year ago.

Out of the eight men lost to us in 1971,
three went to the University grounds crew in
July and one in November, one man was
terminated in August (our invaluable botanical
recorder/guide) and three more were laid off in
October -November.

A generous grant of over $4,000.00 by

the Unit Council in September allowed us to
maintain a gardener and equipment operator
until the end of the year. Three of our lost men
were fortunately rehired under the Federal
EEA program in November and December, so
that the situation at the end of the year was not
as bad as we had feared. Additional funds from
the same source enabled us to re-employ our
botanical recorder in January and, in February,
to hire a gardener and three groundsmen, all
new to the Arboretum. We expect them to be
with us until August 15, 1972, unless the
program is extended. In March, a further grant
of $2,341 .00 from the Unit Council enabled us
to hire another groundsman for spring and
summer work (until 7/31/72). In May, the
Seattle Garden Club also agreed to fund two
groundsmen for three months on Azalea Way,
in the amount of $3,600.00, so that as a result
of the EEA program and these gifts, we now
have more temporary help than usual at this
season. This should result in a very definite
improvement in the appearance of many areas
of the Arboretum.

Students and fishermen in area near lagoon at N. end of Arboretum, among alders and willows. Newly planted
Viburnum spp. in foreground. Photo by: B. O. Mulligan

ri ' '

The present permanent staff consists of
the Director (until 6/30/72), Assistant Director
and secretary in the office; propagator in the
greenhouses; foreman and three men in the
Arboretum (one of these in the Japanese garden
only, for eight months); and the janitor, part
time. If we lose our EEA employees in mid
August the burden of work falling on this small
staff will be intolerable, and the Arboretum
obviously will suffer very severely in all
departments.

VII. Weather and Effects

The summer of 1971 was notable for the
amount of warm and sunny weather experi-
enced from mid July until the end of August.
In 51 days from July 11 through August 30,
there were only two days when the temperature
did not reach 70°F. In July, we had twelve days
with from 80°F. — 92°F. and total sunshine
was 296 hours. August was even warmer, with
15 days from 80°F. — 95°F., and a sunshine
record of 337 hours at the Seattle-Tacoma
Airport. The effect of this was undoubtedly
shown in the profuse flowering of some of our
plant groups this spring, such as the Japanese
cherries, the crab apples and azaleas, which
have never been better.

Winter began to show its teeth at the end
of December. On Christmas Day the maxim um
temperature was only 37°F. and for the next
four days it did not rise above 38°F., with a
minimum of 21°F. on the 27th and 29th.
Fortunately, the strong north wind changed to
east and lessened in vigor or we would have
suffered much more damage to broad leaved
evergreen plants. This cold weather continued
into January, and towards the end of the
month produced the heaviest snowfall here
since probably January 1950, reaching a depth
of 11 inches at the airport. On January 27 and
28, we registered minimum temperatures of 8°
and 9°F. respectively; they varied between 16°
and 23°F. for the next eight days. The depth of
snow protected our smaller evergreen plants, or
those that were held down by its weight,
including the Cistus. Larger shrubs such as
camellias, rhododendrons and hollies suffered
in varying degrees according to their hardiness,
but comparatively few of these have been killed
or seriously damaged. Burned foliage or killed

or injured flower buds was more common, e.g.,
Magnolia Campbell ii. Other genera which suf-
fered severly have already been mentioned. A
more detailed list will be published later in the
Arboretum Bulletin.

The rainfall in the three months, Febru-
ary through April, amounted to 17.56 inches,
6.43 inches above the normal. No wonder we
had problems with planting operations at that
time, especially following the heavy January
snowfall.

VIII. FINALE

In conclusion, since this will be my last
report as Director of the Arboretum, I want to
express how much we owe to so many people
who either work in it or for it or actively
support it in a great variety of ways.

First of course, the entire staff which is
responsible for all the work accomplished
through the year — in the office, the green-
houses and lath houses, the Arboretum itself.
To keep 200 acres of land in reasonably good
order and care for some 5,000 kinds of plants
with such a small crew is no easy taks, as
everyone who works there must realize. It may
be invidious to mention names, but my secre-
tary, Mrs. Betty Wittenberg, Assistant Director
J. A. Witt, the foreman for the past nine years,
Richard Hart, and our propagator, Richard van
Klaveren, certainly deserve the greatest credit
for keeping the machine operating smoothly in
all its parts.

