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OBSERVATIONS 


UPON 


A       TREATISE, 


ENTITLED 


A     Description  of  the  Plain  of  Troy, 


B  Y 


Monfieur  le  Chevalier^ 


By      JACOB      BRYANT. 


£  T  O  N: 

Printed   by    M.    Pote,    1795. 

Sxild  by  Mcflrf .  Cadell  and  Davies,  Strand,  LoxriON-. 


Publijhed  by  the  fame  Author, 
A  Treatise  upon  the  Truth  of  the  Chriftian  Religion, 

Andy 


A   Treatise  upon  the  Miracles   in   Egypt,    and  the  Divine 

Miflion  of  Mofes. 


THE 

PREFACE. 

TH  E  following  Treatise  was  taken  in  hand.,  when  the 
Defcription  of  the  Plain  of  Troy  firji  came  ouU  For  as 
I  had  written  upon  the  fame  fubjeB,  and  concerning  the  Troja?i 
War,  and  as  there  were  fome  articles  contrary  to  my  opinio?i  in 
the  Defcription  ;  it  feemed  to  me  by  ?to  means  improper,  to  ob- 
viate the  objections,  which  might  arife,  JJjould  my  thoughts  be 
ever  made  pub  lick.  And  as  a  fcond  Edition  of  this  Work  has 
been  publifjed,,  and  probably  is  by  this  time  fold,  it  appeared,  ts 
be  a  proper  feafon  to  fend  this  "Treatife  into  the  World.  For  I 
Jhould  be  willing  to  take  off  all  undue  imprejjions  ',  that  if  my 
other  Treatife,  of  more  conjequence  than  the  prefent,  fjould  come 
forth,  my  procefs  may  be  freed,  if  poffible,  from  all  impediment 
,a?id  objections. 

B  THE 


I     ™     ] 


THE 


INTRODUCTION. 


TW/f  R.  Dalzel,  the  Translator  and  Editor  of  the  Defcrip- 
J-^-*-  tion,  gives  the  Author  Mr.  le  Chevalier,  a  very  ex- 
cellent character,  as  being  diftinguifhed  by  the  variety  of  his 
Knowledge,  the  vivacity  of  his  Converfation,  and  the  agreable- 
nefs  of  his  Manners  :  of  which  I  make  no  doubt :  And  we 
may  prefume,  that  the  Perfon  muft  be  bleft  with  the  fame 
Knowledge  and  happy  attainments,  who  could  draw  fo  fair  a 
Picture.  But  thefe  learned  Gentlemen  mould  have  confidered, 
that,  however  they  may  have  been  gifted  with  Knowledge,  and 
with  accuracy  equal  to  that  Knowledge,  yet  miftakes  will 
fometimes  happen  :  and  they  mould  mew  the  greateft  candour 
and  moderation  to  others,  that  the  like  return  may  be  made 
•    to  them. 

This  I  mention,  becaufe  there  certainly  is  not  that  lenity, 
and  mildnefs  preferved,  which  their  beit  Friends  might  have 
wifhed,  and  even  an  enemy  expected.  This  will  appear  from 
the  paffages  annexed,  which  will  fhew  that  they  have  not  been 

B   2  fufficiently 


iv  INTRODUCTION.    . 

fufriciently  upon  their  guard.  And  though  fome  compliments 
are  cafually  introduced,  yet  they  are  in  a  manner  cancelled  by 
the  antecedent  feverity.. 

Of  unneceffary  critical  Cenfure. 

It  is  faid  of  Dr.  Pococke,  tHat  his  account  of  Troas  is: 
full  of  errors,  and  obfcure,  p.  51.  That  he  fuffered  himfelf 
to  be  mijled  by  Strabo,  rather  than  trujl  to  his  own  ey£s,  p.  5 1 . 
He  is  accufed  of  diffidence  and  referve,  and  exceffive  caution  : 
by  which  he  expofed  others  to  the  cenfure  of  temerity,  when  they 
were  to-  hold  that  for  certain,  which  he  had,  only  confulered,  as 
probable,  p.  101.  This  is  an  article  of  accufation,.  which  I 
do  not  quite  underftand.  If  he  was,  cautious,  aod  they  rain, 
it  was,  I  mould  think,  their  fault,  and  not  his.  if  any  mif- 
take  enfucd.  Though  fo  little  is  produced  in  the  DifTertation 
to  his  advantage,  yet  we  are  told  in  the  Notes,  (p.  100)  that 
his  merit  is-  there  over-rated, — he  is  fo  very  deficient  in  com* 

poftion in  arrange?nent and  his  ideas  are  fo  confufed.      It 

is  a  matter  of  regret,  that  he  fjould  not  have  been  able  to  tell 
difinclly,  what  he  faw.  p.  101.  This  is  hard  dealing  with 
a  perfon,  of  whom  the  celebrated  Traveller  Niebuhr,  and 
many  other  unexceptionable  Judges  have  entertained  a  far 
better  opinion.  What  may  feem  extraordinary^-  the  Author 
of  the  Treatife  himfelf  ftyles  bAm——that  excellent  Traveller,, 
and  owns  his  obligations  to  him,  p.  100,  for  he  proved  to 
him  a  very  ufeful  guide  in  his  refearches,  p.  51,.  and  even, 
mentions  him  as  a  Jure  guide,  p.  76.  How  a.  perfon,  that 
was  fo  excellent,  and  of  fuch  benefit,  could  be  fo  deficient, 
fo  confufed,  and.  not  able  to  exprefs  his  mind,    nor   to  fee 

with'. 


INTRODUCTION*         *  v 

with  his  own  eyes,  in  fhort  fo  full  of,  errors,  is  paft  my 
comprehenfion.  I  only  can  fay,  if  he  was  of  fuch  fervicc, 
he  deferved  better  treatment. 

Mr.  Wood  is  reprefented — as  void  of  all  merit — negligent, 
obflinate,  arrogant ',  and  abfurd.  p.  56,  59,  75,  fee  p.  80"  in 
particular.  He  was  continually  bewildered,  and  turned  all 
things  into  Chaos  and  l  confufion,  p.  51,  79,  80,  100.  He 
is  faid  p.  57,  to  have  deferved  no  mercy:  and  certainly  no 
mercy  has  he  found. 

Dr.  Chandler  is  treated  with  fome  deference:  yet  he 
finally  meets  with  his  mare  of  cenfure.  As  Dr.  Pococke  was 
blamed  for  his  diffidence,  fo  Dr.  Chandler  is  accufed  of  con- 
fidence, and  eafe :  which  by  the  explanation  falls  little  fhort 
of  prefumption,  indolence  and  afTurance.  For  he  is  faid  to 
have  impofed  upon  the  credulity  of  his  Readers,  and  to  have  ftp- 
pofed,  that  they  would  adopt.,  without  any  proof,  whatever  he  was 
p leafed  to  fay.  p.  55,  and  101.  But  this  treatment  cannot  be 
efteemed  liberal:  and  mould  never  have  proceeded  from  a 
Perfon  of  learning  and  humanity. 

St r abo  is  repeatedly  cenfured  :  all  that  he  knew  concern- - 
ing  Troy,  as  faid  to  have  been  borrowed  from  one  Demetrius  of 
Scepjis,  p.  49,  57.  He  is  mentioned,  as  erroneous,  and  obj cure,, 
p.  58,  59,  60  :  who  led  others  into  many  errors  and  abfurdities  ;•; 
and  who  never  had  vifted  the  place  which  he  defcribed.  p.  48, 
49,   and  Notes  59. 

'  P.  75.  It 'is  her ij  faicl-i- Mr.  Wood  ha!  viewed  the  Troade  crroneoufly.  P,  77.  Notes— Mention  is 
mnde  of  Mr.  kFvoti'i  own  exaft  defcription  of  the  Coafi.  A  Man  fo  eironeonsancl  fo  accurate  was  never 
before  foen. 

TJiis 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 

This  feverity  was  unfortunate  ;  and  cannot  be  obferved 
without  concern,  when  we  coniider,  from  whom  it  proceeded. 
And  I  hope,  that  I  mall  be  excufed,  if  I  prefume  to  point  out 
any  defects  in  the  opinions  of  thefe  learned  Gentlemen.  For 
they  cannot  be  offended  with  a  liberty,  which  they  themfelves 
have  taken,  efpecially  if  they  are  addrefTed  with  that  candour 
and  urbanity,  to  which  every  man  of  learning  has  a  claim. 


^*$m>%& 


O  B  S  E  RV- 


[    *    3 


^s. 


OBSERVATIONS 

UPON 

A      T    R    E    A    T    I    S    E,       &c- 


The  Situation   of  Troy. 

Tt/TR.  lc  Chevalier  has  ufed  great  diligence  in   traverfing   the  region 
of  Troas :   and  has  made  many  obfervations,  which  may  deferve  the 
notice  of  the  World.     Yet  1  cannot  help  thinking,  that  his  zeal  has  fome- 
times  tranfported  him  too  far,   and  that  there  is  not  always  that  certainty 
in  his  determinations,  which  through  prejudice,  he  imagined.      It  is  my 
fear  that  he  is  fundamentally  miftaken  in  refpect  to  the  fituation  of  Troy; 
and  that  it  'does  not  hy  any  means  agree  with  the  defcription  given  by 
Homer;   nor  with  many  circumftances   in  the  courfe  of  the  Poem.     The 
City,   defcribed  by  the   Author,  of  the  Treatife,   fecms   to  be   placed   far 
too  remote   from  the  mvs-a9jj.es,  and  camp  of  the  Grecians,  upon  the  fea. 
Hence  the  marches,  and  countermarches,  and  other  operations  carried   on 
to   fuch  a  diftance  in   that  interval   of  ground,   cannot-  be  made  to   agree 
with   the  time  allotted  for  them.     He  fpeaks  of  the  Village  Bounarbachi 
(p..  1 16)  as    being  four  leagues,  near  twelve  miles,  from  the  fea.     From ^ 
this    place   he  afcended  for   a   mile,  till  he  arrived  at  a  lofty  eminence,  . 
furrounded  for  the  mod  part  with  abrupt  precipices  :    (p.  127)  and  upon  ■ 
this  hill  he  fuppofes  the  Troy  of  Homer  to  have  been  founded.     The- 
neareft  part   of  the  City  muft  therefore  have  been   thirteen  miles  from 

.  the- 


[      2      ] 

the  coaft,  and  the  mips  of  the  Grecians.  The  Citadel  called  Pergamus 
muft  have  been  ftill  farther,  as  may  be  feen  in  the  Maps  of  the  Author, 
(p.  i,  and  115.)  Now  this  interval  between  the  Camp  and  the  City 
feenis  to  be  far  too  great  for  the  Grecians  to  have  advanced  to  it  with  la- 
bour, and  by  degrees  forced  their  way  to  the  walls,  and  then  to  have  gra- 
dually retreated,  when  we  confider  the  time  allotted  for  thofe  operations. 
Let  us  take  for  example  the  diftant  movements  upon  that  day,  when 
Patroclus  is  faid  to  have  been  flain.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  eleventh  book 
of  the  Poem,  that  the  Greeks  iflued  from  their  tents  in  the  morning,  and 
engaged  the  Trojans,  who  had  kept   their  ftation  during   the  night  ivr.t 

BfiMcrum   TXTcdioio.    A.    V.    ^6. 

This  was  a  part  of  the  Plain,  of  which  I  fhall  fay  more  hereafter.  The 
Author  places  it  in  his  Map  about  the  diftance  of  a  mile  :  and  it  is  defcri- 
bed  by  the  Poet,  as  c\iyog  yjogog  ^x.  v.  6c)  a  fmall /pace  of  land.  The 
engagement  began,  and  was  carried  on  very  ftubbornly  till  the  third,  or 
fourth  hour  after  fun-rife,  without  either  fide  giving  way.  But,  when  the 
fun  was  got  fomewhat  high  in  the  firmament,  and  according  to  the  ancient 
way  of  reckoning,  the  hind  and  woodman  had  made  their  firfl  meal  or 
"breakfaft,  the  Trojans  were  obliged  to  give  way. 

Tq[j.cg  cr(pjj   apjrri   Aamoi   pyi^ocvTO  (pcxXxyyccg 
"Tpujwv A.    90. 

At  that  time  the  Grecians  by  dint  of proivfs  difordered,  and  broke  through  the 
array  of  the  'Trojans,  who  accordingly  retreated.  They  however  continually 
faced  about,  till  they  were  driven  beyond  the  Tomb  of  Ilus,  and  the 
Ep(v.;oc,  or  wild  Fig-tree,  quite  up  to  the  Scaean  gate,  where  they  made 
a  ftand. 

'AAA'   01}  §;;    Xzxioig   re  zcvha;   xxi   §v\ycv  ty.QVTOy 

This  according  to  the  '  flatement  and  delineation  of  Monf.  C.  could  not 
jc  lefs  than  thirteen  miles  from  the  fliips,  and  coaft.     Agamemnon  is  here 

j  P.  27,  and  116. 

■wounded, 


[     3     3 

wounded,  and  retires :  upon  which  Hector  encourages  the  Trojans,  who 
in  their  turn  drive  the  enemy  quite  back  to  the  rampart.  Here  a  very 
/harp  fight  commences :  but  the  Greeks  are  flill  worried,  and  one  of  the 
{hips  fired.  From  the  City  to  the  Shipping  was  an  additional  fpace  of 
thirteen  miles=26.  At  this  juncture  Patroclus  is  fent  in  the  armour  of 
Achilles,  who  drives  away  the  Trojans  back  to  the  very  walls  of  their  City, 
after  they  had  been  for  a  long  time  in  pofTeffion  of  the  rampart.  This  was 
however  effected  by  degrees. 

Ov  ycc(>  tim  Tt  Tgtos;   ocpiTi^iXuv   inr    h.%xiu)v 

ITfOTpo7r«^y   <po&iono  y-iXoctvctuv   olito  vyioov, 

'AAA'  tr    u{>    oa>Qi?xvT0,  vewv  <T  v7roii%ov   ocvuyuq.     II.   IT.    300. 

Nothing  hindered  Patroclus  from  taking  the  City  by  florin,  but  the  in- 
terpofition  of  the  tutelary  Deity.  For  he  is  faid  to  have  made  four  at- 
tempts to  fcale  the  wall :  and  feems  to  have  three  times  got  nearly  upon  it, 
but  was  driven  off  by  the  '  guardian  of  the  place.  In  the  mean  time 
HedJor  faltered  himfelf,  and  his  horfes,  under  the  Satan  gate. 

'Ektw$  V  h  XKtxiria-i  t&vXoiis  e%s  jj.u)w%ag  fir/rHg.  IT.  7  1 1 .  Hence  it  is  plain, 
that  they  had  paffed  from  the  flation  of  the  fhips  quite  up  to  the  walls 
of  the  City  another  1 3  iniles=39.  Patroclus  is  here  /lain,  and  Hector 
again  takes  the  lead:  and  drives  the  Grecians  back  to  their  entrenchment, 
though  not  without  great  oppofition,  and  delay.  Here  we  have  another 
addition  of  thirteen  miles  to  be  noticed :  and  the  aggregate  of  the  whole 
is  fifty  two  miles :  and  thefe  flights  and  countermarches  are  for  the  mofl 
part  performed  between  the  third,  and  the  twelfth  hour  of  the  day :  from 
about  nine  in  the  morning  to  fix  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  But  this  is 
incredible,  and  impoflible.  And  fhould  we,  to  prevent  the  overrating  of 
the  diflance,  deduct  eight  or  ten  miles;  yet  the  facf  would  be  flill  im- 
poflible. Without  confided ng  the  great  fatigue',  and  delay  in  flubbom 
contefl,,  few  men,  however  expedite,  and  lightly  equipped,  could'  fingly 
walk  over  -filch  a  fpace  of  ground  in  nine  or  ten  hours  3  much  lefs  an  army 

n«Tpx>,«,    Tfi;   0'    aim  iirtrt<pv>.t$fi  Anoint.      U.   J$z, 

C  of 


tr  4-  j 

of  an  hundred  thoufand  men.  The  City  therefore,  as  defcribed  by  Homer, 
rnufl:  have  been  much,  nearer  :  and  the  fituatkm  given  to  Troy  by  Mr.  C. 
is  contrary  to  the  very  evidence  of  the  Poet. 

■ 

Of  the  uncertainty   of  Authors  in  refpecl   to    the  diftance   of  fome  principal 

objects. 

As  the  camp  of  the  Grecians  was  a  naval  ftation,  it  is  highly  neceffar)v 
if  pofuble,  to   afcertain   the  part  of  the  Coift,  upon  which  it  is  defcribed 
in  the  Poem;  as  the  fituation   of  Troy  mull  in    a  great  meafure    be  de- 
termined from  it.      It  has  been  generally  fuppofed,  that  this  camp    was 
upon  the   Hellefpont,  and   extended  from  the  Sigean   Promontory  to  the 
Rhoetean,  and  that  the   ftation  of  Achilles  was  at  the  former,  and  that  of 
Ajax  at  the  latter  place.     It  is  alfo  further  faid,    that  each  of  thefe  Heroes 
was  buried  near  the  particular  promontory,  where  they  had  been  'lationed. 
Thefe  were  the  limits,  and  abutments  of  the  Grecian  camp  according  to 
both  the  modern  and  the  ancient  Writers  upon  the  fubject.     But  neither 
of  thefe  Promontories,  efpecially  the  Rhcetean,  has  been  ever  fatisfactorily 
pointed  out.     This  will  appear  from  the  different  accounts  of  the  diftance, 
which  is   fuppofed   to  have  fubfifted   between  them.      Mr.   Wood  thinks, 
that  the  Rhoetean  Promontory  was  the  fame  as  Cape  Barbieri;    which  ac- 
cording to  his  map  is  not  much  lefs  than  ten  miles  from  the  Sigfean,  the 
fame  as  cape  Janifary.     Strabo  makes  the  interval  to  be  fixty  ftadia;  which 
amount  to  above  feven  miles:   Solinus  reprefents  it  as  forty  ftadia;  or  near 
five  miles.     Pliny  makes  it  thirty;  about  three  miles  and  a  half.     Thus- 
they  varied  concerning  the  interval,  becaufe  they  had  no  certain  boundaries, 
from  whence  they  could  draw  a  line :   but  each  determined  the  two  ex- 
tremes  according  to  their  particular  fyftem.      If  we  attend   to  the  Map 
given  by  the  Author  of  the  Defcription,  p.    102.  the  diftance  is  fomewhat 
fhort  of  four   miles  :  and   in  his   thirteenth  chapter  he  ftates   it  at  thirty 
furlongs,  or  fomewhat  more   than  three  miles   and  a  half.      He   accufes 
Mr.  Wood,  as  well  as    M.  d'  Anville,  of  being  milled   by   Strabo;  and 
aflerts,  in  order  to  fhew  the  certainty  of  his  obfervations,  that  he  meafured 

it 


C    5    ] 

it  himfelf.  /  was  at  the  pains  to  a/certain  this  di/lance  geometrically ■,  and 
Jbund  it  to  be  three  thoufand  fathoms,  p.  102.  But  what  was  the  object,  of 
which  he  fpeaks;  and  which  he  meafured  fo  accurately?  An  interval 
never  defined ;  and  determined  by  him  from  imaginary  abutments,  about 
which  nobody  could  ever  agree.  He  blames  the  ftatement  of  others ;  and 
gives  us  his  own  meafurement,  which  is  equally  precarious.  He,  however, 
defcribes  the  ftations  of  the  principal  perfons,  after  he  has  determined  the 
camp,  in  the  following  manner.  The  Tent  of  the  Commander  in  chief  oc- 
cupied the  center  of  the  Camp  :  Achilles  had  his  Jlation  at  the  right  wing, 
near  the  Sigean  promontory  ;  and  Ajax  at  the  left,  near  the  Rhcetean.  That 
Ajax  and  Achilles,  were  at  the  extremes  according  to  the  Poet,  is  cer- 
tain; but  that  they  were  bounded  by  the  Rhcetean  and  Sigean  promontories 
is  a  notion  of  later  date.  Nothing  to  this  purpofe  is  faid  by  Homer  :  no 
fuch  names  are  to  be  found  in  his  writings.  He  was  a  ftranger  both  to 
Rhosteum  and  Sigeum,  of  which  the  learned  Author  does  not  fecm  t& 
have  been  apprifed. 

