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VEITCH'S MANUAL OF THE CONIFEM.

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VEITCH'S MANUAL

THE COISIFERJ^:,

CONTAINING

A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE ORDER ; A SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES CULTIVATED

IN GREAT BRITAIN ; THEIR BOTANICAL HISTORY, ECONOMIC PROPERTIES,

PLACE AND USE IN ARBORICULTURE, ETC., ETC.

A NEW AND GREATLY ENLARGED EDITION

ADOLPHUS H. KENT.

" Science has its own peculiar terms and, so to speak, its idioms of language ; and these it would
be nnwi e were it even possible, to relinquish ; but everything that tends to clothe it m a strange and
repulsh-e garb, and especially everything that assumes an unnecessary guise of profundity and obscurity
should be sacrificed without mercy."— .S'tr John Herschel.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS, Ltd.,

Royal Exotic Nursery, 544, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

1900.

A// n'jjhfs rei<erre(L

H. M. POLLETT & Co., Ltd.,

Horticultural and (Jeneral Printers,

Fann Street,

ALDER.Sf4ATE STREET, LoNDON.

PREFACE.

In this revised edition of Veitch's IMaxual of Coxifer.e I have
endeavoured to collect from the best available sources every item of
information that should ^vove useful and interesting to amateurs of
this remarkable family of trees and shrubs and also to foresters and
horticulturists. The descriptions of the species have been drawn
up from fresh materials and from an inspection of the subjects
themselves wherever practicable, and trees of the same species
growing in different and distant parts of Great Britain have been
visited'' with this object. In the comparatively few instances hi
which this has not been done, the descriptions are those of
the authorities quoted. With the view of conveying an idea as
accurate as can be obtained of the condition and aspect of the most
important coniferous trees as seen in their native forests, the
accounts of them given by those who haxe explored the forests are
transcribed wholly or in part in preference to any studied
paraphrasing of their statements. Especial attention has been given
to the geographical distribution of the species and the climatic
conditionr under which they grow in their native homes, on the
conviction that correct information on these points affords material
aid to the successful cultivation of them in Great Britain.

My obligations to those who have assisted in the compilation of
the work either by their writings or by supplying materials for
critical examination and description are very great; to Dr. Maxwell
T. Masters my best thanks are due for permission to use the

PREFACE.

valuable papers on the suliject contributed l)y him to the "Journal
of the Linnean Society " and " The Gardeners' Chronicle ; " to the
Director and Curator of the Koyal Cfardens at Kevv and the stafif
for their kindly help during frequent inspections of the extensive
collection of Conifene in the Royal Gardens ; to the Keepers of the
Herbariums at Kew and the Natural History Museum for the
facilities they afforded for examining original herbarium types under
their charge ; and to many correspondents for their untiring kindness
in supplying specimens of foliage and Howers of rare and valuable
species which are duly acknowledged in tludr respective places.

The Author.
Royal Exotic N^u-Kenj, Clielaea.

GENERAL REVIEW

THE C0NIFERJ5.

CONIFER-E, or Coiie-ljeariiig, is the name given to a Natural Order
of Plants consisting of trees and shrubs, chiefly evergreen, of almost
cosmopolitan distriluition, and disthiguished from every other Order
of Plants l)y certain characters or properties, by the "presence of
any of which the coniferous plants may generally be recognised.
The most noteworthy of these characters are to be found in the
minute structure of" their wood or stems, the resinous nature of
their secretions, the form and structure of their leaves, the extreme
simplicity of their flowers, and their fruit. The foliage and fruit,
together with the physical aspect of the plant or tree, or its general
appearance as presented to the eye, are the most easily observed;
they are, therefore, except by the Botanist, almost the only characters
by which Horticulturists and others recognise coniferous plants.

The fruit of nearly all the species included in the Fir and Pine
tribe (Abietinea?) wliieli greatly resembles a cone in shape, doubtless
suggested the name Coniferse as a suitable designation for the Order,
antf this name has been generally accepted ever since it was appHed
by Linn^us to the group of Oynuiospermous plants known to him.*
The most prominent exception is Lindley, who, in conformity with the
rule almost universallv observed in designating the Natural Orders— the
selecting oi one of tlie contained genera as a type around which the
others "may be grouped— adopted the name Pinace^ (excluding the
Taxads) in' his excellent work, " The Vegetable Kingdom."! It may,
however, be observed, that if the name Coniferse as applied to the
Order on account of the form of the fruit borne hj a large number
of the most important species belonging t<:) it is not a sufficiently
comprehensive one to be applicable to the whole, the mode of growth
of a far greater nundier of species, especially in their young state, is
strictly that of a cone in outline.
Many authors include in the Conifers the group of trees and
shrubs "^ known as Taxads, of which the Yew is the type, assigning
* Pliiloso])liia Botaiiica, p. 28 (1751). t Edition III. p. 226 (18.53).

4 iMOIU'HOLOliY.

to the group tiiluil rank in contradistinction to the other groups
constituting the Order Conifera' as circuniscriUed l»y them.* lUit the
fruit of the Taxads which has usually a succulent covering enclosing
a single seed, and which greatly resenil)les a drupe, e.g., a cherry or
damson, t is very diHerent from the ligneous scales and nunrerous
seeds that make up the fruit of the true Conifer;e.:J: This structural
difference, together with other characters that will l)e noted in the
sequel, separate the Taxads from the true Conifene in a manner more
nrarked than is usually indicated by tribal characters, and therefore a
higher place in the series of groupings fornring the systematic arrange-
ment (»f the Vegetal )le Kingdom seems to he a more natural one for
them. This A'iew of their systematic place was taken l)y Dr. Lindley
very many years ago, and is adopted by Dr. ]\'Iaxwell Masters in his
recently published notes on the Genera of Taxacete and Conifera'.^
The Taxaceie are thence here recognised as a Xatural Order distinct
from, but closely associated with the Conifene. The two < )rders thus
associated are of the highest importairce to ]\Ian in many respects :
they supply' a larger amount of the most ^•alual1le timV)er for con-
structi^'e purposes than is at present obtained from any other Natural
Order ; their resinous products are important articles of connnerce that
are largely used in many of the arts ; in no other family of trees and
shrubs are found so many sul)jects suital)le for the decoration of the
warden, park and landscape, or more valuable for forestry and other
purposes in rural economy ; and there is no existing race of plants
that can awaken a deeper interest in their relation to the distant
Past than Taxads and Conifers, vestiges of whose ancestry can be
traced through a long series of geological ages till the primeval forms
become as mere sliadows that tinally vanisji in tlie unfathomabU'
anti(|uity of paheozoic aeons.

MORPHOLOGY.

THE SEEDLINC; TLA XT.
TiiK seedling is tlie development of the end»ryo or rudimentary plant
enclosed in the restnig seed. The embryo of Taxads and Conifers, like
that of most flowering plants, consists of two distinguishable parts, viz.,
the rudimentary cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the short axis or

* Trtxinrcc, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. p. 367 (1868). Tuxi-ce et Po(hr,irpra\ H.iitliain
and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. pp. 422, 423 (1881). And otlier.s.

t The IVuit of Taxada is dnijte— or beny-like in appearance only ; tlie druite and berry in
theii' botanical signification are developments of the ovary and contain the seed or seeds ; but
in Taxads the seeds are always solitary and enclosed in a fleshy aril oi-igir.ating from the ovule.

* The so-called berries (gall)uli) of tlic .Tuuipcr iiave a superliiial resemblance to the fruits ol
Taxads, but structurally they conform to the strobiles or fiuits of the Couifera-, the confluent
scales being fleshy or succulent, instead of ligneou.«.

§ Journal of the Linnean Society, XXX. p. 1.

I'lIK ^EEDLINO PLANT.

stem-like poitioii t'loiii wliieli the cotyledDii iiidiiiients originate,
and which from its position with respect to them is called the
hypocotyl. The process of germination of the seeds of Conifers and
Taxads is the same in all essential points as that of lowering plants
generally. When the seed is placed on damp soil of a temperature
sutiicient to induce growth,* the endosperm or Heshy part that
surrounds the embryo swells ami hursts tlie husk (testa) that encloses
it, splitting the testa into two parts, Init which usually cohere at
one end. From the opposite open end the radicle or first formed
root protrudes and })ushes its way downwards into the soil, while
the rudimentary stem (the tigellum or caudicle of the older l)otanists,
the hypocotyl of recent auth(U's) lengthens in the opposite or upward

direction, hearing at its sunmiit the cotyle-
dons still partially enclosed in the husk
till it is thrown off" by their further
lengthening and conse(pient tension.
The seedling plant then presents the
appearance of a I'ather long slender axis^
from tlie lower part of which a minute
rootlet has l)een here and there given oif,
and terminating al)ove in a tuft of narrow
leaf-like bodies, the cotyledons, which
vary greatly in number in different genera,
and in a small degree, even in the same
species. From the centre of this tuft
originates the I'udiment of the future stem.
No trace of an epicotyl is to be seen in
the emlu-yo state of Taxads and Conifers,
and it is not till after the de^'elopment of the cotyledons into the
leaf-like bodies already mentioned that it appears as a i)rolonga-
tion of the hypocotyl.

The Cotyledons. — Tlie nuiuhiT nf cotyledons varies considcraljly, but
in this respect the species remlily fall into two i^rouiis, one having

" The temperature necessary for the geriuination of the seeds of Taxads and Conifers has
not been accurately ascertained. It is, however, known that it varies in the different
species more or less according to the latitude of their habitat and their vertical range on
the mountains they inhabit. Thus, the seeds of the Siberian Larch; the connnon, black
and white Spruces; the Banksian, Mountain, and Cembra Pines; the aliiine and connnon
Junii)ers, and others spreading into high latitudes or ascending to a high vertical elevation,
will germinate freely in a temperature ranging from 1°— 5° C. (3-1°— 41° F.) ; whilst the seeds
■of those species inhaliiting the warmer jiarts of the temperate zone require a higher
temperature, and those of sub-trojjical species still higher. It is scarcely possiljle to
•discover from the ordinary nursery practice a constant temperature for the germination of
the seeds of the species commonly cultivated in Great Britain, and which are usually sown
in the open ground where the tempei-ature may vary fi'om day to day. The question is
still further complicated by the impossibility of estimating the amomit of heat given out
])y the seeds themselves during germination, which, it is known, they must do in con-
formity with the universal law of Conservation of Force.

■illiny; jilaiit of
(Hrhllii.

THK SEEDLINC; PLANT.

dicotylcddiKHis and the dtlicr | lolycotyledonous enihryds. Tli<' first grou])

includes the whulc of ilie Taxads, the greater part of tlie Cupressinese and
Taxodineae and some of the Araucarinese ; the second
gi'dUji iiichuh's the Abietine?e, the section Entassa of
Araucaria, tlie Scipmias, CalHtris and prol)ahly
a few (itliers. In the Journal of the Linnean
Society * Dr. Masters gives a cuniiJrehensive list
of tlie nund^er of cotyledons in seedlings exanuned
>)■ himself and 'othei's, from which we select a
few A\-(dhknown species. In Ahie>< perfinafa and
A. xi/nrira the nund)er is 3 — 7, A/'iex nohilia 6 — 8,
Cednis Ldhani 6 — 11, Lari.r europaea and L. <h-itfifhii
5 — 7, L. sihirica and L. auierkaiia 4 — 5,
Phmi< Laririo 4 — 8, P. Pinaster 5 — 8, P. radlata
6 — 9, P. iMjnderom 6 — 11, P. Cemhra 8 — 14,
P. excel sa 8 — 12, P. Goidteri 10 — 14, P. Scdnniana
12 — 18, the last named being the highest observed
number. A few instances are added s(dected
from al)Out forty sjiecies
observed hy the author
and not contained in
Dr. ]M asters' list. Aides
amahdis and A. /iia(/)ii-
fira 6 — 7, Picea sitrhensis
4 — .5, P. Glehnii 5 — 6, ^ MIW)// %h|

P. oliorata 6 — 7, Tsmja
caroliniana 3, T. Alherf-
iana 3 — 4, T. Mertensiana

3, Piims 11/ if is 6 — 7, P. nnirirafa 4 — 6.

From the two series of observations it may

be assumed that the nundx'r 3 — 4 of cotyledons

in Tsuga is fairly constant, also the niunl)er

9 — 11 in Cedrus is faiidy constant, while in

Larix the number varies from 4 — 7, in Altics

from 5 — (S, in Picea from 3 — 11, and in

Pinus from a — 18.

The size of the '•otyledons also \aries in

different genera and in species of the same

genus. In Pim/n /i/i/fa tliey are two inches

long and somewhat stout, in P. (■anarie)ixi--<

they are as long but more slender, in P.

Con/f''ii ]■') incli long, P. iiiurir(da and P.

Ceiidira 1 inch, Abies (jrandis 1 inch, T/niin

(jUjantea PT) inch, Cupressus seiiii>i'rrii->'iit OwT)

inch, Picea (r/ehnii 0"5 inch.

The form of the cotyl(Mlons is nearly always

linear or linear-obloiig, the most notable excep-
tion being (linkgo. In the Cupressinea' they

are Hat or with rounded surfaces, frequently with

a meclian line on the upper side. In Abies and

Picea they are flattened with rounded surfaces and with a distinct nndrib

in mo.st of the species of th(> former : either obtuse, emarginate or acute
* V..1. .WVII. ).. 2;55.

Seetlling plant of Pi i} its
mvriwtii.

Fig. :!. SeecUiiiji jilaiit of

THE 1{00TS.

at tlif apex ill Picca. In tlic tluvc- ami livr-lcavcd spocii's of Piiui>
the cotyledons, like the foliage leaves, ai(^ three-sided and teniiinate in
a sharp point, the outer side rounded and green, and the inner sides
flat and glaucous. In (iinkgo they are thick, fleshy, oblong, contracted at
the base into a short stalk, leaving the endosperm enclosed within the shel!.

THE IIOOTS.

The ladicle, or |)rimaTy root ol the seedling })l;uit, is slender and
descends straight downwards into the soil, and, as it lenothens, uives

oft' fibraline rootlets that are often arranged
in two ranks ; but in many cases they are
scattered or given oft" at irregular intervals.
As the growth of the axis proceeds, the
changes that take place in the size and direction
both of the primary root and its l)ranches are
greatl}' influenced hj the circumstances of
c soil and other contlitions under which the
plant is growing. In species of the Fir and
Pine tribe that have their home on the slopes
of lofty mountains and un hill-sides that are
constantly undergoing denudation liy the weather,
or where the soil is \'ery shallow or only
accumulates in hollows or crevices of the
rocks, the downward course of the primary
root is soon arrested ; l;»ut the secondary roots
increase in diameter and lengthen greatly,
creeping over the surface of the ground to a
great distance, sometimes to such an extent as
to excite the surprise of the beholder.* But
in the plains where the soil is deeper and
the sul)-soil more or less penetral)le, a decided
tap-root is often developed from the primary
raelicle which descends vertically to a
considerable distance or till it meets with
some ol)stacle to its progress. Instances of
this are seen in several <:)f the Pines planted
fur purposes of utility, as Fini's Pinaster on
the sand-dunes in the south-west of France;
F. Laricio nearly always, whence this Pine is
transplant ; Taxodium distichum likewise sends

* Among some remarkable recorded instances may be noted the Araucarias on the
rocky slopes of the Andes of Southern Chile, the roots of which have been conii>ared
to gigantic serpents ; Abies hmdeata on the summits of the Santa Lucia in South
California ; the Larch and Mountain Pine on the Tyrolese Alps ; the red and white
Pines of Japan which escape destruction l)y growing on inaccessible rocks on the central
niountain chain, where their roots are said to spread to a prodigious distance.

Fig. 4. Seedling plant of (Unhjn

hilohd. c, cotyledon ; p,

primordial leaf.

sometimes difficult to

THE ROOTS.

down a long tap-ioot deep into the mud of its native swamps.
Abies grandis, Timid [/igantea, Sequoia sempcrrircns and other s];)eeies
which inhabit the alhivial plains of (!)regon and tlie low-lying
maritime districts of California are deep-rooted, botli in their native
country and when trans])lanted in (In^at Britain; but in all these,

as well as in the other species
that attain the dimensions
of large trees, strong seconilary
roots branch off from the
primary or main axis, and
with their ramifications spread
horizontally through tlie soil
near the surface or with a
slight obliquity downwards.
(Generally — the roots of
coniferous trees and shrubs
are produced freely from the
seedling plant ; at first but
slender thread-like organs
ramifying at short intervals,
and sub-dividing repeatedly
as they increase in size,
they form a network sjiread
over an area which in all
the kinds cultivated in
this country is ne^•er less
than the spread of the
branches of the stem, whence
the newly-formed rootlets are
Itrought within reacli of the
rain dripping from the foliage.
In the adult trees the spread
of the roots very often exceeds
the spread of the branches:
they thence not only form
a broad l)ase for the su])port-
of the superincumbent mass
of stem and liranches, lait they are also exceedingly tough in texture,
and cling tenaciously to tlic soil througli which they ])enetrate and
to the rocks over which they creep. Hence it is that many coniferous
trees are so well enabled to withstand the force of high winds without
being blown down. TIic rootlets are exceedingly numei-ous, and must
therefore possess in the aggregate an cnoimous absorbent jiowcr — a

Fig.

Seedling plant of CcjilKdiifni u^t ilrnpi
[', eotylwloii ; r. iirinionlial Iriif.

THE ItOOTS, 9

power evidently necessaiy to the well-being of the tree on aeeount
of the great height and distance the absorbed Ihiid Ins to travel
in order to reach the extremities of large and lofty trees, esi)ecially
during the season of active growth.

Like other Exogenous trees inhabiting temperate climates, the roots
of C'onifera' have a period of comparative if not absolute re])ose, during
which, except in frosty weatlier, the plant may l)e taken out of the
ground and removed to another spot, even after it has attained a
consideral^le size.* The vitality of the roots of coniferous plants is
remarkal»le, especially in the Fir and Pine tril)e. Many instances have
been observed in which the roots not only live but continue to grow
for many years after the trunk has been cut down ; this is especially
the case with Ahins i^ectinata.

Tlie foregoing cliaraL'ters are, generally speaking, connnon thvoughout
the Taxaceae and C'on'iferae, but a few peculiarities that are met with in
the (litt'erent tribes recpiire separate notice.

In the Yew the plexus of fibrous rootlets is always very great even
at an advanced age of the tree, so that the absorbent power of the roots
of a large Yew nmst be enormous. There can be no doubt that this
is one (if the causes that contributes to the longevity of the Yew ; and
it is })rubable, too, that these rootlets have a limited ])ower of selection
in the substances taken up by them, since the Yew will live anil thrive
in soils of the most opposite (lescri]:)tion and maintain a tolerahly constant
habit and colour of foliage everywhere.

In the St^pioia trilie (Taxodinese), all the princijial memlx'rs of wliicli
are not only among the largest of Conifers, Init also among the largest
of trees, the roots lengthen very rapidly from early life, and spread over
a lai'ge area always near the surface. A striking ^peculiarity is seen in
the roots of the deciduous C,ypress (Taxodiuui ilixfirhum) when this tree
attains its maturity and is growing in swamjiy })laces, as it most
commonly does in its native forests in North Amei'ica, or in close
liroximity to water in England ; they form hollow conical or beehive-
sliaped protuberances that rise several inches above the surface of tlie
ground in this country, Init often nuich higher in their native swam] is,
and which have never lieen noticed to produce buds from which shoots
])rocee(l ; tliese protulierances are popularly called "knees." The roots
of the large deciduous Cypress at Syon House, the subject of our
illustration in tlie article on Taxodium, have spread to a distance of
more than twenty yards from tlie bole.

In many of the species belonging to the Cypress tribe (Cu]iressine?e),
and which are mostly of fastigiate or strict lialiit, the })rimary roots
lengthen l)ut slowly, although they increase in thickness considerably
during the first years of the life of the tree ; but the rootlets form a
dense plexus, OL'Cupying a circular area not much greater than the spread
of the liranches aliove. It is not till the tree has acrpiired some a,ne,
and the soil in immediate proximity to it has become cpiite exhausted,
that the roots lengthen to any considerable extent in search of nutriment,

* It is not, li'iWL'ver, advisable to remove large trees, especially ot the Fir and Pine
tribe, wliose roots extend far from the trunk, and which cannot even with tlie gicatest
<'are be lenioved without destroying and injuring a large iirojiortion of tlie lootlets.

10 THE ItOOTS.

\vliicli tlu'V do in coiifonuity willi a law uiiixcrsnl tlivoiigliout the
Vc^ctiibk' Kingdom. Tlic fibrous rootlets then Ijeconic more spreading,
and those foi'nied during the ejiilier life df llie tree ha\iug fulfilled
their functions, die.

Kodts are occasionally emitted from the loweruiost hranches resting on
the ground at or near their extremities, esi)et;ially Avhen the soil is kept
moist by the shade of the branches above, or from othei' causes. A very
remarkable instance is described and figured by Loudon. — At The Whim,
situated on the nortliern slopes of the Romano Hills in north Peeble-sshire
at about 1,000 feet elevation, the lower branches of a Norway Spruce
growing in the centre of a piece of mossy ground had taken root Avherever
they had come in contact with the soil, and had formed a double seri(^s
of young trees in two concentric circles around the parent tree. At the
date of the publication of Loudon's "Arboretum" there were u])wards of
thirty rooted stems surrounding the mother tree.* ( )ue of the lower-
most branches of a Pinus excelsa, in the gardens of Eastnor Castle,
resting on the ground has rooted in a similar , manner ; the extremity of
the l^ranch has ascended and developed into a stem with brandies exactly
like the parent tree. At Fota, near Cork, the lowermost branches of
a Cri/pfonterla japonica have enutte(l roots into the soil l)elow, and have
formed erect stems like the parent trunk which is now siUTonnded l)y
over twenty young trees of various heights, the whole forming a dense
copse of Cryptomerias. In the moist climate of ( 'ornwall and the
south and west of Ireland, the rooting of the lowermost l)ranches of
Criipfoiiicria japonica, var. e/et/anx, wlien in contact with the ground is
quite a common occurrence ; and this rooting has also been obserxcd in
various jjlaces in Thuia orcidptdallx, Cupn^sm,.^ Lawwniana, C. inacrocarpa,
in some of the Junii)ers, the Cedar of Lebanon and in the common Ycnv.

The power of forming roots by ])ieces detached from the ])arent ])lant
or from "cuttings" is very considerable, but difl'ers much in the different
tribes. It appears to exist nearly in the same ratio, as that of })rodnc-
ing leaf buds; thus in the Cy])ress tribe, in which tlu' branchlets
ramify re])eatedly from the axils of the scaledike leaves, and produce
lateral shoots very freely when the leaders are, in garden phraseology,
"headed back," cuttings take root very readily wdien placed in lircum-
stances favourable for their di^velopment. In the Setpioia and Yew
tribes the ]iower of rooting from cuttings is almost as gn-at as in the
Cypress and its allies. It is mueh weakei' in the Fir and Pine tribe ;
some of the Araucarias and thi' ( 'unniiighaiiiia ])0ssess it in a high
degree; the Spruce and Hemlock Firs less so; it is feeltle in the Silver
Firs, and wanting, or nearly so, altogether in the tiue Fines.

* Arboretum ct Fiutii-ctiuii I'.ritaniiiciuii. Vol. I\'. p. 2,;2!1S. Tlie tree witli its |)i()g('iiy
here figiU'ed and descrilicd lias sinci: disapjK'aiMMl, Imt in a ])lantation al»mt 200 yards soutli-
west from tlie mansion niay 1)C seen many Xi>r\v;iy S])iuces whose lowermost hranelies liave
taken root in tlie soft damj) eartli, some with three, I'onr and even more series of youn<^
trees around tliem. To my late excellent eonesjiondent, Mr. Malcolm Dniui, of Dalkeitii,
win) visited Tlie W'liim for the express jiurpose of inspeetinf^ these trees, I am indebted
for the f(jllowin<; jiartieulars resjiecting them : " Tin' soil in which the Xorway Spruces
are growinj^ is a deep peat bog, the suif'aee of which is covered with sphagnum moss, heatli,
billieny, etc. Tin' branches of the Spruces lieeome loaded with moss ami lichen, antl when
Ix'iit to the gi-onnd by their weight, the sphagnum soon covering them, thi-y root freely
into the soft Ixig earth. There arc two fairly distinct varieties of the Norway Spruce at
The Wiiiin, one with short crowded leaves, and the other with looser, longer ones ; trees
with tin' tii-st named foliage most readily root from the lower branches, while those with
the other kind rarelv do so."

THE ST KM.
The stem m- trunk of taxacenus ami coniferous trees is the direct
prolongation of the axis of the seedling plant, which is itself a
development of tlie axis of the embryo. Usually, under cultivation
and perhaps always in a wild state, if the seed germinates in spring,
the axis of the seedling continues to lengthen after the de\elopment of
the cotyledons during the same season ; it then produces foliage
leaves that are often ^-ery di tie rent from those subsequently produced
oil the older parts of the stems and branches. The termination of
the first stage of growth is marked by a scaly winter bud in all
the species included in the Fir and Pine tribe (Al>ietine;e), in most
of the cultivated Taxads, in Sciadopitys, Taxodium, and Sequoia
sempervirens.'^ From this bud the axis continues to lengthen in the
following season and to produce lea^'es that gradually take the
form characteristic of the species. In the Abietineie, at the
termination of the growth of the axis in the second, and still
more cou.spicuouslv in the succeeding seasons, the apical bud is
surrounded by a variable number of smaller Ijuds from which
branches are de^"eloped in the following year. In the Taxace.e, the
apical bud is usually solitary, Init other Imds are distributed
irregularly over tliat portion of the stem formed during the current
season's growth from which branches are developed in the following
year ; it is thence evident how greatly the position and number
of both terminal and lateral buds intluence the habit of the tree,
and how greatly the form and beauty of coniferous trees depend
on the branching. Throughout the Cupressine;e, in Araucaria and
Cunniughamia, and in the Taxodinea. with the exceptions named
above, no true winter buds are formed, but during the season of
rest, the apex of the shoots is protected by the latest-formed leaves
ill different stages of development, the older ones usually arching
over and enclosing the younger imperfect ones, and which for the
time being perform the function of bud scales.

In all Taxads and Conifers that come under the denomination of
trees, the stem or primary axis always grows more rapidly than the
branches given off from it, until the upward progress is diminished l>y
age, or arrested by physical causes, the yearly rate of increase being
fairly uniform according to age, in each species, Init often modified in
Great Britain by the \arying climatic conditions of the seasons. In
this way the stems or trunks continue to ascend year after year: they
are for the most part cylindric-conic, gradually tapering from the base

* In this species the bud foinied at the apex of each shoot is intermediate in structure
between the true winter buds of the Abietineoe and the terminal leafy envelopes of the
Cupressinea?.

12 THE STK.M.

to the apex, perfectly erect except where tlirowii out of the per-
penchcidar hy the action of the wind, and attaining dimensions varying
from a few indies* to more than 300 feet in height,! and with
diameters generally small in proportion to the height, Init in this
respect the Yew, the Cedar of Leiianon and the deciduous Cypress
aiford occasional exceptions. The size attained ])y stems of the same
species is far from being uniform except under like conditions, the
growth l)eing greatly influenced l)y soil, situation or climate, or hy a
combniation of these causes. Some species of Pinus and Al)ies, for
example, having the slopes of mountains for their habitat, at and near
their lower limit grow from 60 to 100 feet liigli, or even more; Imt
this height is found to diminish in proportion to the elevation at
which they grow, so that at the highest point, often at the linnts of
perpetual snow, they are dwarfed to a more scrul)by Inish over which
a man may step. A similar change is o])served in species whose
habitat extends over many degrees of latitude ; thus, the Ceudjra Pine
on the Swiss Alps, and under cultivation in our own country, grows
from 50 to 70 feet high ; at its nortliern limit, in the Sil»erian plains
and Kamtschatka, it is dwarfed to a low l)ush the height of wliicli
ranges between 50 and 70 inches.^ The American Tidelaud Spruce,
Picea sitchensis, which in tlie swampy littoral tracts of Oregon grows to
a height of 250 feet, is reduced to a low scruljby bush at its extreme
northern linut in Alaska. Finns Banksiana, which is liotanically allied
to the Scots Pine of our own country and often seen upwards uf
100 feet high, is a straggling shrub of from three to five feet high
among the rocks in the dreary wastes of Labrador.

The chief cause of the great ditterence just uotieed is tlic (liiiiinislied
amount of sohu' lieat which the (l\varfe(l forms ]'ccei\c, ami liy whiili
their gi'owth is constantly rctardiMl. At high elcvntions, this diinimUiMii
is owing to the rarity of the atniosphi'i'c, wliidi ])ermits ;i lapid
I'adiation nf heat into sjiace without allording any such rjircks as
ai'e present in the deiisei- strata of lowei' allilndes and at llie sea
level wheiv IJic at uios) ilicre is ahvays nioi'e m less sui'cliaigcd with
va])oui'. In high latitudes, the dindnutiiai of solar heal is ihie to
till' slanting dii'cction in which the suns rays sti'ike the eai'th, owing
to tile convexity of its suiiaec, and whence their power is L;reatly
Aveakene(l ; also the short period the sun is daily above the hoiizon
dui'ing neaily half tlie year, owing to the ohli(pn'ty of the earth's axis.
The size and height attaiuetl by the trunks (ir stems of coniferous
trees, and niure especially of the same oi' alHi^l species, ai'c also i^ieatly
iidluenced by the ainoiuit of moistuiv <<( the chmate in which the
trees are gi'owing, or which amounts \n nearly the same thing, the
annual rainfall of the renion or (hstrict. it is nhserved, in reference
to the distribution of the ( 'oiuferce, that theii' al)undam-e and rate of
* Juiiiprrux roiiiiiiuiiis coinprrssn, :iativc of the Pyrenees,
t Srquol'i If'tlliiigtoniii, '■\\v ^huiimotli tree ef Caiifnniia.

X Tliis fonii is (Icscrihcd as a distinct s))ecies audcr tlic iiainr nl /'i,nis jminiln l>y
Dr. IleiiMJi-li Mayr. in " Aliictinccn dcs .(a]ianisi-lieii Kciclis." |i SO"

I'lIK .S'I'K.M. 13

,i,fi'0\vtli fulliiw pivlty nearly thr ,L;vii('i-iil laws I'clalivc in tlic (listrihutidii
(if rain : - tluis (1). In niountaiinais rcL;iiins of the tcniptTatc zones
more rain falls than in llu' li'\cl ilistricts, hi'c-ausc niDuntains arrest the
elouds, and a coiuleusation (if va]iiinr ensues from cc^llisioii with their
colli sunuuits, and there are found the densest forests and most luxuriant
growth. (2). — The precipitatiou of rain decreast's in proi •(■(■( lin^- from llic
Tro])ic of Cancer to the Arctic Circle ; in like manner it may he roughly
stated that, excejit in maritime districts, the size attained by coniferous
trees and their rate of growth diminish in a- like ratio. (3.) — The rainfall
also decreases in passing from maritime to inland countries; it is also
found that the growth of coniferous ]ilants is influenced by the same
la^y. The sanu' general facts are ohseryahle in England : thus in
Cornwall and Devonshire the average annual rainfall exceeds 40 inches,
■while in the Eastern Comities it is often below 20 inches. The
numerous reports published in tlie Imrticultural journals show that
the rate of growth of Coniferse in the south-west and west of England
is much greater than in the eastern counties. ^\.n(l so in Scotland.
On the west coast and in parts of Perthshire the annual rainfall
reaches 50 inches, in particular spots very much more, while on the east
side of the country it is not more than 30 inches. The finest Coniferae
in Scotland are found where the temperature and rainfall are highest.

In further illustration of these laws, the following are ^yell-attested
instances. The mountain ranges in the Xorth American continent in
the neighbourhood of the Pacific Ocean, extending through California,
Oregon, and British Columliia, w^ere, and are still in jilaces covered
with the densest coating of coniferous vegetation known, and there
the summer temperatm-e is high and the annual rainfall
copious. In the eastern jiarts of the Continent, where it is uiuch
drier and colder, the "Weymouth Pine (Pimcs Strolms) attains a height
of 100 feet; in nearly the same latitude, near the Pacific Coast, its
near ally, the Sugar Pine (Pinu^ Lamherfiayia ), towers to nearly
three times that height. The Balsam Firs of Canada and Carolina
(Abies halsamea and A. Fraseri) are low shortdived trei^s, not often
more than 50 feet high ; their congeners, the AVestern Balsam Eirs of
California and Oregon (A. (jrandis and A. ronrolor) are giants 200 feet
high, and live for centuries. In the humid climate of the
Himalaya, the Deodar Cedar, Hemlock Eir (Tswja Bnmoniana) and
some of the Junipers attain dimensions far exceeding those of their
nearest allies in rither parts of the eastern continent. In Europe all
the principal mountain ranges abound in coniferous forests, att'ording
valual)le tindier ; while in the plains, wdiere the rainfall is much less,
many kinds are dwarfed, and others cannot lie made to thrive even
under cultivation. Under the tropical rains of Mexico the deciduous
Cypress rivals in size its great Californian cousins, while further north,
in tlie United States, it is often a moderate-sized tree 120 feet high
or thereabouts.

Tlie stems or triuiks of the larger coniferous trees increase in
height and diameter very rapidly after the first years of theii'
" infancy," when the plant has l;)ecome established. Thus the
"Wellingtonia in this country grows at the rate of from 24 to 30 inches
in (ine year, and Tlnda (ji(janti'a and Chipresms macrocarpa have
lieeu known to make an addition of nearly four feet to their height
in one season. Abies Nonhnanniana and A. 7iobilis, which commence

14 THE STEM.

their L;nAvtli late in the season, will add tn their leaders fruin 15 to
18 inches in tlie short spaee uf six or ei^lit weeks. Ahif'tia Dnuij/cmi
makes an average ^rowtli of from I'l to '27 inches annually, anil Piniix
iwh'afa* even more. Tlie late of L;rowth varies in I'acli kind
accordin.L;' to the soil and situation ; it is also jnfluenced hy the
state of the season, lieiiiL; greater or less according as the temjierature
is higher or lower than the average mean. Every annual increase in
heiglit is, of course, accompanied hy an increase in the diameter of
the truid< indicateil liy one ring.

Theoretically, the trunks of coniferous trees miglit increase in size
and height inilehnitely, were there no counteracting causes at work to
check and hnally to arrest the progress; hut such sooner or later are
snre to arise, and among the jnincipal are luidonhtedly tlie gradual
I'xhaiistion of the soil in which the tree is growing, and tlie choking
u}i of the channels of circulation hy the deposition of insoluhle
matter taken up hy the roots. The functions of tlie various organs
hecome enfeeliled hy age, as they do in the animal frame, although tlie
period of the life of the one is in most instances immensely jn'olonged
compared with that of the other, so tliat tlie cause of decay is so
niucli the slower in its action. The vigour with which coniferous
trees increase in size during the earlier period of their existence is
sensibly diminished in process of time, till at length the counteracting
causes balance the growing power ; the tree has then reached its full
maturity ; the period of decay sets in which is never permanently
arrested till the deatli of the individual and the suhseipient decoiu])osition
(»f its tissues is complete.

A cross section of the trunk of a large coniferous tree shows that
the annual rings nearest the central pith are the l)roadest, and that
their width diminishes as they recede from the centre to the bark.
In trees felled in (ireat Britain the diminution is not symmetrical; a
ring of a certain width in any jiart of tlie section is not precisely
so much narrower than the one within it, or so niucli liroader than
tlie one immediattdy Avithout it. ( >n tlie contrary, the irregularity
in this respect is very considerable, so that a ring is often found
whicli is broader than the one nearer the centre. This irregularity is
lielieved to be <lue to (dimatic (dianges. l)uring a long and warm
summer a coniferous tree will make much more giowth than during a
wet and comparatively cold one, and it is not improbabh' that the
tlnctuations of the seasons are rejire.seiited by tlie differi'iit widths of the
rings. Hut in regions like California ami that of the Himalaya where
the alternation of seasons is regular and tlie average annual tempera-
ture and rainfall almost constant, the diminution in breadth proceeds
very symmetrically ; but there aiv throughout the sections circular
spaces of considerable lireadth iu which there is an a])]irecial)le
uniformity in tlie width of these annual rings, so that the gradual
diniinuti(Mi is not jierceptilile unless a series of the inner rings is
conii)are(l with a series nearer the circumference. Tlie general jirinciiile
is, however, never departed from: the rings more ivniote from the

* The giowth of Piaus i-mliata in the wanu and more e(iiuil>le ohiiiate of New Zealand
is very rapid. A cori'es})ondent in the Cantei'lniry district informed Messrs. Veitcli that
lie had measured shoots of tlie jireceding year's growth nine feet long ; the average growtli
of a iiumlier of trees in a plantation was <juite si.\ feet. Its growth is efpially rapiil
in South Australia, Victoria, and other suli-tropical lands ])ossessing a moderate lainiall
similar to that of South California.

AGE OF CONIFEROUS TREES. 15

centre iliiuiuisli in wiilth as ihcy aii]irna(li tlie Ijark. In very afed
trees the rings near the ontside are so closi; togetlier that they can
only be counted with (lithculty, upwards of one hundred nf them
scarcely occupying a breadth of more than from one to two imhes.

The AGE attained by coniferous trees varies very iinuh in tJie
diti'erent families. Sonie members of the ("ypress trilie complete their
evolution in a few years ; the gigantic Seipioias of California have
biM'ii living iluring the greater part of the time that separates us from
the connnencement of the Christian Era. Between the.se extreme cases
are numerous exam[)les of greater or less longevity ; thus the Yew is
known to live over a thousand years, whilst the American Tialsam Fir
rarely attains the '' a[)pointed age of man."'

The nearest approach to accuracy in estimating the age of a coniferous
tree is obtained by t-ounting the number of rings in a transverse
section of the trunk near the base. Such sections have been made
for the express purpose of ascertaining the age, and others preserved
in Xational ^luseums for the purpose of showing the texture of the
timber are useful for the same end. Thus, in the Museum of
Economic Botany at Kew there is a section of Pinns si/Ivesfris from
Inverness-shire that was 145 years old when felled and was sound
throughout ; one of Larix eurojxea, 126 years okl, blown down in
Xorthumberland in 1863, and others whose ages have not been
ascertained. ^Viid in the Xatural History ^luseuni at South Kensington
there is a section of Sequoia (jiijanfea showing 1,335 rings. (This tree
must have been standing in the earlier period of the Saxon Heptarchy.)
There is also a section of Abietia (Pseud of ■<U(ia) Dour/Ja-^'u' with 533,
and of Abies (jrandis with 317 rings.

It is evident that while such sections indicate very nearly the age
of the individual trees at the date of being felled, a number of trees
of the same species would lun-e to be felled if the average age
attainable by that species is tn lie ascertained with any approach to
accuracy. "\Aliere the geographical range of the species is restricted as
in the case of the Sequoias, Cryiitomeria, some of the Abies, Tsugas
and Pinus, the ages ascertained from sections of some of the largest
trees is practically a sufficient basis for the estimate of the age attained
by the species in its own habitat. < )n the other hand, in the case
of species which have a wide geographical distribution, and thence are
growing luider varying conditions of climate and environment, as Pimis
sylvestris, P. ponderosa, Picea nigra, Junipents virginiana, Taxus bat-cata
and others, a considerable divergence in the size and age attained in
different localities and arising from different causes, undoubtedly occurs.

The following estimate, given 1)y various authorities, of the ages
attained hy some of the largest coniferous trees must be accepted only
with a degree of reservation corresponding to the difficulty experienced
in ascertaining anything like an ap[iroximation to the truth.

The Californian Big Tree (Spqnoia
WeJUngtonia) .....

The Red Wood (Sequoia senipervirens)

The Yew (Taxus baccata)

Deciduous Cypress (Taxodituri distirlmm)

Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus Deodara) .

Cedar of Lebanon (Ced'/^us Libani) .

Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus CembraJ

from

1,500 to 2,000 vears.

1,300 „ 1,750 ^ „

1,100 „ 1,250 „

750 , 1,000 „

750 „ 900 „

500 „ 800 „

450 t.)

750

jcai's.

450 „

600

350 „

500

350 „

500

))

300 „

400

))

300 „

500

))

300 „

500

250 „

400

))

16 i; A:\riFicATioN.

l)(niglas Fir (Ahiefia l)(in(jJa>^ii) . . from

Silver Fir (Abies perfinata) . . . ,,

Roinau Cypress ( Ouj/ressti,^ seinperrirpux) . „

Sugar Pint? (Phmx Lnjiihertiana) . . ,,

Moretun Bay Pim- (Arauraria Biihrilli) . „

Kauri Pine. fAijafhii< amfralis) . . . ,,

Colombian Hemlock Fir (Tf^iKja AJ/jerfia)ta) ,,

Sitka Spruee (P/'nri f^ifrhenxiK) . . . ,,

EAMIFICATIOK

As every branch originates from a l)U(;l, and upon the arrangement of
the bnds and their development into branches the habit of the pknt
depends, it wouhl seem that an account of the buds should naturally
precede a description of the ramitication. Practically tlie buds and the
young shoots that arise from them can l)e better studied on trees
whose 1)ranches have attained considerable development than on young
plants passing out of the cotyledonary state. For this reason pre-
cedence is given to ramification.

The ramification of Taxads and Conifers is normally monopodia!, that
is to say — the principal axes or motlier shoots continue to develop
more strongly than all the lateral shoots, and the lateral shoots of each
successive order beha^■e in the same manner in respect ti;) their mother
shoots. As pointed out by Dr. Masters, the variations in the mode of
growth depend primarily upon the de^'elopment of the buds in
particular situations, and upon their non-development in others.
Development and non-de\'elopment occur in rhythmic alternation as
regards time, and in relatively definite positions as regards s})ace. The
unusual degree of regularity with which these phenomena do or do not
occur, l:)rings about a style of ramification characteristic of the
Conifene.*

Throughout the Fir and I'ine tril)e (Abietinete) with the exception of
a few species of I'inus, and some abnormal states of Picca ej-i-clxa; and
also in nearly all the Taxodineae, tlic Araucarineae, and in many of the
Cu})ressine3e, the development of the trunk is often en(»rmous com})ared
with that of the branches. In the first named tribe, and also in the
Arancarinere, the ])rimary branches are in whorls, or perhaps more
properly, pscudd-wliorls,! that is to say — they are produced from the trunk
on every side, nearly in the same ])lane, in tiers of from three to seven
each, rarely more, five being the ])redominant niunber. In (ireat Britain,
owing to climatic causes, the intervals between the tiers of branches vary
in length, Init in the more constant climate of California and other parts

* .louin. Liiiii. Sof XXVII. 281 (1890).

t In young jilaiits of ArdUinrUt exirha, cultivated in Con.seivatorie.s in (irc-at ISritain,
the j)riniary branches arc strictly verticillate, that is, produced in a ring around the
conininn axis in exactly tlie same plane. And this is apparently the cas.e in young trees
of Abies, Picea, and jierliaps Pinus. In older tree.s one or more branches in the same
whorl are often displaced from the common plane l)y unequal development of the stem
during gi'owth, sucii as is .shown l)y lont^itudinal and transverse sections ot trunks
preserved in the National Museums, etc.

ItAMIFK'ATIOX. 1

(if Niirtli Aiiu'i'ii-a thr intervals arc slrikiii^uly uiiilnriii. The -viirral
(lin'ctidii (if the iiriiiiarv liranclu's is iKirizmilal, Init the lii,ulicf (Uics aiv

oftl'll moiv Of less asccndill-, while the lower ones are detleXeil liy the
weie-ht of their appeuihievs. \'eiT often siii-le Kranehes are ja-odueed
between the whorls, but tliese ai'e adveiititiiais, and their dev(doiniienl is
■ivnevally nuieh weaker than tlie others.

Of the branches eoia])rising a siui^-le whorl, it often liappens that the
i^Towth of one or two is more vi.n'orons than that of the otiiei's ; a
ri-i'orous unifonuit.v of .urowth is tlie excejition rather than th.' rule.*
In the reniainin.uCoNiKER.K and in tlie Taxack.k. the jiriuiary branelies
are prodneed aronnd the tnud;, nsually at (dose irre.nular intervals,
and their .general direction is nuich the same as in the Abietineie
and AraucarinecP ; but there are many executions, especially where the
disproportion between the stem and jaimary bran(dies is not so marked.
The resulting- habit from this mode of -rowth is, that so long as the
stem or main axis eontinues to ascend, the branches <>Tadually decrease
in length from below upwards, and those trees that aiv furnished with
liranehes from the base have the outline of an ehaigatcd cone or s]iire.

Among the Cupressineae and TaxaeecT, and even among the true
Pines, mstanees occur in which the primary bramdies and their ramifica-
tions take an upward direction, either parallel with the principal axis,
or at a small angle to it; the spire-like habit then becomes moditied
into the tapering or Hame-like, the fastigiate, the globose, or even the
bush form. Well-known examples of the flame-like are afforded by the
Roman Cypress and the erect variety nf I.awson's Cypress. The fastigiate
habit is seen in the Irish Yew, the Swedish Juniper, the upright forni
of Geplialotaxus pedunculata, and others; in these fastigiate forms of
Taxus and Cephalotaxus correlative changes are ob.servable m the leaves
which do not liecome twisted at the base, and conse<iuently not pseudo-
distichous. The globose habit is represented in gardens by varieties of
Thuia orient alls, Cupre^ms ohfum, Junijwru'< rontntunix and others ;
and the bush form bv Cephalotaxus, Saxe-gothaea, varieties of the
common Yew, manv dunipers, several varieties of Cnpresmx ohfma, C.
pmfera, Thuia orri,1entalis, etc. AYhen the primary branches are short
ami nearlv of e(inal length from below upwards, the tree takes a
columnar form, such as is often seen in Pinm C'ewhra and Cupve^mx
Lwrsoniana, and always in Lihoredrm denu-rem in this country. In a
few Junipers, in one or two varieties of the common Yew, in a
remarkable varietv of CnjpfaniL'ria Japonira whi.di originated m Japan
in Thuia dolahmfa ketevirens introduced from the same c(iuntry,_ and
in a few others, the principal axis fails to ascend, while the primary
branches and their ramifications spread over the surface of the ground
This iirostrate habit is one of the least c.^nniKm amongst the cultn;;Ued
Taxads and Conifers, but at high altitudes and at the extreme northern
limit of arborescent vegetation where the animal peno.ls of growth are
short and the temperature low, the prostrate habit is common to well
nigh all the species found under those conditions.

^^luch variation exists in the amount of branching In Anuirana

imbncafa, A. Bid>riJ/ii, A. hmxiliensis, A. Cookii and probably other

species, often conspicuously in the flrst named,! also m some of the

*It is uio«t fi-e-iuent in the Araucarias and some of the Abies during the early peviod of their life

t Prhuary branches of Amucaria unhrimt. bavc been noted by the author ,-10 teet

long without a single lateral shoot.

18 KA.MIFICATION.

l(>iig-l(';i\-('(l Pines, Pinnx (hu/fcri, P. Minifi::iniiii', etc., tlic sccdiulary
braiu'lics art' (■(iiii|iarativ('ly few. A i('iiiarkal)l(' iiistaiicf of sparse lauiiti-
eatioii oeeiirs in a variety nf the (•(nuuinn Spruce Fir, known in nanlens
as Picpd excel t<a iiiojtsfrosa. It is a euiious fai-t, too, that other varieties
of tlie same, sjjeeies, as P. exreha Clcuihrafiiliana, py(j}ini'a, (Tref/ari/ana,
liave tlie very o})]iosite tendency ; the trunk and ])riinary l)ranehes
reiiiainiiiL;' shoi't, wliilst the smaller ones l)eeoiue excessively niultililied.
Shoots from adventitious huds on tlie upper side of primary horizontal
branelu's, and often on those of a lower degree, usually take an ujiward
direction, and in that case tlie leaves spread from tliem on all sides, as
on the ])rincipal axis.

In a large ju'oportion hotli of Taxads and ( 'onifers ihe piimary
In'anches ramify laterally nidy, the secondaries branch in the same way,'
and likewise the tertiaries and so on. In the Cupressinese this lateral
branching is continued to branchlets of the sixth, seventh and even lower
degree ; the primary branch with its sj-stem of ramifications has
conse(|uently a flattened or frond(jse form. In the Alnetineae this
frondose manner of branching is common throughout Abies except in
A. Pimapo, also Picea, Tsuga, Cedrns, Larix, Abietia (Pseudotsuga),
and Laricopsis ; but in some species, as Picea ISmithiana, Tmija
Alhcrtiana, Larix europiea pewhila, it is ol)scured by tiie ]>endulosity
of the lateral growths. I^ateral liranching is also common throughout
the Araucarinese ; in the Taxodniese it occurs in ( "ryptomeria, Taxodium
ami Set/uoia seniperriren.-^ : among Taxads it is conspicuous in Taxus,
Tori'eya and Cephalotaxus.

In most <d the genera inciudetl in the Cupressineap as Thuia,
Libocedrus, Cu})ressus (in i)art) and some of the tro])ical genera
too tender for the open ground in (Ireat Britain, the smaller
branch systems are also flattened or frondose;* in these cases -- tluit
is, where the })roduction of branclilets is in one plane only, the
lateral leaves are regularly conduplicate and imbricate, and the
brantddets arise from their axils, while the median leaves are flattened
and (dosely ai)))ressed to the stem. The position of these frondose
branchlets is either horizontal, slightly ascending or slightly
•lescending, as in Ckq^rexm-^ nutkafeims, C. ohfuxa, Thuia occidental ix,
i}V vertical as in Thuia orientali>(, Lihocedni)^ (JecurreuK and in
the fastigiate and globose forms of all the C'ujjressinecTe exce]it
.luniperus. In Cu/iressus LairxouiiDia and its varieties ahnost every
])osition occurs.

" ^'ariations further occiu", arising fiom the degree of ramiiication,
as in bi- tri- <iuatlri-pinnati' ramification. In some cases tliis pinnate
mode of branching may take jjlace regularly on botli sides of the
.sh(jot or on one side only, and in the lattei' case generally on the
ilistal sid(>, or that farthest nMiioxiMl from tlie axis, often as in Thuia
causing a curvature of the braiudilet wli<ise concavity is directeil towards
the main axis."!

It is worthy of note that these latest formed groups of liraiichlets
or liraiudi-systems, whi^ther in the flattened or frondose form, or whether
liriMluced from all sides of the yomiger shoots as in .luniperus, fall ofl'

* An L'xeeptioii ocoiirs in Cuproisus thijoidcs kimwii in gardens as tlic Aniericiin 'Wliite
Cedar, and es])ecially in its variety leptochtda in wliich tlir ultimate luanchlets are in
corynibilbini tufts.

t Ma.sters in .louiii. Limi. Sm-. .X.W'Il. 286.

GE.M.MATIOX. 19

as the growth nf thr iniuiaiv hiaiichi's and tlieir princinal raiuitications
pi'DctHnl just as till' iudivithial leaves of (Un'i(hi(nis trees and slu'uhs do
and liy a similar iiroee.ss.

GE.MMATIOX (Bids).

Leaf l)uds may be regarded as young unde\eloped hranches. AVhen
leaves arise from the formative tissues rapidly one after the other
as in the Conifera- and most Taxads, they envelop the end of the
shoot, in the centre of which lies the growing point. In the
autumn the growth is temporarily arrested, and " this arrest is
fiequently accompanied by a corresponding check in the development
of the leaves which assume the form of ■pcrtda: or bud scales, the
peruhe being dilatations of the petiolar part of the leaf. In the
unexpanded bud the peruhe are free at the l)ase, but as the shoot
lengthens they are sometimes cast off, sometimes remain attached to
it, in which latter case they are uplifted with the growing shoot."*
When the rudimentary or imperfectly formed leaves at the end of
a shoot are so enclosed by peruhi:', they form what is called true
winter Ijuds. In all broad-leaved (Angiospermous) trees and shrubs,
a bud is formed, not only at the apex of every shoot, but also in the
axil of almost every leaf.+ But in the Conifera% or more properly
speaking, in those members of the family which form true winter buds, the
circumstances are somewhat different as will be presently pointed out.

True winter buds are formed throughout the Fir and Piue tribe,
Abietinea', in some of the Taxodine;e (Taxodium, Sequoia scmpcrvircns,
Sciadopitys) and in many Taxads (Yew, Torreya, Cephalotaxus, Ginkgo).
But throughout the Cupressinea? and Araucarinete, and in the Taxo-
dineie and Taxaccic in part, the arrest of growth is not accompanied
by a corresponding arrest of development and the growing point is
not protected by perida- or scales, but by the latest formed leaves
in different stages of development and which in the following
season attain their normal form and size like the rest. Intermediate
■stages may often be found between the peruke and the primordial
leaves showing the perfect homology of the two.

The arrangement and l)ehaviour of the buds of coniferous trees
have been so lucidly discussed by Dr. Masters in the oft-quoted paper
in the Journal of the Liiniean Society 1 that we cannot d(^ better than
reproduce his observations in an abbreviated form.

The very marked pecuHarity of the ramification vi Conifers and Taxads
depends mainly on the alternate development and non-development of tlie
Ijuds. ,\^ very eonnnon featm-e in the arrangement of the bud.s i.s the

* Masters in .louni. Liini Sof. XX\'II. 271.

t From some of these Imds the iiitioresceiiee is developed in tlie place of a new shoot ;
mniphologicallv the one is bixt a modification of the other.
J Vol. XXA'II. pp. 226—325.

GEMMATION.

(IcVi'lnpUli'llt (if mil' a|iir;il Imil at the cllil of the slliMits whrtllrr tiriiiilliil

or laU'i'al, ami nf a circlet aroiind it at tlic liasc. In the civet leader the
circlet is coiu])lete, Imt iu the lateral lirauches it u>^ually happens as seen
in the .species <if Ahies and I'icea, that the np]i'ruiiist bnds df the circlet,
if developed at all, remain iu a rudiinentarv cunditinn. This is e\idently
connected with the horizoutul position of the hi'anches ; Imt it is ciiriniis
to note tliat it is the upjievinost buds, those most expused, that are nnt
developeil, Imt are checked in their i^'rnwth to the advantage nf the
lower huds.

In Pines, on the other hiiud, the lateral huds in the tir.-t instance are
erect like the terminal bud; but as they ,L;ro\v they assume a horizontal
direction as in the species of Abies, but with this important exception,
tliat they generally turn up at the tips as growtli goes on, and thus
allow of the access of light to the brariches beneath. Hence in Pines
we hud the circlet of l)uds, whether on the terminal nr on the lateral
shoots, complete and eipially developed on all sides. The I'clative absence
of lateral buds, except near the ends of the shoots, is also a marke(l
feature in the Abietineae.

The l)ud scales are arranged spirally and are fre([\iently compacted

together by a felted arrangement of
the hairs or fringed margins of the
scales as in many Pines, or by an
exudation of resin as in many Firs.
These arrangements are evidently
adajjted for the protection of the
young buds from cold or wet. In
some Spruce Firs, additional ju'otec-
tion is afforded by the arrangement of
the leaves near the end of the shoot,
and which, instead of spreading
laterally, are directed parallel to the
long axis of the shoot, and thus clo.se

Fig. 0 1, Tubular. 2, Calyptrate dopemlation. over the buds. The form of buds

and bud scales sometimes afford ustdul
means of discrinunatiou l)etween certain species.

The bud scales, or perulpe as they are technically called, pivsent
variations in texture and duration, being c(n-iaceous in some sjiecies, long,
thin and miMubraneous in others; they are either entire, fringed or
hicerated at their margins. As the.se jienda' .serve a uniform and.
temporary pvu-pose only, they are less liable to variation and modification
during growth from the operation of external causes, than oi'gans of
longer duration and more complex function, and hence, tVom their
relative invarialiility, their utility for cla.ssiticatory purposes is greater
tlian might be supjiosed.

The manner in which the laid .scales are removed or thiust aside hy
the growing shoot is also worthy of attention. The variations observed
depiMid, of course, on the relation between the nature of the scale,
the amount of resistani'e they otter, and the degive of vigour and
direction of growth in the bud beneath. In some cases the bud scales
are least resistant to the |.ressure of the growing shoot at the a]iex of
the bud, in which case the shoot makes its way through a ring or tube
of scal-s which persist around the base of the liranch for a long time.
Illustrations of this occur iu JA/c.-' (iniahili^, A. imhlli^. A. Fraxeri,

(iKMMATIOX.

(itluT

1)U(1, ;
ii call

.itrhii .1. lirnm, Pirmrolifa, P. Sniithuuuu and umuy ntl,..vs In
s,HM-ies the biul scaU-s offi'V thr Last ivsisla.UH' at th. Uisc ul th.
.J, .hen this happens, the hud s.des .. puslu;;l^;.« jn the ^..n^ of
i

This

llSt'l

■val.h

in .lAA^.s' Jirwtcafa, A. cilinra, A. Pimapo,
Pirm jnuKjenx, P. ohorata, and others.
Instances have also been observed in
which both processes have occurred,
as Picea EiKjehnanni*

The order of developnicut of the
ternunal and hiteral buds at the end
of the erect or of tin' horizontal
shoots should also be notic'cd. The
o-eneral but n.)t invariable tendency
hi the Abietinea:> is for the side buds
to expand liefore the central or
terminal one, even when that is larger
than the others. In some of the
Pines Avhere the cone is apparently
Init not really terminal the central bud
does not start into growth and develop
into a shoot until the originally erect
cone iDends downwards; hence the
shoot in (question is a season behnid
the cone in develoinnent though formed
at the same time.

In Phms the young shoots present
differences which'are useful for specific
distinction, in colour, degree of hairi-
ness, form, etc., some being cylindrical,
others with prominent angles with
intervening furrows; but the most
remarkable ditference is the presence
(,r absence of leaf fascicles at the base
of the shoot. When the growth is
uniform, the whole length of the shoot
is covered with leaf tufts as ni Pinus
ninea, P. Laricio, P. sylvesfris, P.
nmfnrfa, P. Cembm, P. rigida and
many others; but when growth is
disproportionately rapid near the
l);ise, there the base of the shoot is
destitute of leaves for some distance,
as in Pinus Strohus, P. excelsa, P.
Sahiniana, P. Coulteri, P. poiideM,
P. Bunijmna and several others, ihis

•The in-oc„, of c»ti„g off the bud <«^<^ ^^^S^.'^i ^^S^"iyP'^'-

dv»p oft' in ceutntugal nvdci-.

Fii.:. 7.

BnuicliU't 111' /."/■'■(
tufted fc.iliiigrt.

22 FOLIATION.

cliiiractcr, Iidwcvcv, is no more alisolutc than any dtlici', for in P.
iiiontana while the central shoot is leafy at the base, the lateral shoots
from the same cluster of Inuls are naked at the base.

The species of Cedrus, Larix, Laricopsis (Psendolarix) and (Hnkgo
are remarkable for the iirodnction of two kinds of brandies, the one
lon,L;- and slender with the leaves distribnte(l at intervals, the others
short and thick with the leaves in tufts at tlu' extremities.* The
former are the extension or leader shoots in whicli growth and develop-
ment are rapid ; the latter are aualo.nous to similar growths in the
A]>ple, Pear, Lal)urnum, Imt are in the Taxace.k and Coxifeh.k not
necessarily connected with the jmiduction of fruit, although in Cedrus
and Laricopsis (Pseudolarix) the spui's bear tlu' staminate floAvers, and
in (Tinkgo both the staminate flowers and the fruits are produced from
the apex of the s)nu"s. The leaves on the extension or leader shoots of
Cedrus and Larix are generally longer and nioi'c glaucous than those
on the spurs, and are stomatiferous on both sides.

The mode of develo]»ment of the s]iuis may readily be traced in
the Larch and Cedar, and confirm the \ii'w that the a]ipear;inces are
due to the more vigorous growth of the basal and jieripiieral parts in
comparison with the central and apical porti<jns. Thus, if a Imd at
the end of a shoot be examined in October, the apex will lie found
to be dome-.shaped ; the young leaves emerge in succession from the
base of the dome, leaving the apex naked, so that the development
of the leaves is centripetal. If one of the lateral buds lie examineil
at the same time, the axis will lie found to form, not a dome, but
a cup from whose margins the k-aves [irotrude, those at the upiter
edge of the cup lieing the oldest and corresponding to those at the
base of the dome. These lateral laids are those destined to form the
tirfts of leaves on the spur; the greatest energy of growth is in the
one case at the a]iex of the growing axis, in the other at the base
of it.

FOLIATION.

The term is liere restricted to foliage Iea\es only, and to those

organs that function as such, as the phyUoid shoots of Sciadopitys

and tlie cladodes of riiyllochi(lus. The morphology of tlie leaves in

the cotyledonary state has been already noticed.

The cotyledonar}- leaves'" are almost always foll(»\ved by lea\es that

tliffei' in form and arrangenuuit both from the cotyledons and from

the adult leaves of the same species ; the}' are known as jn-imordial

or ] »rotomorphic leaves. Except in Ginkgo, they are linear in shape,

ami are either spirally arranged around tlu' axis (Pinus, xVbies,

ricea, etc.); scattered (Cedrus, Larix, Sequoia, Taxus, etc.): or in

decussate pairs (Cui)ressus, Thuia, Liliocedrus, etc.) Sometimes they

are separated by a distinguishable intt'r\al, but there are cases in

which they are so crowded as to appear tufted; there are also

cases in which they are seen to pass gradually into the adult state.

These primordial leaves can be readily recognised in most species; in

• In reality the leaves are arranged in a siiiral as un the Idngcr slumts, hut thev are so
closely packed that the spiral arrangement is often very much ohscured.

FOLIATION.

Ginkgo they are almost of circular form;
alternate and not wliorled like the phylluid
functions of leaves in older plants ; in

f two or more."

and not in clusters
primordial lea^'es are

often ])ro(hKH'(

Fig. 8. YouiiK plant of Lilidrnlrnn (Irrunriif:.
c, cotyledons ; pr, primordial, tr, transitional leaves ;
AD, adult foliajje.

narrowness ni comparison
diversity in the shape of

ni Sciadopitys they are

growths that perform the

Pinus they are solitary.

In the Cii])ressine<e the

for many years in succession,

and ari' thence frequently seen

sinudtaneously with the adult

foliage as in Juniperus, Thuia,

Cupressus (section Chamtecy-

paris). In tliese genera, and in

a remarkahle variety of Crf/p-

tomcria japonica known in

gardens as C. dcgans, there are

forms in which primordial leaves

onh' are produced during the

whole life of the plant.f

Narrowness in comparison
with length is tlie prevailing
characteristic of the adult
foliage of the majority of the
species culti\ated in Clreat
Britain, the exceptions occurring
chiefly in the Cupressinea- with
heteromorphic foliage, of which
the adult form is small, scale-
like, almost as l)road as long,
especially on the terminal
growths. A more conspicuous
exception is Ginkgo, in which
the leaf expands into a fan-like
l)lade that is usually much
broader than long hut with-
out any true midrib ; the
numerous veins of nearly equal
size diverge from the top of
the stalk and are unconnected
by any lateral reticulations.
Notwithstanding the prevailing
with length, there is a considerable
the leaves in the different genera, and

* Tlie piotoniorphie leaves of Piiius should not be contused with the nietaniorphosed
primordial leave.s of the adult foliage, which consist of small meniliraneous envelopes,
called for convenience of description "basal sheaths."

t These forms, often called in gardens '-.juvenile." can only be perpetuated from cuttings.

FOLIATION.

oven ill species iucliKkMl in the same genus. Soiiu; of the nioic easily
(il)served fonns may l)e here mentioned as they atlnid in many
cases a siiiqtle mark for distinguishing' the genera.

Ill I'inus till' l('a\i's lire liiicai' or lilifoi'iii (tlircad-likc) : in soiih' siiccics
iif I'ciuarkahlr Iciiuily and I'Xrccdiiig a foot in Irn.^lli (P. loiKiifolia.,
P. imtiila, ]'. Sdhixinna ) : in ntlicrs they scai'ccly cxci'i'd an im-li in

length (P. Parri/ana, P. immo-
lilijllla, P. Balfonriana). Their
foviu is ni(>dilii'(l arc(a'i!iii,n' as
they arc in fascicles nf two
(geminate), three (tcrnate), or tive
((|uiiiate) ; in the first named
they are semi-circnlar in si'cti(jii,
that is, they luive one cimvex
and one |ilane side ; in the
other two they aiv triiiuetral
(three-angled) with one vniw^y^
and two plane sides. Much
dis(aission has arisen icspecting
the true nature of the "needles"
or adult (scc(iiidary) leaves of
Pines which need not he iutro-
(hiced here. " The evidence
dei'ive(| from c(r]iipai-ati\'e mor-
pliiilogv incliKHiri;' tei'atology,
development and minute anatomy
is entirely in fav(au' of the
view that the ' needles " are
true leavi's l)oi'ne upon a shoot
whose ai)ical deV(do]iment is
usually arrested after the fonna-
tioli of the verticil of leaves,

two, tliri r five, as the case

may he. '*

In the group of genera known
under the common name of
Kirs (^Vhii's, J'icea., Tsuga, etc.)
the leaves are linear or ;icieular
(needle-shaped), tl;ittened or
tetragonal (fonr-an.nled) witli
their apex spine-tipped, acute,
hlniit or emarginate. In some

species lit' .\hies tile leaX'es oil

tlie fi'rtile liram-lies are ditlerent

in form, size and direction from

tliose on the sterile (usually iuwerniost) hranches ; this dillereiicc is notice-

ahjc in .1. i-i-jilKAlouIra in wliicli the lea\-es dii the cone-liearin.L; luaiiches

are acicular ami spi'cad cipiaily on all sides, whilst tlaise cm the harreii

hraiicjirs are lunger. Ilattened, spine-tipped and pseudn-distichdus. in .1.

jinna till' leaves oil theliaricn laanches are lini-cr and nai'iower t haii those

on the fertile ones, and they are alsn derply iiutidu'd. In .1. rm/i-o/ur

•Musters ill .loiiiii. Liini. Sm-. .X.WIl. 'JtiJ.

l-'i^!. U. TrvitnU- liMvcs iif /■/•//,

FOLIATIOX.

Viir. L(»r/a>i'i ami in A. 'jn()i'h'--< the Ifiivrs un tlu' Imi-ivii liranchcs
spiviul away t'nnii I'itlu'V side of the axis luarki-dly in (Hir iilanc, whilst
those nil the ci nie-lK'aiiiiu liraiiehes are much shorter and curve, inwards
like these of the Colorado type (A. rowolor). ^\jiother iieeiiliarity ohsorvahle
in the leaves of Abies is that those on the latest growths of the
priuciiial axis (leader shoot) are in most species mueh smaller and luore
tlistant than those on the Inanehes, and never assume the pseudo-
<listiclious arrangement.

In Cryptomeria, Sequoui <iiii(inf>-a. the Arauearias iiicludiMl in the
siH'tion Kutassa. and many .luni]iers. the adult leaves are awl-shapeil

Fig. 10. Quiuate Ieave.s of Piitiis .'>trohus.

(suTiulate) iir some slight moditieation of that form, and often faleately
curved. In Taxodinm, the Redwood, the Yew and other Taxads they
are linear, flattened, and })ointed at the apex (in Torreya spine-tipped).
In the Cypress and its allies (Cupressinese) the leaves are often hetero-
morphic, that is to say, they occur in two, three or even more ditierent
forms ; primordial leaA'es are often produced simultaneously with adult
leaves, the former heing always linear or acicular and more or less
spreading, whilst the latter are scale-like. oft<-n in twu dirtereiit forms.

AltlMXGEMENT OF LEAVES.

and more oi' less apprcssed to the sliodt i<v ciiiicicscciit with it. But in

sjiccics ill which the Iji-anelilets nrv snh-tcrcti' or nnuKh-il as in Lihocednit^

tdnujomt and in smiic ]Hd(ingin<4' to tlic AustraHan ^L^encra CalHtris and

Actinostv(il)Us tht' k'a\cs aiv nniforni in size and shape

The arrangement of the leaves of the adult foliaye in reiiard to their

insertion on the })rinci])al and lateral axes is either spiral, decussate,

or whorletl* The spiral arrangement is usually N'ery clearly marked,

and is hy far the most predominant one; it occurs throughout the

Vv;.. 11. StiTilr lil'aiiclilct ijf .|/y/rs- (jnniirs witli Iriivi'S sprividiii- in one \:UiUi-.

Ahietinea' (the (dose-set leaves on the sliort spurs or arrested
hranchlets in Oedrus, Larix and Laricopsis are apparent exceptions^
only), also tJiroughout the Araucarinea', the greater part of the
Taxodine<e, and tlie Taxacea. This spiral arrangement of the leaves is

* There is no cssi'iitiiil distinction lictwwii deciissati' and wliorlfil i vfiticillate). The
ditfcri'iicc consists only in the nunilicr of h'avcs coinph'tiiii,' tlic circh-— decussate two,
whorled more tlian t\v(.. and in tiie relative iiosition of the k-aves of one circle to those of
the next above or lielow.

AlMtAXCEMEXT 01' LEAVES.

due to ci torsion or gyratory inoxenu'iit made l>y the sIkhiI during its
growth; in those cases where the growth is rapid, as the "leader
shoot" of species of Al)ies and Picea, notably Ahirs XurdiiKiunvrna and
A. Veitchii, Picea sifchnisis and others, this gyratory nio\'einent may be
detected by watching the progress of the shoot at frequent inter\'als.
Were the gyratory movement that gives rise to the spiral arrangement
absent, it is evident that the leaves would then l)e in straight lines,
an arrangement unquestionably detrimental to the well-lieing of the
plant since the area of leaf surface exposed to tlirect sunlight would
be enormouslv reduced.

Fig. 12. Braiiehlft uf 'I'sm/n Mrrteiisiinin with leaves spreadiuj; in variMUs dirfctiuns.

The decussate arrangement— that is to say, when each pair of
opposite leaves is placed at a right angle to the pair immediately
above and below it — is common throughout the Cupressine;e except in
those species of Juniper in which subulate (awl-shaped) adult leaves
predominate (Junipenis com/ni'iii^\ J. rigida, J. drupacia, J. o.'i/irdnis,
etc.), and these are always in whorls of three each. The whorled
arrangement occurs only in Juniperus and in the phylloid growths
(cladodes) of Sciadopitys.*

In all the Firs and in many I'iucs thi- Icavi's aiv iiiscrti'd ow dut-
growtlis of tlie sidxTdUs nv corky layers of the hark called [lulvini
(puJnmis, a cushion), ami these jmlvini are in-olonged into spiral ridges

* The arrangeiiieiit of leaves, wlietlier foliage. Horal or ear]iellarv 4Vuit bearing', on the
axial strncture.s that produce them is described in Botany under tlie name ol Phyllotaxis.
The subject is treated of in all the best text books.

28 ARRANCEMENT OF LEAVES.

arinuid the ymuiL;' sliont and always at a vvvy small ■,uvj;]v to its long
axis; tlicir i'unn in (■(inncctidn with that nf the cicatriiH' left liy tlie
Icavi's vaiics so luurli in the (litfcivnt geneva, as tn ailurd a- eliaracteristic
111' each. These (intgTOwtlis ha\'e sunietinies hei'n wrongly described as
the " decurreiit l)ases of the leaves." The ])osition taken u\) ])\ tlie
leaves with vespeet to the axis that hears them is snhjeet to much
variation, hut in every ease with the evident i)urpose of enahling them
to perform their fuuetions to the greatest advantage. ( )n the pi'ineipal

Ki-. I:;. Dccussalr U,\\iVA>- ol' l.lhnml riis .Irrinirns

axis oi' "leader slu.xit," not only in .Vliies, I'ieea, Tsnga, etc., hut also in
the Aranearias, ,Si'(/WHa xi'iii/t'/rr/fi'tt.^, Taxns, Torreya and others, the leaves
.spread on ,-dl sides. This is also the ease with side sh(i(its whii-h
suddenly ipiit tlie horizontal direction and assume an upright position,
as is fl'e(plently the ease in I'/cr(( r(/a//e//.sv'.s-, P. ^ilrlini^l^ and others,
and iioiiiially >o in the fastigiate varieties of the comnKin \'v\\ and
("ephahitaxns. In Taxmliniu ili^firliHin and Sn/ztnia sri//jii'/-/-/r''//s the

MOVEMENTS OF LEAVKS.

leaves are distielious, lliat is tn say. tliev aie aiTaii,L;c(| in iipimsite I'dws mi
either side iif tile shunt, and s|iread in one |ilane. In the edinninn Yew.
TiUTeya and t'ephalotaxus the leaves are sul)-8pirally aiian^ed anniiid the
shdot Imt spread laterally in twu direetioiis only, except in the fastij^iate
forms already nntieed. In Ahies. I'ieea. (with some exeeptious,)
Tsu^a and Ahietia, the leaves nn the under side (if the lateral shoots ai'e
twisted at their hase so as to lirinu tliem eitliei' into a hoi'i/.ontal jxisition
or at a small an^le to it. arranged in two. three or nmre ranks ; wdiiLst
those on the up]ier side are nearly parallel with the lon^L;' axis (if the slioot,
more or less ajipressed to it, and are always shorter than those pointing
laterally,* as in Ahir.-^ aiin(hi7i.<, A. Xoj-dyjia/tniana, Pirca e.rrelsa, P. nvjra,
P. ajanemi^, <'te. ; l>ut in Ahii's (jnuKJi-^, A. haJaainca and A. nmrohir all
the leaves of the sterile branches are })sendo-distichous. It is now well
known that these positions are taken hy the leaves in order to hrin,^
them into tln' most advantageous relation to ilin-et sunlight, and thence
for the ohjeet of proniothig their main functions to the greatest l)enefit
of the tree, \iz., the assimilation of food stuff's, resjuration, and the
exhalation of sn])errtuous water va]ioui-.

In connection with the same (_ilijects may he mentioned the movements
of the leaves of some Conifers that havi' been ol)served during the

Fjl;. 14. Pulvini witli their cicatrices.

A, ,-l'ju'S pectinattt. b, Tsiunf camuh'itsis. c, Abictia DoKglusii. D, Pivw ixcej^a.. E, Cedriis
Lihoiu. F, Lurix europ(eit. a, Laricopsis Kcnnpferi.

(From Engler and Praiitl's Xaturliclien PHaiizenfamilieii).

season of active vegetation, as Ah/es NordinannicDta, P/iui-< halepein^i^
and other Pines, notalily those with long filiform leaves as P. e.vrelsa,
I'. Sfrohus, etc. The leaves of these I'ines in winter collapse and
hang in (dusters that an' ipiite pendulous : Init in summer, especially
under the influence of sunlight, they become divergent and even spread-
ing. More observations covering a larger range of subjects are, however,
wanting before any certain deduction can be drawn from these
movements.

In many of the species included in the Cypress tribe, especially those
in which the branchlets are frond-like, the decussate pairs of scale-Like
leaves are frequently dissimilar, markedly so in Libocedru.s, the lateral
pairs being larger and free at the apex, wdiilst tlie dorsi-ventral pairs,
those on the upper and under si(h' of the shoot, are smaller and

* Aiiioug the Abies, A. Fi/isujio is a constant cxceiitieu to this rule, aud A. cephalonka
in part ; in these species the leaves spread equally in all directions on the liranches, and on
their raniitications. Among the Piceas, P. polUa and P. Hmlthiaad are exceptions so far
as the trees growing in England liave l>een ol)served.

30 PEKSTSTEXCY OF THE LEAVES.

cdiuTosccnt witli it ; on tlic latest .urowtlis botli iiairs arc gi'iicrally

siinilav and ('i|ua!.
Mention may here be made of leaf-like structures that occur in
two well-defined genera, and whieli are popularly called leaves but
are not true foliage leaves in the scientific acceptation of the term,
although tliey perform all the functions of such. These are the
"needles" of Seiadopitys and the cladodes of Phyllocladus. The
"needles" of Seiadopitys present greater resemblance to axial
structures than to foliage lea\es ; they occupy the axils of leaves
of the first (U'der —scale-like bodies of deltoid shape which soon fall
of}", and thus correspond in position with the fascicles of leaves in
Piiuis but are not necessarily of the same morphological significance.*
From the evidence derived from their anatomy and from other
circumstances they are more ])roperly regarded as phylloid shoots than
as true leaves.

In Phyllocladus, a genus of Taxads occurring in New Zealand,
Tasmania and Borneo, the primordial leaves are small linear organs
that usually disappear l)efore the end of the tliird year, and the
adult leaves are nnnute scale-like botlies produced at the base of the
shoots in the early spring but so()n fall off.t The functions of
foliation in this genus are performed by tialtened, fan-shaped, leathery
expansions of the branchlets termed phyllodes ; these phyllodes are
arranged laterally on each side of the axis that produces them, much
in the same manner as true leaves.

Tlie persistency of the adult leaves of Taxads and Conifers varies
from a single season to several years. In (linkgo, Larix, Laricopsis,
and Taxodium the leaves are deciduous ; in Araucaria imhricata their
persistency is the longest yet oljserved in this country, in many
instances from fifteen to eighteen years.| The Kauri Pine of New
Zealand, Agathix (lustralis, probably retains its leaves under certain
circumstances for a still longer period. The greatest variability in a
snio-le genus occurs in Pinus ; in J\ ludepoms, P. Strohus and a
few others they fall oh" at the end of the second year, whilst in /'.
BaJfuiiru(na and other species which have their home in the dry
climate of the western plateau region of Nortli America they are
persistent from ten to fifteen years. in Abies and Picea it is not
unusual to hud green leaves from seven to nine years old, but the
average persistency throughout these genera is from five to seven years.
In tlie Cui)ressiniv the leaves contimie green from three to five

* Masters in .JdUiiial nf I'xitauy, XXII. (1884), KZ, and .loiirnal (if tlic f.inncan Society,
.\XVII. 276, wliere the subject is fully discussed.

+ In P/njUochii/us glaum tliey are similar to tlie piiniordial leaves \mX rather broadrr.
— Kirk, Forest Flora of New Zealand, suh. t. 99.

+ In Anmatriii unhriadd the lengtli of time iluring wliicli tlir leaves H'niain grem
*m the liranelies is niodilied hv situation and environment.