Next I must thank Dean J. S. Bethel,
Associate Dean S. P. Gessel, Dr. David Thomas
and the other faculty and staff members in the
College of Forest Resources who have enabled
us to keep the Arboretum operating under very
trying circumstances, as well as providing a
place where problems can be taken for solution
or more difficult questions answered. The
Physical Plant Department on the campus has
been another source of positive help in trouble,
for maintenance of buildings, repair of equip-
ment, the proper functioning of the watering
system in the Japanese garden, and other
similar matters.

Then there are all our very numerous
good friends outside the University area: the
Arboretum Foundation and its Unit Council,

(Continued on p. 27)

21

HORTICULTURE IS

HELEN MOO DIE*

Horticulture is — biological survival, scien-
tific research, urban development and human
aesthetics." This was the theme of the Twenty
Seventh Congress of the American Horticultural
Society held in Seattle, September 6-10, 1972.
Held in conjunction with meetings of The
American Association of Botanical Gardens and
Arboreta and the Garden Writers Association of
America, it brought to Seattle a knowledgeable
group of directors, educators, writers, re-
searchers and plantsmen as well as amateur
horticulturists.

The Arboretum's Joe Witt was an active
participant in the Congress. Besides presenting a
pre-Congress AABGA slide lecture on North-
west Natives, as President of that organization
he presided over its annual dinner Thursday,
September 7. Mr. Witt, Brian Mulligan and the
Arboretum staff hosted a two-hour tour of the
Arboretum followed by a luncheon given by
the Arboretum Foundation Unit Council at the
Museum of History and Industry. During lunch,
Elizabeth Moses, Chairman of Unit Council,
gave the Arboreta directors a clear picture of
the quantity and scope of the volunteer work
performed by our members.

At the opening luncheon of the American
Horticultural Society, Wednesday, September
6, one of the first items of business concerned
the Arboretum. We were told that the board of
the AHS had proposed a recommendation to
Gov. Evans and the Washington State Legisla-
ture to support the University and the Arbore-
tum. It was gratifying to feel the goodwill of
people toward us. After a welcome from Gov.
Evans, Dr. David Leach, president of AHS led

*Helen Moodie (Mrs. Joseph), Unit Council 2nd Vice-
Chairman, in charge of Education, represented the
Arboretum Foundation at the AHS Congress. In this
report she shares her enjoyment of that event with the
readers of the Bulletin.

the plenary session. In the year ahead, top
priority will be given to strengthening the
national youth organization. Additionally,
grants have been given to environmental educa-
tion programs and for developing a listing of
plants able to endure pollution.

Dr. Henry T. Skinner, Director of the U.S.
National Arboretum, opened the Pacific North-
west Horticultural Exhibit at the Pacific
Science Center. He spoke of northwest botani-
cal exploration and explained the climatic and
soil conditions which permitted us to grow such
a wealth of material. The exhibit, which had
representation from 165 families and 1,000
genera, showed the great amount of time and
effort which had gone into its organization.

The keynote speaker for dinner Wednesday
evening was Dr. Rene Dubos, Professor Emeri-
tus of Rockefeller University. Speaking on
"Man Made Ecosystems" he reflected a feeling
of optimism. Man's manipulation of nature, he
said, on the whole is a successful intervention.
The moors of Scotland, the plains of France,
the rocks of Greece were all originally forested.
What we have long thought to be natural
landscapes are not.

This feeling of being aware of our ecological
problems but not daunted by them was also
illustrated by a lecture session Saturday morn-
ing, "Planting Our Man-Affected Environ-
ment". Los Angeles, with 25 years of bad
pollution, has had a natural selection of those
trees, shrubs, and flowers most resistant to
pollution. Other sub-tropical cities can benefit
from this knowledge. Dr. H. M. Cathey, Orna-
mental Plant Laboratory, U.S.D.A. is distribut-
ing Plant Survey Sheets in a nationwide effort
to find the plants best suited for our urban
areas. Anyone interested in reporting on
specific plants or planting sites is requested to
do so. Air pollution alone is not solely responsi-

22

ble for affected plants. Salt from snow-covered
streets, animals, even street lighting can be
pollutants.

A meeting of the AHS Education Committee
proved extremely interesting. It was proposed
that exhibit materials and an educational work-
shop be set up for the next Congress. The
committee intended to request a listing in the
new Directory of those institutions having
educational programs. This would benefit all
those desiring help in setting up special pro-

jects. Much good can be accomplished with
therapeutic gardening, sheltered workshops,
environmental and innovative education.