His  filiation  of  the  Grecian  Camp    wrong. 

That  the  Author  cannot  be  right  in  the  fituation  of  his  camp  may,  I 
think,  be  proved  from  his  Map,  where  the  Scamander,  and  the  mouth  of 
it,  called  the  Stomalimne,  run  through  the  Naval  ftation  of  the  Greeks. 
This  cut  off  all  communication  between  one  part  of  the  army,  and  the 
other:  for  it  muff,  have  been  ever  an  impaffable  '  barrier.  There  was  no 
poffibility  of  getting  over  this  obitrudlion.  The  Author  is  aware  of  this 
difficulty:  and  employs  a  whole  page  to  obviate,  or  at  leaft  extenuate, 
■the  evil,  which  cannot  after  all  be  remedied.  He,  however,  forms  many 
fuppolitions  ;  which,  I  fear,  are  unavailing.  He  places  the  difficulty  in 
a  fair  and  ftrong  light ;  and  owns,  that,  on  reflecting  upon  the  inundations 
of  the  Simois,  we  fljould  think  it  ft 'range,  that  the  army  of  the  Greeks  Jhould 
Save  pitched  their  camp  upon  fuch  difadvantageous  ground  ;   and  efpecially  that 

1.  Of  this  opening,  called  Stomalimne,  fee  Strabo,  1.  13.  p.  890.  There  appears  alfo  to  have  been 
a  large  bed  of  oaze,  which  was  protruded  far  into  the  fea,  and  was  of  a  great  breadth.  It  had  the 
name  of  Palaefcamander,  of  which  Pliny  takes  notice. — Stagnum  Palafcamander.  1,  t.  c.  30. 

C  2  they 


I    6    ] 

they  were  able  to  maintain  their  Jlation  on  that  ground  for  the /pace  of  ten  yt\n :. 
p.  103  To  obviate  thefe  objections,  he  has  recourfe  to  many  expedients ;. 
which  will  not,  I  believe,  .be  deemed  competent.'  He  accordingly  inti- 
mates, that  the  Grecians  might  poflibly  have  their  camp,  fometimes  in  a 
different  place  :  a  circumftance  never  before  thought  of  by  any  perfon, 
either  ancient,  or  modern.  For — though  the  war  continued  fo  many  years, 
it  does  not  appear  from  Homer,  that  the  Greeks  were  encamped  between  the 
Sigean  and  Rbcetea?i  promontories  ail  that  time.  p.  103.  As  1  have  faid 
before,  there  is  not  a  word  in  Homer  about  thefe  promontories  :  but  that 
the  army  was  encamped  before  the  City  all  that  time  we  may  be  allured 
from  many  paffages  both  in  the  I  lias  and  Odyffea :  alio  by  that  negative 
proof,  that  no  other  encampment  was  ever  in  the  lead  intimated.  But 
we  have  pofitive  proof:  for  the  chief  expeditions  made  to  other  places 
were  under  Achilles,  which  are  mentioned.  Iliad.  I.  326.  Odyff.  T.  105. 
and  at  thefe  times  we  are  told  in  exprefe  terms,  that  Agamemnon,  and. 
confequently  the  main  army,  remained  inactive  before  Troy.  Achillea, 
fays,  that  upon  his  return  he  prefented  the  General  with  the  plunder. 

-, — 'O    V  cttktGs  utvupi  ■zrctf'ot  vqvtri  Soy<ri 
£gPxv&vo$i  ^iot  zsuvQtx  Soureco-Kfjo II.   I.   V.  ^32, 

The  wrand  army  was  never  upon  any  of  thefe  expeditions :    but  all  the 
time  in  its  naval  encampment. 

After  many  fuppofitions  in  confequence  of  a  pleafmg  prejudice,  he  fay?, 
that  at  kill,  in  the  tenth  year,  they  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  River,  at  a. 
feafon,  when  the  Simois  was  dry,  p.  10+.  In  the  fireplace  there  is  not  the 
lead:  evidence  for  this  notion  about  their  coming  here  firft  in  the  tenth  year. 
And  how  could  the  drying  up  of  the  brook  Simois  above,  affeel:  the  mouth 
of  the  Scamander,  and.  the  marfh  below,  which  was  inundated  by  the  fea  ? 
Ko  river  that  thus  empties  itielf  into  the  deep,  ever  fails  at  its  mouth,  nor 
are  its  marihes  dry,  for  they  are  replenifhed  with  falt-water  :  and  of  this 
we  are  certified,  concerning  this  place,  by  »  Strabo.     This  therefore  could- 

i.L.  13.  p.  S90.   £T;(*a?.'f*r>i— Paladcamander  of  Pliny,    L.  v.  c.  30.  p., 

not 


not  have  been  the  lituation  of  the  Camp;  as  all  communication  between 
one  part  of  the  army,  and  the  other,  muft  have  been  entirely  interrupted. 
If  one  wing  had  been  attacked,  no  afliftance  could  h?.ve  been  afforded  by 
the  other.  A  Ca-mp  with  an  impaflable  morafs  in  the  middle  was  never 
thought  of  before.  Pliny  fpeaks  of  the  Scamandeiv  as  amnis  navigabilis, 
1.  5.  p.  822.  Who  ever  heard,  that  the  mouth  of  a  navigable  river  was 
ever  deftitute  of  water,  or  that  its  moraffes  and  fait  marlh.es  were  dry  ? 
This  fuppolition  therefore  is  merely  formed  to  obviate  an  infuperable  ob- 
jection :  and  confequently  is  not  adequate.  Such  a  lituation  muft  have 
been  likewile  the  moft  unhealthy,  that  could  have  been  chofen.  And 
here  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  the  /\uthor,  and  his  Editor,  in  the  Map  of 

Troy,   call    the   Marfh    Stomalimne    by    a  peculiar   interpretation The 

MarjJo  of  Stoma,  By  this  they  feem  to  have  taken  the  word  s-ejua  to  have 
been  a  proper  name  ;  which  is  extraordinary.  The  Marflb  had  its  name 
from  its  lituation,  being  A/p>?  wgog  so^a.  ts  txtotol^,  the  Marfh  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river;  which  the  Greeks  expreffed  briefly  s-o/^aA/pi?.  I  fav, 
it  was  denominated  from  it's  lituation,.  and  not.  from  the  proper  name 
either  of  man  or  place. 

Since   I   wrote    the  above,  I   by  chance   looked  into  Stfabo,  and"  find- 
that  this  miftake  is  copied  from  the  Latin  verfion,  where  Stomalimne  is 
moft  idly  interpreted — Pa/us  nomine  Stoma.  1.  13.  p.  891.     Alfo,  p.  892,. 
it    is    rendered    as    improperly — Lacus   cui   Stoma   nomen>.     The    learned 
Gafaubon  is  juftly  fevere  upon  the  Author  of  the  Verfion  ;   and  mentions, 
that  he  had  been  guilty  of  the  like  miftake  in  another  place, — infignis 
Xylandri  fupinitas,   qui  vertit   Os  portus,   quafi  legendum  efjet  so^u  Xtyevis; 
The  Author  of  the  View  fhould  have  been  more  cautious,  and  not  have- 
taken  the  Latin  verfion  for  a  precedent. 


Qbfcurify' 


[13. 

Objcurity,  arifing  from  the  different  accounts. 

We  have  feen,  how  different  the  meafurements  are,  which  have  been 
-given  for  that  interval,  between  the  Rhoetean,  and  Sigean  promontories. 
And  not  only  their  fituation,  but  their  identity,  has  not  been  determined. 
The  Author,  however,  takes  the  lowed  eftimate,  in  order  to  obviate  fome 
objections,  which  may  be  made :  and  fays,  that  the  diftance  amounted  only 
to  three  thoufand  fathoms,  which  is  little  more  than  three  miles.  But 
ftill  this  will  not  remedy  the  difficulties,  which  arife,  and  which  have 
been  mentioned  They  ftill  remain  in  full  force.  For  if  the  diftance 
from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the  army  was  after  all  fo  great,  how  could 
Agamemnon,  when  he  called  out  from  the  fhip  in  the  center,  be  heard,  as 
Homer  tells  us,  to  the  two  extremities.  ©.  v.  222.  How  can  any  human 
voice  in  the  midft  of  fhipping,  and  the  din  of  war  reach  above  a  mile 
and  an  half  each  way,  both  to  the  right  and  to  the  left?  It  cannot  be 
thought  poffible.  This  therefore  according  to  the  Poet  could  not  be  the 
fituation  of  the  Camp  and  Navy.  This  may  be  farther  proved  from  the 
fhips  of  Ajax  and  Protelilaus,  which  were  upon  the  left  — 

Ev9'  tcrav  Aixvjog  7;  v&Si  yMI  Tlfiujs<riXctii.   N.    68  I. 

Yet  Achilles,  whole  ftation  was  the  very  fartheft  upon  the  right,  and 
as  far  again  as  that  of  Agamemnon,  could  perceive  every  thing  which 
was  done  at  the  other  extremity,  at  the  time  when  Hector  invaded  that 
part  of  the  camp.     He  favv  the  ihip  of  Protefilaus  fet  on  fire, — . 

Aiortrw  d'«j  T«rapa  r/\\j<ri  zrupc^  tn\ioa  ipMtjV.      IT.    127. 

And,  what  is  more,  he  heard  the  voice  of  Hector  fo  plainly,  as  to 
diftinguifh   it  from  that  of  any  other   General. 

Oi'Oi  7&to  ATpsiScu  oirog  ik'avov  avoqaraiVTOS 
E%#m|?  !x-  xs(p«Aij£  chX   'Ekto^cc  aydpolpovotp 
Tpuitri  KtKtvoVTOS  vriMuyvvjoci. — IT.    70. 

The  diftance  could  not  be  fo  great  as  it  is  reprefented  by  the  Author. 
For,  according   to  the  plan  laid  down,   it  muft  have  been   above  three 

miles. 


C     9     ] 

miles.  According  to  ether  accounts  it  appears  to  have  been  far  more. 
But  let  a  man's  voice  be  ever  fo  ftrong,  he  will  hardly  be  diflinguifhed- 
a  league  oft.  The  camp  therefore  could  not  have  been  of  that  extent,  nor 
fituated,  where  it  is  defcribed. 

Of  the  BpuTyog  -mlis,  or  Saltus  Campeftris. 

Homer  in  more  places  than  one  takes  notice  of  the  Trojans  being  en- 
camped— %m  ^pcoo-^'j.)  zbsHioio  ;  which  the  Author  fays  in  his  Index  was 
probably  the  Tomb  of  llus.  And  in  his  i!2th.  page  j  the  words  arc 
by  him  interpreted — clo/e  upon  the  mound  in  the  plain;  which  mound  he 
fuppofes  to  have  been  the  tomb.  But  how  could  an  army  of  fifty  thoufand- 
raen  encamp  upon  a  fepulchral  monument,  though  it  were  as  large  as  the 
Tomb  of  Maulblus  ?  The  Author  however,  not  attending  to  this,  proceeds 
in  his  notion;  and  tries  to  confirm  his  argument,  that  the  Bp^a-^og  and  the 
monument  of  llus  were  the  fame,  from  the  Expedition  of  Ulyifes  and 
Diomede. — In  their  way  (II.  X.  414.)  they  meet  with  Dolon,  the  Trojan 
fpy,  who  in  order  to  JJmn  death,  with  which  they  threaten  him,  informs 
them,  that  the  'Trojans  are  really  encamped  in  the  neighbourhood,  (as  Neflor 
had  already  told  tbem)  and  that  Reclor  is  holding  a  Council  with  the  Trojan 
Chiefs  at  the  monument  of  llus.  He  adds,  If  the  concurrence  of  thefe  te/li- 
monies  does  not  amount  to  a  demonflration,  that  the  Throjmos  and  the  Tomb 
of  llus  are  the  fame,  it  is  clear  at  lea  ft,  that  thefe  two  monuments  could  not 
be  at  any  great  dijlanee  from  each  other,  p  112.  So  far  from  any  de- 
monflration arifing  from  the  fuppofed  concurrence  of  circumftances, 
there  is  not  the  leait  fhadow  of  probability.  In  the  firft  place  we  have  no 
intimation  given,  that  by  Spwa-pog  was  meant  a  monument,  much  lefs,  that 
it  was  the  Tomb  fuppofed.  In  the  next  place,  it  is  no  where  faid,  that  it 
was  clofe  upon  it.     rI  he  words  of  the  Poet  concerning  Hector  are— 

BxXceg  (3xKsvzi  But*  'wkpcc  o-YjfjMTi  lASf 
No<rip/v  enro  <p\ot<£>i£.—" K.   415. 

Heel  or  is  holding  a  Council  at  the  Tomb  of  the  noble  llus ;   vo<r<piv  apart,  and 
at  a.  dijiance  from  the  noife  of  the  Camp.     How  a  Perfon   removing  from; 

one 


9  [      10      ] 

one  place  to  another  more  convenient,  and  being  feparated,  can  make  them 
both  the  fame,  or  even  near  one  another,  I  do  not  fee.  They  probably 
chofe  the  tomb  of  Ilus  rather  than  any  vacant  fpot,  on  account  of  its 
fanctity,  to  make  their  deliberations  more  awful  and  ferious.  The  place  is 
faid  to  have  been  \o<r(piv,  apart,  at  fome  diflance  :  but,  how  great  that  diflance 
was,  can  be  only  known  from  the  context.  It  was  fufficiently  remote  to 
prevent  the  noife  of  the  camp  incommoding  them  :  which  noife  was  very 
great.     This  is  plain  from  Agamemnon  hearing  it  in  the  Grecian  camp— 

There  is  no  reafon  to  conclude  from  this  defcription,  that  the  place  of 
encampment  and  the  Tomb  of  Ilus  were  very  near,  much  lefs  that  they 
were  the  fame.  Some  further  intimation  concerning  them  may  be  found 
L.  xi.  v.  166.  The  Trojans  had  been  encamped  etrt  ^pwo-^w  (v  56.) 
and  were  there  in  the  morning  regularly  drawn  up  in  full  array.  After  a 
very  fevere  conflict  they  were  driven  from  it,  They  accordingly  fled  away, 
and  were  purfued  by  Agamemnon,  who  flew  great  numbers  of  them  in. 
{heir  flight. 

AtOSJ&JJ    S'    B7T6T0    <T$):0OtV0V    AccVOCOlCTl    KSXc'JWV 

'Oi  $e  Tjsa^  1X8  (tyijj.x  tJv.'hu.iH  Axfiuvi^cco, 
M-:<rtrov  KcoviT^tov  'z&u^  spiviov  Sfrcrsvovjo 
'Ispivoi  izroKioog. V.    165. 

^Agamemnon  fallowed  them,  at  the  fame  time  calling  out  to  his  own  people  to 
purfue.  In  the  mean  while  the  Trojans  pre/fed  forwards  by  the  Tomb  of  Has 
in  the  mid/l  of  the  plain,  and  alfo  by  the  Wild  Fig-tree,  ft 'riving  to  get  to  the 
City.  If  then  the  Tomb  was  in  the  middle  of  the  plain  higher  up,  and 
the  ©pwrp?,  as  the  Author  allows,  near  the  ihipping,  much  below,  they 
muft  neceflarily  have  been  two  different  objects,  and  by  no  means  fo  near 
as  might  othcrwifc  be  fuppofed. 

The  word  ©pwr/iof  is  an  antient  term,  which,  I  believe,  does  not  occur 
£n  Homer  obove  three  times ;  and  it  occurs  alio  in  Apollonius  Rhodius 

twice, 


t  'I  ] 

twice.  Whether  it  is  to  be  found  elfewhere,  1  know  not.  The  Com- 
mentators and  Scholiafts  vary  about  its  meaning,  but  for  the  moft  part 
fuppofe  it  to  have  been  v^tyXog  tokos  (StsvosiSri's,  a  kind  of  high  conical  mound : 
others  affedl  to  determine  it  more  precifely  by  faying,  that  it  was  the 
fame  as  Calicolone,  or  beautiful  hill,  upon  which  the  Gods  ufed  to  de- 
fcend  to  take  a  view  of  the  battle.  This  hill  by  the  Scholiaft,  as  well 
as  by  Strabo,  is  eftimated  as  five  ftadia  in  circumference,— -K.  1 60.  T.  3. 
s-aStuv  wsvrs  ty\v  ■zrip'^i^ov. — This  does  not  amount  to  1200  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  bottom  :  and  as  all  conical  hills  gradually  decreafe  towards  the  fum- 
mit;  the  diameter  and  fuperficial  contents  muft  be  there  far  lefs :  and  the 
amount  could  not  well  be  above  twenty  acres.  But  how  can  it  be  fup- 
pofed,  that  the  Trojan  army,  which  in  book  8th.  v.  5<,8.  is  eftimated  at 
fifty  thoufand  men,  could  encamp  within  fuch  a  fpace  of  ground  :  or 
upon  any  hill  fixvoiiSris  ?  More  efpecially  if  we  confider  their  chariots  and 
horfes,  for  they  encamped  a-vv  Itvkoio-iv  itoti  ox,z<r(piv,  which  muft  have  de- 
manded infinitely  more  room.  The  principal  perfons  who  have  given, 
their  opinion  about  this  ancient  term,  are  theScholiafts,  Hefychius,  Eufta- 
thius  and  Suidas.  But  they  were  all  a  great  many  Centuries  after  the" 
Poet,  moft  of  them  above  a  thoufand  years  :  and  all  that  they  have  faid  is' 
mere  matter  of  opinion,  which  is  contradi&ed  by  the  whole  tenour  of 
the  Hiftory. 