COLOUR OF THE FOLIAGK. 31

years, but reuiaiii in a withered or etl'ete state on the ])riiu'i])al axial

growths for a. much longer ))erio(l.

Tlic ciilour of tlic fiilia^n'c is also wurtliy of iKitc Frdiu tiic (|('(^])
soinlm^ lines nf tlic Austi'ian i'iiu' and ('mnuKm Vcw to tlic lij^lil
and airy dccidiuins ('yprcss and Maidcndiair 'Prcr, the silvcrv liui's nf
the Weyiuoutli Pine and tlic .greyish folia<;v of Uupn-'.^^ux pisifei-a vai'.
squarrosa, there is found in the different Trilies an endless variety of
tints which the ^reen of Nature alone displays. The deep n'lossy
^ifrfen of the leaves of Ahies brarfpcda renders that reiiiarkahle tree
distinct from every other Abies. The i)Ieasin,L;- glaucous hue of the
Deodar Cedar is almost uni(|ue, and the rich deep colour of Lihiu-i-ih-ii^
decurreiu is scarcely^ less so; Pinus radiafit is distinguished aiuoiin' all
Pines l)y its cheei'ful .^'rass-tireen folia,u;e which affords a- striking- contrast
U\ the tluU ij;rey hues of many of its con<rene.rs ; the difference in
colour bt'tween Abies uohilis and A. Nordinanniaria is not less marked.
The foliage of Cryptomeria elet/ans changes in winter to a deeji lnonzy
green tinged Avitli crimson which makes this jdant particularly ornamental
at that season, and a similar change takes place in Cujjresf<u>< thjioiilt^s
var. eriroidef!, which liecomes violet-piu'plc* The common Arbor ^'^itse
is brownish green, while varieties of the Chinese species have their
foliage of a rich golden yellow during the growing season. Many of
the Junipers have a l)luish glaueiius tinge peculiar to them, and others
are quite grey.

Besiiles the difference in tints al)ove sketched, the foliage of coni-
ferous plants is subject to two changes in colour, viz.. variegation and
GLAUCESCEXCE. A'ariegatiou is due to changes taking jdace in the minuti'
granules called cldorophyll bodies indiedded in the protoplasm of the
cells of the leaves (and stems) inuuediately beneath the e[)iderm or
skin, and which gives the foliage not onl}^ the prevailing green, but also
other tints as [)urple, crimson, brown, etc., characteristic of the foliage of
certain plants when in active growth.! Variegation shows itself in the
young growth of the plants, which, instead of apiiearing in the shade of
green natural to the s[»ecies, takes some shade of yellow that varies in
the difterent kinds from a deep golden hue to a creamy white. Tn s(»iiie
eases the whole of the newly-formed branchlets with their foliage is pro-
duced coloured. As the season advances, the tint gradually changes, first
by becoming deeper, then taking a })erceptible shade of green, and fiuidly
in the coiu'se of the second season, assuming the green natural to the
species, but not till a new coloured growth is formed. This kind of
variegation is observed to l)e tolerably constant in whatever description
of soil the plant is growing, but the intensity of tlu; colouring is
slightly different in different soils, being most developed in clayey loams
In other cases the ti})s of a portion of the liranches only appear
coloured, the extent of the variegation ranging in different and in the
same species from a inere sin)t to a considerable i)ortion of tin.' branch,
It is only in this form that a white variegation a})i>ears. Plants
* The foliage of all or nearly all the Coniferae of temi)erate diiuates eliaiiges colom'

ill winter more or less. This is due to the low temperature of that season, which

causes a peculiar transformation of the blue-green constituent of e]iloio})hyll. A lugher

temperature restores tlie normal condition.

+ The giving of colour to the foliage of jilants is a subordinate function of chlorophyll.

Under the influence of sunlight it is the agent that converts the inorganic matter taken

up by the roots, and the carlionic acid absorbed from the atmosphere, into the organic

matter of which the plant is Iniilt uj).

32 ANATOMICAL RTliUCTUltE OF TFiK LEAVES.

vai'ii'i^'ati'tl in tlic iiiaiiiiiT livst (li's<'ril>('il, cDnlinuc td prodiKc coldinvil
fciliiige year after year witlinut iiiaiiifcstiii,L;' any special si^ns (if deMlity
or decay ; l)nt tlieir rate nf growtli is always xhurri' tlian that nf tlie
normal furnis. Plants jiartially variegated often show sit;ns df disease
in the cohinred parts, which turn brown and die, in some eases
within a few weeks after it is produced, especialh' if the plant is exjiosed
to the direct action of the sun's rays. I'artial variegation in vi,y,driiu.s-,nT(iwing
kinds often disai)]Kmrs entirely in the course of a few years ; it is also
.greatly infiiumced hy tlie soil in which the ])lants are gidwing, heing
heightened in some situations or soim liecoming ohliti'rated in ntliers.

Glaucescence is (piite distinct fnan variegation ; it makes its ap])eai'-

ance indifferently in young and old plants. It is always present in

the foliage of many s[)ecies, in some of which it becomes greatly

heightened l)y age ; it also frequently a])pears with great intensity in

the young jilants of species that are noi'mally ([uite green or show it

but very faintly. The effect of glaucescence, as ri'giuxls the aspect of

the trees, is to give them a greyish silvery hue, })articularly i)leasing

and beautifid in many plants belonging to the Cv})ress tribe and to

the Firs; while it imparts a venerable hoary ajjipearanee to aged

Pines and especially to the Cedar of Lebanon. It is due in one form

to the stomata of the leaves, and it is not imia'ol)ably an o]>tical

effect arising from their close proximity and formal arrangement,

especially in the case of the wliite lines seen on the under surface's of

the leaves of the Silver and other Firs, and in the leaves of Pines,

-lunipers, etc. In another form it is caused by a resinous secretion

wliich is easily ndtlted off by the finger, leaving the leaf quite green.

The minute structure of the leaves of Conifers afford a most

interesting study for those desirous cf gaining an adequate conception

of tlie apparatus hy which the physiological functions of nutrition,

respiration, etc., are carried on, Ijut a satisfactory treatment of the

sul;)ject would far exceed the limits of this work. The anatomical

structure of the leaves as seen in transverse sections of them, or

the most salient points of structure liave of late years been so

frequently given with tlie descriptions of species, cliietly of the

AbietinetC, that the subject must not be entirely ])assed over. JNlucli

stress too has occasionally been placed on certain anatomical cliaracters

in the leaves as marks of generic differences, such as the position and

number of the resin-canals, which on account of tlieir constancy in

the different genera into which the trees known under the general

name of Firs are now distributed, are fretpiently mentioned in

connection with them. Ihit the similarity of the structure of the

leaves of species included in the same genus together with some

variability that has been ol)served in a single species does not admit

of much reliance being ]>laced u])oii the anatomical characters as a

means of distinguisiiing species. Tlu' illustrations here given jiave

been especially prepared foi' this work by Mr. X. E. Brown, of the

Kew Herl)arium, and are intend('(l to convey a general idea only of

leaf structure of the Aljietinea'.

ANATOMICAL STltUCTURE OF THE I.KAVHS.

S'S

Fis. 1-5, Transverse section of leaf of Picea excelsn.

l*'ig. 15 vo})rL'seiits a transverse seetinii nf a leaf df tlie edumioii
•Spniee Fir, Picea exceha, magnified fifty diameters. The mw of small
polygonal cells with thiekened walls immediately lieneath the eimlermis
or skin is technically called the hypndcrm, the individnal cells,
strengthening cidls. In the cdmnuin Spruce the liypoderni consists of

a single layer of cells, but among
the Pines there are instances of
the liypoderni consisting of two
and even more layers, whilst in
some species of Tsiiga it is either
absent or restricted to certain
})arts of the leaf. The shape of
the hypiidenii cells varies con-
siderably in the different genera.
The small shaded cells in the
centre of the leaf denote the
elements composing the single
libro-vascnlar bundle f, passing along the mid-rib ; it is separated from
the principal tissue of the leaf by a well-detined circle of small cells
(eiidoderm) ; the large circular opening r, Ijeneath the tiltro-vascular
bundle and close to the epidermis, is the resin-canal ; this is lined
with a layer of small cells called epithelium cells. In some leaves
of this species, the resin-canal is either entirely absent or does not
traverse the Avhole length of the leaf. The substance of the leaf filling
up the gTeater part of the area of tlie transverse section is called the
parenchyma or mesophyll. As shown by the figure, the mesophyll
in Picea excelsa is wholly cellular and fairly uniform througlK^ut ; the
greater part of the cells composing it contain the chloio|)hyll granules
which give the green colour to the leaf and perform the important
functions already alluded to.

Fig. 16 represents a transverse section of a leaf of T.-^ui/a Brunoniana,
the Himalayan Hemlock Fir, magnified thirty diameters. In this case the
liypoderni is confined to the two marginal sides of the leaf. In the

fibro-vascular bundle /' in
the centre, the principal
elements called phloem and
xyleiii are more clearly
diflerentiated than in the
Spruce Fir ; immediately
below it is the single
resin-canal /• lined with a
layer of A'ery minute
epithelium cells. In the Hemlock Firs the cellular tissue forming the
mesophyll is not of uniform structure, the cells immediately beneath the
epiderm being mostly elongated in a vertical direction to it. This form of
cell is strongly marked in TsiKja Bninoniana ; from their formal
appearance they have received the name of palisade-cells.

Fig. 17 shows a transverse section of a leaf of the common Silver Fir,
AInes jpectinafa, magnified thirty-two diameters. Here the hj'poderm
consists of a single row of small cells continuous only in the centre of
the leaf above and beneath the midrib and much interrupted or
entirely absent in other parts. The midrib consists of two fibro-vascular
bundles surrounded by a sheath (endoderm), whilst the resin-canals ;■ r

Fig. 1(5. Transverse section of leaf of Tsxga Erunoniana.

ANATO.AIICAL STRUCTURE OF THE LEAVES.

ction of leaf of Ahics pr<iiimf(i

are very distinctly shown neai' the inferior e|>i(leriii at a short tlistanee
from each margin. This position of tlie ri'sin-canals is cliaraeteristic of
Abies throughout, dili'ering in some of the species only hy being wholly
within till' parenchyma (mesophyll) or close to the ejiidermis of the
under side, and by their distance from the margin. Comparing Fig. 17
Avitli that i)receding it, and also with Fig. 19, the stnu'tural difference

between the leaf of an
Abies and a T.suga is.
manifest, Avhilst the close
similarity of Abies to
Abietia is scarcely less
evident. For further
illustration, F'ig. 18 shows
a transverse secti(jn of a
leaf of Abies romolor.
Fig. 19 shows a transverse section of a h^af of the Douglas Fir, Abietia
Dotujladi, magnitiinl fifty diameters. In the leaves of this Fir the
hypoderm, according to the late Professor McNab,* is very AMriable ; in
the section here given, it occiu's only along the region of the midrib
under the epiderm of the upper surface. The resin-canals are two and
traviirse the mesophyll near the epiderm of tlu^ lower siirface as in Abies,
F'ig. 20 re])resents a transverse section of a leaf of Pinu>i Laricio
enlarged thirty diameters. The hyixiderm is here a very narrow band of
thick walled cells, following the contour of the leaf, whilst the mesophyll
consists of a lu'oad band of cells containing chlorophyll between it and

the i)arallelogram enclosing the

tAvo fibrova-scular bundles /" and

marked off in the centre Ijy a

layer of smaller cells. Traversing

the mesophyll about midway

between the liyiiodcnii and the

central parallelogram are eight

resin-canals /• /■ lined with thin-

Avalled epithelium cells. In the

triquetral (three-sided) leaves of

the Pines, with three and five leaves in a .sheath, there are fewer

re.sin-canals, and where there are but three, there is usiially one in or

near each of the three angles.

The STo.MATA or minute ])ore-like jx'rforations of the ejiidermis of adult

leaves should also be
mentioned here on account
of tlie imjiortant part they
plav in the economy of
the' plant. The chief
]ioints observable in their
relation to the specii's,
iri'es])ective of their phy-
siol(jgical significance, are
llieir ])osition, distribu-
tion (II' arrangement, and
their munber. .Vs regards
their po.sition, they occur on the luidei' surface chiefly, on the ujiper
* Proceerliiigs of tlic Roval Irish Acadciiiv, 2inl ser. II. 70:5.

Transvi'i'si- .suctioi

/;., »-//.'

INFLORESCENCE.

Fig. 20. Transverse section of leaf of
Piyius Luricio.

surface cliicriy, or mi lioth, and wlirrc the leaves are tliree-sided as in
many species uf l*iiuis, they occur clneliy on the two flat sides. The
tirst-nanied position is the most common; it pre(h)minates tlirougliout
the Taxacese, Abies, Tsuga, the flat-h'aved species of l-'icea, Larix, etc.
The species in which tlie stomata occur chiefly on the upper surfact; are
mostly inchided in the C'upre.ssinese, that surface bein;^- the only expo.sed
one in nearly all the genera; even those s])ecies of Juniperus with
aeieular free or partially free leavi's form no exception. In.stances in

which stomata are found on both sur-
faces occur in Cryptomeria, Sequoia
("NVellingtonia), Athro taxis and a few
others. The arrangement of the stomata
is for the most part cj^uite formal ; in
Finns they are disposed in longitudinal
rows, the position being indicated by
grey lines which add so greatly to the
beauty of the foliage of these trees,
especially tliose with five leaves in
each bundle ; in Abies, Tsuga, the
flat-leaved spei'ies of Picea, Larix, also
in some of the Taxacese (Cephalotaxus,
Prnnmopitys, etc.) they are disposed in
a longitudinal Itand on each side of the midrib on the luider side
of the leaf, forming the characteristic white bands of these species, and
fret^uently, for descriptive purposes, called the st<jmatiferous bands.
The silvery band on the iipper surface of the aeieular leaves of
.Tuniperns is also a stomatiferous band. In Araucaria the stomata are
arranged in bands composed of few or many rows ; according to
Bertrand there are as many as seventy rows t)n each side of a leaf of
A. iiiihricata. AMiilst the formal arrangement prevails throughout the
majority of the species, there are instances in which the stomata are
irregularly disposed or conflned to certain localities (jn one or botli
surfaces of the leaf.

INFLORESCENCE.

The flowers of Taxads and Conifers are always unisexual, and the
plants therefore are either monoecious when flowers of both sexes
are borne on the same individual, or dioecious when the staminiferous
(male) and ovuliferous (female) flowers are borne on different
individuals. In the Taxace.E, dioecity is probaltly absolute in Ginkgo
and in two or three of the Australian genera; it is relatively so in
Taxus, Cephalotaxus and Torreya, in which flowers of both sexes have
been observed on the same tree. This is not uncommon in the
Yew, and when it occurs the two kinds are on different branches.
In the Coxifer.e the flowers are monoecious throughout except
in Fitzroya, Araucaria and Juniperus, but in the last named genus
the two sexes are often found on different branches of the same
tree; and in Araucaria, at least in A. imhrkata, diwcity is not
absolute. The Australian genera Callitris and Actinostrobus are also
probably dioecious.

IXFLOliKSCENCK.

Fig. 21. 1, Staminate. 2, Ovulift-rons
flower of the common Yew.

The structure <.»f the flowers of Tiixuils and Conifers will be readily
understood by reference to the acconi})an}ing fijj,ures, or still better,
by coniparnig with them specimens gathered fresh from the trees.

Ta.xace.k. The ('(1111111(111 Yew affords an easily acccssilJe tyiiu. Tlie
staminate fluwers of the Yew, Ta.m^ harrafa, are borne in the axils of

f nil elongated axis surrounded at tlie ba.se by
all eiiveldiie of iiiiliricatiiig scales spirally
arranged in tliree (ir fdur series, above wliich
is a cajntnluui or head of jieltate scales
(stauiiiial leaves) cadi liearing about six (tliree —
eiglit) iiolleii sacs which dehisce lengthwise
wdieii mature.* The ovuliferous flowers arc
solitary and axillary, but occasionally terminal,
and like the staminate flowers consi.st of an
(dongate(l axis wholly enveloped liy numerous
scaledike imbricating bracts spirally arranged
in f phyllotaxis, of which the terminal one
liears an erect ovule and is surrounded by a
fleshy ajipendage termed an aril, which after
the fertilisation of the ovule develops into
the red fleshy covering of the seed. Rudi-
nientaiy ovules are sometimes found on some of the lateral scales.

The flowers of Cephalotaxus and Torreya deviate lait little from this
type except that in the ovuliferous flowers of the first named the bracts
are in decussate pairs. But in Ginkgo the staminate flowers are
produced in catkindike undiels on the ends of short arrested braiuddets
or "spurs," and the ovuliferous flowers are sim])ly stalkdike (dongations
bearing at their apex two, randy more, ovules from one of \vhich the
fruit is generally developed. In Podocarpus the staminate flowers are
catkindike upon a short stalk surrounded at the liase by involucral
scales, solitary or clustered (umbellate in P. Nwjeia) and with the
twodobed antheis spirally arranged around the axis. The ovuliferous
flowers, usually solitary or in a lax spike, consist of a slender stalk-
like axis, bearing at the ajiex small decussate scal(\s, the m'ules being
seated on the uppermost i)air, one of which is usually abditive, and
the fertile scale becomes fleshy ; the flower is thence one-seeded as in
Ginkgo. In Dacrydiuni the staminate flowers are small and the two-
celle(l anthers are crowded spirally around a central axis ; the ovuliferous
flowers are comj)Osed of one, three or more seeil-scales, each bearing
an elect ovule whi(di after fertilisation becomes invt^sted by a tubular
arilhis. In the curi(nis monotypic genus Haxegothcea the floral organs
are a .sort of compound of those of Podocarpus and Agathis, wliilst
the fruit and .seed are those of a dunijier and Dacrydiuni. Saxe-
gotluTa is thence a connecting link Ijctween the Taxacea^ and
Conifera\

CoxiFERi^E. The inflorescence of Prmis Laririo, or of one of its

varieties, wdiich has been planted almost everywhere, and which Ijears

staminate flowers and cones in alnnidance almost annually, may be

selected to illustrate the floral structui-e of the Abietinese.

* The staminate Howers of Ta.xads and Conifei-s are fic(|uently called catkins, the vernacular

name of the flowers ol' the AiiientaeeouH Orders which are sjiikes of unisexual ajtetalous

flowers. The view now generally aoce]ited is that in Taxads and Conifers the aggregate

of stamens constitute Imt a sintrle flower.

STA:\nNATE FLOWEIiS.

The staiiiuiatc tiowcivs um coUcrU'd in ilcii.se clu.sU'-i's near tlir duls
of the pi'cvious year's shoots. Kacli Howcr consists of a cciilral axis
around which the stamens arc s])irally aii'aii.nvd, according to Dodid-Port,
in 1-^3 phyUotaxis, tlie whole Howcr hcing of ncaily cylindrical shape, of
a yellowisli brown colour and surrounded at the l^ase by several
membraneous, scaledike bracts.* Each antlier is attached on the under-
side to a short lilament, or sporo[)liyll as it is sometimes called,
inserted on the axis, and which dilates at the aiiex into a subindtate

Fig. i'l. Fertile bninclilet of S(':ic(jothim conspiciin

expansion or connective analogous to that commonly seen in the
anthers of angiospermous plants. This eonnective varies in shape and
size in the diflferent genera, and is the jiart that is highly coloured
in several species, not only of Finns but also of Abies and Picea ; it was
called the crest of the anther l)y the older botanists, and its form in
Finns is often a characteristic of si)ecies. Each anther has two pollen sacs

* The luniilier of these iuvohieral bracts varies rdiisiderably in tlie dilterent species
of Piiuis, from 0—4 in P. ^ij/irstris to 10—15 in P. Li(iahcrtl(tiu(.

OVULIFEROUS FLOWERS.

•23. 1, Stamiiiate tluwcr of l'hiii:< Laric
•1, Loiisituciiiial section of same x '^.

wliiili dcliisci' liiiinituiliually* wlicii tlu- ]Millrii is ripe, and wliicli is
then set free, and is wafted l>v the wind to tlie oviilifenms flowers.
i\iter the poliiMi is discharged from the anther .saes the staniinate
flowers inereasc in length for a short time and tlien wither and (h'op.t
The ovuhferous flowers are eitlier solitary nr in small clnsters on the
ends of young shoots of the ])reeeding year. They aiise in the
axils of scak'-like leaves hke the foliage leaves and Avhere a leaf-bud
would otherAvise have Ix'eu formed ; the seed-bearing cone is thence a

UK'tamor] (hosed shoot; it consists of an

axis around which the ovuliferous scales

are spirally arranged in the same

]ihyllotaxis as the anthers of the

staminate flowers, viz., /g. Each scale

is made up of two structures, of which

the one that bears the ovule and seed

is axillary to the other, usually called

the brai-t. In several species of Abies,

in Abietia and Larix, J the bract and

ovuliferous scale are .separable and tlie

former conspicuously exserteil ; in Cedrus,

Tsuga and Picea the bra(;t doi's not

advance beyond the rudimentary stat<', and in Pinus it coalesces

entirely with the scah' or sotai disappears after the fertilisation of the

ontles. This two-fold structure also occurs in the Taxodineae, although

traces of the bract are quite obliterated in the ripe coTie. Traces of

it are also discernible throughout the Cujiressinege in the microscopic

anatomy of the scales. The ovules are exposed, that is, not enclo.seil

in a rece})tacle (ovary) as in floweiing plants generally, and are in

pairs placed at the liase
of the scales somewhat
oblicpiely in respect of the
median line ; these ovules
are inverted, the microi»yle
or small opening through
which the pollen tubes
enter lieing turned towards
the base of the scah'.

In the Araucurinea!
the general structure of
the Abietinefe is observ-
al)le botli in the staminate
and ovuliferous flowers,
in the genus Araucaria

* Tlii.s modi' el' fk-liisceiici's is coiiiiuoii tlirdtigliout tht- Aliietinf;v with tlte pxcejitiuii
of Tsuga and some sjiecies oC Aliie.s in wliicli it is transverse.

+ It may here lie noted tliat altliongh two is the ])redominaiit iiumlier of jiollen-sacs.
in each anther tlnoiigliont the Taxack.k and Conifkh.k, exceiitions occur in the
Cupres-sinea; 2 — 4, in (jejihalotaxus and Cunninghamia 3, in Taxus 4 -S, and in .some
others.

X If ii young cone a few weeks old, of any sjiecies in wliidi the luact is exserted,
that is, jirotnide.s more or less heyond the ovuliferous scale as in the eommou Laieh
Larix europaa, or the Silver Kir Abien pi'vtitintii. and ripe cones of the sjune species
he subsequently examined, it will he found that the scale lias increased in size faster
than tlie liraet. so nuieh so in the case of the Liirch that the liract is quite enclosed
witldn tlie scale : and in tlie Silver Fir it is relatively much shortened.

Fig. 24. 7, Ovuliferoii.s flower of I'lnvs Ijn-idn. S, Longittiiliiinl

section of same x :{. !', iloi-sal — 10, ventral view of seale

ami bract with ovules x •'>.

OVULIl-EItors FLOWERS.

tlif cliiff (li'viatioii occurs in the anthers, t'nuu llic pntloiii^cd connective
of wliicli hung three to six pollen-sacs instead of two, the number
common thvoughout the Aliietine;^, and on the scale of the semini-
fercnis cone the ovule is solitary instead of heinu in jiairs. In

Ts>i(j(i lirtinoninna. 1, Staminate. 2, Ovuliferoiis flower, nat. size. ."5, side — 1, front view of
stamens before dehiscence ; 5 and 0, after dehiscence x 10 ; 7, pollen grains x 120 ;
S, back — 9, front view of bract and scale of o\ uliferous flower x o.

Cimninghamia the
In the TaxiKlineae
constructed on the

scale of the seminiferc^us cone hears three ovules.
and Cupressinese, •whilst the staininate flowers are
same general plan as in the Abietiiiese, the nuniTier

)f ovules on each scale of the seminiferous cones varies ill the

dift'erent genera from
three to nine ; they are,
moreover, erect, that is
to say, the micropyle
through Avhicli the pollen
tubes enter, is at the
top. In the Cupres-
sineae the anthers of
the staminate flowers
and the ovuliferoiis
scales are, like the adult
foliage leaves, in decus-
sate pairs, the only
exception occurring in
Juniperus in which the
seed-bearing scales like
the acicular adult leaves
are in Avhorls of three.
Those who have studied Botany and are acquainted with the
transformations which the foliar structures of flowering plants undergo
from the seed-leaves (cotyledons) through the \'arious stages of
stipules, foliage leaves, bracts, sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
(seed-bearers) — the last named being regarded as the highest state of

Fig. 20. 1, Staminate flower of Sfquoia Wdliiuitoiiic. 2, Stamen
attached to axis, side view. 3. The same, ilorsal — I, ventral view ;
A, connective ; b, three anther cells ; c, filament. 5, Pollen grains.
0, A pollen grain as seen when placed in water ; c, the empty
extine of the bursted pollen grain ; /), the swollen contents of the
same. 1, Xat. size; 2, 3 and 4 magnified live diameters; .'> and 6,
240 diameters.

OVULTFEROUS SCALES.

soiiietinu';
a ]>r()lif('r(iu>
Mr. ^rarirs

(leveliil)niei]t of the foliar organs — will not fail to recognise that,
although some of the states of development here named are wanting
in Taxads and Conifers, the bracts and stamens are really meta-
mor])liosed foliage leaves with which tliey strictly agree as regards
position and arrangement.

Direct cvidt'iK't' of tlic liract liciii,n- a inctaiiKU'plKisfd f(i]ia,L;v- leaf is

tfordcd l)y al)iiiii'iiial cdiu's as that IxMv fi<.;'un'd, whicli is

nc of Al)i(^!< ]'r/ffJu'i gathcri'd many years a,nn l)y

•hipaii, tlic bracts of wliicb liad I'cvertcd to foliage

leaves.* That the staineiis also are lueta-

iiiorjihosed foliage leaves is shown by the

oeeui-reiiee of intermediate states in monstrous

growths, sueli as may be sometimes ol)serve(l in

CallHrix /■o/justa, a beantiful Australian Conifer

euhivated in the Temperate House at KeAV, in

wliicli the uppermost leaves i^ass into stamens

bearing anthers at their base, and these into

true i)eltate stamens with the anthers on the

under surface. A similar sequence has also been

observed in species of Jimiperus, Cupressus, etc.

Hut the morpholof^dcal interpretation of the
ovuhferous or seed-scale is Ijy no means so clear,
and various hypotheses res})ecting it have been
liroached, the discussion of winch has given rise
to a mass of literature far too volunnnous to
admit of (pu)tation in this place. Whether it
is sim})ly a modified leaf (Lindley), an open
carpellary leaf (R. Brown), a dedouhJeineJit of
the bract (Brongniart), a rachis {F. ^lueller),
a cladode (JJaillon), a greatly developed placenta
(Sachs), or any other form of growth, this nurch
may be acce})ted as consistent with the facts of
morphology and anatomy : " That the fruit-scale
is something super-addecl to tlie bract ; that it may
arise either from the base of the l)ract or ai)parently
from the axis just within or above it ; that its struc-
ture is neither that of a leaf proper, nor that of
an ordinary shoot ; but that it does present close
resemblance in structiu'e to a cladode."!
The positi(ni of the staminate flowers and tlie cones in respect of
the branches or axial growths that jjroduce them is either distinctly
terminal or lateral in the axils of the leaves. Tn the Taxace.K — I>otli
sexes are lateral and axillary in Taxus, Torreya, Cephalotaxns,
Todocarpus ; terminal in Saxegothasa and on tlic short arrested
branchlets or " si)urs " of Ginkgo. In the CoNiFKii.K — The standnate
Howt'rs are tenninal at tlie ])oints of the young shoots nearly
throughout the ( 'uprcssinea', wlulst the stroltilcs oi' coiu's art' eitlier

~i * Cones of Tsug<( Jiruiioniiuia in whicli sonit' of tin- luacts iiad iwctIlmI to foliaj,'^' leaves
were .sent to tiie antlior l)y Mr. Iniln'it Terry from Strete Raleigli, near E.xeter.
t Masters in Juiun. Linn. Soe. XXVIL :>27.

Fig. 27. Proliferous cone of Allies
Veitchii witli the bracts transformed
into foliage leaves, and with the axis
prolonged into a branchlet with
ordinary foliage. Nat. size.

AHUAXdE.MKNT OF THE J'LOWEliS. 41

lateral or terminal on very short lateral l)ranehes. In the Taxo(Unea'
both positions occur; terminal in Seijuoia, Seiaclopitys, Taxodium and
Athrotaxis ; lateral in Cryptomeria. In Araucaria lioth kinds are
lateral, or terminal on short lateral l)ranehlets ; in Cunninghanna hotli
kinds are apparently terminal. Throughout the Abietinea', except in
Cedrus, and there perhaps only pseudo-terminal, the staniinate Howers
are lateral : the cones are lateral in Picea, Al)ies, Larix and Pinus ;
and mostly terminal on short lateral branches in Tsuga, Abietia and
Cedrus.

The .staniinate flnwer.s are, probably witliout ex('ei)tion, far iiKire
ninneroii.s tliiui tlu' senn'niferous ones. The rea.sou of tins is manifest:
the agency by which the pollen is conveyed to the ovules is tlie wind ;
but the wind being an uncertain mode of tran.sport, it is nf great
consequence that the pollen should be produced in such (piantities
as to admit of its being disseminated as thorougldy as possililc to
ensure the pollination of the ovules. Tln-oughout the Aliietinea'
and Araucarineae. the production of jiollen is very al)undant, and
occasionally even surprisingly great, of wliicli instances will presi-ntly be
adduced.

"With respect to arrangement and form, the staniinate flowers are
capitate (collected into small heads) in Taxus, Torreya and Cephalo-
taxus ; solitary in the Cupressine;ie, Sequoia, Athrotaxis, Araucaria,
Cedrus and others ; umbellate in Ginkgo, Seiaclopitys and Laricopsis ;
paniculate in Taxodium ; occasionally spicate in Pinus ; often crowded in
Abies ; sessile and dispersed in Larix, The ovuliferous Howers are
solitary or clustered, but rarely in large numljers ; frequent instances
occur in Pinus in which pseudo-whorls of three, five, or more are
common as in P. Pinaster, P. muricata, P. radiata, P. tithcrculata and
others; and in Cephalotaxus they are sometimes clustered on axillary
peduncles.

Being destitute of calyx and corolla, the flowers of coniferous plants
are also wanting in the brilliant hues that distinguish the flowers of most
of the higher orders. Xevertlieless there are some species whicli lia^'e the
connective or exposed part of the anthers of the staniinate flowers highly
coloured ; in Pinus poiiderosa the flowers are liright red, and being pro-
duced in large clusters are very conspicuous ; in P. Larido ami its allies
they are yellow ; in /'. e.rrelm, purple ; in Ahies Pinmjxj, rose-purple ;
in .4. CDiiaUUx, coral-red ; in A. nohili^, yiolet-crimson ; in Ciijiresm^
Lairmniana, crimson ; in the Chinese Juniper, the Thuias and most of the
Cupressinese they are yellow. Xor are the young seminiferous cones
always destitute of a pleasing colour as in the common Larch and Douglas
Fir, ni which the scales are a soft pink and in the Siberian Larcli dark
purple before pollination. The (piantity of pollen produced by the
staniinate flowers of a single tree is often surprisingly great; a i)ufl" of
wind has been observed to scatter the pollen of an Arauraria imhricafa
like a cloud of dust ; the surface of the ground beneath a Spruce Fir that
has shed its pollen is made quite yellow with flue dust; and in IMne
and Fir forests the ( piantity of pollen is sometimes sudi as to produce

42 rOLLEN OF CONIFER.'E.

cttects almost cxcccdin^n' l«4irf. "In years ])('culiarly favnuralilc to tlu'

fiowering- of rouiferous trees, vast elouds of pollen are borne cjn gentle

winds thnjngli the Pine forests and are oiUm sM'ept right heyond them so

that not oiUy tlie seniinif(M'ons flowers, leaves and branches of the trees an;

jxnvdered over with the yellow pollen, bnt also the leaves of adjoining

trees, and even the grasses and herbs of the meadows around. In tlie

event of a thnnder-storm at such a period, the pollen may be washed ott"

the j)lants and run together by the water as it flows over the ground, and

then, after the water lias run oif, streaks and ])atches of a yellow powder

are left behind on the earth — a i)lienomenon which has given rise on

various occasions to the statement that a fall of sul})luu'(ais rain has

taken place."* Many well-authenticated instances have been recorded: —

])r. Engehuiuui found in the streets of St. Louis, after a raiii-storm

fi'om the south, in Alarcli when no Pines north of Louisiana were in

bloom, Pine pollen which must have come from the forests of P.

jialuiifriit on Red River, a distance of about 400 miles in a direct line.

At Bordeaux during the months of ^larch and April the.se so-called

sul})hur rains are not infrcMpient ; they are caused by clouds of ])olleu dust

wafted by westerly winds from the plantations of Plum Pinaxfer which

cover the sand dunes of the (xirond. "In Inverness-shire, a great .shower

of the i)ollen of the Scots Pine took ])lace in 1858 ; the ground was

covered l)y a layer of this substance in some places to a depth of half

an inch, and the deposit was noticed at places thirty-three miles apart.

The. wliole surface of the great lakes in Canada is not infrequently

covered by a thick scu)u of the same pollen. Similar occurrences have

been noticed in the foiv.sts of Norway and Lithuania.''!

IJut the most remarkable part played by the pollen of Conifers

wlien dispersed by the wind and carried beyond the reach of the

seminiferous cones it was formed to fertilise is the nutrition it atfords

as an organic constituent of the dnst which supports the so-called

" red snow " — a phenomenon that has always excited the wonder and

admiration of the naturalists who have studied it, even in a higher

degree than it has of the more general observers of Xature who

are nnac<|uainted with its structure.

''This red snow is now known to lie a inici'oscopic Alga of almost
uliiipiitous distribution on the higher nionntaiii ranges abo\-e the snow
]\]\t', II Wonderful organism consisting of a cell wall furnished with a
pair of minute cilia, and with muiierous chlorophyll grains coloured by
a red pigment thickly (lis])ersed through the enclosed jirotojilasm ; it
thence Ijeloiigs to a fascinating gronp of cryptoganiic ])lauts nameij
FljORIDEiE in reference to their brilliant colours. These minute plants
derive their nutiition from the carlionic dioxide absorbed by the
melting snow fi'oni the atmosphere and from the inorganic and oiganic
con.stituents of the dust distributed in it, of which the pollen
grains of Conifers forming the forests below the snow line are found
to be an ingredient, and whose occurrence in situations where one
might su])pose all vital functions would be extinguished is scarcely le.ss
ivniai'kable than the simplicity o|' their sliurtuie and tin' richness of their
colour. Ke(| snow is found on the Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol,

' Kcrner's "Natural History of Plants," Oliver's Translatimi. Vol. II. \>. !.'>].
t "Coal," liy the Profe.ssors of the York.sliire College. \>. 21.

FEltTILISATIOX.

oil the Carpathians, on tlu' I'vii'iR'cs, on tlic Sku'ras of ('aht'Di'iiia, and
even in (Tiveuland. < )n the Alps, amongst the inaterials which
constitute the dust, pollen grains of Conifers occur with gr(>at fre<iueiicy
especially those of the Fir ( PicHi excelsa), the Arolla (Pimitt Cemhra),
ami the Mountain Pine (Piriux monfana). These pollen grains have
been swept up into the high .Vlps hy storms and soon heeonie ])artially
decayed." *

In all the material investigated hy Professor Keriier red-siiow cells
were fi>iiiiil mixed with pnllen grains of these ('niiifers.

FEPtTILISATIOX.

The essential facts of fertilisation in Taxads and Conifers, viz., the
fusion of the male sexual cell contained in the pollen grain with
the female sexual cell within the ovule, are the same as in all
flowering plants, but the apparatus by which it is ett'ected, as shown
in the foregoing section, is much simpler. In (Ireat Britain the
fertilisation of Taxads and Conifers usualh' takes place in May,
earlier or later according to the season. At that period the pollen
is ripe and the scales of the ovuliferous flowers, although for the

Aiitlifi' iif I'inti/' Lnriclo: :j, .side — 1, dorsal — and ."i, toi>-vicu".
Majiiiitieil six diaiuetei's. Pollen itrains x 200.

most })art closely imbricated or appressed wlien first de\'eloped,
separate sufficiently to afford safe and easy access to the pidlen
grains wafted to them 1)}' the wind.

The structure of the pollen grains is essentially the same throughout
the Taxaceae and Coniferie, hut there is a slight ditiereiice in size and
in the number nf contained cells in the different genera. To the naked
eye the pollen grains appear like dry homogeneous dust, hut under the
microscope they are found to he not sini})le hodi(^s, hut composed of
distinguishal )le parts. They are spherical or egg-shaped ; each grain
is made uj) of two, three or more cells enclosetl by a cell-wall which
consists of two layers, a thinner outer yellowish layer termed the e.dine
(analogous to the exospore of the spores of ferns and other cryptogams),
and an inner colourless thicker layer termed the rntine (analog<jus to
the endospore of ferns, etc.).f The entire inner space of the pollen
grain is at first filled with graiuilar proto[»lasm which afterwards
divides into two [Kirtions, a larger and smaller, .separated from each

* Kenier's '-Xatural Histery of Plants." Oliver'.s Translation. \'ol. I. ]i|). 37, 3S.

t In the Cupressinefe the pollen .sacs and their contents hear a still more striking
reseinlilance to the corresiwnding ort^ans of fructitication in Lycopoiliuni. Selae;iiiella. etc.
(The .sporangium and its contained microspores).

FEiri'lLISATION.

other liy a tliiii st'jjtnin, and each is proviihMl with a nucleiis. It is the
hryivv df tlie two that grows i>ut into a ixiHen-tribe when tlio ])olk'n
grains aic lironght into contact with the dvule ; tlie onter cell wall, tlie
extine, niptuvos, and the thicker iinier wall, the intine, presses throngh
the chink in tlie form of a ti'at-like oiitgrowth which lengthens into
a i)(illen-tiihe ; tlie whole contents of the larger pollen-cell efiuses
gradually into tlie pollen-tnhe ; tlie nucleus shifts to the end of tlu;
]iollen-tulie w'jiich pushes its Avay through tlie tissues of the ovuk- into
the eiuliryii-sac. In Pinus the iiollen grains have, in addition, two
small outswellings, one on each side, tilled with air which diminish
considerahly the i-elative weight of tlie grain ami act as wings for
its trans|)ort through the air ; these Avingdike appendages arise from
the onter layer of the cell-wall and increase rapidly in size when the
])ollen is ri))e.

The ovules at the time of ])ollination consist of small masses of
s])ongy tissne Avhich are thus dilierentiated : — There is the nucleus or
embryo-sac* in Avhich the ooplasm or egg-cell is embedded; joined to

this on the under side are several cell-laj^ers
that form an enveloping sheath, whilst on
the upper side is a funnel-shaped o|)ening
called the micropyle on which the pollen
grains fall. In the Abietinese the micropyle
is turned a/raij from the free margin of the
ovuliferous scale, in the Cupressineae it is
turned foirards it. The nucellus or emln-yo-
sac just before fertilisation becomes tilled
with a tissue called the endosperm, and
])roduces at its apical end egg-cells which
vary in number in the dift'erent tribes from
two to fifteen, and which are always in
(dose proximity to each other beneath the
micropyle. AVlien ludlination takes place, the
lining of the micro] )yle is rendered sticky by
drops of a mucilaginous fluid secreted from
it Ity which the dry i»olleii grains are retained and afterwards drawn
through the iiiicro].yle, when the ])ollen-tube issuing from the larger
cell makes its way through the tissue of the endosperm, and witli
the luick'us at its end enters one of the egg-cells and its fertilisation
IS eli'ected. The tissue on the under side of the ovule increases in
size by c(dl division, closes over the micropyle and ultimately forms
tlie testa or shell of the mature seed which in some species of Pinus
(P. Centhra, P. i^dulix, P. Sahiniana) is so uiiuli thickened that the
seed resend)les a nut.

The process of fertilisation here described is that which takes place
in all those si)ecies -whose seeds are matured in the autumn of tJie
.same yeai' in which pollination is ettecte<l. IJut in i'inus, Cujnvssus
(excluding the section Chama'cyjiaris), diniiiierus and those genera in
whieji tlie seeds do not ripeu until the .secoiul or tiiiid .season after
pollination, the fertilisation of the egg-cell is temporarily arrested. Tlie
manner in which this ivtaidatiou is brought about in I'hmx Laririo
has been carefully worked out l.y i)o(lel'-Port " .Vfter pollination the
<JVuIiferous Hr.wers, with the exception of the bracts, gi'ow rapidly
* Tlif arc'lici^oiiiiuii of soinc autlini-s.

Fig. 29. AhU's firm". 1 .Tin] i', iiutlier

after dehisceiicHx 10 ; ;i, 4, antl 5,

pollen grains x l-'O.

FRUCTIFICATION. 45

till they attain alxait half their natural size ; the seed-scales tliii'kcn
in such a way as to press closely one npou the other so as \i> Icax-c
no space between them ; the Aveight of the cont' causes a bending of
the short foot-stalk, so that in the autunni of the tirst year tlu^
half-grown cone takes a sub-pendent or horizontal position which
remains imchanged through the winter ; the pollen-tubes within the
ovules not having completed the fertilisation of the egg-cells also
cease growing. It is not till the l)eginning of the second sununer of
the cone development that the pollen-tubes reach the egg-cell of the
embryo-sac, so that actual fertilisation does not take place till
twelve or thirteen months after the pollination of the oA'ule. After
this has been effected, the maturation of the cone is completed in the
course of the second season; the cone scales become lignitied, and the
ovules are transformed into ripe seeds."

It is easily conceivable that pollen wafted in large (piantities by
the wind may fall on the ovidiferous floAvers of a ditferent species,
and that hybridisation Avould ensue to a greater or less extent Avhere
different species of the same genus are growing in proximity to each
other. Direct evidence of hybridisation among the Conifer;?, is, however,
of the slenderest description, the number of recorded instances that have
come to the knowledge of the author not exceeding half-a-dozen,* and
from these no definite conclusions can be draAvn ; they only shoAv that
hybridisation has taken place between two closely allied species or
between geographical forms of the same species. In one instance in
which the cones of Abies Pinsapo had been fertilised with the pollen
of A. Nordmanniana the seeds Avere soAvn in a French nursery, Avith
the result that the greater part of the progeny conformed to the seed
parent and comparatively few plants shoAved intermediate characters.

FIUTCTIFICATIOX.

An essential distinction exists between the mature ovuliferous tioAvers
or fruits of the TaxacEyE and those of the Conifer.I':, the seeds of
the former l>eing solitary and enclosed in a succulent or fleshy
envelope, whilst those of the latter are numerous and enclosed by
ligneons separable scales ; in Juniperus only are the scales fleshy and
coalesce into a berry-like fruit.

Taxace.e. In Taxus, the ovule after fertilisation becomes invested
Avith a fleshy envelope, technically called an an'//u-<, Avhich groAvs from
beloAV upAvards, but is open at the apex. In Cejihalotaxus, Torreya and
Ginkgo it is the fesfa or outer covering of the ovule that Ix'comes fleshy,
the seed itself being enclosed in a hard Avoody shell. In Podocarpus antl
Saxegothsea it is a part of the floral axis A\diich bear.s the scales and
seeds that becomes fleshy ; and in the curious Tasmanian monotypic
Microcachrys, a connecting link lietAveen the Taxaceae and Conifera?, it
it is the scales of the young cones that become pulpy and highly

* Abies Pinsapn x A. Nordmanniana, Revue Horticole, 1890, p. 231. Abies hisiocarpo x
A. amabilis, Sih'a of North America, XII. p. 126. Pinus Thunbergii x P. dmsijlora,
Abietineen des japaiiischen Reichs. 83. Pinus sylvestris x P. inontana, Flora heh-etica,
XLVII. 145. Abietia Douylasi var. Standishii, from A. Doicglasiix A. pentinata, Gordon,
Pinetuni, ed. II. p. 26. Juniprrus Kanitzii, from /. communis x J. .'^(ibinioidi's{l), Kerner
Natural History of Plants, II. 565. A progeny from Abirs Pinsnpo x A. cephalonim was ^
obtained artiticially liy the late M. Vilmorin, of Paris (Re\-iie Horticole, 1889, p. 115).

FltUCTIFK'ATIOX.

(•(ill Hired. But in Phylloc-liulus, a iviuai'kablc .Vustnilian genus (Tasmania
and Xew Zealand) \vitli an dutlying ivpreseiitative in Borneo, the scales
of the young cones wlii''li arc at first fleshy hccoinc hard and ligneous
in the mature fruit.

CoNiPER^E. The Ahietineae claim the first notice mi account of the
large size and handsfniie appearance of the cnnes of many nf the
included species, and also as affording a simple type of structure liy
which that of the otlier tribes will he easily understood ; this structure
is shown in the accompanying figures. The seed-bearing scales are hard
and ligneous in texture, imbricated, closely ai)presse(l and s])irally
arranged around a ciimiiinn axis; they are nearly of the same tliickiu-ss
throughout excejit in the species of I'inus in Avhich the leaves are in
fascicles (if less than five, and in which the scales (if the cone are
thicl<ene(l at the apex (in the dorsal side (the side (waji from the

Fig. 30. 1, Braiiclilet of Yew ^7'(!.(Hs hf(cr«^ty witli ripe fruits. :i, Tip of oviilf projecting from between the
scales of the female flower of Yew. 8, Longitudinal section of the same. 4, Yoinig seed of Yew partly enclosed
in an aril. •'», Longitudinal section of ripe seed, li, IJranclilet of Arlior Vitsi- Crhinn (in-iili'iittilis/ -with ripe
fruits. 7, Fertile branchlet of common .Junil)er fJinii/UTiis fuminniii.-tj. S, Longitudinal section of rijje fruit,
'.t, Ovuliferous flower of Jnuiiun-us mmmniiis. 1, (j and 7, Natural size; the others enlarged.

This and Figs. 30 and ;n from Kerner's "Natural History of I'lants, " hy ])eiinissiiiii n( Messrs. Hlackie and
Son, Ltd., and the Bibliographisches Institut of Leipzig.

axis)

ba.se of the scale on tiie \-eiitral side, the side

fitirards tlie axis, the seeds are seated. At tjic ba.sc of the scale
(in the dorsal side in those genera coining under the general deiiomi-
nati(jn of Firs and in the Larches is attache(l the liract which is
developed into a separable orgaiL

The fruits of tlie Abietineae are generally of conical form mo(lilicd more
or less in different genera, being nearly cylindric in Abies, gio])o.sc in
Cedrus, ovoid in many of the Pines and greatly ehjiigated in others.

Tlie fruits or stroljiles of tlie Cupressineae are constructed on the same
jilan but consist of fewer scales often bearing more than two scimIs eacli ;

* Tins tliickeuiiig is sonietinies called the apojihysi.s, a term Iioiiowed fioiu Cryptogaiiiic
Botany.

FKUCTll'ICATION.

the scales are ariangeil in di'cussute pairs; and arr attaclicd to llio axis iu
a i:)eltatt' manner (Cnpressus) or coalesce witli it at the base on []v
ventral side (Thuia). In Euthuia tlie seed scale is apin-oxiniately of the
same tliickness throngliont ; in Cupressus and Thuia,. section Biota, it is
much thickened at the apex ; in Libocedrus and I'itzroya it is thicker at
the base than at the apex, and in Juniperus tlu' scales bet-ome tiesliy and
by their coalescence form a berry-like fruit technically called a i/a//»/h(^.

The fruits of the Taxodineae (8e(pioia, Cryptomeria, etc.) may Ix-
regarded as intermediate between those of the Aljietineae and Cupressinese,
combining the spiral arrangement of the scales of the former with much
of the structure of the latter. The cones of the Araucarineae closely
approach those of the Taxodineae in structural details, ditfering chiefly in

the scales (except Cunninghamia) bearing
Imt a single seed and in the s[»heroidal
form of the whole friiit.

The fruits or cones of the ditfcrent
tribes, genera and species differ enormously
in size and Aveight. The gallndi of the
Savin dunipers are smaller than the
smallest of garden peas, whilst the cone
of the ISIoreton Bay Pine, Aranraria
Bidirilli, is aluKist as large as a man's
head. The small cones of Larix ameri-
rana do not much exceed half an inch
in length ; the cones of the Californian
Sugar Pine, Pinux Lcunhertiana, are often
two feet long. It takes several cones
of the common Hendock Spruce to weigh
ail ounce ; a single cone i >f Pinus
Coulteri Aveighs from four to ti\'e pounds
and occasionally more. It is a note-
worthy fact that nearly all the species
of Fir and Pine which bear the largest
cones inhabit the Sierras of Oregon and
California, and their continuation into
iiKKinitica among the Firs, and Pinus
Coii/fe)'i and P. Aiiai-ahuife among tlie

Fig. iJl. Longitudinal section of a cone of
the Stone Pine, Piniis pinca, showing the
relative positions of the axis, scalesand seeds.
Two-thirds natural size.

Mexico, Ahie--< uofn'/i.-i and A.
Lcunhertiana, P. Sahiniana, P
Pines.

Although the cones of a great majority of the species are of a dull and
uiuittractive colour, there are some remarkable exceptions — the cones of
Ahies Wehhiana during the period of growth are a deep violet-blue and
strikingly beautiful ; those of A. hoinolepif^, A. Veifrhii, Tsut/a Bninon-
iana and Lari.r GriMtliii are, under like circuiiistance.s, marked
ornaments of the trees that bear them on account of their colour. The
cones of Ahies nohilis are bright pea-green during their progress towards
maturity which, with the SA'mmetrically arranged scales with their
protruding bracts, renders them very beautiful objects. The rii)e arils of
the common YeAV are liright coral-red, in one A'ariety orange-yellow, which
Avlieii produced in quantity iiiij)art to the trees by contrast Avith the deep
green foliage a A-ery ornamental appearance.

The fruit of all the Taxads Avith very few exceptions,* so far as

* The fruits of tlie Riimi of New Zealand, JJacrydium aqriessiintm, re(^uire tit'tceii or
sixteen months to attain maturity. — Kirk, Forest Fl. N. Zeal. 29.

lu Pimis, Cinlnis,

•IS FltUCTIFlCATION.

kiiuwii, ripi'ii ill (iiic scasiiii. In the ('(i.nifeu.k a

tlic .spi'L'it's also liiaturati' their fruits in (Hic scasdn. __. ^ _

Arauuaria, Cupressus in part and .Innipcr inatuiation is nut complete till
the second season.* The seeds are diopju'd eithei' l)y the falUng away of
the scales (Abies) or by a separation of them at a sufficient distance to
allow of tlicir escape. The hard cones of the Pinaster <^TOup of Pines,
notal)ly the Califnrniaii s[)('rics /*. mnricafa and P. tuheiruJafa, often

Fig. 3:2. 1, Cone of Alncs jKctiiMtu. 2, Bract and ovuliferoiis scale of tlie same seen from the outside.
3, The same seen from the inside and .showing the two-winged seeds. 4, Longitudinal section of bract
and ovuliferous scale showing a seed inserted on the latter. 5, A winged seed of Abirx jn'ctiiuiUt. ti, Longi-
tudinal section of seed. ", Ovuliferous scale of Scots Pine. 8, Ovuliferous scale of the liarch (LuHk
(Hriiiiinij showing two ovules and bract below it. '.>, I^ongitudinal section of the ovuliferous scale of the
Larch. Fig. 1 natural size, all the others enlargi'd.

remain do.sed and attaclied to the tn^es for years, oidy opening when a
forest tire or an exceptionally hot and dry season causes the scales to
sjilit asunder and liberate their seeds.

* Tlie seeds of Pinus pinra arc not mature till the third season, and tliis may iuo])alily
lie the case with other speeies of Pinus.

49
THE SEED.

As already stated, the seeds are produced singly, in pairs, or in greater
number according to the ovules in each scale, but sometimes fewer
by abortion in those species in which the ovules on each scale are
more than two (Cupressincie and Taxodinea^). They are enclosed in
a bony, leathery or membraneous tegument called the U&tn which
in the Abietineje is usually expanded into a memliraneous wing.
The endosperm enclosing the embryo consists of a farinaceous or
tleshy albumen more or less impregnated with resin, but which
in the case of a few of the larger seeds of Pinus as

Fig. 33. 1, Branchlet of Larch, Lanx' cKropfWf, with ripe cone. 2, Brauchlet of /'/ li ripe cone.

3, OviUiferous flower of Citpi-essiis sempeiTirvns. 4, Longitudinal section of the saiu. . .., li.^.i cone of the
same. (5, Single carpel of the same with numerous ovules. 7, Fruiting "spur" of Ginkgo biioba. Figs. 3, 4,
and 6 enlarged.

F. piiiea, P. cdulis, P. Sahiniana is edible and occasionally used for
food by the poorer inhalntants of the countries in which these
Pines are abundant.

The seeds vary much in .size and shape in the ditiereut genera, and
even in species inchnled in the same genu.'*. Thus in Piinis they are
mostly ovoid or obovoid, with the gi'eater diameter of the smaller seeds
as those of P. Sfrohus not more than one-fifth of an iucli, whilst those

THE SEKD.

of P. Sahiniana ;uv ahuost us large as a tillicvt. In .Vhics and Ccdrns tlicy
are broadly wedge-sliajH-d ; in Taxodiiuu angular ; in Se([U()ia diskdikc and
compressed; in sonic of tJic Cupressineae ear-shaped, etc. In Arancaria
the scale, bract and seed all coalesce into an elongated wedge-like liody.
The seeds of Taxads and Conifers (littering so mncli in size, it follows
also that there is a corresponding if not a proportionate dilfereiice in
weight. A few instances for illustration are selected from a tal)le
compiled by Mr. E. J. C. Preece.* In this table the gramme is taken
as the luiit of weight which is e(piivalent to about 15*5 English grains,
or in other Avords the English ounce is equal to 28"3 grammes. Thus,
in Abies the small-seeded A. haJaainea has 157 seeds to the gramme,
whilst A. cephalonica and A. Nord)nanniaua have but twenty. In Picea,
the common Spruce, P. exceha has 150 seeds to the grannne, whilst the
small-coned P. alba has 340, and the Sitka Spruce neail\- 1,000. In
Piaius, whilst one seed of P. Sahiniana almost weighs a gramme, and
only two of P. pint^a and three of I', ('tnilfcri, it takes 200 of
the Scots Pine to make uj) tlie same weigiit. It re(piires over 300

of the small seeds of Wellingtonia
and 360 of Cnjptiniieria japonira
to weigli a gramme, a larger nund)er
than Lawson's Cypress which takes
al)Out 250.

It is a very rcmarkalilc fact

that some of the largest of trees

spring from the smallest of seeds.

Tlius, the gigantic Se([Uoias of

California, the AVellingtonia and

the Redwood have seeds less than

one-tenth of an inch in diameter,

anil each seeil c(»n tains no more

mattei' than a grain of mustard

seed. The seeds of the JJeodar

Cedar are smaller than those of

some of onr garden hei'bs, and

the seeds of the llciulock Kirs are

seeds of J'iini^ ni<nii>i)]ujlia and

IS large again as lliose of their

to ten' times their height, and

There is, however, no necessary

of seeds anil tlie dimensions of

essential physiological condition

stored up in tlie simmI lieing in

nutrient matter

rootlet.-

Fig.

Ililie

;'.4. Scale of cone of y'/'/("x /i)«(ii. ],
(ventral) face with two seeds, i, Outei' (dorsal)
face showing the swollen apical jtortion called the
fyio/Aj/s/s with its central i)rotnberanee. Nat. size.

Th(
half

among the smallest of tree seeds.

P. lwraienMt<, both low trees, an

congener, P. Laiiilx'vfiana, which towers

many other instances might be cited.

comiection between the size and weight

the ]>lants that sirring from them. The

consists in the albumen or food material

sufficient quantity to sujijily the eml)ryo i)Iant with

during germination and until the cotvledonarv leaves an

young seedling are sufficiently developed to a>
atmos]»here and soil.

Various provisions are met with which serve tin
seeds of Taxads and Conifers. The l)right colour an
of the aril of the Yew dmibtless attract birds, an

the
iniilate it from the

of th,!

tiaviair
1 the contained

■rsion

sweet

seed is carried by them a consideiable ilistaiice from the parent tree ;
and this prol)al)ly hajipeiis with the succulent fruits of (linkgo,
Cei»halotaxus, Torreya and .Iiini])er. The iiienil)raneous wing into

* Forestry, YII. (1883), p. IStJ.

AP.NOKMAL (IHOWrilS. 51

wliiili the testa of tlu' srcils df most of t]ut Aljictiiu'tu is I'xpaiuledj
is cvidi'iitly desig'ueil as an aid to their disiHTsion by tlie wind. Soou
after the niatnration of the eones, tlic jiersistent scales fall baekwards
or ontwards from the axis to jiermit the ripened seed to eseajje. The
scales are very sensitive to moisture, and in many species exhibit
rapid movements when wet. This is especially well seen in the cones
of TifUf/a i-anademis in which the widely o\w\\ scales become completely
closed in twelve miniiti's. This property oi the cone-scales is found
to be very efficient, tirst in loosening the wingeil seeds fr(jm the
scales Avhich Ijear them, and secondly in favouring the wide dispersion
of the seeds, as the cones open and close many times before all the
seeds are sown, thus securing their transport in ditferent directions by
the varying winds.*

The seeds of each species produce plants "after its kind,'"' but
immmerable departures from a hxed type are of constant occurrence,
and many of them so remarkable, that were their origin unknown
they would, on superficial glance, be taken f(H* quite distinct species.
Among such may be noted the Irish Yew, Clanbrasil's Fir, the erect
Lawson's Cypress, and the Whipcord Arbor Yit?e. Besides these, which
may be called extreme forms, every bed of seedling plants shows
numberless variations in habit, foliage or some minor particular.
Taxads and Conifers therefore, like many of the lower forms of
vegetation as Ferns, are polymoriJious, a jirineiple that manifests itself
throiighout the (Irder, but is much more (•(^mmon in some tribes than
in othi-rs ; it is less freijuent in Pinus than in ^Vbies, very usual
in the Yew, and most common in the Cypress tribe (Cupressus,
Thuia, Juniperus, etc.). It is most observable in plants in their
young state, but when the departure from the usual type is not very
great the difference gradually disappears as the plant becomes older.

ABNOEMAL GROWTHS.

Exceptional formations or deviations from the ordinary mode of growth,
or monstrosities as they are called, are of frequent occurrence among
Taxads and Conifers. Many such malformations are due to diseases
caused by fungi, the attacks of insects and other animals, and even
to the operations of iSTature as winds, storms, etc. Those due to
■diseases and insect agency are treated of under their respective
heads ; but there are some which cannot be traced to either cause,
and which require separate notice. For the following selected
instances the author is almost wholly indebted to Dr. Maxwell Masters,
the eminent authority on vegetable Teratology, from whose writings on
the subject they have been extracted.

The malformations occtirring amongst Taxads and Conifers not
■caused by disease or insects may be grouped under several distinct
headings, but by far the greater number of observed instances are
referable to the following : —

I.— Androgyny in which Iwth sexes occur in the same axis or
parts of the same cone.

* Prentice in Botanical Gazette, 1888, i>p. 2:56, 207.

ANDROGYNOUS CONES.

II. — Pkolification restricted in the cases here noticed to the
prolongation of the axis of the seminiferous cone along which
are produced foliage leaves, sometimes also transitional forms
instead of the usual seminiferous scales.

III.— Fasciatiox by which is iniderstood the union of parts
usually separate in their adult condition, and its opposite or
Fission which implies the division of organs usually entire.

Androgynous Cones. — Many
instances have been recorded of
the presence of staiuinate and
Dvuhferous fluwers on the same
axis. Malformed cones of I'icea
exceha have been observed in
which tile loM^er part of the axis
was covered witli stamens whilst
the upper terminal portion pro-
duced bracts and scales like an
ordinary seminiferous cone. The
stamens of the lower division
were serially continuous with
the bracts al)Ove. Some of the
lower scales of tlie ovuliferoirs
portion were in the axils cif the
uppermost stamens which last
were somewhat modified, the
anther cells being diminished
whilst the scale-like connective
had become more elongated and
pointed ; in fact more or le.s&
resenililing tlie ordinary bract.

Similar changes have been,
observed in Picea aiha, P. niiira,
Piims Thunhergi, and Larix
americana, and a very remark-
able case in Cuprestfus Latrson-
iana in which the lower scales
of the staminate Hower that
were serially contiiuious with
the leaves bore anthers, ^vllilst
tlie iqiper scales also • serially
continuous with the leaves bore
()^'ules. One scale even bore
au anther on the outer and
an ovule on the inner or uppci'
surface of its l)asal i)ortion.

Pkolification Foliar proliiication of llic iuflorescence is frequent^

especially in Cryptomeria ja_ponica and the common Larch. The elonga-
tion of the axis which occurs in the seminiferous cone is frequently
associated with a more or less foliaceous condition of the bracts, which
seem to be serially continuous both above ami Ixlnw with the ordinary
leaves. The scales too become notched and liipartitc, and slu.w between

Fig. 35. Bisexual cone of rhius Thiivlivrgii wiUi
details of stnicture and pollen grains.

Fig. 36. Scale of Ciipressus I.iursomdnn licarin;;

an antlier on the outer, and an ovule on

the inner surface x .>.

riiOLlFEKUUS COXES.

tlie IoIh'S the iiulinu'iit of a l)U(l wliicli in a furtlu'r stagf ilevclupss intit
a sli(i(tt branny leavrs. This form of proliticatii^ii is not iiuconinioii,
and tliL' apix'aranee presentiMl l)y it in various yencra is I'ssentially the

same. The bracts Ix'come mow or less
leafy and pass gradually into the condition
of ordinary leaves, so that tlie general
appearance is as a branch growing through
the cone. ^Vn instance of this kind of
prolitication was sent to the author of this
work by Captain Xoinian, R.X., of
Cheviot House, Berwick-on-Tweeil. Tlie
axis of a cone of the common Spruce,
Picea e.erelm, had grown beyond the
apex from one to two inches, the jirolonged
part being clothed with ordinary foliage
leaves ; the bracts serially continuous
Avith them below were nuich modified,
diliering only from the ordinary foliage
leaves in being shorter 'and thinner ; the
scales seated in their axils bore two
rudimentary ovules, apparently imperfect
as none of them had been fertilised.

_. 87. Branclilet of Cruptomerlajaponicu
var. Lobbii with proliferous cones.

In a proliferous Larch cone the
woody scales were found to be
more or less winged at the sides,
notched and bipartite at the apex.
8ometimes the lateral lobes of the
.scales Avere infolded so as partially
to conceal the ovule at the base
iind suggest the idea of a partially

closed carpel. The proliferous cones of Ahiefia Jkn/ij/asii are chiefly
remarkable for the fact that in passing to the leafy state the bracts
^gradually lose the tricuspidate apex wdiich usually characterises them.

L, proliferous Larch coue ; b, leafy
bract and seed scale ; c, leafy bract, the scale rudi-
mentaiy ; d e, abnormal scales with traces of
ovules. Nat. size.

FASCIATION.

The i)r(.lift"v()us cones of Sdadopitijs vertidUata arc of i^rcat iiitcirst ■
in tlic ovdinavy cones of tins species the bracts are nearly (■(unpletely
concrescent with the seed scale, bnt in the speciiuen H^i^ured the In-acts
and the seed scales are more or less detached one from the other;
moreover the bracts gradually assume the condition of the perulae-
snch as surround the buds. In this plant, then, the In'acts instead

of bet'oniing more leafy as they do
usually in proliferous cones, n^vert tO'
the vaginal or perular condition. The
metamorphosis is, in this case, retrograde
instead of progressive, or to speak more
correctly, develo[»nient has been arrested
instead of enhanced. From the axil
f)f each of these penUae ])roceeds it
"needle" or phylloid shoot of the
ordinary character, so that in these
cones we have it in evidence that the
l)erulae are modihcations of the leaves,
that tlie "needles" or jihylloid shoots
are axillary to them, that they
occu])y the same relation to the jn'ruhie
as the seed-scale does to tlie bract
in ordinary cases, and fiu'ther that
they have tlie same essential structure
as the seed-scales of this and all other
genera.*

Fasoiation. Although malformations
referred to this heading are more common
among other families of plants, especially
herbaceous s])ecies, they have been
occasionally noticed in Taxads and
Conifers — in the liranchlets of Pinus
J*/)iasfrr, P. si/Irestn'.^, P. exceUa, Laric
f^itropdu : in the leaves of l^axu^
harcata, Cu2vessti>< obfusa, JunipeTua
roiiiiiiunix, J. chirifnxis. The opposite
phenomenon oi' F'is«n»N as it is tech-
nically calle(l, is probably of less frecpient
ap[)earance. In the Kew Museum is
] (reserved a cone of Pici'd exceha dividing
into two, each part hearing bracts and
scales. A siniilai' on-urrence is some-
times seen in the staminate tlowers of
Ci'dnis IJInoii.
fasciation in the Scots Fine was sent to
Sons liy II con-espondent in liuckinghamslui'c ;
tliat ligure(l in the " ( lardeners' ( "hroniclc " of
was sent to the I'jHtoi' fi'om ( 'hatswortli, and

Fig. .39. Proliferous cone of Scicuhpit;/,
vrtirilUitit. Nat. size.

.A curious instance o
Messrs. .lames \'eitch aiK
it resendiled ver\- closelv
April 10th, iss'fi, wlii-ii

* Many otliei- instances df malfonnation in the sexual and etlier organs of Taxads
and Conifers are tif^nrod and descrihed by Dickson in Jeurn. But. Soc. Edinh., July, I860.
Ca9i)ary, De Aliietin. tior. ficni. Struct. Morph. 1861. Parlatore in Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 4
p. 21.0 (186.^). Carriere in Rev. liort. 1887, p. 509. Also by Eichler, Oersted and
others.

rATiroLOdv

;i similar iiistaiicc was seen liy tlu' atithur mi Pixus ('iniltrrl at The
Fiythe, near Wclwvn. Tlu'sc out-^iTowtlis, frequently calleil '• Imrrs,"'
are soiiietiiues the result of injury hy miti's or other insects. In the
l)ranfh froUL Buckinghamshire the fasciatiou took a circular form of
about nine inches in diameter, and presented the appearance, on
superficial view, (if a cushion of the common garden Thrift, Armerm
iiKirifiiiui.

n^i^

Fig. 40. "Burr" ou a Scots Pine. (From the Gardencys' Chronkh.)

PATHOLOGY.

THE DISEASES OF CONIFEES.*

By Professor ^Marshall ^Vard, D.Sc, F.R.8., F.L.S.

SPEAKiN(r broadly, tliere are two great classes of diseases which
imperil the life of Conifers. There are, ou the one hand, diseases
due to the more or less directly injurious action of other living-
organisms— animals and plants — which injure or destroy the roots,

* Reiniiited fmiu the Report of the Conifer Coiifereiiee held at Chiswick, October 7tU
and Stli. 1S91. hv ii'iniission ot the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society.

0() DISKASES OF CUNIFEKS.

Stems, leaves, etc., of tlie Conifer, and so bring abont the deatli
of the whole or of parts of it ; and, on the other hand, there
are dangerous ])hysical conditions of the soil, climate, atmosphere
and so forth, which render the life of the Conifer more or less
precarious or even impossible.

As a matter of fact, however, these two classes of dangers are
frequently found acting together, and so a given case of disease may be
complicated owing to the co-operation of many factors. In other
cases it is found that the symptoms known to be characteristic
of a particular disease are so closely sinnilated in diseases due
to quite other causes than those which produce the primary malady,
that confusion results, and barren lines of action are started by
the practical man who fails to discriminate l)etween the various
eases.

Instances of this kind are so instructive that we may take as an
example the well-known disease of Pines characterised by premature
shedding of the leaves, as yellow and lirown needles, which collect
in dense heaps beneath the trees. In some cases it is certain that
the leaves of young Pines are cast suddenly, and in dangerous
quantities, after a sharp frost, or at least after a night so cold that
the still soft foliage is chilled below a point which we might call
the death-point for these organs. In other cases, however, similar leaf-
casting occurs under conditions which are very different in their
action. Young Pines suddenly lose their " needles " in warm sunny
weather when the ground is frozen hard ; or these organs fall in
showers after a period of drought in a hot summer.

Xow although the symptoms which preface and accompany the aliove
cases of premature leaf-casting are in the main similar — the green
leaves turn yellow, and then brown, and rapidly fall, shrivelling in
heaps, to the ground below — the disease is a different one, and is
caused l)y different agents in each instance, and it is even possible
to obtain fairly obvious evidence of this. In those cases where the
fall is due to the direct action of frost or of cutting cold winds —
i.e., where the leaves are killed by the sudden abstraction of heat
from their tissues — keen observers have found that those Ijasal parts
of the " needles " which are enclosed in antl protected by the
sheathing-scales of the short branches (" tufts ") may remain fresh for
some time after the exposed parts have turned l)rown and shrivelled
up. In the second class of cases, howevei', no such partial shrivelling"
of the leaves is seen; the tissues dry \\]> all along the "needles"
from tip to base comi)letely, and this is l)ecause they have been killed
by drought — either because the i-oots in the frozen soil cannot sup[)ly
water to replace what is being transpired in the bright sunshine,

DISEASES OF PINES. 5?

or because the weather is so hot and ihy that there is not enougli
water in the iniuiediate environment at all.

Different as are tlie above causes of premature leaf-casting, there
are still others, of wliich the following is the most prevalent and
ditheult to deal witli. The leaves turn yellowish, with brown and
])urplish spots and patches on them, and fall in showers as l^efore ;
but this time the disease is found to be ei)idemic in character.
Towards the end of the summer numerous tiny black spots may be
observed on the dying and dead leaves, and these are the spermo-
gonia of a detinite fungus [Hjistci'mm Pinastri, one of the Phacidiacecc
of the Discomycetes). In wet seasons, or if the leaves V)e kept moist
through the winter, the higher fructifications and asci may be olitained.
Eesearclies have shown that Gcippert* was ([uite right, S(j long ago
as 1852, in attributing this epidemic to the ravages of the mycelium
of the above fungus ; the hypha' invade the leaf tissues during wet
seasons, kill the cells, and so bring about the browning of the
" needles." When large cpiantities of needles have been thus nuned,
they suddenly fall in the showers which bring dismay to the forester
and horticulturist, and give the name " shedtling " (Schufte of the
German foresters) to the disease.

These are not the only causes of premature leaf-casting in Conifers,
but they are good examples of the commonest types, and I have
brought them forward here to show you. how very easy it is for
anyone unacquainted with the facts to draw erroneous conclusions as
to the causes of the phenomena ; and it must be remembered that
wrong conclusions — i.e., wrong diagnoses — lead to improper treatment
in plant-diseases, as they do in human diseases. The diseases of
Conifers are, in fact, like the diseases of other living beings, cases
of disturbances in the struggle for existence going on among the
structural elements of the tissues, etc. The discussion is here confined
to only two categories of these diseases — those due to fungi and those
due to disturbing action of the inorganic enviromnent ;f the simplest
plan will be to take some of the groups of Conifene seriatim, and
touch briefly on their prominent maladies.

I. The Pines.. Owing to tlieiv very resinous nature, the Pines generally
are not so apt to sutfer from injiu'ies which result from the exposure of
open wounds as are many otlier trees, and it is astonishing how nuicli
knocking about the hardy species will endure ; hrenkages from wind, heavy
snow, the cutting and biting of man and otlier animals, and so forth,
are readily healed over by occlusion in tlie case of most of the species.

A very common cause of disease and death in Pines is the breaking of tire
ascending water-current from various actions of an unsuitalile environment.

* " Verliandlungen des schlesischen Forstvereins, " 1852, p. 67.

t Those diseases -which are due to the injurious action of animals, especially insects, being
treated of separately.

58 IHSEASES OF PINES.

Sjicakiiit; lit'iif'iilly, tlic PiiH's r('(|uire light, oitcu, and well-drained
soils, as deep as possiljlc ; and many aspects of disease in tlieni are due
to the non-fultilnient of tliese conditions. Unquestionably one of the
worst uf these dangers results from the clogging of the soil at the roots,
whether due to wet clay, stagnant water, the covering up or hardening of
the surface — p.ij., hy means of pavements, etc. — or other processes.

The general course of events is much the same in all these cases. The
primary cause of the injury is want of oxygvn at the roots, for Avithout
due supply of that gas in the watei' to which the living and absorhing
])arts of the smallest root-til a'ils have access tlie cells of the latter cannot
do their work. That is to say, the roots are unal)le ti> take iij) water
containing oxygen and mineral constituents in solution, at periods when
the " e^'ergreen " leaves are transpiring large (piantities of vapour into the
atmos]ihere. Conserpiently the young branches and tijis of the tree may
die ott' rapidly, and if the source of misi-liief is permanent the whole plant
will die.

But the class of diseases due to "wet feet" — as it is often called — is
even more complex than this. The persistent rotting of dead rootlets in a
wet soil not only imi)lies loss of root-power as above referred to ; it also
entails the direct consum])tion of oxygen and the fouling of th(i water by
poisonons products of decomposition which diffuse through the dying tissues
to higher ones which were still healthy, and might have sutticed to supply
new rootlets, etc., had the state of luidue moisture been merely temporary.

Moreover, the presence of excessive moisture and heavy wet soils
] ire vent the necessary warming of the a})sorbing rootlets, and cases an^ not
nncommon Avhere the stiffness and moisture of a soil, though insufficient
to cause the death of the absorbing cells by asphyxia — /.''., the deprivation
of free and dissolved oxygen — or by direct i)oisoning, are still so ])owerful
in preventing the necessary rise of temjierature which nnist take place
liefore tlie al:)Sorbing living cells can olitain, and pass dii, the ]»ro[)er
supply of water which the hisses from the aerial ]iarts of the ]>laut
demand, and by means of whicli the minerals needed can alone lie
furnished, tliat symptunis of death liy drought make their appearance,
the leaves turn y(dlow and then In-own, shrivel and fall, and th<' tree
■may even die.

I liave ali'eady sliown how a very similar state of atfairs may be
brought about when young Pines have their atiiial parts ex[»osed to di'v
air and hot sunsliine at a time when the soil is frozen hard, and
the roots are rendered inactive liy the low lein]ierature of the ground.
The proper understanding of all tliese matters in detail re([uires con-
siderabh; ac({uaintauce with the mici'dscopic anatomy and physiology uf the
jilant, but anyone may readily grasp the main [loiiits concerned, and
will see that preventive measures can only lie put into action intidligently
and with hopes of s\icces.s if these ]ioints aiv apprehended.

< )bviously youiiL; I'iiies in lieds should not be exposed to powerful
insolation at a time when theii' roots ai'e in hard frozen soil as above
describi'd, and in those cases whei'c such ilan,i;i'rs are imminent a piece of
gauze ol- other sheltei' will reiluce the cliaUces of disaster.

Kijually obvious is it that suitable drainage opeiations may make all
the tlilf'erence to a locality not (piite lilte(l foi' L;rowin,u such jilants, and
I M'ant to take this opportunity of iusistiuL; u]ion the very important
fact — which ajiplies to other plants as well as Conifers -that the operation
of drainage iloes not consist in merely removing superfluous moisture ; far

DISEASES OF I'lXES. 59

luoiv iiiipurtaiit is tlu' iircssiiiL;- into the iuti'istici's of the ilraiiit-d snjl df
atinosphei'ic oxygen, which ilocs so niurli work of various kinds in tlif.
laTn'i'inth of passages which it traverses, that a whole lecture would not
nearly exhaust the treatment of this subje(-t alone. Aiu>ther extremely
pertinent jtoiut in this connection is that the draiiietl soil can Ik- warmed
by the sun's rays, or hy the higher temiterature of the air referred to,
not only more easily, but also more eipiably.

Passing now to the diseases due to rmsnital)le conditions in tlie sub-
aerial and atmospheric environment, the following i)oints may lie considered.

Pines, especially when the foliage is young, and still more particularly
when the idants themselves are young, are ajit to lose many leaves, and
even to Ite killed, by nmlue chilling of the surfaces, cold dry winds lieing
perliajis the most fatal agents in this country. I have already referred to
that form of leaf-casting which is caused l)y this ; liut it is perhaps
commoner to see parts of the tree only, in the --ase of the more teiidei'
Pines, with tlieir foliage brown and shrivelled, than to liavi' a general fall
of the leaves.

A curious class of diseases, not common in the Pines, perhaps, but
stated as oi-curring in P. Sfro1in!< and some tithers with thin cortex, are
the various kinds of "rifts" — i.p., more or less vertical fissures — Avhich
extend up and down the exi)osed trunks of trees facing the south-west.
The particular kind of rift liere referred to rarely, if ever, appears in trees
grown in the open from their youth onwards, but is very apt to occur on
the south-Avest aspect if older trees previously closed u]) and well sheltered
are exposed by a cutting. I see no reasons for rejecting the explanation
that such rifts are caused by the direct rays of the sun beating on the
thin cortex when the air is at its highest tem[)erature ; whether the cells
are killed directly l)y the sun's rays, or whether the damage is due to
excessive evaporation of their water, is as yet not certain.

( )f all the sub-aerial agents which damage Pines, however, none are
IK'rhaps more to be feared than the acid gases of our larger manufacturing-
towns. Sulphurous acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, coal-gas, and such-
like chemicals are fatal to Pines even in very small quantities ; and it is
no doubt tti these, rather than to the increased percentage of carbon
dioxide, soot, or to the diminished light, that the foggy exhalations of
larg(^ towns owe their enormous power for evil. Nor can we A\-onder at
this when we reflect that many Pines are mountain species, growing
normally in those purest of atmospheres which attract us for the very
reason of their purity.

I now j)ass to the consideration of those diseases of Pines which are
directly traced to the injurious action of fungi ()n or in their roots,
stems, or leaves.