So much was presented to us by such
knowledgeable people; so many private gardens
opened to visitors by such hospitable owners;
so many rare and delightful plants to buy or
just appreciate (exhibit, container gardens, and
bonsai); I would like to have been three people
to have seen and done everything. 4

THE LONG ROAD TRAVELLED

The Arboretum Foundation announces the
December publication of the Henry Schmitz
manuscript titled THE LONG ROAD TRAVEL-
LED: An Account of Forestry at the University
of Washington. Of special interest to Foundation
members and other Arboretum friends is the
chapter recording the history and development
of the University of Washington Arboretum
from Edmond S. Meany's first dreams of such a
facility through successive efforts of Forestry
Deans Miller, Winkenwerder and Marckworth,
as well as that of countless citizens of the

community.

The eight and one-half by eleven, hard-back
book concerns much material which should be
part of the public record. For this reason the
Foundation has underwritten the cost of pub-
lishing this book as a public service. With
approximately fifty illustrations, it will be a
handsome addition to any library, and like the
previous Foundation publication, The Hand-
book of Rhododendrons, it will become a
collector's item. It will be available in time for
Christmas gift giving.

23

ARBORETUM CLASSES
Winter, 1973

WINTER PROPAGATION - Mr. Richard
van Klaveren, Arboretum propagator, will teach
techniques for propagating woody plants, in-
cluding cutting and seeding. Arboretum green-
house; class limited to 10. Saturdays, Jan. 13
and 27; 9:30-12:00. 2 sessions, $10.

GRAFTING ORNAMENTALS - Mr. van
Klaveren will instruct in techniques for grafting
woody plants. Materials will be furnished.
Arboretum greenhouse; class limited to 10.
Saturdays, Feb. 3 .and 24; 9:30-12:00. 2 ses-
sions, $10.

GARDENING UNDER GLASS - Mr. James
Nishitani, botanist, will lead this workshop on
growing plants in all sizes and types of glass-
enclosed structures, from terrarium to green-
house. Botany greenhouse, UW campus; class

limited to 20. Saturdays, Feb. 10, 17, March 3,
17; 10-12 noon. 4 sessions, $10.

SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR URBAN GAR-
DENERS — Mr. Reid Kenady, senior scientist,
will coordinate this lecture series concerning
soil improvement methods, composting, nutri-
tion and irrigation. 201 Winkenwerder, UW
campus; class limited to 30. Mondays, Feb.
5-26; 7-9 PM. 4 sessions, $10.

TO REGISTER:

Send check, made payable to the Univer-
sity of Washington, to Arboretum
Courses, Anderson Hall (AR-10), Univer-
sity of Washington, Seattle, 98195.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: call
543-2730.

Have you purchased your copy of the
Symposium booklet from the Arboretum
office? Other botanical directors and leaders
think our Arboretum is a very special place.
Their thoughtful contributions on Arboretum
management should be read by every member
of our Foundation.

ii. tjour cz^-f%(jo xs.tu.rn, (z&jit atifjz (jtj tjouz i-u^boxt

We are pleased to welcome the following new
members (July 1 , 1972 through September 30, 1972):
Sustaining — Dr. & Mrs. Roger Coe Eddy, Mrs. Paul
Sayre, Steve Winston. Annual — Mrs. Vernon M.
Ayers, Mrs. Vaughn Beals, Mrs. Christopher Blagg,
Mrs. Richard Bonsteel, Mrs. W. L. Boss, Mrs. B. W.
Bundy, Mrs. John H. Carney, Mrs. John Carr, Mrs. Ray
Christie, Mrs. Ruth E. Counter, Susan C. Cuningham,
Mrs. Walter E. Davis, Jr., Mrs. Benjamin Downs, Mrs.
Gordon W. Duncan, Mrs. Donn Etherington, Mrs. Ned
Flohr, Milton Gaschk, Dennis R. Gillingham, Mrs.
Arthur K. Harris, Mrs. Frank H. Jefferson, Mrs. Peter
Jobs, Mrs. Irwin K. Johnson, Mrs. David Kaiser,
Randal Knight, Mr. & Mrs. Harvey D. Kolln, Mrs.
Richard Langford, Mrs. James B. Lewis, Mrs. O. Yale
Lewis, Jr., Mrs. Barbara M. Miller, Mrs. Winsor V.