Were  I.  to  fpeak  my  mind,  I  mould  imagine,  that  word  Qpwtyos  of  the 
Grecians  was  perfedly  analogous  to  the  Saltus  of  the  Romans.  By  the" 
latter  was  meant  a  paffage  between  woods,  or  hills,  bounded  by  them  on 
on  each  fide:  and  anfwered  in  fome  degree  to  a  lawn  among  the  Englifh : 
only  it  was  generally  more  wide.  We  read  of  the  Saltus  Pyrensi,  Saltus 
Caftulonenfis,  Saltus  Mauritania;,  Saltus  Vafconum,  Saltus  Alpium:  men- 
tioned by  Cjefar,  Pliny  and  other  Writers.  Thefe  were  paffages,  Trajedlus 
inter  fauces  et  anguftias  Montium,  which  Generals  ufed  to  endeavour 
timely  to  occupy.  There  were  others  between  woods  frequented  by 
Hunters,  Ovid  mentions' faltus  venantibus  apti:  5  Epift  27.  and  Virgil 
{peaks  of  fome  as  of  great  extent— magnos  canibm  circumdare  faltus.  r. 
Georg    j  40.     Such    I   take  the   3^?f  to    have   been.     The   plain   of 

D  Troy 


f       12       J 

Troy  reached"  upwards  from  the  naval  Station  to  the  City,  but  in  one 
part  it  was  in  fome  degree  contracted  by  the  hills  on  each  fide:  yet 
not  (o  much,  but  that  it  afforded  full  room  for  the  Trojans  to  encamp. 
It  mull:  have  been  a  place  well  adapted  to  that  purpofe,  being,  a  part  of 
the  rifing  plain,  but  flanked  on  each  fide  by  the  ayxw-g,  fome  projected 
parts,  or  abutments  of  the  Hills,  which  afforded  great  fecurity.  In  con- 
fequence  of  this  we  find  that  the  Trojans  were  with  difficulty  driven 
from  this  ftation,  which  was  the  firft  place  of  confequence  in  the  route 
from  the  Grecian  Navy.  The  fecond  was  the  tomb  of  llus;  next  the 
Erineos:  and  lait  of  all  the  $r,yog  or  Beech  at  the  Sqean  Gate.  The 
other  objects  mentioned  in  the  ccurfe  of  the  Poem  lay  not  in  this  direct 
line.  The  two  prominences  mentioned  above,  as  formed  by  the  hills  on 
each  fide  of  that  part  of  the  plain  called  Thtofmos,  are  precifely  def- 
cribed  by  Strabo.  He  accordingly  tells  us,  tn&t  from  the  Idean  Moun- 
tains— "Ivo  Cp/i(rtv  1  uyKuivag  tx.Tii'Jio~Qcci  "nrpeg  r^v  BaKa]zctv, — two  elbows,  like 
promontories,  extended  themfelvcs  towards  the  fea,  but  did  not  reach  it, 
for  where  they  ended  downward,  the  city  New  Ilium  was  fituated  :  but. 
the  original  City  according  to  his  conception  was  at  fome  diftance  above.. 
Between  thefe  was  the  Trojan  Camp,  but  low  down  in  the  plain. 
Neftor,  when  he  calls  up  Diomede  afks  him, 

Oi%'  txihg,  oog  Tpw;j  stti  «jc,u<ry.(e  ^tsowio 

TLtarca  ccyyj  vscw,  oXr/og  o    eti  yj*>pcg  cfvx.ii. — K.    IOO. 

Do  not  you  perceive  that  the  'Trojans  are  encamped  upon  the  Salt  us  in  the  plains > . 
and  a  very  ftnall  interval  feparates  them  from  us  ?■     In   another  place  it  is 
faid-- 

,_. , — on  dqioi  syyvSi  .vr,wv 

Kciacri  OTupa  -zsroAAa. — L.    IX.    jb- 

1 he  enemy  has  lighted  up  many  fires  very  near  to  the  Ships. 

i  L.  13.  p.  892-  Ayx®'  's  very  improperly  by  the  Tranflator  rendered  Convallis.  If  means  quite- 
the  contiary.  Ayxo<  is  a  valley  ;  but  xyxut  fignifies  a  projection,  like  a  man's  elbow.  It  is  faid  of  Pa- 
trocfus — Tpi{  /x(»  tit  ctyv.titoz  |S»i  Tfij^toj — II.  n.  v.  703.  He  three  times  gut  upon  a  projecting  part  of  the 
wall.   The  word  is  11  fed  by  Sophocles  in  the  plural  ayxum,,  which  in  the  Scholia  is  very  truly  rendered 

— ra<   a*fxe  toi»   opfc'r.      Ajax   Marty.     So  alfo, — jt.tya;  xat  ifl-itfo^jo;  ayxut   E^aw^n   >a,15"~* 
Apollon.  Rhod,  L.  2.  V.  369.    a  huge  towering  promontory  rofe  up  in  air. 

That 


That  I  am  not  wrong  in  the  iituation,  which  I  have  given  to  the 
Trojan  place  of  encampment,  may  be  mew  from  other  paflages  in  the 
Poet.  The  Throfmos  or  Saltus  Campeftris,  where  the  fires  were  lighted, 
-was  according  to  my  opinion,  a  particular  part  of  the  plain  ef  Troy. 
Homer  fpeaking  of  thefe  fires  fays 0.  v.  55 tf. 

X/A«'  ccf>    bv  TATtStod  revise  KXI-TO,  trap  Sc  Jjcas"« 

We  find,  that  thefe  fires  were  all  lighted  up  in  the  plain1:  there  therefore 
muff,  have  been  the  encampment :  and  Spuxr^og  -zsihoio  was  manifeftly 
Spucrpog  iv  ■txtzSiu.  Hence  it  could  not  relate  to  any  tumulus  or  rcrrcg  pavc^-' 
hs-  Had  it  been  on  a  hill,  Homer  would  never  have  faid  that  it  was  in  a 
plain.  I  have  likewife  mentioned,  that  places  of  this  nature  were  by  their 
Iituation  not  only  bounded  on  each  fide  with  hills  or  mountains,  but 
oftentimes  with  woods  and  forefts.  That  this  part  of  the  plain  was  be- 
tween eminences  of  this  fort,  I  have  fhewn  from  the  very  nature  of  Saltus ; 
and  proved  it  from  the  evidence  of  Strabo.  It  is  likewife  manifeff  from 
the  account  given  by  the  Poet,  that  it  lay  clofe  to  fome  very  ejftenfive 
woods :  otherwife  how  could  they  upon  fuch  a  fudden  emergency  have 
immediately  procured  fuel  for  a  thoufand  fires  :  efpecially  as  each  of  thefe 
fires  was  fo  large,  as  to  have  fifty  perfons  repofing  themfelves  round  them. 
There  mull  have  been  an  ample  foreft  to  have  afforded  fuch  conveniences 
fo  foon.  Such  was  the  place  of  encampment,  which  the  Trojans  occu- 
pied,  syyj9i  v/jwy. 

Farther  account  of  the  City. 

But  however  near  to  the  Grecian  Ships  the  Trojans  may  have  encamped, 
they  at  the  fame  time  could  not  have  been  at  any  very  great  diftance  from 
the  City  The  interval  was  by  no  means  fo- large,  as  has  been  imagined  ; 
of  which  I  have  already  produced  proofs.  It  may  be  farther  afcertained 
from  that  paffage  in  the  Poet,  where  Hedtor  orders  provifions  to  be  brought 
from  Troy  to  the  encampment  nvi  B^a-^ca. 

Ex.  tarohiog  5'  oc^x<r9s  (ooag,  xcel  itpitx  pyXa 
Kup7rxXijMxig,  caovjc  y,chi<ppevu  oiyrjoso-Gi.      &.    COC. 

D  2  Bring 


I    14    3 

Bring  immediately  both  Oxen  and  Sheep  from  the  City  :  and  procure  a  Jujficient 
quantity  of  Wine.  We  cannot  fuppofe,  that  the  General  fent  for  thefe 
articles  ten  or  eleven  miles,  and  that  they  were  to  be  brought  as  many 
more  to  the  camp.  The  flocks  of  fheep  would  not  at  this  rate  have  arrived 
before  morning.  The  City  therefore  could  not  have  been  fo  far  either 
from  the  Camp,  or  from  the  fhips  of  the  Grecians,  as  has  been  fuppofed. 

But  I  need  not  have  gone  fo  far  for  my  proofs,  as  the  Poet  in  another 
place  defcribes  the  fitaatien  cf  Troy  fo  plainly,  that  I  fhould  have  thought 
it  could  not  be  mifbken  The  Author,  as  we  have  ieen,  places  it  above 
Bounarbachi,.  an  eminence  of  «  Mount  Ida,  furrounded  with  precipices,  p. 
27.  and  above  fouF  leagues  from  the  fea  But  in  the  twentieth  book  of 
the  Poet,   v.  215,  we  have  a  very  different  fituation  afforded. 

Kr/trW  $t  Actfiavi-rjv,  (ttsi  fcOTw  lA/«f  Im 

AAA'  3-T  vTitepsia;  ukiov  'zroAvTiioxxc;  Ibtjg. 

The  purport   of  this  is,  that  Dardanus  the  fon  Jupiter,  built  the   ancient: 
City  Dardania,  which,  he  intimates  flood  high  up  in    the  Country.     Troy, 
fays  he,  which  is  iituated  in  the  plain,  was  not  yet  founded  :    but  people 
ffill   continued   to  refide  at  the  bottom  of  Mount  Ida.      Plato  fays,   that 
they  for  fome  time  refided  only  on  the  tops  of  hills  for  fear   of  a  fecond 
deluge.     Be  that  as  it  may,  we  find  for  certain,  from  the  account  above, 
that  the  City  Troy    could  not  have  ftood,  where  the  Author  has  placed  it. 
It  was  not  Iituated  on   Mount  Ida,    nor  upon  any  mountain  or  hill  like 
that  near  Bounarbachi :   nor  even  at  the  bottom  of  a  hill  :   but  ^  zrecha,  atr 
a  diflance   in  the   Plain,   and  much  nearer   to  the.  Grecian  ftation,    than- 
be  has  imagined. 

■  The  Editor  fays,  that  eminence  of  F>ounaila;hi,  was  a  part  of  the  ratjge  of  hills,  .which  .went  all: 
-jpder  the  lyime  of  Ida;an  Moutains.— Notes  to  p.  59. 


Concerning 


C     '5     3 

Concerning  the  Author  s  Jiriclures  upon  Strabo. 

It  is  faid  by  the  Author  concerning  Strabo,  that  he  never  vifited  Troas : 
and  that  he  depended  upon  the  tejlimony  of  one  Demetrius  of  Scepfis,  in  whom 
he  does  not  fe'eth  to.  have  much  confidence,  whom  he  Jbmetimes  accu/es  of  contra- 
diclion,  whom  he  finds  often  times  differing  from  Homer;  but  wkofe  defcription 
he  adopts  for  want,  it  Jliould  fern,  of  one,  that  was  more  accurate,  p.  49. 
7  his,  I  think,  is  by  no  means  a  fair  defcription,  and  is  introduced  to  the 
Reader  under  much  falfe  colouring.  He  fpeaEs  of  both  peribns  in  a  very 
harm  ftile,  and  blames  them  for  inaccuracy  and  miftakes.  In  fpeaking  of 
their  determination  of  the  Scamander  and  Simois  he  ufes  thefe  words, 
'I 'his  is  certainly  a  very  olfcure  and  unfit ijfaclory  explication:  and  Demetrius 
and  Strabo  are  equally  ccnfurable,  the  one  for  committing  the  blunder,  aud  the 
other  for  adopting,  and  endeavouring  to  give  it  authenticity,  p.  59.  Eat  why 
does  he  fuppofe  thefe  learned  men  fo  ignorant  and  arraign  them  fo  bitterly  ? 
And  what  proof  does  he  bring  of  their  being  in  the  wrong,. except  his  own 
private  opinion  ?  It  may  be  faid  that  he  vifited  the  Country  :  fo  did  they 
as  will  be  fhewn.  Demetrius  was  a  native  of  Scepfis,  and  lived  upon  the 
very  fpot  in  the  midfr.  of  the  region  Troas:  and  from  the  fituation  he 
(whether  true  or  falfe)  imagined  the  place  of  his  refidence  to  have  been  of 
old  the  royalty  of  .Eneas :  Strabo.  L.  13.  p.  905.  He  was  an  hearer  of 
Crates  and  Ariftarchus  and  reputed  a  Man  of  learning. 

The  place  of  his  birth  was  by  no  means  defpicable :   for,  when  learning" 
began  to  be  diffufed  by  the  Ionic  School,  it  fpread  foon  as  far  as  Hali- 
carnaffus    and    Rhodus    fouth  :  and   to  Abydus,    Lampfacus,   and  Cyzicus 
in  the  north  :   and  men  of  great  learning  made  their  appearance.     Gf  thefe' 
Scepiis  had  at  times  its  fhare :   Strabo,  L.    13.  p.   906.  7,  mentions  feveral 
philofophers  from   hence:    fuch  as   Eraflus    and  Corifcus  of  the  Socratic 
School;   a-nd   Neleus   who   obtained   the  libraries    both   of  Ariftotle  and- 
Theophraftus  :   alfo  the  philofopher  Metrodofus  :  and  the  perfcn,   who  is-: 
very  improperly  ftiled  by  the  Author — one  Demetrius,  quad  6  tv%uv  a: 


uv/\o. 


Strabo    may    fometimes    think    differently   from   Demetrius ;    but   this 
fhews,  that  he  was  not  blindly  led  by  him.     That  He  placed  little  con- 
fidence.: 


C    16   'j 

fidence  in  him  is  very  unwarrantably  faid :  yet  it  is  afferted,  that  the  man- 
ner in  which  he  (Strabo)  endeavours  to  create  a  confidence  in  that  Writer,  feems 
to  prove,  that  he  repofed  little  in  himfelf.  p.  57.  How  then  came  Strabo  ta 
apply  to  him  fo  often ;  and  to  borrow  fo  much  from  him:  above  all 
things  to  fpeak  of  him,  as  very  fafely  to  be  trufted  concerning  the  region 

of  Troy. 

'E^vrsi^og  cov  twv  tottmv,  dig  ocv  anyjjo^wg  uvyh>  AyjjxsT^iog : as  being  throughly  ac- 
quainted with  the  places  mentioned,  and  a  native  of  the  Country  ?  L.  13.  p. 
898.  The  Author  therefore  is  furely  mistaken  in  fuppoSing  that  Strabo 
held  Demetrius  in  little  confidence. 

The  authority  of  this  Writer  is  continually  quoted  by  «  Strabo :  and 
he  is  mentioned  by  Stephanus  of  Byzantium,  Harpocration,  Athenaeus, 
and  other  Writers.  Diogenes  Laertius  introduces  him  among  the  twenty 
illuftrious  perfons  of  that  name.  He  ftiles  him — »  ^\a<riog  kxi  evysvyg,  kmi 
(piKoXoyog  a^ug.  Notwithstanding  this  he  is  accufed  by  the  Author  of  con- 
tradiction :  that  is,  of  contradicting  himfelf.  Other  wife  every  body  that 
differs  from  another,  muft  neceSTarily  contradict  him.  The  particular 
place  referred  to  is  in  Book  13.  p.  900  ;  and  precedes  the  paflage  above,, 
where  Strabo  gives  him  fo  fair  a  character.  Demetrius  had  been  fpeaking 
of  fome  towns  and  rivers  of  Troas,  in  which  he  owns,  that  he  differs 
from  others  :  Strabo  accordingly  fays— t«ut«  ^p  ow  syrcecrjv  s%u  toixvt.jv.  By 
which  is  meant,   if  we  truft  to  the  !  atin  verSion,  Ha?c  ergo  fie  contradi- 

cuntur, that  tkeje  things  imply  a  contradiction.     But  even  this  is  not  con- 

"tradidting  himfelf.  Belides,  this  is  not  the  fenfe  of  the  original,  to  which 
the  Author  mould  have  applied.  The  true  meaning  of  the  word  amounts 
to  this  only,  that  thefe  articles  admit  of  debate:  and  are  liable  to  be 
controverted.  Hence  ivs-aa-ig  is  interpreted  by  Hefychius,  avjaycovurpa,  an 
oppofition,  dilTent,  or  verbal  controverfy.  The  purport  of  the  Sentence 
TccjTtx  jj.sv  ow  svs-ucriv  zyji  TciocvTYiV feems  to  be The/e  articles  are  at- 
tended with  this  difference  and  contrariety. 

1    Ex  Jf  T»j  S»r,4^ft'j  *«»  0  A*k>jt;h;  fro.  iv  pffuvpcSz  «ro\?.ot>:i{,   I  rut  Tjtfixw*  Jiay.cTfUi  ifcirywuptn;,   rp*i*' 

fiunxo;.     L.  13.  p.  907,     See  alto  L.  1.  p.  101. 

i  See  Voflius  de  Scriptoiibus  Graecis.     L.  1.  c.  21,  p.  133. 
3  In  vita  Deroetiii  Phaleni.     L.  v.    Segm.  86.  p.  312. 

The 


[     1-7    1 

The  purport  of  Strabo's  words  may  be  learned  from  the  context'.     De- 
metrius had  written  many  books  in  order  to  illuftrate  Homer :   and  among 
other  articles  to  authenticate  the  geographical  part  of  his  chief  poem.     In 
eonfequence  of  this  he  had  mentioned  fome  places,  which  Strabo  did  not 
allow  j    fuch  as  Allazonium,  and  Alube,  where  the  Poet  had  fuppofed  that 
there  were  mines  of  filver.     Thefe,  Strabo  fays,  admitted  of  fome  doubt, 
and  were  liable  to  be  difputed,     But  we  rnqft  not  hence  infer  that  he  had 
no  opinion  of  Demetrius.      The  contrary  appears  from  his  very  words   in 
the  fame  page,  which  the  Author  quotes  and  totally  disregards,  p.  57 — 
TuKKoc  h  u-xoXuy&xvopvjy  n  7«  rs  ■usXstTa.  hiy  r3rpo<r£%ttv>  dig.  xvlpt  9/x.jrapM  uxt  trior 
•*W\  (pMVTuravTi  h    TffQf  tovtuiv  ?9<tgcvtov>    toii    tqikjcovtx    @i£h%g   trvyypaiyai    <m%wv 
tPyywiV  i^i'Hfw  'gtXuovwv  z^riKovTx  tv  xxjaXcya  twv  Tfwwv.     In  the  other  articles  I 
agree  with  him,  and  think,  that  in  mofl  things  he  may  befafely  trufled,  as  being 
a  p  erf  on  of  experience,  and  a  native  of  the  Country ;   and  who  had  conjidered 
thefe  things  fo  carefully,  that  he  wrote' a  comment  cvnf fling  of  thirty  Books,  upon 
little  more  than  ftxty  verfes  of  Homer  (concerning  the   Countries  and  Cities 
mentioned)   in   the  Catalogue  of  the  Trojans.     L.    1 3  p.  900.     Who  can 
after  this  with  the  leaft  juftice  fay,  that   Strabo  had  no  opinion  of  De- 
metrius ?  There  is  nothing  intimated  of  his  contradicting  himfelf ;    nor  of 
the  leaft  inconfiftency.     The  Author  of  the   travels  feems  here,    and   in 
fome  other  places,  to  put  a  force-upon  hiftory,  in  order  to  make  it   appli- 
cable to  his  purpofe.     But  truth  is  fixed,  and  inflexible,   and  we    in  vain 
try  to  warp  it.     It  is  like  ftraining  a  bow  of  fteel  the  wrong  way  ;   which 
will  certainly  recoil :   and  probably  wound  the  perfon,  who  mifapp'ies  it. 

Strabo  further  accufed  and  acquitted. 