These fungi belong almost exclusively t<i the groujis of parasitic
Ascomycetes, Uredineae, and Hymenomycetes. It is true that Pliytophfliara
omnivora (one of the Peronosporeae) attacks and destroys tlie seeiUings of
these and other Conifers ; Init the rule is that Conifers are exempt from
diseases due to the Peronosporeae, Ustilaginese, Cynnioasceae, or Caster-
omycetes, and also from those caused l\v Bacteria (possibly with one
exception*) and Myxomycetes.

* Vuillemiii, ''Sur une Bacteriocecidie on Tuiueur Baeill.iire dii Pin d'Alep," C'omptcs
Benilus, XuvtMiiber •26th, 1888. It may also l>e remarked that the roots of certain Conifers
juay have hyphi^' of Gastfivinyretes attached to them, though, so tar as I can discover,
thev do not induce diseased conditions in the tree

60 FUNGI IXJUKIOUS TO PINES.

A cniu}iletL' list of tlic parasitic funoi Avliich iiijmv the Piiu-s would
carry us too far, and 1 must eoutcnt myself with the following selection
of them.

Some of the most mischievous are Tramefes radlrijwrda (known
also as Fomes annosus, Polyporus annosus, Heferohasidion annosum), Tr.
Pini, Pohjporus mollis, P. vaporarms, P. Schioeinitzii, and Atjaricus
inelleus.

These fun<ii, which are distin,i,niished l)y technical characters the
discussion of which must be passed over here, differ considerably in their
mode of action and manner of inducing disease,* but they all agree
generally in that they eventually destroy the timber of the trees, by
dissolving and consuming the structural elements which compose it.
^^ow since the tindjer of the Pine furnishes (1) the channels up which
the water and luitritive materials have to pass from the roots to the
leaves, and (2) the supporting columns by the strength of which the
crown of foliage can alone be held aloft and exposed to the light and
air, it follows that such destruction results in disease and death to the
tree as a M'hole.

Tramefes radkiperda, now known very thoroughly from the recent
researches of Brefeld,t who also proposes to re-]iame it Hetero-
hasidion annomni imm the remarkable conidial forms which he
has discovered, atfcicks the living roots of Pinus sylvedris, P. Sfrolms and
others, sending its snow-white mycelium beneath the cortex, and travel-
ling thence up the stem, to finally penetrate the wood by way of the
cambium and medullary rays. The rotting of the wood rapidly follows,
with symptoms so peculiar that tlu' presence of this fungus can be
concluded with certainty from them. Owing to the reddish discolora-
tion of the tim))er which results, this disease has been termed the
" red-r(jt," a name which involves confusion however, as several other
similar diseases of timber cause such discolorations.

This disease is extremely difficult to eradicate, because the myctdium
travels from root to root in the soil, and the spores are carried by
subterranean animals from one place to another; moreover, the matter
has become more complex since Brefeld discovered the second form of
conidial spores. Of course the fructifications should be destroyed by
burning, as also the dead and dying branches, stumps, etc. Hartig has
found that moats, dug so as to cut ott" sound trees from infecteil ones,
have been of service.

Aijarinis me/leus, tlK)Ugh a less })rono\niced parasite, is not less
<lestructive ; the details of its action on the timber are different, and its
mode of spreading from root to root in the soil, by means of its long,
])urple-black, cord-like mycelial strands, called Rhizomorpha, also differs.
But the net results are much the same in both cases. Very tangible
signs of the presence of Af/arims melleus, in the absence of the taAvny
yellow " toad-stools," are afibrded by the copious outflow of resm from
the diseased roots and base of the stem of the affected trees, and by the
ab(jve rhizomorphs in the rotting wood and soil around.

Most of the Poliipori mentioned are decidedly wound-fungi — that is to
say, they oidy attack successfully those parts of the timber which are

* For a more detailed account of these matters see "Timber and some of its Diseases,"
by H. Marshall Ward, M.A., F.R.S. (Macmillan and Co.)

t "Untersticlmngen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Mykologie,' H. VIII. 1889, p. lo4.
Hee also R. Hartig, " Zersetziingserscheinungen des Holzes " (Berlin, 1878).

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO PINES. 61

already dead and ('Xjioscd tn tlic air; tlicir innuciicr fur evil should not
be underrated (Ui that accnuiit, hdwcvcr, for altlioui^h tlicy are sajn-o-
phytes Imng on the wood, their entrance into the trunk and In-anclies
means more or less rai)id hollowing- of the heart-wood (thereliy rendering
the tree liable to be thrown Ijy winds, ete.) and the gradual production
of injurious sulistanci's which soak into the sound parts and pave the way
for the advance of the destroying mycelium into living organs. Hence,
though such fungi are saprophytes, strictly speaking, in tlieir local action,
they nevertheless act towards the whole tree — taken as a living
individual — as parasites wliich may in<luce dangerous diseases.

Remedial measures are of course to lie directed to tlie careful
tending and covering of wounds, a mode nf ])rofe(lure which has
long been carried out on various trees at Kew, and with decided success,
I believe.

I have already spoken of Hiisterium Pina.<tri as the cause of leaf-
casting. HerpotrU'liia ni(jra* causes a tiresome disease on Pimcs vionfana,
and also on the Spruce ami Junipers at high altitudes. Hysteriuni
hrachysporum kills the leaves of the Weymouth Pine, and Farlow and
Seymoiirf give a long list of American forms that will necessitate much
careful investigation before we can determine winch are truly parasitic
and which merely saprciphytic.

There is m Germany a disease of the Scots Pine known l)y a name
Avhich I may translate " Pine-twist." Its prominent symptoms are con-
tortions and curved malformations of the tips of the leading shoots,
caused by the invasion of a fungus known as Cteoma piniforquurii.
The liyphee of this parasite so tortiu^e the epidermal region of the young
shoots that their growth in length is no longer equal on all sides ;
considerable deformity may result from the curvatures of the healthv
parts about the dead infested regions, and even the death of the tips
occurs in bad seasons — i.e., seasons too wet for the Pine, but very
agreeable to the fungus. In dry summers, howe\'er, the fungus-layers
may die off, and the injured spots be occluded.

But of all the fungus diseases which aflect Pines, none is more
interesting, and few more disastrous, than the one induced liy a fonn
long known as Peridermium, and of wliicli P. Pini is the best known.
This makes its appearance on various Pines as Itladder-like bags of spores
protruding from the leaves or cortex, and springing from a mycelium
which destroys the cell-tissues, and which may kill the ujjper parts of the
tree by ringing its stem or branches.

As long ago as 1874, AVoltf; showed that the form referred to is
merely the secidium stage of a uredinous fungus found on the leaves of
certain species of Senecio, and known as CoJeo^pormm. Further
investigations parti}' confirmed and partly contradicted this conclusion,
and led to the separation of species of Peridermium which invade
the cortex and hranrhex of the Pines {e.<j., Pimis si/lvesfris, P. Sfrobu.^,
P. Laricio, P. monfana, etc.) from others which infest the leace^ of
various species of Pinus.

The results are too lengthy to describe in detail liere, Init the gist
of the matter may be put as follows.

* R. Hartig, " AUgemeiiie Forwtliche uud Jagd-Zeitnng," January, 1888.
t "A Provisional Host-Index of tlu- Fungi of the" United States," Part III. 1891,
pp. 160—166.

X "Bot. Zeitung," 1874.

62 ■ FUX(;i INJURIOUS to fius.

TIk' Piriih'niiiuiii (<ir J^j-ldimii) Piiii i)f autlmi's cuinpiiscs SL'Vi'ral
• listinc't species : —

(1) P. ohlotKjUponuiii (111 the leaves lit' Pimix .■<i//n'xfri.'< iind P.
(iH!<triaca, the aeeitlial stage of (Stli'o^jtnriiun ^('UHrionU.

(2) P. Connii on the cortex c»f tlie Scots Pine, ainl \vliieli is the
i^cidial stage of Cninarthun AsfJt'jnadeuiii.

(3) 1\ Strohi (111 the cortex of PiuNx Sfrahii^i, P. Laiiiheiiiaua and
P. Cehihra, and Avliicli is tlie a'cidial foriii nf a. (Jronarfmui found
on species of Kiljes.*

(4) P. Pini, on the cortex of Pii//t--< xi/lri'.tfri.-t, lias nothing
to do with Coleo^porkun Senerionis, and numerous attempts have
in vain lieen made to settle what its Uredo-spore stage is, or on wliat
liost it grows; so that liere again is a ])uzzle awaiting sohition liy
tliose wlio liave tlie opiiortnnity.

Several (jther forms of Pt^rhJi'miium are known on various species of
Pinus. The following have hithert(j lieeii inclu(le(l with the ahove
under the common name P. Pint, hut no u\w Avill now he so hold as
to retain them until further investigations have decided as to tlieir
relationshi})s. The forms in ((uestion occur on the cortex of P/'iiu^
iiiontana, P. marifiina, P. half^jiem^ix, P. /i/ifi--', P. Taila, P. jKituhro^a,
P. /■/(/i'/a, P. radidfa, P. I^ahiniana, P. rontorfa, and some otlier
American Pines; as well as on the leaves of the Indian 7^. louijifiilia
and of the American P. yahiiiirh.

The great damage done hy th(.^ cortical forms of Peridcniiitnn is two-
fold in character. In the first ]»lace the cortex and camhium are killed
at the spot inva(le(l, and this injury may go so far as to ring the stem
or branch. Then in the second place, an ahnormal formation and
excretion of turpentine is excited, and this soaks int(j the wood and
render.s the j)assage of water upwards difficult or impossible. The natiiral
conse(;[uence is the perishing of the parts al)0ve the infested jilaces, and
in dry summers such a residt is apt to follow ra})i(lly. Sections of Pine-
stems, cut to 3 — o cm. thickness, thus jiermeated with turpentine, are
semi-translucent; and, as has long been known to continental foresters,
the abnormally resinous branches are excellent for torches, fuel. etc.
With isolate(l Pines, in jiarks and gardens, etc., it is not ditHcult
to eradicate the disease in its early stages by judicious jiruning, and
burning the infested juirts ; far greater difficulties, of course, are met
with in the treatment of forests. This disease is likely to do much
damage in nurseries, and 1 think you will admit that a strong case is
made out in favour of the ikmmI inr care and further observations as
regards the weeds growing iu the neighbourhood of all jilaces where Pines
are cultivated from seed.

II. llie FirK. I take this group in the bmadest sense, including in
it tlie genera Pic'a (tlie S])ruces), J/z/Vx (the Sihcr Firs), T^nKja (the
Hemlock Firs), and paritdDtxiKja (the 1 )ouglas Fir). .Much that has been
.said of the Pines is also line of these jnedominantly mountain trees. I
sliall therefore jiass at once to the descri]»tion of the diseases due to
finigi, merely remarking that those maladies traceable Id unsuitable
climate, soil, atniosjthere, etc, are much as liefore.

Here, again, some of the most disastrous forms (jf disease are those due

* Sorauer has conlirnied tliis (juite recently, liiiding that tlie .spures of J'. Slnibi develop
into Civiiaiiiuiii Ribkola (Dietr.), on Ribes riibrum, A', nigrum, and A', alpinum ("Zeitsehril't
fur PHanzenkrankheiten," 1891, B. i. H. :3, j.. 18:<).

KUNCI IN.lUltlOUS TO FIKS. 63

to liyiiK'nomycftuus i'miyi wliidi lot tlic tiinlxT, siuli as Ai/arirnx nx^lleicn,
Trarnetes radiciperda and T. Pini, Po/i/poni>< raporarius, P. horealis,
P. ftdvus, etc., and it is scarcely necessary to add anytliini;- tn what was
said of these wlicn treating of the Pines. A,i;ain, alsd, it liappcns that,
with the exception of Phijtophfhora omnirora, which (U'stroys the
.seedHngs of Spruces and Silver Fii's, the disease-inducing fungi all hehmg
to certain sections of the Hynienoniycetes, .Vscduiycetes, and ('s]»ci-ially
the Uredineae.*

Undoubtedly one of the most extraordinary df all these forms is
Cahjptogpora Gfrq^pertiaiia, a uredinous fungus which alternates between
tlie Silver Fir (Abies pedinaia), on the leaves of which it develops an
a?cidial form long known as JEridium rohiinnair, and the Red Whortlel)erry
{Vaccinium Vifis-id(t'a), a common under-shruh in the ( lerman Fir-forests,
the stems and leaves of which it distorts and kills l)y means of the
mycelium of its Uredo-form (known as CaJ iiiifoxpxyra — or Melampj-sora-
Gie]Dp)eiiiana).

Another remarkable case is that of the " AVitches' l)rooms,"' very
common in Europe, and by no means rare in this country. I have
myself found these on Abies Pinscqyo, as \\A\ as on A. pjedimda, in
Windsor Great Park. '' Witches' brooms " are curiously tufted masses of
twiggy branches which take their origin from parts of the stem attacked
by the mycelium of JEcidiuin eJatinum, the Uredo-forni of which is as
yet nnknoAvn, and possibly does not exist. The life-history was worked
out very thoroughly by the late Professor de Pary. t The hyphae so irritate
the growing tissues of the young shoots that the latter gain enormously
in diameter, and put forth numerous shoots which alter their whole
character. Thus, instead of growing outwards in a nearly horizontal
plane, they turn vertically upwards, and l)rancli copiously in a fastigiate
manner ; then their leaves are smaller, and arranged in regular spirals
around the erect twigs. These leaves are infested liy the mycelium,
and eventually bear the ^Flcidia, and fall prematurely. This mycelium is
perennial in the cortex, cambium, and wood of the stems, and does
much damage by stopping the leaders, and paving the way for rot-fungi.
It happens not infrequently in this country that the mycelium simply
soi(jurns in the stems, and does not lead to the full development of the
" AVitches' broom," but only causes tumour-like swellings of the axis.
The treatment of infected trees resolves itself into careful pruning
;nid removal of the monstrous organs. It woidd be well worth the
time of some capable investigator to undertake further researches into
the nature of this disease. This malady, by the way, has nothing to
do with the " AVitches' brooms " developed oir Birches, Cherries, Horn-
beams and other Dicotyledons which are due to the ravages of various
species of Exoasctis, curious ascomycetous fungi allied to the one that
causes "Bladder-plums." Farlow has found ^Er. clafinnm on Abies
ronroJori and A. bcdsaiuea, and it will jiroliably turn out to l)e more
widely spread than has been hitherto suspected.

The Silver Firs suffer from a luindier of other I'redinea^, of which

* The general application of these remarks to ConiteviV as a wliole may liave to be
modified when UstUago Fu><»ii (Niessl.) on species of Juni}ierus lias lieen jiroperly in-
vestigated.

t "Bot. Zeitnng," 1867.

J "A Provisional Host-Index of tlir Kun-i of tlie United States." Part III. 1891, pp.
1.58—170.

64 FUXCT IX.TURIOT^S TO FlUS.

Cd'iHiKt Ahirhft iircfhtatd' is ;i form i'('iniiuliii,L;' us, l)y its lial)it ami
lichaviiiur, of Cahiptoapora Ua'jjpertiioia.

Till' SpnuH's ( Fici'd) arc also a]it to suIIim- much from T"r(Mliuca\ of
"which the n'cuus (lu-ijx(tiiiii.i-(i is oui' of the uiost important. Several
s])('cies of this fundus do consideralde (lamai;c to the leaves, Ity causing
tlieiii to fall j)rematurely---c.7., f'. Ahieih* C. lihododendri and G. Ledi
— the forniev being autoeeious, and only occurring in the Teh'Utn-spore
stage, so far as is kntiwn ; the two latter heing lieteKpcious, the ^Iv-idia
developing on the leaves of the 8})ruce, and the l're(lo-fornis on tin-
leaves of lihododemlron fernuiineinii and 11. liirxutuni, and on those of
Lediun palusfrc. Farhnv says tliat C. Alnefis occurs on Tsu(/a
catiaiJe7isis -which suggests the ])roV)al)iIity that this form again is
more widely spread than lias lieen sup])osed hitherto. ^liinter states
that Pici-a a/ha is not ati'ected l>y this disease. I (piote from
Sorauer,t and cannot speak from my own knowledge ; hut Farlow doe.s
not give this fungus on I'. a//ia.

Spruces (and to a less extent Silver Firs and Pines) are often afiected
"with a disease caused hy an Ascomycete (Xecfria C'i(rurbifula), the
hyphcP of "which find their way through small "wounds in the cortex, into
the sieve-tubes, etc., of the i)hloem, and set up a struggle for existence,
"\vhich is very interesting to the biologist, though it may l)e viewed with
different feelings by the horticulturist. It ajipears that so long as the
Fir is doing well, the i)arasite is confined to the resting parts of the
phloem, and cannot make its way into the active cambial region, the
living cells of which go on dividing and growing ([uite normally ; if
the attacked branch is jiarticidarly vigorous, the formation of a layer
of cork inay l)e accomplished, which cuts oif all the diseased tissiu's,
which then di-y up and are thrown oft'.

It is a particularly instructive fact, however, that if the season is one
mifavourable to the rapid and vigorous development of the cambium, or
the tree generally, or if conditions exist in the soil or atmosphere
which retard the vegetative activity of the cells, the myccdium of
the Nedria is enabl(>d to conijuer the tissues of the cortex, and e\'en
to kill the cand)ium and jienetrate into the young wood. If this
ha])pens all the parts al)ove the attacked ]ilace are apt to div up-
and die, evidently from the stopi)age of the water currents u[) tlu'
stem; this very often occurs with thin watery twigs — so-called
" uniijieiied wood" — such as may be found in sliaded situations, or
in very damp sunnners.

From the dead cortex come the white coiiidial cushions, about as.
large as jiin-heads, followeil liy the scarlet stromata with immersed
ascogenous fructificati( ms.

There are many othei' very interesting jioints about this disease ; and
as it is a type of an exceedingly iiuportant series of di.s(!a.ses very
little understood in Enghuul, attention sh<iulil be directed to some
of the results.

While relying for tlie most part on the researches of Hartig:}: .so far
as this particular species is concerned, it is oidy I'ight to say tliat the
following conclusions are based on some experience of my own.

* Beautiful tigiu-es of tliis arc to be fouud in Willkonini, " Die inikroskoi)is'jhen Feiude
des Walde.s," 1867, Taf. IX. Tlie te.\t is now chietly of historical interest,
t " PHanzcnkranklieiten," 2nd edit. 1886, A'ol. II. ['.. 248.
:J: " Untersudmnyen aus deni Forstliclien-Botanischen In-stitiit zu Miinchen," I. p. 88.

FUNia INJURIOUS TO FIKS. 65

These Xerfriccj^, though very eoiiiiuoii indeed, niv iisiially found as
decidedly saiirophytic fungi, living in the dead wooil and covtex of
fallen hranches, or the parts of trees killed by entirely diti'erent agencies
— e.(j., frost, breakage, insect injuries, etc. — and experiments show that
the germinal tubes ileveloped from the spores are unable to penetrate
the sound tissues of living branches. On the other hand, it is quite
easy to infect a tree if the sound cortex be punctured with the
point of a scalpel <n\ which a few spores have l)een rubbed. The
p\mctiu-e kills a nundier of cells, and the hyphse feed on the solution
of food-materials thus formed ; and it is only from a position of
advantage like this that the mycelium, waxing in vigour day by day,
is alile to iuA-ade the tissues around, and gradually kill and destroy
those that -are not active enough to resist it. As already said, the
mycelium may fail to do more than establish itself in the more worn-
out portions of the inner cortex, and may then Im' cut out and cast
off by layers of cork. There is considerable reason for lielieving that
it makes all the ditt'erence to the fimgus what kind of start it gets;
if the mycelium is still young and feeble, the active tissues of the
cortex may cut it out very soon, and the ordinary observer can find
no trace of the invading fungus, or of disease ; but if it starts in a
bed of dead and dying cells capable of yielding it sufficient food-materials
(the hyphfe can grow in a matrix flooded with turi)entine) its rate of
spread depends almost entirely on what resistance is offered by the
vegetative activity of the cells aroiuid. Hartig found that the germinal
hyphae of N. Ciunirhitula find entrance into Spruce Firs through the
wounds caused by certain insects (especially GraplioUtha j^ai'Mana), and
also through such as are caused by the heavy blows of hailstones,
which liruise and tear the tissues of yo\ing shoots. In the case of
other Kecfrias, which cause Avounds on non-coniferous trees, I have
convinced myself that ruptures caused by frost, mechanical injuries {e.g.,
such as are produced l)y climliing trees to pluck fruit, etc.), pruning,
etc., afford the opportunities of entrance to the fungi.

There is a deeper problem beneath all this, however, and that refers
to the exact nature of the mutual actions and reactions between the
hypha? and the living cells of the host ; all I can say here is tliat^ it
is pretty clear that the liyphae excrete some poison-like siibstance which
the living cells of the cortex and cambium either break up and destroy,
<ir merely resist the action of, so long as they are strong, well-fed, and
A-igorous.' Once let such cells fall below a certain standard of health
and activity, however, and the hyphse make their way in and demolish
all before them. Obviously the factors of the inorganic environments-
soil, temperatiu-e, light, atmosphere, and so on — may determine the lialance
of events in this connection.

Tn conclusion, I may add that Xecfria Ciicurhifula is not uncommon
in this country, where it is usually found on dead branches, and
Farlow reports the occurrence of tliis species on Piims Sfrolms in the
United States, and of several other .species on other :N'orth American
Coniferae.

The Douglas Fir has, so far, shown but few fungus diseases in this
country and on the Continent, but since Aiiarims meUeus and Trainetes
radk-qyerda are among its enemies, it is not improbable that it may
T)e fo\ind to suffer from maladies not found on it in (or at least not
reported from) its native country. Farlow adds Trcuiietes Pini to

66 FUNGI INJUKIOUS TO THE LAIJCII.

the list of its liyiucndiiiycctoiis ciiciuics. So ivceiitl}- as 188(S* Vou
Tubeuf disfovered a discast' on this Fir wliich may prove very
troublesome in wet districts. The tips of tlic branches droop, and
their leaves fall off, l)ut remain hanging l)y means of a greyish
mycelium, which hohls them together as if attached to tlic tips by
means of spiders' avcI*. This mycelium gives rise to sporophores and
sclerotia, which ^n-ove it t() l)i' a Bofrijtis (B. Doiujladi, n. sp.), and
if it turns out to be as destructive as some of its congeners (e.(j.,
tlie Botrijtii< of the Lily-disease f) foresters will certainly have to reckon
very seriously with it. The damage is done by the mycelium penetra-
ting between the cells of the leaves and young shoots, and killing the
tissues forthwith. (_)ne source of danger is that this fungus can live
as a saprophyte in the dead foliage, etc., on the ground, as well as
parasitically in the living shoots ; and that it develops very efficient
resting organs known as sclerotia, which enable it to tide over
unfavourable seasons.

It appears that this BotrytU has also been observed on the Larch,
and on Silver and Spruce Firs. It is as yet too soon to attempt to
decide as to the extent of the danger with which the fungus threatens
us ; we know very little, moreover, as yet, as to the capal^ilities
of the Douglas F'ir itself in this country. Perhaps the greatest
damage so far done to it is by winds, but for my own part I feel
that this Conifer is still too new to tlit; British Islands! to be finally
reported upon, and it is not surprising that we know as yet very
little about its diseases. It is with the I'irs as with the Pines, as
regards the large munber of diseases due to fungi : the American list
is very long, and our own is by no means either short or exhausted.

The Hendock F'ir, Silver F'ir and Spruce suffer in Germany from a
leaf -fungus (Tricliosplueria parasitica) which reminds one in many
respects of some of our Erysiplieoi. The seedlings of these and other
Firs are destroyed hy Pliijtoplitliora onmivora and by a Pestalozzia
lately re-examined by Von Tubeuf. Almost as I write § comes the
announcement of another disease of the Sjaaice, said to l)e found "all
over Germany," and due to the hitherto luisuspected parasitism of a
Septoi'ia, and so the work goes on.

III. The Larches. The luu'opean Larch is apt to suffer very much froui
combinations of circumstances in the environment, wlien planted in this
country ; and when one compares the conditions under which it is
attempted to grow it with those prevailing in the natiu-al home of this
tree, the wonder is, surely, not that our Larches suffer, l)ut rather that
any of them escape. The F^uroijean Larch is a native of the Alps and
of the higher mountains of northern Euro[)e, growing naturally at altitudes
which ensure u pure atmosphere, brilliant sunlight, plenty of distributed
moisture, and rapid drainage ; in its mountain home it lias a relativcdy
long and thorough winter rest, from wliich, like Alpine plants generally,
it rapidly awakens late in spring, and then makes vigorous growth
through the l)rilliant and comparatively liot summer.

In this country the diseases of the Larcli are almost ail initialed l)y late
frosts, damp soil, insufficient sunlight, and alternations of periods of drouglit

* " Beitriige zur Kenutniss der Baimi-Krankheiten " (Berlin, 1888).

t Annals of Botany, Vol. II. 1888, "A Lily Disease."

J I am told that it was only introduced in 182(3.

§ " Zeitschr. f. PHanzenkrankh." P.. i. H. 3, 1891, p. 179, .svv also P.. i. II. 1, 1891, p. 47

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE LARCH. 67

with periods of excessive luoistiuv, in various (legrees of coni])iiiatiitii.
Late frosts, or chills whieh aj^proaoh such, are among the most deadly
agents. The tender tufts of bright green foliage, to which the Larches
owe their s[)ring beauty, are usually forced out in this country from
a month or six weeks too soon — as compared witli what occurs in the
Alps, etc. — and the succulent shoots and leavi's are thus apt to sufter
from the sudden oncoming of cold winds or frosts as they slowly cb-ag
along their precarious development. Once they -get well over this early
dilatory period of sprouting, all is safe ; their safety is ensured in their
moiuitain heights by (1) their not beginning to awake from the long
winter rest till danger of frosts is practically over, and (2) by the
extreme rapidity with which they run through the period of tenderness.
Our damp climate, moreover, is calculated to bring it about that the
roots of Larches, as of other Conifers, run risks not likely to be
incurred in the rapidly drained soils of their Alpine homes. But the
conditions referred to thus briefly are just those which favour certain
enemies of the Larch at the very time that they are acting prejudicially
to that tree itself.

I have great confidence, therefore, in the well-thought-out view, first
put forward, I believe, by one of the most distinguished and able of
modern investigators — Professor Eobert Hartig, of ]\Iunich — that the
appalling liability of the Larch to disease at low altitudes, and in
climates ^^•hich are too moist and variable during the spring and early
summer, is due to the co-operation between the factors of the inorganic
environment and the directly injurious action of its living enemies.

The Larch sufl'ers severely from several fimgus diseases — Agaricu.s
inelJeus, Tramefes Pini, Polypovus sulplmreus and others being among
them ; but all other forms have sunk into insignificance beneath
the overwhelming importance of the "Larch-disease," or "Larch-canker,"
due to the parasitism of a minute discomycetous fungus known variously
as Peziza WiJJkommii, LaclnieUa calycina, Dasyscyj^ha calycina, etc.*

The main factsf which are of importance to foresters are, that this
Peziza develops from its spores a mycelium which, when once it has
established a hold in the inner cortex of a l^ranch of the Larch, can
go on growing and extending into the cambium ; this it kills,
destroying a larger area year by year, and producing the so-calleci
"canker" patch, which is simply a shrivelled mass of dead tissues
impregnated with exuded turpentine or resin. If the dead patch
extends all round the branch or stem, all the parts above may die
oti, partly because, the camlnum being destroyed, there is no more
wood develoi)ed at that region to carry up the water supplies to the
leaves, and *j)artly because the resin blocks up the wood which it
permeates.

To understanil hoAV it is that the Larch-fungus spreads so rapicUy
and with such dire effect in Great Britain, it is necessary to note
some peculiarities not always properly appreciated.

Peziza Willkommii, like other fungi, reqmres merely water, oxygen,
and a suitable (not very high) temperature for the germination of its
spores ; given these, the germinal liyphae are developed anj'where. The
mere germination of a spore may, therefore, take place on any damp

* For the sj-nonpns consult Phillips, " British Discomj-cetes, " p. 241.
t An iUustrated detailed account of this and sindlar diseases is given in • ■ Tiniljer and
some of its Diseases " (Macmillan and Co. ).

G8 THE LARCH DISEASE.

surface exposed to the air — e.(j., the soil, the Ijark (if old trees, or the
thin cortex and leaves of the twigs and yoiinji; trees, etc. But millions
of spores may go through this })rocess (jf iierniinatlon, and then tlu'
germinal hyphae die oft" for want of further food-supplies ; when^as if any
one of these liypha? tinds its way into the succulent corti'x of a.
Larch, it is nourished at the expense of the tissues, spreads into
the cambium, and brings about the disease referred to as the " canker
of the Larch." As a matter of experiment — and only by experiment can
we arrive at such knowledge — it is foinid that if spores of this fungus
germinate on the sound bark, cortex, leaf, or other jjart of the I^arch-tree,
the germinal hyphse fail to eft'ect an entrance ; if, on the other hand,
the spores are sown on a wound, however slight, in the cortex of the
tree, it is able to enter and infect the latter.

Now the thin cortical covering of a young Larch stem or branch is
a dangerously tender envelope to the tissues lieloAV, and it is rapidly
protected later on by a rather thick coating of cork. As a matter of
fact tlie corky " periderm " begins to form, just below the epidermis,
before the end of the first year, and is increased every year after-
wards. When the tree is about twenty years old the real bark begins
to be formed, owing to the development of internal layers of cork.
Obviously the period most dangerous to th(^ Larch is that during which
its cortex is still tender and its leaves succulent and delicate. Li its
Alpine home this period is rapidly passed through ; in the lowlands of
Europe and in damp insular climates this period is apt to be a dilatory
one, and severe checks from frosts, cold winds, periods of dull, misty,
" sunless " days, etc., are apt to ('ause the trees to suft'er in all
kinds of ways. But such periods are not calculated to clieek the
spread of fungus-spores to any comparable extent ; and so we may
regard these conditions as disfavouring the Larch, but not its enemy.
Moreover, such conditions indirectly farour the fungus, for the tender
shoots and young, leaves of the Larch are apt to be cut ])y frosts,
bruised and torn by winds, broken by snow, and injured in various
ways by the inclemency of weather wliidi woidd not injure them Ix'fore
the buds opened, or after the twigs and leaves were liardened and in
full working order. Li fact, if we could persuade our Larches to
remain doruiant for a month later in the spring, they Avonld escape
the evils (jf which they now run the gauntlet, as it were.

It is during this period of dalliance in the opening of the Imds aud
pushing of the young shoots that all kinds of simill wounds are made
by fro.st-ci'acks, biuises from hail and wind, Itreakages from the snow
and storm.s, and, 1 believe, insect-injniies, and it is into these small
wounds that the hyphse of the Pedza penetrate. This view is fully
borne out l)y the observations in the open that the young " cankers "
commonly start around the base of a dead shoot; that trees growing
in damp situations are particularly apt to suft'er; the prevalence of
the disease is givatest in neighbourhoods and seasons wliere aud when
certain insec1>enemies uf the Larch al)ound (''.{i-, the moth Coh'ophord
larirella, and the aphis Ghermes LaririsJ.

In the ease of ))ark trees, and such .specimens as horticultiuists are
<lealing with, much may be done by carefid ]iruning and paring,
combined with drainage and protection ; bnt uuipiestiunably this Larch-
disease is a difticult matter to struggle with wlii-n once it has made
headway. The best " cnre " i.s, of course, javvention — i.e., plant .sound

FUXGI INJURIOUS TO JUNIPERS. 69

trc'os, learn to vecogiii.se the earliest stagey of the disease, ami if it
appear eut (mt tlie young patelies and burn every trace of diseased
cortex.

A suhterraiiean fungus knuwn as Rhi::ina undulafa has lately 1)een
found to be very destructiA'e to yoimg Larches, Silver Fir.s, and other
Conifers (e.ij., Tsiu/a Mertensiana, Pseudotswja Douijlasii, Picea sifrhensi.'<,
and Pinu.< Strohu,<). It seems to belong or be related to the Pezizas.
An obscure group of fungi known as Rhizodonia also still need
careful iiivestigation.*

It -will j)robably lie observed that I have fulLiwed nu very strict
classiticatiou df the Conifers iu this pajier, l)ut have simply chosen
groups convenient for the purpose in hand. I propose to take the
remainder of the Conifers in erpially arbitrary groups, and hrst of all
certain of the Cupressineae.

IV. Tli(' Junijjers. The most remarkable diseases of the Junipers are
those due to various species of a uredinous fimgus known as Gymno-
tfporaniiiuiii, the hyphse of "which so irritate the cambial region of the
stems of these Conifers (in which the mycelium is perennial) that
[)eculiar woody swellings aie produced, sometimes in .such quantities as
to distort, and even kill, the stems. From these swollen parts of the
branches the Teleuto-spores are produced in enormous quantities durmg
the spring, and .some most remarkable facts have been elucidated by the
researches oi recent years — facts which .-(how that there is still much
to be (lone before we have exhausted the biology of these disease-
inducing fungi.

It has long been known that these Gynmoepoi'aiujia, confined to the
A'arious species of Jimiperus, are merely the Teleuto-spore condition of
forms wliich when gTowing on certain species of Rosacese — e.g., Pear,
Hawthorn, ^Mountain Ash, Service-tree, etc. — present a totally different
apj)earance : these yecitlial forms on the Rosacea? received the name of
R'l^sfelia.

A numl)er of careful experiments have been made in this coiuitry
by Mr. Plowright, one of the best authorities in England on the
Uredineae, and lie came to the conclusion that about four species of
(ri/iunosjioraHijium may lie upheld as far as this comitry is concerned.
The.se species occur on /. iSaldna and the pear ; J. Sahina and the
Hawthorn ami others ; /. rommunis and Hawthorn, etc. : and /. comiininis
and the ^NLnintain Ash.f

The results of such infection-experiments from various sides were to
arouse suspicions as to the autonomy of some of the species, though
some of the main points were confirmed by all. Credit is clue to
]Mr. Plowright for establishing the converse culture of the ^Ecidio-spores
on the Juniper, in the case of G. clarariefunne.

Recent experiments have raised the whole cpiestioii of the species
of GymnosporcuKjia again, and I mention tliis here because it seems
to me of importance that the (piestion shoidd be settled, as it affects
the cultivation of Pears, Apples, Hawthorns, and other Rosacea? as
well as Junipers and other Conifers.

Tul)euf .says that if G. dararit^fonne is sown on Crataegus, it produces
Eiestelia cormita. On the ^Mountain Ash and on Cydonia vulgaris it
only goes so far as to produce spermogonia. On other hosts it groAvs

* "Sitziuigsliericht des Botauiseheii Vereius iu Miiiiclieu," Jan. 12tli. 1891.
t "British Uredinea? and Ustilaginete," p. 233.

70 FUNGI INJURIOUS TO VARIOUS CONIFERS.

aiul infects the leaves l)ut does nut get beydiid tlie production of
yelloAv humps.

AYhether further researches show tliat ' these results are eonhrnied or
not, it is now certain that we have in these forms of G-yiuno^pomnijium
and Rd'sfelia parasitic fungi whicli are highly polymorpliic,* and a
number of s])ecialised races oi' varieties are heteroecious between
Cuitressineae. and Rosaceae (as many other " Kust-f ungi " are between
(xramineae and dicotyledonous plants), causing diseases of the cortex
and wood of the one, and of the leaves in the other. ()l)viously
it is advisable to take these facts into account where it is wished to
grow either of these classes of plants in the best way.

A\ Otlier Conifers. — Conclusion. Ai/aricus meUeiis is recorded Ijy Farlow
as occurring on Chamccrypans splutroirlea ( Cupvessus thyoides) and the same
authority mentions Botrytis ruhjaris on Secjuoia ; whether these are
l)arasitic, I do not know, and in fact the whole of the very long list
of American Conifer-fungi wants careful overhauling before we can
decide as to their share in producing diseases. I have foimd the roots
of "Wellingtonia badly infested with mycelimn which seems to l;)e that of
a Hymenoinycete; and Araucarias occasionally suffer from similar
forms.

The Yew seems to l)e very little affected with fungi ; at least I can
recall no satisfactory case of fungus disease in this Taxad.

Little or nothing seems to be known of the diseases of Cryptonicria,
Taxodium, Cephalotaxus, (xingko (Salisburia), or Podocarpus and other
allies ; and I know of no records of specific diseases of the Cedars.
Two species of Cladosporium are said to injure Pines, and Hott'mannt
attributes the " Witches' brooms " of the Scots Pine to these Pyre-
nomycetes. Several ^Ecidia are known to grow on the scales of various
cones ( €.(/., yE. Strobilimirn, ^. ronorum ), and there is a curious form
in Finland and Sweden (yE. coi-uscaiis) wdiich so alters the aspect of
young Spruce-shoots that they resemble cones.;

Several Conifers, especially the Pines, are known to have subterranean
fungi at their roots, hwt •A\rAri from any symptoms of disease. The
fungus causes the attacked root to swell and alter its form, and the
symbiotic compound body is called a Myrorrhiza. These curious
phenomena lie outside of my ja-esent theme, however, as also do the
no less remarkable abnormal-looking outgrowths — so-called "knees" —
from the roots of Taxodium disticlmm, and the nodides caused by
fungi on the roots of Podocarpus.

More to the point at ])resent are the cases of " sooty-leaves " of
Arcmraria exrelsa and the Vcavs, due to tlie ])lark myci'lium of species
of Cajmodiuni, and those of the Silver Fir, due to Apiosporium.
It has been suggested that Septoria Pinii occurring on the leaves of
Picea e.rcelsa may l)e ilw spermogonia of the Hysterium (LophodenniumJ
neri-isntpmra found on that plant. An ol)servation of Farlow's in 1884,§
that certain ,Fcidia on the Firs of tlie White jNIountains only occur
on the dwarfed trees at garat elevations, seems deserving of further
examination.

* I imrjiosely omit di.scussion here nf siu-li jpoiut.s as Kieiiitz-Uerldirs di.scoveiy of alleged
Ur(do-si>ore.s among tlie Teleuto-spores of these fungi.

t "Allgemeine Forstliche luid Jagd-Zeitiuig, " 1871, p. 236.

X Not to be confounded with the cone-like deformations on the same plant due to insects
{Chermes viridis).

§ " Aitjialachia." A'nl. III. part 3. .Tan. 1SS4. .[Uoted hy Sorauei', y. 249.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CONIFEl^S. 71

\ Cwurdifaria (C. pifhi/opliila), ivjjdi'tL'd as occurring on tlio
cortex of living and dead branches of Coniferae, also re(|mres investiga-
tion. The same remark applies to Cot)ke's Asteri7ia cupressina on leaves
of Cui)ressns, and to Saccardo's MelioJa Ahietis on Abies, Ellis's
Cor>/neuii> juniperinum on leaves of American Junipers, Cooke's Dothidea
liah'pemh on Pines and I), sjjhteroidea on Junipers, and the Pleospora
laricina of Rehm ; also a large number of as yet very obscure forms,
such as Sphcerella, Stupnatea, etc., etc.

'\\^ith regaid to a large number of these forms, and to even more
luimerous foreign forms, Ave are as yet quite in the dark as to whether
thej' are parasites or not.

Experience warns us, however, that in many cases, epidemic fungus-
diseases suddenly force themselves on our attention owing to some form,
hitherto occurring sparsely and known only to the curious expert, having
become suddenly favoured in its struggle for existence. I have abeady
given you several examples, notably that of the Larch-disease, into the
life-struggles of which A\-e have succeeded in }ieering rather deeply.
Surely such considerations should alone suffice to extend and cement that
symi)athy between the jn-actical horticulturist and the persistent, though
perhaps iniobtrusive, investigator which, I am happy to see, is becoming
more and more pronounced as each understands better the ways and
high aims of the other.

It should be borne in mind, tinally, that ])lant-diseases, like human
diseases, cannot be fully elucidated by a layman — though it is astonish-
ing how frequently the contrary assumption is acted \ipon in the case
of both. There seems to be a fatal temptation in the idea of disease
to the minds of most juen, ami the consequence is ipiackery or even
disaster.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CONIFEILE.*

By :\rH. W. F. H. Blandforl), .M.A., F.Z.S.'

Of all families of trees, the Conifers suffer most severely from the
attacks of insects, owing to the large number of species which they
support, and to the difficulty which, on account of their physiological
characteristics, they have in withstanding injury. The wide area
over which forests of these trees extend increases the danger of
insect-attacks in accordance with a well-known law which holds with
injuiious insects, and it is among Conifers alone among trees, and
among the forest species of Pine, Fir and Larch that have happened
those re})eated instances of widespread destruction over large forest
areas which, occurring even before economic forestry liegan to change
the character of the primitive mixed woods, probably increased in
number and severity at that epoch, and have continued at intervals
to the present day.

* Al)ridged from the Rejwrt of tlie ConitVi' Coufeivnce liy ]iciiiiissioii of tlie Council of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

72 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO COiNlFEKS.

The iiiiniense importance of the destruction caused by these attacks
has given an impetus to the study of forest insects on the Continent,
and a not inconsiderable mass of literature has sprung up. In this
the foremost place must be given to the works of Eatzeburg.
Besides Eatzeburg and his pupils and successors in Germany, Ferris
in France, Lindeman in Eussia, and Packard in the United States
have especially contributed to our knowledge of Conifer-feeding insects.
In Great Britain less has been done to advance our knowledge
of them, perhaps because owing to geographical position and
climate its insect population is comparatively small, and serious
damage fortunately rare. There are many papers scattered through
British journals of entomology and sylviculture on those six or
seven species of insects which have done serious injury to Conifers,
but there is a deficiency of information with regard to the less
important kinds.

In the large number of insects feeding on these trees only a few
are of habitual importance, but exceptional abundance of a normally
unimportant species will bring about unexpected damage, This
sometimes occurs in Great Britain, and one may hear complaints
of damage which is not assignable to any of the regular destroyers,
but which cannot 1)6 identified in the al)sence of specimens. It is
about these casually destructive species that we require to know
more.

The special liability of .some Conifers (Piiuis, Picea, Abies, Larix)
to injury by in.sects, and the important cliavactev of such injury, are
due til the foll(i\vin,n- farts: —

1. There is a larye number of iu.seets Avhich attack them.
Kaltenbacli enumerates 299 on the forest Conifers in Eurdjic This
number falls, indeed, far short of the 537 assigned to the Oak, lait
neither list can be taken as strictly accurate.

2. Every })art nf the tree is liable to energetic attacks from one
in.sect or another — the roots, the l)ark of the trunk and brandies,
the Wood, needles, .shoots, and lastly the cones, the seed-produ!-tion of
whicli may be greatly les.sened by insects feeding in their interior.

3. A common form of injury, esjiecially on the Continent, is
defoliation. Xow completi' defoliation of a t'ouifei', othei' than the
Larch, usually means the deatli of the tive, liecause of the slowness
with which the injnry is rei)aire(l. If an ( hik is stripjied, it grows
a new crop of leaves late in the year, provideil that tlie defoliation
is sufficiently ciiin]ilete and snfficiently early; but if a Sjiruce oi' Pine be
stripjied and survive, not- oidy are no rurlluM- ueedles pi'oduced the
same yeai', but next year's growth may be delayed a mouth, and tlu^
new needles are .stunted and form the curious " bri.stle-needles " figured
by Ratzeburg. The tree will take fmir oi tive years to recover its
normal covei-ing of ueedles, and with them its normal process (jf
groAvth ; so that during that jieriod the total increment will oidy
equal, or may even be less than, that of a single ordinary season.

INSECTS INJUIUOUS TO CONIFERS. 73

4. Defoliation renders a tr<'e liaMe to the attacks of other insects,
especially of the uiueliMhcaded hark-beetles, which have so often
com})leted the Ikvvoc l)e_nun in Knrojiean forests b}' liordes of caterpillars.
Damage l)v storm, snowfall, frost, or l)y forest tires or caterpillar-
defoliatitiii, together with careless forestry and the slovenly accunndation of
loi)pings, felled tind)er and unharked logs, serve to foster the development
of such insects till serious injury is risked. The tliiu-1 marked Spruce
suiters more than the Pine, and it was the fori'sts of this tree that
were so terribly ravaged 1)y l)ark-lieetles in the Harz i\lountains during
the last century. l^l\ce}it the Pine-beetle ( Myelopliilu>< pinijKrda), no
bark -beetles cause extensive damage in (ireat Britain ; still many
injurious kinds ilo occur which might cause troidde if the circiimstances
which favour them Ix^ disregarded through over-contidence in their
supposetl innocuousness. Every forest tree cannot possibly be in a
perpetual state of robiist health,, and there is one period when every
tree is lialile to insect-attacks — after transplantation.

5. Xot a few insects feed during some i)art of their lives on or
in the yomig shoots of Conifers, in the leader or the extremities of
the lateral branches. When the leader peri.shes tln' upward growth is
checked until one or more liranches of tlu; to}) whorl twist round to
supply its place. So lateral branches are destroyed or have their
growth stopped, and the tree becomes altered in shape and appearance.
Such mutilated Pines al)o\uid in almost all woods in the South of
England.

6. The practice of growing large pure woods (if Conifers of uniform
age tends es])ecially to widespread ravages. Most Conifer-feeding
insects will riot touch deciduous trees, and many are confined to a
single species of Conifer. Others, again, limit tlicir attacks almost
completely to a single period in the life of a tree. Hylohiu^ ahietis
is very destructive to trees under seven years old, comparatively
harndess to those of ten or more years. In a pure wood, the
conditions favoin-able to increase of an insect pest exist over the whole
area at once, and there is no limit to the su[)ply of food, the
facilities for egg-laying or for migration to fresh districts from the
part infected.

Wireicorynfi. Seedling Conifers, if the nursery be placed in a well-
chosen situation, secure from the inroads of /////o//m.s afnefis, are
usually exempt from the attacks of special Conifer-feeding insects.
Their chief enemies are the polyijhagous wireworms, the larvte of the
" click-beetles," and the gruljs of the cockchafer. AVireworms occasionally
do nuich harm in ground newly broken for nursery purposes. The
damage lessens when the grouml has lieen cultivated for some time,
for the destruction duidng the first year or two is due to Avire-
worms which, having sprung from eggs laid before the bed was
formed, exist alreaily in the soil. When trees are actually growing
there the parent Ijeetles lay eggs less readily or not at all, and thus
the bed is gradually cleansed. ^Mien very young Conifers are
attacked they are gnawed completely through just above the roots,
and such cut plants sometimes strew the bed. Seeds are also destroyed
before germination.

It is desiral)le to examine the ground selecte(l foi' tlie nursery, and
to reject the plot if it appears liadly infested, or to cleanse it
thoroughly before planting. As the acreage re(piired is small, there

74 PINE WEEVILS.

sli()ul(l lie no (litiiculty in doiny this l)y nintluxls known and practised
in agriculture, sucli as paring off and burning two inches of the top-
soil early in tln' autumn, or dressing with gas-lime, chloride of lime,
or animoniacal waste, and leaving it fallow till the effect of the
poist)n has worn off. FalloAV land kejit clean and free from weeds
dining the period of egg-laying in June will have comparatively few
Avireworms, but in the absence of Ix'tter food these |)robably feed on
humus, especially when young.

If seedlings are actually attacked, hand-picking is a good remedy
when facilitated by the use of potatoes, carrots or sliced mangold,
laid on the ground as a liait and regularly visited. A dressing of
rape-cak(^ or nuistard-cake, po[>ular in hop-growing, may be tried, but
the value of it under these circumstances remains to be proved.
Serious injury from wirew^orm is unlikely to extend beyond the first
year of growth. ,

Pine-ireeril . The worst enemy to young Conifers, either in a badly
situated nursery or after planting-out, is the large clumsy Pine-weevil,
Hi/lohms ahiefis, a l)lackisli l^rown lieetle of convex shape, with coarsely
scul})tured elytra sparsely decked with patches of yellow hair. The
weevils lay their eggs in spring and early summer, in dead Tmt not
dry Pine or Spruce-wood, (dioosing especially the cut stumps of recently-
felled trees ; also unbarked logs and the lower jiart of the stems of
• lead standing trees. Under the T)ark the grubs gnaw irregular
galleries in the sapwood, changing at the ending of these to pupse.
Like the grubs of all weevils, they re(|uire shelter, and will not feed
exposed to daylight on loose brushwood, etc. They will, however,
flourish in the closely i)acked sawdust of a saw-pit, which will serve
excellently as a focus of infection. The duration of larval life is
veiT variaT)le, and depends on the climate and the season. As
a lule, if the eggs are laid in the s])ring of one year the imagos
make their appearance in the summer and autunni of the year
following, live through the winter and lay their eggs in the spring;
or they may ajjpear in the sjiring and live through the following
winter afti-r egg-laying. In any case the life of the perfect 1)eetle
lasts a year or thereabouts, and does not, as is tlu' case with most
insects, finish at the period of egg-laying. Xo injury whatever to
growing plants of any value is done by tlie feeding of the gndjs ; it
is I'litirely the w'ork of the perfect beetles, whi(di proceed on foot
to young trees, preferring Pine, liut also attacking Sin-uce, Larcli,
Cypres.s, etc., and occasionally Oak and deciduous trees when pressed
by hunger.

The insects can fly, but hanlly ever do sd, except at pairing-time.
They, therefore, fre<pient tlie iiejglibDurliood of tlieir l)reeding-places,
and judicious selection of the site fni' a nursery away fmrn such
localities where the insect breeds will keep tlie trees free until they
are planted out. The l)eetles ascend the young trees and feed on the
bai-k of the shouts and smaller biaiiches, gnawing out circular holes

with shelving sides, wliicli may reach the sajiw 1. In bad attacks

tiii'se holes are placed so closely as to coalesce, ;iiid thus patches of
bark are comitletely destroyed, the blanches oi' thi' entire tree being
killed. Flow of sap and of icsin foUows the injury, the lattei' being
often very consjiicuous. The trees chosen aiv usually fiom three to
six years old, but younger ones are not rejected, and those up to

PINE-SAWFLY. 75

fifteen years are .sonietiiiu's attacked. Specimens can connnonly be
taken upon still older trees, and tliey will pro])al)ly attack any tree
the lower brandies of which are not more than seven feet from
the ground, above which height they do not ascend. Tlu'V cannot
injure old bark, and the damage done to trees above ten years old is
usuall}' insignificant.

The preventive treatment of this insect consists in keeping the
ground as free as possible from unbarked logs and trunks, heaps of
rubbish and of sawdust, and in preventing egg-laying in the stumps of
recently-felled areas. Tliis is done by barking the ex})0sed ])arts of
stumps, earthing them over and l)eating down the earth, or by ^\'ashing
them with an arsenical wash either oi sodium arsenate, Paris-green, or
London-purple. Young plants can be pi'otected by surrounding the base
of the stem with dry earth beaten flat with the sjiade, or with gas-lime or
similar compounds, or by " grease-banding " the liase of the stem, and in
the case of Sin-uce, l)y })lanting with them a few l^ines, which Avill be
attacked in preference. If the area planted is clean, lieetles can be
prevented from entering it from outside by surrounding it with dry
trenches with vertical sides about a foot deep. Into these they drop,
and can be collected in large nundiers, especially if brushwood be
placed at the bottom.

Pissodes. Two insects which somewhat resendjle Hij/ohius ahietis
deserve passing mention ; these are the beetles of the geniis Pissodes,
P. jjmi and P. nofafus. Uoth occ'ur chiefly in the North of England
and Scotland ; Ijut P. ni>fafus is likely to occur in any artificially-
formed Pine plantation if the young trees have been imi)orte(l from a
locality which it frequents. Neither species is very common, Init
P. notatus at least has been reported as injurious in Scotland. The
weevils are smaller than Hylohiiis ahietis, nrore variegated in colour, and
the thighs are not toothed. They lay their eggs on Pine trunks, and the
larvae feed under the bark where they hollow out pupal chambers.
P. notahis attacks young trees from three to six years old, P. pini
older trees. The injury caused by lioth is to be met by careful
removal of attacked trees and others wliich, l)eing sickly, are liable to
cause attack, and l)y selecting sites for nurseries so that tlu' trees
shall enjoy good general health. They flo most mischief to Pines
planted in unfavoiu'able situations.

Pine-sair'fli). As the trees grow up they suffer less from Hj/lohius
ahietis, but new enemies arise, especially defoliating larvae. In (xreat
Britain, the most important of tliese are the Pine-sawflies, Lophyrus
pini and other species of similar habits. The females in late spring
cut a longitudinal slit in a Pine-needle and lay in it from ten to
twenty eggs, repeating the process on the adjoining needles till about
120 eggs have been deposited. The larvae hatch in a fortnight or
rather more, and live together in small com])anies on l^ine-shoots,
feeding on the needles, from the midribs of which they strip away
the sides. They fortiuiately confine their attacks to the older needles,
and not to tlie young ones of the first year. Towards the end of
their two months' life they devoiu- the needles completely, disregarding
the mid-rill. They are caterpillar-like, A\-ith twenty-two legs, and are
somewhat varial)le in coloiu', being usually lighter or darker green,
darker along the back, with a blackish head and a lateral series of
black s]iots. After five oi' six moults each larva makes a veiy small

76 INSECTS IXJUPJOrs to thk f.akch.

oval cocoon of leathery texturi' in mhliisli at tlic foot of the tree,
or in moss, etc., iinder the surface of the layer of needles on the
jfrouud. In "warm countries, and with us in warm seasons, a secoml
hrood of thes appear from these cocoons in Aue-ust and September,
and in tlie autumn their larvae feed np very largely on the
needles of that year, which are tlien suitahle for food, and remain
in sludter throughout the winter in their cocoons, not actually changin^L;'
to pupt^^ till ahout three weeks before the flieht-tim(\ The winter
period is always passed in the cocoon by the summer larvae if tluMc
is no autxuun brood.

The larvae can be destroyed l)y shaking them down on to (doths
and there killing them, or they may be crushed in t<ifu, by grasping
them with a gloved hand or a wad of tow, or with a metal
implement like a paii' of scissors, with two large tlat blades nu^eting
face to face. They can also be killed by spraying with a solution of
hellebore, or s})riid':ling it on as a powder ; Init better residts would be
got by the use of ])ari.s-gTeen, as for fruit trees. The objections to the
u.se of arsenic on fi'uit trees do not ap]ily lier(\ except when thm'e is risk
of injirry to game.

The jiupae of Lcqthynis can be destroyed by raking uj) the brush-
wood and upper layer of needles under the infected trees in the winter
with the contained coco(ms, and conveying the heap to a s])ot where it
may l)e safely bui'ued. A A'ery serious objection to this plan is that
it deprives the soil of its natural surface-covering of needles, and if
persisted in for a long time it will injure the health of the trees.
It should not l)e resorted to without good cause, and when other
remedies cannot l)e adopted. The removal of bi'ushwood, etc., as
opposed to this covering of needles, is always valuable for the
prevention of insects.

Larrli-nniit^r. A special form of injury is that intlicted on Larch-
needles by the lar\;p of a tiny moth, Co/eojiliora larirella, which lays
its eggs at the end of June on the needles of the lower branches of
Larches about ten to fourteen years old. The eater] )illar mines into
and feeds upon the interior of the needle, which becomes dry, yellow
and twisted ; it then liites off the tip and detaches the needle about
its middle so as to form a tube in which it lives and pas.ses tlie
winter, concealed in a e^ack or Tuxler a bark-scale. In the spiing it
feeds on the new needles, an<l enlarges its tube by spinning a fresh
needle along its side, biting it oil' and hollowing out the adjacent
surfaces ; in this tube it changes to a pupa, and ultimatidy to a nu)t]i.
This insect is conimon in many Knglisli Larch ])lantations, who.se foliage
when the attack is liad has a dull withered look whii-h is very
con.spicuous ; it docs not kill tlie tree, Imt keeps it year aftei' year
in an unhealthy condition.

Practical treatment is difficult : picking otV the injured shoots is very
troublesomi', and the oidy successful plan is to remove badly-attacked
trees, and burn the foliage before the moth Hies in .Inne. It is l)est
prevented by growing Larch in a suitaMe niixtuiv, and not in jiure
Avoods. S])ecial importance attaches to this and other Lai'ch-feeding
insects liecause the wo\uk1s which they make prohalily sei-ve as a nidus
for the spores of Lari-li-caid<ei'.

Finc-shoof Mollis. The insects which cause dcstlllction to the shoots

of l*ines are chietly the caterpillars of the genus Jt<'/i/ii<i and the ln'ctle

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PINES. 77

MyelojpliiluK ( Hijle(^innt>, Hi/htiyufJ jjinijjen/a The JMinias are small
moths l)elongiuj^- to the grou}) Torfrii-ina (Leaf-rollers), of oblong form,
reddish l)rowii or grey in colour with somewhat elalxirate markings uf
paler streaks and bands, assimilating in tint to the colour of Pine-bark
of different shades, a feature specially characterising Conifer-feeding moths.
By far the most imi)ortant species in Great Britain is Ri'tinia huoliana,
though tlie scarcer R. turionella has got more credit as an injiuious
species ; it is e(|ually destructive in habits. R. Jnioliana a[ipears at the
beginning (if July, R. furionella some tlu'ci- weeks earlier.

Both moths lay their eggs singly nu 3'(Uing I'iiies at tlie liase uf
the buds of the terminal sjioot or lateral branches; into these the
caterpillars Ijori', hollowing out the centre bud, and then attacking the
lateral buds in the same way so as to destroy the whole or part of the
terminal whorl. The larvae live in the shoots through the winter, and
pupate there in the spring. Their presence is easily recognised by the
altered and stunted shoots which have failed to grow, and break off at a
touch, as- well as by the flow of resin caused by the feeding. The etiect
on the tree of the loss of the terminal shoot has been already mentioned;
the lateral branches injured by R. huoliana subse((uently grow twisted,
and take on a characteristic curved "post-horn" shape which lasts for
many years after the injury.

These insects sufter, fortunately, from the attacks of many parasitic
enemies, for practical treatment has met with little success. The
infested shoots have been ])ersistently cut otf and burned for many
years in succession without real benefit resulting ; this treatment is
only applicable to small isolated areas, and should be tried during the
month before the appearance of the moths. Egg-laj'ing takes place in
the evening, and it is sometimes worth remembering that the moths
can be kept off small patches of trees which it is important to
preserve by lighting weed-tires to windward, so that the smoke will
drift over. This is not capable of extended application, but may be
employed to protect ornamental trees which sometimes suffer severely
in the neighljourhood of large Pine woods. These insects are most
troulilesonie Avhen trees are crowded together, neglected, and grown on
unsuitable soil, and, as is usually the case, when the wood is not
mixed.

Pine-heetle. MyelophiJu^ (Hylunim) pinipprda is, next to Hyhilnu>i
abietis, the most injurious insect to Pmes in Great Britain, over the
greater part of which it is very abimdant. There are, however, many
districts where it does not occur, or has not been observed, but almost any
Pine-wood will yield evidence of it^ presence to a careful seai'cher. It
is a small oblong lirown lieetle of the family Scofyfidie, or Bark-
beetles.

The female, about the beginning of ^Vpril, chooses a tree for
oviposition. Those selected are newly dead or dying Pine.s, especially
freslily felled timber, unbarked logs and stumps, or trees injured by
storms, snow, or tire. ( )ccasionally the beetle makes use of Spruce and
Larch. She commences l)oring under a projecting scale, where the bark
is thick, often on the mider side of a fallen trunk, if it is free from
the ground, and excaA'ates a gallery in the bast running, with the
exception of the entrance which is ol)li(pie, along the axis of the trunk.
It is from three to four ancl a-half inches long, and takes from three
to five weeks to construct.

78 SPRUCE AND LAKCII GALLS.

The eggs, wlucli may reach 120 in nuinlx'V, arc placed in small
hollows excavated alternately along its two sides. Tliey hatch in a
few days, and the larvae liegin to construct lateral galleries at right
angles to that of the mother. The larval galleries are at first .small,
])ut increase in size with the growth of their inmates and soon take
an irregular course. The larvae, when full grown, change to pupae in a
small cavity hollowed out in the bark at the end of the burrow
and appear as perfect beetles in -I line or July, emerging from the
tree by eating out a circular exit-hole from the pupal chamber. Those
which hatch from the firstdaid eggs are considerably in advance of the
grubs coming from eggs laid at the end of the five weeks' task of the
mother, whose dead body can l)e foruid at the end of the burrow.
The borings of the parents are not at first conspicuous, Ijut can be
detected later by the dust thrown out from between the scales of
bark, whereas the holes made by the exit of tlu; beetles, wdiich are in
no Avay concealed, at once indicate that they have lired in the tnink.
The special form of injury don(; to Pines consists in- the boring of
the matru'e beetle into the young shoots for feeding purposes. This
is effected by making a lateral hole in the shoot at a distance
varying from one to five inches below its tip. This hole becomes
marked with a circular ring or collar of exuding resin, and from
it there is bored a burrow for about an inch up the pith of the
shoot, which is killed, or, if the burrow is only jiartially completed,
crippled. These shoots break off readily above or through the entrance
hole, and strew the ground after a high wind. Their loss, repeated
year after year, produces a striking change in the appearance of
the tree, which loses its compact crown and l)ecomes " stag-
headed," the foliage being thin and scanty, and dead branches sticking
out. It is also liable to the attacks of other insects, and to fungoid
diseases.

It is ti) be noted that Mye/o/ihilus piniperda never breeds in the
shoots where it feeds, and certain cases recorded -where it is supposed
to have done so are due to a (confusion between its larvae and tliose of
Refinia, or of certain otlier 1)eetles [Ernuhiux, etc.).

Sprui-e-gall Ap>his. A pecidiar form of injury is that cau.sed by the
sucking of tire two kinds of Chpruie.^ — the tSpruce-gall ajihis, C. ahiefk,
and the Ijurcli aphis, C. laririx.

(hi the iSiiruce the Cliernie^ appear in tlie spring as short, oval,
wingless insects of an ochreous coloiu', furnished witli a ])ristle-like
rostrum. They have })a.s.sed the winter in crevices and under bark
scales, and early in April attach themselves each to the base of a young
leaf, which reacts by a small swelling. These forms are ))arthenogenetic
females, the foundresses of the colony, and lay a mass of eggs at the
spot (generally at the junction of two branches) to which they attach
themselves. The larvae hatching, jienetrate the .surrounding parts of
the slioot with their beaks ; the shoot swells as do the bases of the
needle.s, and a growth commoidy knoAvn as a " Pine-ap})le gall" or
" Spruce-gall " results. This gall somewhat resend^les a small Fir-cone
about an inch l<jng, Avith the surface divided into small convex area.s,
each bearing a short needle-like projection in the middle ; the.se are
deformed needles which, becoming swollen, touch each other on the
outside of the gall, but which are se])arate inside, so that the gall
contains a .series of cavities or chandjcrs. In tlu%se cavities the larvae

LARnr-BUC AND W( XlD-WASl'S. 79

live in luimlu'rs, citlicr cuti'viiiL;- the cliuiuhi'is dui'liit;- tlic "frowtli of
till' gall, (If being ('1ic1(isimI liy the swelling uf the surnmiKliiig
needles.

The galls sometimes eumpletely surround the liase of the shoot,
sometimes they are oidy developed on one side. The lar\-;e are
closely packed in tin- idiandiers, from twi-nty to tifty heing found in
each one. AVhen they are fully grown in August they ac<iuire wings
and leave the chanil)ers by apertures left by the shrinking ai)art of
the leaves. These insects are winged females, and their special
fitnction is that of si>reading the species on to other trees. The
effect of the galls on the tree is to cause crippling of the attacked
shoot, and when they are abundant the general growth of the tree is
much impaired.

Larch-JiiKj. The females of Chermes larins, which also i)ass
the winter luider bark, etc., appear in the spring liki' those of
C. ahiefi'< ; they also are wingless, oval, of small shape, and of a
})uri)lish lilack colour, and have a long bristle-like sucker with which
they penetrate the needles to feed on their sap. Tt)wards the end of
April they lay forty to fifty eggs on the twigs. The young produced
scatter themselves over the needles, and do not live enclosed in a
gall ; at first very minute and blackish, they grow rapidly and become
covered with a whitish woolly down exuding from pores on their
body, giving the trees the appearance of being covered with minute
scattered snow-crj'stals. About June they act^uire wings and spread
the species, while further liroods are produced till the autumn. This
insect occurs on Larches of all ages, being found, perhaps, most
frequently on trees of ten to twenty years old; it not infre(|uently aftects
yoiuig Landies in nurseries, and may there be very troublesome.

Wood-vasps. There are many insects which take possession of
the dead or dying tree to lay thtnr eggs therein whose larvae
burrow into and penetrate the wood, making it useless for commer-
cial purposes. ( )f these the most inqxn'tant are the wood-wasps,
Sirex gigas and juvennis, large Hymenoptera of elongate shape. ,S'.
gigas is yellow-and- black, and of a decided wasp-like appearance, while
S. Juvenctis is deep l)lue, with the middle segments of the abdomen
reddish in the male.

These insects appear to be somewhat widely distributed in Great
Britain and Ireland, and are occasionally not rare. (_)wi]rg to their striking
appearance and loud buzz in flight, they attract general attention, and
are probably as rarel}^ overlooked as any indigenous insects. Xot a few
recorded specimens are obviously imported in foreign timber. The
females of both species lay their eggs exclusively on Conifer-wood,
choosing, as is so often the case, sickly or dying trees, or those that are
actually felled or dead. Sirex gigas appears to attack principally the
Spruce and Silver Fir, sometimes the Larch and non-European
Conifers like the Deodar.

Sirex juvencios, on the other hand, attacks the Scots Pine freely, as
well as the Spruce, Silver Fir, and Larch. The eggs are deposited
in cracks running through the bark into the sapwood, or m holes
made by the strong ovipositor, and not rarely on patches of bare wood
where the bark has been torn off by accident. This sometimes gives
an opportmiity for injury to otherwise health}' trees. The larva, whose
life extends over two years, is a stout, elongate white grub, readily

80 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PINES, ETC.

(listiuguislu'd by an upwardly directed point on the last segnu'ut ; it
bores obli([uely towards tlie heart of the tree in the long axis of the
trunk, making a gallery Avhich gradiially increases in size, and eventually
turns and aiiproaches the surface. At the end of tliis gallery it changes
to a pupa., separated from the outside only liy a thin layer of wood
or bark, which is gnawed through by the imago upon emergence. The
time of develojunent of the larvae is increased by drying of the wood ;
and if timl)er containing larvae is cut up into planks, the insects may
eventually emt'rge in the interior of buildings, etc., and in tliat cas(».
they are stunted and small.

It is by this injury to otherwise sound timber that the insects are
important, but they occasionally complete the destrxiction of Conifers
that would perhaps have lived several years longer. The only remedy
against their attacks in a wood which they inhabit consists in careful
removal of all infected trees, which are sometimes indicated by the
attacks of woodpeckers, and other dead or dying wood in which they
can and do breed. Standing trees wdiich have lost patches of bark
by accident should have the wounds tarred over or dressed with a
plaster of lime, cow-dung and clay, or other suitable mixture. Timlier,
when felled, should be removed before the imagos ap})ear in summer.
These remedies are also suitable to ward off the attacks of wood-
feeding longicorn l)eetles, as Aranfhociiim (i-dilif^, Callidium riolaceuui,
etc., which may do a, ct'rtain amoinit of damage in a very similar
manner.

It will be seen that the enemies of the Pine in (xreat Britain are
far more numerous and important than those of any other Conifer. Of
the sixteen or more species referred to in detail, twelve at least attack
tlie Srots I'ine, and of these eight are confined to that tree, and to
foreign species of Pinux. The Spruce shares its particular pest, the gall-
aphis, with the Larch, Avhich has a special enemy in CoJeoj^hora laricella.
Silver Fir is liable to injury from wood-was[)S, but does not exclusively
support any important species. This liability of the Pine is no doubt
due to its being the only forest Conifer indigenous to Britain, where
the Spruce is as yet free from the serious enemies which attack it
over tlie greater jiart of Europe.

The -jn-eventive measures to be adopted against insect-attacks can be
gatliereil froiii wliat has been said, but. it is necessary again to point
(lut that no Conifer-wood can Ite kei)t free from tlie risk of insect-
inpirv ludess it is freed from newly dead and dying wood, cut branches,
and fresh stumps. There is no need for the systematic removal nf the
covering of needles, the natural protection to the ground, ikh', as a rule,
of small twigs and branches much under an inch in diameter.

It is not rarely objected by those anxious to free a wood from
insects that this thorough cleaning is too costly to be jmt into practice.
Without it the insects cannot be ke])t down, and it is for tliem to
look at tlie cost of labour and the opportunity for disposal of such
timber, and deeide wliethi'r it is cliea])er to let the insects flourish or
not.

The tirst cleaiiiiig-d]) of a neglected forest is no doultt cosily, l)ut
after tliat has taken place there is plenty of evidence to show that
systematic ami orderly removal of dead wooij is profitable in the long
iMii, unless exceptional destruction of tindier over scattered areas by
sloruis or snowfall .should undulv strain the forest resources.

ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

The ecunomif products of Coniferous Trees conu' eliietly under two
heads, Timber and Eesixous Secretions ; the uses to which the
hark, fohage, fruits and seeds are appHed, are to these relatively
unimportant.

CONIFEEOUS TIMBEE.

The tind)er yielded b}' the stems of coniferous trees is of universal
importance. It possesses qualities that render it exceedingly ser^•ice-
able for building and other constructive purposes, as dural)ility.
strength, lightness, elasticity, fineness of grain, etc. It also abounds
in quantity immensely in excess of that of any other Order of Trees,
so that it is also the cheapest and most easily obtained. In the
northern hemisphere, the timber used in building may be said to
be almost exclusively coniferous, obtained from the Fir and Pine
tribe, and in populous countries as Great Britain, Holland, Belgium,
etc., where it does not exist, or cannot be grown in quantity sufficient
for the supply, and where natural forests ha\'e long since almost
disappeared, it forms an important article of commerce.

The physical properties of coniferous wood are the result of its
anatomical structure and specific gravity, the former being the chief
factor in determining its strength, elasticity, fineness or coarseness of
grain, and the latter its weight, hardness, durability and heating
power.

The anatomical structure of couifcruus wdud is, in all its most im-
pDVtaut details, essentially the same as that of the broad-leaved
(dicotyledonous) trees and shrul)s, a conception of which
may he easily obtained from an examination of the
stem or branch of any of our native trees, and one
that has conq)leted at least tlnee years' growth will be
the l)est for the purpose. If a cross section of such
a stem l)e made, and the surface of the section be
made sutticiently smooth, the following arrangement of
the parts will he readily recognised by the naked eye : —
1, A central pith which is larger or smaller according
to the kind of tree or shrub to which the liranch
belongs, large in the Elder, small in the Sycamore, a
mere point in the Oak. 2, Ai'ornid the pith is a
series of rings or concentric circles, the nmulier of
such rings corresponding precisely with the age in
years of the stem examined. 3, The rings are

1 li

stem examined.

Fi^;. 41. Transverse and crossed bv lines of a paler colour, all radiating from

longitudinal section of a ii . ' i -.i t-i i;,, ,, , vr,.,l.ill.ii.T ■p.i\->!

three years' old stem. the ceiitial pith: these hues aie .MeduIIai} Ka\s.

MINUTE STHUCTUKE OF OONIFEKOUS WOOD.

4, TliL' whole is suiToundi'd liy und (MK'loscd in an cpidcriuis nr
covering familiarly known as the bark.

To comprehend the histology or minute structure of the parts thus
exposed to view, a preparation of the material by certain simple
chemical reagents and the aid of tlie microscope are necessary. For
those who clesire to study the sulyect practically, text books devoted
to the subject should be consulted;* a brief sketch of the most
important anatomical structures revealed by microscopic examination can
only be here given.

If a three years' old stem of a Scots Pine be substituted for that
represented in Fig. 41 it will be found that the rings are more sharply
separated from each other ; the inner ])art of the annual
zone, or part nearest the centre, is lighter in colour
and looser in texture, whilst the outer portion is darker
in colour and more compact in texture; each ring, in
fact, shows two zones, the inner representing the spring,
the outer the summer growth of each year ; the cause
of this difference will be presently adverted to. These
zones of spring and summer growth are observable in
all coniferous wood ; in some species, as in thi^
common Yew, they })ass more or less gradually from
one into the other ; in others, as in Tsuga canadensis,
Abies jmcHnata, Firms ejyelsa, they are more sharply
defined. The relative dimensions of the spring and
summer wood, the width of the annual rings, their
iiniformity or want of uniformity, have considerable
influence on the properties and value of the timber.

The pith in the centre of the stem is composed of
cells Avith cellulose Avallsf which when first formed are
filled with proto})lasm Avhich disappears as the formation
of the cambiinn layers and woody tissues derived from
them })roceeds. Under a high magnifying power the
cambium or formative tissue is seen to consist of cells
in radial rows arranged with considerable regularity. The
cells are filled with protoplasm in which a nucleus can
often be detected; the growth of the stem and branches
yoSwooJ"^Spr proceeds by the division of these cells by longitudinal
walls.

The ligiu'dus clemmt of tlic stfiii consists of fibre
technically called prosenchymatous tissue. This tissue is
com[)osed of elongated fusiform cells enclosing a narrow
cavity and whose ends are dove-tailed lietween one another. The
individual cells are termed tracheides ; they are formed from the
camVjium by cell division and have ligneous walls which show on
their inner side lines of striation and certain irregularities of growth
that liave ol)taine(l the name of "bordered ])its." .\s the formation
of new tracheides ])roceeds, the walls of the older ones become
gradually thickene(l till the original cavity is quite fille(l up ; they then

* Such as "Practical Botany" l>y Bower and Vines; Scott's " Iiitidductinn to Structural
Botauy," etc.

t Cellulose is secreted from tlie protojilasiu ; it is the primitive memlnaue of tlie cell
free from all matter sul)se(iuently taken up by the roots and deposited within it. The
cell is the coiinnon starting jwint of all elementary organs, and protoplasm is the formative
and living part of tlie cell.

with bordered i)its as h.
mm are pores connecting
the tracheide with a medul-
lary ray. x 'iriO.

•-MIXUTK ST1!U(TL'1;K OF CONIFEKOUS \VOOI).

constitute heart-wood
tliiniier walls and
have thicker wall.-

tibu

The tracheides fuin

Fig. 4;!. Transverse section
of two wooil-cells (tnieheides)
of Scots Pine, eacli with ;i
pore;;; hi, iutercellnliirsiwees.
X 400. Copied from Tlionie.

Ill s])iiiil;- nave

lar^-er cavities than those fdinied in suiuincr which

and are more conipres.-icd. This is tlic cause of the

difference ol)serval)le in tlic inner and outer

zone of the annual rings mentioned al)ove.

J----~---_U».v:l!l__-^( "Bordered jiits," although not peculiar to, nor

' SsT^ rT^^^i~r~^^ fotuid in all coniferous wimkI, ari' a cunspicuoiis

anatomical feattu'c in the most imjuirtant
coniferous woods used for economic purposes.
Their form and [)Osition are best seen in a
ra])idly growing herbaceous shoot of the Scots
Pine or any of the common Pines. "When
the cell-wall begins to thicken, comparatively
large spaces remain thin, but as the tliickenins
augments, it reaches even the thin sjiaces.
The outline of the thin sj)aces of the wall in
the wood of Phius st/lrp>ifn's (also of P. Laririo
and P. excelsa, see Figs. -15 — 47) api)ear circuhu- on a front view: the
edge of the thickening mass which arches over it grows also in a
circular manner and contracts the opening ; thus the front view of .such
a pit shows two concentric circles, the larger of Avhich corresponds to

the original thin .space, and
the .smaller to the inner edge
of the thickening. Xow since
this process takes place on lioth
sides of a pmrtition wall of two
cidls, a lenticuLvr sjyace is
entdosed Ity the two over-archings
divide(l in the middle by the
original thin cell-wall, each
half of this pit cavity communi-
cating with the cell cavity by
a circular op)eniug. When the
wood-cells lose their protoplasm
and become filled with air and
thin cell-wall di.s-
ppears and the two })its form
a single cavity which is l)ounded
by the over-arching thickening
)iias.s, and is united with the
adjoining cell cavities by a
circular opening." *

The annual rings are traversed
radially from the pith to the
liark by medullary rays, the
earliest formed onlv reachiuL;'

iA^^:^mmh^r^-

/crr4^rrrrrpn'-^'^f^

[;t,^aVrrVVVcopc-rc

-pr^r QOCk.)— S^r^r^r" api.)ears and

(Til rrf ,^

'^rCCCl Cf^S

thcrsccrrM

-{mm?^

Fig. 44. 1, Transverse section of part of one year's

growth of stem of i'iHKs n.mhu. .\i, medullary

rays ; b, resin-ducts. x 1-50.

number and size have some infiuence

cithers originating in later ones.
These rays in respect of their
m the technical properties of the
vvood.j The medullary rays are ditierentiated from the other tissues

"' " Sach's Text Book of Botaiiv," Vines' Translation, page 23.
t Schlicli Manual of'Fore.stry, Vol. Y. j). 8.

KESIX- DUCTS.

Ill

tile caiiiluuiii ;
fiJiupcised (if

Fig. 4.5. -', Radial si-ctioii of a one year
old stem of I'iniis LurU-Ui showing " pits " of
wood-cells and part of a medullary ray. 1, A
pit of a wood-cell in transverse oblique
section, x l.jO.

that " til.
tiirpcntiiic

Fig. 40. Tangential section of
wood of Pi II us ijT.vUii showing
the medullaiy ray.s and pits in the
walls of the woofl-cells. x l-'iO.

till' fcUs are le.'^s elongated than the tracheiiles and
.sdiuewliat different eleiiient.s heinu' mostly with
celluliise walls aii<l arrangiMl sdine-
thing like l)ricks in a wall trans-
versely to the wood-eells.