Morrison, Mrs. Robert A. Mowrey, Mrs. T. L. Mul li-
ken, Hochiro Nagishi, Mrs. Jul Nickerson, Mrs. Reno
Odin, Mrs. Thomas O'Hare, Mrs. John H. Olson, Mrs.
Michael J. O'Neill, Mrs. William Ostling, Mrs. C.
Homer Pope, Mr. & Mrs. Frank W. Potter, Mrs. Robert
E. Reynolds, Mrs. Blaine Sanderson, Mr. & Mrs. John
A. Sellin, Mrs. Dallas K. Sherman, Mrs. George H.
Stoner, Mrs. Robert E. Vallat, Mr. & Mrs. William D.
Vaughn, Mrs. Donald L. Vine, Frances Walthall, Mrs.
W. W. Washburn, Mrs. Janet H. Weaver, Mrs. Charles E.
Webber, Mrs. K. G. Wise, Mrs. Frederick W. Ziegler.

We are also grateful to the following members who
have increased their dues to: Supporting — Mrs. Stuart
Frazier. Contributing — Mrs. Elmer Nordstrom, Mrs.
E. J. Ordal, Dr. & Mrs. Giacomo Pirzio-Biroli. Sustain-
ing — Mrs. Oliver E. Cobb, Mrs. William F. Thompson.

24

ARBORETUM SPOTLIGHT

Frank! in ia A/atamaha

Franklinia alatamaha is a small tree origin-
ally collected in Georgia along the banks of the
Alatamaha River in 1770 by John Bartram, an
early American naturalist, who obtained a few
plants for his garden near Philadelphia. Unfor-
tunately, the tree has not been found wild again
since 1790, so that it is known only in
cultivation and all plants existing today are
descendants of Bartram's trees.

Named for his friend, Benjamin Franklin,
the tree, sometimes known as Gordonia alata-
maha, grows in a pyramidal rather than open
pattern attaining a height of approximately
twenty feet. The bark is smooth and thin. The
deciduous leaves, four to six inches long, are
alternate, simple, slightly serrated, bright green
and shiny above and pubescent below. The
single, showy white flowers, two and one-half
to three inches across are cup-shaped and
greatly resemble a camellia, to which it is
related, both being in the Theaceae or Tea
Family. The roundish, crenulated petals sur-
round a mass of yellow stamens, the entire

flower being very short stemmed.

The Franklinia alatamaha is grown chiefly
for its late September or October bloom, and
when in the proper location, for the rich
orange-red autumn color of its foliage. It grows
either in acid or alkaline soils, but seems to
prefer the latter. The tree may be propagated
from seed sown immediately after it ripens or
from cuttings of either hardwood or softwood.

The Arboretum has several plants of this
lovely tree. A small one on the east side of
Azalea Way was planted in 1962 and has had
few blossoms to date. In the Camellia section is
another younger tree, as well as a more mature
specimen twenty-five to thirty years old. The
latter, approximately fifteen feet high, is to
be found near the hydrangeas on the west side
of Arboretum Drive close to the road. This year
the bloom has been especially beautiful, and
well worth a ride along the upper road to view
this somewhat rare species endemic to the
southeastern part of America.

Doris Butler

The warm sun is failing, the bleak wind is wailing,

The bare boughs are sighing, the pale flowers are dying;
And the year

On the earth her death -bed, in a shroud of leaves dead,
Is lying.

— Percy Bysshe Shelley

25

View W. across lagoon from below N. gate of Broadmoor. Carpinus turczaninovii on left
and right. Photo by: B. O. Mulligan

View N. over area W. of E. Foster's Island Road through alders and willows towards lagoon. Salix magnifica in
lower left corner, just planted. Photo by: B. O. Mulligan

26

ARBORETUM REPORT

(Continued from p. 21 )

the Friends of the Arboretum, the Seattle, Lake
Washington, and many other local garden clubs,
including the Snoqualmie District Federation;
individual plant societies such as the Seattle
chapter of the American Rhododendron
Society which have a particular interest in our
plant collections.