It  is  more  than  once  faid  of  Strabo,  that  he  was  never  in  the  region  of 
Troas :  that  it  was  a  part  of  the  world,  which  he  had  never  vifited  :  but 
that  he  borrowed  all  his  knowledge  from  Demetrius,  p.  48.  49.  I  know 
not  of  any  authority  for  this  alfertion.  Strabo  proves  himfelf  to  have 
been  a  diligent  traveller,  and  a  curious  infpeclor  of  places,  He  was  a 
native  of.  Amafia  in  Pontus  -,  and  had  vifited  the  regions  fouthward  as- 
far 


C     18    ] 

far  as  Egypt.  And  he  affirms  in  exprefs  '  terms,  that  he  had  perfonally 
yiewed  thofe  Countries,  which  lay  to  the  weft,  from  Armenia,  quite  to 
Hetruria.  Befides  as  he  came  from  Amafia  in  Pontus,  his  route  weft- 
ward  was  almoft  in  a  direct  line  through  the  region  of  Troas.  Indeed 
moft  perfons,  who  paused  from  Afia  Minor  to  Europe,  or  the  reverfe,  went 
by  Troas,  and  Abydus.  The  armies  of  Darius,  and  Xerxes,  though  they 
came  from  the  fouth  of  Afia,  betook  them  to  this  part  of  the  world  in 
order  to  crofs  over.  And  Alexander,  Agefilaus,  and  other  Grecians,  on 
the  European  fide,  made  the  fame  circumflex  to  get  into  Afia.  When 
Vefpafian  fet  out  for  Egypt  from  Athens,  he  took  the  fame  circuit,  and 
pafled  by  Abydus,  and  Troas.  Hence  we  may  be  morally  certain,  that 
Strabo  took  the  fame  courfe,  and  did  not  truft  implicitly  to  Demetrius ; 
but  in  a  great  degree  to  his  own  experience. 

But  to  whom  could  he  have  more  juftly  trufted,  than  to  a  man  of  learn- 
ing, and  a  native  of  the  very  province,  of  which  he  gave  an  account  : 
and  the  hiftory  of  which  he  had  made  his  particular  ftudy.  Laftly,  a 
perfon,  who,  if  the  Pagus  Ilienfium  were  Troy,  lived  within  fight  of  it  ? 
for  fuch  was  the  diftance  and  fituation  of  Scepfis,  that  it  could  be  but  a 
few  miles  diftant  from  either  Ilium,  or  any  place  in  Troas  In  ihort  this 
Gentleman  has  unduly  tried  to  fet  afide  the  evidence  of  the  two  moft 
unexceptionable  witnefles,  that  could  pofiibly  be  produced. 

i  His  words  are  very  plain  and  determinate. — TLfwpt*  £»  thj  fuv  e?riX8t»T!;  *utoi  t««  yyx  ««>  T155  SaXarlr^ 

-£2T>;\GojW.£f  OS     E7T*     ^V^tV   fA.IV  a7T0    AffAinXi;    fA'Yj1    ™l   **Ta    —  OlfOUVa  TtiVTWV    t>u   Tvp- 


[nnois.- — ■«      ■    ov$t  twv  uKKirv   oe  ah   115  a?  ivptQuri  Ta»>   ythiypcetyrio-xtTaii  croXv  ti   vifAV*  pah'Kiiv  ette^XvGius  tw*  ^*X~ 

6£>t»'v  $ixr»ixa.Tut.     Strabo  L.  2.  p.  177.    We  find  that  he  fays, No  Otograpber  whatever  bad  gone 

over  fo  much  ground  in  every  direction,  as  be  bad  traverfed.  And,  if  he  perfonally  vifited  all  the  Coun- 
tries from  Armenia  to  Hetruria,  we  muft  neceffarily  among  thofe  reckon  Troas,  as  it  lay  the  moft 
obvious  of  any. 


Strabo 


Strabo  accufed  of  obfcurity. 

It  is  further  laid  (p.  59.)  that  Strabo  is  not  only  guilty  of  blunders'* 
but,  that  he  is  alio  very  oblcure.  But  doe's  not  this  feeming-  deficiency 
arife  often  from  errors  in  the  manufcripts,  as  well  as  from  want  of  atterf- 
tion  in  ourfelvesj  and  from  our  not  being  lufficiently  acquainted  with  ftis 
lano-ua^e,  and  mode  of  writing  ?  This,  I  muft  confefs,  has  been  often/my 
cafe  :  and  my  doubts  and  milapprehenfions  have  been  removed  by  a  rftore 
careful  perufal.  We  are  likewife  apt  to  fuppofe  things  obfcure,  and  fahlty, 
when  they  do  not  accord  with  our  pre-conceived  notions.  Thus  a  ji'Vage 
in  Strabo,  which  the  Author,  and  his  learned  Editor,  think  very  Worrg, 
appears  to  be  quite  genuine  and  confident.  It  is  faid  by  Homer,  that 
■Achilles  would  one  day  be  killed, — »Ew  Xxscty&i  wvkwrt.     X.   360. 

But  according  to  Dares  Phrygius,  and  Di£lys  Cretenfis,  he  was  ilain  in 
the  Temple  of  Thymbrasan  Apolio:  which  opinion  the  '  Author  em- 
braces. Strabo  gives  a  defcription  of  this  Temple,  as  it  was  luppofed  to 
have  flood  in  his  time,  of  which  however  wc  have  no  intimation  in  Homer. 
He  places  it  at  the  diffcance  of  fifty  ftadia  from  Iiium  :  which  the  Author 
thinks  is  not  truly  reprefented  ;  and  he  accordingly  propofcs  an  alteration. 
The  pallage  is  as  follows.-— jtAjjovoi/  yap  191  to  zu-owv  'n  i&vpJ&px,  kui  0  5/  aura 
p':x<:>    ttOTafj.og    Qvy&^wg,     fjubaXAwi^'  sig  to  Xxau,xydrjOV  Uara  to  @  6  AtPtshfiouvos 

;'{sgov  tX  §j  :vv  Ihm  x.ui  'ursn'/iKO'v^oe  sc&HSg  8li%s/.  L.  I  3.  p.  897. — for  near  (to 
the  place  above-mentioned)  is  the  plain  of  <Thymbra  ;  and  the  river  Tbym- 
brius,  which  runs  through  it,  ana,  empties  itfelf  into  the  Scamander,  hard  by 
the  'Temple  of  Ihymbrean  Apollo,  at  the  dijlance  of  fifty  jiadia  jrom  the  pre- 
fifit  City  Ilium.  Nothing  can  be  more  intelligible  than  this  defcription  : 
but  it  does  not  fuit  with  the  opinion  either  of  the  Author,  or  the  Editor. 
They  therefore  think,  that  a  full  ftop  lhould  be  put  after  1.vjz\i.ccj§boviA-cTbe 
Thymbrius  dijeharges  i\ [filf  into  the  Scamander .  The  difficulty,  which  then 
arifes,  is  to  find  out  a  meaning  for — xetTa  to  Svp&gziu  i\rro7.X:<jvog  hoov— which 

1  The  name  of  the  river  was  Tbymbres,  Thymbra,  and  Thymbris,  according  to  Homer,   and  the 


-beil  Writers. 


E 


is 


r  20  ] 

is  deprived  of  its  former  connexion,  and  ftands  unfupported.    The  Author 
has  found  an  expedient.     He  fays,  that  Strabo  will  be  found  to  fupport  his 
idea,  if  we  are  allowed*  to  make  a  J mall  change  of  the  common  punctuation  in  the 
pfjfage,  where  he  fpeaks  of  this  Temple.     The  Thymbrius,  fays  he,  difcharges 
i'tfelf  into  the  Scamander.     If  we  fuppofe  ajlop  here,  we  learn  from  the  phraje, 
/uhich  immediately  follows,  that  the  Temple  of  Apollo  is  to  be  found  near  the 
ll/mbrius,  at  the  dijlance  of  fifty  ft adia  from  New  Ilium.     This  appears  to 
btye  true  meaning  of  the  Geographer,  p.  in.     Phrafe  call  ye  it  ?   I  hardly 
■^/er  encountered  fuch  a  phrafe  before.     This    furely   is  fumum.  ex  fulgore 
dart ;   and  the  adverfe  of  elucidation.     I  wonder  that  his  learned  Friend 
the  Editor  fhould  fupport  the  notion :  yet  he  undertakes   to  explain  it  in 
the  following  manner.     //  is  propofed,  inflead  of  the  comma  after  £x.a^a:/W, 
to  pat  a  full  flop  .•  and  to  conftrue  what  follows,  (kutoc   to   Qvp&ocuit  AtoA- 
>mvos  'leoov)  thus,   To  'ls(>ov  Qv^Q^otm  Airo'K'Kuivog  en  xcctoc.    1  he  Temple  of  Thym- 
hraan  Apollo,  is  near  the  banks  of  the  river.     It  is  very  laudable  to  afiift  n. 
friend  at  a  crifis :   but  whether  any  effectual  help  is  in  this  inftance  afford- 
ed, I  much  queftion.     By  this  feparation,  and  abridgment,  we  have  a  mu- 
tilated part   of  a  fentence  prefented  to  us,  confiding  of  five  words-.     It. 
Hands  abfolute,  without  any  verb,  except  by  an  arbitrary  infertion  of  the 
word   S91,   and  without   any  thing   properly  predicated,   and   determined. 
Yet,  by  the  tranfpofition   of   the    leading  word   xotra,  we  are  to  under- 
fland,  not  only  a  river,   but  the  banks  of  a  river,  and  the  fituation  of  the 
Temple  upon  that  river.     At  the  fame  time,  thefe  words,  even  as  they 
are   thus  new  modelled,,  afford  not  the  leafl  intimation   to  this  purpofe. 
All  this  labour  has  been  expended  to  make  the  Temple  correfpond  with 
the  fuppofed  fcene  of  Achilles's  nuptials,  and  death  :   to  prove  a  fiction* 
by  a  fable.-    And  during  the   procefs    Dares  Phrygius,  and  Di&ys  Cre- 
tcnfis,  are  preferred  to  both  Homer  and  Strabo. 

The  Author  does   not  feem  to  know,  that  the  Hiftories  attributed   to 
thefe  two  perfons  are   notorious  forgeries,  and  the  characters  merely  ideal. 
He  goes  fo  far  as  to  fay,  that  they  were  the  firfi  that  gave  an  hiftoricd  detail 
§/:  that  war,  in  which  they  tbemfehes  had  been  actually  engaged,  p.  40. 

Concerning 


I     «     3 

Concerning  a  pajjage  in  Herodotus. 

I  mould  be  forry  to  be  efteemed  unnecefTarfly  fcrupulous;  much  more 
to  be  thought  captious,  or  fevere.  Yet  I  know  not  how  to  agree  with  the 
Author  in  the  interpretation  of  another  paffage,  which  he  quotes  from 
Herodotus,  and  feems  totally  to  have  miftaken.  It  relates  to  the  march 
of  Xerxes  towards  the  Hellefpont  in  his  way  to  Greece  j  where  it  is  faid, 
L.  vii.  C.  42.  p.  530.  Wefleling:  that  he  pafled  from  the  fouth  up- 
wards through  that  part  of  Myfia,  called  by  fome  ^Eolis  and  then— 
rqv  l^rjv  XaSwv  eg  ee^i^iv  yjgu  tjts  eg  t^v  iXixSx  y^v — keeping  Mount  Ida  on  his 
left  hand  be  came  into  the  region  of  Ilium.  This  by  the  Author  is  rendered 
— advancing  towards  the  left  branch  of  Mount  Ida  they  entered  the  Trojan 
■territory,  p.  43.  His  learned  Friend,  the  Editor,  tries  to  fupport  this 
interpretation,  and  fays,  this  is  certainly  the  meaning  of—  tw  Ifyv  ^aSwv  eg 
.«(>irs(>nv  xs?x  :  anc^  not — having  Ida  on  the  left.  For  it  -was  impojfible,  that  the 
army  of  Xerxes  marching  along  the  coajl  jrom  Sardis  to  Abydus  could  have 
Mount  Ida  on  the  left.  To  me  it  feems  very  poflible  :  and  fo  it  will  appear 
to  any  perfon,  who  knows,  what  is  meant  by  Mount  Ida,  as  it  was  defcribed 
by  Homer.  It  appeared  fo  to  the  Hifterian  himfelf,  who  was  a  native  of 
HalicarnafTus,  and  muft  have  been  acquainted  with  the  Country.  The 
purport  of  his  words  are  plain  :  and  it  is  impoflible,  without  the  greateft 
violation  of  the  text,  and  of  language  ki  general,  to  fuppofe,  that — Tr,v  l^/,» 
^.ccauv  eir  af/rfgjjv  yj^cc,  can  fignify  advancing  towards  the  lejt  branch  of  Ida. 
Theie  learned  Gentlemen  are  certainly  deceived  in  their  notion  about 
Mount  Ida:  and  then  very  naturally  try  to  make  Herodotus  fpeak  a 
language,  which  agrees  with  their  conceptions.  Homer  often  makes 
■mention,  fSatcmv  opa?,  of  the  Idcean  Mountains  collectively,  which  compofe  a 
long  ridge  from  Ledum  to  Abydus,  and  fo  on  to  Hithynia  and  Thrace. 
S.trabo  L.  13.  p.  873.  But  there  was  one  eminence  in  particular  near 
the  fea  to  the  fouth,  which  he  diftinguifhed  by  the  name  of  Ida,  the  fame 
as  Ledum,  the  fummit  of  which  was  Gargarus.  Hither  the  Poet  makes 
the  Deities  often  refort  to  view  the  two  armies.  Below  flood  a  Temple 
»nd  altar,   where  Jupiter  was  worshiped  by  the  natives.     To  this  moun- 

-E   2  tain 


C    «    1     ■ 

tain  alfo  the  Poet  makes  this  Deity  betake  himfelf,  when  he  left  Olylfl 
1l.  ©.  v.  47,  48.—  r 

Vagyecp'oy,   imvt  o-   0:  rc-y.r.og,  \S2tW.og  t-  ^vyc-ic. 

In  another  place  he  defcribes  the  God  as  feated  here,  when  Juno  introduces- 
Somnus,  by  whofe  influence  Jupiter  is  r  overpowered. 


TV 


CJj;>;k £f.    292. 

Ida  and  Leclum,  which  were  properly  the  fame,  formed  the  boundary  of 
Troas  to  the  fouth  weft,  which  they  feparated  from  Myfia  /Eolica.  The 
City  Gargaris,  Antandros,  and  Adramyttium  ftood  to  the  fouth.  Upon 
the  fea-coaft  below  was  a  bay  called  Sinus  Idaeus,  and  Adramyttenus. 
Strabo.  L.  13  p  874.  In  the  thirteenth  Book  of  Homer  it  is  faid  of. 
Neptune,  that  he  took  his  (land  upon  a  hill  in  Samothrace — > 

'Xfyii  p#   axpoTtxr/i;  xopvp/is  Sa/xa  vh;is<ro-/i$,   v.   12, 

from  whence  he  had  a  profpect  of  Mount  Ida, 

(bxivno  o:-   TT'gtz[J-cio  'uroA/c,  r.:;t  :    ;;   Ky^caojy.- 

He  had  alfo  from  hence  a  full  liew  of  the  city  of  Priam,  and  the  Grecian  nar  , 
The  Ifland  Samothrace  lays  directly  oppoiitc  to  the  City  Troas  and  to  Gar- 
garus  and  Leclum  above  it,  the  mountains  particularly  called  3  Ida.  This 
was  the  eminence  which  Xerxes  left,  upon  his  left  hand,  when  he  paifed 
upwards    from  Sardis  to    Abydus.     The  route  of  his   army  from   Lydia 

law  £   \xurQli  raiJkoafiJpeffsp,  [iiftiaa.  dnutr, —  A:  Tc« II.    S.    V.  283. 

Tie  true  Ida  of  Homer  was  Le'clum  ;   and  Gafgafufc  ;    which  was  the  fummit.     See  alio,  O.   v.  j  ;2. 

2  Strabo  informs  us,  thru  Li'tnm  was  tiie  kin  of  the  Fost amms  tu  I7o.»™  ■ 

Qfa&rroi  t'<  AexW,  ?.«i  ya?   frl  Tift    l^;  tri  to  Aszto».      L.    13.    p.  S74. 

If  Homer  (peaks  of  Leftum   and  Sargaens  as  Ida  proper,  and  Ida  by  way  of  eminence:  Herodotus 
furely  may  be  permitted  to  deicribe  it  in  the  fame  manner. 

3  Strabo  above.     St.  Paul  {^^-loof;ng  from  Troas,  we  came  with  a  ftrait  couife  to  Samothracia. 

***  *  "  1!*  northward 


L     23     J 

t-M^ivvard  was  by  a  paiTage  between  Mount  Ida  Gargarus  and  the  other 
wpari  Mountains.  It  is  very  clearly  defcribed  by  Herodotus.  Firft  to  the 
river  Ca'i'cus,  and  Myiia.  Then  to  the  left  of  Mount  Cane  through 
Atarneus  to  Carine,.  and  the  country,  about  The  be  by  Adramyttium  and 
Antandros.  ..Here  rofe  the  two  fumrnits  called  pa  rear  us  and  Ledum, 
which  compofed  the  true  Ida,  and  which  feparated  the  two  regions :  and 
by  thefe  to  the  eaft  was  the  pafs  to  Troas.  Xerxes  therefore,  when  he 
came    near    to    Adramyttium,    and    Antandros,    proceeded    through    this 

pallage, vnv  iSjjy  toc&cuy  -g  a^i^v  yjgx  : — faking  Ida  on  lis  left1  band  and 

hi  this  manner .>.;  &  r./>  IA«*5«  yy\,---purfued  his  way  into  the  re'gum  of 

the  Hi  erf  is. 

1  cannot  help  adding,  by  way  of  corollary,  that  the  fituation  of  Troy, 
and  of  the  Grecian  Camp  according  to'  Homer's  idea,  feems  to  be  in  fome 
degree  pointed  out  in  the  paiiages  above  For  the  Mountain  Gargarus,  as 
well  as  Lectum,  appears  plainly  to  be  the  Ida  kxt  sfyyjv,  to  which  both  the 
Poet  and  Hidorian  refer.  To  this  eminence  Homer  brings  Jupiter  that  he 
may  have  a  full  view  of  the  City  and  of  the  Ships— -1^-,'  5'  tx.cc,-; Yc.^/uom  ; 

Auroj   V  iv  icof>v'Pno-i  xxGs^to  xvcisi   yauov, 

E/crooowv  Tpwwv  ts  ivohtv,  vmi  v/jceg-  Ayaiwv.      0.    V.    j2. 

He  arrived  at  Ida  Gargarus  -''There  on  the  fumnrit  he  fated  bimfelj\  &c„ 
having  in  full  view  the  City  of  Troy,  and  the  naval  Jlation  of  the  Grecians. 
Hence  I  am  led  to  think,  that  the  City  of  the  Poet  mud  have  been 
in  the  fouthern  part  of  Troas;  and  at  no  very  great  diftance  from  this 
mountain,  which  was  the  boundary  of  the  Country  downward.  The 
camp  of  the  Grecians  mud:  have  been  likewife  in  the  vicinity  upon  the 
fhore :  and  not,  as  generally  reprefented,  at  the  diflance  of' eighteen  or 
twenty  miles  to  the  north  of  Ida  Gargarus  with  hills  and  promontories 
intervening.  Virgil  therefore,  and  thofe,  from  whom  he  borrowed,  were 
in  the  right,  when  they  placed  the  City  and   Camp  in  view  of  Tenedos  : 

i  Herod.  L.  vi  i.  p.  530. 