Interspersed aiVKing the tvaeheide.s,
and most conspicuous in the summer
wood (if the outer annual ring are
intercellular spaces running parallel
with the stem, called I'esin-ducts
which are a distinguishing feature
of coniferous wood ; they are formetl
of a cylinder (if large irregular cells
with very thin walls. In these
ducts turjieiitine is secreted, which
is iKit only (if itstdf an imiiortant
economic [iroduct, hut also has
important effects on the technical
properties of the wood. Resin-ducts
also occur in the niediillary rays so
will lie of the wood may l)ecome impregnated with
which on exposure t(i the air may hecdiiie oxydi.sed into
resin. -The ([uantity of resin in coniferous Wddd
varies with its specific gravity, and depends dii
the greater or less development of the summer wo(.id
in or near which most of the ducts are formed."*
Fig. 44 shows the position and f(irm df two resin-
ducts in a transverse section of an herhaceous
shoot of Pinus excelsa at the end of the year's
growth, and Fig. 48 shows a resin-duct in a
transverse section of ]iart of an herhaceous shoot
of Pinus Laririo.

The bark of cdiiiferons trees which has for the
most ]iart hut a tempurarv duratinu, is comiidscil
of cork tissue which, when tii'st formed on tlic
herhaceous shoot, is made up of cidls similar in
structure to those of the pith. To keep jiace witli
the growth in thickness of tlie enclosed wood
cylinder, the cells, of which the young cork
tissue is made u[i, undergo
changes during the growing
fornie(l hy hi-jiartitioii from the
and thcii' walls soon hecome
innermost layer of coik tissue
termed phellogea, and from tlii>
constantly formed in a centrifugal
layers of cells next the ejiiderm -
cell-contents and as the liaik aln

relatively rapid

■reason ; tliey aic

adiaccnt camhium.

snl)erous. The
thus formed is
new layers are
direction.! The
soon lose their
forme(l is

* Schlieli, Manual of Koiestiy. \'..|. \ . |,. ll.

+ According to Sanio, it also liapiiuus tliat when cork is licj^iniiiaj; to lie i)i(i(hiic(l.
till' f'oniiation of iiernianciit cells iiroceeds ceiitiiiietalh', or an alternation of centii|ictal
and centriliijjal ceil-forination takes place in tlie young cork tissue. — "Sadi'.s Leliil>iu-li."
\'iiie"s Translation, y. 107.

SA1'-W()()|i AX1> I'.AIIK.

prcsscil iiiitwai'ils liy tln' ruiitiininus ,L;r(>\vtli nl' llic ciirlosed wood, the
ciutcr jiurtidii Idscs all vitality : tin- I'liiilci'iii with adjacent dead tissue
splits under the action of the weather and in time is cast off,
hut Ind'ore this happens, a new eiivel(i]ii' hirnied hy the cork tissue
is always present.

The latest-fornu'il outer rin^s of wood are familiarly known as sap-
wood, technicall}' aUiurmini. It is the medium hy which ])rocesses vital
to the tree are carried on, such as tlie conveyance of the water and
food-stuffs taken u]> hy the roots to the extremities of the liranclies,
tlie fohage, etc. The sa]>-wood is of httle vahie as timher, heing

Fig. i~. — 3, Transverse — I, longitudinal section of parts of a medullary ray m, with pits p
from first year's growth of Pinua e.rcelsi'. X 1-50.

.soft in texture and decaying rajiidly on exjxisure, hut when saturated

with resin its heating power is A'ery great. When the oLler formed

wood-cells cease to perform vital functions, they hecome changed and

the original cavit}^ is filled uj) with mineral substances deposited by the

upward current from the roots ; it then forms the hearf-irood, and

so far as the tree itself is concerned, it is practically dead, the

living part lieing represented by a shell enclosing it. Evidence of

this may be seen in old Yew and Pine trees still in active growth,

but whose trunks are hollow through the decay and removal of the

heart-wood.

As previously stated, the anatomical structure of coniferous wood is

the chief factor in cletemiiniug its Strength and Elasticity. By

Strength is understood the amount of resistance the wood offers to

the separation of the lilire of which it is composed, hy any external

force applied to it. The ultimate strength is usually measured by

the force in pounds per sfpiare inch of section which must be

exerted in order to l)reak it : transverse strength is the most

important, it measures the resistance which wood oilers to breakage

l^y a force acting at a right angle ti) the grain.* Among the

strongest European coniferous trees are the Larch, Spruce Fir^ Scots

" Schlieli. Manual nf Forestry. Vol. V. j). 46.

STRENGTH OF COXIFKUOUS WOf)I).

Pine, Silver Fir and CGmbra Pine ; and among the strongest American
species are the Douglas Fir, the southern Pitch Pine (Pinuf! palustris),
the Yellow Pine (F. jwruhrom), the Nol)le Fir (Ahies noLih's) and
Lawson's Cypress.

The transverse strength of eoniferuiis wood is ascei'tained hy
experiment. The residts given in the following table were detained l)y
the Timber Inspector to the Britisli Admiralty. Lengths of tlie wood
to lie tested were cut seven feet long and two inches square, and
placed on supports six feet apart; Avater was tlicn poured into a
vessel suspended from the middle untiJ the piece lunkr. luigbsli Oak
Avas taken as the standard and valued at I'OOO.

Fig. 4S. Tran.sver.se section of a stem of Puiim l.iu-irh,, showin;;
A, tlie end of a year's growtli ; b, the beginning of new
growth; m, nieilull.'u y iviys ; n, i-i'sin-<lnct. xl'iO.

Pitch Pine (Pi/iuft jja/usfn'sj
Dantzic Fir (Pinus sylrei^fris) .
Kauri Pine (Aijafhis austraUa) .
Canada Spruce (Pirea ni<ira)
Canada Re(h]iine (Pinus i-fiihiom )
Ku.^sian Lar<li ( Larix nhirica) .

J{elativf
strength.

JJrcaking

wi'ight in lbs

IHT s(i. in.

1.10'J

262

1-087

219

0-892

204

0-831

168

0-810

163

0-77(5

lo7

Py Elasticity is uudei'stood (he cliaugc which ihc niiiiutc «])arts
nmy undergo in sliape williont fracture of the wood when an
external force is exerted upon it. The ehisticity of coniferous wood
appeal's to depend in a great measure on what is caHcd "even
grain," or uniformity in the size and arrangemeul of ihe wood filn-e
which is greatly dependent on tlic rate of growth, and this, of

ELASTIcri'V OF CONIFEROUS WOOD. 87

course, is influenced to some extent by climate and environment.
The best even-grainetl coniferous wood has equal annual rings with
narrow summer zones and flne medullary rays. The most elastic
European coniferous woods are the Yew, Larch, Spruce Fir, Scots
Pine and Silver Fir ;* and among the most elastic American species
are the Western Larch, southern Pitch Pine, Spruce Pine, Noble Fir,
Prince Albert's Fir, Douglas Fir and liawson's Cypress.f

Tlie elasticity of the wood of tht- Yew Avas observeil reuturies ago
which led to its being employed in making bows for archery. The
elasticity of the coniferous woods mentioned above materially enhances
their utility in the various purposes of carpentry to which they are
applied. Tlie proi>erty is, however, most decisively demonstrated by the
readiness with which molecules of the wood receive and transmit the
vibrations of sound ; tliis is especially the case in the Fir and Pine
tribe. The late Dr. Tyndall, in giving the results obtained by the
experiments of Wertheim and Chevandier to determine the velocity of
sound through different kinds of wood, showed that the velocity along
the fibre of Fir wood is fourteen times the velocity in air ; in other
words, that whereas sound travels imder ordinary circumstances through air
whose temperature is 60' Fahr. at the rate of 1,120 feet per second, it
travels through Fir wood at the rate of 1.5,218 feet in the same period
of time. .Vlso along the fibre of Pine wood it is ten times the
velocity in air. He also further proved the elasticity of Fir wood
by a beautiful experiment, by which musical sounds generated in one
apartment of a liuilding were transmitted through a long deal rod
and perfectly reproducetl in another. | The high degree of elasticity in
the molecular structure of Fir and Pine Av<wd renders it a suitable
material for the construction of certahi parts of several musical instru-
ments, as the violin, piano, etc., for Avhich it is much employed.
The Durability of coniferous wood is dependent in some measure
on its specific gravity, or the ratio which the weight of a certain
volume of wood bears to that of an equal volume of water, but no
definite law can be formulated from the relationship. The specific
gravity of the wood may be expressed with numerical precision, but
sufficient data are not forthcoming to co-ordinate with it the duration
of time which wood will last in a sound and useful condition under
stated circumstances, or when out of the reach of destructive agencies.
The most durable European coniferous woods avaihilde for utilisation
are the Yew, Larch, Spruce Fir and Scots Pine, all of a relatively
high specific gravity ; but more durable than either of them is the
wood of the comnuui Cypi'css (Cupressas f^nnpcrvireiu) which no
longer exists in sufficient quantity for any general economic use.
Some of the most durable and in some respects the most valuable
of the American coniferous woods belong to the Cypress tribe,
the specific gravity of most of which is relatively high. The

* Schlich, Manual of Forestry, Vol. V. y. 44.

t Jesup Collection of Woods of the United States, h\ C. S. Sargent.

X Lectures on Sound, yy. 41. 80.

88 DUltAlULlTV OF rONIKEHOlS WOOD.

soutlierii ritcli Pine, Western Larch, Douglas Fir and Deciduous
Cypress yield very duraljle timber, the specific gravity of wliicli is
]iigh, especially of the two first named. On the other hand the
almost worthless wood of the Wellingtonia, and the coarse-grained,
rapidly decaying wood of Abies concolor, A. Frascri, A. lahnmca and
others have a low specific gravity.*

Some remarkable instances of the durability of the w^ood of some
coniferous trees liave been recorded : —

Tlic Deodar pillars of the great 81iali Hamadcn Mosque, in tlic
I'apital of Kashmir, are probalily more than 400 years old, and to
all appearances they are perfectly sound. 8oiiu' of the liridges in
8ruuagar that are l)uilt of Deodar timlier are said to l)e of still
greater antiquity; the wood of which the piers are constructed are
alternately Avet and dry and apparently suffer no decay. t A laiilding
erected by order of the Emperor Akbar (1542 — 1605) was taken down
some time between 1820 and 1825, and its timber (Deodar Cedar) was
found to be so little impaired as to be tit to be enq)loyed in a house
built Ijy Eajali Sliali.i

The gates of Constantinople which Avere destroyed l)y the Turks in
1453, after having lasted eleven hundred years, Averc made of the Avood
of the European Cypress. And the doors of 8t. -Peter's at Kome,
Avhicli had lasted from the time of Constantine to that of Poi)e Eugene
lA". (1431 — 47) Avere of Cypress Avood, and Avere found Avhen removed,
to be ])erfectly sound. §

. Eobert BroAA'n of Campster relates that in one of the dark dauqi
forests near the Pacific coast of north-Avest America, Dr. Cooper saAV
trunks of Tlmia (lujantea lying prostrate Avitli several Spruces (Pirea
ffitchensis) three to four feet in diameter groAA'ing on them, having cA'idently
taken root in the decaying bark, and extended their roots into the
ground adjoining ; Avliile the interior of the Tlmia logs Avas found still
sound, although partially bored l)y insects. Judging of the age of the
Spruces by the ordinary rules, these logs nuist have lain hundreds i>f
years, exposed to the action of one of the most Innnid of climates. ||

In the Toronto Globe of April 9, 1863, Mr. W. D. Ferris, Avriting
from XeAv Westminster, Pritish Cohnnbia, states that the trunk of a
Douglas Fir, shoAving no signs of decay, had been discovered ])artially
embedded in the earth long enough to alloAV a Hendock S])ruce (Tt'iKja
AJbertiana) to groAV upon it Avhich Avas fully one hundred and fifty
years old.

The ])ro.strate trunk of a Prunimq^ifyx !<j)irafa was observed in a
valley near Dunedin, Xcav Zealand, to be enfolded liy tbe mots of
tln-ee large trees oi Griselmia liUoralis vf'ith. triniks three and adialf feet
in diameter, Avhich must have groAvn from seed since its fall. ( )n
felling the.se trees it Avas found that they weiv ajproximating tlu'ee

The woods of Thuia rjiga/itca and Cujrrrssus thiiooirs have a \o\\ spcrilic ^'lavity,
but they are reckoned amoiiff.st the most din'a1)le of American woods.
t Biandis, Forest Flora of ^". W. India, p. .519.
t London, Arl)oretuni ot Fniticetnm Britannicum, IV. p. 24:50.

S Idem. J). 2467. The wood of Cupressus sc m per vi reus used in vciv old luiildiiij^'s in
Italy that aie known to haA-e stood from 600 to 1,000 A'ears, is .still sonnd.

Monet,'!'. Thuia in Trans. Bot. See. Edinh. IX. p. 369.' Further reniaikahle in.stances of the
chuiihiUty of Thuia giya n(ca tunher me vecol■d^id iu "Canlen and Forest," II. (1889), p. 492.

usf:s of coxiFKRors wnon. 89

InindnMl years, (lui'in>;' Avhicli the tiinlKT of tlu' I'niiuiuiiiitys iciiiaiiicd
sduiul, and was afterwards split into posts for fencing purposes.*

.V piece of tlie wood of JunippTin^ ().ri/frf/n/.'< was inieartlic(l in 1884

l)y ]Mr. C H. Sliarman in the island of Madeira, wIhtc this s]H'cies

attains tinil>er-like size. It liad lain in tlic ei-oinid without life hut

undecayed, and liad retained its peculiar ]ierfnine (huin,L;- hmr humh-ed

years.!

The FriAGRANCE of the wood of many coniferous trees is powerful,

and oenerally of a resinous odour, in many instances it is also

agreeable and even useful. Thus the wood of the Red Cedar, used

in the manufacture of pencils, is a familiar example of agreeable

fragrance witliout l)eing too powerful: the wood of the ('enihra Pine

is much used for wainscotting and the inlaying of wardrol)es, on

account of its odour hieing not only agreeable, but also obnoxious to

insects. The woods of the Deodar Cedar, Yellow Cypress, the

American Arl)or Vit;e, the Chilian Lil)ocedrus and the .Spanish

Juniper are all agreeably flagrant ami more or less obnoxious to

insects.

The timber of coniferous trees is used throughout the temperate
regions of the world for well-nigh every purpose for which wood
is in request; for house-building almost to the exclusion of every
other kind ; for out-of-door carpentry of every description ; for railway
ties and street paving ; for joinery and indoor fittings ; for the
coarser kinds of furniture, l)0xes for packing, frames and l)acks of
musical instruments, ciiildren's toys and turnery. And within the
last few years a new industry has arisen which has f(n' its object
the conversion of coniferous wood into i)ulp for the manufacture of
pasteboard and paper.

The coarser kinds of jirintin,^' ]>aper, packing paper and past(d)oard
are made from wood l>ulp ol)tained chiefly from Pine and .Spruce wood.
Paper manufactured from the wood of the Red Cedar (Juniperus
riniiniana) is found to l)e useful for underlaying carpets and for
wrapping wool, fur, and other articles liable to be injured hy moths
which are driven away by the ]iec\diar odour of th(^ wood. The
wood from which tliis jiaper is made is chiefly the Avaste of the
jiencil factories. J 'In the north-eastern States of North America, the
u])i)er part of the trunk, as well as the liranches and chips of tlie
Pine and Spruce trees, are gathered up and ground into pTdp.
Formerly these were left by the bnnl)ermen, and by the middle of
the following summer they l)ecame thoroughly dry and afforded the
best material for starting a great tire when a careless hunter or tramp
should hajipen to drop a lighted match ; for these fires which have
done such immense injiu-y can generally be traced to this som'ce.f
Tavo methods are chiefly fcjllowed in the preparation of wood-jjulp^

* Kirk. Forest Flora of Xew Zealand, j). 6.
t Gardeners' Chronicle, XXIII. (1885), p. 369.
:;: Enc^lish Mechanic ex Gardeners' Chronicle, V. s. 3. (1889), ji. 23.
§ Garden and Forest, I. (1888), p. 290.

90 MINOR I'TJODUCTS OF f'ONIFEROUS 'I'lJKES.

the nipchiniical and the clicniical. The two luctliods give dilfereut
results, tli(> product of the lucchanical 1 icing more granular, whilst
that of the chemical method is more til irons and makes a better felt ;
the former product is termed ]ia]n'r-]iul]), the latter cellulose. Both
methods arc well descrilied in Di'. Schlich's "Manual of Forestry,"*
which the rcadci' desirous of further information should considt. An
enormoiis amount of coniferous ccdlulose is uow prcjiarcd lioth in
(Tcrmauy and in the United States, which is also used for other
purposes, as tidies, vases, laboratory utensils, carpets, wax-cloth, packing
materials, etc
Among the luiiiov })roducts of the coniferous forest applied to
economic purposes, the following are the most important : —

FoJiaiji'. In North Carolina Pine-fibre matting is manufactured from
the leaves of Pinus palustris. The green Pine leaves collected in the
forest are first cleaned and then placed in a large iron cylinder set on end
and sturounded with steam pipes; they are then thoroughly steamed,
the vapoui' being carried through pipes into an ordinary distillery worm
in an adjoining Iniilding. Pine-leaf oil, a valuable antiseptic, is
obtained in this way at the rate of about one half gallon for 100 lbs.
of leaves. The leaves are then boiled to remove the silica Avhich is
found in their outer covering, and Avhich can be used in tanning
leather. The leaves are next boiled again and bleached, and are then
ready tn be dried wliich is done by machinery ; the fibre is then
ready for manufacture. Pine-leaf hi ire has been found valuable by
surgeons in the treatment of fractures anil in dressing wounds ; it is
an excelk'ut disinfectant, and probably many other uses will be found
for this long-neglected product of the Pine forests, f

Wood Refuse. In the Landes, Basses-Pyrenees and adjacent districts
in the south-west of France, an innnense cpiantity of the wood of
Piuii.< Pinasfei; chiefly of trees that have been exhausted of
their resinous products, is converted into charcoal. Two methods ar(>
followed: — One, the more jn-imitive and more simple but at the
same time attended with a great waste of material, consists in setting
fire to a hea]i of the wood ari'anged in a ]iartieu]ar manner
and covered with loose soil, the heap being allowed to burn until

the w 1 is carbonised sutticiently for usi', which usually takes from

four to live days; by this method the volatile products of the Avood,
as tai', pitch, etc., are, for the most ]iart, lost. The sec(in<l method is
more expeditious and more etticient in its action but far more costly,
as it involves the construction of an expensive' apparatus in a ti.xed
station, and the inconvenience and lain mi' of bringing thi' material to
it often from a long distance. The essenti;il part of the apjiaratus

consists of a huge iron retort for holding the w 1 to be converteil

into charcoal, and which is heated over a fiunaee till the cunveision
— --usually in a few hours — is eti'ecteil. ('oiuiecteil with the retort are
various conirivances for collecting and condensing the volatile jtroducts
of the wood, so that whilst the operatimi itself ocrupies a min'li
shorter time, it is also attendeil with a miniinuiii waste of material.

The wniid (if the stumps of Piiiiix linniljulia in the Himalayan region
ami of J'/iii/s j,(i///.</ris in the southern States di North America

* Vol. V. ]>],. Iti2, Iti.S.
+ Ganlfii and Fnicst. 1. (1.H8S), ji. 4«f>.

l!ESlX(irs 8ECHETI0NS. 91

tluit liavc lu'cii udtclii'il ami luutilakHl for their resinuii.s si-cretions, is
ofti'ii s(i full nf resin that it can ho used as torches in the phice of
eaudli's in lnit> ami cvrn in iiiiucs. Lamp-hlack nsed in the manu-
facture (if printers ink is olitained in the south-west of France by
burning the roots and stumps of Piiiut Pinaster in closed masonry
cliambers. .Vnd in all |)arts of the world whei'e coniferous trees
abound, especially tlirnughout the sub-arctic renidiis df Europe, Asia and
Xorth America, the wootl when not used for constructive piu'poses is
tlie cliief and often the sole source of fuel for the inhal)itants.

Bar],-. The bark of TsiKja canadensis is rich in tannin and it is
the principal material used in the eastern provinces of the Dominion
and the northern I'nited States for tanninp; leather. The Iwrk of
Pinus ?0)if/ifo/ia is siuiilarlv used in nnrthern India, and that of
Dacrydiuiii rupressinnm in Xew Zealand. .Vnd along the inner and
higher Himalaya the liark of A fizz's Wdihiatia is often used for
riiohng sliejiherds" huts.

EESINOUS SECEETIOXS.

Tx the description of the anatomical structure of coniferous wood
gi^•en in the preceding pages, mention is made of '^ resin-ducts" or
intercellular passages in which turpentine is secreted. These " resin-
ducts " are widely distributed throughout the Coxifer.e, Ijut in the
Taxace.e they are either altogether al)sent as in Taxus, or the}' are
confined to certain organs only as in Torreya and Dacrydium. In
the CoxiFEPi.E, more especially in the Fir and Pine tribe (Abietinese),
they are found in all tlie organs, root, stem, pith, medullary rays,
bark, leaves, etc., always following the direction in length of the
organ in which they occur, lu;t often branching ; they are thence
visilde in transverse sections, in the leaves as shown in pages 33 — 35,
and in the young stem as shown in Fig. 44, page 83. From recent
investigations into the origin and properties of resin by Dr. Heinrich
Mayr of ^Munich, we learn the following interesting facts : —

Only in an invisible molecular form in the protoplasm can existing
resin pass int<i an intercellular s[)ace, so that the cell-wall is only
permeable for resin so long as it is in process of formation. .\.
secretion of resin in the canals or "ducts" can only occur during the
first year or two of the formation of the annual rings.

Finished cell-walls, whether lignified, thickened or not, cannot be
permeated l)y resin .so long as the respective walls are satiu^ated with
Avater, and as in the living tree both sap- and heart-wood are always
saturated, it folloAvs that all cell-Avalls of normal wood in the living
tree are always free from resm.

All re.sindiolding spaces are surrounded by an impervious, continuous
cell-tissue, and are therefore completely isolated. The resin cavities are
entirely closed on all sides, and never open at the exterior in an un-
injured tree.

There is no spontaneous exudation of resin towards the .surface ;
every outflow of resin is pathological ; where primo asjJpcfu a spontaneous
outflow appears to occur, as on the buds and cones of different Conifers,

92 liESlXOrS SECRETIONS.

a close iiivcsti^'atioii sIkiws tliat it is (■(nnicctcil Avitli exudation into
an intcvccllular span', >>v causcil hy tlic di'vin^u' ii]i nf tin' (inter layers.

With the CI inversion of the sap- into heart-wooil, the i-esin-canals ai'e

tilled np hy tyloses,* so that a subsequent flow of icsin from the sa]i-

to the heart-wood or rice rer>^a is iini)ossil)le.t

The (juantit}' (jf turpentine secreted depends nnieh on the greater

or less developnu^nt of the summer wood in or near which most of

the resin-ducts are found ; it is also greatly influenced by the heat

or moisture of the climate, the former acting as a stimulant, the

latter as a check to the secretion. The (juality varies with the age

and vigour of tlie tree, the liumidity of the atmosphere and the

season in which it is collected.

The ]*ines in tlie ^Mediterranean region, and esjieeially the plantations

of Pinu!< rinaxfcr in the south of France, sujiply turi)entine in greater

i[uantity and of 1 letter ([riality than that obtained further north, while

the Pine forests of Sweden and XorAvay sujiply only the coarser

products as tar and pitch. The turjientine of American eoniinerce is

jirocure'l chiefly ivowx the extensive " Pine Barrens " of the South

Eastern States, where, during the great heats of sunnner, it flows from

tlie ti'ees so copiously as to require but a comparatively small amount

of labour bi olibiin it. In the great pine woods of ( 'anada it would

not at ])resent repay the cost of collecting for exportation, in consequence

of the cheaiier rate at which it is procured further south. The (_'ouifer<i3

of the Himalaya yield but a small amount <if I'csinous pi'ochu'ts owing

to the humidity of the climate, with the exception of P/'mif louijifolia

which is sjiread chiefly through the outer or trojiical range between

l,.iOO and 6,000 feet elevation, where the greater heat more than

counteracts the excessive humidity. And in Hritain — although the more

equable tem])erature of sunnner and winter, especially in the districts

of the greatest rainfall, is favourable to the rapid growth of the trees —

the resinous jn'oducts are not suflficiently abundant to be worth collecting.

The crude tur])entiue consists of two principal ingredients, a volatile

oil commercially known as Oil of Tur})entine, and (Colophony the

crystcillised resin, which can l)e separated l)y distillation. (3il of

turpentine, a hydron-carbon having for its chemical fonnula Cio Hi,-,

in its pure state is a colourless li([uid of jiowerful odoiir, almost

insoluble in water l)ut dissolving in alcohol or ether and absorbing

oxygen rapidly from the air, es])ecially when mixed with ceruse or

white-lead; it dissolves suljihur and is a good solvent for grease.

It is also a powerful solvent for resins which form the bases of

most varnishes, and from its great volubility, it (piiekly flies off or

dries away, leaving a thin coat of the varnishing substance on the

surface to which it has been a])i)lied. Tt is the only known \"olatile

oil that mixes readily with jiaint witlmut affecting its ]»ro])erties,

(Hinting it so that it may flow freely from the jiaintei's biush, catising

■■ F(ir i'X]iliniati< f tlicsL' jiroc-esses see Saeh's Text r.i"ik n\' I'xitiuiy," Vines" Tiaus-

latidii. ]i. 2-1.

t Ex Cardcncrs' Clii-oniclc. XIV. s. :? (isn:5t. ji. :',27.

itEsixors PRODUCTS. 9;^

the paint to dry rapidly. Colophony is the solid matler that remains
after the separation of the oil of turpentine; its chemical formula is
C-20 HiG Oo ; it differs in appearance and properties according to the
amount of impurities contained in it ; the best colophony is Ijrownish
yellow, crystallises hi small rhomhic ])risms, is insoluble in water, but
is dissolved in alcohol ; it is a non-conductor of electricity, ami
in its . fossil state it is known as ami »er.

The principal seats of the resin industry are: — (1 ) Districts around
Bordeaux in France which are covered with plantations of Pi nun I'inastcv.
(2) in the north of Italy on a nuich smaller scale where Venetian turpen-
tine is prej)ared from tiie resinous secretions of the common Larch ; (o)
in southern Norway and Sweden where the coarser products as tar and
pitch are procured from Finns sylvestris: (4) in the Pine Barrens
of the southern States of Xorth America, the source of the greater
part of the turpentine of British commerce, which is obtained from
I'invs palusfris and P. Tceda ; and (5) on the outer or sub-tropical
Himalayan zone where the Indian supply is obtained from Pinux
longifolia. The iiKxh's i<pn'((ii(U of collecting the crude resin in each
region is different, and is attended with widely different results.
In the south of France the processes employed are conducted ^vitll
the greatest economy of material with a mininuini of injurv to the
trees, so far as the nature of the operation admits. In Georgia and
South Carolina the aim of the resin-collectors is to obtain the greatest
amount of crude resin with the smallest expenditure of laliour and
time, without any regard to the fate of the trees they attack. A
comparison of the two methods is highly instructive.

French nietlio<L TowainLs the entl of February the rough outer l)ai'k of
the maritime Pine, Pmns Pinaster, is trimmed off at tlie plaee intended
to be tapped, so that only a thin layer of l)ark is left coverinL;- the sap-
wood, the part of the tree in which the resin is most al)uu(laut. Earh"
in March an iiieision is made in the sha[)e of a longitudinal gToo\'e of
small dimensions l)y a special instrument called an ahrhotfe, nuich
resembling a carpenter's adze but smaller. The resin trickles through the
orifice thus made in drops which thicken in contact with the air; one
portion of it solidifies ami adheres to the surface of the groove, the
remainder flows into a vessel placed below to receive it. The resin ceases
to exude about the middle of Octolier when the collecting ceases, Ijut it
is renewed in the following ]March and continued for several years,
usually about five, from the same trees ; the trees are then left for t^v(>
or more years untouched when the collecting is renewed from a fresh
incision ; Iw this method the trees retain their vigour for many years and
their timber is not imijaired. ( )nce a week the groove is freshly cut by
slicing oft' a thin slun'ing from the ujiper side, so that whilst the groove
becomes gradually longer, its width ivmaius unaltered.

The ci'ude resin is cdUected in earthen puts varnished on the inside,
placed at the lower end of the groove and held liy means of a zinc collar
fixed across it. As tlie pot becomes filled, the cnllector emjtties it into a

94 KKSIXOUS PRODUCTS.

kind (if pannier, holding abont four and a-lialf gallons, railed an escouaiie
wliicli, when full, is conveyed to reservoirs formed oi Avood or brick let
into the grouml and dispersed througli tlie forest. The solidified resin
adhering to the sides of the grooA'e, locally calle(l han-nx, is either mixed
with the crude resin or })acked sepaiately in palmdeaf baskets. The
resin is ladled fi'om the reservoirs into casks and conveyed to the factories
to be converted into oil of turpentine and colophony.*

AiiK^nran iin'thixJ. During the winter a receptacle called a " Ixix " is cut
into the tnuik of the trees intended to be tapped, at about a foot from the
ground ; the incision is made transversely across the stem and oliliquely
inwards, the length being twelve to fourteen inches, the breadth six to seven
inches, and tlu' de])th about as nnich. X circular sj^ace about two and
adialf feet binad is then cleartMl around the trees and in it is placetl a
series of hea]is or layers of all the intlammable material scattered aroiuid
which on the tirst dry day in early spring is set on tire, the object
being to clear the ground of all inflannnable matter from which the
outbreak of a forest tire might originate during the dry season when the
collecting of the resin is most active. Nevertheless this very precaution
is often the cause of forest fires that spread for miles, involving the
iiTeparable destruction of hundreds both of yoinig trees and of trees in
their best period of develoimient.

In the early s|)ring, when the sap ])egins to move, the process of
collecting the crude lesin is commenced by an incision lu'ing inade by an
axe in the bark about eight inches long and two inches l)road above the
"box" and ])er])endicular to the ujiper edge on each side at the angles,
a process called " corneringv' '^n*^^ t'le bark in the interspace is stripped
off from the sap-wood by an instrument made esi)ecially for the pmrpose.
Every week an addional portion or "chipping" is removed, so that the
surface of the sap-wood laid l)are is constantly enlarged. This "chipping"
is continued from the middle of A})ril to the middle of (October and even
into November when the weather is favourable. The "lioxes" as they
become tilled with the exuding resin are emptied with an iron ladle and
the resin is conveyeil to dei)ots. With the commenci'ment of the cold
season, the How of turpentine ceases and the "boxes" as well as the
spaces above them that liave been stripped of bark are freed of the resin
adhering to them called " scra])es " that had become hardened in coutact
Avith the air. This resin is, howe\-er, of little \alue on account of the
impurities with which it is mixed.

The injurv done to the trees consists not so much in the withdrawal
of the resin itself, as in the unskilful manner in which it is obtained.
Tlie large wound is soon co\-ered with fungi and all sorts of })utrifying
agents which spreail rapidly through the trees; they are thus destroyed,
or as good as destroye(l, even when they escape the greatest of all the
.scourges of American forests — the forest fires, f

* " Le Pin maritime," jiar Raymond Krunet, BililiotlicMjur (hi CuUivatiur.

t Dr. Heinrich Mayr, " Waldungon von Xordamcrika," ])}>. :>-i, ;j4. ''Of the e.K-
travagant methods whicli ]irevai! in the T'uitcd States, none certaiidy exceed in
extravagance tliat undci- whicli the turjientine industiy is conducted and there is no
business connected with the ]ir(idu(-ts of the soil wliich yiehl so little return in }iio-
jjortion to tlie destruction of tlie mateiial involved. Tlie forests of fleorgia once rejireseiited
fahidous wealth ; tliey were not surjiassed hy tlio.se of any other ivgion, and could they
have lieen wisely husbanded, would have made Geoigia one of the richest States in the
Union. The turjientine fanners take everything they see, and once the resinous surface
of the tree is ex]iosed, the tire is almost certain to finish the (kmage the axe has
jcommenced."— Garden and Forest, Vol. IV. (1891) \). 49.

.MINOR I'lIODUCTS OF CONIFEROUS TItKKS. 95

Among' the minor products of coniferous trees derived either
directly from the resinous secretions or in coniljinalion with Ihem,
the following are the most important : —

Tar usi'd in sliipl)uilding is received chiclly I'lnm the iiuitli nf
Europe, of which the Stockholm tar of connnerce is considered the best,
and from the United States. The distillation of tar both in America
and Europe (except in the south of France) was formerly, and probably
is still performed in a very rude manner, involving an enormous waste
of material. "^V funnel-shaped hole is dug in a bank about six or eight
feet m diameter at the upper part, and not more tlian alxmt ten
inches at the lower. At the l;)ottom of the hole is placed aii iron
pan having a long i»ipe or spout which is nuule to jiass through the
bank ; the hole is then tilled up with billets cut from the roots
and branches of Pine trees (Finm stj/resfHs) which, after being
kindled at the top, are covered over incompletely with turf. The
wood is then charred from above downwards, and the tar mixed with
various other products flows off at the bottom through the spout into
a receiver.

Pitch is })repared by melting crude resin in iron pots over a
steadily inc-reasing but at first slow tire. The melteil resin is at tir.^t
yellow, then brown, and lastly becomes converted into l)la(d<: pitch. In
order to expedite the process and increase the outj)ut of pitch, a ])ress
is used which fits in the pot and is moved downwards by a kind of
screw. The resin, after the pitch has Ijeen pressed out, is used foi'
making lamp-black.*

Turpentine Paste and Pine Oil are prepared from the crude resin of
Pinus Pinaster. The former is much used in ci'rtain kinds of
varnishes, and the latter for lighting purposes; also as an antiseptic
for preserving wood in the open air.

Canada Balsam is a transparent straw-coloured resin faintly tinged
with green procured from the Canadian Balsam Eir, Allies balsamea ;
it has the consistency of honey, with a pleasant aromatic odour and
a slightly bitter flavour. It is chiefly used for mounting objects to
be examined under the microscope, for which it is highly suitable, as
it remains constantly transparent and uncrystallised.

Coniferine is obtained from the descending sap of the Larch and
other trees belonging to the Eir and Pine tril)e Avhich by a chemical
process can be transformed into A^anilline, the aromatic princii)lr present
in the fruit of Vanilla. The preparation of Coniferine is a ])inhtable
branch of industry in North Germany.

Abietine is a A'olatile oil obtained from the resin secreted liy some
of the Pines of Avestern North America, chiefly Pinus ponderusa and
P. Sahiniana, and recommended for its curative virtues, which, however,
have been called into ([uestion by the aTithorities of the Philadelpliian
College of Pharmacy.!

Amber occurs chiefly in a bed four to Ave feet thick of glauconite,
geologically known as the Amber Beds of Ivonigslierg. It is

generally in snuxll })ieces, sometimes colourless but usually light yellow ;
it is susceptible of a good polish, and when rubbed Ijeconu's electi'ical.
It melts when heated to 230° C, then it Hinies and burns witli a

* Sclilich, i\Iaini;il of Forestry. Vol. \. \k ItiS*.
t Garden and For.^st, Vol. "X. (18971. p. -l^ri.

96 DISTKIBUTIOX AND CKNSUS.

l»riL;ht tiaiiic and ciuits a siiicll liy no iiicaiis (lisagrceahlc It is used
foi' (ii'uaiiiriital ]iurpi)S('s and fur niakin,L; aiiduM- varnish. Ainlicr is tlii'
pi'dduct nf (•(init'crdus trees wliicli Hmirislied in early Tertiary times,
proliablv iif more than one sjiecii's l)ut wliicli eannot 1h' (dearly
detevniiued. Pieces of aniher have been found in whieh are preserved
entire the bodies of insects that iidiabited the ])rinieval forest formed
by these trees.

Kauri (luiii is a semi-fossilised dejxisit bnried at a depth of
five or six feet Ixdow the snrface of the grouml in tracts of open
land in the northern island of New Zealand where once grew Kanri
forests (Ai/afhif^ ausfralisj whitdi have long since disappeare(l. It is
sometimes found in large lumps l)ut more frequcjitly in fragments
varying in size from that of a hen's egg to that of a man's head ;
it varies also in colour, l)eing sometimes of a rich brown, sometimes
bright amher-yellow and occasionally almost colourless and translucent,
revealing flies and small lieetles that have been enclosed in it for ages.
The clearest and most crystalline pieces are most valued ; they are
carved into ornaments scarcely to be distinguished from amber, but nuich
more lirittle ; the inferior kinds are manufacturetl into varnish.*

,V ft'W other products oidy locally utilised are noticed under the
species from which they are deriveil.

DISTRIBUTION AND CENSUS.

The present distribution of the Taxace.e and Conifer.e over the globe
has resulted from the gradual geological changes that have been
effected since the hrst appearance of a coniferous vegetation in the
earlier formations of the Eartli's crust : and the existing genera
and species are l)elieve(l to have been developed in the course of
ao-es from others that have lono- since l)ecome extinct. The evidence
adduced in support of this lielief consists in tlie fossil remains of
plants (and animals) found in the different strata of which the crust
of the Earth is composed, and which are proved to hnve been laid
down slowly by the action of water. It is further })ro\ed that the
distril)ution of land and water on the surface of the globe has not
always l)cen precisely the same as it is now, areas which are now
drv land having l)een at one time covered l)y the sea, and vice versa,
and also that the changes in climate have been not less remarkable.
Similar formations and consequent changes are still in jn'ogress on
a vast scale in every region of the Earth, chiefly by tlie agency
of water as is seen by the de))osits of layers of mud and silt
which arc continually accunudaliiig at the mouths of the great rivers,
as the Nile. Niger, Ganges, Yang-tse-Xiang, Mississi))])!, etc., and

"" Kirk. Forest Vhn-.i df Niw Zcilaiid. ]k l.". I.

(;k()LO(;ical ke(Oi;l). 97

which are hrou^lii (luwn l)y their waters in a state of suspension,
forniinu' what are called " Deltas."

From the observed uniformity of Xature's laws and workings, it,
is reasonable to infer, therefore, that a canse constantly operating in
this way at the present time in the case of the above-named and
other ri\'ers, has also been operating in the same way from remote
anti(|uity. In the course of these f(nnnation3, multitudes of plants,
including even large trees, have been embedded in the soft deposits
of silt and mud, and their remains preser\-ed in the rock which
results from the hardening of the mud. The soft and delicate parts
could not be perpetuated in this manner, and it is found, in fact,
that only the harder parts, such as the wood, bark and fruits are
preser\-ed. The softer portions have been more or less quickly
deconqiosed, although under especially favouralde conditions there has
been some preservation even of these ; they have in some instances
left impressions in the hardening mud, and from which the form and
even the species can sometimes be recognised.

Geologists have classified the different beds or strata composing the
Earth's crust into live main divisions, and these divisions are further
divided into systems, the systems into series, sections or formations, and
these again into groups and stages ; each group or stage includes
two or more zones or horizons which may consist of one or se\'eral
beds or strata. To all these divisions and sub. divisions they have
given technical names. They have also assigned to them a chrono-
logical order of formation, not indeed by I'eferring them to a
particular year or nund>er of years reckoned from a fixed epoch,
but from an examination of the fossil remains and from other data
they have ascertained which strata are of earlier formation and which
are more recent. The entire series of beds or strata so classified
and chronologicallv arranged forms the Geological Eecord.

" The Geological Eeconl is at the best but an imperfect clu'onicle
(if tlie geological history of the Earth. It abounds in gaps, some of
which liave been caused by the destruction of strata owing to
inetaniovpliisni, denudation or otherwise. Xevertlieless, it is from this
reconl that the progress of the Earth is cliiefly traced. It contains
the registers of the births and deaths of tribes of plants and animals
wliicli have from time to time lived on the Earth. Probably only a
small proportion of the total uuml^er of species which have appeared
in past time have been thus chronicled, yet by collecting the broken
fragments of the record, an outline at least of tlie history of life
upon the Eartli can ho deciphered."*

* Te.vt Book of Geology, liy Sir Arcliibald Geikie, p. 634. "Upon the leaves of that
stone liook are .stamped the characters plainer and .surer than those formed l)y the ink of
history, and which carry the nund l)ack into the aliysses of past time, comi'arcd with
which the ]>eriod.s which satisfy the unscientitic mind cease to have a visual angle."'— -
Jh: John T)/,ida//, in the Belfast Address.

98 EAKLIEST VESTIGES OF rONIFElt.i:.

The olili'st vestiges of tlic Vegetable KingdiMii that li;i\i' Ih'CU
preiserved oeeur in llic lnwer strata of tlie J'riiiiaiv or I'ala'DZoie
(AiK'ient Life) division ni tlie Geulogieal Reeord, ealled the Cauduiau
system.* They consist mdy (if a few iiiavkiiigs on slate <•!■ sandstone
of marine Algce (8ea-weeds). In the next Ingher system, the Silurian,
tlie remains of sea-weeds occur more fre(|uently, and also the earliest
traces of a higher vegetation represented hy Lycopodiac(>a? Cchd)-mosses).
In tlie Devonian period which succeeded the Silurian, a eryptogamic
vegetation seems to have covered the land in luxuriant ahundaiice, and
Avith it Conifers and Cycads make their first appearance l''iagments
of wood having the structure of living Conifers are found in every
state of i)reservation throughout the entire series of geological formations
from the middle Devonian upwards, and they begin to be common
everywhere as early as the higher members of tln^ Coal ^Measures.!
These earliest remains of wood appear to belong to jirimitive Taxads of
wliicli silicitied specimens of entire stems have been found in the < )ld
Red Sandstone of Canada and Xew Brunswick ; these are the oldest
known coniferous remains.

In the Carboniferous system (Coal jNIeasures) vegetation attained a
luxuriance equalling, if not surpassing that at present existing. ( )yev five
hundred species of jJants have l)een described, which may perhaps be
only a fragment of the entire flora of that period Init which never-
theless " is marked by a singular monotony of character all o\'er the
world honi the Equator to the Arctic Circle, the same genera and
sometimes even the same species appearing to have ranged over the
whole surface of the globe. It consisted almost wholly of A'ascular
cryptogams and pre-eminently of Equisetaceae, Lycopodiacea" and
Ferns." J The coniferous trees of the Coal Mea.sures are doubtfully
referred to four genera, the Avood of some of them approaching in
structure that of the Araucarias ; among the fruits, one is much like
that of the living (lingko. The siqu-a-carboniferous flora is simpler
and less rich than that below : it included a Conifer to which 'the
name of Walchia piniformig has been given, ami some others. In the
succeeding system, the Permian, there is a marked diminution of i)lant
remains ; it seems as if the Earth were already exhausted, as one
fliira after another of the carboniferous vegetation disappears. Fossil
fruits of Gingko and of Voltzia, an extinct genus allied to Cunning-
hamia, are among the very few ( 'onifiM's that have Ikmmi dct(':'ted
in this system.

A ditt'erent vegeta'tion characterises the Secondary or ^lesozoic (Inter-
mediate Life) Division. In the Triassic system, the oldest of the series
of strata comprising it. Conifers, I^piisetums and l-Vrns, some of them
arborescent, Avere anumg the ingredients of the forest. ( )f the Conifers,
A^oltzia, of Avhicli traces have been discovered in the I'erniian system,
became abundant, and anothei' characteristic Conifer Avas Albertia, Avliose
affinity to living geneia has not been clearly made out : but tlie most
distinctive feature of the earlier Mesozoic Ages Avas the great development
of a Cycadaceous A'egetation : so typical are these plants that the Mesozoic

*, For the explanation of tliis ami dtlnr ii rms of tin- liki' kiml tin' ruiulir is icrcncd to
text-books of Geology,
t Sohns-Laubach, " Fos.sil Botany,"' (larn.scy's Translation, \k 80.
% Sir A. C.ikie, Text Book of d-ology, p. 72.^.

CONIFER.!-: i)F THE MESOZOH' I'ElilOD, 99

ftii'iniitious liave l)et'U classeil as helongiii.n- tn tlic X'^a of (Jycads.* lu
till' siK'L-eediug syste)!!, tlie .lurassic, consisting' of beds of argillaceous
limestones, mavis ami clays termed Lias and ( )()lite, the vegetation so far
as it is known to us was essentially ( iymnospermous. The prevalent
trees of the forest were Cycads. liut associated with them were primeval
forms of Araucaria, Thuia ami I'iinis. ]-*hyllostrol)us found in the
Kinieridge Clay of Orhagnoux and Paheocyparis are, according to Solms-
Laubach, the oldest known |)rogenitors of the Cypress tribe. Ancestral
forms of Trtxaceae also appear distinctly in the Jurassic perioil of which
the best known is JJaicra, a genus allied to (xingko, scarcely exceeding
the existing species in size. Tn the Cretaceous system the earliest known
jn'ogenitors of the al)undant ilicotyledonous trees of the present day
appear ; they were allied to the ( )aks, Beeches, Wahiuts and TiUip-trees
of our flora, and with them were associated numerous Conifers which
spread far into the Arctic regions. In the Cenomanian lieds a[)pear the
earliest forms of Finns that can be satisfactorily identified as such ; an
earlier form has 1)een found in the Rhtetic beds of the upper Triassic
formation, Init it is not absolutely free from doubt. All the Pine cones
found in the Mesozoic Age belong to the Cembra and .Strobus sections
of the existing Pines ; the scales of the i.'ones are without an apophysis
or thickening at their apical end. The most common Conifers of the
upper Cretaceous period were the ancestors of the gigantic Sequoias of
California ; cones of these are abundant anti are sometimes attached to
their branches Avith foliage which agrees closely witli that of the existing
species.

Ditierent phases of plant life appear as we enter upon the Tertiary
ur Cainozoic (Recent Life) Division. The transition from the later
Mesozoic to the earlier Cainozoic formations was marked l:)y great
geographical changes in Western Europe which must have occupied a
vast jieriod of time. The fossil remains of plants found in the Eocene
or lowermost of the Tertiary system of rocks indicate that the age of
Lycopods, Ferns and Yew-like Conifers had })assed away, and that the
threshcild of modern types of life had been reached. Ancestral forms of
dicotyledonous trees both evergreen and deciduous Avere taking their
place. One of the most striking phenomena of the Tertiary period is
the remarkable change in climate which the northern hemisphere of the
globe underwent, ".^.t the l)eginning it was of a tropical or sub-tropical
rharacter, even in the centre of Europe and Xorth America. It then
gradually liecame more temperate, but flowering plants and shrubs
continued to live even far within the Arctic Circle where then, as
now, there nmst have been six suidess months every 3'ear. Growing
still milder the climate i)assed eventually into a phase of extreme cold
when snow and ice extended from the Arctic regions into the centre Df
Eurojie and Xorth .Vmerica. Since that time the cold has again
diminished until the present thermal distribution has been reached."!
Abundant evidences of these climatic changes present themselves in the
fossil remains distributed over the great area affected by them. Trees
allied to the gigantic Seijuoias of California, the Gingko, Thuias and
other Cupressineee flourished in X"orth Greenland ; Spruce Firs, Pines and
Cypresses in Spitzljergen. In (treat IJritain during Eocene times.
Cypress-like trees allied to the Australian geims Callitris were frequent :
remains of a Libocedrus, much like the L. <J<'rurrem of California, have
* Sir A. Oeikie, Text Hook of r;H„l,,!;-y, ].. S:37. t Lh-w, y. 761.

100 (OXlKKlLi: OK THE TKlfl'IAltV rKKTOD.

iH'eu luiuul ill the 'I'lniiiics \'allcy, and of a Lnic Cyin'ess, CM^wr»7/,s-
fo.i-i/oriiii--', at rxuiiiiciiKHitli. Two fonus of a Taxtuliuiu also occur in
the Bounu'inuuth bcnls, ami also othcis that have Ix'cu referred to
Seciiioia ; in the London Clay liaAc Ijeeii iirescrxcd fruits of a Taxad
closely resemhling those of the (liuyko ; and at Aliini J'>ay in the
Isle of AViglit as well as in the London Clay have heeii detected
remains of the suh-tropical genus l'o(locar])"as. Remains of the
foliage of an Araucai'ia occur in the Freshwater heds of the Isle of
Wight, and in the marine heds at Bournemouth ; pine cones in the
Thanet heds of Kent, at Ikigshot, in the Isle of Wight and County
Antrim ; and from tlie hasaltic formation in the same county and in
the Isle of Mull havi' heen discovered cones of a Tsuga and liranchlets
of a Cryptomeria.*

In the ( )ligocene and jNIiocene systems of the jNIiddle Tertiary })eriod
are found large masses of carhon deposited in the earth in the fVirm
of heds of " hrown coal" or lignite, which are chiefly composed of
coniferous remains mixed with those of ancestral forms of (.^)uercus,
^lasnolia, etc. The coniferoiis forests of that period did not, therefore,
exhil)it a dull uniformity as is the case with those of the present
time ; there was, on the contrary, an ahundant and tlieerful A-ariety of
forms as is seen even now in the forests of Canada and in parts of the
southern United States, though not to so great a degree. There must
have been enormous ([\iantities of resin exuded hy some of these trees,
which belonged to genera resembling Thuia, Cupressus, iSequoia and
Taxodium ; this resin hardened l>y external couditions is now knoAvn as
amber.

Towards the dose of tlie Tertiary })eriod, the gradual refrigeration of
climate already mentioned, reached its maxinunn. Under its influence
the coniferous trees that had flourished o\'er the north Tem^ierate zone
and far lieyond the Arctic Circle in the earlier ages, disapi)eared, " the
Alps and Pyrenees were loaded with vast snow-flelds from which enormous
glaciers descended into the j'^'iii^) overritling ranges of minor hills on
their Ava}'. The greater ])ortion of Britain was similarly ice-covered ; in
Xorth America also, Canada and the eastern States of the Union down
to about the 39th parallel of north latitude lay under the northern ice-
.sheet."t As a natural consequence of this climatic change, the former
suh-tr<i]iical vegetation of central and nortlierii hurope and of Xorth
America was replaced as tlie icc-sliect I'ccedcd northwards hy an arctic
and sub-ar<-tic flora wliicli included but few coniferous species, Imt tliey
Avere spread over large areas. As \\-e enter upon the recent and
pre-historic formations, tlii' types of vegetation liecoiiie essentially the
same as those now existing, and were spread oxer the same regions.
The i)aucity of species of coniferous trees in the regions ati'ected by the
ice and snow of the (dacial period has remained inichanged except by
the agency of ^lan. The British flora includes oidy three, the Yew,
Juniper and Scots Biiu' ; that of central and northern Kurope includes
the same three with the addition of the Spiuce and Silver Firs, tlu-
Larch and the Cembra and ^Mountain Pines; and if we add to this area
all Asia north of the Himalayan and llindu-Koosh ranges, but excluding
China and .lapaii, only six more species are present of Avhicli the

* .(. Stiukic Car^liMi, BiUish Eocene Flora. \'el. IL y\K -20-101.
'■ Sir A. Crikic, Text Book of (ieolej^y, \K 884.

<'EN"8US OK KXISTIXd SI'KCIKS. IQl

spcritic rank of two is duuhtful. In Xortli Aincrica, iiortli uf the
.'UJtli i)arallcl, a, siiiiilai' paucity of spc/ics I'xists, the whole uumher
proliaMy not cxceediuL? a ilo/.cu. AVIiilst tlic coniferous vegetation of
the nortliern portions of the two continents was tlius affecteil l)y the (Haoial
l)eriod, the floras <if the contiguous regions, as tlie Mediterranean JUsin,
(Jhina and .la]>an, Nortli America west of the Kocky ^NFountaius and
south of tlie 'M)t\i jtaralh'l on the east siih' were, as the_y still are,
exceptionally rich in coniferous genera and spe'ies. AFuch less is known
of the geological changes that have taken place in the south Tenijierate
zone, hut whatever may have heen their natui'e, their influence on the
vegetation, on account of the restricted land area, would he comparatively
small to what lias taken ])lare in the north. As regards the existing
(/onifera^ of southern lands, none of the species cover large areas, and
the genera and speries are much more vai'ied tluin in the north. In
Tasmania the species are so local and })reseut so few individuals, that
the island may l)e crossed from north to south without a single species
of the Order being met with.* In New Zealand, on the contrary, the
Coniferte attain their maximum of numbers in the southern hemisphere,
and, till recently, the hfteen or sixteen species which inhabit the islands
covered nearly two-thirds of their area. In southern Chile a considerable
p)art of the slo])es of the Andes is covered wdth a coniferous vegetation
represented by nine species distriluited among six genera. In the
tropical regions of l)oth hemispheres, coniferous trees form but a minute
fraction of the entire arliorescent vegetation ; the few that occur are
chiefly Podocari)s which nowhere form a continuous forest. Pinus is
represented by aboiit half-a-dozen outlying species in the Indo-Malayan
region and in Central America ; Agathis liy nine and the African genus
Widdringtonia l»y hve. Some of the Australian Araucarias and
Callitrids also occur witliiu the Tropics.

The number of existing genera and species has been variously
estimated. The genera admitted in this Manual are Taxaceie eleven
and Coniferai twenty-five which with three exceptions in the Conifers
coincide with those admitted by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters in his recent
revision of the two Orders. These exceptions are — the Glyptostrobus
of Endlicher which, following Bentham, is included in Taxodium, and the
Pseudotsuga and Keteleeria of Carriere which are provisionally joined
into one genus Al)ietia. The monotypic Taxad, Pherosph;era and the
coniferous genera Tetraclinis, Callitris, Actinostrobus and Widdringtonia
as well as all tropical and many sub-tropical species included in other
genera are omitted in the l)ody of the work on account of their being
unsuited for cultivation in Great Britain. The following enumeration
of the species may be accepted as approximately correct so far as our
present knowledge extends and subject to such modification as the
views of different botanists respecting the limitation of species are
accepted. The regions are, to some extent, artificially defined, but the
limits assigned to them are such that, witli the exception of one or

* Sir J. I). Hooker. VUa of Tasuuuiia. n. :'.4!t.

102

CEXsrS OK EXISTING SPECIES.

perhaps two Pines and two or three Junipers, the areas inhabited hy
the species do not overlap.

1. — Euro- Asiatic Eegiou —

Xorth of the Al[)s, Caucasus, Hindu-Kusli and
Hiinalayau laiigcs and t'xchtiUiiL; ('hiiia
and 'lapau -------

II. — Mediterranean Region —

InchuUng Asia Minor and the Trans-Caucasian
provinces of Russia -----

[II. — East Asiatic Region —

Inchiding China, Japan and the Himalayan
zone nortli of the southern foot hills -

lY. — iSTorth American Region —

East of the Rocky jNIountains - - - -

V. — North American Region —

West of the Rocky Mountains, and iurluding
jNIexico --------

\[. — Tropical Regions of both Hemispheres
VII. — Australian Region —

Inchiding Australia and the adjacent islands
within the Tropics -----

VIII. — South Temperate Region. —

Including Tasuiauia, New Zealaml, and
.southern Chile ------

Genera.

20
11

Speeies.

56
30

66
U

310

ROTAX ICAL RETROSRECT.

The Coniferfe have Iteen studied Ijy many eminent botanists; the
enumeration of tlie most important of their lal»ours in this field is
given in the biljliography of the Order at the end of the volume. The
following is a brief sketch of the various essays that have preceded
and led to the present classification.

The starting point of the nomenclature adojjted in this Manual is
the (rpnera ami Sf>(^ri''.< I'lautani)ii of LiuJijeus puhlished in 1753 ; in
this Work Iwcnty-Hve species of Coniferjp are described, which are
distrilnited among live genera all ado[)ted from the older botanists ; all
the meml)ers fif the Fii- and Pini^ tribe, of which there are ten,
including the Larch, Spruci; Fii, and two Sih-er Kirs (Ahiex pedinata and
A. halsanteaj, are ranged under I'inus. The mo.st important work
exclusively devoted to the Conifera" iiniiiciliately following tlie latest
edition of the dcvrra ami ^iiccii'n Plaiiltinnn of Linna'us, is 'llic. Genus
Pimis of Lamliert, of whi(b the first \iiluine a|i|)i'Mivd in 1S03,* a
remarkable pulilication hu' that |ieiio(l, the colouicd illustrations still
* The .second volunic was i.uliiishcil in Is'il, aiitl an (iclaxn (Mlitiuu n[' ilir wholr in 18-32.

I'.OTANICAL 1!ETR()S|-K(T. 103

ranking among the lu'^^t of tlioii- kirn I. Lambert following Linnseu.s
included all the Aliietinea^ under Pinus, as did Aiton in the Horfus
Kein^nsis, the second edition of which was |)ul)lished in 1813. In
1826 was published Louis Claude Richards .]/■' moire su)' lea Conifhes,
edited by his son. This classical Avork is the earliest that dealt
scientitically with the Coniferae, and in it the foundation of the
present sj'^stematic arrangement of the ( )rd('r is laid. Richard
arranges the whole Order under three tribes (Sectiones) : 1. TaxineiB,
including Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Taxus and Salisl)uria,
and also the Gnetaceou.s genus Ephedra ; II. Cupressineae., including
Juniperus, Thuia (Thuya), Callitris, Cupressus and Taxodium, the last-
named founded by himself for the reception of the deciduous Cypress,
Cupresms disfirha of Linnaeus. III. Abietineae, including Pinus, Larix,
Ciuuringhamia, Agathis and Araucaria ; but in the secj[uel the Cedar,
the Larch, the Sjiruce, Silver and Hemlock Firs are all described
under Abies. In the folloAving year Professor Link proposed in the
Journal of tlv Arad^^mi/ of Science of Berlin, the separation from
Pinus of the Spruce and Silver Firs as distinct genera, the first as
Picea and the second as Abies ; also Cedrus as distinct from Larix.
In 1811 Link again reviewed the Abietineae in Linncea, A^'ol. XV.,
p. 181, and the genera Pinus, Picea, Abies, Cedrus and Larix may be
said to have been definitely established, although they were not taken
up Ijy many of his successors as he left them.

The TAXACE.Kas an (Jrder distinct from the Conifer.e was proposed l)y
Dr. Lindley, following L. C. Richard's Section I. in the second edition
of his Natura] Si/dein published in 1836 ; it was taken up by Loudon
tw^o years later in the Arhorefuni ef Frutirefuin Britannicum, but
failed to secure general acceptance notwithstanding the very marked
structural differences in the fruits, foliage and Avood of the two Orders.
By nearly all sul)se(iuent authors the Taxads Avere included in the
Coniferae under the tril)es Taxeae or Taxineae and Podocarpeae. In
the Abietinete of Loudon, Link's Abies and Picea are reversed, the
former name l)eing applied to the Spruce, and the latter to the Silver
Firs in accordance Avith an unfortiuiate oA'ersight of Linnaeus, Avho
named them Pinu^ Ahies and P. Picea in contradiction to the classical
designation of these trees, and Avhich had Iteen adopted by the older
botanists. With Louchtn originated that confusion of Abies and Picea
Avhich has proved so irksome to horticulturists and foresters, and AAdiich
Avas intensified l)y Cordon through the Avidely-distributed editions of his
Pineturii. DaA'id Don, Avho had assisted Lambert in the preparation of
the later editions of The Genm Pinm, estal)lished the trilje Araucarineae
in tlie Transact io)tf< <f the Linnean Society pul)lished in 1811 ; it
included Araucaria and Agathis (Dammara) previously ]ilaced in the
Abietineae.

In 1812, Spach, a French botanist of German origin, removed the
American White Cedar (Cupressus thyoides) from Cupressus, and
founded upon it the genus Chamaecyparis* on the ground chiefly
that the ovules of each fruit scale are restricted to two, and the fruit
is matured the hrst year instead of in the second as in the tru(^
Cypresses. It Avas afterwards enlarged by the addition of two north-
Avest American species and the Retinisporas of Siebold and Zuccarini.
Spach's Chamaecy[)aris was taken up l)y most snbseiiuent authors, and
* Histoiiv lies W^'i'taux Pliaiierogaincs. Tonic XI. |i. o28.

104 BOTANICAL KETROSPECT.

is still retained l)y einitiueiital botanists. Uy ^Ir. IJentham the <i,T<)U|)
of Cypresses which it inelndes was made sectional undf-r TImia (Tluiya),*
wliich, however, lias met with no acceptance.

The most eminent contrihntov to tlie systematic Imtany nf the
C'onifera" immediately after Loudon's death was vSteplien Kndlicher (N'ienna,
1804 — 181r9). In his Synopsis Coniferarum pulJished in IS47 tlie
Cupressineae, Ahietineae, Podocarjieae and Taxineae were raised to tlu^
rank of Natural Orders and suV)-divided into tribes. Tlic Taxodincc'e
as a tribe was here established; it included Taxodium, ( dyptostrobus
and Cryptomeria, bttt curiously enough, Setpioia founded by himself,
Atlirotaxis and Sciadopitys are placed in the AbietinecE ami ,L;rou})ed
with Cunninghamia and Agathis, the Araucarias forming a sei)arate
tribe. The genus Pinus is retained entire in the Limisean sense, but
sub-divided into sections, one of which (Tsugae) comprised the Hemlock
and Douglas Firs, here separated for the first time from the 8[)ruces.
Several generic changes made by Endlichcr have been luiiversally
adopted, the most noteworthy of which was the separation of the
Californian Eedwood from Taxodium upon which he founded the genus
Secpioia ; he also established the genus Lil)ocedrus on Chilian and Xew
Zealand species previously referred to Tliuia, and Widdringtonia on
a grou]) of South African species allied to Callitris. Endlicher was
followed l)y Carriere, Chef des Pepinieres du ]\fuseum d'Histoire Xaturelle
de Paris, who published a Traite General des Conifh-ps in 18o5, of
which a second and enlarged edition appeared in 1867 ; in this \\drk
Endlicher's classification is followed in all its essential features, but
Pinus is restricted to the true Pines, and Link's Abies, Picea, Cedrus and
Larix are kept up, as is also Gordon's Pseudolarix ; Endlicher's section
Tsuga is raised to generic rank, for the Hendock Firs and two new
genera are broached under the names of Pseudotsuga and Keteleeria
respectively, the first for the reception of the Douglas Eir, and the
second for the Abies Fortunei of Lindley. The second edition of
Carriere's Traite was immediately folloAved liy the elaboration of the
Coniferae in De CandoUe's Proilronius Ijy Professor Parlatore of Florence.
Parlatore's systematic arrangement is based chiefly on that of Endlicher
with the divisional names of a lower rank: in the Abietinea" I'iims is
retained in its entirety but divided into two sub-genera, Pinus propiu'
for the Pines, and Sapinus for the remaining species except the
Araucarias and Agathis which are also included in the Abietineae as
a sub-tribe. Under the Taxodineae (Taxodieae) are iiududed all the
genera at jjresent contained in that tribe together with Cunninghanua
and AViddringtonia, and the Taxaceae as a whole an^ more distinctly
separated from the Coniferae than by previous authors, witli the
exception of Lindley and Loudon already mentioned.

In 1881 was ])ublished tlu; Coniferas worked out by Mr. Henthani for
the (iinipi-a Planfaruiii, the most prominent feature of which, as
distinguished from all ])revious (daborations, is the much simpler
systematic arrangement of the Order, and wliich consists only of a primary
division into six tribes, with a sectional division of the more extensive
genera. The other changes made by Mr. IJentham are chiefly in the
circumscription (jf the genera, thus: — In the Cuin-essineae, Widdringtonia'
(Endl.), Tetraclinis (Valil.) and Freuela (Mirbel) are merged into Callitris;
the first two, however, are restored by Dr. Masters: ami Tliujopsis
* Opiiera Plaiitaniiii. V.il. III. p. 127.

BOTANICAL KE'l'llosl'ECT. 105

(Sielxild), liidta (Kiidl.) and ChaiiiaH-yjiaris (Sjiadi.) arc iiicrni'd iiitn
Tliuia (Tlniya), luit tlir last-nanu'd is now reunited tn L'uiu'essiis. A
few otlier chan^-es made Ity lientliani, sueli as tlie iiieruin^ id' I'seiidu-
larix ((lord.) into Larix, and the j;i'«iu]iin,n' nf Ceplialotaxus with the
Se([Xioia8 of California and tlie nther Taxodineae are not in harmony
with asoevtaine<l facts or with nmre recently ac(iuired information.
Mr. lientham was siicceeiled hy I'mfessdr Kichler of IJerlin, whose
elaboration of the Conifei'ae was jjuhlished two years after his deatli in
Kngler and IVantl's XafiirUrlien PffanxenfainilirN, 1SS7. in this classifi-
cation the genera are arranged in two juimary divisions, Pinoidea" and
Taxoidese, the former including the Conifers proper and the latter the
Taxads, thus emphasising the distinction made l)y Parlatore, hut still
retaining them in one Xatural (Jrder. The Pinoidese are divided into
.Vhietinese and Cupressinefe with several tertiary divisions, and the
Taxoideae into Podocariieae and Taxeae ; the genera are nnich the same
as in P>entham and Hooker's Gt'uera Plantarum, Imt Chamaecyparis,
Thujopsis and I'seudolarix are retained and Psemlotsnga is merged into
Tsuga.

In 1892 a " Conifer Conference " was held l>y the Royal Horti-
cultural Society in their garden at Chiswick, on which occasion was
hrought together from all parts of Great Pritain the most remarkalile
collection of specimens cut from Taxaceous and Coniferous trees and
shrubs ever witnessed. The information gained therefrom, and e.specially
from the papers read and which form the fourteenth A'olume of the
Journal of the Society, prepared the way for a further systematic
revision of the ( h'der, which was luidertaken by Dr. Maxwell T.
Masters, and the result }iublished in 1893 in the thirtieth volume
of the Journal of the Linnean Society. The systematic arrangement
there elaborated is, with few deviations, adopted in the following pages.

(il)lL-il(> hiloha ill llic Ruynl (liirilciis ;it l\c\V,
(l''r(nii tin- (l<irih iicr.-i' ('hnnilrle.

107

TAXACE^.

Trees or shrubs with homomorphic, rarely dimorphic
nimificatioii. Leaves persistent, rarely deciduous. 8tamiiiate
tiowers composed of numerous stamens arranged in a globose
head or cylindric spike. Ovuliferous flowers composed of few
or several imbricated scales that are membraneous or become
fleshy, never ligneous. Ovules erect or pendulous surrounded
at the base by a fleshy, rarely desiccate arillus which wholly
or in part encloses the ripe seed ; rarely exarillate. Maturation
of fruit annual, rarelv l)iennial.

TRIBE-SALISBURIXE.E.

Flowers diccciouy, rarely iiKHKocious. Staiiiens luinierLUis. Oxules
erect.

Braiielik'ls (hiii(.)rphie. Leaves decidaous. Staud-

nate tiowers uiubellate _ _ _ _ ]. — (linkgo.
Braiichlets homcauoiphic. Leaves persistent.

Staiidnate tiowers crowded ; stamens capitate 2. — L'epliabjtaxus.

Standnate flowers solitary : stamens spicate - o. — Torreya.

GINKGO.

Liuuwus. Mantissa, II. .313 (1771). Parlatoie, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 506 (1868). Beiitluuii
and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 432 (1880). Eichler in Engler and Piantl. Kat. PH. Fani. 108
(1887). .Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XXX. 3 (1893).

Ginkgo is monotypic. The existing species is the sole survi\'or of an

unknown numlier of others widely dispersed during geological ages over

what is now the temperate and colder parts of the northern

hemisphere. Fossil remains of Ginkgo have been discovered in systems

that were in course of formation at a renmte epoch of the Earth's

history and which show conclusively that the genus is of astonishing

anticpiity and that the first appearance of its ancestral form antedates

that of every other existing tree by a'ons of time. The Ginkgo thus

presents to us a glimpse of at least one form of vegetation that

tiourislied on the Earth when it was inhabited by unwieldy Icthyosauri,

i>;iy;aniic t(jads and monster Deinotheriums ages before J\Ian entered

upon his inheritance. If the association of the Ginkgo with the remote

Past is of a kind to excite wonder, its recent history is scarcely less a

subject for surprise, for the. origin of the existing s[iecies is shrouded

108

GINKGO BILOIiA.

in mystery as obscure as that of its remote ancestors. Its lialdtat is
practically unknown; no naturalist can say that he has seen it in a
wild state, and liypothesis alone suggests that it may possilJy he found
wild in s(jnie unexploied district in eastern Mongolia.* For centuries
it lias l)een preserved alive by the Chinese and Japanese who by

'^~\~

associating it with their religious worsliip and planting it near tlieir
shrines and temples, have invested it with a kind of sanctity that has
contributed inniiensely to its preservation amidst a dense population
among whom the struggle for existence has long been of an acute

* A refoiit coiininujieatioii IVoin tlie Vav East i«jiiits to tlic prolmbility n| ihc Ginkf,'o
lieiii" Piidciiiic ill Cinca.

GINKGO BII.0I5A. 109

kind, ami whose resources of fuel and timber have always heen
extremely restrieted. Thus preserxed " it stands alone, a perfect
stranger, in the midst of recent vegetable forms."

The name (Ginkgo was adopted by Linnaeus fi'oni Kaenipfcr, tkc tirst
lun'opt-an naturalist wlio saw and descrilied tlie tree; Imt 8ir J. E. Sniitli
altered the name to Salisliuria in compliment to R. A. Salisbuvy, a
in-omiuent Britisli liotanist "f the early part of the nineteenth century,
on the ground that it was eipially uncouth and barbarous. The alteration
was, hciwever, soon afterwards olijected to by the elder De Canddlle as
opening a iliKir to the needless niulti]ilii-atiitii (if namrs. The uriginul
name is now alniust universally aceejiti'il.

Ginkgo biloba.

A tall tree, 50 — 100 feet high, with a cylindric or slightly tapering
trunk and alternate or scattered horizontal branches; the secondary
branches and especially the brancldets usually irregularly disposed.
iJark of trunk and primary Ijranches rough, more ov less hssiu-ed in
old trees, dull greyish lirown ; of branchlets, pale aslidirown and
smooth. Leaves deciduous, in fascicles of three — tive or more on
short alternate ''spurs," variable in size; the footstalks 1 — 3 inches
long, terete on the dorsal and furrowed on the ventral side ; the lamina
a fan-shaped expansion 2 — 3 inches l)road, of leathery texture and dull
green coloiu", with numerous veins of nearly eipial size diverging from
the tup of the petiole and not connected by lateral reticulations ; the
blade is rendered two-loljcd by a cleft in the apical margin which varies
much in depth according as the leaves are on sterile or fertile branches,
being very shallow or almost obliterated on the latter. Inflorescence
dioecious. Staminate flowers sub-pendulous in umbels of three — six on
the ends of short arrested branclilets or "spurs," and intermixed with
leaves ; anther lobes two, pendulous and divergent. Ovuliferous flowers
in pairs on the apex of slender footstalks, each flower consisthig of a
single erect o\'T.ile arising from a cap-shaped dilatation of the axis.
Fruit drupe-like, the fleshy outer covering of a greenish orange colonr
enclosing a hard woody mesocarp or shell that contains the seed.*

Ginkgo l)iloba, Liiiiifeiis, Mantissa loc. cif. sicpra (1771). Thnnberg, Fl. Jap. 358
(17841. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II.. 711. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 506.
Sieliold and Ziiccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 72, t. 136. Masters in Joiirn. Linn. Soc.
XVIII. 500; and Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 210. Beissner, Xadelliolzk. 189.
with tigs.

Salislniria adiantifolia, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. III. 330 (1797). Aiton, Hort.
Kew. ed. 2, Vol. V. 304 ^813). Loudon. Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2094 (1838), ^\-itll
figs^. Endlieher, Synops. Conif. 237(1847). Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 373 (1875).

Eng. Maideuhair-tree. Fr. Arbre aux qixarante eeus.f Germ. Ginkgobauni.
Ital. Albero capilvenere. Ja]). Iclu'i.

The following varieties are occasionally seen in cultivation :—

macrophylla. — Leaves much larger than in the counuon hirm,
and often divided into three — Ave lolies whicli are oecasionally sid>-
divided into smaller lolntles.

* The ripe seeds of Ginkgo, Cephalotaxus and Torreya have a close structural resemblance
to each other and to Cycas. These genera therefore form one of the links connecting the
Cycads with the Taxacea\

t The origin of this curious name is related by Loudon in the Arboretum et Fruticetum
Fn-itannicum. IV. 2096.

110 CIXKCO P.ILOIiA.

pendula. - Hi'miclu's uku'c m less ]iiMi(luliius, liiit sdini'tiiiii's only
slij^lilly ili'tlc.xcil. ( >r sldwi'i' ^I'owtli tliMii till' niiiiiiKiii t'dvni.

Variegata. Lcmcs lildtdu'il and stri'iikcil witli pale yclldw.

In Japan the Ginkgo attain^i a Ncry large size and Hncs to an
unknown age ; trees fully 100 feet high witli niasfsi\'e trunks six to
seven feet in diameter are to l)e seen in the neighhdurhood of
temples at Tokio. In Europe some uf tlie oldest trees lia\e attained
a still greater height, l^ut the trunks are smaller. IJoth in Europe
and Xorth America the Irinkgo has proved (piite hardy, often
thriving under the most trying conditions of climate, a circunistanee
which seems to confirm the hypothesis of its northern origin. As
a i)icturesque tree it is unrivalled, whether standing alone or
associated for contrast Nvith otlu^rs of different genera. Its usually
straiu'ht, erect trunk is furnished with sliort hranches, of whicli tlie
lower ones spread liorizontally ; hut when from any cause the growth
of the principal axis is arrested tlie primary hranches lengthen
considerahly, and the tree presents a nuicli hroader outline. In
summer, its curious Maidenhair-like leaves impart to it a light and
airy as])ect : l)ut it is in autunni, when the foliage takes on a rich
ooklen hue that the heauty of the Ginkgo is most conspicuous, and
for that reason alone it should have a place in every garden where
space permits ; the defoliation is, however, often very rapid especially
when the weather is stormy. It is one of the hest of trees for
iilanting in crowded towns, its thick leathery leaves covered with a
tou^h resisting skin enal)ling it to withstand the inj'urinus effects of
smoke and other atmospheric impurities.

Tlu' sm-ulrtT history uf the (!ink;i,(i dates (inly from tlic hcginning (if
the eighteenth century. It first liccanic known to lun'oiicans tlirougli
Engehert Kaempfer, avIki visited .la|ian in 1 ()90 in tlic laiiacity of
i)livsioian to the Dutch I'juhassy, and wlio iiulilislicd a li-uiv and
descriiition of the tree in his "^VuKX'uitates Exotica'," wln'ili apiicaicd in
ITll*. Much uncertainty exists as to the jirccisc date of its intr(Mhic-
tion into I-'ufojic : according to Loudon it is liclicvcd in lia\"c liccn
intidduced into 'Holland some time lictwccn 17-7 — 17-")7, this liyjiothesis
l)ein!j; foundc(l uiiou the su]i)iosc(l a^c of a tree in tlie J'mtanic (lardeii
at Utrecht. Its introduction into ( Ireat Ih'itain is .stated liy tlie same
authority to have heeii in 1754 or a year or two earlier, hecause in
that year ^Ir. John l-"Jlis, F.K.S., a London ineichant and c(iires].ondent
of Linuceus, informed the latter that there wei'c plants of the (dnkgo
in the inirsery of ^Ir. -huues (iordon at Mile Lnd.* Lji to the end of the
ei'diteeiith century it contiinied to he vei'V scai'ce in Lurope ; seeds wei'c
procurahle with extreme ditticidty, and propagation was eifeited cliietly hy
cuttin.L;s and layeis. The first ti'ce that was oliseived lo tjower in this
country was one in the Koyal (laidens at Kew in 1 7 '.>•">, which had
heen trained against a wall ; the lloweis were all staminate. and (hnin.L;-

* Arliori'tiini ct Fniticctuiii liiituniiii-iiiii. IV. 209."i.

CEl'IlALUTAXUS 111

till' next twenty years evei'v tree observed to Hower in Kur(ii)e was of the
same sex. At leiigtli, in 1S14, tlie elder I )e Camlolle detected ovuliferuiis
tlowers on a tree near (reneva, and sul)se([uently euttini^s from this
tree Avere distrilnited amon>;' tlie I5otanic (lardens of Europe, and in
])Iaces male trees were grafted with them and tliey aftei'Avards bore fruit.
In the Botanic (larden at Vienna the bud of a female tree was
grafted on a small male tree, and a lateral liranrli was developed from
it ; at the ])resent time it is a large tree with a number of branches
bearing staminate tlowers and a large branch bearing ovuliferous flowers.
The most notable thing about the tree is, that the grafted l)ranch
follows a course of de\'elo])ment which is obviously different fiom
that of the stock. livery year in the spring it ])uts forth foliage
about foiirteen days later tlian the male brandies, ami in the autumn
the leaves are still green long after the rest liave turned yellow and
for the most part fallen oil'.* In (Ireat Britain the ]iraetice of grafting
trees of one sex Avith scions of the other api)ears to have l)een
generally neglected, and in consetpience a (rinkgo tree in fruit in this
country is rarely if ever seen.

Xot much can be said of the economic value of the (linkgo.
Ksempfer records in his " Amoenitates " that the nuts Avere highly esteemed
by the Japanese and eaten as a dessert, a practice which has continued
<lowu to the present time. Tlie fleshy covering has a rancid and
disagreeable odoiir, and the flavour of the kernel is by no means
inviting to the Kuroi)ean taste. The timber is not known to be
ajjplied to any economic purpose : the wood is yelli)\vish, soft and
bi'ittle, and destitute of resin.

CEPHALOTAXUS.

Siel)old and Zuccariiii, Fl. Jap. Faia. Xat. II. 108 il842\ EiRllielier. Syuops. Couif.
•237 (1847). Parlatore, D. C. Frodr. XVI. 502 (1868). Bentliani and Hooker. Gen.
Plant. III. 430 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantl. Xat. PH. Fani. 109 (1887).
Masters m Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 4 (1893).

Isolated as the Gingko is amidst all existing vegetable forms, traces
of its relationship with some of tliem are not entirely wanting ; such
traces are found in (Jephalotaxus ; they are seen in the structure of
the fruit which closely reseniljles that of Gingko in the following
characteristics : —

The fruits of both genera are destitute of an aril, its place l)eing

taken by the testa of the seed which l)eeomes succxdent. The seed

or nut Avhich is enclosed in a hard ligneous shell, is coA^ered Avith a

brown membrane the loAver half of Avhich is adherent to the

shell. There is also a Avell-marked pollen chamber in the nucellus of

the seed.t

Five or six species of Cephalotaxus haAe been descrilied, but they

are not differentiated l)y very definite characters. Their lialjitat is

confined within a soniCAvhat limited area in eastern Asia including

Japan, a part of Cliina and the eastern Himalayan zone where they

* Kerner's " Xatural History of Plants." Oliver's Translation, Vol. II. }i. .■'i72.
t blasters in Journ. Linn. Soe. XXX. loc. cit.