We are especially grateful this year for the
extra work days organized in October, March,
April and May by the Unit Council, through
Mrs. Frank E. Blake, which made such a drastic
impression on our weed population in a short
time this spring. We are grateful also to other
Units or groups which work on specific areas at
different times, such as the rock garden, Wood-
land Garden or the Japanese garden. These
additional helpers make a real contribution to
the appearance of the Arboretum when our
own crew is so small. The services of other
Units who bind slides for us, sort catalogues,
rearrange the library books, and that of the
individuals who perform miscellaneous tasks for
us in the office is gratefully appreciated. We
would be hard put to accomplish these chores
without such willing workers.

At this time of change in the administra-
tion, and perhaps also in the directions and
policies of an Arboretum of this type and
extent, it is clearly impossible to foresee how it
may fare and develop during the next ten,
twenty or fifty years. I would hope, personally
speaking, that before long there may be much
greater financial support for such a useful and
popular institution not only from the city of
Seattle but also from the adjacent counties
whose schools now make regular use of its
facilities and plant collections; that the func-
tional type of buildings which have been
planned with considerable thought over a
period of years may finally be constructed on
the proposed site, and that other areas outside
the city may gradually be developed as adjunct
or supplementary arboreta for specific groups
of plants or particular research or experimental
work. There is a wealth of material in our
present Arboretum, as we all know, but for a
number of reasons little of it is used at present
for practical purposes. Let us hope indeed that

this situation will be remedied in the not far
distant future.

Dr. R.A. Howard, Director of the
century-old Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
University, in Boston, Mass., has recently
sounded a warning about the future of that
famous institution with possible additional pub-
lic uses of its 260 acres for swimming pools,
bicycle paths, and skating rinks — "a conspicu-
ous oasis of green", as he rightly terms it,
within the city. If he is concerned in Boston, so
should we be also in Seattle; it is well that a
Committee of the State Legislative Council is to
investigate the financial problems of the
Arboretum this year. We need all the public
support we can obtain from various sources if it
is to remain one of the major collections of
woody plants on this continent. ^

AUTUMN

The morns are meeker than they were ,
The nuts are getting brown;

The berry's cheek is plumper,

The rose is out of town.

The maple wears a gayer scarf,

The field a scarlet gown.

Lest / should be old-fashioned ,

I'll put a trinket on.

Emily Dickinson

27

SOME OF OUR FAVORITES
Won’t You Send Us Yours?

BOG PALS

Labrador Tea (Ledum Groen/andicum)
Bog Kalmia (Ka/mia polifolia)

MAE GUY*

We first discovered Labrador Tea (Ledum
groen/andicum ) in a swamp under some power
lines on the Novelty Hill Road beyond Red-
mond. Long, stringy plants with narrow leaves,
they were too long and rangy to dig up from
around the stumps at the edge of the woods.
The swamp was completely filled with the dry
bushes, also hard to dig. They apparently could
stand a good deal of drought as the swamp
dried in summer, nevertheless the plants were
able to produce masses of dainty white plumes
of flowers in June. Seedlings of various size
grew on surrounding rotting logs and stumps
and were easier to collect. We also found they
were easy to grow and did not demand swamp
conditions or too much moisture if grown near
rotting stumps or logs.

A member of the Health family, Labrador
Tea is widely distributed across Canada and the
United States. Eastern Indian tribes used it for
making a tea and this practice was copied by
early explorers and settlers. (When we tried it,
it tasted like poison but perhaps we did not
follow the right "receipt".) The plant has thin,
twisting stems, often three or four feet high,
and leathery, narrow leaves, dark green, with
rusty, woolly hairs on the under surface.
Flowers are in a showy head of small, white
blossoms, a real sight to see when visiting the
swamp in June.

It is frequently mentioned in books that the
dainty Bog Kalmia (Ka/mia po/ifo/ia) accom-

*Mae Guy (Mrs. Percy F.) is a newly elected Director
of the Arboretum Foundation and is also Program
Chairman for Unit 24, the Edith Banghart group.

panies Labrador Tea. We finally succeeded in
finding it when we were taken on a collecting
trip to a private lake between Preston and Fall
City. The placid little lake was ringed round the
edge with Labrador Tea. Clara Fisher's bright
eyes soon spotted a small group of plants with
the same reedy stalks and narrow leaves as the
Labrador Tea, but the leaves were a brighter,
shinier green, strongly rolled over and showing
a velvety whitness beneath rather than the
brownish wool of the Tea. Kalmia also is a
member of the Heath family.