1  I  have  fnevvn  from  Strabo,  and  from  Homer  himfelf,  that  Lcrtum,  was  the.  fame  as  Ida.  and  Garga-- 
-u#(«vfo»)  was  the  fiimmit  of  Ida,  and  they  flood  near  the  fhore.  Xerxes- could  not  enter  the  Regie. 
Jlienfium  without  leaving  them  on  his  left  hand.     See  Strabo  L.  13.  as  quoted  above. 

w 


C    H    3 

Eft  in  confpeBu  Tenedos:  for  this  Ifland  was  not  far  from  Ida  Gargarus,  and 
Ledum,  and  oppofite  to  Achaeum,  which  was  fo  denominated  from  being 
the  fuppofed  ftation  of  the  Grecian  (hips,  and  the  place  of  the  en- 
campment. Strabo  L.  13.  p.  894.  Here  is  the  particular  fpot,  from 
whence  the  fituation  of  Troy  to  the  eaft  mould  be  inveftigated  -,  were 
it  poffible  to  be  found.  And  here  Strabo  fought  for  it  j  but  no  difcovery 
could  be  made. 

Strabo  again  'vindicated. 

The  Author  more  than  once  intimates,  that  Strabo  had  never  vifited 
the  region  of  Troas ;  and  that  all  the  intelligence  he  had,  was  borrowed 
from  one  perfon.  But  how  is  this  known  j  and  what  evidence  has  the 
Author  in  proof  of  this  article,  which  he  fo  roundly  afferts  ?  He  does 
not  in  the  lean:  difclofe,  by  what  authority  he  is  led  to  frame  fo  unfavour- 
able a  conclufion.  What  therefore  he  fays  fo  incautioufly,  may  poffibly 
come  home  to  himfe.lf :  and  he  may  be  in  his  turn  blamed  for  relying  fo 
much  upon  the  credulity  of  his  Readers,  as  to  take  for  granted  that  they 
would  adopt  upon  his  bare  a/J'ertion  all  the  wonderful  things,  which  he  /hall 
fell  thetn,  p.  55.  It  is  manifeft  from  the  exprefs  words  of  this  excellent 
Geographer,  in  his  account  of  Phrygia  and  Troas,  that  he  had  recourfe 
to  many  celebrated  Writers  for  information  :  and  this  he  fhews  in  the 
compafs  of  a  very  few  '  pages.  Among  others  he  mentions  2  Theopom- 
pus,  Heraclides  Ponticus,  Hellanicus  Lefbius,  Eudoxus,  Lycurgus, 
Heftia?us  Alexandrinus,  Ephorus  Cyzacenus,  Scylax  Cariandenlis,  Arte- 
niidorus,  Hegefianax,  and  Charon  Lampfacenus,  who  was  a  native  of  this 
Country.  There  are  others,  to  whom  he  applies,  as  may  be  feen  in  the 
courfe  of  his  Writings.  The  Author  therefore  is  certainly  too  fevere  in 
his  treatment  of  Strabo,, with  whom  he  joins  Mr.  Wood  ;  efpecially,  when 
he  fays,  of  the  latter,  He  feeks  for  a  partner  in  misfortune,  and  be  finds  om 
in  Strabo ;   wjoo  indeed  is  mi/laken,  like  him/elf,  but  not  upon  the  /pot,  as  he 

1  L    1.  p.  12,    L.  13.  p.  S73. 

2  The  true  place  or  name  may  be  found  in  the  Index  of  Sjrabo  ;   and  the  names  of  many   otl^e# 
'.'':itcrs  mentioned  by  him. 

f 'ledges, 


r  *5  ] 

ges,  for  it  is  well  known,  and  he  ought  not  to  be  ignorant  of  itT  that 
Strabo  fpeaks  of  the  Troade  only  on  the  authority  of  Demetrius  oj  Scepfis, 
p.  8®.  It  is  fo  far  from  being  well  known,  that  the  contrary  is  the  truth. 
'J  he  ancient  Authors  above  mentioned  (hew  it  to  be  an  unjufl  accufation. 
Befides,  as  I  have  before  faid,  to  what  Writer  among  others  could  Strabo 
more  properly  apply,  than  to  a  perfon  of  fuch  repute  :  who  was  born, 
and  refided  in  that  Country,  and  who  made  the  hiftory  of  Troy  his 
particular  ftudy  ?  But  to  all  this  the  Author  feems  to  have  been  x. 
ftrangcr.. 

Li 

A  Farther  Vindication  of  the  Grecian  Geographer. 

Homer  places  the  fource  of  the  river  Scamander  at  a  diftance  from 
Troy,  in  the  fummit  of  one  of  the  Idaean  Mountains;  and  from  the  fame 
mountains  he  makes  the  chief  rivers  of  Phrygia  arife.  They  run  in  very 
different  directions,  and  he  mentions  their  particular  names.  Among  thefe 
were  the  Granicus,  ./Efepus,  and  Scamander. 

Demetrius  affords  testimony  to  this,  and  adds,  that  the  head  of  the  Sca-- 
mander  was  in  a  Mountain  called  Cotylus ;  and  was  diftant  an  hundred' 
and  twenty  fladia  (near  fifteen  miles)  from  Scepfis;  which  was  in  the 
vicinity  of  Ilium  He  fays  farther,  that  all  thofe  rivers,  mentioned  by 
Homer,  took  their  rife  from  the  fame  eminence.  Strabo  L.  13.  p.  898. 
This  account  is  very  plain ;  and  one  would  imagine,  could  not  be  con- 
troverted. But  this  difpofition  of  the  river  in  the  Mountain  above-men- 
tioned, and  its  proceeding  from  one  fountain,  does  not  feem  to  agree  with' 
fome  lines  of  the  Poet  in  another  place j  and  appeared  to  Strabo  himfelf 
to  ftand  in  need  of  a  little  explanation.  For  the  Poet  tells  us,  that 
Achilles  and  Hector,  in  their  courfe  near  the  walls  of  Troy,  came  more 
than  once  to  two  fprings,  which  are  ftyled  the  fountains  of  the  Scamander: 
•  and  that  they  ifTued  from  the  fame  fpot,  and  that  one  of  them  was  a  hot 
fpring  and  the  other  very  cold. 


[       *d       1 

Aaxi  avxira-UTi  Sx.«^«v^a  ^tv.i-vrcg. 

'H    atv  yc.o  wWi  hfMfXii   psfij  fty*^'  '^-:  WtFtyS 

Tiv'ztui  it,   uvt;j{  lctu   Sfugss  c:i9o<j.yjoio. 

'H  o'  £Tcf>j  Ssji«  CTfo-piii  SStfa  %«Ak^j,   ;tr/..  •    '/,.    V.    1 47. 

Strabo  very  properly  makes  it  his  endeavour  to  conciliate  thefe  two 
different  accounts.  But,  in  effecting'  this,  he  has  again  the  misfortune  of 
incurring  the  cenfure  of  Mr.  le  Chevalier,  and  of  his  learned  Friend. 
The  former  quotes  at  large  the  folution  of  Strabo,   but  difapproves  of  it 

o-reatly This,   fays  Strabo,   is  difficult :  Jor  no  warm  Jprings  are  now  to  be 

found  in  the  place ;  nor  is  the  fource  of  the  Scamander  there,  but  in  the  moun- 
tain: and  there  are  not  two  of  them,  but  only  one.  It  is  probable  then,  that  the 
warm  Jprings  have  difappeared,  but  the  cold  fpring,  running  from  the  Scamander 
by  a  fubtcrraneous  pafage,  rifes  up  near  this  place ;  or,  becaije  this  wester  is 
hard  by  the  Scamander',  it  likewje  is  called  the  fountain  of  the  river:  for  in 
this  way  a  river  may  be  /aid  to  have  many  Jourccs.  Th-s,  lays  the  Author, 
is  certainly  a  very  obfeure  and  unfit isfaclory  exp  feat  ion,  and  Demetrius  and 
Strabo  are  equally  ccnfurable,  the  one  jor  his  negligence  in  committing  the  blunder, 
and  the  other  jor  adopting  it,  and  endeavouring  to  give  it  authenticity,  p.  59. 
From  the  latter  part  of  the  pafage  quoted,  it  is  not  indeed  cafy  to  colled!  any 
precipe  meaning;  but  in  the  preceding  part  Strabo  is  clear,  and  explicit  in 
following  Demetrius,  who  place!,  the  fcuree  of  the  Scamander  in  Mount  Cotylus. 
Notes  p.  59.  Wh;';,  the 'leaft  proof  can  be  brought,  thai:  Demetrius 
Was'  wrong.?  Yet  it  is  intifL  '  ■  >,  that  he  was  deceived,. and  the  Editor 
adds — This  may  be  confitierett,  'as  ,   which  has  milled,  in  a  greater, 

or  lefs  degree,  .ill  the  :  'Iravellers,  who  h.r      -    fed  the  froade. 

into  what   errors,   and  aljurditics  it  contributed  to  lead  Air.  f/ood  in  parti- 
cular will  be  pfu'id  out  in  a  fuhfquent   Chapter,  -p.    59. 

I  cannot  be  induced  to  think  io  meanly  of  Demetrius  ;  who  appears 
to  me  to  be  too  ieverely  treated,  as  well  as  Strabo  ;  when  it  is  faid  of 
them,  that  they  are  both  equally- cenfursble.  the  one  for  committing  the 
blunder,  and  the  ether  jor  giving  it  a:nb:/it:fly,   ibid.     ISor  do  I   think, 

that 


C    27    ] 

that  the  folution  afforded  by  Strabo,  concerning  the  two  paffages  in  Homer, 
is  fo  very  cbfcure,  and  unfatisjaBory.  And,  whereas,  the  Author  fays,  that 
Strabo,  having  once  admitted  the  doctrine  of  this  obferver,  Jhould  have  en- 
deavoured in  the  next  place  to  reconcile  it  with  the  poems  of  Homer,  p.  58. 
Strabo  does  endeavour  to  make  them  correfpond,  and  in  my  opinion 
effects  it  very  fatisfactorily.  What  is  extraordinary,  his  very  words,  as  we 
Jiave  feen,  are  quoted  by  the  Author.     In  the  original  they  fland  thus. 

IIap?%s*  Si  Koyov,  wj  <pYi<riv  0  Ylooirrji.  •  •  ■— — Ours  yxq  Bsppx  vvv  sv  too  totto*  sv- 

pivxiTat,  ovh  y\  TiS  1.xxy.xvdp>i  T&v\yv\  svtxvOx,  aAA'  sv  tu  opsr  kxi  ptx,  ev  $vo.  Toe 
uzv  ovv  Bspiax  sxX=Ksi<p9xi  smog,  to  os  tpu^oi'  xxrx  ^ix^oo~tv  vhskpsov  sx.  t&  H,x.xu.xvo>p8 
naroc  tXto  xvxtsXKsiv  to  y^wpiov,  »j  kxi  S/»  to  7ffX;io~iov  sivxi  rH  Xxxj^xvl^a,  xxi  tXtq  t» 
v^mp  XsysaSxi  tX  ^xxjj.xvdgx  "usv\yv\v.  ovrcu  yxo  "hzyonxi  v&Xuovq  rcvriyoct  rn  xvtU  <ufo- 
Ta^a.  L.  13.  p.  899.  The  Author  has  given  of  this  paffage  no  remote 
"interpretation :  but  with  fubmiffion  I  fear  not  fufficiently  precife  :  and  as 
the  Greek  language,  from  the  nature  of  its  idiom,  abounds  with  Ellipfes, 
fomething  muft  be  fupplied  from  the  context,  in  order  to  give  the  full 
meaning  of  Strabo.     1  mall  therefore  venture  to  explain  the  purport  of 

Jiis  words   in   the  following     manner.   The  words  of  Homer,  as  he  express 

bimfelf,   require  fame   confideration. For  neither  is  there  at 

this  time  any  jountain  of  hot  water  in  the  place  (mentioned  by  Homer,  %• 
v.  147.)  nor  is  the  four ce  of  the  Scamander  there  ;  but  above  in  the  Mount  ain^ 
and  even  here  there  are  not  two  fprings,  but  one  only.  It  is  probable  that 
the  hot  fpring  no  longer  exijls :  and  that  the  cold  fpring,   becaufe  it  perhaps 

flowed  from  the  Scamander  by  a  fubterranean  paffage,  and  roje  near  the  place 
alluded  to,  or  elfe  becaufe  it  was  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river,  was  on  that  ac- 
count efteemed  a  fountain  of  the  Scamander.     For  from  fuch  circumjlances  many 

fountains  may  be  attributed  to  the  fame  river.  In  the  courfe  of  this  reafon- 
ing  I  fee  nothing  unfatisfadtory,  or  obfeure.  And  fo  far,  in  my  humble 
opinion,  is  this  intelligent  Geographer  from  mifleading  people,  that  he  is 
the  furefr.  guide,  upon  whom  they  can  depend.  If  then  it  (hould  be  again 
afked — How  are  we  to  reconcile  thefe  feeming  contrarieties  ?  we  may  anfwer— 
by  that  juft  obfervation  of  Strabo  at  the  clofe;  when  he  fays,  many  foun- 
tains may  be  attributed  to  the  fame  river. 


Inte 


rpret 


[     28     ] 

Interpret  the  lines   of  Homer  conformably  to  this  obfervation,  and  all. 
the  feeming  inconfifrency,  and  contradiction  will  immediately  ceafe. 

Kp8v«  o    Ikxvcv  xccK?,::{.coj,  evQa  5i  nzrqyou 

Ao:ui  ayaicrrscn  ILy^.^.u-Jlvd  oiyr^vTcc.      \l.    %.    1 47. 

1 'hey  arrived  at  two  bafor.s    -  /  r^Jrom  wb:ch  two  fountains  of  the  Scc- 

mander  ifjue  for-h.  The  chief  fource  of  the  river  being  in  the  [daun  hills,, 
does  not  hinder,  but  that  there  may  hswe  been  many  fubordinate  ftreams 
running  into  it  in  different  dlre&ions.  Inftead  therefore  of  interpreting 
%oim  72-,;yc:i  in  A  limited  manner  the  two  founf.uns ;  let  the  words  be  ren- 
dered at  large, — -'Ihcy  cam?  to  two  fprings  of  the  river ;  two  out  of  manv, 
every  article  will  be  plained  conliftent. 

They  had  no  relation  to  the  Scamander. 

We  have  Ccen,  that  the  Scamander  of  the  Poet  took  its  rife  among  the 
Mountains  of  Ida:  but  the  Author  fuppofes,  that  the  true  fource  of  it: 
was  at  the  fprings -beneath  Bounarbaehi.  This  fituatiori  is  fo  different: 
that,  one  would  think,  it  could  never  be  made  to  agree  with  the  former. 
The  Editor  however  tries  to  reconcile  them  and  make  them  correfpond  ;  but 
I  am  afraid  not  very  fuccefsfully.  He  accordingly  fays,  that  the  Scama?ider 
might  be  J  aid,  101th  fujjicient  propriety  to  defend  from  the  I di-ean.  Mountains, 
as  the  eminence  of  Bounarbaehi,  where  the  fources  of  that  river  are  really  to- 
be  found,  was  a  part  of  the  range  of  hills,  which  went  all  under  the  name- 
of  Mean  Mountains,  p.  59.  I  am  obliged  to  difient  entirely!  Nothing. 
of  this  fort  can  be  laid  with  the  leaft  degree  of  propriety.  The  whole 
is  an  unavailing  expedient  to  fupport  a  weak  argument.  Thefe  fprings  are 
not  to  be.  found  at.  Bounarbaehi,  but  a  mile  below  in  the  plain;  as  may 
be  proved  from  the  Author's  teftimony  in  his  own  naap.  p.  1  j  ^ .  Here 
he  fays,  that  Bounarbaehi  is  fituated  on  an  eminence  at  the  end  of  a  fpacious 
plain.  The  fprings  are  a  mile  below,  and  in  that  plain ;  and  far  removed 
from  any  fummit  of  Mount  Ida.  The  fource  therefore  of  the  Scamander 
could  not   be    here,    nor  could   the  hill  above  Bounarbaehi  be  Troy : 

which. 


C    *9    ] 

which,  as  I  have  before  mentioned,  was  not  fituated  on  an  eminence,  but 
ev  nrsS/a,  in  a  plain. 

Concerning  the  two  rivers,  the  Simo'is  and  Scamander. 

Whether  the  pofition  and  courfe  of  the  Scamander  can  be  now  afcer- 
tained,  may  be  uncertain  :  but,  I  think,  we  may  be  fure,  that  the  ftream 
defcribed  by  the  Author,  as  fuch,  could  never  be  that  river.  Yet  he  thinks, 
that  Demetrius,  Strabo,  Mr.  Wood,  and  Dr.  Chandler  have  been  in  an* 
error  about  the  two  rivers,  and  have  mifbaken  the  Simo'is  for  the  Scaman- 
der. He  therefore  tries  to  enhance  the  character  of  the  fecondary  ftream 
Simo'is,  whofe  fource  he  places  below  Bounarbachi,  and  to  make  it,  con- 
trary to  the  beft  evidence,  the  principal  river,  the  true  Scamander.  But  this 
notion  is  attended  with  numberlefs  difficulties.  For  the  Scamander  of 
the  Author  is  a  very  contemptible  rivulet;  and  in  its  courfe  downwards, 
cannot  run  above  twelve  miles.  Whereas,  the  true  river  Scamander,  which 
he  would  make  the  Simo'is,  took  its  rife  in  Ida,  at  a  very  great  diftance,  near 
fifteen  miles  above  Scepfis;  and  paffed  over  a  large  trad  of  Country.  The 
Author  therefore  puts  a  great  force  upon  hiflory,  in  order  to  maintain  his 
notion  about  this  river,  which  he  fuppofes  to  be  the  Scamander.  He  owns, 
that  it  is  narrow,  and  feeble  :  (p.  85.)  and  but  fifteen  feet  wide,  and  three 
deep;  (p.  74.)  and  tries  to  prove,  that  the  Scamander  of  Homer  was  a 
tame  and  week  ftream  from  a  paftage  in  the  Poet,  (<p.  308.)  where  the 
River-God  Scamander,  calls  out  for  afiiftance.  But  this  is  all  refine- 
ment; and  affords  not  the  lead:  femblance  of  a  proof.  It  is  quite  con- 
trary to  the  defcription  given  by  the  Pott,  which  he  overlooks.  For  the 
River,  which  Homer  ftiles  Scamander,  is  reprefented  as hv^ig,  fixQvh- 

v,;:/c  y<p.  ^43-)  svpjooc  (H.  329.)  z'Ojuog  T3S7X[j.cs  (3.  1.)  and  py«j  Tar07xy.cs 
@aQv8ivYi£.  (T.  73.  <p.  329.)  It  is  by  Pliny  mentioned  as — running  into  the 
fea  and  ityled  Scamander, — amnis  navigabilis .  L.  ;.  p.  285.  How  could 
all  this  be  fiid  of  a  brook,  only  fifteen  ject  toide  and  three  in  depth  P     The 

Am   mttfivte  tayiroty  £«ci  ff/.wiTi>ir,5i  frJ'fa  'Tmstos  ex  tnfyttiu     The  whole  of  the  defcription  is  ap- 
parently a  poetical  fi&ion.    We  cannot  form  an  argument  from  apologue. 

F  2  Simo'is 


[  *>  } 

Simo'i's  of  old  joined  the  chief  river  fomewhere  high  up;  and  was  loft  in 
it.  All  below  to  the  mouth  was  the  Scamander,  quite  to  the  fea. 
Achillea  fays  to  a  perfon  whom  he  had  flain — OvSt  rz  /xflnjf  Ev5=pv;j  Xsyfeavi 

yov/jTiTca'    ocXXcc  XKa^.x\^^og   Oiira  ortvstc  surtfi  al-.cc,   svaspt  noKrrcv.    (p.    123. 
He  fpeaks  in  the  like  manner  of  the  fame  river  to  the  Trojans. 