112 rFJ'IIAT.OTAXUS DUUI'ACEA.

form low evergreen trees or sliruhs of Yc^w-like aspect. The generic
characters may l)e thus formulated : —

Flowers (ho'fious, in axillary heads. Staiiiinate Hewers, snlisessile or
shortly peduucidate, the pedmicle sheathed l>y iiuliricating scales, the
capituluiu consisting- of four — six stamens, eaeh enclosed by a bread
scalediraet. Anthers threedol)ed, iiendulous from the apex of the
staniinal leaf.

Ovuliferous Howei's [)e(luiiculiite, composed of sealedike indn'icated bracts
that become more or less fleshy at tlie base and foiiu a cup-sha[ied
cavity which bears two — three ovules.

Fruit dru])edike, ovoid or sub-globose ; testa sueenlent with a leathery
skin enclosing an almond-shaped seed with a hard ligneims shell.
The hardy Cepludotaxi are referalde to tliree fairly distinct species
connected i)y intermediate f(jrms that have residted from hybridity.
They should lie planted in shade, their foliage tlien retains its deep
lustrous green as well as its persistency ; wlien fully exposed to
the sun the leaves often become discoloured and itnhealthy and
soon fall off. Tiesides Ijeing shaded they should be sheltered from
cold winds, and the soil in which they are planted should be moist
but sufficiently drained. Under these conditions alone do they
appear to thrive in Great Britain.

The generic name Cephalotaxus is derived from ke(|)«A}/ (head) and raiotj
(the Yew), in allusion to tlie form of tln' flowers and the Vewdike
aspect of the species.

Cephalotaxus drupacea.

A low shrub or bushy tree varying in height from 2 — 20 or more
feet, according to the situation in which it is growing. In British
gardens a low sjireading bush rarely exceeding 5 feet high. IJavk of
branches reddish brown marked by narrow, longituduial out-growths
decrrrrent from the liases of the leaves, the herbaceous shoots yellowish
o-reen with the out-growths more promineiU. liranchlets distichous
and mostly opposite ; buds \-ery small, with thick, ovate keeled peruke.
Leaves jiseudo-distichoiis, shortly jK'tiolate, linear, nnicronate, scarcely
taperhig tnwai'ds the apex, slightl\- riM'ur\-ed, O-.") 1-2.") inch l^ng, grass-
"Teen Avith a me(lian keel ahnve, nnidi paler heiieath with darker lines
at the margins and midrib. Staminate Howers, shortly stalked, ahoul
0-2 inch in diameter, usually in pairs along the underside of shoots
,,t' the preceding year and close in the axils of the leaves. Fruit
ellipsoid, contracted at tlie liasal end, bo inch long and Owo im-li in
diameter at the broadest part ; cliestinU laown where mature.

Cephalotaxus (Iruiwccii, Siel told and Zuccariui, Fl. Jaji. II. 6ti, t. 130,131.(1842).

EndlicluM', Sviiojis. Conif. 239. Carriero, Traite Coiiif. cd. II. 720. Parlatorc,

D 0 Prodr." XVI. 50-1. Cordon, Pinet. cd. II. (w. licissncr, Nadulliolzk. 183.

Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 49it ; Card. Cliren. XXI. (1884), p. 113:

and in .leurn. K. Flort. Soe. XIV. 201.

Ccphalotaxii>i dnipiinn is widely distributed o\'cr the muuutaius of
Japan from southern Hondo to central Yeso, with a ^■ertical range
of from 1,000 to :'.,000 or more feet, in ])laces forming a part of

( F.I'HAF.oTAXrs R)i;TlXKI. 118

tilt' undergrowtli in woods composed of ]\Iaples, Ciyptoiueria
and Cypress. Ai and near its nortliern limit it is a low
shapeless l>nsh such as it is usually seen in Great liritain ; on the
Hakone iiionntains it forms a liushy tree 20 to 25 feet high. It
was iniroihu't'd to the Botanic (lardcn at Leidc (Leyden) aliout
the year 1S29 hy Dr. Sit-liold.

Cephalotaxus Fortunei.

In (4re;it Britain, a .-^hnili (ir low tree nut exceeding 20 — "25 feet high,
the trnnk nsnally forked or divided into three or four ascending stems
;it a short distance fronr tlie ground, the outer hark peeling off in flakes
exjiosing a reddish lir^wn imier cortex. Primary hranches in pseudo-
Avhorls of three — four, spreading or ascending ; hranchlets disticlious and
ojjposite. Buds ovoid-conic, acute, 0'2 inch long ; perulse ovatedanceolate,
keeled and with a mucronate tip. Leaves p.^eudo-distichous, linear,
acuminate, 1"0 — 3 inches long, falcately crn-ved and recrn-ved at the tip,
dark green with a median line ahove, paler with a narrow keel heneath.
Staminate flowers 0'25 inch iii diameter, in pairs in the axils of opposite
or nearly opposite leaves. Fruit ovoid-elliptic, l'12o inch long and
0"7.T inch in diameter at the hroadest with a dull chestnut-hrown .skin
Avdien mature.

Ceplialotaxiis Fortiniei. Hooker. W. in Bot. Ma^. t. 4499 (18.->0\ Carriere. Traite
Couif. eel. II. 718. Parlatore. U. C. Prodr. XVI. .503. Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 68.
:Masters in Gard. Chron. XXI. (.1884), p. 114 ; and in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIY.
201. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 183, with fig.

This was introduced in 1849 by Eohert Fortune who discovered it in
the province of 8han-si in north China while on a mission to that
region for the Horticultural Society of London and who stated that the
tree grew to a height of from 40 to 60 feet. As seen in the gardens
and shrubberies of Great Britain, it is the most distinct of the three
species described in these pages, but although it has been in our midst
half a century, the height of the oldest specimens scarcely exceed
20 feet, and they have for the most part an unshapely form on
account (:»f irregidai' branching. Younger specimens growing in
shade in faAourable situations are more ornamental ; they take the
form of a plumose liush well furnished with liright foliage, and afford
a pleasing contrast with their surroundings. Cephalotaxus Fortvnei,
in common with several plants included in other Orders, commemo-
rates one of the most successful botanical and horticultural collectors

of his time.

RoBEiiT Fortune i1812— 1880) was a native of Berwickshire, and was educated at the
pari,sh school of Edi-oni. Showing an early preference for gardening, he served an
apprenticeship in private gardens and afterwards in the Botanic Garden at Edinburgh
wliere he remained between three and four years. In 1841 he came to London on
being appointed a foreman in the Garden ot' the Horticultural Society at Chiswick,
and two vears later he was commissioned by the Society to proceed to China to collect
plants. He arrived in China in Julv 1843 and at once entered upon that career of
collecting which afterwards ]iroved so fruitful. He visited Hongkong, Macao and
Canton, and thence proceeded noithwaids to Chusan and Shanghai, and in 1844 he

114 CEPIIALOTAXUS PEDUXCTLATA.

visited the tea-growing district of Niiigpo where he remained some time investigating
the Tea culture and the process of nianiifacture. He returned to England with his
collections in 1846, and was shortly afterwards appointed to the Curatorshij) of the
Clielsea Botanic Garden which he gave up in 1848 tliat he might accept an offer of
the East India Comiiany to proceed again to China to collect Tea plants and seeds for
transmission to India. The mission was eminently successful ; in 1851 he brought to
Calcutta 2,000 young Tea plants and 17,000 germinating seeds with which he
proceeded to the north-west provinces where he may be said to have laid the
foundation of the important Tea industry of India. Continuing in the service of the
East India Company he revisited China in 1852 and remained in the country three
years investigating the Tea and Silk industries and especially the Chinese methods of
horticulture, of which he has given some curious and interesting accounts in the
"Gardeners' Clironicle." In 1858 he again set out for China, this time in the service of
the American Government, and in 1860 he visited Japan whence he returned to
England in 1862. During his long and difficult joiu'neyings in the Far East "his
adventures wei'e full of romance ; whether feasting M'ith Mandarins, enjoying the
hospitality of Buddhist priests, battling with the swarming natives, fighting single-
handed with pirates, or gaining admission to Loo-Chow in the guise of a Chinaman,
he seemed to have exercised e(iual energy and sagacity." He published an account of
his travels in three works entitled "Three Years' Wanderings in the North of China,
1847," "A Residence Among the Chinese, 1857," and " Yeddo and Peking, 1865";
these books are remarkable for the picturesque and natuial way in which he describes
what he saw. Many of his introductions have found their way into every garden
worthy of the name throughout the civilized world and where they are recognized as
among the most pleasing ornaments. The principal coniferous trees introduced liy him
were Cryptomeria japonica, Laricopsis Kcempferl, (jcpludotuxus Fortunei, Pinus
Baagcana, Thuia japonica and Cupressus fuir'bris. Amongst flowering shrubs Pcvonia
Moutan, Viburnum p)licatuni, Jasminuin nudiflorutn, Diervilla ( fVeigela) rosea,
Forsythia viridissima and Trachelospermum jasndnoides deserve especial mention ; and
of herbaceous perennials Anemone japonica, Dicentra spectabilis and Campanula nohilis
will always retain the liigh yilace they now occu])y. — (jardrners Chronicle. XIII.
(1880), p. 487.

Cephalotaxus pedunculata.

A low tree witli a (k'lise head and suti-pcndulous Imuiehletti. In
Great Britain a spreading, Im.sliy .shrul) of larger dimensions than
C. drupacea. Bark of hranclies reddisli hrown, smootli, except Avliere
marked by the scars of the fallen leaves ; liark of branchlets green,
ridged and furrowed by cortical out-growths deeurrent from the Itases
<jf the leaves. ]Juds conic-cylindric ; perulfe ovate, acute, keeled, free
at tlie apex, reddisli brown. Leaves subsessile, pseudo-distichous, linear,
slightly tapering towards the apex, 1 — 2 inches hjng, dark green
Avitli a thin median keel aljove, much paler and marked witli darker
lines at the midrib and nuirgins below. Staminate flowers distinctly
pedunculate, about 0"5 incli hmg, botli peduncle and caiiitulum sheathed
by scale-like, ovate bracts that are gradually larger iqiwards. Fruit
ellijisoid, alxait an incIi lung, susj)ended from a short, deflexed foot-
stalk slieatlied by a few scarious ])racts.

Cephalotaxus pedunculata, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. .Ia)i. II. 67. t. 133 (1842).
Endlicher, Syno])s. Coiiif. 238. Carriere, Traite Cdiiif. ed. II. 716. Parlatore. D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 503. ( (onion, Pinet. ed. II. 69. Masters in Card. Chron. XXI.
(1884 >. )i. 113; in.Iourn. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 499 ; XXII, 201, with fig. ; and in
Jourii. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 201. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 180.

Taxus Harringtoniana, Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 217, t. 66.

var,— fastigiata.

A broadly ('(jlumnar shrub reseml ling the Irish Yew. Branches
erect, more nr less appressed to the stem ; branchlets also erect

CEPllALOTAXUS I'EI)UN( "ULATA.

115

and parallel with t]w\v priuiaiics. Leaves spreading; on all sidfrt of
the axis, very leatlu-rv ami nf a darker ,i;reeu than in the spri'ading
form.

C i)eduiiculiita lUstigiuta, Carriere, Traite Conif. rd. II. 717. .Masters in tJard.
Clnou. XXI. (1884!. p. 113, witli tig.

Ta.xus jajjouica, Hort.

Podocarpiis koraien.sis, Hort.

Fig .50. Foliage and fruits of CtpluilotVMUs ixxUiacalata
(From the Gardeners' Chronick.)

var. — sphseralis.

Branches light ehestnut-limwu ; hranchlets glahrous, green. Leave.s
linear, falcate, snlvaeuniinate, To — 2 inches long. Fniit in clusters
near the hase nf the branchlets, .shortly stalked, globose, nearly as
liri)a<l as long, not ellipsoid.

0. i)8diiiiculata si»li:Bralis, Master.s in Card. Clnon. X.XI. 1884 , p. 113 with
tiu:. ; and in .Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XXII. 203.

The slirul) here described tinder the name of Ccphalotaxus prdicn-
ridatd, as seen in British gardens is distinguished from G. (Irupacen
by its peduneidate, staminate flowers, its larger and darker leaves

116 TORUEYA.

and its larger size. Xevertlieless there are forms in cultiNatiini
which may with equal right be referred tu either ; and these forms
together with the al)senee of any definite information respecting
the hahitat of C. pciJn nmhiUi fa\'our the \'iew of th(»se botanists
who recognise but one species of (Jephalotaxiis endenuc in Japan.
C. pccUincyhifd was introduced to the IJotanic Grarden at Leide b}'
Dr. Siebold with C. drupareo. According to Forl)es it was tirst
cultiv^ated in this country in 1837 under tlie name of Ti(.riis
HarriiKjtdii'ui nil.

Tlic variety /a4lijiata is tUi' best of all the Ccphalotaxi for Ihitisli
ganlcns ; it is au analogue of the Irish ^'e\v, eurious, ornaiuental and
distinct, and although slow i;ro\vine,, many places may be found for it
that no other Taxad or Conifer can so well till. ( )nly one ])lant of the
variety spluvralix appears to be known ; this is (or was) growing- in the
garden of a clergyman at Steyning in Sussex.

TOEREYA.

Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. I. 126-130 (1838). Parktcne, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 504 (1868).
Benthani and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 431 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantk Nat-
PH. Fani. Ill (1887). Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soe. XXX. a (1893). Tuniion, Ptatinesqnc.
Amenities of Nature, 63 (1840), ex Sargent, Sih'a N. Anier. X. 5.5 (1896).

A genus of e^'ergreen trees of Yew-like aspect but moie fornurlly
ramified, antl with longer and larger leaves that are rigid and spine-
ti])ped. Three w^ell differentiated species are known * inhaliiting
regions widel}' remote from each other ; one, the type species, is
restricted to a small area in Florida ; the second American species
has a wider range througli the Sierras of western California ; and
the third occurs on the mountains of central Japan and probabl}-
in north China. The existing species are the survivors of an
unknown number of others ^vllich in Tertiary times wi're si)read o\er
Europe and North America from the Arctic Circle southwards, but
which disappeared under the intiuence of the extreme cold of tlie
Glacial epoch. The Torreyas, therefore, are of much interest in.
their scientific aspect ; they formed part of the arborescent vegetation
of the northern regions of the Earth at the time when Taxodium and
the Secpioias were a pronunent ingredient of the forest, with whi(di
they are still associateil in Xoilh America., and doubtless attained
their greatest development during the same gtH)logical period. The
race appears to be passing away, although the sjiecies may be-
preserved indefmitel}' by the hand of Man.

The essential characters of Torreya are — Flowers diiji'cious, raicl\
monceciuub, axillaiy and sessili' <ui shoots of the preceding yi'ar

* Our knowledge of Torreiin <jii(ii<IIh inti-edun-d l,v Koitiinc triMii Xoitli China in IMT
is still very inipertfct, and tlic little that is known'ot it tends t>. tlie ei.nehisieii Ihal il
is not si>feificullv ilistinet liom \]\v .Taiiainsc T. inicifini.

TOHKKVA CALIFORNICA. 117

Staniiiiatc Howcis in nidliosi'-cyliudric licads, rdvi'ii'd witli ovatt>, clusi'ly
iiiihriiMtcd, spii'ally anaiiL;i'd scales, and sulitcndi'd at the l)ase by a
few scah'dikc liracts, lar^ci' tliaii the antliciifcinus scales. Htanieiis in
six — ei,sj;]it whorls, attached tn the axis hy a short, tlattened filament
l)earinj;' four (hiHexed anthers.

( )vuIiferous tiowers, composed of one or more Hesliy scales suiaonnded
Kit the liase liy a few scaledike indaacated liracts in decussate jiaii's ;
•ovule solitary, erect, seated in the centre of a tiesliy aril which
partially closes over it, and liecomes confluent with tlie testa of the
seech

Fruit ovoid or elli[)soid, consistin<j,' of a sin<;le seed enclosed in a

ligneous shell covered with a Hln'ous fleshy envelope (aril) and thin

leathery integument of a greenish lirown colour when ripe.

The young foliage of the Torreyas when Ijruised emit a disagreeable

nie-like odour, whence in America they are called fetid Yews. The

genus connnemorates Dr. John Torrey, "the Nestor of American

Botany," the originator and autiior of a portion of the "Flora of

North America," and the contributor (jf many valuable papers on

subjects connected with American Botany.*

The Torreyas do not thrive in (xreat Britain. 2\ fcwi/olia is a sub-
tropical tree Avliich, if introduced, would probably .suecmnb to the first
severe winter it would have to endui'e ; 7'. cal ifornka lias proved
disappointing excei)t in the case of a vei-y few specimens growing in
the south-west of England and in parts of Ireland; and the same
must be said of the Japanese T. awifi'ra. In a few places the tAVO
last-named species are growing into moderate-sized bushes, but more
frequently their growth is very slow, and the habit they assume offers
little that is attractive and is ipiite different from the handsome trees
they often become in their native countries.

Torreya californica.

A tree 50 — 70 or more feet high, with a trunk 1 — 2 feet
in diameter covered with grey-1;)rown liark with a reddish tinge and
fissured longitudinally into narrow ridges. Branches spreading and
ramified distichously, the branchlets mostly opposite ; bark of branches
smooth, red-brown, much paler and striated Avith grey on the j'ounger
shoots, and green on branchlets of the current year's growth. Buds
usually three at the apex of the axial growths, solitary or in pairs
on the lateral shoots, ovoid-conic, acute, four-anglinl with al)out eight
ovate, acute, light brown, closely imbricated perula? in decussate pairs.
Leaves persistent five — six years, sub-spirally arranged and spreading
distichously, linear-lanceolate, spine-tipped, 1"5 — 2-5 inches long, falcatelj'
curved or straight, thickened along the middle, dark lustrous green above,
paler witli two depressed whitish stomatiferous lines beneath. Staminate
flowers in dense globose heads about 0"3o inch in diameter, in the axils

The name Torreya, after fifty yeai's of continuous use for this remarkable group
of trees, is now discarded liy the American l)otanists iu favour of Ratinesque's Tumion,
on tlie ground that the name liad been previously taken up liy Sjirengel for a A'erben-
aceous plant wliich lias f)een merged in Clerodendron by Bentham and Hooker, "Genera
Plantarum." II. 11.56.

118 TORKEYA ClArjFOlJNK'A.

of tlie leaves of tlic tcnuiiuil slioots. Fruit solitary, ellipsoid oi'

iiliovoi.d, 1 — 1"5 iucli Ioiil;', the Hesliy envelope green more or less

striated with ])nrp!i', thin and resinous, the imiei' woody seed-coat

strongly furrowed.

Torreya calitoruica. Torrey in Xcw Yoil< .linuii. Phann. III. 49 (1854).
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 506 (1868). Hooiies, Eveigit'eiis, 385. Gordon
Piuet. ed. II. 410. Hooker til, in Gard. Chron. XXIY. (1885), p. 553
witli fig. jNIasters in Gard. Chron. V. s. 3 (1889), p. 800, with tigs. ; and in
Jouin. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 254. Brewer and Watson, Bot. Califor. II.
110. Beissner, ISTadelholzk. 188. Sargent. Fore.st Trees of N. Anier. 10th Census
U.S. IX. 186.

T. niyristica, Hooker, W. Bot. Mag. t. 4780 (1854). Van Houtte, Fl. des
Serres, IX. t. 925 (copied from Bot. Mag.). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 727.
Kent in Vcitcirs Manuah ed. I. 311.

Tumion caHfoi'nieuni, Greene, Pittonia, II. 195 (1891). Leninion, West Anier.
Cone-bearers, 83. Sargent, Silva X. Anier. X. 57, t. 513.

Eng. and Anier. Californian Nutmeg. Germ. Muskatnuss-Torreye. Fr. Torrej-a
de Californie.

" The Californian Xutmeg inhabits the borders of mountain streams,
and is nowhere common; it is widely distrilnited in California from
Mendocino county to the Santa Cruz moinitains in Santa Clara
county in the coast region, where, especially near its northern limit,
it grows to its largest size and is most abundant ; it also occurs
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to
Tulare County at elevations of fr(jm 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea-
level."*

( )n its native mountains Torreya californica during its best period
is a handsome jiyramidal tree, in old age a round-headed compact tree
with drooping branches and lax foliage. In its adult state it is not,
however, always an attractive oliject as we learn from the sketch of a
scraggy tree by Sir J. D. Hooker published in the " Gardeners' Clu'onicle "
of October 31st, 1885 ; this tree was growing in the Yosemite ^-alley
and Avas the best specimen observed. It is not certainly known who
was the original discoverer of the Californian Xutmeg ; the materials
from which \)\. Toii(\v tii'st described the tree as Torrpya californica
in the Xew Voik "'.hmrnal of Pharmacy" in 18.'i4 were communicated
by a Mr. Shelton. Shm'tly afterwards it was figuicd and described in
the " Botanical ]\higa7,inc " by Sir William Hooker under the name of
Torrei/a iiiiir!.<ti<-t( fi'om specimiMis su])plied l>y ]\Ir. James Yeitch, Senr.
which had been gathered by AVilliam Lubb. As Torrey's name has
priority tlic latter must sink as a syiiunyin of it. The Avood is .said
to be light and elose-gi'ained but not strong, durable in contact with
the soil and susce])tilile of a high polish ; it is not much used.
Although introduced into British gardens in 1851, handsome
specimens of Torrcijii nilifornini are but rarely seen.f It has
occasionally produced its ])]nni-like fruits in this country, and young
])lants liave been raised finni the seeds. +

* Sargent, Silva of North America, /-»■. rit. sii/,rii.

t The best specimen known to tlie antlior is ut Trntwdilli Cdiirt in Glouccstcrsliiic. the
seat of the Earl <if Dncie.

J At Orton Hall, near Petei-liorou^di. tiie scat of tlir Mai(|iiis d' Iluntlv, ly Mr. Ilardin^s;,
tlic Gardener. The tree which nrddneeil the seeds is nnUKecidiLs.

T(»i;i;kya nu('IFEi;a. 119

Torreya nucifera.

All undci'-slinili nr small tree 20 — 30 feet liiu'li Imt in favourable;
situations attaining the dinK-nsions of a large tree upwards of 80 feet
high with a trunk 4 — 5 feet in diameter covered with red hark.
Primary branches spreading, in old trees sometimes sub-pemhrlous ;
branehlets distiehous and opposite ; liark of young shoots green
changing to reddish brown the second year. Terminal buds in threes
of which the axial one is the largest, spindle-sha})ed, sheathed by three
— four decussate pairs of light Ijrown membraneous perular scales. Leaves
})ersistent three — four years, linear-lanceolate, acute, 0-75 — 1-25 inch
long, terminating in a sharp spine, spirally arranged around the axis
but rendered pseudo-distichous l)y a. half twist of the short petiole, very
coriaceous and rigid, dark lustrous green above, paler l)eneath with a shallow
channel on each side of the midrib. Staminate flowers oblong-ellipsoid,
aliout 0-5 inch long. Fruit ovoid-elliptic, less than an inch long.

Torreya nucifera, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 64, t. 129 (1842). Endlicher,
Synops. Conif. 240 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 724 (1867). Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 505. Hoopes, Evergreens, 386. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 411.
Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 186. Masters in Joum. Linn. See. XVIII. 500 ; and in
Joimi. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 254.

Taxus nucifera, Liniiieus, Sp. Plant, ed. I. 1040 (1753), and ed. II. 1472 (1764).
Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (1784). L. C. Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 21 (1826).

Eng. Japanese Torreya. Fr. Porte-noix Torreya. Germ. Nusstragende Toi'reye.
Ital. Torreya giapponese. Jaj). Kaya.

Torreya nucifera occurs in the southern islands of Japan and in
the forests of southern and central Hondo, attaining its greatest
devekipment on the banks of the river Kisagawa, " rising to a height
of 80 feet, and forming a tree unequalled in the massiveness of its
appearance and in the beauty of its Ijiight red l)ark and lustrous
dark green, almost black foliage."* On the south-west coast of Hondo
where it is associated with Camellias, Diospyros Kaki and other garden
favourites it is somewhat diflerent from tlie inland tree ; the head is
more dense and with a rounded top not unlike that of some of the
older Yews in this country ; the leaves too are shorter, narrower and
more pointed. The wood is strong and straight-grained ; it is much
valued for building and cabinet-making.

The Japanese Torreya first became known to science through Keeuipfer,
who figured and described it in his " Amoenitates," published in 1712.
According to Alton, it was cultivated in England in 1764 by Captain
Thomas Cornwall under the Linngean name of Ta.tm nucifemj ]:)ut
was subsequently lost ; it was re-introduced into European gardens by
Dr. Siebold about the year 1S40 or a little earlier.

Torreya taxifolia.

A tree occasionally 40 feet in height with a short trunk 1—2 feet
in diameter, producing when cut, many vigorous shoots from the
stunqi and roots and whorls of spreading or slightly pendulous branches,

* Sargent, Silva of North Aiueriea, X. 56.
t Hortus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. ],. 416.

120 TOltKKYA TAXI FOLIA.

Avliioli form a ratlicr open jiyi'aiiiidal licad tapering from a liroatl
l)ase. r>ark of trunk hrowii faintly tintctl with orango-red, incgulai'ly
fissured into wide ridges and disclosing a yellow inner liark.
Branclilets slender, green for two or three years, then gradually
changing to dark orange-red. lUids 0■^^ — O'T!) inch long, ('o\ered with
loosely inihricated scal(>s. Leaves slightly falcate, 1"5 inch long, ti|»ped
with an elongate callous point, lustrous dark green al)ove, ])aler lieiieath
with broad shallow grooves. Staniinate Howers 0'25 inch long with
pale yellow anthers. ( )vuliferous Howers broadly ovate, abruptly
narrowed at the apex, enclosed at the base by broad thin rounded scales.
Fruit slightly obovate, dark purple, 1 — 1'25 inch long and Owii inch
broad. — Sargent, Silra of Xoiili America, X. 57, t. 51. 'i.

Torreya taxifolia, Aniott, Aim. Nat. Hist. I. 130 (1838). Endlirht-r, Sviiojis.
Coiiif. 241 (1847). Nuttall, Syh^a, ed. II. Vol. II. 153, t. 109 (186.')!. CaVriere,
Traite Couit'. ed. II. 726. Pailatore, D. G. Prodr. XVI. .50.">. Hoopcs. Everf,'reens,
387, with tif,^ Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 412. Beissuer. Nadelholzk. 1S6. with Kg.
Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 2.54.

Tuniion taxifoliuni, Greene, Pittonia, II. 194 (18911. Saroent. Silva. I»c. rif..
supra.

The species on which the genus wys founded by Arnott : it was
discovered in 1833 by Mr. Hardy 15. Crooni, a planter and amateur
botanist of North Carolina, on the Idutt's of tlie Appalachicola river
opposite the town of Aspalaga in north-west Florida, where it is
confined to a narrow strip extending about forty miles on the eastern
bank of the river. Although it is said to be hardy as far nortli as
eastern Massachusetts, it is still virtually unknown in British gardens,
and from its geographical position it cannot be expected to witlistand
the severe winters that occur at intervals in this countrv.

TEIBE-TAXINE^.

Flowers mono3cious or ditecious. Seed enclosed in a dry testa with
or without a Heshy arillus.

SUB-TRIBE 1.— TAXE.K

Ovules erect or ultimately becoming so.
Ovuliferous flowers perulate.

Branclilets leaf-like, entire or lobcd. Leaves

on adult plant sciuamiforni, tlrci(hi(tus - A. — rhylhxladus.

Branclilets terete. Leaves h()momor])lii(', per-
sistent .---_-. 5. — Taxus.
Ovuliferous flowers without i)erula'.

Branchlets terete, often much sub-divided.

Leaves heteromorphic ----- G. — Dacrydium.

rHYI.I.OCI.ADUS. 121

srP,-TKlBE 11.— PODOCAIU'K.K.

Ovules inxt'itril or ulliinatcly lu'coiniiiL;; so.
Peduncle and Imicts concreseent and fleshy.

Leaves heteroniorphic ----- 7. — Podocarpus.

Pedunele ligneous.

Fruits solitary or loosely spicate. Leaves linear 8. — Prunmopitys.
Fruits aggregated.

Flowers nionoxnous. Leaves linear and spirally

arranged ------- 9. — Saxegothiea.

Flowers dioecious. Leaves s(piannfi»rin, t'our-

lanked ----- - - 10. — ]\Iicrocachrys.

PHYLLOCLADUS.

L. C. Kiehanl, Syiiops. Cuuif. 120. t. 3 ;lS-i6'. Eiidlieher. .Syiioptj. Couif. 234 (1847).

Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 498 (18681 Bentham and' Hooker, Gen. Plant. III.

432 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantl. Xat. Pfl. Fani. 108il887\ Masters in Joiini.
Linn. Soc. XXX. 7 (1893).

A singular genus of Taxads in which the functions of foliation
are performed by nietamorpliosed branchlets termed " phylloclades "
(phyllodes of some authors, cladodes of others) which are leaf-like
expansions usually arranged in a distichous manner along the axial
growths from which they are produced. The })hylloclades assume
different forms in different species and even in the same species
as rhombic, fan-shaped, etc., and are either entire, lobed or pinnate ;
they are leathery in texture and usually with a well-defined
median nerve and numerous smaller nerves I) ranching obliquely
from it. True leaves of linear form or some modification of it
are produced in the young state of the plant, but they usually
disappear at the end of the third or fourth year ; in the
adult state, the true leaves appear <:>nly in the form of minute
scales at the tip of the Ijranehes and at the l:»ase of the
phylloclades.

Flowers nionoeeious or dioecious. Stamiuate flowers crowded

or solitary on tlie ti})S of axial growtlis, and surrounded with
.seale-like bracts at the hase. Stamens in a dense cylindric spike
and closely imia'icated ; antliers two-ct'llcd witli an acute or oblong
connective.

Ovniliferous Howers few and cither taking the place of, or produced
on the margin of greatly reduced pliylloclades. Tliey are composed of
lioat-sliaj^ed scales s})irally arranged around an axis. ( )vides solitary, at
first inverted hut uhimatidy h'^'oming erect and surrounded b}- a
coriaceous aril.
The genus includes five species, of which three are endemic in
Xew Zealand, one in Tasmania and one in Borneo. The Xew

122 I'llYI, LOCI. Aims AIJ'IXU.S.

Zealand species are occasionally seen in cultivation in a yount>'
state in European Botanic CJardens ; the Tasnianian species has
heen in cultivation in the o})en ,u,round for many years in the
Pinetuni of the Hon. Mark RoUe, at Bicton, in South ])evon ;
the P)orneaii species is known in this country only as an herl)annni
specimen.

The I'liyllocladi arc tlic survivors of a race of trees whoso ancestry
can lie traced liack to .Mcsozdic tiiiu's, spt'cies of which Avere once
widely disjiersed over the unrthern hemispliere. The generic name is
deri\-ed from cpvWo)' (a h'af), and kXucoq (a hranch), in aUusion to the
leafdikc hranelilets.

Phyllocladus alpinus.

A nidno'cious sliruh or small tree 5 — 25 feet high with numerous
sliort stout lir;mches. J'hylloclades crowded, cnneate, narrowly

rhondiic or lincar-ohloiig, Q-fi — 1-5 inch Ii>ng, with erosc margin and
a[)iculate teetli, giaucons and very coriaceous. iStannnate flowers,
short, in ternunal fascicles of two to six, sessile or shortly i)eduuculate.
Ovuliferous flowers on the margins of reduced i)hylloclades or at the
l)ase of <ithers fornung small cones each consisting of two or three
naked n\uh's in a fleshy cup. Fruits crimson with two — three seeds,
each with a uiendmnieous envelo])e at its hase. — Kirk, Forest Flora of
Xe/r Zpalawl ]i. 199, t. 100.

Pliyllucladus alphm.s. Hooker HI, Fl. Nov. Zual. I. 2:5.o, t. .53 (18.''.4) ; and
Haiidli. 260 (1867). Endliclier. Synoiis. Coiiif. 214. Caniere. Traite Coiiif. ed.
II. 70S. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 193.

P. triclionianoides var. atpina, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 498.

Eng. Celeiy Pine, Mountain Toatoa. N. Zeal, vernacular, Tanekalia, Toatoa.

I lu/Uui-ln(lii>< (ilj)iiiiis inhahits the mountain districts of the North
Island of New Zealand, rarely descending below 2,000 feet elevation ;
its nortliern limit is on the summit of Cape Colville. In the South
Island it is ahundant from Xelson to Southland; on the eastern side
it is restricte<l to high eh'vati(tns, hut on the western it forms a
considerable ingredient of the hucst at low elevations where it attains
its greatest develojanent.

Sir .1. I). Ifnokci' ivniaiks that I'/ii/l/dc/adus al[tinu!< is i)erha[)s (inly a
fnrni nf /-". trii-liiiiiiiiiioi'li'^ hut a very distinct one. Mr. Kirk considered
il nitirc nearly allied tn the Tasniaiuan P. rhnnihoiihtli!^. Be that as it
may, it is highly ]nnhahle tliat it would ]irii\-e hardy in (ireat Britain in
thiise places where other New Zealand plants tlirive, and that the
iutrotluctioii (if this reniai'kalile |ilant Wduld add a nii\-el feature to
the J')iitish .Vilmretuni.

Phyllocladus glaucus.

A dioecious tree 'JO-^O feet high with a truidc 12 — 18 inches in
tliauieter, furnished with short branches that are sometimes whorled.
LeaVt'S on young plant linear, (ditnse nr aeiite ; xale liki' leaves of adult
plant similar but smaller and recurved. rhyllnelades distichous and

rilYLLOCLADirS KIK ).M ilOI l>Al,iS. 123

alteviiatc on iiUMliticd i-acliidrs or liriinclilcts .") 12 iiirlics Imig, rhoiu-
l)i)i(l;il (IV (>l)li(iU('ly malc-cuueatc narrowed liclow into a slidit foot.'^talk,
Idlu'd or tdotlu'd, O'T'i — '2 inches long, vciv coriaceous, glaucous green.
Staniinate flowers in clusters of ten — twenty on rather stout i)ednncles
witli one or two luinntr hracts at the l)ase of each. Ovuliferons flowers
three — six on each side of tlu^ rachis and taking the place of the
lower phylloclades, shortly pedunculate, ovoid, or globose-ovoid, 0-5 inch
long : ovules seated on a coriaceous cup-shaped disk, of which there are
ten — twenty in each flower. Fruit about the size of a small hazel nut,
the seeds projecting l)eyond the aril to about one-half of their length. —
Kirk, Fore.^f Flora of 'Neir Zealand, p. 195, tt. 98, 99.

Pliyllocladus gkucus. Carriere, Traite Coiiif. ed. I. 502 (1855) ; and ed. II. 707.
P. Vichonianoides var. t,dauea, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 498. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 195.

N. Zeal, vernaculai', Ti)atoa, Tanekaha.

Pliyllocladus glaacus is considered by those who have seen it in
its native home, to be the handsomest of all tlie New Zealand
Taxads ; it has a restricted hal)itat in the northern part of the North
Island, in places ascending the mountains to nearly .'JjOOO feet.
" The wood is white, remarkably straight in grain and of great
strength, Ijut as the tree occurs only in situations difficult of access,
it has not been utilised except for temporary purposes."

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis.

A tree 3.5—60 feet high with a trunk 1 — l' feet in diameter.
Branches scattered or sub-verticillate, spreading or ascending, the basal
part bare of branchlets ; bark dark brown with shallow keels
decurrent from the base of each liranchlet ; branchlets numerous,
each bearing tlu-ee — nine |)hylloclades. Phylloclades shortly stalked,
rhomboidal, the longer axis 1 — 2 inches long, the shorter
0-5 — 0-75 inch long, the larger lower ones deeply cut into oblong
lobes, the smaller terminal ones with the basal margin entire, and
the apical one toothed. Flowers monoecious, terminal on the
phylloclades and suvnnnided at the base by indtricated bracts. Fruits
containing two or three seeds enclosed to half their length by a
fleshy aril.

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, L. C. Richard, Synops. Conif 130, t. -3 ; and ISIeni.

sur les Conif. 23 (1826) Endlieher, Svnops. Conif. 235. Hooker til, Fl. Tasni. I.

359. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. ' 706, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 499.

Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 194.

P. asplenifolins, Hooker til, in Linid. Journ Bot. lA". 151 (1845).
Tasni. vernacular, Celery-tojiped Pine, Adventure Bay Pine.

The type species on which the genus was founded by the excellent

French botanist, L. C. Kichard ; it is common in tlie damp forests

of Tasmania, especially on the mountains and in the southern parts

of the island where it is known by the somewhat inappropriate

name of " Celery-topped Pine." The trunk is usually too slender to

afford useful timber, but it has been often used for the small masts

of sailino- vessels. The bark is used for tanning leather.

124 TAX us.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides.

A tall tree with a trunk GO— 70 ft'ct liigli and 2—0 feet
ill (liiuueter covered with siiioutli dark grey or l)lauki.sh bark.
Branches sub-verticillate ; l)raiu'hh'ts slender. Fhylloclades fan-shaped or
obliquely rhoiiil)oidal, lol>ed or toothed. Leaves on the younii; plants
narrowly linear, crowded, aluiut 0*4 inch long. Staininate flowers in
terminal clusters of five — ten, shortly pedunculate. ( >vulifevous Howers
.solitary on the margins of the ])hylloclades, consisting of two Heshy
scales united in the form of a cup in which is seated the nvule. —
Kirk, Foi'i'xf Flora of Xeir Zi^aland, p. U, t. 7.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don in Lanihcit's (!iims Pinus. id II. \o\. II.
App. (1828). Endlieher, Svnops. Conif. 2:3',. H(..,ki'r 111, Handl). X. Zeal. FI.
260. Carriere, Traitc Conif. cd. II. 70r,. railatoiv, I). ('. I'nxlr. XVI. 498.
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 195.

X. Zeal, vernacular, Tanekaha, Celery-toj)ped Pine.

I'h//Uocladi'>; frichoinanoldcs was originally discovered in Xew Zealand
by Banks and Solander during Captain Cook's first voyage round
the glolje ; it is restricted to the Auckland and Hawke's Bay
district in the North Island, and to Nelson and Marlborough in the
South Island: it is most abundant, ' and attains its greatest
development in the forests north of Waikuto. The wood is of
great strength, dense and lieavy, and is used for piles, railway ties,
mine props, and occasionally for l)uildiiig purposes. The bark is
liighly prized for dyeing and tanning ; it is one of the l)est vegetal)le
dyes for yellow and pink, and on that account large quantities are
sent from Xew Zealand to Europe every year.

TAXUS.

LiiUKi'Us, Sp. Plant. II. 1040 (17.'>:3). KndHclin-. Sviiojis. Conif. 242 (,1847). Parlatoro,
D. C. Prodr. XA'I. 499 (1868). Bentham and Hooker, (ien. Plant. III. 431 (1881).
Eichler in Engler and Prantl. Xat. PH. Kani. 112 (1887). Masters in .louiii. binn.
Soc. XXX. 7 (1893).

Taxus, the classical name of tlie Yew,* is a-})plied to a genus of
trees and slirubs oi very variable habit, but of slow growth and
long-lived, cliaracterised by their close-grained, durable wood, tlieir
dark green persistent foliage, their higldy coloured berry-like fruits,
and es])ecially l)y tlieir Howers, the structure of which essentially
distinguishes the genus from every other in the Order. The Horal
characters of the Yew may be technically formulated thus —

Flowers flicecious, ivirely nionu'cious, sulilary ami axillary, sdiiietimes
terminal, t

Staminate rt<iwers with a .sjiort stalk or stipes lie;iiing a glnliose head
(ca]iituluin) of from four to eight stamens, each beaiing Ihice — eight
anther cells attached t<> a peltate comieetive.

* " . . . picea- tanluni /(^^■olJUe nocentes

Iiiterdum, aiit licderie jianduiit vestigiiu iii<j;i:e.'' -\irgil, (leorg. II. 2.">7.
+ Thf flowers of tlie ^'e^v ha\e lieen already (h'seiilied in )ia<,'e '30.

TAXUS.

125

iiiiliiicatt'd scales

t IIUlUcl(ill>

n-ct iivulc.
ill a u'lutiiKnis aril open at-

( >\ulifi'VHUs HdWcrs sessile, ('(iiiijiosed
(if Avhicli the u|)|ier (Hie (Hilv liears an

Fruit a lirdwnisli oval nut eii\-elii]
the a[)ex and niaturini; the first season.

More than one eminent liotanist has expressed his opinion tliat

Taxns is a monotypic genus and that the local forn-.s occurring in

Florid.a and Japan, and the more widely distributed ones in Canada

and north-west America are but geographical varieties »tf the

common Yew which ImAe in the course of ages, under the influence

of climate and environment, become differentiated in habit and foliage

from the European type. It is, however, more convenient t(>

describe these geographical ofi'shoots separately as sub-species. A fifth

geographical form has been described by Schlechtendal* under the

name of T'l.-'i's r/lohosc from specimens gathered by Ehreuberg in

south ^lexico ; but as nothino- more
■^- - .

is known of it, it is here })urposely

omitted.

Vrith the exeeptii.in of the Mexiraiii

I'drni the Yew is nut met with u^ a

wild state beyond the limits of the

temperate zone of the iiovtliern liemis-

}>here. Preferring elevated situations it

nowhere form.s a continiions forest, and

even where plentiful it is mixed with

other trees. ( )n the continent of Eunjpe

it is more or less common in all the-

mountainous and hilly districts from the-

^lediterranean to Sweden and XorAvay,

as far as 61° north latitude, ascending-

to 3,500 — 4,000 feet ._ai the Alps and

Apennmes, 4,000 — 0,000 feet on tlie-

Pyrenees, and 5,000—6,000 feet on the

moimtains in the south of Spain. It i.s-

also ffiund in Algeria on the Atla.s-

range, on the L'ilician Taurus in A.sia

Minor, in Armenia, Persia and as far

eastwards as the Amur region. ( )n the

Himalaya its vertical limits are 6,000 —

11,000 feet and it spreads eastwards

from Katiristan and Kashmir to Assam and the Kliasia Hills.

The Yew is of geological antiquity ; it first appeared in early

Tertiary times, and in the Miocene period it formed an ingredient of

the forests of Great Britain, and has continued to inhabit these islands

ever since. It is found among the huried trees on the Xorfolk

coast near Cromer ; it also crops u}) in another forest now in part

buried l)eneath the Bristol Channel in which, if there lie any truth.

in l)oues, the elephant, rhinoceros and heaver once roamed, t

Fi;j;. iJl. Fnictiticatiou of the common
Yew. 1, Stiimiiiate. 2, Ovuliferoiis
flower. 8, Ripe fruit. 4, Longitudinal
section of the seed showing the position
of the embrvo.

t Rail

* Liniuea, XII. 49t).
Physical Ge(ilogv of Great Britain

l:J4.

12G TAXUS BAlVATA.

Taxus baccata.

A mt'iliuiii-sizcd n\- Idw tw:- Vfi'v vai'iaMc in liaKit and iliiuciisiinis,
attainiiiL;' a lici,L;iit I'f •■>() oO ny uku'c fcrt arcdiMlin.i;- to situatiim
and ciivii-iiiiiiiciit.'^ 'I'lamk straii^'lit, cfcct, ami when tin' tree is is()latc(l,
sending' (Hit iiuiiicritus spreadiii,L;' la-amdics at a sluu't distaiu'c from tlic
^niund, Imt wlicii crowded with otlicr trees often free of lirauches for
-0 — '2h or more feet of its liei^lit ; tlie trunk is then more or less
lohed or lias laoad, rounded, longitudinal ridges. Usually, Avhether
solitary or associated witli other trees, the trunk ilivides at a few feet
from the ground into two -five or (M'en more seroudary trunks which
freijueiitly divide in like manner at a greater or less distant'e from their
iiase. Hark roughish, peeling otf in longitudinal shreds or small flakes
exi)osing a smooth reddish hrown inner coi'tex ; in old trees very rugged
and irregularly fissured. J'rimary liranelies irregularly disposed and
often of very unei|ual development, spreading f(n' the most part
horizontally and ramified laterally. Branehlets distichous, opposite or
alternate, eovered with reddish brown smooth liark. lUids small, glohose,
dark chestnut-hrown, the terminal ones idosely sheatlie(l by young foliage
leaves. Leaves persistent three -- four years, suli-spirally arranged
around their axis, spreading from all sides on erect shoots, l)ifarious on
horizontal l)rauehiets, linear or lineai' falcate, acute, O""-^ l-^-'i inch
long, dark lustrous green above, paler with a tIii(d\entNl midrib beneath.
Flowers ami fruit as described above.

Taxus l.accata, Liiiuaju.s, Sp. Plant, cil. I. Vol. IL 1040(1753). L. C. Richard. Mlmh.
snr les Coiiif. 19 (1826). Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. -iOde, with tigs. (18:38).
EiidHchor, Syuops. Conif. 242. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 517; and ed. II. 730.
Hoop.^s, Evergreens, 376. Parlatore, U. C. Prodr. XVI. 500. So\verl)v, Eng. Hot.
Vin. 277, t. 884. Brandis. Forest Fl. Ind. 539. (iordoii, Pinet. Vd. II. 338.
Willkoniiu, Foistl. Fl. ed. II. 270. Boissier, Fb orient. V. 711. Hooker i\\. Fl.
Biit. Islands, ed. III. 380; and Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 648. Beissuer, Nadelhokk. 166,
witii tigs. Masters in Journ. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 249. And many others.

Eng. Yew. Old Eng. Eu, Ew. Eugh, Yeugh, Yeweand otliers. Fr. If. Oeini. Eilie,
Eihenhauin. Itab Tasso. Span. Tejo, Texo. Gr. rcdoc, /ut\oc. Mod. Gr. i.tavi)i\aToc.

var. adpressa.

A low tree or slii-ub rar(dy exceeding 12 feet high with long spreailing
liraiiches much and irregularly ramified ; bramddi'ts short, spreading or
ascending. Lea\cs siiorti'r than in the common form, narrowly ovate-
nbloiig, obtuse, alioiit U".") inch long, bifarioiis in two ranks, slightly
inclined upwards and foi'wards. .\ril (d' fruit usually shorter than the
seed, adpressa Stricta has the biaiudies erect or more or less ascending;
adpressa variegata has the tips (d' many of the bran.ddets i-ream-white.

T. Kaccata adpiessa, Cairiere, Ti'aite CouiC. cd. I. ."i20 ; ed. II. 7.;]. T. ad)iressa,
Goiilon, Piii.-t. ed. II. 387. T. tardiva, Parlaterc I). ('. riciji. WI. .-,!)•_' j,, ,,ait>.

var. aurea

.V dense shrub or low tree with bi-ight golden M'IIow lea\cs, the coluiir
most developed at the tips and margins, aurea elegantissima has the
leaves .strij)ed witJi .straw-yellow and .sometimes whitish.

T. baccatn aurea, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 734. T. haccata Elvastoucnsis,
lV'is.sner. Nadelhulzk. 176.

* In tlic Hinialava 100 U-rt lii^'h and 1.". tect in L'irth.- liraudis.

VARIETIES OF TAXUS !!A( ('ATA. 127

var. — brevifolia

A shnil) (II- low tree nf irregular outliiif. Branclik'ts muueruiis and
unevenly disposed. Leaves seattered or sub-spirally arrantfed on the erect
shoots, i>seudo-distiehous on the lateral spreatliiiL; mies, 0"3 — OT-i inch
long, dark green above, much jialer below.

T. liaecata lirevifulia. snjioi. T. lirevifolia. Hint, not Xuttall.

var.— Oheshuntensis.

A seedling from the Irish Yew and intermediate between it and the
common form both in lial)it and foliage. Branches erect or ascending.
Leaves close-set, spreading on all sides from their axis, nmcronate, dark
green aboA'e, glaucescent below.

T. liarcata Clieslnuiteusis. fioi-rloii. Piuet. i-d. II. 389.

var. — Dovastonii.

A low tree with long spreading branches and lax iicnduli)US liranchlets
clothed with leaves somewhat longer than those of the common form,
deeper in colour and frequently falcately curved.

T. baccata Dovastonii, London. Arl>. et Frnt. Brit. IW 2082. with tig. West-
feltoii Yew.

var.— ericoides.

A dwarf shrul) with close-set slender branches and short erect Itranchlets.
Leaves much smaller than in the common form and more jiointed at the
ti]), heath-like and crowded.

T. liaccata eiicoides. Carriere, Traite Conif. id. II. Toti. T. ez■i(;•oide^^. Hmt.
T. epacrioide.s, Hort.

var.— fastigiata

The most distinct of all the abnormal forms of the connnon Y'ew.
Habit strictly fastigiate. Branches stout, erect and closely appressed ;
liranchlets mostly short and erect like their primaries. Leaves sub-.spirally
arranged around their axis and spreading from all sides of it, dark lustrous
green. fastigiata argentea has the tips of many of the branchlets
cream-Avhitc : fastigiata aurea has the young growths golden "yellow.

T. baccata fastigiata, Loudon, Arl>. et Frut. Bnt. lY. 2086, with tigs. T.
lastigiata, Hort. T. hibernica, Hort. Irisli Yew, Florence Court Yew.

var. — f ructu-luteo.

Diiiers from the common Y'ew in the aril of the fruits lieing yellow
instead of red. Habit spreading. Leaves somewhat shorter and paler
in colour than in the common form, and occasionally recurved.

T. baccata fructu-luteo, Loudon, Ai'b. et Fiut. Brit. IV. 2068. Yellow-lieriied
Yew.*

var. -glauca.

A vigorous-growing much-branched shrub resembhng in habit var.
Che.-<funife>isis but of larger dimensions. Leaves longer and narrower
than in the common Yew, which on the lateral branchlets are often

* The yellow-berried Yew is of Irish origin. It appears to have been discovered about
the year 1817 growing on tlie lands of the Bisliop of Kihhue. near Glasnevin ; bnt it
seems to have been neglected till 1833 when it was noticed in the grounds of Clontarf
Castle, whence cuttings were distriliuted. — Loudon. loc. cit.

ulillMi': . nr.m

VAKIETIES OF TAXI'S BACCATA. 129

falcntcly eurvi'il ii)i\v,ivil.s >l;ii-k ^ret-ii almvc with a .ulam-niis l)luif;li tint

l)el()W.

T. haceata i,'lauca. Oarriere. Traite ConiC. id. II. 7'Z'>. T. Iiacata nigra, Hmt.
Rln^ .Toliii.

var. — peudula.

Primary liranclies .•^ulvpeudulous. Leaves somewliat paler in colour
and more or lep>; incurved. < >f sL^w growth and attaining but limited
d.iniensions. gracilis pendula has the sub-pendulous branches and
their appendagrs move slriiih-i' and more elongated. A larger shnd)
tlian the var. //"it-h/'a.

T. baccata peiiilula, Hort. T. liacc-ata .Ta^ksmii. H-nt. AVeejiiiig Yew.

var. —procumbens.

A lu'ostratt' shrub. Branches much elongated and much ramitied,
scarcelv rising from the ground. <^>uite distinct from T. rana'le)i-<i.< in
its ramification antl hdiage.

T. baccata iirocuinbens, London. Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2067. T. haceata
expansa. C'arriere. Traite Conif. ed. II. 738.

var. — Washingtonii.

A rather vigorous-growing variety with longer leaves, having their
tips and part of the \ipper surface of a l)right golden yellow.
T. liaceata Washingtonii, Hort. T. canadensis AVa'^hingtonii, Hort.

Other dcTiations from the common type have l)een named columnan.<,

roiiH/re.<m, t'lvrfa, liorizontaJU, microi'arpa, nana, pyramidal ic, recurrafa,

.<pardt'oUa, etc., names sufficiently indicative of their most obvious

characteristics: but it is ilonbtful whether these characteristics have

liroveil sufficiently constant in most of these varieties to justify the

retention of the names, or wliether they are still to be found in

cultivation.*

The Yew in one or other of its numerous protean forms is seen

everywliere tlnoug-liuut (ireat Uritain, but almost everywhere planted

by the hand of Man, so numerous and so useful are the purposes

for whicdi it is required. The Yew also grows wild in this country.

as everyone knows, and trees that have sprung up spontaneously

are t(i be seen in most of the hilly districts, and also in the copses

and hedgerows in the plains especially on the chalk foimation, but

they are relatively fcAv in number not only to what they were in

Saxon and Xorman times, but also to those that have been raised and

planted by human agency; indeed, it is not exceeding the truth to

athrm that for every Inuidred seedling Yews that spring up

.spontaneously, many thousands are raised Ity the forester and

nurseryman. Many causes have contrilnited to the extermination ot

the Yew in the wild state, amongst which the ?learing of the

* Beissner i,Xa<lelliokknnde, pp. 169 — 176) describes forty-one varieties of the connnon
Yew, inchiding Taxiis vuspidaUi (Sieb. et Zitcc. ). Many of them are eolonred forms ot
recognised varieties, and others are believed to be identical, or nearly so, with varietie
,of older introduction.

130 I!EMAi;kab[.k vkws.

laud for cultivation and the lon.u, and continuous demand for the
wood for Yew lutws and the l)etter kinds of household furniture have
been tlie most potential. On the chalk downs of Surrey and
Sussex where the Yew occurs wilil in cousiderahle nuiuljers, it is
sometimes seen solitary forming a cons]»ic\ious oliject from afar;
occasionally it occurs in scattereil groups, in places forming- small
groves unmixed with other trees.

One of the most r(^niai-kalili' of Vfw .lh'ovi's of Xatuiv's dwu
furuiatioii (icciirs uu Micklchain PdWiis near Lcatlierhead, on the
estati' nf Ahrahaiii Dixon, F^i., nf Chcrklcy Cniirt. Here an extensive
area is eovered with Yews, ahimst unmixed witli ntlier trees and
shruhs, exeept a few -luuipers scattered here and there through the
grove. Tlie aspeet of some of tliese Yews is peculiar and even
heautiful. (li'oups of from Hve to a dozen may he seen with

their trnid<s in eh'se proximity to eaeh otlier. forming a dense
copse nv chnnp, and each tree hein,u tliiekly furnislied with hranelies
from the Lironnd on the si(h^ freely exposed to the air, the L^roup
has the appearance of lieing one tree of gigantic dimensions. In
one part of the ,L;rove a considerable space is completely covered
■with Yews, all of whicli, except the <aitside tree.s, have lost tlieii-
lower branches, those remaining on the trees being conlined to the
tops only, and with their foliaL;e foi'min.u a dense canopy impervious
to the snn's rays, the intei-ior bein,u,' lii^hteil only at distant intervals
by small <ipeninLi,s in the thick foliaj^-e. On enterin,n' the thicket the
aspect is weird and sondire, and . wIkmi in winter, the tops of the
trees are covered with a thick (Miatiiig' of snow, and the (Hminished
light takes a hazy yellowish hue, the appearance of the interior
causes an imb'scriliable feelini;' of depression and ^loom.

Li Norbury Park, not far from Cherkley Court, is another remark-
able gToU[t of ^'ews called the 1 )ruid's (Jrove. All the trees are of
very great age, the largest measuring from b'^ to -'2 h-et in uirth at
a short distance from the groun(b There is a famous clump of \ ews
at Kingsley ^'aIe, on the South Downs, near Chichester, and another
on the North Downs, in a sli,<;ht hollow of the hill, lu^ar (xuildford.
Numerous great Yews here stand in a natural ])ark or wood o]K'nin,u',.
among Hawthorns and several indi^'enous shrnlis. Holly, Furze, black-
thorn and Crab, with l'.utclier"s liroom lieneath. This retii'ed coxci't,
forming part of the prin]e\al hirest, is l)lameless at jiresent of a
foreign tree.

Scarcely surpassed in interest and anti([uity by any other Lcrouji in
the kinL;dom are the famous IJorrowdale Y'ews which .stand on the
left of tlie mountain track over the Sty Pass to AVastdale. They are
the remains of a _<rrove of ^'ews that were reduced to foiu-, known
almost tluouf.(hout the nineteenth century as the poet Wordsworth's
"Fraternal Four,'' a hrotherliood of venera1)le trees which remained
uninjured till one of them was uprooted by the ^ivat .i^ale of
Decemher, bSS."') ; the others were also more or less injured liy the
breakage of Inanches. The illustiation repicsents their present aspeit
and condition.
^Many individual tiees have become celebrated either on account
of their oreiit a<>e or by reason of their association with historical

- 8

132 KMMAIIKAIILK VKWS.

events, or with places of worsliip ; only a few of the most
remarkable of these can he noticed here.*

The Fortingal Yew in IV'vthshivc is su])iinsc(l td he the oldest in
(4reat Britain ; it is now a niciv slicll, tlie oidy ])arts rcniainin.i;'
hein^' the outerniost i)ortion of tlic old ti'uiik wliicli is 50 feet in
^ivtli near the ground.

in the shruhhery at Kyrle I'ark, W'orciestershire, stands a ^'ery old
tree split into two parts ; the upright part is "24 feet in girth at hvv, feet
from the ground, and tlie area oversi)read h\ its hranches is over
70 feet in diameter ; the slanting portion is Imllow ; the total
diameter of iunl)ra.ge is 65 feet.f

At Trentham, 8tatFordshire, are some veneralile Yews of almost hoary
antiquity. There are twenty-three trees, all of them with two
exceptions, still in health and vigOTir ; tlie eiicumference of the trunks
at six feet from the ground ranges from IG to 19 feet. There is a
local tradition that there was formerly an ancient Saxon cliurch in
close proximity to the trees.

At Ormiston Hall, in East Lothian, is one of th(> most beautiful
Yews in Scotlaml. Tlie trunk is mnirly 20 feet ni circumference
at three feet from the ground, and the area overspread hy its lirancli(!s
is over 70 feet in diameter.;

The largest Yew in Irelaml is near the College at Maynoi.th on
the estate of the Duke of Leinster ; its massi^'e trunk is 20 feet in
circumference at tliree feet from the ground ; tlie lieight of the tree
is ahout 50 feet, and the lengtli of tlie longest l)ranches u])\var(ls of
40 feet. This grand old Y(-w is still in rohust ]iealtli.§

Other very aged trees are, or were (piite recently standing in Albury
Park near Guildford ; The Vineyard, Hatfield House ; at Cliveden near
Maidenhead; in Penrhyn Park, Bangor; around Tintern in Monmouth-
shire ; at Craigends, Renfrewshire ; Yewdale, Coniston ; Brockeidiurst,
Hants ; Dryburgh Ahliey, Berwickshire ; Wliittinghame, East Lothian, etc.

The association of the Yew with religion and ])laces of worship is of
very ancient date. Yew Ixuighs were formerly carried in procession on
Palm Sunday, and in parts of Ireland Yew trees are sometimes called
Palms ; it is still the custom for the })easants to wear in their hats or
Ituttoiidioles, sjn-ays of Yew from Palm Suiulay until Easter Day.
>huiy hypotheses have been brought forward explanatory of the cause of
the selection of tliis tree for planting in proximity to cliurches ami
abbeys, or, perhaps, it would be more correct to say, the builijing of
churches and abbeys in jiroximity to large and full-grown Yews ; for it
is indisputable that the tinest and most venerable trees at jiresent existing
in Britain are to be found in churchyaids and in the vicinity of old
l)riories and abbeys, but it is by no means certain whether in all cases,
or even in the majority of them, the Yews were i»lanted subseipient to
the building of the edifice, or the edifice ereete(l near the spot wliere the

* For furtlier particulars, the cliihoiatr work <>n tlu' siil.jcct l.y Di-. John Lowe, cutitli'il
"The Yew Trees of Great Britain and Ireland," may l>e innsulted.

t The Yew Trees of (heat Hritain, i>. 22.">.

* Id. 240. "Here Wisliait the niaityr i^-eaehed to an audience (■onii)()sed ol' tlie I.uird
of *^Oriniston, his deiiendents and nei-,ddponrs, and in des].ondinjf strains in hainiony with
the solemn and funereal asj)eet of the old yew-tree, aildressed his Jast and jiaiting words
to those friends from wliom he was so sofm to he severed forever." — (A.D., lo4"».)

§ For an oppDrtunitv of insii.'etinf,' this and other. su])?rb trees in the j^rounds at
Carton I am indehted 'to the kindness „{' bor<l Frederick Fitzj;era]d.

i:kmai;kaiile yews. 133

Yews were already staniliii,:^.* Tlir true eaiise (if the iissociatiiUi, in tlii^j
eouutrv at least, is nut, we think, dittieult to he found — this is iu tlie
eharaeter and hahit of the tree itself. Then- is no other native evergreen
tree at all to he eouipared with the Yew as regards its foliage, its
massive soinhre aspect, and its longevity, and henee the Yew woukl 1)e
naturally seleeted to represent the feelings, the sentiments and the hojx^s
associated with huiial-grounds and in connection Avith phiees of worshij)
where sentiments and feelings are most likely to seek expression liy
visible re|)resentatives or enduring monuments. The feeling of Hope
lives in its evergri'eu foliage ; Sorrow is rememhered in its dark and
sombre sluule, and \'eneration is awakened in its ageil aspect. It may
1)6 safely assumed from the known anti<|uity of many Yews still standing
in clnu'chyartls and the like places, that the as.sociation of the Yew with
religion must he of Aery ancient origin; and the probability is A'ery great
that it took its rise at an e])och anterior to the introduction of
Christianity into ]5ritain.

Among the ancient Yews still existing that are, or have been associated
with sacred edifices, the f ( illowing are celelirated : —

In the clnu'chyard of Buckland near Dover is a Yew of great antic tuity,
the trunk of which was sjilit by lightning about the middle of the
eighteenth century during a storm which destroyed the steepde of the
church. It has a special interest a}iart from its antiquity from the fact
that in 1880 it was removed to another part of the churchyard sixty
yards distant, u:ul the horizontal position assumed liy the trunk after the
injury was restored to a comparatively erect one.

In the churchyard of I'luirch Preen in Shropshire stands one of the
finest Yews in Great Britain; it is oO feet high and lias a girth of 21|
feet at four feet from the ground ; the triuik is hollow and Avill hold
twenty-one men standing upright. The tree is, to all appearances, still
healthy, f

The Crowhurst (Surrey) Yew ranks among the largest in the country.
The trunk has a girth of 32 feet near the ground and is hollow
inside; the cavity has been fitted up with a table and benches aroiuid, on
which sixteen persons may sit. The top was blown off in 1815.

In the churchyard of Darley in Derbyshire is a veneral)le tree
31 feet in girth. The trunk which is hollow is only regular ami
straight to about ten feet from the ground where it divitles into se\'eral
large limbs, two of which are erect and the others spreading. It is a
fruit-bearing tree and lielieved to l)e over one thousand years old.

The Fountains Alibey Yews near Boroughliridge in Yorkshire are,
after the Fortingal Yew, supposed to be the oldest in Great Britain.
There were originally seven, and in Evelyn's time six were still standing,
Imt in 1891 Dr. Lowe found but five, and of these two were dead and
uprooted.

In Gresford churchyard near \\'rexliam in Denbighshire is one of the
oldest and still one of the largest Yews. The circumference of the trunk
at five feet from the ground is over 30 feet and its height exceeds
50 feet.

* "There was a veiy ancient Yew iu the cluuchyard of Kiikiieating, near Hudderstielil.
The iuhalntants of the viUage liave a tradition that the church i whicli dates before 1245)
was l)uilt to the tree, and not the tree i)lanted to tlie church. It was livhig in 1864, hut
is now dead." — G. Boberts, in " S<:ieiir<' (rossij)," 187."i, p. 70.

t The Yew Trees of Great Britain, p. 197.

KEMAKKAlil.K YEWS. 135

111 the cliurcliyard "f Tislunv in Wiltsliivc is an rnoniKins Yew dvcv
'M) feet in ciirniiifciviicc witli lar>j,v linilis lM) to i'.") tVct lon,^.^ Tlic
trunk is nuw \u)]h>\y ami is cntiMvd liy means of u rustic .i;at<'. The live
is belit'vcil to lie over one thousand years old.

Other vencralde Yews associated witli jilacrs of worsliip are standing in
the churchyards of Bougliton in Kent, rrowliurst near Battle, Hanil.ledoii
near ( lodalniin-;-, Hurstnionceux in Sussex, IHley ni'ar Oxford, T.oosc near
Maidstone, Manhilad near Poiit-y-iK.ol, Tandrid,>;e in Surrey, and other places.
The association of the Yew with earlv English history is varied and
iniliovtant. Veiierahle trees still mark the spots where great events have
taken jilace. and others are associated with tin- names of histoiic
personages. The Ankerwyke Y.nv, near Staines, witnessed the conference
hetween King -lohn and' tlie Knglish Harons in 121."), and in sight of
wliich :\higna Charta was signed. It is 30| feet in circumference at
three feet ""from the ground, ami most prolmhly its age ('xceeds one
thousantl years. lender the Loudon Y>w, in Ayrshire, it is said that
Bruce hestowed the ancient castle and estate on the Loudon family, an.l
on the same spot, some centiu'ies afterwards, John, Karl of Loudon,
signed thi' Act of Lnion hetween England and Scotland. This tree is
over 40 feet high, with a trunk 4A- feet in diameter at twelve feet from
the groinid.

In a much wider hearing the Yew i-layed a prominent part in our
earlv history as supplying the Avood of which the liows of the archers
were maile* and on that account it was the subject of many statutes
of our early kings, and afterwards of Parliament uji to the thiie of
Elizal)eth wliich made jirovision for the jireservation and planthig of
Yews for the suiii)ly of Yew-wood, regulating the exiiort and im]»ort
of it, etc., so great had heeii the destruction of the trees in England
(lurhig Norman and I'lantagenet times. Every student of English
history c;tn iioint to great events in which the Yew liow playecl a
foremost ]iart. It was essentially the Saxon weapon hotli for warfare
and the chase : and during the earlier part of tin- Norman supremacy
was often used with deadly ettect hy the oppressed natives to rid
themselves of their tyranni.'al masters. Deeds of .hiring were^ per-
formed, attesting the extraordinary prowess and skill of the Saxon
archers ; deeds that were long ke]it in rememhrance hy tradition,
celehrated in s.aig and verse, or preserved in legends which afterwards
su))i)lied suhjects for modern romance. The Yew how was fatal to
.several English Kings, to Harold at Hastings, to William Kufus in the
New Eor(^st, ami to Kichard C'oeur de Lion at ("haloux, in Erance.
It was the skill of the English archers that enahled Heinw II. to
gain a footing in Ireland, and the name of Stronghow, home hy the
leaih'V of the exjieditioii, atti^sts the high repute in whicli the weapon
Avas held. Cressy, Eoictiers and Agincourt were won chiefly hy the
Yew how ; it was the most popular weaiHni through the long civil
strife hetween the rival houses of York and Lancaster ; and hoth m
Avarfare as well as in the chase, it was held in estimation long after
the inventi<in of guiqtowder had jirejiared the way to a i-om])lete change
in the system and science of war.

* The 1h)W oiitiimcl tor aga^s to l.c the tavourite national weapon of the Saxons. They
Viactised areherv ineessantlv in their anmsenients and regained hy its importance on the
field of hattle their due weight in the government of the couiitiy. —Alison s History ot
Europe, ed. IX. Vol. I. p. :M.

THE VKW ANI> 1I()1;TI( ULTl'ItK. 137

'I'lic assdciatioii iif the Vc\v with uaiilciiiiiL; in I-'.iiulaiid licgaii early
ill till' sixtt'fiitli cciiturv. It was liiMuglit iiitn |)r<iiiiiiiriit notice
towards tlic ciul of the t-eiitury liy Kvclyn, who clainis tln' "iiifrit"
of hciiiLT till' first to introdnrf tlic fasliioii of rliiiiiiii.u it into artificial
shajii's wliiili hccaiiii' ^ciirral during the next ceiitury. It was first
used in the formation of hedges for jiuri mses of utility, hut the dense
growth it assumes when pruned, its apparently unlimited duration, and
the readiness with whirh it may he cut into many shapes without
imi)airiiig its vitality, soon led to its heing extensively used in topiary
work, Avliich had heeii jtreviously confined chiefly to tin- Box and
Juniper. The dark dense foliage of the Yew. and its iiioiv rohust and
taller growth than the liox or Juniper, ottered facilities for the
introduction into gardens, hy artificial means, of many varieties of form,
and the fashion of clipping Yews into geometric figures, and also into
the figures of hirds, heasts, and even the human shape, hecaiiie for a
time a very prevalent practice, which reached its height towards the
close of the seventeenth and during the early part of the eighteenth
century. The popularity of the Yew as an ornauiental garden plant
during this period may he partly accounted for hy tlie paucity of ever-
green trees and shruhs at that time availal>le,* and the desire for variety
created hy the taste for gardening which Itegan to he general among all
classes. The jiractice gradually fell into disuse as the introduction of
exotic hardy trees and shruhs ht'canie umre fretpient, and sup]ilii'd a iiioi'c
natural and pleasing variety than the iincouth figures which oiir kind
of tree was made to take hut into which Nature never intended it to
grow. Many evidenc(^s ,if the old tojiiary work are still to lie met
with, and not a few old Yews are made to retain the figures into
which they were originally cut and trimmed. Some of the most
remarkahlc of these are to he seen at Levens Hall, Westmoreland,
where the topiary foible of our horticultural predecessors is still main-
tained in all its ipiaint antagonism to Xaturc.f

2s ot less striking hut more modern, and, if we may use the ex-
pression, more rational, is the topiary work at Elvaston Castle, near
Derliy, the seat of the Earl of Harrington. A large portion of this
consists of ornamental hedges of the common Yew, either dividing-
parts of the grtiunds from each other, or enclosing sjfaces devoted to
special stihjects : and of single specimens, lioth of the common \ ew
and its golden variety, cut into conical pyramids of uniform size ami
height, and of such there are upwards of one thousand. There are
comparatively few representations of hirds and animals : the holder
work rejireseiits the walls and hastioiis of a Xovmau lastlc anliways,

* The iiuiiilier of native evergreen trees and sliiulis may ln' ciiunted mi tie- tingt-rs. tlius —
\ ew, Scots Pine. Juniiier. Holly. Privet. Ivy. Butcher's Broom. Simige Lanivl and Mistletoe^
(the Box is a doulitful native i,"^ and up to the close of the seventeenth centniy tlie nuinlier of
exotic evergreen trees introduced was not much greater, and some of them were veiy rare.
The best known were the Spruce Fir, Silver Fir. Stone Pine. Pinaster. Red Cedar. Savin,
Ai-bor A'itie, Evergreen Oak. Sweet Bay, Laniustine, Portugal Laurel. Phillyiea and Arlmtus.
See the " Gardeners' Cluonicle " for 1S74, p. 264. wliere an account of the topiary work
at Levens Hall is given, illustrated with woodciits of some of the most lemaikahle groups
whicli include tignres of the British Lion ; Queeii Elizaheth and ladies ; the Judge's "Wig,
a nninber of Yews planted in a half circle, so as to form an arhour liy hringing tlie branches
over the top in a hood or wig-like fashion ; and many othei's. These tiguies were tii'st
formed early in the eighteenth century, so that for upwards of one hundred and eighty
yeai-s these Yews must have had their young growth cut otf to keep the figures witliin the
prescril)ed shape and size, a proof of the astonishing tenacity of life possessed by the Yew.

138 TOl'IAKY WORK AND AVENUES.

iilcuvt's, arlMiiii-s, etc. Tlie li'i'eat cxti'iit of tlic tnjiiaiT Avurk at Klvastou
is calciilatcMl til excite surprise ratlier tliaii ailiiiiratioii, at the same
time its extreme formality is ^reatlv I'elieved \>\ tlie imlile ( 'diiifers of
tlie Fir ami I'iiie ii-ilie wliicli liave lieeii jilaiited lieside and arduml
it with iin spariuL;' hand, and by the l)eautitu] view attnrdeil hy tlie
river l)er\veiit, in its winding course through the grounds.

.Vvenues uf ^'e^\• trees were formed as early as the Stuart period and
more freipu'ntly in tlie early ?Ianoverian times ; liut the conijtaratively
slow growth of the ti-ees ami e.specially the dark and gloomy aspect
proiluced hy them when fidl grown and standing in close proximity to
<'ach other, caused tlie jilanting of Ve\v avenues to fall into disuse.
Among the inost notewoi'thy still remaining an' those at Cleish Castle in
Kinross, Caiidover near Alresford, ( )vertou-on-l )ee near Ellesmere, and
Ahergdasney in Carnarvonshire.* In Irelan<l where the humidity of the
idiniate induces a more ra])id growth and a more verdant aspect of the
foliage, Yew avenues are .scarcely so somhre as in Creat Britain; mention
may he made of those at (Tlencornias near Bray, ( Hdcastle in Co. Meath,
( 'lonfert in King's County and in the Koyal Botanic ( iardens at (ilasnevin.
At I )unganstown in Co. AVickLiw is a row or colonnade of Yew trees
remarkable for uniformity of growth so unusual in the Yew and the
(■onseijueiit ini])ressive etteet produced l)y it. The trees, fiftei^n in numher,
have .straight undivided trunks to the greater part of their height which
exceeds forty feet ami have an avei'age girth of eight feet at three feet
fi-om the ground: the distance between them varies fi-oiu eight to sixteen
feet ; the lii'auchiiig liegins at about eight feet from the ground and
<-ontinues regularly U])wards forming a close mass of dark foliage to the
summit. t

For the hirmatioii of hedges, the Yew has long been recogniseil as oiu?

of the best plants that can be selected, especially where sjiace can lie

allowed for it to attain the width iieee.-^sai'y to render it an ethcient

protective screen. .V Yew hedge is also an oi'uamental adjunct to the

tlower garden and pleasure grounds for which it not only forms an

etticient screen but it often produces a jiicturcsijue eiiect. Very old and

massive Yew hedges are to be seen at IVwsey in AYiltshire, ^relbourne

in ! )erbyshire. Holme Lacey near Hereford, Hadham in Hertfordshire,

.\lliury I'ark near (iuildfonl, and other places.

The Yew sjiorts into many vai-ieties and sul)-\ai-ieties, of wlii( li ihuse

<lescril)ed in the pvecediiig- pages are distinct and ornamental, and

incdude s<nne valuable additions to the resources of the gardener and

landsi-a]te ])lautei', notably the varieties '/(ipnssit, Dorifsftuii and

/'iisfjfjiat" (The Irish Ye\v).i

The following account of the origin of the \ariety (cJ/m'^ixa was
i-oiumunicateil to "The (;ar<len" by tlie late Mr. Francis l)ickson of
Chester: "This Yew was discovereil by my fatlu'r .Mr. I'"rancis 1 )ickson
about the year 1S."5S gi'owing in a lied of seedlings of tlie common ^'ew.
I'.eing of slow growth it was necessarily slow of piMpagatiou, and it took

* Otlifis arc iiiriitidiiiMl liy Dr. Lowe in ■•TIic \v\\ Tn^rs nlCicit I'.iitMin." iip. 14 1 ti.

+ For an ujniortunity (if insjiecting tliis singular aili<iii-al ]ilii'ii()nicni)n I am iiidclitcil to
tlic kimliiesw of Mr. Tfionia.s Acton, the genial jnoinietoi' of Kilniaciuragli.

i It is worthy of note that tlie incst striking deviations from the connnon typ;' are t'liiit-
lieaiing (female)' jilants, for sneh are rif/jiirssti, JJovtstuiii, fustlgl'itu and frudu hdm. Tiie
vars. iiuri'ii. <)/inirii Mine .lohii^ and irimit/fs are saiil to 1m- males.

140 THK AVKSTFELTON AND IRISH YEWS.

iiiaiiy ycai's in ij^ri u\> a stock U|)(iii tlic grounds of the tlicu tinn of
V. and .1. Diiksoii, of wliicli my father was the head. I well remeiulu'T
the \alu(' lie set iipiui this phint and the vexation when, on his return
lioiiie after a few days" al)senee, lie h-arned that a representative of tlie
tiriii (if Kniglit and Perry of Chelsea had purchased and taken away with
hiui siiHie half-dozen g'ood-sized plants as the result of negotiation with
an iuexperieneed salesman who was iiresiunahly ignorant of their value.
This enaliled the (,'helsea firm to pro})agate it' and eventually to distribute
it, which they did under the name of ar/^/rftsvs-a, but my father always
adhered to the name he had originally given it — hrerifolia." * The name
ad2Jre,<^a is here retained, as JtrrrifoJia has lieen aiiplie(l to two other
Yews quite distinct from the Ghe.ster seedling.

The origin of the Dovaston or AVestfelton Yew is thus stated by
Loudon: — "The Westfelton Yew stands in the grounds of -JNlr. J. ¥. M.
Dovaston, of Westfelton, near Shrewsbury, and the following accomit of it
has been sent to us by that gentleman : ' Al)0ut sixty years ago
(now over a hundred) my father, riohn Dovaston, a man Avithout
education but of unwearied incUistrv and ingenuity, had, with his own
hands, sunk a well and constructed and ]ilaced a pump in it, and the
soil being light and sandy, it constantly fidl in. He secured it with
wooden boards, Imt perceiving their s])eedy decay, he planted Jiear the
well a Y'ew tree, which he Ijouglit of a cobl)ler for sixpence, rightly
judging that the fibrous and matting tendency of the Yew roots woidd
liold up the soil. They did so, and independently of its utility, the Yew
grew into a tree of extraordinary and striking l)eauty, spreading
horizontally all round, with a single aspiring leader to a great height,
each branch in every direction dangling in tressy verdure downwards,
the lowest ones to the Very groiuul, iiendulons and playful as the most
graceful birch or willow, and visiltly obedient to the feeblest breath of
air.' "t This lieautiful tree is still flourishing; at tlu; present time
(1900) the girtli of the trunk at U feet from the ground is nearly
9 feet and the height is 'M feet.I

The Irish Yew originated from a ]ilant accidentally found on the
mountains of Fermanagh, near Florence Court, more than a century
ago. The original tree is a female, so that the thousands of plants
]iropagate(l from it are berry-bearing, a circumstance that greatly enhances
the ornamental (pialities of this shrnli during the autumn mouths.