I was fortunate to gather a beautiful clump
of the Kalmia from a partly submerged log and
with reasonable watering, it has been happy
enough in my garden in a large papier mache
pot to grow and produce the beautiful, dainty
Kalmia blooms. They are like the cultivated
Kalmias, only smaller, and have the characteris-
tic star shape with anthers bent back and held
by their tips in pits in the petals. These are
released by visiting insects and spray the distur-
ber with pollen.

This lovely plant has its sinister aspect in
that the pollen gathered by the bees makes
poisoned honey. A recent episode of this
occurred locally when several people became ill
from eating honey which the King County
Health Department traced to bees that had
been feeding on Bog Kalmia in the Sultan Basin
area.

Both of these plants make bog exploration
and collecting fascinating, especially in June.
We would very much like information on
locating more such bogs! ^

28

Book Reviews

CAMELLIAS; THE HUNTINGTON GARDENS. Pub-
lished by The Hunington Library, San Marino,
California, 1971. 40 pp., ill us., full color photo-
graphs. $2.00

This very attractive booklet, published by the
Huntington Library, is admirable for its handsome
photographic illustrations, as well as for its use as a
guide to the Huntington Gardens (map, p. 15) and it
also includes a brief history of the camellia plant and
some of its cultivars. There is an excellent annotated
bibliography for the reader who may want to make a
more detailed study of the Camellia genus.

The book relates that England inadvertently impor-
ted the first flowering camellias in the 18th century.
British sea captains thought they were buying the tea
plant. Camellia sinensis, to secure it for home cultiva-
tion. However, the high price of tea made the Chinese
eager to retain their monopoly of its culture, and they
substituted flowering Camellias for the supposed C.
sinensis. By 1739, red camellias were blossoming in
the greenhouses of Lord Petre at Thorndon Hall in
Essex.

The Camellia was named by Linnaeus in honor of a
Jesuit priest from Moravia, George Joseph Kamel, who
did botanical research in the Marianas and the Philip-
pines (d. 1706). The Camellia family has a long
history, dating from the time of Confucius, when
legend tells us Confucius initiated the custom of tea
drinking to persuade his followers to boil their water.
But the blossoming varieties were early appreciated for
their beauty, and C. reticulata was cultivated as a
sacred flower over 900 years ago in the temple gardens
of China.

In 1797 America first secured camellias in Boston,
New York and Philadelphia, and they were advertised
for sale by a Sacramento nurseryman three years after
the start of the gold rush.

The camellias of the Huntington Gardens were
started about 1908, and now there are some 1,200
varieties, planted in a twelve-acre garden area. They
flower from early fall, C. sasanqua coming first, and
end in late March with C. reticulata. The Huntington
Gardens, in addition to their beauty, function as a
testing ground for Southern California camellia cul-
ture, as well as seeking also to discover uses for the
plant in landscaping.

Camellias are cultivated in three ways: from seeds,
by cuttings, and by grafting. The booklet gives
practical hints and directions for both new and old
Camellia aficionados. Facts about pruning and disbud-
ding are included, and appear to be immediately
applicable to our own Pacific Northwest camellias.

Its beauty alone makes this book an almost
irresistable purchase, and its information and practical-

ity confirm the wisdom of its purchase and more than
justify the investment of $2.00 in a 40 page

publication. BERNICE F. SMITH

Assoc. Director,
Weter Memorial Library
Seattle Pacific College

PLANT JEWELS OF THE HIGH COUNTRY. By

Helen E. Payne, Pine Cone Publishers, Medford,

Oregon, 1972. 145 pages. 111 color illustrations.

$15.00

According to the publisher, this is the first book
written and published in the United States on sedums
and sempervivums. Plant Jewel's of the High Country is
written from a gardener's viewpoint and refers to 187
hardy sempervivums and 78 sedums, including species,
subspecies, varieties and hybrids.

In the first chapter of the book, the author relates
her life interets and how she became involved in these
plant jewels. The advice on culture, propagation, pests
and diseases and garden uses of these fascinating
plants, including a roof garden, will be helpful to the
beginning gardener as well as the gardener who still has
the inclination to find space for just one more plant,
plant.

Flowers of most sedums and sempervivums are in
varying shades of pinks and yellows, occasionally
white, but it would be helpful when planning a color
scheme or a mass planting, if the author had described
the color of each sedum and sempervivum which is
listed in the book.