Oi/o    vu.iv  'zroTtxu.og  zfsp  tvpwcg  cxpyvpdSfttis   Apum.    V.   129- 

Every  article  (hews,,  that  it  was  the  purpofe  of  the  Poet  to  defcrihe  no 
narrow  nor  feebLe  rivulet;  but  an  ample  ftream.;  and  the  principal  of  the 
two  rivers — i^oroc^:;  u:}.-<c,  (2'xQvhvrig  %ioc[x.oivfyog.  By  thefe  terms  he  coula' 
never  mean  the  fubardinate,  and  ignoble  Simois.  I  lay,  ignore,  for  it  is 
feldom  mentioned ;.  and  never  with  any  epithet,  that  can  give  it  the  leaft 
confequence.  Nothing  at  all  charadteriftic  is  afforded,  though  the  Poet  in 
general  abounds  with  epithets.  Hence  we  may  judge,  in  what  little  efti- 
mation  it  was  held  :  and  be  further  affured,  that  a  ftream,  fo  mean,  and  i'o 
fhort  in  its  courfe,  could  not  be  the  Scamander  of  Homer ;  nor  the  river 
of  Pliny  which  entered  the  fea.  The  Author  therefore  is  wrong  in 
making  this  the  principal  river,  and  fuppofing  it  to  run  through  the  Camp; 
©f  the  Grecians. 

Farther  account  of  the  Scamander,  and  the  fituation  of  the  Camp. . 

If  we  may  truft  to  the  words  of  Homer,  we  may  have  from  him  certain 
proof,  that  the  Scamander  could  not  run  through  the  Camp;  for  it  was 
the  boundary  of  it  to  the  LefL  The  ftation  of  Ajax  was  clofe  to  it,  and 
the  ultimate  that  way.  Next  to  Ajax  upon  the  coafl  downward  were  the 
fhips  of  Protefilaus:  after  him  thofe  of  Idomeneus  and  Neftor.  Hence 
it  is  laid,  when  Heftor  was  engaged  upon  the  left,  of  the  Grecian  army,, 
that  he  was  fighting,  upon  the  banks  of  the  Scamander;  and  did  not  know 
what  was  going  forward  in  the  center. 

.— . — QPOE   OTW   'EltTblP 

HsvQzt,  f7Tf/  pa  \>M.yj\g  £7r'  uuiiifct  pu-fcczo  'uTota-.s, 
Oy^xg  wot?    ■zrcTC<.[J.oio   SK«jU.av^«T II.  A.    V.  4°9* 

mSlor  was  quite  ignorant  of  the  event,  for  he  was  engaged  upon  the  left,  near 

the-. 


C    V    3 

the  banks  of  the  river  Scamander.  The  fliips  of  Achilles  were  to  the  right 
at  the  other  extremity,  where  the  1  rojans  never  ventured.  An  account 
to  the  fame  purpofe  is  given  in  another  part,  where  Heiftor  being  at  that 

time  in  the  center  was  not  apprifed  of  his  friends  being  llain ctt  ap/s-spa 

iyjmv, to  the  left  of  the  flips  near  the  river. 

EcS'  stocv  Aici\jog  ts  K£ffj  kxi  1Rpw7S<Tt\xiir 

0/i/'  ifi  uXog  Tsohiris  n^j^ivxi Where  the  Jhips  of  Ajax  were  drawn  up 

upon  the  fea pore.  N.  v.  6/5.  The  Poet  again  defcribes  Ajax  in  this 
fituation. 

AixvToc  [ux%*iS'  &K    xM?spx  ■uirxcrvig' 

&a(xrvvovT  hapac.    P.  v.    116.     We  find  he  was  upon  the  left  encourag- 
ing his  foldiers.     Here  Afrus  was  flain  by  Idomeneus,   who  was  ftationed 

very  near  to  Ajax : Eitxto  yxg  vyjcov  ar  ocpssfw.  M.  v.    117.     Whenever 

therefore  the  courfe  of  the  Scamander  can  be  by  Authors  afcertained,  we 
can  determine  the  left  of  the  Grecian  mips;  and  the  fituation  of  the 
Camp  may  be  proved  according  to  the  idea  of  Homer.  I  have  mentioned; 
that  both  the  river  and  fhips  were  low  down  towards  Alexandrea  Troas, 
and  Leftum,  the  fame  as  Ida :  which  Ledum  was  the  boundary  of  Phrygia 
Major  to  the  fouth,  and  beyond  it  was  Antandros  in  Myfia.  This  pofitien 
feems  to  agree  well  with  the  ftatement  afforded  by  fome  of  the  befb 
Geographers  of  old  as  may  be  feen  by  the  lift  annexed. 


Ptolemy  Geog. 
p.  137. 

Pliny,  Vol.  1.  G.  v. 
p.  282. 

St  r  a  bo,  L.   13. 
p.  891. 

Lampfacus 

Abydus 
Dardanum 

Abydus 
Dardanum 

Simoeis 

,    Portus  Archivorum 

Rhceteum- 

Scamander 

.    Sigeum 

Sigeum 

Sigeum 

Alexandrea  Troas 
Le&unv 

Scamander 

Nee 

Alexandrea, 

-   Portus  Archivorum 
Oftia  Scamandri  1 
Ledum. 

Litzm- 


C    3*    ] 

I  have  obferved,  that  the  Rhoetean  and  Sigean  promontories  were  un- 
known to  Homer  :  we  may  therefore  fet  them  afide  in  the  inflances  afforded 
above.  All  that  we  have  to  obferve  is,  that  according  to  thefe  Writers, 
the  Scamander  was  not  far  from  Alexandrea,  and  Leftum,  the  fame  as 
Ida  Gargarus.  The  (hips  therefore  and  Camp,  mufl  have  been  in  the 
lower  and  fouthern  part  of  the  region  :  and  the  City  in  the  like  lituation, 
only  inland. 

The  Author  s  Syjtem  Jlill  farther  ?naintained  by  him. 

Notwithstanding  thefe  obflacles,  the  Author  thinks,  that  he  can  moft 
afluredly  afcertain  the  fituation  of  ancient  Troy:  and  fays.  p.  iig.  / 
hope,  that  the  following  JlriSl  mathematical  demonjlration  will  prove  it  beyond 
doubt.  The  Scran,  or  weftern  Gate,  was  that,  which  faced  the  Plain.  From 
this  gate  the  Trojans  ijued  out.  The  fources  of  the  Scamander  lay  in  front, 
and  in  view  of  the  Sceean  gate.  The  gate  was  therefore  to  the  wejl  of  the 
city.  When  it  is  once  granted,  that  I  am  exacl  with  refpeel  to  the  fources  of 
the  Scamander,  it  mujl  he  allowed,  that  I  am  right,  as  to  the  fituation  of  the 
City  of  Troy.  That  this  is  to  the  eajl  of  the  fources  is  fr icily  and  unqueftionably 
clemonjlrated.  I  fear,  that  we  mufl  have  better  evidence,  before  we  arrive  at 
probability  :  and,  after  all,  we  fhall  fall  far  fhort  of  Demonstration.  The 
whole  is  founded  in  furmife :  and  the  queflion  is  begged  in  the  firft, 
and  effential,  article.  The  Author  took  his  fland  upon  a  hill  above 
Bounarbachi ;  and  conceived,  that  here  of  old  flood  the  city  of  Troy : 
though  the -fituation  is  quite  inconfiflent  with  the  pofition  given  by  the 
Poet.  P^e  then  formed  an  idea  of  the  Sca?an  gate  to  the  wefl :  to  which 
we  might  poiiibly  fubicribe,  if  the  lituation  of  the  city  be  true.  But  that 
has  not  been  proved;  though  it  was  the  firil  article  to  be  afcertained. 
Somewhat  more  than  a  mile  below  this  place  is  a  hot  fpring,  and  at  a 
dillance  fome  other  fountains  :  which  he  fuppofes  to  be  the  fources  of 
the  Scamander.  In  this  manner  he  would  prove  the  identity  of  the 
/brings  from  the  fituation  of  the  Gate  and  City  :   and  the  fituation  of  the 

l  T>  ftic  an  S.f-w.*  !>c'.£?.iip9ai  fi<;$.     Strabn,  L.  13.  p.  89. 

City 


C     33     ] 

City  and  Gate  from  the  pofkion  of  the  fprings.  But  this  difpofition 
©f  the  objects  is  founded  merely  in  fancy,  and  every  part  of  the  argu- 
ment is  deflitute  of  fupport.  We  have  no  proof,  that  the  ancient  City 
flood  upon  the  eminence,  where  he  has  placed  it :  nor  are  there  any 
grounds  to  fuppofe,  that  the  different  fprings  fo  far  below,  were  the  two 
fountains  mentioned  by  Homer.  We  may  be  aKj  affured,  that  the  fcanty 
brook,  into  which  they  run,  was  not  the  Scamander,  Every  article  is  not 
merely  doubtful  j  but  in  great  meafure  contradicted  by  the  beft,  hiftories* 
Such  a  precarious  feries  of  arguments  will  not,  I  fear,  be  readily  admitted 
either  for  a  ftridf.  mathematical,  or  for  a-  logical,  Demonftration  :  nor 
will  they  even  arife  to  a  degree  of  probability.  In  fhort  it  is  well 
known,  that  hot  fprings  as  well  as  cold,  abounded  in  Phrygia,  and  the 
neighbouring  regions  j  where  the  foil  was  particularly  affected  by  fubter- 
raiieous  fires ;  and  in  confequence  of  it  liable  to  terrible  earthquakes.  The 
fprings  mentioned  by  Homer  were  not  to  be  found  in  the  time  of  Strabo,- 
as  we  are  by  him  allured.  It  is  therefore  in  vain  to  look  for  them  now: 
nor  muft  we  fuppofe,  if  a  hot  fountain  appears,  that  it  is  neceffarily  that 
of  the  Poet.     The  purfuit  of  Achilles  was  throughout  under  the  walls^of 

the  City. Tvypos  et*v  wV  est-.;  and  there  were  the  fprings  of  the  Poet, 

and  not  a  mile  and  half  below.  Add  to  this,  that  the  cold  fpring  in  Homer 
is  fingle,  and  the  hot  fpring  clofe  befide  it.  But  the  Author  inftead  of 
one  cold  fountain  produces  many  at  fome  diftance  from  each  other:  and 
the  hot  fpring  defcribed  by  him  is  fartheft  of  all,  and  not  much  iefs 
than  half  a  mile  diftant  from  the  neareft.  All  this  is  quite  contrary  to 
the  difpofition  mentioned  by  the  Poet ; -we  cannot  therefore  from  fucrr 
data,  determine  the  Scaean  Gate,  nor  demonftrate"  the  fituation  of  Troy. 


T.he  fituation  of  the  two  Springs  of  the  Poet  determined  by  the  fight   of 

Heclor. 

The   inveftigation  above  will    ferve    to  throw  much  light  upon    the 
purfuit  of  Achilles,  when  Heclor  fled  before.     The  whole  of  this  courfe 


C    34    ] 

•was  beneath  the  walls  of  the  City.     This  is  manifeft  from  many  paffages 
in  the  Poet,— 

Tet%og  v7ro  Tfwwv.   %.   V.    43. 

"Hector  fled  in  a  panick  beneath  the  Trojan  Wall. 
Jupiter  is  made  to  fay 

fl  -zayoTioi,  q  ipihov  otv^poc  mookojasvov  v7fo  TWfcog 
0<p9uX[j.oi(ri's  cpuspxt as"u  ■vZ'sgi  Yl^iu^oio.    1 73* 

Alafsl  I  fee  a  man,  whom  I  hold  dear,  purfued under  the  wall- —and  about  the 
City-—' — AvTog  5;  mori  'oinoKtog  •arsrsr  am.  ig%.——-Hec7or  was  continually 
prejfing  to  get  towards  the  City. 

JPallas  fays  to  him-— 

. ?j   [jlccXx  $q  as  (otoc^iTXi  uiKvg  A%tKXsvg 

As"u  tarsal  YLpix^oio   '&o<riv  T«%ifcrcn  oicaikouv.   V.    229* 

'Indeed  I  fee  that  Achilles  prefes  hard  upon  you  in  his  eager  purfuit  about  the 
City.  In  the  mean  time,  the  diftance  was  fo  fmall,  that  Priam  and  the  Trojans 
beheld  the  whole,  and  Hector  was  called  to  by  them,  and  implored  to 
enter  the  City.  The  army  of  the  Grecians  was  by  repute  an  hundred 
thoufand  men.  But,  if  it  were  but  forty  thoufand,  it  muft  have  ex-, 
tended  many  miles  to  the  right,  and  left,  and  precluded  all  intercourfe 
between  Troy  and  the  plain  below.  The  flight  continued,  till  the  two 
Chieftains  had  approached  the  fountains  four  times  in  their  courfe — 
'AAA'  on  h  to  tiraPTW  wet  Kpxvxg  ufymovjo,  v.  208. — but  when  at  Lift  they  came 
a  fourth  time  to  the  fountains,  then  He&or  was  unfortunately  induced  to 
make  a  ftand.  Here  he  ventured  to  engage  Achilles,  and  by  thefe  foun- 
tuins  he  was  flain.  This  was  fo  near  the  City,  that  Priam  and  Hecuba 
beheld  the  whole;  which  they  witnelfed  by  their  forrow.  and  lamenta- 
tions, v.  405.  This  affords  farther  evidence,  that  the  fountains  of  Homer, 
from  their  proximity  to  the  wall,  could  not  be  thofe  a  mile  and  more 
below,  and  confequently  far  removed  from  the  fpot,  where  if  has  been 
fuppofed  that  Troy  was  fituated, 

Concerning 


C     35    ]  • 

Concerning  the  tradition  of  Hector's  flight  three  times  round  Troy,  and  of  his 

body  when  flain,  dragged  as  often  round  the  walls. 
i 

The  learned  Gentlemen,  of  whom  I  have  been  fpeaking,  very  juftly  ex- 
plode this  idle  notion,  and  have  made  fome  very  proper  remarks  upon  the 
fubjecT:.  Here  Strabo  is  fortunately  on  their  fide;  and  fpeaking  of  feveral 
circumftances  in  the  llias,  which  are  difficult  to  be  reconciled,  he  adds, 
ovV  y  tX  'Europe;  'usspi^ojj.yi  q  'srs^t  ty\v  "zroXiv  £%u  Tt  svKoyov.  L».  13.  p.  89^0  Nor 
is  the  flight  of  HeSlor  (which  is  faid  to  have  been  three  times  round  the 
walls)  attended  with  the  leafl  Jloew  of  propriety.  He  accordingly  tells  us, 
that  the  place,  where  he  imagines  ancient  Ilium  to  have  ffood,  could  not, 
on  account  of  an  intervening  hill,  have  been  compafled  in  the  manner  fup- 
pofed.     When  therefore  Hedlor  is  made  to  fay 

Three  times  have  I  fled  round  the  great  City  of  Priam  :  the  principal  word/" 
upon  which  the  whole  turns,  has  been  mifunderftood.  The  Author 
therefore  of  the  Defcription  fays,  p.  135.— 1  am  perfuaded,  that  the  difficulty 
in  quejiion  proceeds  entirely  from  the  way  of  explaining  the  prepofition  *««', 
which  often  flgnifles  round,  or  round  about ;  but  is  alfo  tifld  by  Authors,  as 
well  as  by  Homer  himfelf,  to  exprefs  the  Latin  juxta,  prope,  ad,  or  the  Engli/b 
near  beflde,  hard  by. 

In  the  notes  we  find  a  number  of  inftances  to  this  purpofe,  whereby  the 
true  meaning  of  the  word  is  afcertained.  I  agree  with  thefe  learned  Gen- 
tlemen entirely:  and  think,  that  the  word,  fo  far  from  neceffarily  figni- 
fying  all  round,  and  in  a  circuit,  does  not  oftentimes  take  in  both  fides.  A 
Writer  therefore  to  exprefs  his  full  meaning  is  fometimes  obliged  t<*  add 
the  word  k^i.     Hence  it  is  laid  of  the  Grecians  at  Aulis, 

'Uyug  V  ay.(pi  -prigi  x.p-/iy/jv  UpSs  Kocra  (Swy.Vg 
Epdopi/  AQccvuTOia-t  TcX^nrcras  'EKXTO^ag.    B.    30c, 

We  facriflccd  to  the   immortal  Gods  at  the    altar,  funding   round  about  the 
facred  flream.     Apollonius  fays  of  the  golden  Fleece— 

G  * YoiO( 


I     36     J 

Tor.g  ij.iv  c<Ptg  w-wr    aytpir    s^vtui, 

A8avctTo;  %ui  oanrvog..    L.   2.    V.    12  12. 

But  the  nullification  is  particularly  manifeft,  when  the  Trojans  are  de» 
fcribed,  as  affaulting  the  .Grecian  camp  with  fire  in  their  hands,  in  order 
to  burn  the  fleet.  Before  the  camp  was  a  rampart,  which  extended  acrois 
the  plain,  and  was  the  defence  of  the  navy  it  is  laid,  at  the  affault  given 
by  t.  e  enemy, that  the  fcene  was  paft  delcribing ■ 

Y[?.n;i   yv.p  ^r;p/  Tiiyog  coc<i^:-t  ^ij-^cx  wwg M.    177* 

Here  the  fire  was  fo  far  from  furrounding  the  wall,  that  it  was  only  on 
one  fide.  But  when  both  lides  are  included,  then  the  word  ay.'j.i  is  often 
added  j  which  circumffance  happens,  when  the.  armies  are  engaged  both 
within  and  without. 

Tio/\?.a  &=  rivyjci  xccAa  'urstrov  73~spn   ccplpi  ts  reeppev..    P.    760. 

Bright  weapons  fell  all  about  the  ditch  and  rampart  on  each  fide. 

It  gives  me  pleafure   to  do,   as  far  as  I  am  able,  juflice   to  the    fagacity 

and  judgement  of  thefe  two  learned  Gentlemen. 

I  am,  however,  obliged  to  diffent  in  one  article:  and  cannot  think; 
that  the  flight  of  Hector,  was  as  they  maintain,  in  a  circular  direbl ion.  p. 
136.  7.  Had  the  Heroes  taken  a  large  circuit,  Heftor  muft  at  times 
have  been  driven  towards  the  wall,  and  have  gotten  between  Achilles, 
and  the  City.  This  was  certainly  his  endeavour,  but  we  are  told  by  the 
Poet,  that  he  could  never  effect  it. 

Cig  'Ejcto^>  «  Kvj9s  Tzotxmu  TTyiKumvz, 
OrcraKi  5'  cputfirsts  'ZtTv'Axuiv   c\ary>y.vioctoc!i, 
Avticv  attjtxcrGcct  s'v^fJ.yj7iig  i7?i  TlvpyXg, 
F.nr:og  m   HSL^wrtiifv  a.\u7\-j.oivtv   BsXi;a-(n, 

Tl^og  nsTi^io'j  y\  uvrog   h  tvon  ttToXicg  ttjtcV  am.    %.    V.    I  93,  4,  &C 

Troy,  we  know,  was  fuppofed  to  have  {even  gates.  To  fome  of  thefe 
gates  Hector  tried  to  make  his  wayj    but   the   poet   tells   us,    that  his 

purpofc 


C     37    J 

purpofc  was  always  defeated.  He  co:;ld  not  deceive  Achilles :  for,  as  often, 
as  he  made  an  effort  to  get  near  to  one  of  thsfe  gates,  in  order  to  be  protected  by 
his  friends  above,  fo  often  did  Achilles  get  before  him  and  turn  him  towards  the 
plain.  Hence  I  conjecture  that  their  courie  coulcl  not  be  in  a  circular 
direction;  but  irregular,  and  often  interrupted,  being  carried,  on  with 
dodging,  and  evafion.  Indeed,  if  the  flight  was,  as  is  generally  fuppofed, 
in  a  high  road,  it  is  manifelt,  that  could  not  be  circular.  But  this  demands 
ibme  coniideration. 