The following account of the origin of thi' Irish Yew is taken from
the " ( iardeners' ( 'lironide " for 1S7-"), p. l:>.1("i, wheie it is reprinte(l from
the " I'eojde's Joiu'nal," as it appeareil in one of a series of chaiiters
entitled "A \'isit to the F^astern Necropdlis " (at Dundee), liy a wi'iter
under the vinii ih- jilmnf of " Norval, " dating finm Kossie I'liory. It
will be seen that tiie account contains an apt illustialion of one of the
]mrjK)ses for whidi tln' Irish \v\\ is much plaiite(l :

"Near by uur place is a graxc iiiaiked li\' a small and solitary Irish
^'I'W, and nothing nio|-c. I know not who liad liceii laid undei' it.

* Tlic Canlcii. .\.\IX ISStii y. 221. In the same vuluiiif. y. 268. is a fiulhcr coiii-
iiiuuicatioii on tliis sulijcct fioni .Messrs. .lames Dickson ami Sons of Clu'stcr. who .state tliat
tlie orij^inal Tn-nts inlpriasn was found in a IkmI of Thorn secdlinf^s ten years earlier tlnin
the date {(iven ahuve. In Knij^lit and Perry's " Synoiisis of Coniferous Plants " it is entered
as Tdjua tardivd (Knillicheri with the synonvnis T. mipvesaa (Hort.) and T. hn'vlfoliit
( Hort. ).

t Arlioretum et Fnitieetuni P>ritainiicuni, IV. 20.H2.

% Mr. J. F. E. Dovaston, tlie present owner in lit.

THE lltlSH YEW!^.

141

That (lark .urccii ' iiummful Yt-w,' liowever, st-rvos a iturposf iii sdinc
licarts. Hnv and tliciv in tin- Xocropolis avc tn be seen similar
nnnmnuMits Invakin- the monotony of the grassy rangt's. Each of tlu-m
seems to have a sad <tory in its cnstoily. the dark Yew has long l.een

hading the gminul of nur di-ad. Thr

adopted as' a favourite tree for

Fisr. 52. The original Irish Yew at Florence Court.

Irisir^ Yew, or Florenee Court variety of the Yew, lias in a special
manner hecome the most prominent and <listinguished of the family.
The history of the Irish YVw may be of interest to many. Here it is,
and I quote from the :\IS. in "^possession of Lord Kinnaird — ' Al)ove
one hundred vears ago, .Mr. AYillis, farmer, of Aghenteroark. in
the parish of ' KilL-sher, count v of Fermanagh, foun<l upon his farm

142 TAXUS I'.KEVIFOLIA.

(Ill the iiiiiuiitaiiis aliDVi' l'"l(ii-ciicc ('(Hirt, twu [ilaiits of tliis tree.
These lie du.i;' \\\K aiul ]ilaute(l (Hie ill liis (iwii L;ar(leii. He t(Hik the other
ildwii t(i his laiidldi'd at Mniiut Florence, where it was phintecL The
tree that was iilaiiteil in liis dWii Ljardeii iviuaiiied tliere till the year
IS()."). when it (lie(l. The (itlier is still alive at Florence Court, and
is the one friiiii which the millions of plants now distrilmted in all
]iaits lia\e sprnng. The tirst cuttin,ns Avere ijiveii liy my father,
the l^arl of Knuiskilleii, to .Messrs. Lee and Keiineily, then the
larL;vst nurserymen almut London." Signed, JMiniskillen, K(issie Priory,
Seliteliiher eSth, \^()~ ."

The ilhistration, from a i)hotogra|ih sent to ]\Ie.ssrs. N'eitch l)y the late
Karl of Eniiiskilleii, represents the ori.ninal L-ish Yew at Florence Court
as seen aliout tweiity-Hve years a.^o ; at the present time it has a more
open. stra,t;-,Li,-lin,L;- liahit and also a somewhat unhealthy apiiearance
lielieved to have heen caused liy some laurels lieine- allowed to grow
too freely around it Imt whicdi have since l)eeu cut aAvay.

The wood of the Yew is exceeduigly liard and clo.se-grained, of a
lieautiful reddish hrown colour, susceptihle of a high polish, and very
duralile, tough and elastic. It was also fonuerly luueh used in the
manufacture of articles of domestic furniture, many antifjue and curious
s[)ecimens of wdiicli are still preserved in museums, etc. The spray
and foliage of the Yew are [loisoiious to cattle. The l)erries are
glutinous, ami have a sweet taste; tlu'V are often eaten hy children
witlnuit being followed hy harmful conserptenc(\s. The kernel, too, is
edilile, and has a hitter flavour not unlike that nf the seeds of tlie
Stone Fine ( Pltiii.< jiiwa).

Taxus brevifolia.

" .\ tree usually 40 — ;")0 hut occasionally 70 — SO feet in height
with a straight truidv 1 — 2 feet thick, rarely more, frecpieiitly
unsymmetrical and irregularly lohed, and with long, slender, horizontal
or slightly i)endulous hranclies. Lark of trunk ahout 0'2.^ imdi thick,
covered with small, thick, ilark red-purple scales which on falling
ex]iose a hriglit red-puiiih- inner hark. Lranchlets slender ; huils small
with Idosely imhricated yelhpw-green scales. Leaves O-o— 0"6l'.") iiudi
liiiiu, dark \ellow-green almve, paler htdow with stout midrihs and
slender petinh's, persistent h>nr li\'e \'ears."' Fructiticatioii as in the
cnmmon \'ew. Sargent, Silni af Xorfh AiiuffU, X. G-"), t. •")14.

Taxus l.ivvifolia, Xuttall. Svlva. III. 8(), t. 108 (1849). CarriiMv. Traite Ciiif.
,.,1. II. 712. H<Mi|)fs. Kvcigivciis. 3S:J. Parlatore, 1). C. Pnxh. .\\T. '.01.
BnwiM- and Watson, Hot. ralilor. II. 110. JNhicoiui, Cat. Caiiad. Plants. iH'-i.
(ioidoii, i'inct. (-(l. II 3!)2. Hcissncr. XiidcUiolzk. 177. I\histeis in .loiirn. R.
Hoit. Soe. XIV. 249

T. P>oiu-sieri, Carnerc, RfV. Hort. 18.' 1. ].. -J^S. with li,i<. : and Traite Conit.
.•(1. II. 7:59.

T. Lindli'vana. Murray in IvliiiK. X.w I'liil. .luiiin I. 291 (18.'..'))

Eng. Caliroriiiaii Yew. .Vnici. Wist, in ^'l•\^. Fr. If ilr CaHt'oniir. Germ.
KurzliliitterigiT Eiliciiliaum.

Tii.'-i's hrerifdii" is widely distiibuled over the i*aeitic region of

north-west America from (^)iieen Charlotte's Island to south California,

l)ut nowhere very ahuiidant; it ascends the Selkirk mountains in

F.iitisli ('olunil)ia to 4,000 feet, and the wt'stern slo])es of the Sierra

TAXUS CLTSFIDATA. 1 4.3

Nevada U> 8,000 feet, pivfcrriii^i;' the l)anks of streams and deep
ravines, and usually growing under largcu' coniferous trees ; its
eastern limit oeeurs on the Eoeky mountains of ]\Iontana. It is a
smaller and more slender tree than tiit^ Euro])ean Yew, with shorter
thinner leaves tliat aljruptly terminate in a bristle-like nuu-ro.

The Californian Yew was disc'o\ered 1)y David Douglas (hiring liis
first mission to north-west America in 1825. It was introduced 1)\-
William Murray in 1854, Init it is still exceedingly rare in British
gardens.*

Taxus canadensis.

A |ii-(istrati' shrul) srlddiii rising iimrr than '2 — o feet almvt^
tilt' gi-dund. P)i-auch('s spn-aihng, elongated, stuiitisli, iiiuch raiiiiticd and
cdvcred with reddish hniwu hark. Branchlet-^ slender, spreading or iiiore
or less pendent : huds small, ghihd.se, with reddish hrnwn peruhe.
Leaves shortly petidlate, erdwded, pseudd-distiehdus in twd ]-anks, slmrter
and narrower than in the cdniindu Yew, and with re^■dlute margins.

Taxiis caiiaden.sis, Wildenow, Sp. Plant. I\'. S.")ti (18().")i. Limdoii. Arli. et Fnit.
Brit. IV. 2093. Eiidlicher, Sviiops. Conif. 243. Caniere. Traitt' d.iiit. ed. II.
739. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. "XVI. 501. Gordon, Phiet. ed. II. 393. Heissiu-r.
Xadelliolzk. 176. JVIasters in .Tourn. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 249.

T. liaeeata var. canadensis. Orav, Maniial, ed. II. 42"!. Maconn. Cat. Canad.
Plants, 463.

T. haccata. Hooker, W. Flor. Vxiv. Amer. II. I(i7 (in part'.

Eng. Canadian Yew. Fi-. If dn Canada. (leini. Kanadischcr Kilieiiliauni.
Ital. Tasso del Canada.

The Canadian Yew is common in damp woods in man\' parts of the
forest country extending from Anticosti, Xewfoundland, and Nova
Scotia through Canada to the northern shore of Lake Superior and to
Lake Wininpeg.f South of the Dominion houndary it spreads through
tlie northern States from New Jersey to JNIiiniesota. It was introduced
early in the nineteenth century; it is now hut seldom seen in Ihitish
gardens, l>eing far surpassed as a decorative [tlant by \'arieties of the
common Yew.

Taxus cuspidata.

A tree 40 — oO feet high with a trunk 2 feet in diameter covered
with bright red bark ; J under eultivatidu a nnich smaller tree. In (Jreat
Britain, the oldest .specimens are mostly shrubs with two — three dr mure
ascending uuich-branehed stems. Branches s[)readiug or ascending,
ramiticatidu distii'hous ; bark reddish brdwn marked with dutgi'owths
decurrent frnm the bases of the leaves. liranchlets lunaerdus, slmrt and
close-set. Leaves (in the lateral shouts pseudd-distichous, often turned
upwards and inwards; on the erect shoots s])irally arranged ai'dund them
and spreading, ()••") --- 1 inch long, shortly jietiolate ami nuicrduate, dark

* The Yew usually n:et with in cultiNation undei' the name of Ttirus hrrrifti! in is

the short-leaved variety of T. bnccata deserilied in pauc 127

t Maconn, Catalogue of Canadian Plants, lor. <:tt.

X Sari^ent. Furest Flora of .Tajian, 76.

i;4 TAxrs floi;ii»an.a.

histrims m'ccii aliiivc, fulvous n'rccu lidow, tlic uiiiliili uiarki'il liy a
sliiilldw keel nil ImiIIi sides. Fi'uctiticatii HI as in tin' cnuiUKHi Yew.

Taxus mspidMta, SIcIm.I.I and Zuccariiii, Fl. .Ta].. TI. (il. t. 12S (1842).
EiidlichcT. Svn(i]is. Coiiif. 243. I'arlatoii', D. C. Pi'odr. XVI. 502. Francliet et
Savctiir, Enuni. Plant. Jap. I. 472. (ioidoii, Piuet. ed. II. 394. Hastens in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 499 ; and in Jonin. R. Hort. Sof. XIV. 299.

T. liaceata. Tlmnlwrg. Fl. Jap. 27u (1784).

T. baccata var. cnspidata. Carrieie, Tiaite (Jonif. ril. II. 7?>."]. Fx'issner,
Xadelholzk. 173.

Eng. Japanese Yew. Fr. If du Ja]ii)n. (ieiiii. JajiaiiisclitT Eil)eiiliauiii. Ital.
Tassd giaiiiponese. Ja]i. Iclui. Monii-noki.

Td.riis ruxplddtd liiis been cultivated thi<)U,u,li()nt .lapaii fioiu time
innnemorial l»ut is known ti» be endeniie only in tlie nortliein island,
Yeso, where it attains its greatest de\'elopnient. The wood, like that of
the eoniiuon Yew, is tough, close-grained, and l)eautifully coloured and
is used by the wealthier inhabitants for cabinet-work and indoor
decoration, and by the Ainos, the aboriginal inhal»itants of Yeso, for
making liows. As distinguished from the European type, the leaves
are broader, more abruptly pointetl, ni(jre leatliery in texture a-ud
lighter in ciJour.

Taxus floridana.

A busliv fi'tM' i'ar(dy 2") feet high with a short ti'uuk aliout a foot in
(liaiuc'tcr, and nunicvous short, s])rea(Iing Tn'anchcs ; move often slu'uhby
in habit, 12 — 15 feet high. Hark thin, i)urpled>rown, smooth,
occasionally sei)arating into large, iiregular, })late-like scales. lirunchcs
slender; buds small with loosely ind»ricated pale yellow perulse. Leaves
usually eonsjiicuously falcate, Ow-'i to 1 inch in length, dark green above
and jialer below with rather obseure midribs and slender petioles. —
Sargent, ^>^lra of North Aiiipvica, X. 67, t. 515.

Taxus floridana, Cliapnian, Fl. 436 (1860). Carriere, Traite Conif. cd. II. 741.
Hoopos, Evergreens, 384. Sargent, Foi'cst Trees of X. America, lOtli Census, L\.
U.S.A., 186.

Taxus Jiorkhina is restricted to a, narrow area in western Florida

extending about thiity miles along the eastern bank of the river

Appalachieola. It was discovered in 1833 by Mr. Hardy T>. ('room; it

received, ho\ve\ci-, but little in)tice from botanists till it was described

l)y Cha])inan in liis " Flora of tlie Southern States," published in 1860.

Except in liabit, it is not easily distinguishable from the Canadian

Yew ■ it has jii'obably not yet been introdueeil intu Ibitish giirdens,

DACRYDIUM.

Solan.ler in Forster's Plant, escident. 80 (1786). Endlii'licr, Svnops. Conif. 224 (1847).
Parlatore, 1). C. Pn.dr. XVI. 493 (1868). Beutliaiu and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III.
433 (1881). Eie.lder iu Engl.T and Prantl. Xat. I'll. Vwm. lOH (1887). Mastci-s in
Jouni. Linn. Soe. XXX. s'ii,s93i.

A genus of trees and shrubs with lirtcromor])]iie foliage in(duding
about tw(dve s])ecies, of wiiich si-Non aiv natives td" New Zealand,
^)ne is endemic in Tasmania and one in ('bile (tlie Lipulothoiimus

DACRYDIUM CUPRESSIMM. 145

Fonki of some autliovs) ; the others are (listril)ute(l through New
Caledonia, the Fiji Islands, tlie Malay Peninsida and Borneo. The
essential characters of the genus are chiefly these : —

Flowers dioeciouis. Staininate flowers small, solitary and terminal,

surrounded at the base hy a few invohu'ral Ijracts. Antliers sessile,

crowded, spirally arranged around a central axis, tAvo-celled, with an

elongated peltate connectivi\

( )vuliferous flowers terminal, solitary or in lax spikes, composed of

one — three or more tliickened scales of Avliicli one, rarely two, hear an

ovule, at first horizontal, hut after fertilisation hecoming erect and

surnmniled at the hase hy a fleshy aril.

Fruit, a nut, usually of ovoid shape, seated on a fleshy or dry

receptacle whicli is green or otherwise coloured, requiring (New Zealand

species) niore than a year to attain matiu'ity.
Two of the species are of great importance in their native
countries on account of their valualile timher, viz., the Rimu or Eed
Pine tjf Xew Zealand, Dacrjjdiurii cwpressinum, and the Huon Pine of
Tasmania, D. Franklinii, both of wliich are cultivated in Great
pjiitain. Compared with these, the other species are of little value
or interest ; mention may, however, be made of D. laxifolium, one
of the smallest of Taxads, a weak straggling shrub common in the
mountain districts of New Zealand, and which is rarely found more
than a foot liigh ; and of D. Kirhii, the tallest of the New
Zealand species and the most local ; its habitat is restricted to the
extreme northern portion of the North Island.

The generic name is derived from ^uKpv^iov (diminutive of oaKpv,

■d tear), in allusion to the weeping habit vi the species.

Dacrydium cupressinum.

A tall or nu^dium-sized tree with a trunk varying in height from
40 to 80 feet, and in diameter from 2 to 4 feet, covered Avith
dark brown (jr greydjrqwn bark Avhich falls away in thick scaledike
plates like those of the Scots Pine. Branches more or less pendulous
with distichous ramification, Ixit becoming more spreading in old age.
Branchlets slender, elongated, alternate or opposite, and drooping like
their primaries, in old age shorter and recurved at the tip. Leaves
})ersistent four — five or more years ; on young plants close-set and
spirally arranged aromid their axes, awl-shaped with a rather broad
decurrent base 0-25 ^ 0-5 inch long, spreading, dark green; on
old trees much smaller, scaledike, trigonous and imbricated. Staminate
flowers green and inconspicuous on the tips of the erect or upturned
branchlets. Ovuliferous flowers solitary, terminal. Seeds about one-
•<ughth of an inch long.

Dac-iydiuiii eui)ressiimm, Solancler in Forster's Plant, esculent. 80 (1786). L. C.

Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 16, t. 2, fig. 3 (1826). Endlicher, Synops. Comf.

22o (1847). Cani^re, Traite Conif. ed. II. 691. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI.

494. Hooker til, Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 258. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 104. Kirk,

Forest Fl. N. Zeal. 29, tt. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. boc.

XIV. 209.

X. Zeal, vernacular, Rimu, Red Pine.

146 DACRVniUM FKANKLIXII.

Tliis leiiiarkalile tree was discoN'ered duiiiig Captain Cook's first
voyage to tlie South Paciiic Ocean 1768 — 1771, and Dr. Solander
who acconii^anied the expedition as botanist founded upon it the
genus DacrycUum. The following particulars respecting it are taken
from Kirk's " Forest Flora of New Zealand " : —

Darrydiuiti cvpfemnum occupies a lai;L;cr area of the Xew Zealand
forests tlian any other native tree ; wlicu j^roAving in an open situation
it is extremely heautiful witli its pendulous branches and conical
outline, but wheu surromuled with other trees it forms a comi>aratively
small round head witli drooping branches ; its drooi)iug haltit is iniicpie
amongst New Zealand Conifers. Its wood is adapted to a larger ninuber
of important uses than that of any other tree in the colony, bat its
intrinsic value is less than that of the Kauri Pine, Ai/afhis audralix,
or the Totara, Podocarjnis Tofara. It supplies the ' chief timber
employed for general building purposes over two-thirds of the colony ;
it is also extensively used for fencing and railway ties but not with
very satisfactory results as it is not durable in contact with tlie ground.
Tlie wood is of a dark red coloiu' witli hght red or yellow streaks,
and takes a lugh ])olish, it is thence nnu:h in reqru^st by cabiuet-
makers in the manufacture • of houseliold fimiiture ; it is also used for
panelling l:)oth in i)Td)Iic and private l)uildings. The bark is often
used by the tanner, but the amoinit of tannin contained in it is small,,
being only aliout 4'3 per cent.

In Great Britain Dacrydiitin fiq>i-e><><i>/>uii is occasionally used as a
decorative plant in its young state for the c<inservatorv on account of
its gracefully pendulous habit.

Dacrydium Franklinii.

A tall pyramidal tree t!0— 100 feet liigli witli a trunk 3—5 feet
in diameter at the base. Primary branches sjireachng or slightly
depressed ; liranchlets slender, pendulous with tetrastichous ramitication,.
the herbaceoiis shoots short, close-set and often much divided. Leaves
l)riglit green in decussate jmirs ; on the axial growths lanceolate-
rhomboidal, acute, sliarply keeh'd, imbricated, free at the a})ex ; on the
lateral shoots uuich smaller, ovoid-rhoml)oidal and coucrescent. Staunnate
floAvers small, ternunal or sliort recurved lateral liranchlets, cylindric,,
composed of fifteen — twenty antheis with a deltoid coimective. ( >vuliferous
floAvers in a curved terminal s](ike composed of " four -- eight adherent
scales on earh of Avliicli is seated a sessile on'mIc whose (inter integu-
ment is alibi'cxiatcd and the apex of the inner is e.xseited and ]ioints
to the liedumlc (if the Spike."

Dacrydium i'raiikliiiii, Hoc^ker til in Loud. Jouni. Hot. l\. lf>2, t. 6 (1845) j
and Fl. Tasnian I. 357, t. 100 A (1860). EndlicluT, Synops. Conif. 227. Caniere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 695. Parlatorc, I). C. Pmlr. XYI. 195. Gordon, Pinct. ed.
II. 106. ]\hiHters in Jouni. R. Hoit. ^ov. Xl\ . 209.

Huon Pine of Tasmania.

The Huon Pine, the most valuable timber tree of Tasmania, is
restricted to the south-west part of the island. It was formerly
abundant arouiul Macquarie Harl)Our and along the Huon river, but
in consequence of the continuous demand for its timber, especially

I'ODOC'AKl'I'S. 147

for slii]) and boat building, it bas greatly diuiinislu'd in numbers
since its first discovery \)y Allan Cnnniugbani in 1817. Tbe wood
is close-grained, easily worked, l)urns briskly, gi\ing out a pleasant
aromatic fragrance, and is used for e\ery purpose for wbicb coniferous
timl)er is in request.

Dai-rijiJiuiii Fraulitinii is described by tliosc wlio have .seen it in
its native cduntry as a n(il)le tree of Itniadly pyramidal outline, with
dro()})ing hi'anelilets clothed with fi)liane of the hri^litest green. It
Ayas introduced into Briti.sli gardens many years ago and has [)roved to
he fairly hardy in the south and soutli-west of England and Ireland,
l)ut always f(irnung a shnd) of irregular habit of whicli the primary
branches are covered with bght reddirown liark, and the In-anchlets
slender, sometimes much elongated, droo])ing or ([lute pendulous. The
tree was named in compliment to 8ir Jolni Franklin, Governor of
Tasmania at the time of Captain Ross' Antarctic expedition " for his
zealous co-operation in all the objects of the expedition, and for his
unwearied zeal in forwarding the eause of science in that eolcmy."

PODOCAEPUS.

L"Heritier, MS. (1788) nov. gen. ex typo. Taxi elongatie, ex L. C. Richard Mem. sur
les Coiiif. 13, t. 1 (18261 Endlielier, S}^lops. Conif. 206(1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 507 (1868V Beiithani and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 434 (1881). Eichler in Engler and
Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fani. 104 (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 9 (1893).

A genus of evergreen trees and shrulis dispersed over the tropical
and suli-tropical regions of l)oth hemispheres including Japan and
Xew Zealand, the last named group of islands numbering se^'en
species in its flora, Ijut absent from the ^Mediterranean region and
sub-tropical Xorth America. The essential characters may l>e thus
formulated : —

Flowers mon(jecious or dioeeious, axillary or sul)-terminal. Staminate
flowers solitary or fascicled on a common peduncle, surrounded at the
t)ase by a few ind^rieated bracts. Stamens spirally crowded. Anthers
two lobed.

(Jvuliferous flowi^s pedunculate, solitary or in pairs, surrounded at
the base l)y a few liraets which together with the raphe of the ovule,
the pedunele and the outer ciiat of the seed Ijeeome fleshy. OvUle
solitary and anatropous.

Fruit small, globose or ovoid with a fleshy pericarp seated on a
fleshy receptacle.

Leaves variable in sha^je and attachment, opposite, alternate or

scattered ; linear o\ olilong with a single median nerve or with

parallel veins as in Poilorarpu^ NcKjeia ; .sometimes dimori)hic on

the same branch.

Upwards of seventy species of Podocarpus have been described by

different authors, but more than one-third of them are but very

imperfectly known, owing doubtless to the remoteness of their

habitats and the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory specimens,

especially of the flow^ers and fruits, for critical examination and

148 I'ODocAitrus ciiilinus.

comparison ; it is thence prol)al)le that many of these imperfectly
known forms may hereafter be reduced to varieties or even to
synonyms of the authentic types.

The Podocarps occupy Ijut a subordinate place in the British
Pinetum. Of the introduced species, not more than four or five
can be cultivated in the open ground in any part of (heat liritain,
but the number might l)e increased l)y the addition of two shrubby
alpine species (P. nivalis and P. acutifolivs) that inhabit the
mountains of the South Island of New Zealand. The hardy species
are described in the following pages with the addition of three
others that are highly valued for their timber in their native

country.

The generic name Podocavpus is derived from ttovq, ttoooc (a ioot)
and KaoTTog (fruit), in reference to the swollen peduncle of the fruit.

Podocarpus alpinus.

A prostrate straggling- Inisli, but souietinies arl)ore8cent, attaining a
lieiglit of 12 — 15 feet. Branches spreading, often nnicli elongated;
branchlets slender, opposite or in pseudo-whorls, with pale green Imrk
furrowed longitudinally. Leaves inserted all roiuul the stem or
obscurely two-ranked, often recurved, linear oi' liuear-cjblong, obtuse,
0-25 — 0-5 inch long, tapering to a very short petiole, dark green
above, glaucous beneath with thickened margins and midrib. " Staminate
flowers cylindvic, scarcely so long as the leaves, sessile, solitary or
fascicled. Fruit small, elliptic, seated on or towards the apex of one
fork of a 1)itid, fleshy, scarlet, sub-cylindric pedimcle which is larger
than the fruit, and consists of several fleshy bracts aduate to the
swollen peduncle."*

Podocarpus alpinus, R. Brown ex Mir})el in jMein. Mus. d'Hist. Xat. XIII. 75
(1825). Hooker til in Lend. Journ. Bot. IV. 151 ; and F\. Tasni. I. 356. Endlicher,
Synops. Conif. 214. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 520. ClJordou, Pinet. ed. II.
351. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 194. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 242.

P. Totara alpina, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 652.

Podocmyus alpinus inhabits the mountains of A^ictoria and Tasmania
at 3,000 to 4,000 feet elevation ; in the first-named colony it occurs
<m Mounts Buller and Hotham, in the latter on Mounts Wellington
and Marlborough. It has long l)een in cultivation in British
gardens, and has proved to be one of the hardiest of the genus.
The date of introduction does not appear to have been recorded.

Podocarpus chilinus.

A nuich-branclied tree 40—00 feet liigli. Jiranches scattered, close-
.set, s])reading and nuicli ramified. In (Ircat Britain, usually a low
dense shrub rarely a medium-size tree. J>raiiclilets Avith smooth brown
bark, opposite or iji ])seudo-wliorls of three — tive, but .sometimes

'^ Flora of Tasmania, lor. cil.

I'ODOCARPUS DACinniOIDES. 149

solitary. Leaver* scattered or with an dliscuivly spiral arrangement,
1"5 — 3-75 inches long, liuear-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, or
iiarro\\e(l at the base into a A'ery short petiole, straight or falcately
curved, dark lustrous green with a thickened midrib aboA'e, much
paler and obscurely keeled beneath. Fruits jjediincidate, solitary
or in pairs, the peduncles axillary, one-third as long as the leaves
and bearing at their summit a fleshy receptacle on which is seated an
ellipsoid fruit.

Podocarpiis chiliiius. L. C. Richard in Ann. Mus. Paris. X\'I. 297 (1810); and
Mem. sur les Conif. 11 1,1826). London, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2101 (1838).
Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 212 (1847). Gav, Fl. Cliil. V. 402. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 649. Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. ."11. Gordon. Pinct. ed.
II. 329. Masters in Jouni. R. Hort. 8oc. XI\'. 242.

P. saligniLs, Hort.

Podocarpiis chilinus has an extensive range in the snb-alpine Andean
region of Chile from the province of Manle southwards to Yaklivia.
It was discovered by Dombey, a French botanist who accompanied
Euiz and Pavon during their mission to Peru and Chile (1777 — 1787),
and from Dombey 's herV)arium specimens it was tigured and described
by the elder Eichard in the publications quoted above. It was
introduced into lUitisli gardens about the year 1849 ; it is hardy in
the south of England and Ireland.*

Podocarpus dacrydioides.

A lofty tree 80 — loO feet high with a trunk \ — 5 feet in
diameter covered with thin greyish In-own l)ark, and usually free of
branches to the greater jiart of the height. Krauches and branchlets
slender, the latter much and repeatedly ramified. Leaves dimorphic ;
on young trees linear, flat, about 0*25 inch long, bifarious with up-
turned tips and of a deej) bronzy green ; on adult trees smaUer, scale-like,
in decussate pairs, subulate, imbricated or concrescent, dark green.
Inflorescence dioecious ; staminate flowers small, solitary and terminal,
the anthers with a deltoid connective ; ovuliferous flowers terminal and
sessile, " consisting of three — four rarely two — five carpellary leaves bent
like a sickle and usually carrying a single ovule on the face. Fruit
a shining lilack nut seated on a crimstm puli)y receptacle developed
from the carpellary leaf."

Podocarpiis daciydioides, A. RiL-iuud. Fl. Nov. Zeal. 3.58, t. 39 (1832). Endlicher,
Svnops. Conif. 223. Carriere. Traite Conif. ed. II. 678. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. .520. Hooker til. Handb. X. Zeal. Fl. 258. Gordon, Piiiet. ed.
II. 3.57. Kirk, Forest Fl. X. Zeal. 41. t. 31. 32.

X. Zeal, vernacular, Kaliikatea. White Pine.

Fodoca/pus dacrydioides is distriljuted throughout Xew Zealand either
scattered amongst other trees or forming extensi\'e forests in low
grounds Ijy river sides or in swampy situations ; it was originally
discovered by Captain Cook in the great forest between the Thames
and Piak<;) risers. It is one of the most valuable timber trees of the

* The tinest specimen known to the author is at Paiijerrick, near Falmouth, which
is upwards of 40 feet high. There is a beautiful tree of smaller dimensions at
Kilmacurraijh. Co. Wieklow. ;uid another at Fota Island, near Cork.

150 rODOCARTUS MACKOPHYLLUS.

colony ; the wood is wliite, tinn, strong, straight in grain and of fairly
even texture Init not durable when in contact with the ground ; it is
extensively used in liouse-ljuilding, framing and weather-boarding, and
it is especially suitable for conversion into ])ulp for the manufacture
of paper.

The late Mr. Kirk (lescril)e(l a virgin forest of Kaliikatea trees as one
of the most striking sights in New Zealand scenery. — " Straight un-
branched trunks rise one after the other in endless series and in such
close proximity that at a short distance no trace of foliage is visi1)le
except overhead or in the inunediate vicinity of the observer ; the naked
symmetrical shafts tapering almost imperceptibly, ai)pear to form dense
walls which completely shut out every glimpse of the outer M'orld." —
Forest Flora of ycir Zealand.

Podocarpus ferrugineus.

A tall rouri(btop])ed tree 50 — 80 feet high with a trunk 1 — 3 feet
in diameter covered with dark greyish bark deeply furrowed or cast
olf in large flat flakes. Leaves distichous, narrowly linear, acute, 0"5 —
0-75 inch long, Avith thickened midrib and often falcately curved.
Inflorescence dioecious ; staminate flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, as long
as the leaves ; ovuliferous flowers axillary, consisting of a single ovule
borne on a short stalk clothed with miimte scale-like leaves. Fruit
aljout 0-7o inch long with a liright red pericarp covered with a glaucous
bloom and enclosing a .hard nut contahiing a single seed.* — Kirk, Fore.-it
Flora of New Zealaml, 163, t. 84.

Podocarims ferrugineus, Don in Lambert's (Jenus Pinus, ed. II. Vol. II. Ajiii.
(1832). Hooker, W. Icon. PI. 542 (1843). Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 220. Hooker
til. Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 2o3. Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 674. Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. .519. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 352.

N. Zeal, vernacular, The Miro.

" Podocarpus fcrrufjinrus is generally distributed throughout New
Zealand hut is less i)lentiful in the North than in the South Ishind.
It occurs in great abundance in the southern part of the South Island
and forms a large proportion (jf the forest on Stewart Island." Miro
timber exceeds that of all other New Zealand Taxads in strength : it
is straight and even in grain, hard and elastic, but not durable in
contact with the ground.

Podocarpus macrophyllus.

A low or medium-sized tree 25 — 40 feet high with a straight
erect trunk covered with ashd)rown bark and with a diti'use or spreading
crown. Branches crowded and much ramitii'il ; bramhlcts (of plants in
British gardens) stoutish, sliort, close-set and angulate. Leaves scattei'ed
or sub-spirally arranged around their axis, shortly petiolate, narrowly
lanceolate, sub-acuminate, 2'5 — 5 inches long, stiaight or slightly
falcately curved, dark green witli a narrow keel along tlic midrib above,

* It is probable that this .sjiecies may bi- hereafter referred to Piumnojiitys if that genus
should be retained.

rODOCARPUS NAGEIA. 151

iniK'li ])al('i' and kt'L-knl henoatli. InHoresceuoi' not seen ; as ivprcsouted
l)y Siel)i>lil and Zuccariiii's figures: — staiiiiuate flowers in axillary cdusters,
cyliudric, alnnit an iucli long; ovuliferous floAvers solitary, rarely in pairs,
])edunculate and liil>racteate. Fruit roundish, al)out the size of a large
pea, seated in a suli-cylindrie, fleshy receptacle as large again as itself.

Podocaiims inaciophyllus, Don in Lauiliert's Genus Pinus, ed. I. Vol. II. 22
(1824), not Wallieh. - Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 70, tt. 1:53, 134.
Endlicher, Synojis. Conit'. 216. Caiiiere, Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 644. Parlatore,
D. C. Prodf. XVI. .")17. (Jordon, Pinet. ed. II. 340. Frauchet et Savetier,
Enuni. Plant. Jap. I. 475. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 194. Masters in Journ. R. Hort.
Soe. XIV. 243. Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 77.

Tasus niaerophvlla, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 276 (1784). Aiton. Hort. Kew. ed. II.
Vol. \. 416 a81:3\

Ja}i. vernai'ular, ^[aki.

vars. — argenteo-variegatus an<l aureo-variegatus.

Branehlets shorter and the leaves more crowded than in the common
form, the leaves of the flrst named witli a broad cream-white, and of
the second Avith a liroad yellow margin ; in l;)oth varieties many of the
young leaves when flrst developed are wholly white in the one and
wlndly yelloAv in the other.

P. niacrophylhis argenteo- and aureo-vaiiegatus, supra. P. ehinensis argentea and
aiirea, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 331.

Podocarpus mao'Ojjhi/lhis first became known to science in the early
part of the eighteenth century through K;empfer.* It was also
seen hy Thunberg during his brief stay in Japan in 1777, and who
described it in his " Flora Japonica " under the name of Taxus
iiiiicrophiiUa. Fifty yeai's later it was gathered h\ Siebold whose
figures of it are among the liest yet published ; it is common in
cultivation throughout .Tapan but not known to l)e endemic. Several
varieties are known to Japanese horticulturists, and among them the
two variegated forms described alcove which were first sent to this
country l)y Mr. Fortnne in 1861 and re-introduceil by Mr. James H.
Veitch in 1892. Around Tokio the common form is much used as
a hedge plant and is often cut into fantastic shapes, whilst the
variegated forms are preferred for pot culture and dwarfing.

Podocarpus Nageia.

X medium-sized tree with an erect trimk covered, when old, with
-smooth purplish bark. Branches spreading or sub-pendulous Avith
•distichous ramiflcation ; branclilets opposite or alternate, sub-angulate,
^reen. Leaves in decussate pairs, rarely alternate, somsAAdiat distant,
•elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, acute, 2 — 3 inches long and
0-75 — 1 inch broad, narroAved at the l)ase into a short petiole, many-
iierA^ed, leathery in texture, dull green. FloAvers monoecious (?), axillary,
bracteate. Staminate flowers in fascicles of three — five, cylindric, about
an inch long. Ovuliferous floAvers solitary or in pairs, shortly pedun-
cidate, the receptacle scarcely thicker tlian the peduncle. Fruit about

" Annenitates Exotica?, p. 780, puldislied in 1712.

152 rODOCARPUS neiuifolius.

the sizo of a small chervv with a dark imrplish iMMicavp cuclosinf;' a small
seed with a. bony testa.

Pociocarpus Na^eia, R. Brown, ex. Mirliel in Mem. du Musee Paris, XIII. 7.5
(1825). Sifbold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 71, t. 135 (1842). Endlicher, Synods.
Conif. 207 (1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 508. Franchet et Savetier,
Enum. PI. Jap. I. 474. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 24-3. Sargent,
Forest FI. Jap. 77.

Nageia japonica, Caortner, Carpol. I. 191, t. -39 (1788). Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 635 (1867). Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 180.

Jap. vernacular, Nagi.

Podocarpi's JSfagcia, like the preceding S])eeies, is of Japanese
origin and first became known to science through Kpempfer who
accurately described and figured it in his "Anioenitates" under the name
of Laurus julifera. In 1788 the (rernian botanist, Gaertner, gave it
generic rank as Nageia japonica, in which he is followed by Carriere
and others, the character chiefly relied on Ijeing its broad leaves
arranged in pairs, certainly a very distinct one but wliich it possesses
in connnon with three or four other species of Malayan origin. By
Endlicher all these were made sectional under Podocarpus to which
the organs of fructification sufficiently conform.

Podocarjnis Nageia has been assiduously rultivatcd by the Ja})auese
from time immemorial with whom it is a ,Li,reat favourite, especially a
variety in which the leaves are marked with broad white stripes, and
this they use for dwarfing and pot culture. Professor Sargent remarks
that "the real beauty of the tree is only seen when it has become
large and old and the trunk cov(MV(1 with its pcenliar smooth jiurple
bark. A grove of these trees on the hill behind the Shinto temple
at Xara is one of the most interesting spots in Japan."* According to
Carriere, it was introduced into Eurojiean gardens in 1840 ; it is now but
seldom seen, and in Great liritaiu it is always more or less injured
if not killed by severe winter frosts, a fact indicative of a snl)-tro]iical
origin.

Podocarpus neriifolius.

A imieli-liraiielied shrub or small tree with tlie Iirauehlets i-idge(l and
furrowed l)y cortical oulgrowths deeurrent frdiu the bases nf the leaves.
"Leaves scattered, aji|irn\imate, narrowly lanceolate, acute, coiiaceous,
dark green above, pale ami slightly glaucous beneath, tapering below
into a very short petiole. Staminate Howers axillary, sessile, solitary,
cylindric, an inch long, arising from a cup-shajied scaly involucre;
anthers luunerous, imbricated, two-celled. ()vidiferous tlowers .solitary,
axillary, ju'dunculate. Rece])tacle of the fruit oblong, tieshy, with an
oblong depression at the top becoming deep purple, and slightly glaucous
when mature. Seed obovate, glaucous gi'cen before maturity." — Botaniral
Ma(ia::hic, t. 46oo.

Podocarpus neriitulius, Dun in rjainlicit's Ciuiis Pinu'^, cil. II. \'<.l. H.
p. 22 (1828). Endlidier, Svnops. Conif. 21.". Iluokn-. W. in liot. IVd'j^. he. rit.
Carri&re, Traite Conif. ed. ll. 661. Parlatore D. C. Prodr. X\'l. 514.' P,randis„
Forest Fi. Ind. 541. Hooker til, Ki. lirit. bid. V. (ill).

Eiig. Olcaudcr-lciivfd Podocarp.

* Forest Flora of .lajian, Iv. rit. sitj)!".

rODOCAIMT.S TOTAKA. 153

A l)eautiful evergreen tree inhaldting" the temperate Himalayas of
Nepal ami Sikkim : it also oceiirs on the Khasia Hills ami in the
forests of Ilnrmah, whence it spreads southwards into the Malay
peninsula and the Andaman Islands. Tt was introduced to the IJoyal
Gardens at Kew in the early part of the nineteenth century, and
is still cultivalcd in the great Temperate House.

Podocarpus nubigenus.

A tri'i' uf Vfw-likf as[K'ct uf varialilc iliiiu'iisiuiis aecurding ti.i llu-
situation in which it is urowinu. Leaves linear, or elongated oval-
elliptic, 1 — 2 inches long, sessile or attcnuate(l at tlic Viasc into a A'erv
short footstalk, suli-acuniinate witli a tliickmeil iiii(l-iicr\i\ 'lark histrous
green ahove with two glaucous stoiuatiferous hands beneath. In-
florescence not seen. Fruit as described hy tlie author of the speciiic
name " iiedunculis solitariis, reeeptaculo oliIi(|Ue hilolxi, oliovato,
Vu'evioi'ilius : fructilms ol)longis, oblique obtuse ajiiculatis."

Podocarpus imbigeuiis, Liiidlev' in Jourii. Hort. See. Loud. VI. 264 (1851);
and Paxton's Flower Garden, II. 162, witli iig. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II.
650. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 513. Gav, Fl. Cliil. V. 404. Gordon. Pinet.
ed. II. 344. Mastei-s in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 243.

Discovered by AVilliam Lobl) in southern ('hile in 1S4G, and
introduced by him in the following year to the \'eitchian nursery
at Exeter. It was found associated with and growing under
the same conditions as Saxegotlia'u conspinta and which are stated
under that species. Although fairly hardy in tlie south-west of
England and in Ireland, the climate of this country, so different in
many respects from that of Southern Chile, is apparentl}" unsuitable
for it, and like the SaxegotluTa, it has proved disappointing.

Podocarpus Totara.

A tree varying in lieight from 40 — SO and in places even to 100
or more feet, with a trunk 2 — 6 feet in diameter. Bark on old trees
often 3 inches thick, deeply furrowed ; on younger trees fibrous, reddish
brown and thrown off in riblion-Iike shreds. Brandies sjireading, Avith
distichous i-amitication ; branchlcts opposite, rigid, with dull green
channelled bark. Leaves spirally inserted but rentlere(l pseudo-distielious
by a twist of the short petiole, linear or linear-lanceolate, nmcronate,
0"5 — L25 inch long, dull, dark green and channelled above, paler and
obscm-ely keeled l)eneath. Inflorescence dioecious. Stamina te flowers
axillary on shoots of the preceding year, solitary or in twos and
threes, cylindric, se.ssile or sliortly stalked, O'O — 0"7o inch long,
with four muiute involucral bracts at the liase ; anthers numerous witli
a small, obtuse, toothed connective. ( >vuliferous flowers axillary, sliortly
stalked, consisting of two connate scales, one, rarely lioth, of which
bears an ovule near the a])ex. Fruit about the size of a cherry, with
a pulpy }iericar[i enclosing a nut idumled or slightly narrowed at the
apex.

154

PRUMXOPITYS.

Po(locaii>\is Tdtaia, Don in Lanilieit's (ieims Piiius, ed. II. Vol. II. Apji, 189
excl.sviis. (1882). Hooker W. in Loud. Jouin. Bot. I. .")72, t. 19. Endliclier, Svnops.
ronif.'21-2. CaiTieie, Tiuite Conif. wl. II. 6.52. Parlatore, 1). C. Prodr. XVI, 514.
Hooker til, Hand!.. N. Zeal. Fl. 2,'i8. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 350. Kirk, Forest
Fl. X. Zeal. 227, t. 115. Ma.sters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 243.

X. Zeal, vernaenlar, Totara.

The following account of the Totara is taken from Kirk's "Forest
Flora of New Zealand " : —

"With tlip exception of the Kauri, A(/afhix miKfralis, the Totara affords

tlie most valuahk' timber in New Zealand, hut mdike the Kauri it

is fdund ahiiost throui^liout the colony. It sometiuies forms large

liTuves and even forests, hut it is iisually mixed with other trees.

The wood is of a (lee]i I'cd coloiu', varyiui;- consideralily in deptli of

thit; it is straight in the grain, comi)act and of great (hn-al)iHty ; it

does n(_)t war}) or tAvist, and is easily worked ; it is an excellent

timher io\ general huilding purpo.ses ; it is of great value for hridges,

wliarves and constnictive works where large sj)ans are not vecpiired,

also for railway ties, telegraph posts, i)alings and shingles, and for

marine piles it is invalnahle on account of its great ])ower in resisting

the attacks of the teredo."

The Totara was introduced into Ihitish gardens many years ago ;

a tree in the Temperate House in the Royal Gardens at Kew is

over 35 feet high with a trunk somewhat slender in })roportion to

lieiu'ht. In the open ground it grows slowly, and unless planted

in a warm sludtered spot, it is liable to he killed liy winter frosts.

PKUMNOPITYS.

Philippi in Linniea, XXX. 731 (1859—60). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 682 (1867).
Staehvear}ius. .Masters in .Tonrn. Linn. Soc. XXX. 9 (1893). Podocarpus, seet. Stachycarpus,

Endlielier, Synops. Conif. 218 (1847)

V'v^. y.i. l'iiiitinoj>it!l« iliyniis. Braiiclilets witli
Ktiimiiiate flowers. Commniiicatwl by llie Earl
<il' l»i:«">. Irorii Tciitwortli ('uiii-t.

Bentliani and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 435.

In all tlie true Podocarps the
peduncle and ovule-l)earing scale
of the seminiferous flowers become
Heshy when the fruit is mature,
forming the irccptdcnJu m (d' many
botanists, a characteristic on which
much stress has lieen })laced as
it chiefly distinguishes Podocarpus
from tlie allied genera. In two
of the species inchuh^d hy most
authors in Podocarpus, and pro-
bal»ly in others not yet sutticicntly
kiunvn, ihc ])ednncle and fruit-
scale do not become tlcshy ; in
Podocarpifs undinns (Pcippig),
inhabiting sonthei'u Chile, (Wi which
I'rofessor Pliilii)])i of Santiago

PRUMNOPITYS ELEGANS.

155

founded tlie genus Prumnopitys, and in ]\ spicdta^ a native of New
Zealand, the fruits are pseudo-terminal or sessile on a connnon rachis.
These two species with three others were made sectional l)y Kndlicher
under the name of Stachycarpus ; this sectio\) is adopted l)y
Bentham and Hooker in the " (4enera Plantarum " who include in it
only the two species above named, and the same course is followed
by Eichler in Engier and Prantl's " Natiirlichen Ptianzenfamilien " ;
Dr. Maxwell Masters has, however, given the section generic rank
as Stachycarpus in the "Journal of the Linnean Society," l)ut in
the Kew Hand-List, Prumnopitys is retained for the Chilian species
and for others in which the " receptaculum " is wanting.

^Vs J'nunuopitys difler.s fioiii I'odocarpus only in the abst-ncc (if the
s(i-calli'd " ivt'cptaculum " further diagnosis is unnecessary; the name
is (lerive(l from irpoviiivog (tlie wild plum) and ttitv^ (the i)ine tree).

Prumnopitys elegans.

A dioeeious tree 40 — 50 feet liii^'h,

ut frtMjuently uuieh less especially
at its lii^^hest vertieal limit,
the truidc eovcred with dark
')ark and much
fr(an tlie , base
In (Ireat liritain
a dense, much-
shrub of pyramidal
Uy rolunuiar outline.
s slender, sja'eadin

Drown
branehed
uiiwards.
usually
lii'anchiMl
or br(
Ih'anel

or aseending and mueli rami-

tied. Ih-anehlets close-set,

often ] I s e 11 d 0 - d i s t i c h (D u s ,

opjiosite, with smooth green

liiirk that ehan,L4'es to la-own

after the fall of the leaves.

^^^^^ Leaves })ersistent three — five

MH|||^^^.. ^^^B yi^ars, sjiirally crowded around

^^^^^B ^K the liranehlets, sub-distichous

^^1^^ '^a^i^^r "U horizontal growths, spread-

in,L;' on all sides in the,
aseending or erect shoots,
linear, mueronate, 0'5 — 1 inch
lon.i;-, strai.ght or falcately
curved, dark ureen above, with the nndrilt indicated l)y a shallow^
chamiel on the older leaves; paler with thickened midrib and margins
and with two glaucous stomatiferous bands beneath. Staminate floAvers
in terminal and axillary racemes, cyliiidric, olituse, subtended l)y a pale
green subulate; la-act ; stamens numerous, spirally and close-set around the
axis, sulphur-yellow. Fruit about the size of that of the wild Damson
(Pninu>i imififia) which it much resembles in shape and colour, solitary
and sessile or i)seudo-tenuinal on short slender branchlets (rachides) on
Avhich the leaves are re<biced to small acute scales. Seed enclosed in a

Fig. .54. Prumnopitya deyo.ns. Fruiting braiiclilet and fruits
iiat. size. Communicated by Mr. Coleman, from Eastnor.

Pruiiiu<>i)ifij-< i'li'ij(in-<. IVuit-licaiiiin- tit'c at Kustiinr Castle, Lcdhiiry.

I'KUMXOI'ITVS yi'KATA. 157

liai'd 1u)iiy shell sunnuinli'il with a viscous [MTicarp cnvcn-d hy a tough
pergaineiieotis .skin.

PniTiniopitys elegans, Philiiipi in Liiiiiu'a, XXX. 731 (1859—60). Liiidley in
Gai-d. Chioii. 1863, ]>. 6. Caiiiere. Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 682. Kent in Veitch's
Manna], ed. I. 316. Masters in Jouni. K. Hoit. Soc. XIV. 244. Kew Hand-List, 2.').

Podoeaipus andinus, Pijppig. Nov. Gen. et Sp. III. 18 ex Endliclier, Svnops.
Conif. 219 (18471 Gay, Fl. Chil. V. 403 (1849). Parlaiore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 519.
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 3.ol. Beissner. Nadelholzk. 19.0.

Stacliycarpns andinns,* Van Tiegheni in Bull. Soc. Fr. 1891 (fdf Masters).

Frumnopiti/s clcgans inhabits the Andes of soiitliern Chile where it
has a vertical range of from 4,.')00 to (),000 feet elevation ; the limits
of its distrilnttion are not known. It was introduced from Valdivia by
the Veitehian firm in 1860 through Richard Pearce and has proved
hardy over the greater part of Great Britain, but it grows most freely
in the south-western counties of England and in Ireland wherever it
has been ])lanted.t

Prumnopitys spicata.

A tall tivi' attaining a niaxinutui height of 80 feet, frequently niueli
less, with a trunk rarely exceeding 3 feet in diameter covered with
bluish black bark. Primary branches of young trees slender, pendulotts
and nnich ramified ; of adult trees erect or ascending with numerous short,
close-set branchlets. Leaves pseudo-distichous, narrowly linear, mucronate,
straight <ir falcately curved, about 0"5 inch long, green above, glaucous
beneath. Flowers dioecious in .short spikes ; the staminate flowers ovoid,
cylindric, comjjosed of numerous anthers witli a cordate connective ; the
ovuliferous flowers three — six on a spike, sessile and distant. Fruits
globose, 0*5 inch in diameter with a flesliy pericarp. Cotyledons two. —
Kirk, Forest Flora of Xeic Zealawl, b, tt. 4, b.

Prumnopitys spicata. Masters in Kew Hand-List of Coniferre, 25 (1896).

Podocaqms spicatus, R. Brown in Horstield's Plant. Jav. rar. 40. Hooker, W.
Icon. PI. 543 (1843). Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 221. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II.
676. Hooker til, Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 258. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 519.
Gordon, Pinet, ed. II. 354.

N. Zeal, vernacular, Black Pine, Matai.

The species described above w^as originally discovered by Banks and
Solander in Xew Zealand during the memorable voyage of the
ETidcavour under the command of Captain Cook, 1768 — 71. It is
distributed in greater (n- less abundance throughout the colony,
including Stewart Island in the extreme south. (3f its habit and
aspect in its native country ]\Ir. Kirk remarks : —

There is a singular diflerence between the early and mature stages of
growth of this tree. Young trees from 10 to 20 feet high exhibit
crowded, slender, pendulous branches ramifying into inintmerable
branchlets, the small narrow Icavi^s, which are of a bronzed tint, being

* By the rule of priority this should be the accepted name. Stachycarpus is the
sectional name proposed by Endlicher in 1847 for the group of species here included in
Prumnopitys, and the specific name andimis (Poppig) is of still earlier date.

t Fine specimens of PruiiuiopUys elegans are growing at Eastnor Castle (both sexes) ; at
Tortworth Court (both sexes) ; Menabilly, Cornwall : Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow ; at Fota
Island and Lakelands, Co. Cork,

158 SAXECOTII.KA.

CKiiHiu'd t<i tlic cxtrciiiitirs : in this sta.^u it is a wcciiiiii^- tree of iiinst

remarkaltlc apjieaiaiici' ami dittrrs sn widely fmin the iiiatun' state that

it has l)een taken Imth by natives and settlers for a tlitfereut tree. In

the mature state it forms a round-headed tree with erect branches

ultimately developing a vast nund)er of shm-t, strict, close-set branchlets.

The jNIatai affords timlicr of >j;vo;\t \alue on account of its smooth e\-en

texture, strength and duraliility ; it is heavy and dose-nTained Itnt easily

worked.

Fn/mnopiff/s spicata has been in cultivation under glass in Botanic

gardens for many years past, but no date of introduction appears to

have been recorded. As it grows wild in Stewart Island it is not

improbable that seedlings might be raised sufficiently hardy for the

climate of the south-western counties of England and Ireland.

SAXEGOTH^A.

Lindley in Joiuii. Hort. Sue. Loud. VI. 258 (18.51). Parktore, 1). C. Piodi. XVI.
497 (18681 Heiithaiu and Hooker, Geu. Plant. III. 434 (1881). Eiehler in Engli-r and
Prantl. Xat. Pti. Fani. 10-3 (1SS7\ Ahisters in Jouni. Linn. Soc. XXX. 10 (1893).

As shown under Phyllocladus and Dacrydium, the Taxads and

Conifers of the southern hemisphere present some remarkable

deviations from all northern types in the structure of their reproductive

organs as well as in their general morphology, and iu none of them

is this peculiarity more marked than in Saxegotluea. With some

hyperbole, Lindley characterised it as '• Inning the male flowers of a

Podocarp, the female cone of a Dammara (Agathis), the fruit of a

Juniper, the seed of a Dacrydium and the habit of a Yew." In a

scientific sense, ►Saxegoth;ca therefore possesses considerable interest

as being a connecting link between the Taxace;e and Conifene, but

with a preponderance of characters pertaining to the former ; it is

a monotypic germs named in compliment to Prince Albert of

Saxe-Gotha, the nnieh lamented Consort of Her Majesty the Queen.

Its essential characters will be gathered from the subjoined figures

and description of the species.

Saxegothsea conspicua,

( >n its native nionntains where it attains its greatest develo[inient,
a tree of Vew-like aspect 20 — 30 feet higli, at its highest vertical limit
a low dense shrub; in (ireat llritain mostly a nuich-hranched dense
shrub or low tree of irreguiai' outline.* Uark of liranchfs yellowish
brown, of the younge.'^t .shoots dull pale green. lUids, wlieii formed,
intermediate between the true winter buds of Taxus and the leafy
terminal envelopes of tlie Cupre.ssinese, miiuUe, enclosed liy leaf-like
.'scales that afterwards di'Vi'iop into foliagi' leaves. Leaves persistent

* At Stretc Ralegh, near E.xeter, the residence nf Mr. H. M Inilint Tcriy. is an arliorescent
fonn over 20 feet high with a trunk a foot in diameter near tlio hast- and covered
witli reddisli luown hark. The tree Inis a spreailing halnt witii a (hirk Vew-like asjiect ;
it wa.s raised from tlie seed originallv collected I'V William Lohb in southern Chile.

SAXEi ;OTH.r.A ( ■( )N8PI(UA.

159

four Hvc years, liurar, luuerniiatc, O-n — O-?-") inch hnv^, si.irally

arranged with a hifariuiis temlt'iicy on the horizontal sh(.ots, sprcadinj-
on all siilrs on tl\t" erect ones, .lark uveeii above with the luitlril)
sli<;-htlv raised, with two pale stoniatiferous lines lieneath. Staniinate.
flowers eylindric, whitish brown on a short axillary stalk with a few
iuvoluerai bracts at the base ; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally.
( h-uliferons tlowers terminal small, roundish, witli a sliort footstalk
and distant leafv scales that graduate into laiieeolati', ind>ricated,

Fig. jj. A fruiting biaiiclilet of Sowijothcra conspiciia, natural size. 1, Stamiuate, 2, (>^•ulife^Ol:s

flower enlarged.
Coniiuunicali'.l by Mr. H. M. Imbert Teny from Strete Ralegh, near Exeter.

mucronate ovuliferous scales each bearhig a .•^ohtary inverted ovule.
Fruit a fleshy globose body less than an inch in diameter formed by
the coalescence 'of the fertilised scales, the individuality of Avhich is
indicated liy the projecting apex.

Saxegothfea eonspicua. Lindlev iu Jouni. Hort. Soc. Loud. /or. cit. : and Paxtoii"s

Flower Garden, I. Ill, with tigs. Gav, Fl. Chile. V. 411. Carnere, Traite Conif.

ed. II. 683. Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. 497. Gordon, Pniet. ed. II. 3/2.

Beissuer, Xadelholzk. 195. Masters in Gard. Chron. II. ser. 3 (1887) p. 684 i

V. ser. 3 (1889), p. 782; with tigs. ; and in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XI V. /O.

160 MICROCACIIUYS.

This reinarkalde Taxad was discovered by William L()l»l> in 1846
while collecting for the Veitchian firm in southern ('hile, and
introduced l)y him in tlie following year. Lobl> sent to Mr. James
Veitch, Senr., the following account of the locality in which he
found it : —

The whole of southern Chile, from the ^Vudes to the ocean, is
formed of a succession of ridges of mountains gradually rismg from
the sea to the central ridge ; the whole is thickly wooded from the
base to the snow line. Ascending the Andes of Comau, I observed
from the water to a considerable elevation, the forest to be composed
of a variety of trees, and of a sort of cane so thickly matted
together that it formed almost an impenetralde jungle. Further up,
amongst the melting snows, vegetation became so much stunted in
growth that trees seen below 100 feet high and 8 feet in diameter,
only attain the height of a few inches.

On reachhig the summit no vegetation exists, nothing hut l)arren

rocks Avhicli appear to rise among the snow that is many ■ feet in

depth and frozen so hard that in walking over it the foot makes

but little impression. A little below the scenery is singular and grand.

Rocky precipices stand like perpendicular walls 200 — 300 feet in height,

over which roll the waters from the melting snows which appear like

lines of silvei\ Sometimes these waters rush down with such force

that boulders many tons in weight are hurled from their \oity stations

to a depth of many hundred feet. In this wild region the Saxegothaea

has its home associated with Podocarjnts nuM;/e7m-% Fit?:r(>ija pat at/on ira,

Lihocedrus tefragona, evergreen Beeches and other trees.

It is not surprising that the introduction of this reniarkalde

plant should liave attracted much interest at the time, and that

hopes should have been entertained of its proving a distinct

addition to the British Arltoretum. Such liopes, iKJwever, have not

l)een realised ; the Saxegothiea is now l)ut rarely seen, and when

seen is scarcely noticed liy the general ol)server. Altliough it has

been in our midst more than half a century very few of the plants

t»riginally raised from Lobb's collection are now in existence. The

cause of this is climatic, not so much in regard to temperature as

to aerial and hygrometric conditions; bn- whilst tlie average yearly

temperature of southern Chile is nearly the same as that of Great

J>ritain, the annual rainfall is three times as much as that of this

country.

MICROCACHKYS.

Hooker til ill Loud. .Toiiin. Bot. IV. 149 (1845). Eiidlieli.-r. Sviioj.s Coiiif. 227 (1847).
Hi'iithaiii aiifl Ilookfr, (k'li. Plant. III. 433 (1881). Eiclilcr in EiigltT and Prantl, Nat.
I'll. Fani. 103 (1887). Ma.sters in .lonni. Linn. Soc. XXX. 10 (1893).

A monotypic genus founded on a Tasinanian shrub in 18-15 by

Sir Joseph Hooker who, adverting to the distribution of Taxads and

Conifers in that island, observes " that it contains a greater number

of species in proportion to its area, and these of more peculiar

MICROCACHRYS TETRAGONA. 10 1

form than any other cinnitry ; that whilst in the south temperate
zone generally none of the species cover large areas, in Tasmania
the individual species are so local that the island may be crossed
from north to south without a single indigenous species being met
with."* The species here described is one of the rarest and one
of the most peculiar of them, particularly in the scales of the
young cones assuming a pulpy texture and liright colour, a character
probably unitpie in the Order. Like the Saxegothtea, it forms a
direct transition from the Taxads to the Conifene with imbricated
leaves. The generic name is formed from /iaK(>ng (small) and Ktiy^piQ
(a cone).

Microcachrys tetragona.

A low straggling shrub with much elongated slender branches covered
with dark reddish brown bark. Rauiification tetrastichous (four-ranked) ;
branchlets short, four-angled, similarly ramified and falling off the third
or fourth year. Leaves in decussate pairs, ovate-rhomboid, sub-acute ;
on the young shoots, concrescent or closely imbricated ; on the axial
shoots longer, keeled and free at tlie acute tips, dark green, becoming
effete the third year. Flowers dioecious and terminal. Staminate
flowers small, ovoid or sub-cylindric, pale yellow, composed of numerous
stipitate two-lobed anthers, each with a triangular connective. Ovuli-
ferous flowers ovoid or globose, 0'25 inch long, bright red ; scales
spirally imbricated, each l)earing an inverted ovule and ultimately
becoming succulent.

Microcachrys tetragona, Hooker lil iu Lond. Joiirn. Bot. loc. cit. supra. Fl
Tasman. I. 358, with tig. ; and Bot. Mag. t. 5576. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II.
688. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 184. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 219.

Dacrydium tetragouum, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 496.

Microcachrys tetragona occurs only on the highest sumndts of
the Western Eange and Mount Lapeyrouse in Tasmania. It was
introduced to the Eoyal Gardens at Kew about the year 1857 by
Mr. William Archer on whose property it grew. Although of great
interest in a Ijotanical sense, its only value as a garden plant is for
conservatory decoration for which the elegant habit it can be made
to assume under pot culture, its neat foliage and Inight red fruits
render it highly suitaljle.

* Flora of Tasmania, 349.

12 4 -.0 7

(Jroup of Cujiri'ssineae at Wcstonbirt, Ciloucostc^T.shire.

ami 2 ThuUi giaaiitcti. '.i, Cnprcsatu Litwfoniann. 4, C. obliisd. .0 and 0, Libocedriis ilccurniis 7, Cuprcssus piiifcra sqttarrosa.

CONIFERS.

Trees or shrubs with resinous secretions and homomorphic
rarely dimorphic ramification. Leaves persistent, occasionally
deciduous. Staminate flowers composed of numerous stamens
arranged in close-set spirals around a common axis. Semi-
niferous flowers composed of a central axis on which the
ovuliferous scales are inserted spirally or in decussate pairs,
rarely in whorls of three ; scales made up of two parts, the
bract which is free, aduate at the base, or concrescent, and
the seminiferous ligneous, rarely fleshy, lamina bearing two
or more erect or pendulous ovules. Seeds 2 — 9, winged or
without wino-s and destitute of an arillus.

TRIBE-CUPRESSINE.E.

Flowers nioiioecious, rarely dioecious. Stamens in decussate pairs or
in whorls of three. Scales of the mature strobiles (fruits) opposite
or whiirled, rarely sul)-spirally arranged, consisting of two" parts although
apparently simple, the l»raet being concrescent with the scale except at
the apex. Ovules erect, 1 — 9 in one — two series.

SUB-TEIBE I.— JUXIPERIX.E.

Scales of strobiles (galbuli) concrescent and becoming fleshy.
Leaves homo- or dimorphic in whorls of three
or in decussate pairs. Staminate flowers axillary
or terminal ------- 1. — Juniperus.

SUB-TEIBE II.— THUrX.E.

Scales of strobiles ligneous in decussate pairs. Branchlets flattened
Dr angulate. Foliage dimorphic ; primordial leaves free and spreading ;
adult leaves squamiform, appressed or more or less concrescent. Scales
of strobiles in decussate pairs or sub-spirally arranged.
Flowers dioecious, uppermost scales only of the

strobiles fertile ------ 2. — Fitzroya.

Flowers monoecious, scales of strobiles thickened.
Scales of strobiles horizontal at the base with a
peltate expansion and bearing two or more
seeds -------- 3. — Cupressus.

164 JUNIPEKUS.

Scales of stroljiles ascending, olilong' or l)i'oa(lly
claN'ate.
Scales 8 — 12, more or less imbricated; seeds

winged or wingless - . - - . 4. — Thuin.
Scales 4 — 6, valvate, tlio middle or largest pair
only fertile ; seeds with an oljlique wing at
the apex -.--._. 5.— Liljocedrus.

JUNIPERUS.

Linnreus, Sj). Plant. II. 10-38 (1753). Endlicher, Synops. Couif. 7 (1847). Pailatoie,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 475 (1868). Beutham and Hooker, (len. Plant III. 427 (1881).
Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Xat. PH. Fani. 101 (1887) Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXX. 12 (1892).

The Junipers are evergreen, medium-sized, or low trees of pyramidal
or fastigiate hal;)it, Init in old age often with rounded or fattened
tops and irregular in outline ; or l)ushy shrubs of spreading haljit,
occasionally quite prostrate. Their habit is greatly nKjdified by
climate and locality, and in mountainous regions Ijy altitude and
aspect, so that the same species which are arborescent in the warmer
and more favoured districts are reduced to prostrate shrubs at their
northern limit or highest vertical range ; instances of these extreme
forms in lia1)it occur in JuniiKrus communis, J. cxcelsa, J. nrjirva^
J. virrjiniana and others. The foliage is dimorphic, consisting either
of pungent acicular or awl-shaped leaves in whorls of three, or of
small scale-like leaves closely imbricated or concrescent in decussate
pairs. In some species as ./. comviunis the acicular foliage is
constant ; in others, as J. cxce/s(f, J. vinjiniana, it prevails up to ten —
twelve or more years when it gradually gives place to the smaller
scale-like leaves ; in others again, as J. chinensis, Ijoth forms of lea^■es
are present from a very early age ; in tlie typical J. Sahiita, at least
in Great Britain and in a few otlier species, the scale-like leaves
only are })resent.

The essential cliaracters of the genus may be teclmieally expres.sed
thus : —

Flowers mouceciou.s or dioeciou.s, the latter ^jredoniiiiating, axilliiry or
teriuiiial on .short lateral l)ranchlet.s of the preeediny year.

Stauiinate flower.s solitary, rarely elustered, on "short footstalks
slieathed by a few minute involucral bracts, light yelloM'. Stanien.s
luuiicrous in decu.s.sate pairs or whorls of three, the .seal.'-likc connective
bearnig on the iiuier surface two — six anther cells.

Uvuhferoiis flowers composed of two— thret^ .series of scales in opposite
pan-s or wJK.rls of tlu'ee, and bearing at the base of the inner side,
one — two erect ovules.

Fruits (galbuli) maturing the second year, or later, compcsed of
nmcronate, concrescent fleshy scales that are smooth or tul)erculose,.
bluish black or l)rown in colom-. and b.-aring two — live seeds.

JUNIPERUK. 165

The most ol)vious distinguisliing character of the Junipers consists

in the fruit Ix'ing succulent, consolidated and slightly reduced in the

nunilier of its ] tarts. ^V suhordinate distinguishing character is seen

in the ternate arrangement of the acicular leaves.

The nuniher of species has lieen variously estimated according to

the views of the authors who have described or enumerated them,

thus -Carriere describes forty including several but doubtfully

admitted, Parlatore twenty-seven, Gordon thirty-six, and in the

" Genera Plantarum " ]\Ir. Bentham estimated the number to be about

twenty-five.* But whatever may l)e the number of species, they are all

reducible to a series of types comparatively few in numl^er, around

which the species may be grouped, but the species themselves or the

forms recognised as such are in several cases separated from each

other by little else than geographical position. The genus admits

of a division into two well-marked sections thus distinguished : —

(JxYCEDRi. Leaves homomorphic, acicular or awl-sliaped, more or less
spreading and arranged in whorls of three. Flowers mostly dioecious,
solitary and axillary. Fruits relatively large and containing three seeds
or fewer by aljortion.

Sabix.e. Leaves dimor})hic, acicular or scaledike, the latter always
arranged in decussate pairs on fertile branches and on adult plants.
Flowers terminal on short lateral branches of the preceding year.
Fruits relatively small and containing for the most part a single seed.
Endlicher constituted the Syrian Juniper, /. drupacea, a distinct
section under the name of Caryocedrus on account chieily of the seeds
])eing coalescent in the centre of the fruit. t Practically this species
may be included in the (Jxycedri.
The Junipers inhabit both the eastern and western continents from
the Arctic I'egions to the verge of the Torrid zone ; in Asia including
China and Japan in the east and Persia and Asia Minor in the
west; in Africa, part of the Mediterranean littoral, the Canary Islands,
and an outlying species in Abyssinia (J. ijrocera) ; in America
spreading southwards far into ^Mexico and into the Wesc India
Islands. In places they cover large areas unmixed with other
vegetation, as in the arid region Ijetween the Eocky Mountains and
the Sierra Xe\"ada and on the north-west Himalaya at the highest
vertical limit of arborescent vegetation up to 15,000 feet above sea-
level.

The economic value of the Junipers is not very great. AVhere they
attain a timber-like size, the Avood is light, fragrant, close-grained and
of a reddish Itrown colour as that of /. virginiana and /. bermudiana

* Traito General des Coiiiieres. ed II. (1S67). De Candolle's Prodronius, Vol. XVI. (1868).
The Pinetiuii, ed. II. (1875). Genera Plantarum, Vol. Ill (1881). Xo genus in the
Conifer?e stands in more urgent need of revision than Juniperus ; the task, however, is an
exceedingly difficult one in the absence of living fruiting specimens of many of the species
which, owing chiefly to climatic causes, cannot be cultivated in the open ground in this
country.

t Synopsis Coniferaruni. p. 8. As no fruits of Junijicrus drupacea are produced in this
country, the author has not had an op])ortunity of verifying this.

166 JUXII'ERUS r.EKMUDIANA.

which is much used in th" manufacture (if "cedar pencils" and domestic,
furniture, and that of /. rerurra and J. exrelsa, the latter of whiidi
is used for all kinds of ctaistructive purposes in the mountainous region
of north-west India.* The fruits of the Savin were formerly used as a
diuretic in medicine, and those of the connnon Juniper are still
employiHl in large quantities for flavouring gin. In horticulture, some
of the arborescent species of the temperate zone, as J. rhineims,,
J. virginiana and the fastigiate form of /. rornvmniH are much used
in ornamental planting ; the shrubby species for the most jiart occupy
but a subordinate place although several handsome forms of prostrate
Irabit are to l)e found among them. An essential condition for the
successful cultivation of the Junipers is free exposure to sun and air.

Juniperus is the Latin name of tlie rJuniper, and appears to have
been applied indiscriminately to most of the species common in southern
Europe in the same way as the Greeks applied the names Kilpoq and
apKEvHog.

Juniperus bermudiana.

A monoecious tree attaining a height of 50 — 60 feet with a broadly
conical crown, the trunk often 2 — 3 feet in diameter near the base,
and covered with dark l)rown bark which in the younger trees peels
off in shreds, but in the older ones becomes hard, rugged and irregularly
fissured. Branches spreading or ascending ; branchlets much ramified,
ramification tetrastichous (four - ranked), the youngest liranchlet system
ramified in the same way. Leaves dimorphic ; on young trees and
on the older shoots of those more advanced in age, in whorls of three,,
acicular, concave with two stomatiferous lines above, convex beneath,,
becoming effete on the axial growths the second or third year ; on
the younger lateral shoots and on adult trees scaleJike, ovate, acute,,
imbricated and In'ight green. Staminate flowers with eight — ten anthers.
Fruits (gall)uli) solitary or in twos and threes in and near the axils of
the youngest branchlet systems, 0'3 — 0"5 inch in diameter, smooth, not
glaucous, reddish l)rown with a purplish tinge when mature.!

Juniperus l)erniudiana, Linuivns, Sp. Plant II. 1039 (1753). Endlicher, Synops.
Conif. 29. Hooker W. in Loud. Jouin Bot. II. 141, t. 1. Carri&re, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 49 Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 490. Henislev in Gard. Cluon. XIX.
(1883), p. 656, witli tigs. Sargent in Garden and Forest, IV. (1891), 289, with
figs And many others.

The Bermuda" Juniper still forms the most innmiiient feature of

the flora of the little ocean-girt group of islets from which it

derives its S[)ecifie name, although the woodcutter's axe has long

since removed most of the serviceaVde trees for the use of the

shiplniilder and for the manufacture of " cedar " pencils for which the

wood was at one time much in re(juest, but now superseded by that

of the cheaper and more accessible Juniperus rirf/uivnif'. Nevertheless

a few old trees standing in cemeteries and other i)articular spotn

afiord ample evidence of what a picturesque and e\'en l)eautiful object

* Aitchison in .Journal of the Linnean Society, XVIII. 97.

t Fruiting sprays were coniiniuiicated l>y the late M. Cliarles Naudin from tlie ViUa
Thuret Botanic garden, Antilles.

.TUNIPEUUS ('ALIFORNK'A. 1()7

tills Jniiijier is wiu'if otlier trees are scarce.* It grows well-nigh
everywhere on the islands, in the most diverse situations from the-
low lirackish swamps along the sea-shore to the (hy limestone hills'
inland. A letter written by Sir Hans Sloane to Mr. Eay, the
eminent naturalist, contains e\'idence that the Bermuda Juniper was
cultivated in this country in lG84,f and according to Dnulon, also
in the following century by I'liilip Miller at Chelsea, but it is too
tender for the open ground ; it has long been a denizen of the
Temperate House in the Eoyal Gardens at Kew.

Junii>erui< hprDiudiana att'onls an instructive instance nf the niauuer
in wliich an insular tl<>ra uriginates. Its nearest attinity is the Red
Cedai', J. riiyuiiana, from which it is chiefly distinguished l)y its
stouter hrancldets, its longer and more obtuse glandular leaves, its
larger staminate flowers with more scales and its larger differently
coloured fruits. Tlie Red Cedar is alnnidant all over the eastern
portion of the Xortli American continent from Canada to Florida ; its
fruits are devoured liy Itirds which void the hard seeds without
injin-y, and by them /. viiyiniana has been widely dispersed over the
American continent and the adjacent islands, and hypothetically by the
same agency transj)lanted to the Bermudas at a remote epoch, for
pieces of " cedar " wood were found at a depth of 50 feet below
loAV-water mark during the dredging operations undertaken l)y the
British naval authorities for the construction of a dock. Thus during
the course of ages under the influence of tlie insular climate the
Bermuda Juniper has gradually diverged from the parent stock to sucli
a degree as to l)e recognised as specifically distinct. Analogous
instances occur in the Azores and the Canary Islands which are
inhabited liy dunipers tliat are undouljted offshoots of /. Oxycedrua
widely distributed over tlie ^Mediterranean region.

Juniperus californica.

A tree occasionally -40 feet in height with a straight Iargedol)ed,
unsymmetrical trunk 1 — 2 feet in diameter ; more often shrubliy with
numerous stout, often contorted Immches which form a l)road open
head. Branchlets stout, at tirst light yellow-green changing to bright
redd)rown in their third or fourth season, and at the end of
four or five years after the leaves have fallen, covered with thin
greydjrown scaly Ijark. Leaves usually in threes, closely appressed,
slightly keeled and glandular pitted at the base, distinctly fringed on
the margin, light yellow-green, about 0J25 inch long and becoming
effete in the third year ; on vigorous shoots and young plants, linear-
lanceolate, rigid, pungent, 0'25 — 0*4 inch long, whitish on the upper
surface. Staminate flowers al)out 0*2 inch in length witli eigliteen —
twenty-four stamens. Fruits globose, somewhat more than 0*25 inch in
diameter, reddish brown with a thick glaucous bloom. — Sargent, Silra of
North America, X. 79, t. 517.

* Excellent illustrations of this are given in Garden and Forest, \o\. IV. (1891), i)j)
294, 295.

t Henislev in Gardeners' Chronicle, XIX. (1S83), ]•. 656.

168 .lUNlPERUS CALlFOliXICA.

Jnniperus califoniica, Canit'ie, Revue Hoit. (1854), p. 352, with tig. ; and Tiaite
Conif. ed. II. 41. Eiigfliiiaini in Trans. Aead. St. Louis, III. 558. Brewer
and Watson, Bot. Califor. II. 113. Beissnei', Xadelliolzk. 113. Masters in Jonrn.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 211.

J. occidentalis, Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (in jiart). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVl.
489 (in part). And others.

J. pyriforniis, Lindley in Gard. Cliron. (1855), j). 420.

The species descriV)ed above was for a lonjj; time confounded with
Jnniperus occidcntnlis, from which it is not easily distinguishable in
herliarium specimens, howevei distinct in lia1>it and asjject the two
may appear in their native country. It has a restricted range on
the lower slopes and lowlands of California from the valley of the
i^acramento southwards into Lower California ; it also occurs on the
westei-n slopes of the Sierra Nevada as far north as Kernville.

Juniperus californica was introduced to the Yeitcliian nursery at
Exeter about the same time as the "NVellingtonia (1853) by William
Lobli, who had gathered seeds on tlie San Bernardino mountains in
south California. Plants were subsequently distributed under Dr. Lindley's
name of /. 2^y>'{foi'niis, but their unsuitalJeness for the British climate
soon became apparent ; the very few plants of /. californica still living
in this country are I'eferred to /. occidentalis.

Two closely allied forms or climatic variations of Jnniperus californica
may be here noticed.

JuDiperus mexicana.

Schlechtendal in Linnsea, V. 97 (1830) ; and XII. 494 (1838). Endliclier, Svnops.
Conif. 28. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 491. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. 11. 47.
And other?,

A tree ranging fnnu 20 to 30 feet liigli, in some })laces attaining
greater dimensions, Init at its liigliest vertical range reduced to a low
straggling .shrub. It is sjjread over the mountains and high plateau
of Mexico from the Sierra Madre southwards at elevations ranging
from 6,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level. Carriere states that it was
introduced into European gardens in 1841.

Juniperus utahensis.

Lennnon, Reiiort Caliturnia State linard of Fure.stry, III. 1S3, t. 28 (1890), ex
Sargent, Silva of N. Anier. X. 81, t. 518. J. californica var. utahensis, Engel-
niann, Trans. Acad. St. Louis, III. 588.