There is a bibliography, a list of seven public
collections of sedums and sempervivums and four
recommended specialists, including the commercial
nursery which Helen Payne and her husband operate
near Dallas, Oregon. Her interests include the Univer-
sity of Washington Arboretum Foundation which she
joined in October, 1971.

The author recalls happy collecting trips and her
first finds of Northwest native sedums, but just as this
reviewer was mentally conjuring up visions of hordes
of readers ravishing the high country rock outcrop-
pings and talus slopes of the dainty sedums, the author
cautions collectors to obtain permission before collect-
ing and to not rob the high country of its beauty.

Only a very few of the color photographs give a
correct rendition of the colors of the plants. The
inclusion of many seriously misleading off-color pic-
tures is unfortunate, but this does not dim my view
that for the gardener who is interested in sedums and
sempervivums, this is an enjoyable and informative
book.

JOY SPUR R

29

PLANTS AND GARDENS - Herbs and Their Orna-
mental Uses. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Vol. 28,
No. 1 , Brooklyn, N.Y., 1972. $1 .50

The two words that set this herb book apart are
I nternational and Contemporary . Herb gardens from
New Zealand to England to Mt. Vernon are interest-
ingly described by knowledgeable authors. Contem-
porary herb subjects such as city garden herbs,
vegetable plantings with herbs, and regional differ-
ences in herb culture are covered.

In addition unusual herb garden combinations are
written up beamed at colors, textures, scents, beauty,
locations, and purposes. The latter includes an article
on an herb garden for children, and one for the blind.

A fine list of eleven herb books with short reviews
is at the end of the book. One might note that this is
an excellent companion to Brooklyn Botanic Garden's
earlier HANDBOOK ON HERBS Vol. 14, No. 2
(Handbook 27).

ELIZABETH SICHLER

WILDFLOWERS I, The Cascades. By Elizabeth L.

Horn. The Touchstone Press, Beaverton, Oregon,

1972. 160 pages illustrated. $6.95.

Wild flowers / is an introduction to common plants
that may be conspicuous to the passing traveler or
hiker. Identification is simple and direct with the
emphasis on habitat and environment in the Cascade
Mountains from Mount Rainier to Lassen Peak.

The author has arranged the plants by zone: (1)
Coniferous Forests. Deeply Shaded Woodlands; (2)
Dry Openings in Coniferous Forests; (3) Moist Areas
Below Timberline; (4) Timberline and Alpine Areas.
There is a short treatise on vegetation of the Cascade
Mountains, alpine adaptations, scientific names and a
basic description of the life zones.

The bibliography lists nine books on plants. A
short glossary of botanical terms, sketches of typical
flower patterns and the shapes, arrangements and
types of leaves will assist the non-botanist on identifi-
cation. On the practical side, Elizabeth Horn has
included Indian lore, comments on edible plants and
those dangerously toxic and photo tips for the
amateur photographer.

The 143 photographs are well done, and it is
obvious that the author, who is a biologist and plant
ecologist, took time and care on the arrangement and
lighting, used the correct exposure and a fine grain
film. Good color control in the printing process is a
tribute to the printer. The variation in sizes of the
photographs is sufficient to relieve monotony and the
choice of a dull finish paper with legible print adds up
to an attractive book.

In regard to the author's comment that Pterospora
andromedea is "usually found in association with the
ponderosa pines on the eastern side of the Cascades," I
have found these in greater abundance in Washington,
on the western slopes of the Cascades in Douglas fir
forests of the upper Transition and Canadian Zones.

Wildf lowers / describes only 180 plants out of
thousands which grow in the Cascade Mountains, but
it is a book of small size that can be taken into the
field by the hiker and should encourage closer
observation of one of nature's most colorful treasures,
the wildflowers.

JOY SPUR R

R. DAVID ADAMS

European Garden Shop

220 First Ave. S.

Pioneer Square Area
622-5325

Italian Terra Cotta Showroom
Cut Flowers & Greenery
Garden Accessories for Patio,

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October turned my maple's leaves to gold;

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— Thomas Bailey Aldrich

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PIER 70, SEATTLE, WA. 98121 MA 4-1966

FEATURING UNIQUE PLANTINGS, TOOLS, CONTAINERS & DECOR ITEMS

SUTTON'S SEEDS FROM ENGLAND

PACIFIC SEARCH MAGAZINE

The whole PACIFIC NORTHWEST
at your door each month for only
$4 a year ($5 starting Jan. 1 , 1973)

Don't be the last one aboard your own thing.