It  is  faid,  at  the  beginning  of  He&or's  flight,  that  he  left  the  Scaean 
gate,  where  he  at  firfr.  had  taken  his  ftation,  and  fped  away,  not  daring  to 
meet  Achilles. 

Tctypq  vtto  TpMixJV,  Xoui\jyi{>x  ti  yHvctr    SVIOLUX. 

Achilles  immediately  purfues  him,  and  they  both-  prefs  forward  under  the 
wall  of  the  City,  and  in  the  great  high  road. 

Tuyjcg  uii'j  vtt'  sx.  kkt  ypo&irov  ito-ivc^o.  %.  1 43. 
ctuahrn,  KpufyXccTov  olov.  Schol.— the  way,  ivhich  waggons  went.  As  Troy 
is  laid  to  have  had  {even  gates,  there  was  undoubtedly  a  road  from 
each  of  them,  which  led  into  different  parts  of  the  Country.  If  then 
they  were  both  in  the  fame  road,  as  is  reprefented,  Hector  mufl  either 
have  been  forced  into  the  Country,  which  we  know  was  not  the  cafe;  or 
elfe  been  driven  towards  the  City.  But  it  is  hardly  credible,  that  Achilles 
fhould  be  reprefented  as  prefling  him  in  his  flight  towards  the  Towers 
andywalls  :  for  it  was  the  very  thing,  which  the  one  wifhed  for,  and  the 
other  drove  to  prevent.  As  often  as  Hector  made  an  effort  that  way — • 
7Co-(ru:u  jj.iv  TTQOTrc.pcr.'rA  uTToirrdJua-Xf  ttapoc^cts  ■tz^oc  Tznhov. — %.  Iq6.  fo  often  did 
Achilles  get  before  him,  and  food  between  him  and  the  wall,  and  turned  him 
again  towards  the  plain,  and  Country.  This  has  fometimes  made  me  think 
that  another  folution  may  be  given  to  the  Poet's  words.  For  a  circular 
flight  could  not  have  been  maintained  in  a  high  road. 


G  2  HAMAXI- 


(38-1 
H  A  M  AX  IT  US. 

Though  by  a^ua^no^  amaxitus,  has  been  generally  underflood  a  road,  or 
high  way,  even  as  far  back  as  the  writing  of  the  Scholia,  yet  I  have  often 
thought,  that  it  was  a  proper  name,  and  related  to  a  City  of  Troas.  It 
lay  very  near  to  the  Pagus  Ilienfium,  where  Demetrius  and  Strabo  fuppofed 
Troy  to  have  ftood,  and  not  far  from  Scepfis,  but  to  the  fcuth.  They 
were  all  in  the  vicinity  of  Ledum,  or  Ida  proper;  which  flood  near,  and- 
upon  the  fea.  Homer  exprclfes  the  name  Amaxitus  without  an  alperate, 
whereas  all  the  Writers  of  Hellas  uniformly  prefixed  that  fpirit.  But 
this  is  of  little  confequence:  for  the  Cities  of  Troas  were  peopled  by 
the  ./Eolians  from  Cuma  :  and  the  whole  region  belonged  to  them  from, 
the  Hermus  to  Abydus  north,  and  even  to  Cyzicus,  as  we  learn  from 
Strabo.  L.  13.  p.  877.  He  fays  in  confequence  of  it,  that  Troas  and 
^Eolis  were  the  fame,  the  one  being  a  part  of  the  other,  ibid.  Now  the. 
./Eolians  were  remarkable  for  leaving  out  the  afpirate.  Moles  afperum  fem- 
fer  vertunt  in  tenuem,  quern  ob  id  H.  Stephanus  Molicum  vocat,  ip/ofque  JEolas 
ij;.'?..«r/x.«5-.  Eujlatbius.  'Jacobus  Zu'mgerus  de Dialetlis.  They  pronounced  r,hioc 
for  p.iog :  i?/*sga  for  sj^a  :  confequently  Amaxitus  for  Hamaxitus.  Homer 
therefore  very  properly  writes  the  name,  a&  the  natives  pronounced  it, 
but  others  prefix  the  alperate.  Stephanus  Byzantmus  takes  notice  of 
the  place,  as  a  fmall  City  or  Town. — 'A^x^nog  -zrohr/jnov  tyi;  Tpwctiog. 
Pliny  alio  fpeaks  of  it,  and  defcribes  it  as  the  firft  place,  which  occurred' 
in  Troas,  in  coming  from  Myfiaj  and  the  cities  of  ./Eolis,  which  were 
to  the  fouth.  At  the  fame  time,  he  gives  a  precife  account  of  the  places 
near  it.  TroaJis  primus  locus  Hamaxitus,  dein  Cebrenia,  ipfaque  Troas,  nunc 
Alexandres:  Oppidum  Nee  :■  Scamander  amnis  navigabilis,  et  in  promontorio 
quondam  Sigeum  oppidum,  in  quern fluit  '  Xanthus  Simoenti  junclus,  Jlagnumque 
{aciens  Pakefcamander.^-E/r  tamen  et  nunc  Scamandria  Citntas  parva  :  ac 
MD  pafjus  remotum  a  portu  Ilium  immune.  Vol.  1.  L.  5.  p.  282.  Strabo 
nentions    Hamaxitus    as    being    lituated    near    Ledum,    or    Ida    proper. 

•%— ;y  Aiaoc%itoc,   v\  ru  Asktm  vTrz.y.aurui  <rvvs%iis>   L.    I  3     p.  GO!.. 

I 

j  The  Xanthus.  was  the  upper  part  cf  the  Scan^andcr*. 

"C»  j*)0o»  no^.cyji  9i0|i  avht;  i£  i.y.xas:.?,;!. 

•   When. 


A    39     ] 

When  therefore  it  Is  faid  by  Homer 

'Tztyj.og  octiv  uV  sx.  kxt    A^a'^nov  stosvovto. 

The  meaning  is,  that  the  two  Heroes  in  the  beginning  of  their  career 
bent  their  way  beneath  the  wall  in  the  direction  towards  Hamaxitus. 
Hector,  as  often  as  he  was  intercepted  from  gaining  the  wall,  flopped 
fhort  and  doubled ;  and  Co  returned  the  fame  way  back.  The  Poet  makes 
ufe  of  this  place  as  a  land  mark  to  fhew  in  what  direclion  they  at  firft 
fped.  At  all  rates  we  may  perceive,  that  the  Troy  of  Homer  was  low 
down,  and  in  the  fouth  weft  part  of  Troas,  not  far  from  Mount  Lectum. 
If  it  ever  exifted,  it  muft  be  looked  for  here.  And  we  may  perceive 
from  the  words  of  Plrny,  that  Hamaxitus  was  the  firft  place,  that 
occurred  in  Troas  to  a  perfon,  who  entered  the  Country  by  the  road 
of  Xerxes  leaving  Ida  on  the  left  hand.  For  this  was  the  grand  road 
for  thofe,  who  journeyed  from,  the  fouth;  and  was  formed  by  a  paffage 
through  the  mountains.  Mount  Ida  proper  being  to  the  left,  and  the 
Bithynian,  or  Idaean  Mountains  to  the  right. 

Of  the  fuppofed  Tombs  of  Grecian  War  tors  near  Troy.    ■ 

The  Author  with  a  pie  a  ling  enthufiafm  fpeaks  of  the  mound  of  earth;, 
which  he  faw  in  Troas,  as  the  real  Tombs  of  perfons,  to  whom  they 
were  attributed  by  the  Grecian  Writers.  But  the  true  fite  of  Troy  was 
never  afcertained,  nor  of  the  Camp  of  the  Grecians  :  the  latter  of  which' 
fome  have  placed  oppofite  to  Thrace;  and  others  far  lower  down  upon 
the  Hellefpont.  The  1  Phrygians  and  Myfians,  a  2  Thracian  people,  were 
the  firft,  who  fettled  upon  this  coaft.  It  was  their  cuftom  to  raiie  3  bar- 
rows over  their  dead.:  and-  there  is  reafon  to  think,  that  thofe  men- 
tioned here  by  Strabo,  Pliny,  and  other  Writers,  were  the  work  of  thefe 

1.  Oi   Mi/toi,  ©paj-.s;  o»te?. —  Oi   <pfuyi$ 

©faxi0»  To  e6m;.       Stiabo,    L.  7.    p.  453.     L.    I O.    p.  J22. 
Tot  wotf'   a£u'$h-  ©i<t«i^  (tTTUKnaoct)    L.   13.    p.  877.   C. 

2  Tot  oipi  t«>  (pfvyxi,    xui  Tut  Mvtrwt,  Xtytrixaa  rafifffuTsfat  "rut  Tfmxut  in.   ibid.   L.  12.   p.  858. 

3  Herodotus  mentions  the  manner  of  their  burying  their  dead pcuV-<t  xtani>'  h  railing  a  mound. 

of  earth,  or  barrow,  over  them.     L.  5,  C,  8.  p.  375, 

nations.. 


[    4°    > 

nil  ions.  The  Trojan  names  of  places  were  in  great  meafure  i  Thracian. 
When,  many  ages  after  the  fuppofed  3era  of  Troy,  the  writings  of  Homer 
came  to  be  publickly  known,  the  Grecians,  as  foon  as  they  got  accefs  to 
the  regions  of  Phrygia,  tried  to  make  every  object,  which  they  faw  there, 
accord  with  the  hiftory  of  the  poem  :  but  were  in  a  continual  ftate  of 
2  contradiction.  They  determined  at  hazard,  and  accommodated  every 
thing  to  their  own  fancy.  They  fir  ft  prefent  us  with  the  tomb  of  Mem- 
non  near  the  Mfepas,  many  miles  above  Troy,  3  v~^  ri?s  sK&o\y&  7Y,g  A/jr^s 

Mspwof  rapoi.     Next  we  find  two  feptrate  tombs   of  *  Achilles,   and 

Patroclusj  and  at  fome  diftance  another  of  *  Antilochus  :  who,  accord- 
ing to  Homer,  were  all  buried  together.  Tne  afhes  of  .Achilles  and 
Patroclus  were  mixed,  and  in  the  fame  urn  :  thofe  of  Antilochus  apart, 
but  in  the  fame  tomb. 

M<ySa  Si  TIc.TgoKXcio  'Mzvotrialiao  Bdvovrog,  %cigi;  V  Amho^ow    fl'.  77 
I  believe,   there  is  no  inftance   of  three  perfon?,  who  where  buried  in  the 
fame  mound,  having  additionally  three  fep«rate   Tombs  railed  for    them 
jn  the  fame   place. 

After  the  demolition  of  Troy,  Agamemnon  is  faid  to  have  collected  his 
booty,  and  his  captives,  among  which  was  Hecuba  and  to  have  failed 
directly  homeward.  Of  this  we  have,  an  account  Odyif.  A.  v.  512. 
But  there  was  a  monument  in  Thrace,  called  jtuws  <r»j/*a,  which  the 
Grecians  interpreted — the  monument  of  the  -dog,  and  feigned,  that  it  was  the 
tomb  of  Hecuba,  transformed  to  that  animal.  But  Cunofema  was  a 
promontory  at  igeufcu  considerably,   and  on  the  oppoiite  coaft  of  the 

Hellefpont.  Strabo  L.  13.  p.  889.  Whither  Hecuba,  as  far  as  we  can 
learn  from  Homer,  was  never  tranfported  :  for  Agamemnon  is  fuppofed 
to  have  carried  her  directly  to  Greece, 

1    TIo^oi  t  fran  -'..at  ©f«£i  xai  Tfariy Oni   Ex«lol,  8pa«eft  xnu  la «-,(  srorau'.;, — y.ai  u    Tfoiii   Ixziai 

pv*2u.    Strabo  L.  13.  p.  683. e.mmi,  id**  or«w«o».     Hefych. — The  fame  aJfirined.L,  13.  p.  '0-1. 

7.  o^<>  Jx«s  tt"-.>.v:".3i;  l/iis  Strabo  L    13.   p.  S 7 3. 

5  Strabo   L.   13.  p   878- 

4  Stiabo   L.  13.   p.  891.     See  Ptolemy  Gcog.  p.  117. 

5  Ji«T^cz.%s  xett    Am'/^a  H"!f**.   ibid. 

In 


[-4.1-3 

In  like  manner  there  was  a  barrow  upon  the  fame  coafl:  of  Thrace, 
where  Protenlaus  was  fuppofed  to  have  been  buried.  This  Hero  was 
killed  by  Hector  upon  the  firff.  landing  of  the  Grecians  at  Troas :  and  it 
is  natural  to  fuppofe,  that  he  was  buried,  where  he  fell.  But  we  find 
him  on  the  contrary  depofited  higher  up  and  upon  the  oppofite  fhore  of 
the  Hellefpont;  and  in  an  enemy's  country.  For  the  Thracians  of  the 
Cherfonefus  were  allies  of  the  »  Trojans,  and  came  to  their  affiftance  un- 
der the  command  of  Mentes.  But,  if  they  had  been  friends  of  the 
Grecians,  yet  why  Ihould  the  body  of  this  Hero,  of  all  others,  have  been 
carried  from  the  place,  where  he  fell?  How  uncertain  thefe  accounts 
are,  we  may  learn  from  Virgil,  who,  as  well  as  Euripides,  mentions  that 
the  Thracians  were  not  enemies,  but  allies  of  the  Trojans  -,  and  that 
their  king  Polymeftcr  was  a  particular  friend  of  Priam.  They  fay  alfo, 
that  this  King  murdered  Polydorus,  the  youngeft  fon  of  his  Trojan  Allyj 
and  buried  him  under  a  barrow.  But,  if  we  may  believe  Homer,  Poly- 
dorus was  not  murdered  by  Polymeftor,  nor  ever  in  Thrace:  and  con- 
fequently  had  no  fuch  tomb.     He  was  killed  by  Achilles,   as  may  be  feen 

at  large — T.   v.  407,  &c, Whom   then  are  we  to  believe  ?  Virgil   and 

Euripides?  or  Homer  ?  I  leave  the  reader  to  choofe  '.  I  (hall  only  'ob- 
ferve,  that  the  hiftory  of  thefe  tumuli  is  precarious  :  and  has  been  deter- 
mined at  random  by  the  later  inhabitants  of  the  Country.  For  thefe 
mounds  of  earth  were  ancient  Thracian  barrows,  founded  prior  to  the  asra 
of  Troy;  but  appropriated- by  the  Grecians  long  afterwards  to  people  of 
their  own  nation,  juft  as  fancy  directed.  Hence  we  find  fome  in  Afia, 
fome  in  Europe:  fome  in  Troas,  fome  above  it,  widely  fepe  rated ;  all 
which,  according  to  the  hiftories  afforded,  fliould  have  been  limited  to  the 
fame  fpot,  if  they  had  belonged  to  people  who  fell  at  Troy. 

1  Some  have  tried  to  remedy  this  contradiction  by  fuppofing  the  Polydorus  of  Homer  to  have  been 
by  another  mother.  Polydorus  was  the  name  of  one  and  the  fame  perfon,  the  youngert  fon  of  Priam  ; 
whole  hiilory  has  been  differently  told,  and  in  ;i  manner  quite  contradictory. 


A  vm* 


C    42    3 

A  vindication  of  Clemens  Alexandrinus. 

The  Author  quotes  too  boldly ;  and  incautioufly  applies  to  Writers, 
with  whom  he  feems  not  to  have  been  iufficiently  acquainted.  He 
fays,  p.  50.  I  Jljould  not  be  furprifed  to  find,  that  after  the  ejlablijhment 
of  Chrijlianity  the  temples  and  tombs  of  ancient  Warriors  had  been  conjigned 
to  oblivion.  I  fhould  have  been  equally  furprifed,  if  they  had  not :  for 
how  could  it  be  expected,  that  Chriftians  fhould  pay  any  attention  to  them  ? 
But  to  proceed — It  is  univerfally  known,  with  what  zeal  Clemens  Alexandri- 
nus  oppofed  this  f pedes  of  idolatry,  and  how  vehemently  he  inveighed  againft 
the  fir  ft  Chriftians  for  lavifhing  upon  thefe  numerous  tombs  that  incenfe,  which 
nvas  only  due  to  the  l  Deity,  p.  50.  The  zeal  of  Clemens  would  have 
been  very  laudable,  if  it  had  fhewn  itfelf  upon  fuch  an  occafion,to  prevent 
any  fuperftitious  obfervance.  But  what  is  mentioned  as  univerfally  known 
is  univerfally  unknown.  Not  one  word  is  to  be  found,  in  the  place 
referred  to,  of  the  Chriftians  lavifhing  incenfe  ;  nor  of  their  paying  the 
leaft  regard  to  Jombs.  I  never  knew  a  more  palpable  mi  flake,  or  a  more 
bold  and  injurious  affertion.  Had  Dr.  Pococke,  or  Chandler  been  guilty 
of  fuch  a  groundlefs  accufation,  the  Author  would  have  given  them  no 
quarter.  The  firffc  Chriftians  never  difgraced  their  religion  by  fuch  idola- 
trous practices.  And  it  is  a  very  unjuft  imputation,  which  is  thus  brought 
upon  them.  The  learned  Father's  addrefs  is  to  the  Gentiles,  whom  he 
wanted  to  convert.  For  them  the  whole  Cohortatio  was  compofed ; 
whom  the  Author  of  the  Defcription  has  taken  for  Chriftians.  He  has 
accordingly  ace u fed  them  of  making  offerings  at  the  very  tombs,  which 
they  held  in  abhorrence.  Numbers  laid  down  their  lives  to  avoid  any 
guilt  of  this  kind.  The  pafiage,  to  which  the  2  Author  refers  us,  is  by 
his  own  account  in  the  Cohortatio  of  Clemens,  and  in  his  third  Chapter. 
Edit.  Potter.     Mention  is  there  made,  and  throughout  the  whole  Differ- 

■  The  Author's  maener  of  reafoning  is  fomewhat  uncommon.  If  what  he  fays,  were  true,  how  could 
he  expect  the  Chriftians  to  confign  thefe  tombs  to  oblivion,  if  they  entertained  an  idolatrous  veneration 
tor  them  ?  Under  fuch  circumftances,  the  wonder  would  have  been,  if  they  had  neglected  them.  But 
the  whole  is  furprife  without  any  object  of  wonder. 

*  Sec  Defcription,  &c.    P.  50. 

tation, 


C    43    1 

tation,  of  the  obje&s  of  idolatry  maintained  of  old  by  different  Gentile 
Nations :  and  the  abfurdity  of  the  worfhip  is  very  properly  expofed. 
But,  as  I  faid  before,  the  name  of  Chriftian  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  part 
of  the  Chapter,  to  which  he  appeals.  The  whole  is  addrefled  to  Grecian 
idolaters,  and  relates  to  the  ancient  worfhip  of  the  Country,  which  they 
ftill  maintained.  This  imputation  concerning  the  firft  Chriftians  is  very 
ram  and  groundlefs.  There  is  nothing  in  any  part  of  the  Cohortatio  to 
this  purpofe. 