Thi.s takes tlie ])lace of Jtinipenis californica in tin- arid region
lying between the Sierra Nevada of California and tlie Kucky ]Muuntains
wlicre it ■ is very abundant, iji places forming stunted forests above
."),000 up to 8,000 feet elevation. \i differs from /. califcrrni'-a in
its more slender branches and usually glandless leaves, and in its
smaller and generally one-seeded fruits. It i.-< geogra]>hically .sei)arated
friim that species liy the Mdliavc desert. It atturds tlie cheapest and
most accessilde fuel in the desert region wliidi it inliabits, but is
rapidly rli.xai)i>earing to supply the wants <d" mincis and others.*
J. idahf'nM.< is jirubably not in cultivation in (Ireat Britain.

* Silva of Xortli America, hn: rit. nu/)ra.

JUXIPEKUS CHIXEXSIS. 169

Juniperus chinensis.

A (lid'cidus ti-ct' of elongated conical or columnar outline attaining
ill China and Jajian a lu-iglit of GO — 70 feet, Imt much less at
high altitudes Avhcre it is reduced to a low tree or dense shrul). In
(/ireat Britain usually a slender medium-sized tree of columnar Imt
occasionally pyramidal outline. l^rimary In-anclies of male trees short,
stontish, close-set, spreading or ascending and much ramified ; of female
trees longer, more slender, spreading and less densely ramified.
Branchlets with dark chestnut-lirown bark that is paler on the younger
growths ; ramification mostly tetrastichous, that of the herl)aceous shoots
[)innate and ves-y slender. Leaves dimiu'iihic : on young plants and on
the sterile liranchlets of older ones, in whorls of three, subulate, pnngent,
spreading, 0-25 — 0-5 inch long ; concave, greyish white Avith green
median and marginal lines on the ventral side ; convex, wholly green
and sometimes with a narrow gland on the dorsal side ; in the fertile
liranches and youngest shoots in decussate pairs, scale-like, ovate, obtuse,
concrescent or closely imbricated, bright green. Staminate flowers
very numerous, fusiform-cylindric, composed of eight — twelve stamens,
light yellow. Fruits somewhat variable in form and size, spherical
or top-shaped, 0-2o — O'-t inch in diameter, blackish blue with a
glaucous bloom when mature.

Juniperus chinensis, Linnreus. Mantissa, 127 (1771). Siebold and Zuecarini, Fl.
Jap. II. 58, tt. 126, 127. Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2505, with tigs.
Forbes, Pinet. AVoburn, 208, t. 65. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 20. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 29. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. 487 "(e.xcL Indian habitat). Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 158. Beissner. Xadelholzk. 118. witli tio;s. Masters in Jouni. R.
Hort. Soc. XIV. 221.

J. flagelliformis, Hort. J. neaborensis, Hort.

Eng. Chinese Juniper. Fr. Genevrier de Chine. Germ. Chinesischer SadeViaum.
Ital. Ginepro clunese.

var.—albo variegata.

(_)f dwarfer, denser habit than the connnon form and mostly with
acicular foliage that is more glaucous and with many of the liranchlets
and terminal shoots cream-white.

J chinensis albo-variegata, Hort. J. chinensis variegata Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 159.
J. clnnensis procunibens albo-variegata, Hort. J. japonica albo-variegata, Hort.

var.— aurea.

This has the whole of the current year's growth suffused with golden
yellow Avhich is heightened by full exposure to the sun and which
gradually changes to the normal green colour in the following season.
J. chinensis aurea. Hort.

var. — procumbens .

.V dwarf shrub with robust s}n'eading often procumbent elongated
branches and short branchlets. Leaves on young plants acicular, marked
with two silvery lines above and bright green beneath; in old jJants and
in the variegated forms scale-like in decussate pairs. procumbenS
aurea has the growth of the current season tinged with g<dden yidlow
which changes to light green in the folloAving year. prOCUmbenS
aureo- variegata has many of the branchlets and terminal growths
deep golden yelLiw.

170 JUNII'EKUS COMMUNIS.

J. fliiucnsis piocuniln'us, Eiidlicher, Syii()])S. Conif. 21. Beissiier, Nadelholzk.
121. J. profuiuliL'u.s, Sit'liold and Zucc-aiiiii, Fl. Jap. II. 59, t. 127, fig 3.
J. japoiiiea, Carrit-ie, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 31. Gordon, Pinet ed. II. 160.

Other varieties an' known us Jarahicvta, ixnidula, junidula aurea and
l>iira)in<lali!<.
Althou,^h long- recognised as one of the most ornamental of Juni})ers
for the lawn and tlower-garden very little is known iesi)eetiug the
haliitat and distribution of Jimvperus chiuoisw. Specimens of untloubted
Chinese origin are preserved in the national Herljaria l.»ut these are
mostly from cultivated plants, and no record is found of its having
been seen growing wild in an}' locality in China accessible to
Europeans ; a circumstance easil}' accounted for l)y the presence
everywhere of a dense ])opulation.* It appears to grow spontaneously
on the mountains of central Japan, and there is ample evidence of its
having been for centuries past cultivated 1:)y the Japanese.f

Jzmiperux cMnen>iU was introduced into British gardens in 1804 along,
with other Chinese plants Ijy AA^illiam Kerr, a young gai'dener employed
in the Royal Cardens at Kew who was sent on a botanical uiission to
the Far East in 1803.| Its remarkable adaptability to a wide range of
temjierature is shown l)y its endurance of our severest winters without
injury, and by its Adgorous and healthy growth in the sub-tropical IJotanic
Gardens of Sydney and Adelaide in Australia. (.)f the varieties cultivated
in Great Britain aurea is by far the most ornamental that has originated
in Euroi)ean gardens ; the others described above were introduced from
Japan by the late Mr. John Gould A'eitch and jNIr. Robert Fortune with
the exception of a ^dgorous form of proru)iil>e)i,s which was distril)uted
from an Engbsb luu'sery.

Juniperus communis.

In Great Britain usually a shrub with sprea(bng sometimes.
in'ostrate Imuiches wliicli turn upwards at tlie end, and wliicli with
their appendages form a more or les.s dense Imsli several feet through
but not more tlian :> lo .'> feet liigh : les.-^ fre(iuently a low
tree 15 — 20 or more feet high with relatively short spreading or
ascending branches covered with smooth reddisli lnown liark, ami
much ramified at the distal end. Branchlets slender, from wliieh
munerous herbaceous .shoots are pioduced at short intervals in a ioui-
ranked arrangement, but which is often mueh obscured. Eeaves in
whorls of three, sul»ulate, rigid, pungent or spine-tipped, spreading
nearly at a right angle to the shoot, 0-2") — O'") im-li long, silvery
white with green margins above, grass-green and obscurely keeled

* An lnTliarinin siicciini'ii gatli<'ic(l l)y Sii' .Idsi'pli Honker in Tilictian territory nortli of
Sikkim is, witliout douKt, indigfuuus and atlords i-vidcnci- ol the privsence of tln' Chinese
Jnnii>ir in a Incality vciy remote from tliat from wliieli it was originally introduced.

t Two veneralih' Junipers 70 to SO feet liigii with hollow trunks more than six feet in
diameter standing in front of a Buddliist temple in Xangano, Japan, and which must l)e
several centiu'ies old, are referred to Jmiijirnis rhinenxis liy Professor Sargent, Forest
Flora of Japan, p. 78.

* His name is conunemorated liy the genus Kerria. Among otiier heauti ul ]ilants.
intrediieed liy iiim was tiie grand old Tiger Ijily, Li/iiim li(jriituiii.

JUXU'Klirs COMMUNIS. 171

beneath. Staiuiiiate Howers vciv small, axillurv eoinposml of tifteen —
eighteen stamens in five — six whorls. ( )vulifcrous flowers consisting of
three divergent ovulifenms scales, and three niimite fleshy scales
alternating with them below and adnate to them at the liase. Fruits
numerous, solitary in the axils of tlie leaves, on short footstalks
clothed with minute triangular imbricated scales, ripening in the second
year, at first green, changing to blackish violet with glaucous bloom,
about one-fifth of an inch in diameter and containing three seeds.

Juiiiperus coiiniiuiiis. LiuiK^-iis, Sp. Plant. II. 1040 (17.'»3). Pallas, Fl. ross.
I. 12, t. 4 (17S4;. L. C. Kiehard, ilem. sur les Coiiif. 33 (1826). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IV. 2489. with tii^s. Endlicher, S\nioi)S, Conif. 15. Caniere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 17. Parlatore," D. C. Prodr. XVI. 471. Braudis, Forest Fl. Ind.
535. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 131. Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calitbr. II, 113.
Willkonmi, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 261, with fig. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 707.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 133, with tigs. Sowerbv, Eng. Bot. VIII. 273, t. 882.
Hooker til. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 646. Masters in'jounK R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 212.
Sargent, Silva N. Anier. X. 75, t. 516. And nuuiy others.

J. canadensis, (Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 129.

Eng. .Tunijier. Anicr. Ground Cedar. Fi". (renevrier coninuin. Germ.
Wachholder, Mac-hliolder. Kranawett. and others. Ital. (Huepro ordinario.
Span. Eneliro. Port. Zinibro.

var. — aureo-variegata.

All or nearly all the terminal growths of the current year golden
yellow which changes in the following season to the normal colour of
the species. The golden variegation occurs in two distinct forms, the
one arl)orescent or spreailing, the other dwarf or procuml)ent.

J. communis aiu'eo-variegata, Hort. ex Beissner, Nadelholzk. 138. J. communis

aurea, Hort. .T. canadensis aurea, Hort.

var. — craco vica .

An arborescent form with spreading branches and long, slender, some-
what distant, sub-pendtdous branchlets which are at first yellowish and
furnished with longer leaves than in the conniion duniper.

J. connmmis craco\-iea,* Loddiges, ex Loudon, .Art), et Frut. Brit. IV. 2490
(craeovia;. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 132. Beissner, Xadelholzk, 136.

var. — fastigiata .

An erect low tree 12 — L") or more feet high, of slender
columnar habit : the branches and their ramifications erect, rigid and
closely appressed to the i)rincii)al stems and to each other ; the
youngest In-anchlets short and furnished with close-set leaves that are
smaller and n.sually more luightly coloiu'ed than in the coiimiou form.
The variety cultivated in gardens under the name of COmpreSSa is a
diminutive form of fa^fiijiafa.

J. couinmnis fastigiata, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. X\'I 497. J. eummunis sueeica,
Loudon, Arl) et. Frut. Brit. IV. 2487. Carriere, Traite Conif ed. IL 18.
J, communis hiberniea, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II 132. Beissner, X^adelholzk 136.
J. eonnnunis arliorescens, Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 16. .T. hibernic-a compressa,
Hort. Swedish Juniper.

var. — hemisplia3rica.

A small ca?spito.se bush usually of hemispheric form with short,
much ramified liranches and branchlets, the latter clothed with leaves

* This variety is said to have originated in the neighboiu'hood of Cracow ; it may be so
.since the common Juniper is abundant on the Cariiathian Mouutains.

172 JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS.

like those (if till' ('(iimiinii f(iriii but siiiallcv, iiku'c crowded, almost
iuilirit'atcil (in Ih'itish gardens), white ahove, distinctly keeled beneath.

•1. roiinmiiiis lieiiiispliii'rica, Parlatorc, 1). C. Prodr. XVI. 479. Bcissner,
XiuU'lliolzk. 137. ,1 nana lifiiiispliii'iica, Canieie, Traite Conif. cd II 16.
.1. heniisiihivrica, Presl. Dolic. Prag. 142. Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 12. Gordon,
Pinet. cd. II. 1.34. J. echinolbrnus, Hort.

var. nana.

.V dwarf <leciunbent or i)rostrate shrub with short thickish branches
uiurli ranutied. Branchlets short. Leaves smaller than in the
<iimmnn form, close-set, incurved, almost ind)ricated. Fruits smaller
but in other respects conforming to the type.

J. coninmnis nana, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2489, with tig. J.
nana, Wildenow, Sp. Plant IV. 8."j4. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 1.3. Carriers,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 14. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 136. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 132.
J eoniniunis alpina, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 480.

var.— oblonga.

A large bush or low tree with somewhat slender, spi'eading or
suli-pendulous branches and with angular, slender, elongated branchlets.
Leaves longer and more spreading than in the common form, white
above and bright green beneath. Fruits elliptic-oblong, not spherical.

.1. communis oblonga, Loudon, Arb et Frut. Brit. IV. 2489. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 479. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 137. J. oblonga, Bieberstein, Fl.
taurico - cauc. II 426. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 19. Gordon, Pinet. ed.
II. 137 (oblongata). J. communis caucasica, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 16.

The mo.st striking fact respecting the common Juniper is the
enormous area over which it is spread. On the eastern continent
it is distrilmted over tlie whole of Europe and Asia north of and
including the series of great mountain chains extending eastwards
from Spain to China, and restricted nortlnvards only l)y the limits
imposed liy climate on arborescent vegetation, and excluding the
steppe and desert regions of soutli-east Europe and Central Asia.
On the western continent its range northwards is only checked by
tlie same cause as in the eastern, whilst southwards it spreads on
the Atlantic side to the highlands of Pennsylvania ; in the central
region to northern Nebraska and along the IJocky Mountains to
Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas ; and on the Pacific side
from Alaska to northern California.*

Juniperii)^ nyuiniunix varies exceedingly in habit according to the latitude
and vertical elevation at which it is foinid ; in valleys and lowlaiuls it
attains tlie dimensions of a tree 20 — 2.5 or more feet high; on
mountain sIojk-s and on exjiosed hill-sides it is mostly a den.se shrub
3 — o feet high; and at the highest elevations and in the highest
latitudes in which it can live it is a prostrate bush, rising but a
few inches above tlie ground. The varieties described above are all
geograpliical deviations from the ordinary type Avith the exception of
aurpo-raripiiata, which is of garden origin. From a horticultural stand-
point they are sui)erior to the eoimnon form as decorative ])lants, and
among the most u.seful of their kimk esin-cialiy fa4i<iiafa, the well-known
* Sargent, Silva nf Xnrth America, .\. 77.

JUXIPEKUS DULTACEA.

173

Swedish Juiiii)er so calknl from its Scaiuliiiaviau origin. The variety
hemUplKeyit'Ci, found wild in heech-woods covering the higher slopes of
the mountains uf Greece and southern Italy, and also on ^Nlount Etna,
is a moditication or climatic form of the widely dispersed variety nana
of northern latitudes ; this variety also occurs on the mountains i>f
Europe, ascending to 6,000 — 7,500 feet on the Alps ; it is also
abundant on the north-western Himalaya up to 14,000 feet. The
A'ariety ohiow/a of the Caucasian region is yjrobably not in cultivation
in this country ; the ohlomja pendida of gardens is not a variety of
/. coinmuni'< but a svnonym of /. faxifolia, a species inhaliiting northern
China.

Xot much can be said of the economic value of the common
Juniper, as it rarely attains a sufficient size to yield Avorkable timber.
In India the twigs are burned as incense, and in the higher
Himalayan passes the wood is used for fuel. The fruit is extensively
used on account of the diuretic properties which it imjiarts to gin,
and when crushed and distilled, yields an essential oil.

Juniperus drupacea.

Fig. -ji}. Juniperus drupacea.
(Fiom the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

\ dioecious tree 25 — 30 feet
high, trees of the two sexes
differing somewhat in habit ; the
male dense, of columnar or sharply
conical outline with short branches,
the female more diffuse with longer
spreading branches. In Great
Britain the older trees densely
columnar with a single or divided
trunk, in the latter case the
secondary trunks erect or but slightly
divergent. Primary branches short,
ascending and covered with reddish
bark ; secondary branches short
and irregularly disposed. Leaves
persistent four — five years, homo-
morphic, in whorls of three, linear-
acicular, rigid, pungent, and
spreading, 0"5 — 0"75 inch long,
slightly concave Avitli two greyish
Avhite stomatiferous lines above,
sharply keeled and light green
lieneath. Staminate flowers in
clusters of three — six each com-
posed of nine — twelve stamens,
and surrounded at the base by
six, in two series of tliree, ovate,

leaf-like, strongly keeled bracts
the leaves. Fruits ovoid, obtuse
in diameter, consisting of six — nine
closely united, fleshy scales in verticils of three, enclosing a hard bony
kernel generallv containing three coalescent seeds, but sometimes by

about one-fourth as long

or sub-spherical, about an inch

174 .irXU'EKUS EXCELSA.

iHiii-(lcv('l(i|iinciit only imc : tlic flcsliy external covcvinn- deep purple
with a ,<;lanc()us lilonni.

.luiiiiHTUs (Inqiacea, Lal)illiU(liei('.* Plant, syr. (lecad. II. ]-}, t. S (1791). Loudon,

Alb. ft Frut. Brit. IV. 2494, witli tigs. Endlicliei', Syno]>s. Conif. 8. Lindley

in (iard. Cliron. \i^.'>.'>, )>. 4.5.5, with tig. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 8.

Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 476. Goidon, Pinet. ed. II. 133. Boissier, Fl.

orient. V. 706. Tristram. Fl. Pal. 4.")]. Beissner. Nadelliolzk. 140. blasters in

.lourn R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 212.

Eng. Syrian Juniper, The Arceutlios. Fr. Genpvrier de la Syrie. Germ. Stein-

tViielitiger" or Ptlaunienfriichtiger Wacliholder Ital. Ginepro della Siria.

The earliest notice of Janipcras dnqmcca occurs in a work liy Pierre
Belon pulilislied in Paris in 1588 and entitled " Les observations de
plusieurs sin,^•ulal•ites et choses ineniorables trouvees en Greee, Asie,
etc.," his description of the fruit being sutticiently clear for the
identification of the species. The author first met witli it while
makintf the ascent of Mount Lebanon+ wliere it is still coinnion ;
it is also common on Anti-Lebanon whence it spreads northwards
along the Syrian coast range to tlie Cilician Taurus wdiere it attains
its o-reatest development. On lUilghar-Dagh and Khara-Dagh it is
verv abundant l)etween 1,750 and 5,550 feet elevation, in some places
forminu an undergrowth in the light Oak and Pine forests, in otliers
coverin<4 large stretches unmixed. It was introdured into European
-gardens by Theodor Kotschy in 1854.

Juniperus ilmparea lias .secured a jilare in many ItritisU ^arden.s on
account of its liardiness, tlie uni(|Ue .shade of ^reeii of its foliage, and
tlie small space it reipiires. I!ut altliouoli «(> long ;i denizen of this
country it is a cm-ious fact that no fruit-l)earing trees have been
()l)served, or if oljserved not recorded. It is highly probable that
(lioecity in this species is absolute, and that the male form only is in
cultivation ; and as propagation is easily effected Ijy means of cuttings
that form alone has lieen perpetuated. J Hiehe states that the fruits
are eaten l)y the iidiabitants of th(> villages situated high \\\) on the
Cilician Taurus.?;

Juniperus excelsa.

A monoecious tree|| of very variable dimensions in dillcrent localities
of the extensive region over which it is spread. At its greatest
d(;velo])ment it attains a height of 50 — 70 or more feet with a slender
trunk often not more than 12 — 1.') inches in diameter; more frequently
a smaller tree 30 — 4.5 feet high with a thicker trunk ; at its highest

* Labillardiere travelled in tiie Levant in 1787 — 1789: the descriptions and figures of
the plants lie di.scovered were jadilished in Paris two years afterwards in five decades.

t This was ahfuit the year IfiDO according to Loudon wiio i]Uotes Belon's account of the
Cedai-8. Tliis intrej>id traveHer was one of the first Europeans who saw them after tlie
Turkisli conquest of Syiia.

* From a communication received from Signor (Jaeta of Florence, it would seem that tlie
fniiting of Juiii/nrus drujimea is an extremely rare occurrence in Italy.

S (iartenfloia, 1897, p. 207.

1 Walter Siehe in Gartenfiora, 1897, ]>. 210, states the trees observed by liim on the
Cilician Taunis were for the most jiart diiecious, and tliat the two sexes are easily
distinguishable The scaledike leaves of tlie male trees aie thicker and of a brighter gi'een
than tliose of the fruit-lieanng trees.

.FUNIFERUS EXCELSA. 175

vertical limit reduced t) a small eonfusi'd bush scarcely knee high,
liark uf trunk tihrous, peeling ofi' in hmgitudinal shreds, that of the
branches pale brown and sniouth. Primary branches spreading or
ascending; secondary, lu'anclies short, nnich ramitie(l, and terminating in
numerous slender leafy branchlets pinnately di\ideil. Leaves diiii(ir])hic ;
on the axial shoots in whorls of three, uvate-triangular, acute, adnate
at tlie base, free at the apex, with a small oblong gland on the
dorsal, and a white stomatiferous band on the ventral side, Ijecoming
ett'ete the third or fourth year; on the younger branchlets in decussate
pairs, scaledike, imbricated, concrescent or closely appressed, dull, dark
green, often with a grey margin. Staminate flowers very numerous,
terminal on short branchlets of the preceding year, oval, pale yellow,
consisting of nine anther lolies. Fruits spherical, somewhat larger than
a large pea, mostly in clusters of live — nine or more, dark glaucous
jnirple composed of six concrescent scales each with a small transverse
umbo.

.luniperus exeelsa, Bieber»teiii, Fl taurieo-caucas. II. 42.5 (ISOS). Loudon, Arb.
et Frut. Brit IV 2503 (in part). Eiidlicher. Syuops. Coiiif 25. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. .36. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 484 Braiidis, Forest Fl N.W.
India, 538.* Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 143. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 708. Aitehison
in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 97. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 112. Masters in .Tourn.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 212.

J. plicenicea, Pallas, Fl. ross. I. 16, t. 7 (not Linnanis.

J. religiosa, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 39 : and Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 148
(not Royle\

Eng. Greek Juniper, TallJuniper. Fr. Genevrier d'orient. CJenn Holie Sadebanm.
Ital. Ginepro greco.

var. — stricta.

Difl'er.s fiuni the common foiiu in ha\ing a more tapering outline and
a more glaucous foliage, imparting to the jJant a greyisli white aspect
when viewed from a distance. It is of garden origin.
J. exeelsa stricta, Hort. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 112.

The geographical range of Juniperus exeelsa is ^■el•y extensive,
comparable in this respect with -/. virginiana of which it is the
representative in tlie eastern hemisphere. But whilst '/. virginiana
attains its greatest development in the low-lying, swampy lands of tlie
south-eastern States of Xorth America, J. exeelsa is for the most part
an alpine tree that attains its greatest size on mountain slopes
3,000 — 5,000 feet above sea-level. Its western limit is in the islands
of the (ireek Archipelago, whence it spreads eastwards through Asia
Minor, Syria, Persia and the Himalaya as far as Xepal, inhabiting
well-nigh all the high mountain chains between lat. 30° and 45° i^.
and long. 25° and 80° E. On the Cilician Taurus it forms forests
many miles in extent along the lower fringe of the Cedar lielt in
which trees 70 — 90 feet high are not infret|uent.-f- Towards its
eastern limit its vertical range is greater and much higher ; on the
mountains .skirting the Kuram valley in Afghanistan it forms fully

* Referred to Boissier's Juniperus inacrojmla by Sir. J. D. Hooker in Flora of British
India, V. 647.

t AValter Sielie in Gartenflora, 1897, p. 208, with fig.

176 JUNirERUS EXCELSA.

half the forest at 9,000 feet elevation: on the sunnnits of the limestone
formation at 10,000 — 12,000 feet and in the neighljourhood of (,^)uelta
it is the only valuable timber tree.* On the inner drier ranges of the
Himalaya it ascends to 15,000 feet where it Ijecomes a stunted l)usli.

The economic value nf Juniperus excelsa is very considerable in all the
districts in which it i^^ aljundant. The heart-wood is of a deep red
colour, delightfully fragrant, durable and easy to work ; it is used for all
kinds of constructive purposes and indoor carpentry. The peiiple of the
Harial) district in Afghanistan make pads of the strips of its tibrnus bark
on which they carry their water-jugs.

The date of the introduction of Junq>erus exceha into British gardens
is not accurately known. As Loudon has mixed up this sj^ecies with
another Juniper from Siberia descrilied l^y Pallas and a third found on
the Rocky Mountains liy Lewis and Clark, his statement that it was
introduced in 1806 by Sir Joseph Banks is open to doubt, the more so
as it is not mentioned by Alton in the second edition of the "Hortus
Kewensis " published in 1813. The oldest trees in British gardens are
of columnar or elongated conical habit, from 20 to 25 feet high and of
rather dark aspect ; but in its young state Junipprux e.creJsa is A'ery
ornamental and easily distinguished amidst its surroundings Ijy its dark
green colour apparently covered with tine dust which is an o^^tical effect
produced l)y the grey stomatiferous lines of the acicular leaves.

With Jiiniperus excelsa may be grouped three Junipers which ha\'e
received specific rank at the hands of the several 1)otanists who have
dealt with them, but who seem to have relied upon characters of
insufficient value for specific distinction even if they are Cdnstant, and of
this further evidence is desirable.

Juniperus foetidissima.

Wildfuew, Sii. Plant. IV. 843. Eiidlieln.T. Syiieiis. Conif. ib. Parlatore, D. C
Prodr. XVI. 485. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 710. And others.

This occurs, according to Parlatore, on the mountains of Greece and
spreads eastwards through xVsia jNIinor to Armenia and the Caucasian
provinces and also to the Cilician Taurus and Syria often associated with
Juni}>erus exreha. It is saitl to ditt'er from J. I'.m'lm in its tlurker
branchlets ; in its larger, more sliarply jxnnted leaves that are for the
most part glandless and free at tin,' apex ; and in its larger fruits df a
different colour with fewer .seed.s,t characters I have failed tn diseern in
.s})ecimens to which I have had access.

Juniperus macropoda.

Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 709. HuokiT lil. Fl, Brit. Ind. \'. ti47.

This f(irin inhabits the inner ilriei' rangc.-^ td' tin- Himalaya fmrn

^^»•pal westwards to Afghani.stau and western Thil)et, from n,OUO to

15,000 feet, as described abuve under Jufiiperiis exre/sa, to which it

is referred liy Sir Dietrich Brandis but sej)arate(l frnm it hy the

Aitchi.son in Journal of the Linnean Society, /or ril suj.ra.
t Arbor vel t'rutex a J. e.irehn raniuHs crassi.s, t'oliis inajorihus, ajiiee patiilis, nmcronato-
liungeutibus, plenuniiue eglandulosi.s et galhuli.s lu.seo-ipuriiureis, steinssinia 1 — 2 nuculas
niajusculas gereutihus. — Parlatore, De Candolie's Prodroinus, lor. cit. siqira.

JUNIPEUUS FLACCIUA. J 77

Swiss l)i)tiuiist, Kilmuud I>i)issicr, who distinguished it from J. exc.elsa
by "the scaly peduncles of the staniinate flowers and tlie crest-like
tips of the scales of the fruit and the fewer seeds." This distinction
is douhtfully accepted liy Sii' .1. I). Hooker in the " Flora of British
India."

Juniperus procera.

Hochstetter, Plant. Abyss. II. No. 537, Eiidlicher, Synops. Conif. 26.
Parlatore, D. C. Pruilr. XVI. 485. J. excelwa i)rocera, Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 37.

This first hecanic known to science from herbarium specimens brought
from Abyssinia in 1841 by the German traveller, Schimper. It has
quite recently been detected in Somaliland and other parts of East
Africa attaining a height of 80 — 100 feet. It is thence a tropical tree
separated geographically from Juniperus exrelsa, l)ut from which it can
scarcely he distinguished in herl)arium specimens.

Juniperus flaccida.

A tree 20 — 30 feet high, the trunk and primary branches covered
Avith thin reddish bark. Branches lax, deflexed or spreading, thi^.
branchlets and their ramifications slender, flaccid and pendulous, the
axial growths sometimes greatly elongated and with sub-distichous
ramification, the youngest lateral growths slender and nearly parallel.
Leaves dimorphic ; on the axial growths in verticils of three, narrowly
oblong, acute, glandular, concrescent but free and slightly spreading at
the acute tip ; on the younger growths in decussate pairs, much
smaller, scaledike, ovate or ovatedanceolate, the lateral pairs sharply
keeled, bright grass-green. Staminate flowers four-angled, composed of
16 — 20 anthers. Fruits numerous, terminal on short lateral branchlets,
globose, 0-5 inch in diameter, composed of eight concrescent scales each
with a small transverse apiculate umbo, dark purple, highly glaucous
when mature and enclosing six seeds.*

Junii)erns flaccida, Schleclitendal in Linniea, XII. 495 (1838). Endlicher,
Synops. Conif 29. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 48. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 492. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 145 Sargent, Si^J^a IST. Amer. X. 83, t. 519.

JtinijMriis flaccida, one of the most beautiful of Junipers, as seen

in the Botanic gardens in the south of Europe, was discovered by

Schiede on the mountains of central Mexico in 1838 and was

subsequently found 1)}^ other l:)otanical explorers of that region at

altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 feet ; it is also common in

various parts of north-east Mexico, ascending to 6,000 — 8,000 feet

on the mountains east of the great central plateau whence it spreads

into south-west Texas. It was introduced into Europe soon after

its first discovery,! but thrives in the open air only in places

where the temperature in the winter season does not fall below

the freezing point as in the south of France. In Great Britain

* Fruiting branchlets were coniniunieated by tlie late M. Charles Naudin from the
Villa Thnret Botanic garden, Antibes.

t Ex Carriere, Traite General des Coniferes, p. 48.

178 JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALLS.

its gracefully penduldiis and syiinnetrically branched sprays of the
brightest green sliould render it an attractive plant for the
Conservatory and Winter Ciarden.

Juniperus occidentalis.

A tret,' with ;i straiglit trunk 15 — 25 feet in height and 2 — 3 feet
in diameter with long, stout, spreading branches ; occasionally much
smaller with a more slender trunk and sliorter branches, and " on
rocky slopes towards tlie northern limits of its range, shrubby with
many short, erect or semi-prostrate stems."* Branchlets stout and
covered with thin red-brown bark, sub-distichous and alternate, the
herbaceous shoots pinnately ramitied and emitting a faint fetid odour
when bruised. Leaves scale-like, in decussate pairs, ovate, sub-acute,
with denticulate margins, concrescent or closely appressed and imbricated,
glandular, dull pale green. " Staminate floAvers about an eighth of an inch
long with twelve — eighteen broadly ovate, rounded acute antlier scales."
Fruits sub-globose, 0*25 — 0"35 inch in diameter, with a thick blue-black
epidermis coated with a glaucous bloom and enclosing two — three seeds.

Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, W. Fl. Bor. Anier. II. 166 (1840). Endlicher,
Synoi)s Conif. 26 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. cd. II. 40. Parlatore, I). C.
Prodr. XVI. 489. Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (exclu. syns. ). Gordon, Pinet. ed II.
162 (in part). Brewer and Watson, Bot. Califor 11. 113. Macoun, Cat. Canad.
Plants, 461. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 128. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV.
213 (exclu. syn. J. pyriformis). Sargent, Silva N. Anier. X. 87, t. .'521.

J. dealbata, Loudon," Encycl. of Trees, 1090 (1842). Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed II 41.

.T. iuidina, Nuttall, Sylva, III 9.5, t. 110 ; and cd. II. Vol. II 1.57.

Juniperus occidentalis is a tree or shrub of high altitudes, growing
abundantly on the mountain slopes of Idaho, eastern Washington and
southwards along tlie Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains far into
California, and also the dry mountain ranges between the Sierra and
the Pacific coast range of northern Mexico, rarely descending below
6,000 feet. In these alpine regions it is often seen "standing like
a sentinel with its massive stem and few spreading branches
impervious to the hercest gales ; it has such a liold on the ground,
and offers such resistance to the elements that it dies standing and
wastes insensibly out of existence." f In exposed situations it grows
very slowly but attains a great age ; in the rich sulj-alpine moraines
it is a tall symmetrical tree, and towards its southern limits it
forms in places pure forests of considerable extent.

The date of the first introduction of Jujiippria^ fjcridenfaUs to the
Britisli Pinetum cannot be determined, as it was for a long time
confused with /. ecUifornira. It is even now doulitful to wliich of
the two species the few jilants mider tlie name of J. orriffrrifn/is
that still linger alive in this country should he referreil.

Mention may here l>e made of two closely allied species or
geographical forms of J^inijierux ocridentaUx.

* SaT'gent. Silva of North America, Vol. X. p. 87.
t Muir, Mountains of California, ex Silva, loc. cil.

JUNIPEKUS OXYCEDRUS. 179

Juniperus monosperma.

Sargent, Silva X. Aiiier. X. 89, t. 522. J. occideii talis, var. nionospemia,
Eiigelniann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. III. 590. Beissner. Xadelholzk. 129.
Masters in Joiun. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 213. J. oceidentalis gynmocarpa, Lenimon,
W. Amer. Cone-bearers, 80. J. oceidentalis, Parlatore, D. C. Piodr. X\'I. iSg
(in parti

Tliis is fliii'riy distingui.slu'd fnuu Junijjenis orcuf entails by its smaller
globose fruits often inonosperiuous, its more slender la-anchlets, and the
absence of glands in the leaves. It is widely distributed over the
region east of the Rocky Mountains to the river Arkansas and western
Texas, spreading over the plateau of Colorado and southwards into
Arizona and Xew ^Mexico. It is probably nut in cultivation in
(Treat Britain.

Juniperus tetragona.

Schleuhtendal in Linn;ea. XII. 495 il83S\ Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 29.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 419. J. oceidentalis, var. conjnngens, Engelmaun
in Trans. St. Louis Acad. III. 590. J. SaMnioides, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X.
91, t. 523 (not Grisebacli and Endliclier). Cupressus Sabiuioides, Humboldt,
Bonpland and Kunth, Xov. (Jen. et Sp. II. 3 (1815).

This is distinguishable from /. ocfidenfaJis chiefly by its different
habit and its distmctly four-angled branchlets which suggested the name.
It is a more southern tree than /. ocddentaUs or J. inonospenna ; it
covers large areas in central Texas and spreads over the Mexican plateau
to near the city of Mexico where it was first discovered by Hunil;>oldt
at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Juniperus Oxycedrus.

A dioecious spreading shruli, occasionally a low tree 9 — 12 feet high
with the trunk and primary branches covered with smooth reddish brown
bark. Branches numerous, erect or spreading; branchlets short and much
ramified, the youngest shoots angulate. Leaves homomorphic, persistent
two — three years, in whorls of three, linear or linear-lanceolate, mucronate,
rigid and pungent, 0-25 — 0"5 inch long, obscurely bi-canaliculate, silvery
white with gTeen median and marginal lines above, keeled and green
beneath. Staminate flowers axillary, globose, sub-sessile and bearing six
anthers. Fruits solitary, or two — three together, sub-sessUe or very
shortly stalked, spherical, variable in size, the largest somewhat more than
0'5 inch in diameter, reddish Itrown when ripe, composed of three
•concrescent, ajjiculate scales that are distinguishable only at the apex of
the fruit Avhere the outer margins are separated by a tripartite cleft.*

Juniperus Oxycedrus, Liunicus, Sp. Plant. II. 1038 (1753). Bieberstein. Fl. Tara-ico-
caucas, II. 426 (1808). L. C. Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 39, t. 6, fig. 1 (1826).
Loudon, Aril, et Frut, Brit. IV. 2494, with tig. Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 10.
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 12. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 475. Gordon
Pinet. ed. II. 137. Willkomm, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 259. Beissner, Xadelholzk
138. blasters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 212. And many others.

J. rnfescens. Link in Flora, 1846. p. 519. Endliclier, Sj-nops. Conif. 11.
Gordon, Pinet ed. II. 138.

Eng Oxycedrus, Prickly Cedar. Fr. Genevrier cade. Germ. Cederwachholder.
Ital. Cedro spinoso.

* Branches from both ^ and Q trees were communicated by the late M. Charles Xaudiu
from the Villa Thuret Botanic garden, Antibes.

180 JUNIPKHU.S OXVCEDKUS.

Jnnipcrux Oxijcril rtis it^ eoinniDii llnouuliout the IMtMlitenaiicaii region
from roitugal to Syria and formerly in Madeira, iidial)iting- the most
exposed and sterile mountain slopes in the neighbourhood of the coast,
in places ascending to 5,000 feet, l>ut most ahundant on i\\v arid loeks
near the shore. It is too common for cultivation in the region it
inhabits and scarcely of any value ; in places its fragrant wood is used
for fuel and its prickly sprays are used in hedges to prevent the
ingress of small animals nuich in the same way as gorse branches are
sometnnes used in (Ireat Britain. Alton states that it was culti\-ated
by Miller in the old Physic Garden at (dielsea in 1739,* and it is
known to have been frequently re-introduced since ; it is now Imt
rarely if ever seen in other than l)otanic gardens in this country ; as
an ornamental shrub it is far surpassed by ./. ilnipnccc which is also,
much hardier.

Three species, or geograjiliical forms of Juniix'rux O.rijcptJrus that are.
uusuital)le for the climate of (xreat Britain may l>e here noticed.

Juniperus brevifolia.

Parlatore, I). C. Prodr. XVI. 478. Trela.se, Hot. Ohsciv. Azores, 169.
J. Oxycedrus, var. brevifolia, Hockstetter, Fl. Azor. 2tj. J. Cednis hrevifolia,,
Gordon, Piiiet. ed. II. 130.

This Jiniiper occurs only in the Azores where it once formetl a,
conspicuous ingredient of the indigenous vegetation till the clearing of
the land for cultivation greatly reduced it in nund>ers ; it usually takes,
the form of a dense shrub or low tree, l)ut where protected from the
sea-wind it .sometimes attains a consideraUe size. Compared with
/. Oxj/cedrus, the leaves are more crowded, shorter with shorter spiues at
the tip and the fruits are smaller. It nui.st have inhabited the islands
from a remote period, as truid\S and Itranches of it are found so fre(iuently
beneath the soil in certain localities that the inhabitants when in want
of wood simply ]iierce the surface with an iron stake to discover and
disinter these remains df an ancient forest.

Juniperus Cedrus.

WVl.l.. I'livtoj,^-. Caiiai-. III. 277, t. 2. Oanieiv. Traite Coiiir. cd. II. 11.
Parlatore, I)."" C. Prodr. XVI. 478. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 129.

A tall tree formerly abundant in the .sub-alpine di.stricts and higlier
valley.s of the Canary islands, but now become quite rare in conseiiuencr
of the destruction of the trees for th(^ .sake of their timber. A yonng
plant, cultivated in tlif Tfiiipciatc House at Kcw, is of aibure.sccnt
habit willi horizontal primary bram-lii's ramiticd in the .smic way and
with the youngest shoots angulate as in ./. O.ri/rffJrus ; the leaves are
identical in size and shape with tliose of ./. (h'yrednix but le.s.-^ ligid,.
of a deeper green, less glaucous ami n<it so spreading, the result
]>erha]>s of he.ing produced nndei' the aititiiial con<litioiis in which tin'
plant is plai-ed.

* Hoitus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. p. ll."..

JUNIPERUS PA(HYrHL(J£A. 181

Juniperus macrocarpa.

Sil.thoii.. Fl. Gr:er Pmdr. II 263 (1813). Eiidliclu'r, Syuops. Coiiif. 10.
Canieie, Tiaite Coiiif. M. II. 10. Pailatoie. D C. Piodr. XVI. 476. Willkoiimi,
Foi-stl. Fl. ed. II. 260 Beis.suer, Xadelholzk. 139. And otlieis.

The habitat of Juniperus inwroearpa as deliueateil by the authors
quoted above is ueavly oonterininous Avith that of /. 0.ri/redrus, and
many h^cahties iu wliidi it has been seen or gathered are also qxioted
for /. 0.ci/re'Ji-u.<. EndlicluT distinguislies /. iiuicrorarpa from
J. Oxyrednis by its slightly broader leaves; by its fruits beuig attenuated
at the base and not .spherical and whicli are pendulous and for the
most part furnished Avith three tubercles at the apex and as many
more at tlie sides, and also that they are always blue, not brown,
we have, however, beru unalile to detect these differences in the
specimens labelled /. ma'-rocarpa preserved in the national herbaria.
Sibthorpe, the author of the species, if species it is, states that the
fruits of /. macrocarpa are nearly as large again as those of
/. O.ci/cedrus ; but the great variiiliility in the shape and size of the
fruits (if tlie latter would seem sufficient to include even tliis difference.

Juniperus pachyphloea.

A tree often -oO — 60 feet high witli a stout trunk 3 — 5 feet in
diameter and king, stout, spreading Ijranches. Bark of trunk 1 — 4 inches
thick, dark lirown tinged with red, and deeply fissured ami divided
into nearly square plates. Branchlets slender, covered with light
red-brown liark after the disappearance of the leaves. Leaves scale-
like, in decussate pairs, appressed, ovate, apiculate, obscurely keeled,
and conspicuously glandular on the Ijack, i3luish gTeen ; those on
vigorous shoots and young In-anchlets, linear-lanceolate, rigid and pungent
with slender cartilaginous points. Staminate flowers about an eighth
-of an inch long, composed of ten stamens with broadly ovate,
obscurely keeled connectives. Fruit globose, irregularly tuberculated
■0".5 inch in diameter, dark red-brown more or less covered with a
glaucous bloom, and containing f(^ur seeds. — Sargent, >SiIca of Xorfh
America, X. 85, pi. .520.

Juniperus pachvplilcea. Toney, Pacific Ry. Report, IV. jit. V. 142 (1858).

Carriere, Traite CVinif. ed. II. .56. Pailatoie, D. C. Piodr. XVI. 490. Gordon,

Pinet. ed. II. 164. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 130. Masters in .Jouin. R. Hort. Soc.
XIV. 214.

This remarkable Juniper was discovered in 1851 in eastern Xew
Mexico by Dr. Woodhouse, surgeon and naturalist to Sitgreave's
Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Eivers ; it inhabits dry,
arid mountain slopes from 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation in south-
w^est Texas and westwards along the desert ranges of Xew Mexico
and Arizona south of the Colorado plateau; also on the lower slopes of
the mountains of north Arizona, and in Mexico it spreads along
the Sierra to the state of Juliasco. It is singular among Junipers
for its thick hard l)ark which suggested the specific name, Tra^ug,
ithick), and (f)Xoioi; (l)ark).

182 JUNIPERUS PHffiNICEA.

Juniperus pacliijphl'i'a is descrilu'd li^' tliosi- who liavc seen it iii
the elevated canons of its native nuuaitains as the most l)(>autiful of
the western American species, a tree with an open shaixdy hi^ad,.
massive tnnik with checkered liark and foliagt^ of a clieerful colonr.
It was introduced into Great IJritain many years ago, hut it has proved
disa])pointinn', and is now hut rarely seen.

Juniperus phcBnicea.

A monoecious, sometimes dioecious shruh or small tree of variahle
dimensions in the ditlerent localities it inhahits, hut rarely exceeding
15 — 18 feet in height. Primary hranches numerous, erect or ascending,
covered with smooth reddish lirown hark that peels ott' in i)aperdike
flakes ; l)ranchlets numerous, slender and nmch ramified. Leaves
dimorphic, an the axial growths of 3'oung plants in whorls of
three, lanceolate or ovatedanceolate, acute, couf-rescent at the l)ase,
free at the ti]) ; on lateral shoots and on old plants in decussate
pairs, nmch smaller, scale-like, ovate, acute, imlnncated, (hdl dark green.
iStaminate flowers on lateral 1)ranchlets of the preceding year, four-
angled, pale yellow and eousisting of eight — ten anthers. Fruits numerous,
glohose, shortly stalked, ahout the size of a garden i)ea, greenish lirown
changing to reddish hrown Avhen mature ; scales six, concrescent, each
Avitli a small, acute, transver.se lunlio.

Juniperus phcenicea, Linnajus, S\). Plant II. 1040 (1753). Loudon, Arli.
Frut. Brit. IV. 2501, with tigs. Endlicher, Syuops. Conif. 30. Caniere,.
Traite Conif. ed. II. 50. Parlatore, D 0. Prodr XVI. 4S6. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 164. Boissier, Fh orient. V. 710. AVillkonmi, Vomi\. Fh cd. II. 253.
Beissuer, Nadelholzk, 116. Masters in Joui'u. R Hort. Soc XIV. 214

J. Lvcia. Linnteus, Sp. Phmt. II. 1039. Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Brit. l\ .
2.o02.

Eng. Phojnician Juniper. Germ. Rothfriiehtiger Sadehauni. Ital Ginepro
fenicio.

var. — fllicaulis.

A shruh witli greatly elongate(l tortiuuis l)ranclies and slender hranchlets
with dimoiphie foliage, one form of leaves heing .scaledike as in tlie
type, the otlicr, more sparingly }iro(hiced, acicular, S])reading, in wliorls
of three, and with a glaucous line on tlie u]iper side.
J. pliMMiircu liUcauiis, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 52.

var. — Langoldiana.

of more o]iei! liahit tlian the connnoii form ; hrandies and hianchlets
more di.stant, the herhaceous shoots and foliage of a l>rigliter green
with a slight glaucous tiid.

J. plinniiicea Langoiihaua. Hort.

var. -turbinata.

Distinguislied liy its o\did or somewhat toji-shaped fruits, not splierical
. as in the common foim.

J. phreniciM turhinata, I'arlatoic, I). C. l'io(h. .W'l. 187.

The Phoeniciau Juniper is widely distril)uted tliroughout the
Mediterranean region from Portugal to Palestine : it is also endemic
in Madeira and the (Janary Islands. It grows mostly on the arid,
rocky hills near the. coast, aiul on the higher ranges, as the

JUNIPERUS PROSTHATA. 183

Maritime Alps and the Sierra Nevada on which it ascends to a
consideral^le elevation. According to Alton* Juniperus lyhcenicea was
first cultivated in this country by James Sutherland, Curator of the
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinlmrgh, in 1683 ; its long acclimatisation
in Great Britain has caused it to l)e represented in many gardens and
shrubberies where it forms a low tree or shrub-like bush of conical
or columnar outline and dense ha1>it till it becomes old, when it
has a more open aspect with the trunk exposed, which is usually
forked near the base. It is not unusual in the monoecious plants
for some of the l.»ranches to be loaded witli fruits.

The variety JilirauJi^ originated many years ago iu tlie seed-lied
of a nursery at Bourg-Argental iu France ; it has its analogue iu
Thuia oriental i^ penchda, Cupressiis pisi/era filifera, etc., and i.s probably
not in cultivation iu this coiuitry. Lcoi'/ofJiana is a more vigorous grower
and of a brighter green than the common form ; turbinata, according
to Parlatore, occurs witli the common form on dry maritime hills in
Spain, Sicily, Dalmatia, and probably wherever the species is common.

Juniperus prostrata.

A })rostrate shrub with elongated Ijranclies lying flat on the ground
and muc'h ramified. Brauchlets numerous, mostly ascending at a greater
or less angle to their primaries and much In-anched, the youngest
shoots short and close-set. Leaves dimorphic ; on the axial growths
and vigorous shoots of young plants in whorls of three, acicular,
slightly dilated at the l)ase, pungent, Ijent towards the stem, concave
and greyish wliite alxive. rounded and green beneath; on the younger
branchlets and on old ])lants, smaller, in decussate pairs, ovate-lanceolate,
appre-ssed or concrescent at the base, free at the apex, or scale-like,
concrescent, light green becoming glaucous when fully developed
Fruits small, sub-globose, blackish blue, tuberculated when ripe.

Juniperus prostrata. Persoon, Svuo[)s. Plant II. 632 (1807). Endlielier, Synops
Couif. 18 (1847) Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 22. Gordon, Pinet. ed II. 146
Hoopes, Evergreens, 282.

J. Sabnia, Hooker W. Fl. Bor. Anjer. II. 166 (1840).

J. Saliina prostrati. Loudon. Encvcl. Trees, 1086 (1842). Beissner, Xadel-
liolzk. Ill

J. Sabina procuniliens, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 463.

J. procunibens, Kent in Veitcli's Maniial. ed. I. 280 (not Siebold).

J. repens, Xuttall, Gen. Anier. II 245.

Juniperus prostrata is the American representative of the Savin
Juniper of central and southern Europe : it is widely distributed over
the northern half of the continent from Anticosti and Xova Scotia
w^estwards through Canada and across the prairie region to the summit
of the Eocky ]\Iountains ; also through the northern United States
in the neighbourhood of the great lakes, chiefly on exposed slopes and
river Ijanks.

Juniperus pro4rata has been referred by several authors to the
conimon Savin as a variety from wliich it is not separalile specifically

* Hortus Kfwensis, ed. II. Vol. V. }■. 415.

184 JUNIPERUS PSEUDO-KABINA.

by any very well-defined characters, altliongh the two are readily dis-
tinguishable at sight, the ditference lieing most marked in the fVjliage
and fruit. In J. /im.^'frafa the leaves are mostly acicular and of a
greyish l)lue tint, whilst in the tyj)ical J. Sabina the acicular leaves
are absent from an early age, and the foliage is dark green ; the
fruits of /. jn-oxtrata are also of a difi'erent colour from those of
J. Sabina, especially before maturity. /. Sabina is a shrub of high
altitudes, /. prosfrafa of low-lying i)lains and river banks; the habitat
of the one is separated from that of tlic <it]i('r by the broa<l .Vtlaiitic
Ocean.

Juniperus prodrata is a useful jilant for the rock garden and for
• covering exposed banks, forming dense masses of foliage which cover
a considerable area when the plants are allowed to grow unchecked.

Juniperus Pseudo-Sabina.

A robust shrub or tree, in Sikkini a tree 60 feet high with a stout
trunk and thick ramification and foliage.* In Great Britain, under
cultivation, a prostrate or semi-prostrate shrul) with numerous primary
branches nnich ramified and covered with smooth cinnamon-brown l)ark ;
secondary branches with pale orange-brown bark and tetrastichous
ramification ; the herbaceous shoots similarly divided. Leaves dimorphic,
on vigorous-growing plants in whorls of three, crowded, linear-sul)ulate,
more or less spreading, 0-25 — 0-5 inch long, with a pale stomatiferous
band on the npper side, bright green and keeled beneath; in adult
plants scale-like in decussate, pairs, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated,
free at the tip and obscurely keeled at the back.f Staminate flowers
axillary on short lateral shoots of the preceding year, globose, pale
yellow, consisting of six anthers in decussate pairs. Fruits elliptic-
ovoid, about 0-5 inch long, blackish l)lue without glaucescence, composed
of six concrescent scales marked by an a})iculus and enclosing a thick
bony endocarp containing a single seed.

Juniperus Pseudo-Sabina, Fischer and Meyer, Index Seui. Hort. Petro]). VIII.
65 (1841); and PI. Sclirenk, II. 1.3. Endlicher, Svnops. Conif 21 (1847). Carriere,
Traite Conif ed. I. 33 ; and ed. II. 25. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI 482.
Hooker fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 646. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 106. Masters in Journ.
R. Hort. Soc XIV. 214.

J. Walliehiana. Biandis, Forest Fl. X.W. Iiid. ."^37 (1874). (liuiiMe, Manual
Ind. Timb. 412.

J. recurva densa, Hoit.

The Juniper above (le8Ciil)ed inhal)it.s tlie temperate Himalaya, it.s
vertical range being from 9,000 to 15,000 feet ; it is very abundant
in the north-west as a large gregarious shrul) near its highest limit,
but it Itecomes more scarce eastwards. It has long been in cultivation
in British gardens, but I find no record of the date of introduction ;
it is quite hardy, at least in the soutli and west of England and
in Ireland ; where space and full exposure U) sun and air have
been provided for it, it has proved to ha an attractive and useful
shrub for the rock-garden, for covering tree stuniiis and similar
purposes.

* Sir J. I). Hooker, Flora of British India. V. 646.
t The siiuaniifonn foliage is eonii.aratively rare on jilants j^ndwinj,' in Hivat Britain.

JUiVIPERUS l^ECURVA. 185

The specific luuuc Pi<eH(li)-Sal>ina \\:\^ first given by Fisclier ami
Meyer to a Juniper gathered by iSchrenk in 1S4-0 oi' 1841 on the ^Vltai
Mountains in the Baikal region of southern Si])eria. To this Juniper
Parlatore referred, and prol)alily rightly, the Himalayan species above
<lescribed, in -whioli he is followed by Sir J. I). Hooker in the
" Flora of Ih'itisli liulia."' Tlie Siberian tyjie was evidently known
to the Russian botanists, for Dr. Albert Regel during his exploration
of southern Turkestan in 1879 — 1883 detected it in several localities
at high elevations,* tlius indicating that the species lias an extensive
I'ange on the Asiatic continent. Closely allied to and perhaps even
identical Avith /. Pseudo-Sahina is a Juniper tigurcil in the "Flora
Rossica " of Pallas published in 1784 under the name of /. davurica,
which had lieen disco vereil in the same region as Fischer and Meyer's
J. Pseudo-Sabina, and which, according to the late Professor Bunge and
other explorers of eastern Siberia, spreads eastwards from Lake Baikal
through the Amur region. Loudon states that ./. davurica was
introduced into this country in 1791,t but it is extremely doubtful
"whether it is now to be found either in Britisli or continental gardens.
Should the supposed identity of /. davurica and J. P.-<e?ido-SaI)i?ia be
hereafter contirmed it is evident that the oLhn- name of Pallas should
be accepted for the species.

Juniperus recurva.

A small tree with a straight erect trunk, conical head and spreading
branches, or an erect bush or prostrate shrub, according to situation and
altitude. In Great Britain usually a broadly conical or round-topped large
shrub with seA^eral erect or ascending stems nuich branched upwards, and
■clothed with reddish brown bark that is thrown off in recurved flakes.
Branclilets and herbaceous shoots decurved or pendulous. Leaves in
Avhorls of three, becoming effete on the axial growths the thinl or
fourth year, but persisting much longer, subulate acute, imbricated and
appressed, 0*2 — 0"5 inch long, convex on the back and pale green ;
concave and whitish on the inner side. Flowers monoecious, rarely
dioecious; staminate flowers small, oval-oblong, ol^tuse, composed of six — eight
pale yellow stamens. Fruits solitary on the ends of short lateral
branclilets of the preceding year, ovoid-oblong, about 0'5 inch long,
blackish Idue when mature.

Juniperus recurva, Hauiihon ex Don Prodr. Fl. Xep. 55 (1825). Loudon, Arh. et
Frut Brit. lY. 2504. witli tiy Endlieher, Svno|is Conif. 18. Carrierc, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 27. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr XYI. 481. (iurdon, Pinet. ed. II. 147.
Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. Ind. 5.37. Boissier, Fl. orient V. 708. Hooker til, Fl.
Brit. Ind. \^ 647. Beissner. Xadelholzk. 104. Masters in Gard. Chron. XIX. (188),
p. 468, with tig ; and Tourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 214.

"var . — squamata.

A prostrate, sjireading, nuich-V)ranched shrul); secondary branches mostly
short and erect with smooth, reddish lirown bark ; branclilets numerous,
short and somewhat rigid. Leaves subulate, much crowded on the young
shoots, more distant on the axial growths, greyish white above, pale
^reen lieneath.

* Gartentlora, XXVI. 339; XXVII. 36; XXIX. 48.

t Arlwretuni et Frutii-etuiii Britannirum. IV. 2500.

186

JUNirEIIUS RECURYA.

J. reciirva var. s(|ii!iiuata, Parlatore, L). C. Prodr. XVI. 482. Hooker fil, Fl.
Brit. Ind. V. 647. J. squaiuata, Hamilton in LamlRnt's Piiius, ed. I. Vol. II.
17. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 28. (lordoii, Pinet. ed. II. 152. J. reli<fiosa,
Royle, lUiis. Him. Plants, I. 3.')1 (name only). J. densa, Gordon, Pinet, ed. II. 141.

Jimiperus recurva first became known to science through Dr.

Hamilton who discovered it during his journey through Nepal in

1802 — 1803. Specimens were communicated by him to Mr. Aylnier

Fig. •'i". J u III per Its recnrvn.
(Fium till- danleners' Chronide.)

Lambert in whose herbarium they remained many years undescribed.
The species is distributed over the tem])erate and alpine Hiuialaya
from 7,500 to 15,000 feet elevatiou From Bhotan to Afghanistan.
Throughout this region it varii's nnK li in habit and dimensions; as seen
by Sir J. D. Hooker in the Lachin valley in Sikkim, it is a tree
30 feet high with spreading branches and ])endulous branchlets;* at
and near its liighest Hnnt, il takes tlie fnim deserilu'd above as

* lliiiial,L\aii .Iiiiirn;ils, \\. }."..

JUNIPEUUS KECLHIVA.

187

var. sqvamata wliich with its (lecumlient stems and erect branches in
places covers large areas that cannot be traversed without great
difficulty. The wood of the arborescent form is fragrant and reddish
brown like that of tlie American IJed Cedar; the resinous twigs of the
shrubby form are used for incense.*

The date of the introduetioii of JuN/'iienis recurra into (ireat Uritaiu
does not appear to have been recorded. Loudon .^tate.s tliat there was a
plant four years old in 1837 in the Horticultural Society's garden at

'i^M

Fig. 5S. jKniperus n'cuvfii lu Sikkim.
(From the Himalayan Journals of Sir J. U. Hooker.)

Chiswick and one still older in Loddiges' nursery at Hackney which had
borne the fruit from which his tigure was taken. In Britisli gardens it
is a distinct shrub or low tree with pendulous feathery branchlets clothed
Avith greyish green foliage ; in situations favouraltle for its development
it is a graceful and i)icturesipie plant quite unlike any other, affording a
pleasing contrast to its surroundings ; in dry soils the persistent older
leaves often become rusty hrowu and cliaffdike, imparting to the plant
an unhealthy aspect. Tlie uionoecious form is most connuon but an
exception occurs in the grounds of tlie Riglit Hon. A. H. Smitli-Bany at

* Braiidis, Forest Floi'a, /oc. cit. sujnrt.

188 JUNll'ERUS liKIIDA.

Fota Island, near Cork, where there is a male ])lant of very attractive
aspect which differs from it chiefly in tlie hranchlets l»eiii<^- more distant
and more elongated, and in the leaves V)eing longer, narrower, more closely
ap])res.sed to the stems and more distijictly glaucous.

Juniperus rigida.

A small tree 20 — 25 feet high with spreading branches and i)endulous
or sub-pendulous branchlets ; more frecjuently a low spreading bushy shrub.
Leaves liomomorphic, ])ersistent altout three years, in whorls of three,
subulate, acuminate^ trigonous, pungent, 0"75 — 1 inch long, channelled
and marked with a white stomatiferous line on the ventral (up[>er) side,
keeled and pale green on the dorsal (lower) side. Staminate flowers
mostly in the axils of two-years-.ild leaves, cylindric, about 0'25 inch
long, consisting of twelve — eighteen stamens W'ith a sulxleltoid connective.
Fruits globose, somewhat larger than those of the common Juniper,
blackish l)lue and glaucous Avhen mature and containing three — four seeds.

Juniperus rigida, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jaji. IT. 56, t. 12.5 (1842),
Endlicher, Synops Conif. 17. Carriere, Traite Coiiit'. ed. II. 20 Parlatore,
D. 0. Prodr. XVI 480 (Jordon, Pinet. ed. II. 138. Franchet and Savetier, Enum.
Plant. Jaj) I. 471. Bei.ssner, Nadelliolzk. 131. Masters ni Journ. Linn. Soc.
XVIII. 496 ; and .Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 214.

J. coniinunis, Thnnberg, Fl. .Jap. 264 (1784), not Linnivus.

Jani^H'iuis rujida, the Japanese representative of the common Juniper,
is generally distributed (jver the central island, growing mostly in dry
gravelly soils ; it is also more generally cultivated in Japan than any
otlier Juniper. It first became known to science through the Swedish
botanist Thunl)erg who mistook it for J. communis from which it
<liffers in its longer, almost trigonous leaves that are channelled on the
upper side and in its larger fruits.

Jtmiperii^ rigida was intro<luced into liritish gardens l)y the late
Mr. .lohn (iould Veitch in 1861 ; it grows freely in most soils and
situatif)ns when not crowded l)y other shrubs, and as a i)lant for garden
decoration it is superior to tlie common -Juniper.

Closely allied to Jti>ii///'ru!< rigida and perhaps but a local or climatic
form of it is a .hinij)er occurring in northern -[aj)an, of which specimens
are ])r(^serveil in the national hei'baria but which is not known to be in
cultivation, viz: —

Juniperus conferta.

Parlatore, D. C. I'mdr. XVI. isi. Cudoii, I'inct. (■(!. II. 133. J. littoralis,*
Ma.xiniowicz in Bull, Acad. Pctersh. 230, cv Parlatore, Im:. clt. Bei.ssner, Nadel-
liolzk. 130.

A sea-side jJant originally discovereil by the American l)otanical
explorer, Churl^s Wright, on the sandy dunes of the Bay of Ilakodati and
afterwards by Maximowic/ in the same locality. As re])resented in
Kritish herbaria it difli-rs from JaNiji>'ni-^ rigida in its shortt^r leaves
much crowded in tufts and in its lai'gei' spherical fi'uits ; its habit is
de.scribed as jirostrate with long straggling brandies and close-.set
branclilets clotheil with grey-green foliage.

The Jintii>rrHS liKondis nf some gardens is a different plant iVoni this, and should lie
referred to the J, I'seudo-Sabina of Fischer and Mi'ver.

JUNIPEKUS SABINA. 189

Juniperus Sabina.

A sliruVi of vei'v viirialilf lialiit ami iliuicusidns ; ocoasioiially ail)ores-
cont in soiitheru Euroiie with a straiglit erect trunk 10 — lo feet liigh.
Branches spreading or ascending, clothed with red-brown bark tliat
peels oft' in thin j^'^P^iy flakes ; ramification pseudo - distichous.
Branchlets relatively short, close-set, pale reddish lirown, the latest
formed tetrastichous, pinnately divided and falling off the third or
foiu'th year. Leaves in decussate pairs, glandular ; on the axial
growtlis subulate-oblong, niucronate, concrescent ; on the lateral herbaceous
shoots smaller, scale-like, rln miboidal, sulvacute, closely imbricated or
concrescent, dull dark green. Staminate flowers very numerous,
terminal on short lateral liranchlets of the preceding year, oval, pale
yellow, consisting of about ten anthers. Fruits small, solitary, sub-
globose, blackish brown with a bhiish glaucescence when mature and
containing one — four seeils.

Juniperus Sabhia, Linnreus, Sp. Plant. II. 1039 (1753). Loudon, Arb et Frut..
Brit. IV. 2499, with tigs. Endlicher, Sj-uops. Conif. 22. Carriere. Traite Conif.
ed. II. 23. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 483 (exchi. American haliitat).
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 150 Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 708. Willkomni. Foretl.
Fl. ed. II. 254. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 107. with tigs, (exolu. Siberia). Masters in
Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 214. And many others.

Eng. Savin Juniper. Fr. Genevrier Sabine. Germ. Gemeiner Sadebaum.
Gemeiner Sevenbaum. Ital. Sabina.

var. — humilis.

A dwarf, (jrrasinually prostrate, shrul) with nuuievdus spreading
branches and close-set ascending or erect branchlets much ramified,
the latest formed shoots short, slender, pinnately brancheel and clothed
with scale-like leaves of a brighter green than the common form, and
among Avhich some acicular, pungent, spreading leaves are s{)aringly inter-
mixed.

J. Sabina liumilis, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 23 (in part). Beissner, Nadel-
holzk. 110. J. Sal>ina nana, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 23. Gordon, Pinet._
ed II. 1.50. And others.

var. — tamariscifolia.

A procumlient or spreading shrul), more vigorous in its growth and
of larger dimensions than the \'ariety huniih's. Leaves dimorphic ; on
the older part of the l)ranchlets in whorls of three, awl-shaped, pungent,
adnate at the liase, free at the tip, liluish or grey-green ; on the younger
growths in decussate pairs, concrescent, scale-like and bright green.
Fruits smaller than in the common form.

J. Sabina tamariscifolia, Aiton in Hort. Kew. ed. II. ^'. 414 J813).* Loudon,
Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2499, with tigs. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 23.
Beissner. Xadelholzk. 110. And others.

var.—variegata.

Ditters from the common form in its dwarfer and denser habit and
in having the tips of the youngest growths cream-white ; the plant,
has thence a s}teckled and checkered appearance which renders it a.
useful subject for the rock-garden.
J. Sabina variegata, Hort.

* Refeired by Eudlioher to Jiuiijierus tliuHfera (Linn.).

190 .JUNIPERUS SPlLEIilCA.

The Savin Jmiiper is abinidant on all the mountains of central
Europe from the A1[)S to the Carpathians and of southern Europe
from the Sierra Nevada to the Caucasus ; its vertical range varies with
the latitude and exposition of the localities from 4,000 to 10,000 feet
above sea-level, frecpiently ascending to near the snow-line on
southern aspects. It prefers dry, rocky, sunny slopes especially on
the limestone formations of the Alps and (.'arpathians, where in
places it covers large areas unmixed with any other plant ; it
is also an ingredient of the undergrowth of the light coniferous
forests that form the higher zone of arborescent vegetation on these
mountains. The Siberian habitat assigned to Junipcrus Sahina l)y
Farlatore and other authors must be accepted with reserve, as it is
liighly probal»le that the J. dan/rica of Pallas and the J. Pscudo-Sahina
of Fischer and Meyer, if they are distinct, are the true Siberian
Savins. The Xorth American Juni])er referred to the common
Savin by Sir William Hooker and others is recognised in tliis work
as a species under the name of ./. i^rostrcda.

The Savin Juniper was introduced into British gardens at a very
early date, as it i.s mentioned in Turners "Names of Herbes," pidilished
in 1548. It was formerly nnu'li more cultivated than at present,
especially during the revival of horticulture in the late Stuart ]ieriod
when the species of evergreen trees and shrubs available for garden
decoration were comparatively few. As an ornamental })lant it is
surpassed by the varieties described above, and wliicli have nearly
superseded it as a .garden plant. The variety Innuilix occ\us in the
Tyrol, Carniola and other districts on the ^\.1})S at and near the
liiglier vertical range of the species ; it is tlie (xreen Carpet Juniper
of gardens. The variety faman'sn'folia is somewhat vaguely stated to
occur wild on the Sierra Nevada, in Sicily, (ireece and other places ;
it ajipears to have l)een recognised at a very early period ; as seen in
British gardens it is usually prostrate and easily distinguished by its
dimorphic foliage. To tliis variety Carriere and Bt'issner have referred
the Junipenis SahinouJes of Grisebach,* but this plant is still an
enigma to liotanists.

Juniperus sphserica.

A tree of the lial)it and asjiect of Jntujierw^ rhineims., attaining a
height of 30 — 40 feet with a latliei' slender trunk covered witli dark
brown bark that peels ofl in longitudinal shreds exposing a I'eddisli
brown iiuier cortex. Branclu-s short, si)reading or ascending, much
ramitied towards tlie extremities. Brancldets with tetrastichous ramiti-
cation, the youngest shoots slender, fotu'-angled ami pinnately divided.
Leaves homomorphic (?), scale-like, in decussate pairs, ovate, ol)tuse,
concrescent, dark green with a small ciicular pit on the back. Staminate
flowers not seen. Fruits spherical, nearly 0'4 inck in diameter,
blackish violet-blue, composed of six concrescent scales each with short
apiculus and enclosing three (?) seeds.

* Specilegiiuii Floiu- Rumelic?e et Bythinicfe, Vol. II. ji. :552.

JUNIPERUS THUEIFERA. 191

Juiiipenis spluoiica, Liiidley in Paxtoii's Flower Garden. I. .">8. with fig. (1850).
Carricre, Traite Conif. ed. II. S'i Parlatorc, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 488. Beissner,
Nadelholzk. ]21. :Masters in Joiirn. R. Hort. Sue XIV. 215.

Tliis Juniper, rarely seen except in rxttanic ^uarden.s, was intro-
duced by Fortune in 184G from China, l)ut nothing more appears to
be known of its habitat. The species, if species it is, is said to be
monoecious and thence differs in that respect from JnniiJcrus
chincnsis and also in its fruits wliich are almost twice as large. A
Juniper mentioned by Loudon under the name of J. chinensis
Smithii, and another described in the former edition of this Manual as
J. ShqjjM/'di have been referred to ./. spltarirn by some authors.

Juniperus taxifolia.

In (ireat Britain, a .•^ulvfastigiate tree lo — 20 feet high with a
trunk 9 — 12 indies in diameter covered with thin reddish brown bark
peeling off in oljlong Hakes. Primary and secondary branches ascending
and nearly parallel with the trunk, tlie latter mucli ramified. Branchlets
slender, 12 — 18 inches long, (|uite pendulous, witli orange-brown bark,
the youngest shoots angulate, pale green. Leaves persistent two — three
years, in whorls of tln-ee, acicular, acuminate with a cartilaginous tij),
0"25 — 0"75 inch long, with two wliite stomatiferous bands on the
ventral side, grass-green and keeled on the dorsal side. Staminate
floAvers and fruits not seen.

Juniperus taxifolia, Hooker and Arnott, Beecliey's Voy. 271 (1841). Endlicher,
Synops. Conif. 17. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed II. 21 Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 418. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 131. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV.
215.

J. oblonga })endula, Hort.

The Juniper described above is cultivated in many gardens under
the name of Juniperus oblonga pctulula, an unauthentic name implying
a connection with the Caucasian ./. ohionga of Bicberstein, long since
recognised as a geographical variety of J. communis, but from this
it is specifically distinct. It is believed to have been introduced
from China by Fortune about the year 1856, and was afterwards
distributed from Osborne's nursery at Fulham under its garden
name.

Juniperus thurifera.

A low or medium-sized tree of columnar or sub-pyramidal outline,
in places attaining a lieight of 35 — 40 feet with a trunk covered with
greyish white bark ; sometimes a shrub with spreading or ascending
branches. Secondary and ternary branches rnucli ramified ; branchlets
slender, short and jnunately divided. Leaves dimorphic ; on young
plants and vigorous shoots of older ones, in whorls of tlu'ee, acicular,
pimgent and spreading ; * on adult plants always squamiform, in
decussate pairs, concrescent witli or adnate to the stem ; on the axial

* This form is rarely seen on plants gi'owing in Great Britain.

192

JUNIPERUS YIRCINIANA.

!:;T(iwths larger and ot'tcii IVit at tlh' apex, i^laucoiis l)luisli green.
Staniinate tlnwers not seen. Fruits small, glDlxise-ovoid, dark lirdwnish
violet with a ^glancdus IjIooui.

.hniiiiorus tlnuiCera, Liinutus, S}). I'laut. II. 1039 (1753). Loudon, Arb. et
Fiiit. Biit. I\'. -i.SOS, witli tig. Garrih-e, Traite Conif. ed. II. 34 (e.xclu.
localities, except Sjiain). Parlatore, D. 0. Prodr. XVI. 487. Gordon, Piuet.
ed. II. IfiS. Beissiier, Nadelholzk. 117. Masters in ,Tourn. K. Hort. Soc.
XIV. 210.

J. hi.spanica, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. No. 13 (1768).

J. sabiuoides, (^rlsebaeh, e.\ Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 23 (e.xclu. loc).

J. einerea, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 35. And others.

Eng. Spanish Junipei', Incense Juniper. Fr. (ienevrier jMirte-encens. Germ.
AVeilu'aueh-Sadebauni. Ital. Ginepro ineenso.

Junipcrus thurifera has a limited geographical range in the western

Meditei'ranean region, from Cape

\,^|
^t«

.sharj)

St. Vincent in Portugal eastwards
to the Sierra Ne^'ada in Spain
where it ascends to 3,500 feet;
also along the coast range of
Morocco and Algiers. It was
cultivated l)y Miller in the
Chelsea garden in 1752, and
was prol)ably introduced by him.
Although so long cidtivated
in this country, Gordon's asser-
tion that the Spanish Juniper
is " quite hardy " must lie
accepted with reserve, as it is
only in warm and sheltered
situations that it occasionally
attains a height of 20 to 25
feet ; in its young state it
has a slender columnar out-
line hut often tapering to a
pdiiit ; as such with its \ery distinct, grey-green foliage, it is

f.QJ

Fig. .'JO. Jiinipcrvs thurifem.

a verv oiininiciiial plant for a s])ot protected from severe frosts.

Juniperus virginiana.

A tree of variahle size and lial)it ; at its ^ivatesl develupment
100 feet liigdi with a strai,L;lit trunk '-^ t feet in diameter near the
"Tound ; usually mueh smaller and uverai^in^; 40 50 feet Iiigli : in
places reduced to a low hushv slirid). llaik of tinnk tliin, li-ht
t)rnwn tinijed with red and separated into lom; narrow scales fringed
nu the margins.* {'.ranches slender, usually horizontal, liut often
asceniling, especially in the young state of the tree ; secondary hranches
slender with .smooth che.stuut-hrown hark : lanntication of the liranehlets

* F.x Silva et Xerth America, N'el. X. ]>. 93.

VAUIETIKS OF .TUNTI'EKUS VIlUilMANA. 193

mostly iiseudd-disticlious and altiTiuik', of tlie lierlmcoous shoots often
. tcti'iisticlious (fDur-ranked), very short and four-angled. Leaves dimorphic;
on the axial shoots and on young trees in whorls of three, acicular
or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, adnate at the l)ase, free at the apex,
changing to reddish l)rown or grey and becoming effete in the third
year ; on adult trees small, scale-like, in decussate pairs, ovate, acute,
imbricated or concrescent, light green changing to russet-brown on
pollen-bearing trees, green or glaucescent on fruit-bearing trees ; on
young plants larger and changing to dull violet-brown in winter.
Flowers dioecious, less commonly monoecious, the staminate flowers about an
eighth of an inch long composed of eight — ten stamens. Fruits produced
on the ends of short lateral shoots of the preceding year, sid )-giobose,
0"25 inch in diameter, dark l)lue-purple covered with a whitish glaucous
bloom, and ripening the first season.

Junipenis virginiana, Liiuueu.s, Sp. Plant. II. 1039 (1753). Michaux, Hist. Arln-.
Aiuer. III. 4-2, t. 5 (1813). L C. Richard, Mem. sur les Coiiif. 37 (1826).
Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2495, with lig.s (1838). Endlicher, Synops.
Conif. 27 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 43. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 488. Hoopes, Evergreens, 291. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 154. Beissner,
N'adelholzk. 122, with figs Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 215. Sargent
in Garden and Forest, VIII 61 ; and Silva N. Amer. X. 93, t. 52. And many
others.

Eng. and Amer, Red Cedar. Fr Cedre de Virginie. Germ. Mrginiseher Sade-
banm. Ital. Cedro ilella Virginia.

Varieties distinguished ehiefly hi/ hahit.
var.— Bedfordiana.

In Great Britain a dense much-branched low tree of colunniar habit,
with slender elongated pendulous or reflexed branchlets clothed with
bright green acicular leaves with a grey stomatiferous line on the ventral
side.*

J. vii-giniana Bedfordiana, Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. 489. J. virginiana
barbadensis, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 155. J. gracilis, Endlicher, Synops. Conif.
31. J. Bedfordiana, Hort And others.

var. — dumosa.

A shrub with short, close-set, ascending branches, and with a rounded
top. Leaves dimorphic, for the most part acicidar, spreading, bluish
green above ; on the herbaceous shoots scale-like and bright green.

J. virginiana dumosa, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 46. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II.
156. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 126.

var. — pendula.

Several pendidous forms are described by different authors. According
to Gordon three such are to be found in British gardens difiering
more or less in the manner and degree of pendulosity and in the
colour of the foliage. They arc thus distinguished : — One has spreading
branches and pendulous branchlets clothed with scale-like leaves only,

* This is one of the most lieautiful of Janii)ers, but unfortunately too tender for the
climate of Great Britain generally. Although long cultivated in this country its origin
is obscure ; there is strong evidence in support of an hypothesis that it is the Juniper of the
Gulf States and some of the West India Islands, and thence the J. barhaden&is of Linnseus
and specifically distinct from ./. virghiumci.

194 VARIETIES OF JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.

and i^roducing only staminate flowers. A second form has long and
slender primary branches that with their a})pendages are more or less
pendulous ; this was known in some gardens as Chamberlayne's Weeping
Red Cedar. A third has elongated pendulous branchlets clothed with
bright green scale-like leaves ; it is the handsomest of the three, and
the only one generally cultivated at the present time.

J. virgiiiiana pendula, Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 46. Gordon, Phiet. ed. II.
1.56. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 125. J. virginiana pendula viridis, Hort. J. virgin-
iana Chamberlaynei, Hort. J. virginiana Sniithii, Hort. And others.

var.— Schottii.

A narrowly pyramidal or columnar tree of smaller dimensions and denser
habit than the common form ; the younger branchlets are shorter, more
crowded and clothed with scale-like foliage of a remarkably bright
green colour.

J. virginiana Schottii, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 157. Beis.sner, Nadelliolzk. 126.
J. virginiana viridis, Hort.

var. —tripartita.

A low, spreading shrub with the habit of the common 8avin ; branches
and branchlets mucli ramified and clothed with acicular leaves only
that have a bluish green tint caused by the apparent lilending of the
glaucous stoiuatiferous lines with the green surface.
J. virginiana tripartita, Gordon.

Varieties (listing uislicd hy the colour of the foliage.
var. — albo-variegata (syn. alha spicaj.

This has many of the youngest growths and leaves cream- or yellowish
Avhite interspersed among the green branchlets and which change to
pale green in the following season.

var. — aureo - variegata.

In this variety many of the young growths are yellow ; the variega-
tion is sometimes unequally distributed over the plant.

var.— elegans.

Branchlets slender and elongated, clothed with acicular foliage and
having many of the youngest lateral growths light yellow.

var. — glauca (syn. anjentea).

In this variety the whole of the youngest growths and their foliage
are of almost silvery wliiteness, which changes to pale glaucous green in
winter.

var.— Triomphe d'Angers.

The greater portion of all the terminal growths cream-white, affording
a strong contrast to the dark bluish gi'ccn of the older foliage.

Besides the varieties described above, a large innnl)er of others which
have originated in tlie seed-beds of British and continental inirseries
have received distinguishing names ; it is, however, dcmbtful whether
many of tlu^m can now })e identified, as seminal varieties frequently
lose their distinctive character with age.