PACIFIC SEARCH One Year - 10 issues - $4

QUANT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

U.S.A.

FOREIGN (U.S. Funds)

1 year

$4.00

$5.00

2 year

7.50

9.50

3 year

10.50

13.50

Amount enclosed
Bill me

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

31

for excellence in

NURSING OR BOARDING CARE

ISSAQUAH VILLA - EX 2-5351
VALLEY VILLA - BA 6-7500
Medicare Approved

MARYCREST VILLA - EA 9-5500

Adult Residential Care

facilities of Villa Care, Inc.

Wash. State Licenses 475, 210, 569

ENGLISH IMPORTED AURICULAS
POLYANTHUS* SPECIES
PACIFIC HYBRID DELPHINIUMS
EXBURY AZALEAS • PERENIALS
DWF . GERANIUMS
BONSAI MATERIALS

<-Pftiw/iose uAc/ies

Between Kenmore and Juanita on 84th Ave. N.E.
(Turn E. off Juanita Dr. on N.E. 141it,
drive 1 mile to 84th)

VA 2-6176 14015 . 84th Ave. N.E.

MRS. L. G. TAIT BOTHELL, WASHINGTON

CHOICE and UNUSUAL

Trees — Shrubs — Vines
Garden Accessories

TROPICAL INDOOR PLANTS

Largest 8c Finest Selection
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32

THE ARBORETUM FOUNDATION

STATEMENT OF CASH RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS BY FUNDS

YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 1972*

RECEIPTS:

Dues

Donations

Unit Council —

Plant and bulb sale

Other

Interest on savings accounts

Net income from Investment Trust

Advertising and miscellaneous

TOTAL RECEIPTS

Consolidated

$ 20,030.00
211,255.01

5,280.90

1,572.18

13,537.67

594.77

2,595.88

254,866.41

DISBURSEMENTS:

Salaries and Christmas bonus

Payroll taxes

Membership expense

Bulletin and publication

Publicity and educational program

T elephone

Professional services

Memorial gates

Other operating expenses

Units Council expenses —

Plant sale costs and expenses

Utilities, supplies, postage and books

Miscellaneous

Donations to University of Washington Arboretum,
including $10,413.50 by Unit Council

TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS

12,498.40

696.70

2,824.08

8,886.97

1,271.93

395.88

800.00

7,596.50

1,795.40

12,774.11

868.25

1,246.77

16,133.30

67,778.29

Excess of receipts over disbursements for the year
before interfund transfers and purchases of
investments

187,088.12

CASH BALANCES, APRIL 30, 1971

Transfers (to) from General Fund

Purchase of Prudential Mutual Insurance Fund

227,172.08

-0-

(17,100.00)

ALLOCATED CASH BALANCE, APRIL 30, 1972

$397,160.20

ENDOWMENT TRUST FUND PRINCIPAL

$ 15,887.71

ALLOCATION OF FUNDS

General Fund

O. D. Fisher Funds

Endowment Trust Fund Monies

Floral Hall Fund

Memorial Fund

Japanese Garden Fund

Educational Program — Library Fund

Tolmie Fund

FUNDS ON HAND APRIL 30, 1972

$ 41,673.19
10,175.06
411.63
104,862.95
11,324.83
598.60
3,040.26
225,073.68

$397,160.20

"Financial Statement as prepared by Price Waterhouse & Co.

THE ARBORETUM BULLETIN JJRS . H. P. CLAUSING

Published by the 121)0 - 87TH N. E.

Arboretum foundation i t ocinX'*

University of Washington ArboretuKiI ft A L» A J - , h i\ 9 oV 5 5

Seattle, Washington 98 1 95

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED

NON-PROFIT ORG.

U. S. POSTAGE PAID

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
Permit No. 126

UNIVERSITY OR WASHINGTON

ARBORETUM FOUNDATION

announces

availability of past BULLETINS
at 50ef per copy

In limited numbers: copies from 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942,
1943, 1944, 1945, 1946.

In greater supply with a few exceptions are BULLETINS from 1947 to the
present time.

The impending building renovations involving storage space for these
BULLETINS make immediate action urgent. This is an excellent opportunity
to procure back copies. Orders will be filled on a first come-first served basis.

Please direct your orders to:

ARBORETUM FOUNDATION,

i

MRS. MARI LYNN WOLF, Executive Secretary
EA 5-4510 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195

i.