Some  wrong  intimations. 

The  Author  in  the  fame  place  adds,  by  way  of  queftion,  the  lines 
following.  Why  did  not  the  ^Chriftian)  Priejis  of  the  lower  empire  demolijh 
thefe  monuments  ?  Why  did  they  leave  a  Jingle  trace  of  them  beb;nd?  It  was 
becaufe  they  were  well  acquainted  with  the  veneration,  entertained  by  the  Greeks 
for  the  Sepulchres  of  the  dead:  and  perhaps  they  could  not  have  devifed  a 
more  effectual  method  of  bringing  them  back  to  their  ancient  worfhip,  and  of 
1  alienating  them  from  the  new,  than  to  attempt  to  violate  the  tombs  of  War- 
riors, p.  50. 

He  is  fpeaking  of  the  Greeks  of  the  lower  Empire  and  in  proof  of  what 
he  aflerts,  he  refers  to  Diodorus  Siculus,   Vol.    1.   L.    13.  p    610.     Edit. 
WefTeling.     This,  when  I  firft  faw  it,  feemed  the  ftrangeft  reference,  that 
ever  was  made.     For  what  poflible  proof,  or  even  illustration,  concerning 
the  mode  of  acting  among  the  Chriftians  of  the  lower  Empire   can   be 
obtained  from  a  Writer,  who  wrote  before  Chriftianity  commenced ;  and 
even  before  the  its  great  Author  was  born  ?  What  is  ftill  more  extraordin- 
ary, when  we  examine  the  paflage,  it  has  not  the  leaft  relation  to  Greece, 
nor  to  the  worfhip  paid  there  at  Tombs  ;   but,  ftrange  to  tell,  to  Annibal 
Rhodius,  and  the  Carthaginians;  and  to   an  aera  as  far  back  as  the  93d. 
Olympiad,  400  years  "before  Chrift.     Mention  indeed   is   there  made  of 

1  This  could  not  poffibly  be  true  according  to  his  own  afieitions.  What  fears  could  the  Chriftians 
entertain  about  the  people  lapfing  again  into  this,  fpecics  of  Idolatry,  if  the  priefts  praftifed  it  them. 
felvcs  from  the  beginning,  and  if  you  will  believe  him,  offered  incence  a,t  thefe  very  tombs.  But 
Hi.e  whole  is  a  feiies  of  miftate3.     See  page  50  of  his  work. 

H  monuments 


r  n  3 

monuments  deftroyed,  and  of  a  religious  fear,  in  confequence  of  .it.  Alfo 
of  a  Tomb  ftruck  by  lightning  :  when  the  people  are  faid  tp  have  been 
much  alarmed.  But  this-has  not  the  kaft  connexion  with  Greece,  and 
the  lower  Empire,  nor  with  the  worihip  then  in  uiej  which  was  above 
feven  hundred  years  later. 

When  the  Author  (peaks  of  the  Church  in  the  time  of  the  Emperors, 
and  fays,  that  the  Priefr.s  knew  the  veneration,  in  which  the  people  held 
the  Tombs  of  their  Warriors,  and  therefore  did  not  prefume  to  de- 
molish them,  the  whole,  is  a  luppofition  without  any  authority.  There- 
is  not  the  leaft.reafon  to  fuppofe,  that  the  Priefts  had  any  fuch  apprehen- 
fions,  or  the  people  any  fuch  attachment.;  It  is  Kfcewife  too  great  a 
refinement  to  imagine, .  that  the  removal  of  the  dbjed  would  be  the 
caufe  of  adoration.  Chriftianity,  which,  he  .ftyles  new,  had  been  for 
fome  Centuries  introduced,  and  was  by  law  eftabliihed.  And  lb  far  were 
the  Priefts  in  thefe  times  from  apprehending  any  ill  coniequences  from 
thefe  tombs,  that  they  did  not  regard  them  with  the.  leaft  notice.  And 
inftead  of  offering  incenfe  upon  them,  as  has  been  wrongly  fuppofed,  both 
Friefts  and  people  lapfed  into  a  limilar  mode  of  idolatry,  and  made  offer- 
ings at  the  tombs  of  their  own  Saints,  and  Martyrs.  This  precluded,  all 
worship,  and  reverence,  at  the  fepulchres  of  Deities  and  Heroes.  As  to 
the  notion  about  deftroying   them,   the  early  Christians  had   no  power   to 

,-Lf  it ;  .  and  the  later  no  inclination.  They  did  not  think  them  of  the 
kaft  confequence. 

There  is  fomething  in  the  allegation  above  the  moft  extraordinary,  thai 
]  ever  encountered  Writers  generally,  when  they  are  inclined  to  find 
fault,  direct  their  cenfure  towards  fomething  which  has  been  done.  The 
Author  acts  the  very  reverie,  and  founds  his  cenfure  upon  what  h  is  not  . 
been  done  ;  and  calls  people  to  account,  who  are  confelTedly  quite  blame- 
kfs  :  and  from  what  they  did  not  do,  he  infers,  what  they  would  have 
done,  could  they  have  had  their  will.  All  this  is  levelled  at  the  early 
Chriftians  :  for  which  Chriftians,  and  for  Chriftianity  itfelf,  I  hope, 
he  has  more  regard,  than  he  feems  to  fhew  by  taking  fuch  unnecefTary  and  . 
indirect  means  to  defame  them.  . 


L     45     J 

Of    P  AU  S  AN  I  AS. 

The  Author,  p.  48,  fpeaks  of  Paufanias  as  one  of  the  grecitejl  Geogra-r 
jibers  among  the  Ancients.  But  Paufanias  was  no  more  a  Geographer,  than 
Plot,  Dugdale,  Leland,  or  Lambard  among  us.  He  was  properly  an  An- 
tiquary, who  confined  his  obfervations  to  Greece :  with  the  reft  of  the 
world  he  was  little  concerned.  ..-His  purpofe  was  to  take  notice  of  the. 
principal  cities  within  the  Peloponnefus,  and  without  :  and  to  defcribe 
the  ancient  Temples,  rites,  and  Deities  :  alfo  the  ftatues  and  pictures,  foun- 
tains and  groves,  with  the  little  hiftories,  by  which  they  were  illuftrated. 
The  Author  mentions  it  likewife  as  a  furprif.ng  circumjlance,  that  Pafffi- 
nias  never  vi/ited  the  Troad,  p.  48.  Whether  he  did  or  not,  is  of  little 
confequence  :  and  either  way  no  obje<fl  of  furprife.  At  the  fame  time,  I 
know  not  by  what  authority,  the  Author  is  determined,  when  he  makes 
this  aflertion.  Befides  how  was  Paufanias  at  all  concerned  with  Troy  ? 
I  do  not  believe,  that  the  name  occurs  once  in  all  his  work.  And,  if  there 
be  any  allufion  to  the  City  under  the  name  of  Ilium,  it  is  always  brief 
and  introduced  incidentally  :  as  the  hiftory  of  that  place  was  quite  foreiVn 
to  his  purpofe.  The  whole  of  his  views  were  confined  to  Hellas  :  and 
not  extended  to  the  World  in  general.  The  portion  of  the  earth,  with 
which  he  was  concerned,  is  fcarcely  three  degrees  fquare.  It  is  there- 
fore as  wrong  to  ftile  .Paufanias  one  of  the  greateft  Geographers  of  the  an- 
cients, as  it  is  to  call  Strabo  a  blunderer. 

Concerning  fome  jlriSlures,  with  which  I  am  noticed. 

I  wim  that  the  Author  for  his  own  fake  had  patted  me  by  unregarded: 
for  I ''find  my  name  introduced  among  thofe  of  other  Writers,  whom  he 
has  been  unduly  led  to  cenfure.  In  the  defcription  of  the  Tumuli  in 
Troas,  a  paflage  is  brought  from  my  Analyiis  of  Grecian  Mythology,  in 
which  the  Author  thinks  that  I  have  been  greatly  miftaken,  and  gone  con- 
trary to  every  Writer  upon  the  fubjed.     He  accordingly  quotes  my  words 

H  z  at 


C   46    ] 

at  large,  and  then  pafTes  fentence  upon  them.  What  I  had  unfortunately 
advanced,  was  as  follows.  Mention  had  been  made,  that  the  Tumuli  in 
Egypt  were  flyled  Tapha  :  of  which  many  inftances  were  produced  i  and 
for  this  a  reafon  was  given.  For— the  Natives  were  obliged  to  raife  the  foil, 
en  which  they  built  their  Edifices,  in  order  to  fecure  them  from  the  inundation 
ef the  Nile ;  and  many  of  their  facred  Towers  were  erechd  upon  conical-mound.; 
of  earth.  But  there  were  often  hills  of  the  fame  form  con/trued  for  religious 
furpofes  -,  upon  which  there  was  no  building.  Tbe/e  were  •■eery  common  in 
'Egypt.  Hence  we  read  of  Taph -banes,  Taph-OJiris,  Taph-OJiris  parva,  and* 
Contra-  Tap  bus,  in  Antoninus.  In  other  parts  were  Tap  bin  fa,  Tape,  Tapbufa, 
&c.  &c.  But  as  it  was  ufual  in  ancient  times  to  bury  perfons  of  di<Jlinclion  un- 
der heaps  of  earth  formed  in  this  fafhion,  thefe  Tapha  came  to  fignify  Tombs  : 
and  almojl  all  the  facred  m-junds  raifed  for  religious  purpofes  were  looked  upon 
as  .  monuments  of  deceafed  Heroes.  'The  Greeks  fpeak  of  numberlefs  fepulchraf 
monuments,  which  they  have  thus  interpreted.  T  hey  pretended  to  Jhew  the 
Tomb  of  Dionujus  at  Delphi  :  alfo  of  Deucalion,  Pyrrha,  and  Orion  in  other 
places.  They  imagined,  that  Jupiter  was  buried  in  l  Crete:  Upon  this  the 
Author  animadverts,  and  fays. — Mr.  Bryant  here  endeavours  to  prove,  that 
the  Greeks  were  mijfaken  in  fuppo/ing,  what  were  facred  mounds  to  be  tombs 
of  Heroes.  I  muft  beg  to  be  exeufed  :  for  what  I  faid  with  limitation, 
and  as  happening  occasionally  muft  not  be  introduced,  as  a  general  and 
uniform  opinion  or  practice.  Such  an  inference  is  unjirft  j  and  contrary 
to  my  ex^refs  words.  He  proceeds.  But  the  concurring  tejlimony  of  Homer, 
and  all  antiquity  is  fufficient  to  convince  us,  that  they  had  no  other  way  of 
■preferring  their  afhes  than  by  depofting  them  under  thefe  hillocks,  p.  89. 
How  does  this  in  the  leaft  prove,,  that  there  were  not  tumuli- eredted  for 
another  purpofe  ?  At  the  fame  time  how  can  it  with  any  degree  of  plaufi-* 
bility  be  faid,  that  the  Grecians  had  no  other  way  of  preferving  the  albes? 
of  perfons  deceafed*  than  by  depofking  them  in  the  manner  mentioned  I 
Had  they  not  Temples,  publick  buildings,  Maufolea, — Mv^s/a,  06s&s-x«i- 
v7 ••>.«,,  under,  which,  people  were  buried  ?   We  read  of  Tombs  of  exquifite. 

,  Other  inftances  to  a  great  amount  might  have  been  brought  from  Lywphron,  Paufanias,  and! 
»Uw  Writers,,  rt  . 

workman  (hip* 


C    47     ] 

workmanfhip,  frrci  xdot,  gss-w  ™(poi,  gsrcu  <mj?*t  .  What  is  extraordinary 
the  alhes  of  Homer,  according  to  the  Author's  own  opinion,  are  prefervecf 
in  a  Sarcophagus  of  ftone.  That  they  buried  people  under  heaps  of  earth- 
was  never  by  me  denied:  to  which  the  Author  has  not  duly  attended: 
and  from  a  particular  mode  of  burial  would  infer  a  general  ufage.  His 
learned  Friend  has  brought  a  variety  of  proofs  te  fliew,  that  not  only  the 
Grecians,  but  people  long  fince  have  interred  perfons  of  confequence 
under  mounds  of  earth  :  and  he  might  have  added  people  of  no  confe- 
quence, as  every  Church  Yard  will  witnefs.  but  this  does  not  affedl  me; 
and  is  therefore  quite  unneceffary :  for  it  is  what  1  always  allowed,  as  may 
be  feen  by  the  very  words,  which  the  Author  quotes  from  me.  For  £ 
mention,  in  the  moft  unequivocal  terms,  that  it  ivas  nfual  in  ancient  times 
to  bury  people  oj  dijlinSlion  under  heaps  of  earth  formed  in  this  fafiion.  The 
authorities  brought  in  oppolition  prove  my  words  :  But,  however  nume- 
rous they  may  be,  and  however  they  may  (hew,  that  people  were  buried 
under  fuch  tumuli ;  yet  they  do  not  prove,  that  there  were  no  fuch 
mounds,  where  people  were  not  buried,  and  which  were  erecTed  foe 
another  purpofe.  For  this,  if  it  were  neceffary,  I  could  bring  evidence 
in  abundance.  How  can  we  fuppofe  that  a  iacred  mound  dedicated  to 
Bacchus,  Jupiter,.  Ceres,  Orion,  Deucalion,  Pyrrha,  or  any  other  of 
thole  fabled  peribnages,  was  a  real  place  of  burial,  though  called  «  tvu€os. 
There  were  many  fuch  Tumuli  in  Egypt  and  Arabia,  ftyled  tombs  of 
»  Ofiris.  But  can  we  fuppofe,  that  one  and  the  fame  perfon  was  buried, 
in  lb  many  different  places.  Befides  the  Egyptians,  as  we  are  told,, 
efteemed  Ofiris  as  the  Sun-:  and,  Ifrs  as  the  moon.  At  other  times  a. 
plaitick  nature,  pun?;    by   which  all   things  were  produced.     Howevec- 

j  We  meet  with  many  places  of  worfiiip  under  this  name,. 

Tv^So;    Hf»«f   iTrXterfttas.      Lycophron.    V,    6 1  3.. 

Tt'p&»,  aram.     Potter,  v.   335. 

Tt/*6»s  (Ma»T(iov)  Lycoph.  1050.  1 

Mercurii  Theutatis  Tumulus..    Livy.   L.  26. 

H5V]  Incq  TOo*ic{,  obi  'Epftaicj   AiQar,   in,       Odyflu    IT.    V.    471. 
Ef.aaio;   Aofo;    si;  Tiftr,»  T»    ©<«,       Hefyh. 

Jutlmces  without  ntaiber  might  be  brought  from  Diodorus,  and  Paufania£,  33  well  as  from  other 
Hiflorians. 
st  Djcdorus.     L.  1.   p.  23,  C, 


["    4«     ] 

then  the  Grecians  might  mifinterpret  thefe  Tumuli,  and  reprefent  them 
as  Sepulchres :  the  Natives  of  Egypt  thought  very  differently.  They 
never  conceived,  that  the  fun  could  be  concealed  in  .a  hillock,  or  Nature 
be  buried  in   a  barrow.    . 

What  is  extraordinary,  after  it  has  been  afferted,  and  a  long  procefs 
carried  on  in  the  notes,  to  fhew,  that  the  concurring  tejiimony  of  Homer,  and 
all  antiquity,  prove  me  to  be  greatly  mijlaken,  in  fuppofing,  that  fome  of 
thefe  Tumuli  were  raifed  for  a  religious  purpofe  ;  the  Author  feems  to 
forget  himfelf  in  the  fpace  of  five  lines  ;  and  fays— fome  few  of  them  might 
be  particularly  confer ated"  to  the  ceremonies  of  religion  p.  92  But  this 
is  fhifting  quicker  than  a  weather-cock,  and  ruins  all  that  has  been 
afferted.  He  allows  me  the  very  article,  which  he  had  before  denied  me, 
and  maintains,  what  he  had  jull  controverted.  In  fhort  he  has  kept  up 
an  oppofition,  w^ere  we  are  both  agreed. 

This  perhaps  may  appear  of  no  great  confequence:  yet  after  all  it  is 
trifling  with  characters,  which  a  noble  and  ingenuous  mind  mould  be 
very  cautious  of  arraigning.  We  ought  to  confider  well,  before  we  found 
our  own  reputation  upon  anothers  ruin:  and  at  all  rates  we  mould  have 
truth  on  our  fide. 

Conchfion  and  Apology. 

I  have  been  carried  on,  in  the  courfe  of  thefe  obfervations  contrary  to 
my  general  plan  of  ftudy,  being  for  the  rnoft  part  engaged  in  purfuits  of 
a  more  ferious  nature.  Jiut  I  thought,  it  would  be  an  act  of  juftice  to 
foften  thole  fevere  cenfures,  of  which  the  Author  of  the  Defcription, 
through  too  great  a  zeal  for  his  fyflem,  has  unwarily  been  guilty.  Indeed 
it  is  the  duty  of  all  perfons,  who  have  opportunity  and  power,  to  retrieve 
the  characters  of  thofe,  to  whofe  learning  and  merit  they  have  been  be- 
holden :  and  to  take  off  any  undue  impreiiions.  This  I  have  endeavoured 
.to  effect  in  favour  of  Dr  Chandler,  and  others  :  and,  -I  hope,  it  is  execu- 
ted in  a  manner,  that  cannot  give  any  juft  offence.  Though,  if  I  had  ac- 
ted 


C    49    ] 

ted  differently  I  mould  have  the  Author's  fan&Ion  for  my  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding. For  he  fays,  p.  75.  When  in  open  contempt  of  every  guide,  we 
•wander  far  away  from  the  truth,  we  then  forfeit  all  title  to  mercy  :  and  he- 
come  obnoxious  to  the  rigour  of  criticifm. 

I  likewife  imagined,  that  a  difquifition  of  this  kind  might  in  fome 
degree  illuftrate  the  purpofe  of  Homer,  and  determine  the  Geography  of 
his  Poem,  as  far  as  it  can  be  afcertained.  There  are  certainly  fome 
feeming  inconfiftences  in  the  Ilias,  and  fubfequent  Poem,  which  it  may 
not  be  eafy"  to  reconcile.  For,  as  I  have  in  another  place  obferved,  a 
fable  of  any  length  will  never  be  confident :  and  I  look  upon  thefo 
poems  of  Homer  concerning  the  expedition  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  rape 
of  Helen,  to  be  mere  fables.  I  am  perfuaded,  that  no  fuch  war,  as  has 
been  reprefented,  was  carried  on  againft  Troy  :  nor  do  I  believe,  that 
the  Phrygian  City,  fo  zealoufly  fought  after,  ever  exifted.  For  this  I 
could  bring  very  cogent  proof,.,  mould  fuch  a  difquifition  be  at  all  ac~ 
ceptable  to   the  World, 


e 


.*. 


ERRATA. 

Introduction,  Page  iii.  L  3.  after  Chevalier  dete  comma. 
Page  3.  1.   16.  for  Scean,  read  Scian. 
'         4.  I.  20.  for  Sigaan,  read  Sigean. 

10.  1.  q.  for  ipcSot,  read  onoec. 
——15.  1.  28.  for  Metrodofus,  read  Metrodorus. 
—  —  25.  1.  29.  after  they  iffued,  add  both. 
——37.   1.    7.  «//?r  that  a*A/  it. 
— -41  ■   I.   9.  /«•  feperate,  rccJ  feparate. 


ijjO 


rt 


29fc.'i-j 


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-*f. 


-f 


fc" 


BT 


.(»*'