JUNIPEKUS A'lHOINIANA. 195

The geographical range of JiinipiruH virginiana is one of the most
extensive of the genus ; it may he stated in general terms to
extend in a meridional direction from the great lakes of North
America and westwards of them from about the oOth parallel to
the Gulf States and Florida, and longitudinally from the Atlantic
coast to the Rocky Mountains ; and even crossing these at its
northern limit, it spreads through southern Columbia to Vancouver's
Island. Within tliis area occur the most diverse phases of climate,
from the sub-arctic winters of Nova Scotia and the Lake region to
the tropical summers of the Gulf States ; from the arid plains of
Utah and Nevada wliere the annual rainfall rarely reaches ten inches
to the low-lying tracts of the south-eastern States where it often
exceeds sixty inches. It is not surprising, therefore, that growing
spontaneously over half the North American continent, in widely different
soils, situations and aspects and also under extreme conditions of
climate, that Juniperus virginiana should be one of the most variable
of Conifers as regards habit and dimensions. In the Atlantic States
it is usually scattered over dry slopes and rocky ridges ; on the
coast often stunted and with short tough branches that resist
the fiercest gales ; further inland, as in Kentucky, Tennessee and
adjacent States, it is a medium-sized tree covering large areas with
nearly pure forests ; in the humid and hot climate of the eastern
Gulf States it attains its greatest dimensions, becoming a tall wide-
topped tree of very elegant aspect ; towards its western limits and
on the Rocky ^Mountains it is often reduced to a low bushy
shrub.*

According to Aitouf Juniperus pirginiana was cultivated by Evelyn
prior to 1664, the date of publication of the first edition of the "Sylva";
it was thence one of the first American trees introduced into British
gardens. Since that period it has been in constant use for ornamental
planting, and prior to the discovery and introduction of the north-west
American and east Asiatic Cupressineae, much more extensively than at
present. Its average growth in (Ireat Britain is not more than from
10 to 15 feet in the first ten years from the seed, and the average height
attained by it is rarely more than 30 to 40 feet, so that the tree does not
often attain a timber-like size except in deep rich soils that could be
more profitably cropped with other vegetation. Under cultivation the
Red Cedar is very polymorphous, of which every seed bed furnishes
abundant instances, but the pecidiar form which characterises individuals
frequently disappears with age. M. Carriere was of opinion that this
variation is an effect of the sexuality of the plants, and certainly there

* Silva of Xorth Anieiica, X. 94. Professor Sargent lias since separated the Junipers
of the Rocky Mountains and of the Gulf States from Junip'rus virginiana, constituting
the former a new species under the name of J. Sroptiloruin and referring the latter to
the Linnean ./, barhndensis.

t Hortus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. Y. \i. 414.

196 FITZROYA.

arc facts tliat can l)c adduced in sni)[»irt (if that ln'})ntli('sis,* for
example — the mah- trees (at h'ast iqi to '2h or l^0 years) may l)c always
recognised by their primary branches sitreading horizontally and by tht?
elongated branchlets clothed with scale-like leaves which in winter have
a russet-brown tint quite peculiar to this form. The female trees Imve
also spreading liranches but with more lax ramification than the males ;
the foliage is at first dimorphic but the acicidar leaves (lisap[)ear in time
and the scale-like foliage is of a decided green tint, rarely glaucous,
throughout the year. Monoecious trees are fairly intermediate, generally
of cohunnar or sulj-fastigiate habit up to 25 — 30 years, Avitli dimorphic
foliage while the trees are relatively young ; in some instances the fruit
is borne on a single branch or on a \'ery few branches, and in others
the staminate flowers are restricted to one or to a very few branches,
whilst between these extremes every possible gradation occurs, and every
such A'ariatiiin is usually accomi)anied by a greater or less variation in
habit.

The wood of the Red Cedar is one of the most ^'ahu^1)le of the forcist
products of North America. Its use in the manufacture of "cedar
pencils " is well known ; its resistance to decay by water is so great that
no better wood can be found for fencing-posts and railway ties, door-
sills and other purposes in which wood-work is in contact with the soil.
Moths flee from its pungent odour, and a chest or closet lined with this;
wood affords an etficient protection against their inroads. From tlu+
waste of ])encil factories, a kind of paper is manufactured that has been
found useful for underlaying carpets and for wrapping wools, furs and
other articles lialile to l:)e injured l)y moths.

FITZEOYA.

Hooker HI in Bot. Mag. suh. t. 4616 (1851). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 46-3 (1868)
Bentliam and Hooker, Geu. Plant. III. 42.5 (1881). Eichler m Engler and Prantl, Nat. PH.
Fani. 9', (1887). Masters in Jomii. Linn. Soc. XXX. 17 (1893); and inchidini-- Disehna,
Hookei' til, Fl. Tasnian. I. -35.3, t. !I8.

A genus of eveijgreen trees or shrubs, including two species which
have their homes in two regions remote from each other — one, the type,
in the extreme south of South America and the other in the island of
Tasmania. From a scientific stantlpoint, the genus is a higlilv
interesting one, both in respect of the geograpliical position of the
si^ecies and the structure of the fruit by which it is chiefly
distinguished from the otiier (^i]»i'essineie.

The essential characters are : —

Flowers dicEclous. Staminate llowcrs suiall, solitary and l<'rnnnal
Antlun's four— eight, shortly stipitate with a pcUate, Iiroadly ovate or
.sub-orbicular connective bearing two four antlier cells.

* n y a des in(Uvi(his exchisivenient males, d'autres exelnsivcinent t'enielles, et d'autres
entiu (jui, a des degres lUtt'erents, portent les deu.x .sexes. Ce (jui e.st encore ;i reinar<[uer,
c'est que ces caraoteres agissent sur le faeies et qu'elles donnent souvent aux plantes un
aspect jiarticulier. Cette partifularite, (jui proliablenient s'ain(lii|ue ii d'autres esi)eces de
.Juniperus, pnunait. iient-etre, exjiliquer la nailtiiilicite qu'on a faitf d'esp&ues qui, pour
l)eaucoui), ne sont ]in>l)alilenient (lue des t'i)niu's d'un seal tviie. — Traitt <}eiieral dea Coniferes„
ed. II. p. 47.

FITZKOYA AlICIIEPJ. 197

( )vulifi'riins tiowcis ■,\U(^ small, solitarv ami tcriniiial, cDiuposed of
two — fouv jiairs of scales of wliicli thr twn ujipciimist and lar^'est bear
two — three (irtliotroi»ous (erect) ovules.

Strobiles small, globose; scales sub-ligin'oiis, ])t'rsisteiit, the two upper-
most pairs alone fertile and bearing two — thret; winged seeds.

The vegetative organs aiv surtieiently described under each species.
The genus is named in compliment to Captain Fitzroy, commander
of H.]\I. surveying ship " Beagle," during the voyage of which
(t8;]l — 1836) the type species was discovered.*

Fitzroya Archeri.

A low tree with a trunk sometimes 15 — 18 inehes in diameter; more
fre(piently a nuieh-branehed erect shrub 5 — 12 feet high. Branches
numerous with dark chestnutdjrown bark and tetrastichous (four-ranked)
ramitication ; branchlets slender, four-angled and similarly ramified.
Leaves small, scaledike, in deciissate pairs, ovate-triangular, obtuse,
strongly keeled at the back, eoncrescent or closely . imbricated, dark
green with a white stomatiferous line on each side of the keel ;
someAvhat larger on the axial growths, more acute, free at the apex
antl becoming effete in the thinl or fourth year. Staminate flowers
<-omposed of six — eight anthers in decussate pairs. (.)vuliferous flowers
consisting of four scales in opposite pairs, of which the smaller outer
pair are sterili' and the larger iinier pair each bears two orthotropous
ovules.

Fitzroya Arelieri, Beiitliani in Gen. Plant III. 425 (1881). Eiehler in Engler
and Prantl, Nat. PH. Fani. 9.5.

Diselina Archeri. Hooker til, Fl. Tasnian. I. .353, t. 98 (1860). Carriere, Traite
Conif, ed. II. 84. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 462. And others.

This, the Tasmanian species, has a very restricted habitat around
Lake St. Clair and on the western mountains which it ascends to the
.summit, al)out 4,500 feet above the level of the neiu'libourino- ocean.
It was first described as a monotypic genus under the name of
Diselma, but afterwards joined with the South American species by
Mr. Bentham on the ground that the essential characters of the two
are the same.

Fitzivija An-lieri has long Ijeen cultivated in the Temperate House
in the Koyal Gardens at Kew, but no experience of it in the open
ground in this country is recorded. As it is associated in its native
island with Afhrofaxis cujjreftsoides it might be expected to prove
as hardy as that species. It is named in compliment to the late
Mr. William Archer of Cheshunt, Avho resided upwards of ten
years in Tasmania, during which he sedulously investigated the
botany of the district surrounding his property. He returned to

■' The voyage of the "Beagle" will lie ever memorable in the annals of science. The
vessel was dispatched liy the British Government "to complete the snrvey of Patagonia
and Tierra del Fnego, to survey the shores of Chile, Peru and of some islands in the
Pacific and to carry a chain chronometrical measurement round the world." Mr. Charles
Darwin was invited to accompany the expedition, an invitation which he accepted ; and
during the long voyage was commenced tlie series of profound researches which ultimately
made a i>enuanent impress on tiielogical science.

198 FITZUOYA I'ATACONICA.

England in 1857 with an excellent lieil)arinni, copious notes, analy.ses
and drawings; with these, and by means of the accurate information
he possessed of the vegetation of the island, he rendered valuable
assistance to 8ir Joseph Hooker in th(> compilation of the " Flora
of Tasmania,"' besides defraying a large [lortioii of the expense of the
illustrations.*

Fitzroya patagonica.

A dioecious tree of varial)li' dinuaisions ; at its greatest development
on the western slopes of the Andes of southern Chile, with a trunk
80 — 100 or more feet high, covered with deeply furrowed, fibrous liark
3 inches thick ; at its highest vertical limit, a small nuich branched
shrub. In Great Britain, a low tree or shrub of irregular outline ; the
arborescent form Avith a trunk 9 — 12 inches in diameter covered
with pale reddish brown bark fissured longitudinally into narrow plates,
and exposing a dark inner cortex. Primary branches unequal in length
and thickness, and very irregularly ramified. Branchlets flexible,
obscurely tetrastichous, the youngest shoots decurved, and often pinnately
divided. Leaves in decussate pairs, persistent several years, but becoming
effete in the third or fourth season, narrowly ovate-oblong or spathulate
oblong, mucronate, more or less imliricated, dark green and concave
above, keeled on the back and with two white stcjmatiferous lines.
Staminate flowers not seen. Stroljiles on short lateral shoots of the
preceding year, globose, composed of three decussate pairs of
scales, each with a prominent comi)ressetl unxbo on the outer side, the
largest uppermost pair fertile, each bearing three seeds or fewer by
abortion.

Fitzroya patagonica, Hooker til, ex. Hooker W. in Hot. Mag. «uli t. 4616 (ISSl).
Lmdley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. II. 147. Gay, Fl. Cliil V. 411. Van Houtte, Flore
des Serres, VII. 130, with tig Carriere, Traite Oonif. ed. II. 46-3. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 115. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc XIV. 219.

The geographical range of Fitzroya indatjoaira ou the South American
continent has not yet been clearly ascertained ; so far as at present
known, its noitherii limit may be placed at about the 40th parallel of
south latitude whence it spreads southwards along the Andes to the
Straits of Magellan. It is very abundant on the l»rows of the hills
aromid Yaldivia where it ascends to 1,500 feet elevation, and where
its tall colunniar stems are visil)le from a great distance, f It was
introduced from this loeality l»y the Veitchian firm in 1849 through
William l/.bb.

Altlnnigh Fltzniija jXitwiiDiird lias been in cultixation half-a-centurv
and has proved (luite hardy, it cannot be regaideij as a satisfactory
subject for British gardens. In the iiKJst t'a\ouralile localities as in
l)evon and Cornwall, its growth is slow, ami when left to itself it
often forms a multiplicity of leader shoots, none of which grow more

* Flora of Tasmania, Introduction, p. 127.

t Richard Pearce //' lit., who attirnied tliat it is tlic Fitxroya wliich sup|ilifs the valualile
Alerze tiniher of the Chilians, not Lihoinlms trlniqDiiii as stated liy most authors.

cupiiEssus. 199

than a fcnv inches in a single season ; the branches are for the most
part irregularly developed and impart an unsymmetrical hahit to the
tree unless occasionally pruned.* It is worthy of remark that none
of the Fitzroyas (Chilian species) growing in Great Britain so far as
they have been observed, produc(! standnate flcnvers, but ovuliferous
strobiles are produced in great profusion from an early age of the
tree.

CUPEESSUS.

Limiteus. Sp. Plant. II. 1002 (1753). Endlicher, Syiiop.s. Conif. 55 (1847). Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 467 (1868). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 427 (1881).
Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. PH. Fani. 99 (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXXI. 325 (1896). Inchiding Cham:¥cyparis, Spacli, Hist. Nat Veg. Phan. XI. 329 (1842);
and Retinispora, Siebold and Znccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 42 {genus falsum).

The genus Cupressus includes some of the most beautiful and
interesting trees in Nature, and as the majority of the species are
more or less hardy in Great Britain their value as subjects for
garden decoration is very great, a value greatly enhanced by the
numerous abnormities into which many of them have diverged under
cultivation, and which has resulted in the " fixing " of forms of very
distinct haljit and aspect originating from the same species. The
most remarkalde instances of polymorphism occur in Cupressus
Laicsoniana , C. ohtusa and C. j^i-sifera, of which it may be remarked
that the abnormities of the one for the most part simulate those
of the others, thus affording evidence of order and method in the
production of an apparently inexplicable diversity of forms.!

The genus in its extent and circumscription as here understood, is
the same as in the monograph elaborated l)y Dr. Maxwell Masters
in the " Journal of the Linnean Society," he. eit. siepra. The essential
cliaracters are : —

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers terminal on short branchlets
of the preceding year. Stamens numerous, in decussate pairs with
short filaments and orbicular or sub-peltate connectives bearing two — six
anther cells.

Seminiferous cones (strobiles) composed of eight — ten scales thickened
at the apex or exposed side into a peltate expansion and bearing
lieneath it two — seven or more seeds in one — two series.

* Among the largest specimens known to the author is one at Killerton in South Devon
over 25 feet high ; one at Upcott, near Barnstaple, of nearly the same dimensions ; one at
Fota Island, near Cork, in which the terminal growths are much elongated and elegantly
pendulous ; and one at Kihnacurragh, Co. Wicklow, which has taken the form of a dense
rounded shrub 12 leet in diameter. There is also one at Belsay in Northumberland over
20 feet high growing on sandstone (quarry refuse, which has been watched and supernumerary
leaders pruned off whenever they have appeared. The failure of the Fitzroya to gi-ow satis-
factorily in this country is douljtless due to climatic causes sinular to those which atfect
Saxegothcea conspicua and Lihocedrus tctragona.

t It should, however, be noted that whilst many of these abnormities may become
"fixed" by propagation from cuttings and Ijy grafting, many others lose their peculiar
form and colour as they increase in age, the reversion to a normal type taking place more
rapidly in some varieties than in others.

200 CUPHESSUS.

But while tlie above charaeters are common throughout the genus,
tliere occurs a ditierence in the ])erio(l of maturation of the fruits,
in their size, in the texture of their scales and in the number of
seeds borne by each, and these diflerences are generally but not
always accompanied by a difference in the branching and consequently
in the form of the branchlet system of the youngest or herbaceous
growths, whence the species fall into two groups or sections thus
distinguished : —

EucUPRESSUS. — Strobiles large, attaining maturity in the second year;
scales ligneous, each bearing numerous seeds in one — two series.
Herbaceous branch systems tetrastichons (fonr-rank(nl) but often obscured
from external causes, sometimes disticlions (two-raidced). Leaves mostly
homomorphie :

Arizotiii'Ci, Bi^nthantii, funebris, iroceniana, ln-<tfanii-a, Mamalnana,
mwrocarixi, seinperri)'e7iK, fhur/'fera, tondosa.

Cham.ecvi'aris. — Strobiles small, attaining matuiity the first year ;
scales coriaceous, bearing two, rarely three — hve seeds in one series.
Herbaceous branch systems distichous, tetrasticlious in some of the .
abnormal forms only. Leaves dimorphic, the lateral jiairs m(jre ur less
condnplieate, the dorsiventral pairs fiat :

Laicsoniana, nootkatenxi^, ohhisa, pisifera, fhi/oidex.
Variable as is the habit of the Cypresses and the dimensions
which individual trees attain, the spreading form in which the
])ranches gradually diminish in length from below upwards during
the vigorous life of the tree, appears to l)e tliat most natural to
them. Instances of pendulosity occiir in Cupressux fundrris and
0. torulosa, and fastigiate forms of C. srinprnniniH and C. macrocarpa
are common. It is worthy of note that nearly all the species natives
of the warmer parrs of the temperate zone assume more or less
the fastigiate habit in Great Britain.

The type species Cuprressus xe/i/p/errireiis has been known from remote
antiipiity and has been noted by many autliors down to the dawn of
modern Botany. By the end of the eighteenth century four other
species were knoAvn to science, ('. /usifani'-a, C thtjoulex, C. nootliafeni<is
and C. funebris ; all the lemaininn' s])ecies are discoveries of the nine-
teenth century.* 'Die ^'enus now includes fifteen recognised species
and two or three more forms whose specific rank is undecided; all
tliese are distributed over the noitheiii lieniis])liere from Japan
westwards to the Pacific littoral of North .Vmerica. Most of tlie
species included in Kuc\i))ressns are natives of tlie warmer parts of
the temperate zone, wliile all those in Chama'cyparis have a more
northern habitat. For the British climate their value is wholly
liorticultural, bnt in their native countries wliere abundant ami of
sutticient dimensions, their tindter ranks among the best for certain
purposes that can be procurtMl.

* A most useful clirouolo^cal list of aiUliorities for specific naiiu-s and also complfte lists
of syiioiiyiiis are aj>iieii(l<(i to Dr. Masters nionogiajili in the Joninal of tlie Linnean
Society.

curr.Essus ahizoxica. 201

Cupressus arizonica.

A tree usually 30 — 40 feet but (Kcasioually 70 feet high with a
trunk 2 — 4 feet in diameter and horizontal hranehes forming a
narrow jiyraniidal or occasionally a hroad flat head. Hark on old
trunks thin, dark reddirown and si-])arating freely into long shreds
which oiUm remain hanging on it for years; on young trunks and on
the hranehes, breaking into large irregular scales which, in falling,
expose the hright red inner hark. Leaves ovate, acute, carinate and
egiandular, or occasionally glandular pitte(l on the l)ack, ])ale glaucous
green, dying usually the second year. Staminate flowers 0-25 inch
long, composed of six — eight stamens with hroadly ovate, acute, yellow
cimnectives. Strobiles sub-globo.se, about an unli iu diameter on short
l>eduncles and Avith six — eight scales furnished with stout, cylindrical,
pointed luubos. Seeds varial)le in shape, from oblong to nearly
triangular and furnished with thin nari'ow wings. — Sargent, Si/ra of
^^orfh America, X. 105.

Cupressus arizonica, Green in Bull. Torrey. Bot. Chili. IX. t!-! (1882). Watson
in Proceed. Anier. Acad. Sci. XVIII. 1/57 (1883). Masters iu (Jard. Chron. X.
ser. 3 (1891). p. 364 ; and Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV. 204. Lennnon, X.W.
Amer. Cone Bearers, 75.

C. Benthanii, var. arizonica. Masters in Journ. Linn. Sou. XXXL 340.

Ci(pn'sst(s arizonica is the latest addition t(j tlie genus ; it was
discovered by Professor Greene in 1S<S0 in the neighbourhood of
(difton in Arizona, and also on The mountain ranges north of Mount
(irahain ; it is now known to be common on the mountains of
central Arizona at 5,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, in places forming
pure forests of consideral)le extent.

Cupressus arizonica was introduced into Ihitish gardens in 1882 from
the Arnold Arboretum, near Boston, U.S.A. The young trees growing
in this country are of fastigiate or c(ilumnar habit with a lightish
green foliage ; tln^v have up to the pr(\sent time proved quite hardy
and are among the best of decorative Conifers for the lawn and
small gardens.

Cupressus Benthamii.

A tree of variable habit and dimensions according to situation and
enviroinnent. branches spreading or deflext^d, much ramitied at the
extremity ; secondary branches (;overed with s]nooth, dark chestnut-
brown bark. Brancldets ilistichous, opposite or alternate and pinnately
ramified, the youngest growths ec^uidistant and parallel. Leaves
dimorphic, on the axial growths ovate, acuminate, glandular, adnate at
the base, free at the apex, becoming eflete in the third year ; on the
lateral branchiets smaller, scaledike, deltoid - oA-ate, appressed and
imbricated, bright green. Staminate flowers with six anthers in decussate
pairs. Strijbiles solitary or in clusters of two — three or more, shortly
jiedunculate, globose, about 0-75 inch in diameter, composed of eight
rhondioidal scales each with a small undio proje'tiiig from the eeiitre.

202 (•rri;p:>ssus bexthamii,

Cupressus Benthaiiiii, Eiidliulier, Syuops. Coiiif. 59 (1847). Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 472. Henisley, Biol. Ceiitr. Anier. III. 183. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 80.
Masters in Jonrn. Linn. kSoc. XXXI. 338.

C. Lindleyi, Klotsch, ex Endlicher, lof. cif.

C. lusitaniea Benthaniii. Carriere. Traite Cimif. ed. II. 155

var.— Knightiana.

This (litters ivoni the typical C. Benthainii in its more symmetrical
habit especially in the regularity of its branching, in its glaucesc(;nt
foliage and also in the more prominent umbo of the cone .scales.

C. Benthaniii Kniglitiana, Masters in Gard. Chron. XVI. ser. 3 (1894), p. 668 ;
and in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 340. C. Kniglitiana, Hort. C. elegans, Hort.

The infonniition we possess respecting Ci'.j^rcssi's BcntJiamii as seen
in its native conn try and its geographical distribution is vague and
disjointed. Not much more can be said of it than that it is spread
over the ticrra fria or alpine region of Mexico at 6,000 feet elevation
and upwards, from Orizalja northwards to the Sierra Madre, and that
herbarium specimens ha\'e l)een gathered in different places and at
different times by liotanical explorers of the region, among the earlier
of whom was Karl Theodor Hartweg while collecting seeds and plants
for the Horticultural Society of London, 18o9 — 184-3, through whom it
was introduced.* The variety Knightiana was distril)uted by Messrs.
Knight and Perry, the predecessors of Messrs. James A^eitch and Sons
at the Eoyal Exotic Nursery, who state in tlieir Synopsis that its
origin was unknown to them ; it is tlie most elegant of the half-
hardy Cypresses, and is still to be found in warm sheltered spots
in Hampshire, Devon and Cornwall, and also at Powerscourt in
Ireland where there is a remarkaljly beautiful specimen in perfect
health. The species was named after the late Mr. George Benthani,
one of the most eminent of British systematic liotanists.

Geokge Bentham (1800 — 1884), the son of Sir Sainnel Benthani, was born at
Plyniontli, his father l)eing at that time Inspector of the Royal Dockyards. While
still a boy he spent some time at St. Petei'slmrg where he accjniied a knowledge
of the Russian language. From 1814 to 1826 he lived with his family in the neighbour-
hood of Montpellier, and there he liegan his liotanieal career by a practical examination
of the wild iilants of Angouleme and Montanbaii, quickly followed by further
researches into the flora of the Pyrenees. His first work, "A Catalogue of Plants
indigenous to the Pyrenees and Bas Languedoc " was published in 1826. Returning
to England in that year he first turned his attention to the law, but speedilj-
devoted himself exclusively to liotany. He attached him.self to tlie Horticultural
Society of London in the days when that Society did excellent service l)y dispatching
collectors to vanous countrie.s, and together with Lindlev he undertook the
determination of the many sjiecies introduced by Douglas Haitweg and others ; he was
Secretaiy to the Society from 1829 to 1840. From the time his connection with the
Society ceased, uj) to within a year or two of his death, Bentham was constantly at work,
elaborating nionograiihs of genera and orders or preparing floras of various countries.
Among the most important of these elaborations mention must be made of his niono-
giaj>hs of the Labiatie and Scrophularineiv in De CandoUe's " Prodromus " and the floras
of Hong-Kong and Australia in the series of Colonial floras ]irqjected by Sir William
Hooker and worked out at Kcw. But by far thr most enduring monument of

* The only tree raised from tlie originally-introduced seeds known to the author is at Fota
Island, near Cork, where it is recognised under the name of C'uprfssus Lindleiji ; it is a superb
specimen upwards of 80 feet high, with a trunk three feet in diameter m-ar the grouncl.

CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS. 203

Beiitham's labours is the "Genera Plautaruin," a work of immense value to l)otanical
science, and which, till its appearance, was one of the most urgent desiderata of
the age. The puhlieatiou began in 1862 and terminated in 1883, a year \nior to
his death. To t-nable iiini to prosecute his researches, Benthani gradually aceumulateil
a vast herbarium and library, which in 18.")4 he made over to the nation with the
sole condition that they sliould t)e accessilile to the pulilie. These, incorporated
with the collections of" his friend, Sir William Hooker, formed the basis of the
unrivalled collections at Kew. Bentham was a Fellow of the Royal Society, from
whom lie received the greatest honour in their power to bestow — the award of a
Royal Medal ; he was also a Member of the Institute of France and a Fellow of
tlie Liunean Society of London, of which he became President in 1861 and continued
for thirteen years to preside over the destinies of the Society. — Gardeners' Chronicle,
XXII. (1884), p. 368.

Cupressus funebris.

A tree of singular aspect with a broadly pyramidal (Town, wide
spreading l:)ranches and pendulous branchlets, attaining a height of
50 — 60 feet and usually with an erect, straight trunk denuded of
branches along the lower part. In Great Britain a fastigiate or columnar
tree, the trunk sometimes divided at a greater or less distance from the
ground into two or more secondary much-branched trunks, the liranches
and their ramitications short, stout, ascending and covered with smooth
chestnut-brown bark. Branchlets distichous and alternate, slender and
more or less drooping, the youngest branchlet system persistent about
three years. Leaves scale-like, deltoid, acute, concreseent or closely
imbricated, bright green. Staminate flowers sub-globose, (consisting of
eight anthers in four decussate pairs. Strobiles on short footstalks,
solitary or in pairs, globose, composed of four pairs of umlnnate scales of
which the two middle })airs are fertile, each l)earing tliree — four
seeds.*

Cupressus funebris, Staunton Embassy, ed. II. 4-46, t. 41 (1798). Eiidlicher,
Synops. Conif. 58 (1847). Plauchon in Flore des Serres, VI. 90, witli lig. (18.50).
Lindley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. I. 46, with tig. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 161.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 471. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 82. Brandis, Forest
Fl. X.W. India, .">33. Hooker lil, Fl. Brit. Ind. ^'. 646. Masters in Jouiii.
Linn. Soc. XXXI. 337, with hgs.

C. pendula, Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. II. 124, t. 66 (1828'i. Loudon, Arl). et
Frut. Brit. IV. 2479, with tigs.

This remarkal)le Cypress first Ijecaiue known to Europeans during
Lord Macartney's Embassy to Pekin in 1792 when it was seen
growing in a place called " The Vale of Toniljs " situated in a
mountainous district in the north of China, and which is said to have
a more rigorous climate than England. Nothing more was heard of it
till it was re-discovered by Mr. Fortune in 1849 about 150 miles up
the Hang-chow river in the neighljourhood of the once famous tea
country of Whey-chow where he procured seeds which he sent to the
late Mr. Standish of Ascot, the first received in this country.
Mr. Fortune afterwards saw this Cypress in China further west where
it is more common, occurring " frequently in clumps on the sides of
the hills where it had a most striking and beautiful eft'ect on the

* Comumnicated Ijy Mr. Crombie, Powerscoxirt Gardens, Co. Wicklow, and Mr. Garland,
Killerton Gardens, Exeter.

204 cri'KESSUS (iOVENlAXA.

landscape."* The geogm})lii('al distiilmtion of (Juprcss/i.^ fiinehris is Init
imperfectly known ; the recorded lialjitats are few, Init there are
indications of its having an extensive range in the south-west provinces
whence it has been intuxhiced and })lanted around temples in Nepal,
Sikkim and IMiotan. In the Himalayan valleys up to 6,000 .feet it
attains a large size; one tree measured hy Sir Joseph Hooker had a
girtli of 16^ feet at five feet from the ground an«i was apparently
90 feet liigh.f

Till- i'X]»'ctali(in that Cuj>res,-"if fuiichri^ wnuld pinvc as hanly as tlie
Crypt* mieria and the ImHaii Deodar lias nut been reahsed. The
occasional recurrence of exceptionally severe winters has proved fatal to
it over the greater ]iart of (hvat IJritain. In I )evon and Cornwall and
in jKirts of AVales and Ireland Avhere tliis exti'enie severity is rarely or
ever felt there are specimens from 25 to 'M) feet high hut they are all
of the fastigiate or colunniai' form, ami oidy in a few instances as at
Killerton in Devonshire ami at Powerscourt in \Vicklow do the oMest
trees show signs of assuming;- the ])endidous ]ial)it which cliaracterises the
species in China ami India.

Cupressus Goveniana.

'•A tree occasionally 50 feet lii^gli with a sliort trindv 1* feet in
'liametei- and slender, erect or spreading branches ; u.sually much
smaller, often shrubby in habit."' Outer bark dark brown, fissured
and peeling otf in shreds exposing a chocolate-red inner cortex,
lirauches sju'eading or aseendiuL;', covered with smooth red-brown
bark and nuu-h lamifieil towai'ds tlu- extivmities. J>ranchlets
slender, nmnerous and close-set, tetrasticlious (.n the axial growths
and ileiisely rauufied in the same manner. Leaves on the axial
shoots fjvate, acute, closely api)ressed or concrescent at the base,
free at the a]iex : on the slender lateral shoots much smaller, scale-
like, concrescent or indn-icated, all of a Inight shadi' of green i)eculiar
to this S})ecies. Staminate flowers usually with six stamens, four-angled,
li.Lijht yellow. Strol)iles often in (hMi.se clusters, .shortly pedunculate,
globose, 0"75 — I inch in diameter, coni])osed (tf four decu.s.sate }>airs
of dark brown scales each witli a siiort pyramidal umbo and Itearing
from twelve to eighteen seeils.

Cuinv.ssus (Joveiiiana, (Jorclon in .Touni. Hurt. Soc. Loud. IV. 29."). with tig.
!]849); and Pinet. erl. II. 83. Caniere. Tniite Coiiif. ed. II. 170. Pailatore.
I). C. Prodr. XVI. 472. Brewer and Watson. P>ot. ('alitor. II. 114. Masters
in Jouin. R. Hoit. Soc. XIV. 20."> ; and .lonni. Linn. .^<.c. XXXI. :i46, with tig'.
Sarg'ent, Silva N. Amei-. X. 107, t. ;V27.

Cnjiirsius (rin-rnimi'i was discovered by Theodor Hartweg in the

neighbourhood or Monterey in 1840 associated with Pitim muricata,

while collecting plants and seeds for the Horticultural Society of

L<uidon ; it was sub.sequently disti-ilmted fi-oni the Society's gardens

at Chi.swi(d<. Its geograjihical range is C(tntined chiefly to the

Californian coast region fi-oni the ]daiiis of .Mendocino lo the mountains

• (iarden.-rs' Clm.niclr, 1 ,s.')0, ].. 228. t Himalayan .lomnals, Vol. I. p. :3.3(j.

CCl'KKSSUS I.AWSOXIAXA. 205

of San Diego, fiei|ueutly asceudiiig tlie cuuous nf the mouutain ehaiiis of
central California to nearly ;>,000 feet elevation and attaining its largest
size near mountain streams. It covers in ^lonterey and Mendocino
counties extensixe tracts of sandy l)arrens or rocky slopes extending
inland a few miles from the coast, growing as a low l)ush frei[uentlv
only a few inches high.*

In (li'eat Biitaiu (Juj)re^--<ic-< (rar/'niaii't is hardy hut coiuparutivi'lv
short lived : it thrives li-st in thu western and south- western eountitvs
of Euglaud and in Wales and rrelaml. Liki' aU the cultivated
Cypresses it assuuies twn distiuet hahits, the spreading and the fasti-
giate ; the oldest trees <>f spreading hahit rarely exceed I'O — -i") feet
in height, ofteuer nuieh less, and have a trunk usually divided near
the ground and a hroad iunl)rtdladike (■r(n\'u : the fasti.niate furni has
a more slender trunk with asrendiuL;- Iiranehes and attains a height
of 30 — 35 feet. In the early spring this Cypress is covered with
iuuunierahle yelluw staniinate flowers, and so plentifully is the pollen
produced that when shed, the ground heneath the trees apju'ars covered
with yellow dust. It is also extremely prolific ; cones are produced from
an early age, and after a few years the trees liecome so loaded with
them that tlieir vitality is eventually exhausted.

The species was named in comi»liment to Mr. James Rohert Coweu,
a prominent horticulturist of his time and Secretary to the Horticultural
Society of Lontlou at the date of its introduction.

Oupressus Lawsoniana.

The tallest of all Cypresses, at its gn-atest development attaining
200 feet higli with a trunk 12 feet in tliameter near the aln-uptly
enlarged hase and free of Imniches for over 100 feet ; the general height
ranges from 120 to 150 feet. Bark remarkalde for its thickness, heing
more than a foot thick on old trees, reddish i)rown with two distinct
layers, the inner heing tlarker and more compact than the outer which
is divided into great hroaddiased rounded ridges separated on the surface
into small, thick, closely appressed scales ; on young stems and on the
hranches, the bark is thin and slightly scaly, t lu Great Britain a medium-
sized or tall tree with a stoutish trunk tai)ering from a swollen l)ase
and covered with cinnamou-hrown hark which peels off in thickisli
flakes, i Branches short, mostly horizontal, sometimes more or less
curved, terminating in leafy, frondose expansions. Branchlets with
lateral ramification, slender, often flexible and sub-pendulous. Leaves in
decussate pairs, bright dark green, occasionally glaucescent, on the axial
growths ovate-o1)long, actnuiuate, adnate at the base, free at the apex,
and persisting three — -four years; on the lateral and younger shoots
scale-like, triangular-ovate, concrescent and glandular. Stannnate flowers
small, cylindric, crimson, with 12 — 16 anthers. Strol)iles glolwse,
0-25 — 0-4 inch in diameter, composed of eight sub-quadrate scales, the
lower four fused together at their base, each scale except the ui)permost
pair bearing two — five sec^ls.

* Silva of Xortli Amerioa, ^'ol. X. (i. 107. t Idem. p. 119.

J Occasionalh- with two — tive secondary trunk.s that have ai'iseu t'roiu the lowermost
branches from which roots were emitted "while the trees were still voun<r.

206 VARIETIES of" cupressus t.awsoniana.

Cu])ressus Lawsoiiiana, Murray in Edinl>. new Phil. Jouin. n. s. I. 292, with
iig. (185f)). Hooker HI in Bot. Mag. t. 5581 (1866). Hoopes, Evergreens, 342
with fig. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. III. 191, with tigs. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 86.
Masters in Jouin. R. Hort. Soe. IV. 205 ; and Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 353. Sargent,
Silva N. Amer. X. 119, t. 531.

C. attennata, Gordon, Pinet, ed. II. 79 (1875).

Clianii^cyparis Lawsoniana, Parhitore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 464 (1868). Brewer
and Watson, Bot. Califor. II. 114. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 70, witli tig.

C. Boursieri, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 125.

Eng. Lawson's Cypress. Amer. Port Orford Cypress. Fr. Cyprus de liawson.
Germ. Lawson's Lebensbaumcypresse. Ital. Cipresso di Lawson.

The abnormal form.s of Cujyresxus Lawsoniana that have originated in
.seed beds or from " branch sports " (Sportzweige), and which have been
named and distributed l»y horticulturists, are exceedingly numerous.
Tliosc described in the following pages are more or le.ss distinct
and highly appreciated as decorative plants for the lawn and small
gardens ; they admit of being grouped into two series, of which one is
characterised by difference in habit and the other by colour, but as
difference in habit is sometimes accompanied by difference in colour,
there are forms which may l)e placed with equal right in either series.

Varieties distinguished chiejly hy habit.

var. — AUumi (syn. Fmsen).

A slentler but dense columnar form with short branches and rigid erect
branchlet systems clothed with glaucous green foliage with a steel-blue
tint peculiar to thi;^ variety. It is a modification of an older variety
named strida.

var. — Bowleri.

The Ijranchlets and their ramifications more slender, more pendulous
and of a darker green than the common form ; habit dense and compact.

var.— compacta.

A dwarf, dense, conical low tree or shrub witli decurved glaucous
terminal gTowths ; one of the most distinct of tlie dwarf varieties.

var.— erecta.

A dense fastigiate form with a tajK-ring or tlame-.shaped outline ; all
the branches erect and much crowded, the lateral branchlets much
.shoi'ter in proportion to their axial growths than in the common form.
erecta Viridis has the branchlet systems and f(jliage of a lighter
and lirigliter green.

var.— ericoides.

The brancldets and young growths very slender and of a bright grass-
green ; the small .scale-like leaves free and erect, simulating the foliage
of some of the Cajte Heaths.

var.— filifera.

Tlie terminal growths of tlie youngest branddet .systems greatly
elongat<'d and attenuatecl at tlie extremity ; tlie lateral branchlets more
s])ariiigly raniifieil.

var.— flliformis.

A singular variety in which the })ranches are excessively elongated at
the expense of the lateral growths Avliich are distant and much
shortened. < >f sub-peinlulous habit, simulating the Wliijiconl Tliuia.

VARIETIES OF CUrKESSUS LAWSONIANA. 207

var.— gracilis pendula.

^Ii)iv slciuler in all its ]i;u't.s the l)raiiclu's low^ in }irn|)ni'tiuu t() lieight
of trunk and pendulous, gracilis pendula aurea — all the growths
of tlie current season golden ydlnw i-liauging in autumn to bright grass-
green, and in the succeeding season to the normal dark green of the species.

var.— inter texta.

^lore rol)ust in all its parts, with more distant arching liranches and
more divergent ramitication ; foliage usually paler tlian in the common
form.

var. — j uniperina.

The youngest growths very slender with minute leaves resembling^
those of a Savin Juniper ; the axial growths of tlie branchlet systems
conspicuous by tlieir yellowish tint.

var.— nana.

A diminutive form of slow growth, dense globose habit and deep green
colour. nana alba has the whole of the current season's growth
yellowish Avhite, and that of nana glaUCa bluish greiMi.

var. pendula vera.

The primary l)ranches and their appendages lient downwards towards
the ground. In another form the primary branches are short, rigid and
horizontal, and the secondary branches with their branchlet systems are
strictly pendulous.

var. — Shawii.

A globose shrub with slender branchlets and light glaucous green
foliage. Of larger size and more open habit than the variety compada,
and with foliage of a deeper shade of green.

var. — Wisselii.

A so-called " plumose " variety of dense dwarf habit, with erect
branches on which the branclilets are much crowded and the branchlet
systems appears tufted like those of G. fhyoides leptodada. Leaves free
at the apex and bright grass-green.

var.— Youngi.

Branchlets stout and spreading, the branchlet systems fern-like and
of a rich dark green like those of C. ohfuca Jilicoides which this
variety simulates both in habit and colour.

Varieties distinguished hy the eolour of thr foliage.
var.— alba spica.

The terminal growths and tips of the branchlets cream-Avhite. Of
more rai)id growth and less dense in habit than the common form.
alba spica nana is a dwarf compact sub-variety of this.

var. — albo-variegata (syns. albrj-maadafa and aJbo-pida).

Branchlet systems and foliage deep green profusely spotted and
checkered with white. Of broadly conical or spreading habit.

208 VARIETIES OF (JUPliESSLTS lAWSOXIAXA.

var. argentea (syn. ulnwa).

liraiichcs sliortcr and tumv slcudi'i-, smiictiiiu's sul)-iifii(lul()iis. IJraiR-h-
Icts and f()lia,uv vi'vy ,i^lanc(ms, almost of silvcvv wliitciicss, soim'tiiucs
witli a st('('l-l)hu' ivHcction.

var.— aureo-variegata (syn. anrea spira).

Many of tlic youn.^vst l.ianclilcts l.iiulit yidlow. Of conical or
pyramidal lial>it.

var. — darleyensis.

The current year's growths luiglit <^-olden yellow; the coloured shoots
more nnmerons than in the variety aureo-ran'pi/afa, and of a darker
shade than in the variety hifea. Of liroadly conical or pyramidal
hahit.

var. — lutea.

The whole of the youn-- i^rowths light ycdlow which snhsides to
golden yellow in winter and to the normal green of the species in the
succ-eeding season. Of medium growth and sulvfastigiate hahit. Silver
Queen i^^ a cream-white variation of this.

var.— versicolor.

A parti-coloured foiiu in which many of the leaves near the hase
of the lateral growths are cream-white, and those at the ajjical end
suli)luu--yellow on the iinder side and light green on the upper side.

var. — Westermanii.

Foliage light yellow changing to fulvous green in winter. Of l)roadly
pyramidal hahit with drooping branchlets.

Cupressus Laimoidciia is supposed to have been discoxered by
Jeffrey on the southern flanks of Mount Shasta while collecting for the
Scottish Oregon Associati<»u in 1851 — -1852, but nothing certain was
known of it till seeds were sent by William Murray in 18.54 to the
nursery of Messrs. Lawson at Edinl)urgh. It has a comparatively
limited range in South Oregon and North California ; it is abundant
on the Oregon coast in the vicinity of Port Orford associated with
Thvia rjiffantea , Flcea sitchensis, Abies grandis and Abictia Doiujlasii where
"it forms one of the most prolific and l)eautiful coniferous forests
of the continent, unsurpassed in tlie variety and luxuriance of its
undergrowth of Rhododendrons, Vacciniums, Kaspberries, Ihickthorns
and Ferns. It attains its largest size on the western slopes of the
coast-range foot-hills between Port Gregory and the Co([uille river,
where it is the principal tree in a nearly continuous forest-belt
about twenty miles in length and twelve in width."*

The asjH'ct of Cii/DX'.-^fux Lcurxoniaua in its old age in its native, forests
is very diU'erent fi'om the tall piles of veidant foliage with which it is
clothed in this country ; its tall trunk is without hiandics for two-thirds

* Silva of Nortii Aiiicriea, Vol. X. \>. 120.

Cuijnf>'<U!< La

ir-iouuina

at Castle"\\'ellan, Cn. Down, Irekuid.

210 CUPRESSUS LU8ITANICA.

(if its height when it <liiiiiiiisht's riijiiilly in girth ami dftni hecomes
tortuous; the brnnclics are few, irregnlaily (Hs])Osed, sparingly ramified
and furnished with a seanty fohage only at the extremities.*

For Britisli gardens, Cuprexsn-'i Latr.-'oniaua jiossesses almost every
ijuality that renders a eoniferons tree valual)le. As an ornamental tree
it is one of the handsomest. It is perfectly hardy: the severest winters
that have occurred since its intro(hiction have scarcely att'ected it. It
tlirives in almost every description of soil, wet and cold i)eat alone being-
unfavourable for it. it is remarkably prolific, bearing seed in al)undance
even in its young state, which quickly germinates and tlius it may be
])ro]jagated with great rapidity. It is polymorplious, giving rise to
varieties so distinct from the normal form, and so varied in habit and
outline, that several of them are jiistly ranked among the best of
subjects for tlie geometrical or formal flower garden, botli in summer and
winter. It may be used for almost every i)urpose for whicli Conifers are
])lanted — as a single specimen for the lawn or park, in groups of its own
kiiid, or intermixed with otlier trees or shrul)s, for evergreen hedges, or
as a funereal or cemetery tree. It grows freely, forming a stout trunk
in a comparatively short period, a circumstance together with the knoAvn
excellence of its timl)er, highly suggestive of its use for forestry jiurposes
in many places.

The wood of Cupresm,-< Latrsoniana is light, hiirtl, strong and very
close-gTained, alwunding in fragrant resin, very duraljle in contact Avith
the soil, easily worked and susceptible of receiving a beaiitiful polish.
It is much used in indoor joinery, flooring, fence-posts, shi]) and boat
building, etc.t From an economic standpoint the Port Orford (Lawson's)
Cypress is one of the most important timber trees of North America.
The species was named in com]iliment to the late ]\Ir. Charles Lawson
of Edinburgh.

Chaules Lawsox (1794 — 1873) was the son of Peter Lawson, tlie founder of the seed
and nursery firm of Peter Lawson and Son tliat became well known not only in
Scotland but throughout the world. In 1821 lie succeeded Ids father in the sole
management of the business, and the energy and intelligence whicli he brought to bear
on its affairs soon placed tlie firm in a ])rominent jiosition. In 1833 he introduced
the Italian Rye-grass, two years later the Austrian Pine, and in 1854 the Cypress
that Ijears liis name. Agriculturists are indebted to him for the " Agrostograplna or
Book of Grasses" which passed through many editions, and for the "Agriculturist's
.Manual," also a work of great usefulness. He originated the " Pinetum Britanuicum,"
an elaborate and costly folio devoted to the description and illustration of tlie hardy
coniferous trees cultivated in Great Britain which after many interi-u])tions and undei'
different editors was brought to an end in 1SS4. He withdrew fiom active par-
ticipation in the Imsiness of his firm in 1850 and afterwards took a leading share in
the i)ublic affairs of his native city, Edinburgh, of which he became Lord Provost in
1862. His latter years were clouded with misfortune owing to the ill success that
attended the management of his finn after his withdrawal and whicli in 1873 was
handed over to a limited liability compfiny. — The Grnrhn, XI. (1877).

Cupressus lusitanica.

A medium-sizeil tree 40 — 50 feet bigh, in jilaces considerably
more, of variable liabit, sometimes sul>-])yrami(lal in outline, sometimes
with a dense broadly conical or umltrelladike crown, and many inter-
mediate forms. Primary branches iriegularly disposed, close-set or
distant, .spreading, sult-pendidous or ascending, covered with reddish
>>ro\\ni bark and nnich ramified at the distal end. Branclilets with

* Mavr, Waldungen von Nordamerika, 317. t Silva of North America, loc. cit.

CUPRESSUS LrsiTANICA.

211

t(4i'a.stich(iiis riunilit'ation, the licrbact'Oiis (youngest) shoots mon; or less
crowded, innnatcdy divided, recurved or arching-, four-angled, bright or
glaucous green, in ])articular trees tlie glaucescence greatly heightened.
Leaves dimorphic ; an the axial growths broadly ovate or ovate-oblong,
acuminate, appressed, free at the acute tip ; on tlie lateral slioots
scale-like, deltoid-ovate, sub-acute, convex and glandular at the l)ack,
imbricated or concrescent. Staminate flowers very numerous, club-
shaped, four-angled, light sulphur - yellow and composed of six — eight

Fig. 1)0. Cifpressits lusiittiHCU.

anther-scales in decussate pairs. Strobiles shortly pedunculate, solitary or
in twos and threes at or near the base of two-years-old lateral branclilets,
globose or ovoid-globose, O'S — 0-75 inch in diameter ; scales six — eight,
sub-(]uadrate, prominently umbonate, very glaucous l^efore maturity.*

Cupressus lusitanica. Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. (1768). Lambert, Genus Piuus,
ed. II. Vol. I. t. 65. Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2477, with figs. Forbes, Pinet.
Wolairn, 187, t. 62. Carriere. Traite Conif. ed. II. 153. Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 89.
Masters in Jouni. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 206 ; and Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 3.31.

C. glauca, Lamarck, Encvcl. II. 243 (1786—1790). Endliclier, Synops.
Conif. 58. Parlatore, D. C.-Prodr. XVI. 470. Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. Ind.
534. Hooker fil, Brit. Ind. V. 645. IMasters in Gard. Clnon. X. ser. 3 (1891),
p. 761, with fig.

Eng. Cedar of Goa. Fr. Cedre de Goa.

* Communicated liy the late :M. Charles Naudin from tlie Villa Tiunet Botanic garden,
Antibes, and l>y Mr. F. W. Moore, Keeper of the Royal Botanic (hardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.

212 CUPRESSUS H'SITANICA.

There is prol);il>ly no exiyting coiiit'eruus tree whose origin is
involved in so nmcli uncertainty and wliose cdaini to specific rank
rests on such del)atable ground as tliat described above.*

The earliest mention of Cupresaus lusitanica occurs in a Portuguese
poem entitled " Solidades de Busaco " by Ferreiro de Lacada, and
publislied in 1634, at •which date the tree nuist have been well
established in Portugal, and since that epdch it has been cultivated
not only in Portugal but also in the south of Europe generally, and
where cultivated freipiently spreading spontaneously, but nowhere is it
believed to be indigenous. In the earliest systematic account of the
flora of Portugal by Brotero published in 1804, it is stated that
this Conifer using Lamarck's name ( Gupressu^ (jlauca) was in cultivation
at Busaco near Coimbraf and other places, and that it had been
formerly introduced from Goa in India whence it obtained the vernacular
name of " Cedar of Goa," a name still in use but which is altogether
misleading, for the tree is not a Cedar at all, nor has it any direct
connection with Goa, it having lieen ascertained by the Indian botanists
that no Cypress grows wild anywhere near that place. The belief in
its Indian t)rigin, therefore, rests on no secure foundation, although it
has been plautetl in many Indian gardens, both native and European,,
just as it is planted in gardens in Australia and other sub-tropi(ud
countries. Inferences drawn from a eomitarison of structural and
morphological characters of C. lu^itanira with those of its nearest
affinities, C. tornloxa, C. .-(ejiipen-ireiis and C Benthaiiii, are e(pially
inconclusive, and the origin of the S})ecies, if species it is, still remains
undetermined.

Ample evidence is afforded l>y herljarium specimens and by literary
records that Cupressu)< hiHitauica was cultivated in (beat Britain in the
seventeenth century, by Bishop C<unpton at Kulham, by the Duchess
of Beaufort at Badminton, and by others, but it is not known from what
source they obtained their plants. In the following century it was
definitely named C. Jusitanira, in referenda to its supposed Portuguese
origin, by Miller in the eighth edition of his Dictionary published
in 17GJ^, and although rare in England at the time, mention is made
hy him of large trees that had been killed in severe winters, notably
those in the Bishop's garden at Fulliam Palace, and one in the garden
of the Duke of Richmond at (xoodwood in Sussex, which had been
growing there many years uninjured. From its lirst introduction this
Cypress has l>ei'U proved time after time to he too tender for the British
climate generally, but there are still living some good s])ecimens in the,
south ami west of Enghnid and in Irelaml, which attest its great
beauty as an ornamental tree; es|ii'cial mention may ])e made of one
over 35 feet in height in ])erfect iiealtli and vigour, growing in the
groimds of Mr. Tlioiuas Acton at Kilmaeurragli in the comity of Wicklow,
where it is associatetl with some of the rarest and most l)eautiftd
Conifers to be .seen in (in-at IJritain.

* Tlio ciifumstance.s of its history licic related arc almost wholly (Icrivcil from an
iiiteiC'stiii^ ])a])f'r on " The Ci*<lar of Goa," l>y Dr. M;i.\\vcll Masters in tlif '".roiiriial of the
Royal Hortiiultural Society," Vol. XVII.

t Tlie liiiest sjn-cimeiis of Cuprc.ssus /usitintica are still to he seen at I'usaeo w licrr thi'rc
arc upwards of 5,700 trees, amoii^ whicli more than fiOO range from 50 to 250 years old,
including one of colo.ssal growth wliieh is nearly 100 feet high, and its trunk has a girth of
12 feet at three feet from the ground.

CITPHRSSITS MACNAIilANA.

218

Cupressus Macnabiana.

A iiicdiuin-sizcMl tive rarely exceeding 30 fert high, with a short truiik
12 — 15 inches in diameter; often a shrul) with nvinierou8 stems 6 — 12
feet high forming a hroad, open, irregular head. Bark cinnamon-brown
broken into broad ridges. l>ranehlets .slender with orange-red bark
which soon changes to dark brown. Leaves dimorphic ; on the axial
shoots more or less elongated, eoncrescent but free at the acute tip ;
on the short lateral growths minute, scale-like, ovate-svibulate, acute,
light bluish green. Staminate flowers Avith six — eight very minute

Fig. 01. C((prcssus Macnaliianft.
(From tlie hardeners' Chronicle.)

stamens. Strobiles on short peduncles, sub-globose, 0-75 — 1 inch in
diameter, composed of six — eight rugose, pale brown scales mostly of
oblong shape, each Avith a prominent conical umbo and bearing numerous
seeds furnished with narrow wings.

Cupressus Macuabiana, Murray in Edinb. New Phil. .Jouni. I. 293, t. 11 (1855).
Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1855, p. 420. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 165.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 473. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 90. Brewer and
Watson, Bot. Califor. II. 114. Masters in Gard. Chron. IX. ser. 3 (1891), p. 403.
with tig. (Nabiana) ; Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 206 ; and Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXXI. 347, with tig. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 100. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X.
109, t. 528.

214 CUPKESSUS MACXAHIANA.

Ci'prrs,su.s Macnahiann was discovered liy William Murray in 1854
while collecting seeds for Messrs. Lawson of Edinl)uroh in California,
at the southern l»ase of Mount Shasta, it is said, l)ut this locality
is doubted as it has not since l)een found there ; it has recently
been reported from the Shasta region, if the identification is
correct, growing in groups near the highest limit of arljorescent
vegetation, at 15,000 feet elevation.* Its known habitat is, however,
very restricted, being confined to a few dry slopes on the mountains
soutli and west of Lake Clear.

On the eastern sk)pes of K(h1 Mountain is a stretch c»f Cupressus

Manmhiana about half a mile square, scarcely mixed with any other

tree. The trees are only from \'l to 20 feet high, hut all have tlie

appearance of great age. They are gnarled, twisted, covered with moss

and with \m\h» broken, looking like an old forest of Cedar of Lebanon

on a small scale ; a lire has swei)t througli one side, and the old

stumps standing Uack and naked, aid the deception. ( )n the western

slope the aspect is not less curious ; here the Cypress forms a dense

thicket 6 to 8 feet high on the exposed hills, and 15 feet liigli in

the gullies. Where the tires ha^'e occurred, seedlings are coming uj),

but not in great i»rofusion ; the little seedlings having the soil to

themselves are of a fresh green, are quite shapely, and many of tliem

grow into handsome trees. A few seeds carried down the stream to

the gravelly flats in the valley have formed a grove of specimens of

perfect pyramidal shape, as handsome as any in a park.t

In Great Britain this Cypress has Ijeen much neglected, doulitless

from the same cause that has affected the cultivation of Cupressus

Goveniann ; it grows Ijut slcjwly, and is not often S(j shapely as it

is said to be in its nati\'e home ; it is, howex'er, quite hardy and

readily distinguishalde from every other species. It connnemorates.

the horticultural and Ixitanical labours of the late ]\Ir. James

McNab, for man}' years Curator of the INnal I botanic Gardens at

Edinl)urgh.

Jamks McXau (1810—1878), oxw of the best i.iactical gaidcncrs of liis tiiiu', was lioiii
at Kicliiii()ii(l in Surrey, luit his jiareuts removed to Eiliiilnirj;li within a tew weeks
aftei- liis liirth. During the twelve 3-ears prior to 1834 lie served as an apiirentiee
and toreniau in the lloyal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgli, (h'voting niueh ot his spare
time to the study of liotany and to drawing plants ; many of his drawings were
reproduced in Sweet's ''British Flower Garden," and other pnhlieations. In the year
mentioned he travelled in Canada and the United States, and in 183;". he was appointed
Curator of the Caledonian Hortieultmal Society's experimental garden at Inverleith, a
situation which he held till 1849, in which year he succeeded his father as Curator of
the ]{oyal I'.i.tanie (ianleiis at Kdinlmrgh. During liis long tenure of the Curatorshi[>
many important additions were made to the gardens, including a spare for Coniferre,
a Rock (iarden, an Ail)oretum, etc., all of which were laid out liy him. liesiiles his
extensive practice in gardening, he was a frecjuent eontrihutor to horticultural literature.
He was one of the founders of the Edinhurgli Botanical Society, of which he was
President in 1872 ; he also took an active part in the affairs of the Scottish Oregon
Association, through whose agency thousands of fine loniferous trees now nourishing in
various parts of Scotland were introduced.

* C. H. Slunn in Garden and Forest, II. (1889), p. J>98.
t Carl Pnrdy in Garden ami Forest, I.X. (1896), p. 233.

CCI'IfKSSCS MACHOCAK'l'A.

215

Fig. 02. .Strobile of Capressu^
mucrocii.rjKi.

anther celLs

Cupressus macrocarpa.

A tree oO — 70 feet lii,L;li witli a trunk 3 — -4 feet in diameter
covered with thiekish hark h.-^sured into In-oad rid.n'i's, the hranche.s
stout and spreachuu, in <Jd age hecoming tahuHfdrni hke those
of a Cedar of Lel)anon. In Crreat Britain a rapidly growing tree,
varying in haliit from l)roadly pyramidal with long spreading branches
to strictly fastigiatc with erect branches, forms intermediate between

the.se extremes being far more frequent than
either. Trunk mostly simple in the fastigiaU'
forms, often more or less divided in the
spreading and intermediate forms. Bark thin,
reddish brown, peeling ofi" in longitudinal
shreds. Branches numerous, thickly set and
nuich ramified, the branchlets slender with
orange-brown l)ark and tetrastichous (four-
ranked) ramification, the herbaceous .shoots
similarly ramified. Leaves bright grass-green,
dimorphic ; on the axial growths oblong,
acute, concrescent except at the acute tip ; on
the lateral growths smaller, deltoid -acicular
and imbricated. Staminate floM'ers about
one-eighth of an inch long, four-angled,
consisting of eight stamens in ilecussate pairs
each ^vith an o\^ate connective bearing four — five
.Stroljiles sulvglobose, 1 — 1"5 inch in diameter, in clusters
of five — nine or more on short stout peduncles and composed of eight —
ten decussate pairs of rhombnidal, striated scales thickened at the centre
into an obtu.se umlxi, of which the upper and lowermost pairs are
sterile, the fertile scales bearing from twelve to twenty seeds each,

Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg in Journ. Hoit. .Soe. Lond. II. 187 (1847).
Gordon, Idem, IV. -296, with lig. (1849) ; and Pinet. ed. II. 91. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 473. Brewer and Watson, Bot. CaUfor. II. 113. Lawson, Pinet.
Brit. II. 19.5, tt. 32, 33. Hooker til in Gard. Cluon. XXIII. (1885), p. 176,
with fig. Sargent in Garden and Forest, VII. (1894), p. 241, with tig. ; and Silva
N. Amer. X. 103, t. 525. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 103. Goldring in The Garden,
L. (1896), p. 140, witli tig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV. 206 ; and
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 342.

C. Lambertiana, Carriere, Traite Oonif. ed. I. 124 (1855); and ed. II. 166(1867).

C. Hartwegii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 168.

Eng. and Amer, Monterey Cypress, Lambert's Cypress. Fr. Cypres a grands
fruits. Germ. Grossfriichtige Leliensbaum Itah Cipresso a grosso frutto.

var. — Crippsii.

A so-called "plumose" form, the leaves instead of being appressed
are more or less spreading ; the branchlets shorter, more rigid, with the
tips of all the youngest growths light yellow.

var.— lutea.

Also a "plumose"' form with the whole of the current .season's
growths light yellow which changes to the normal green of the species
in the second year.

The habitat of Cupressus inavtvniriia i.s extremely restricted ; it is
known to grow spontaneously only on a small area south of

216

VARIETIES OF CUPRESSUS MACKOCARPA.

Monterey in California. The trees occur in small groups or solitary
in a narrow belt about two miles long and scarcely more than
two liun(hed yards wide, extending along the coast from Cypress
Point southwards to Carmel ]>ay, mingling gradually with Pinus
nulicda inland.

Tliis very restricted lialiitat is asci'ilKMl to tlio gradual drying of th<'
Califoriiiau cliniatc and to the direct action of forest fires Avhich are

Fi^'. m. Ulfl Cypresses fCitpressns Mwsrocurpaj near Monterey, Soutli California.
(From the (ku-deticrs' Chrnnicle.)

almost of animal occui-reiicc towards the end of the hot dry siiiiniiers
of South California. ( )n(? had forest tire would sweep away every
existing Cypress tree in the grove. Few seedlings are to be seen ;
animals are allowed to lirowse at will in the gi-ove and destroy all
.seedlings as they spring Tip, and by imi)overishiiig the soil ha.sten the
decay of the older trees.* Here is portrayed a condition of things that
clearly forebode the extinction of the tree in its native habitat, but
.such a cata.strophe would be l)iit an c]iisodr in its liistory, and would

• Oardeii and Foicst, VII. (1894). ].. 241.

fll'HKSSrS XOOTKA'I'KNSIS. 217

1)y 11(1 iiieans result in tlic fate wliicli threatens its near neinhlinnr,
Ahies hracteafa. Cupressua marrorarj^ia has l)oen ])lante(l in tliousantls
tlirdu^hont tlie I'aritic States, in the warmer parts of Euriiiie and even
in Australia, and ])ro(luees seeds freely, so that its disajniearance from
the rocky shore of ^Monterey would in no way affect its iierpetuation
in other localities.
According to Gordon the introduction of this beautiful Cypress
into British gardens took place in this wise : —

"In 1831 Mr. Lambert gave the Horticultural Society of London a
few seeds of a Cypress without any naine or indication of origin, and
from these seeds plants were raised which in due coin-se were seen to be
distinct from any previously known species. The name Cupre-sstis
Lamherfiana was applied to them in compliment to Mr. Lambert but not
published. Nothing was ascertained concerning its native coiuitry till
two or three years afterward.s when plants of the same kind were
observed in Mr. Low's nursery at Clapton which had been raised from
seeds received from Dr. Fischer, Director of the Imperial Bofcniic Garden
at St. Petersburg, as a new species of Cupressus from California. The
tree was re-discovered by Hartweg in 1846 near Monterey and named by
him Cu2)re$sus macrocarpa in reference to its large fruits."*

Large trees of Cupresm^ macrocarpa ranging from oO to over 80 feet
high are scattered over the country froiii Perthshire to Cornwall and also
throughout Ireland. .\.nd even in Orkney it is reported to be one oi the
most valuable Conifers that have been tried in the island, standing the
strong Avinds without any signs of injury.! Although generally speaking
it is hardy in the climate of Great Britain, the fact that many line
specimens have been killed or greatly injured in exceptionally severe
winters as that of 1860 —1861, should not be overlooked, and therefore it
is inadvisable to plant it in situations too exposed. It is one of the best
of Conifers for parks and gardens near the sea except alotig ' the east
coast ; under the infliUMice of the sea air it grows rapidly into dense
pyramidal or columnar piles of the brightest green. Very different from
these is the aspect of Ciqiret^sus macrocarpa in its native home, where, on the
rocky granite shore of South California, it is constantlj^ exposed to the
strong westerly winds which sweep with full force over the Pacific Ocean.
These winds prevent the development of branches except in a horizontal
direction, so that under their influence all old trees assume a form such
as that shown in the accompanying figure which represents a sketch of a
group of trees made by Sir Joseph Hooker in September 1877. Many
visitors to South California who have seen the Cypresses near Monterey
have been struck Itv their close resemblance to old Cedars of Lebanon

in Europe.

Cupressus nootkatensis.

A large tree with an erect trunk often attaining a height of
80 — 120 feet with a diameter of 3 — 1 feet ; at its northern limit and
highest vertical elevation reduced to a small shrub or low contorted tree.
Bark greyish brown, irregularly fissured into loose thin plates which on
being peeled off expose a bright cinnamon-red inner cortex. Primary

* Journal of the Hoi-ticultural Society of London, loc. fit. supra.
+ Dunn's Census in the Report of the Conifer Confei'ence at Chiswiek. p. o26.

218 CTPKESSrS NOOTKATENSIS.

Iivaiu'lies spiviuliug, often ascciuling at the tips and covered with smooth
hi'own liark. Branehh'ts stoutish, distielious and alternate, their rami-
fication similar and three or four times repeated. Leaves in decussate
pairs ; on vigorous hranchlets, ovate, acute, free at the apex, 0'25 — 0*5 inch
long ; on the younger lateral hranchlets broadly subulate, imbricated or
concrescent, one-eighth of an inch long, light glaucous green ; where,
shaded, dark lustrous green. Staminate flowers small, oblong, •■omposed
of four — five pairs of pale sul[ihur-yellow stamens. 8trobile.s suli-giobose,
about 0"5 inch in diameter, consisting of six — eight scales each with a
jKiinted .umbo and liearing two — four seeds.

Cupressus iiootkatensis, Don in Lambert's Genus Pinu.s, II. 18 (1824). Hooker,
Fl. Amer. Bor. II. 165 (nutkaensis). Hoo2)es, Evergreens, 345. (Jordou,
Pinet. ed. II. 94. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. II. 199, t. 34. Masters in Journ. R.
Hort. See. XIV. 206 ; and Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 352. Sargent. Silva N.
Amer. X. 115, t. 530.

Chamii?eyparis nutkaensis, Spacli, Hist. Veg. Plian. XI. 333 (1842). Endliclier,
Synops. Conif. 62 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II, 127. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 465. Synie in Gard. Chrou. XI. (1879) p. 560. Beissner, Nadel-
holzk. 79, with tigs.

Tliujopsis liorealis, Fischer, ex Carriere, Tiuite Conif. ed. I, 113.

Eng. Nootka Sound Cypress. Amer. Yellow Cypress, Sitka Cypress. Fr.
Cypres de Xutka. Germ. Nutka-Lebenshaum. Ital. Cipressa di Nootka.

Although as long and almost as assiduously cultivated in this coimtry
as the closely allied .species •Gupresi<us Latrsoniana, C. nootkatensis has
shown but little tendency to sport into abnormal fcnuns ; it has for
the most part preserved imder cultivation a constancy in form and
colour as remarkable, relatively sjjeaking, as the ever varying divergencies
occurring in C. Lausoniana. The following are the most noteworthy
varieties occasionally met with in IJritish gardens.

Varieties (listiiii/iiis/inl hij habif.
var.— compacta.

( )f dwarf dense growth, the short trunk nuich divided ami much
branched, the Ijranchlet systems smaller and less flaccid than in the
type.

var.— gracilis.

A small tree oi' shrub, usually tlie latter, nmch branched and of
globose outline ; the hranchlets and terminal growths more slender than
in the type.

var. — pendula vera.

In this t'oiin the primary branches are more distant, and witli their
ap})endages all more or h'ss dcpi'cssed, more slender and more elongated,
and occa.sionally (piite pendulous.

Varieties disti/i;//'is/in/ In/ colour.
var.— argenteo-variegata .

In tliis variety many of tlie youngest branehli't systems or parts of
them are cream-white, aMnidiug a strong contrast to the dark green of
the other parts.

VARIKTIES OK (TI'HF.SSrS NOOTKATEXSIS. 219

var . — aureo-variegata .

Siiuilav to tlif ]nvciMliii,L; rxci'|pt that the yiiuii;j,'('st branclilet sy.stiMii.s
or parts of tlu-iu air Ini-lit ,U"l<l<'U yellow instead of i/ream-wiute.

var.— lutea.

In this variety the whole of tlie runeiit year's -rowth is at first
light j-ellow Avhirli chauL^vs -raiUially towards the end oi tlie summer
to bright grass-green.

Ci'pnsst/--> noothifciisis was originally diseo\'eied by Archiljakl
Menzies in 179o, from whose herlmriuni specimens gatliered on tlie
shore of Nootka Sotmd it was first descril)ed liy David Dou in
Laml)ert's " Clenus riuus." It was nitrodnced into European gardens
throitgh the Im})erial Kotanic (harden at St. Petersbnrg about the
year 1850, and l>ecame distributed under the unpublished name
of Thujo])sis horadis. It is essentially a northern tree, inhabiting a
maritime region of eonsideral»le extent in north-west America. From
Sitka it spreads soutliwards through the islands and along the coast
range of Alaska ami British Columltia from sea-level up to
2,000 — 3,000 feet elevation. It is abundant in (^)ueen Charlotte's
Island, on the Olympian mountains in Washington and on the slopes
of Mount Eaiiies, l)ut Itecomes ijuite rare as it approaches its southern
limit in Oregon. It is one of the most valualjle timlter trees in
the region over which it is spread, lieing unsurpassed ])y any otlier
North American tree for the manufacture of household furniture and
indoor carpentry. " The wood is light and hard, close-grained,
exceedingly durable in contact with the soil, easily worked and
susceptiljle of leceiNing a beautiful polish."*

x\.s a tree for British lawns and })Ieasure grounds Ciq'i'eSf<u.-< n(jotIcafen-<i--<
is one of the most appreciated, l)eing perfect!}' hardy and thriving in
any ordinary soil not too dry. Xoiie of the forms into which it has
sported under cultivation surpasses m effectiveness the originally introduced
type, which is so well marki^l by its broatUy conical outline and deep
green foliagef that it may be distinguished without difficulty from«
C. Lawsoniana, for which it is occasionally mistaken. The two species
are also further distinguished thus : — C. nootkafen^is rarely, if ever,
grows into the dense columnar or tower-like .shape so common to
0. Lausoniana ; tlu' frondose, leafy branchlets of the former are
shorter, stouter and fret[Uently more pendulous ; the staminate floAvers
are sulphur-yellow, not crimson as in C. La/rsoniana, and the strobiles
are larger, usually with one more pair of scales that have a sharper
umbo.

* Silva of Xortli Ameriai. Vol. X. [p. llti.

t Strikingly beautiful are the tine specimens of this form standing on each side of
the drive leading to Streatham Hall, Exeter, the residence of Mr. R. Bowerman West. The
trees, 2."i to 30 feet in lieight. are twenty-four in number, of which twelve have their
branchlets more pendulous than the others. Many more eiiually good are standing in
different parts of tlie grounds.

220

GUPRE8SUS OBTUSA.

Cupressus obtusa.

A tall tree', uttuining a, height i>f 70 — 100 or more feet, with a straight
trunk 2-5 — 3 feet in diameter near the groinnl, denvuled of l)ranches
for one-half or more of the height, often with a rounded top and
.sub-pendulous brandies, the trunk eovereil witli reddish bark. In (Ireat
Britain the oldest trees have a In'oadly jiyramidal outline ; the bark
of the trunk thin, peeling off in longitudinal Hakes exposing a cinnamon-
brown inner cortex. Primary branches close-set, spreading, often more
or less curved, tlie lowermost depressed at the outer extremity. Ramifi-
cation of 1)ranrhlets distichous and repeated three times in a tri-pinnate
manner ; bark reddish brown, slightly verrucose, that of the younger

Fig. 64. Cupressus ohtnsi'..
(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

shoots orange-brown. Leaves persistent on the axial growths four —
five years, ovate-ol)long, sub-acute, concrescent, in decussate pairs, the smaller
dorsiventral i)air Hat, the larger lateral pairs keeled and often glandular;
both ])aiis greatly (dongated on fast - growing shoots and free at the
acute tip, dark lustrous green. Staniinate Howers oval or sub-cyhndric,
pale yellow. Strobiles solitary on the ends of slioit lateral branchlets,
globose, about 0-5 inch in ilianu'tei' and (diiiiioseil of eight, rarely ten
.subdigneous brown scales I'lich with a short iiiiibo and bearing two —
six seetls.

VAKIETIKS OF CFPliESSI'S 0BTU8A.

221

Cupressus olitusa, Koch. Deiidrologit*. II. 1H8 (1873). Masters in Jouni. R.
Hort. Soc. XIV. 207 ; and J.mrn. Liiin. Soc. XXXI. 3.".;").

Chanirecyparis olitusa, EudliclaT, .Syuofis. Coiiif. 63 (1847). Pailatori', I). C.
Prodr. XVI. 466. Carriere. Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 129. Hci.ssner, Nadelhokk. 92,
with fig.

Retinispora olitu.sa, Siebold et Ziiccaiini, Fl. Jai). II. 38, t. 121 (1842).
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 367 (Retinospora).* Synie in Gard. Clivon. V. (1876),
p. 23o, witli tigs. Kent in Veitch's Manual, ed. I. 24."), with fig.

Thuya obtusa, Masters in .Tourn. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 491, with tig.

Eng. Jajianese Cypress. Fr. Cypres jajionnais. Germ. Sonneneypresse. Ital.
Cipresso giaponese. Jap. Hi-no-ki.

Aniongt tlie iiiiuiy vavicties and sul)- varieties of Cujvessus obfusa which
have originated nnder cultivation either in Japan or in European
gardens! the following retain their distinetive character more or less
permanently. They are all better
known in British gardens as Retinos-
poras and in continental gardens, as
Cliamaecyparis fVirms.

var.—aurea.

Of smaller dimensidus and nwre
slender habit than the species ;
branchlets and foliagt- of a deep
golden yellow which is usually highly
developed during the growing season
and which changes td dark green in
the second year.

var.— compact a.

A robust, dwarf form in which
the stem is much divided at the
base, the branches slmrt, numerous
and crowded, and the branclilet
systems .somewhat smaller in all their
parts.

var. fllicoides.

Of dwarf or and
the common form.

s.sHS obtusa, var. fi!i''o!de

lenser lialiit than

The branches are
thickly furnished with short fern-
like opposite branclilet systems of
nearly equal size. The leaves

are closely imbricated in four rows,

thick in texture and of a rich deep green colour. filicoides aurea
(syn. tetragona) — of slower growth and dwarfer habit than fiUcoide-^,
and with all its l)ranchlet systems rich golden yellow.

C. obtusa filicoides, supra. Retinispora filicoides, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 364.
Syme in Gard. Cliron. V. (1876), p. 235, with fig. Thuya olitusa filicoides,
Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. X^'III. 494.

To this form probably belongs ClMiaax'tjparis hrevirnim'ri. Maxiniowicz in Bull.
Acad. St. Petersb. X. 489 (1866).+

* Retinospora errore auctoruni fere onuiium nisi Endlicher.

t Beissner enumerates and descriljes upwards of twenty, Xadelholzkunde, pp. 93 — 97.
X Seen by him cultivated in gardens around Tokio and on the north coast of the island
of Kiusiu mixed with the normal Cupressus obtusa.

222 VARIETIES OF CrrRESSFS OP.TrsA.

var.— Keteleerii.

As seen ill liritish gardens — (if (k'uscr lialiit and iiKirc tegular outline
tlian the tyjiical form ; the liranelilets and foliage of a deeper green
with many of the terminal growtlis light y(dlow.

var.— lycopodioides.

A loA\' tree of conical, hut sometimes of irregular outline, with
thicker branches and hranchlets, the latter numerous and irregularly
arranged on all sides of the axial growth, more (lostdy set at the
extremities Avhere they are fretpiently more or less fasciated ; leaves
erowde(l, thickened, closely adpressed and of a- deep green colour.

C. obtusa lycoi)odioides, sujjni. Rt'tiiiispora lyco]ioflioides, Gordon. Pinet. ed. II.
364. Chanirecyi)aris obtusa iycojiodioides, Carriere, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 132.

var.— Mariesii.

Diti'ers from the typical form in having all the terminal growths of
the curi'ent year light yellow iir civam-Avhite.

var. — pendula.

A jiendnloiis variety with long stoutish spreading hranches and
slender, elongated })ensile hranchlets which originated from Japanese
seed sown in the garden of Prince Lohkowitz at Eisenlierg in Pxihemia.*

C. (ilitusa iieiidula, supni. Chaiiuvcyiiaiis iil)tu.sa jicuilnla. BeissiuT. Nadcllinlzk. itti.

var. — pygmsea (syn. i/co/aj.

A singular little Imsh rarely exi-eeding a foot high ; it spreads horizon-
tally on all sides forming a den.se tuft of green sprays as ornamental
as it is curious.

('i/j)ftssiix oUnsa is one of the few instances occurring in the
Coniferie whose native country is unquestioned hut wliose existence
in the wild state is either altogether unknown or involved in much
uncertainty. It is undouhtedly endemic in Japan, hut the presence
of a dense population witli its constantly recurring need of timber
for constructive purposes, for whicli that of C. ohtusa is one of the
very hest the coinitry produces, lias long since brought about the
destruction of every accessible wild tree. Two potent causes have,
however, contril)uted to preserve the species from extinction : — Tlie
tree is held sacred by the followers of the Shinto faitli whose
temples are built exclusively of its timber, but at the same time it
is always planted in numbers around them and these trees are
carefully guarded from injury: — -its timber is the best in the country
for tlie interior of tlie more exjiensively furnished liouses, being-
strong, fragrant, tine in grain and susce])tible of a high ])olish.t It

* Prolialily not idciiti(/al witli tlie I'lipirssus ohlnsii jk tululu (jI' .Maxiiiidwie/. seen by him in
Jajianesc <:;aidens around Tokio, but not known to lie in cultivation in Eurojie.

+ Sargent, Forest Flora of .Ta]ian, ]>. 73. The jialaces of the ^Iikado at Kioto are

built of the wood nf Cil iir'SSHS olilnsfl.

(Ti'itESj^rs oivrrsA.

223

is also tlie best to lacHpier. a process earned to iireat perfection in
Japan, and to secure a supply of its valualde wood, C. ohta^K. has
been for ages past and is srill being extensively planted on the lower
slopes of the mountains in the interior of Hondo up to 0,000 feet
elevation. It has also been cultivated by the Japanese for the
decoration of their gardens from time immemorial, and many distinct
varieties of it have been obtained by them ; amongst these are the forms
described above under the names of ((vrca, JiJicoi'f ('■'<, I jjcopodioides and
pygmcca, all of which were introduced along with the species in 1861.
They clip, contort and dwarf plants of this species and C. pkifcra
into many grotesque ami monstrous shapes ; the illustration represents
a plant of great l)ut unknown age so treated.

Fig. (50. A Japanese specimen of a dwarfed plant of Cupressiis obtiisa
or C. 'pisifem.

Cupress^is ohtiim lias its homologuo in C. Lairsoniana oi western
America, but unlike that species when transplanted to British gardens
it will not grow everywhere. It forms handsome specimens in good
retentive soils with a porous substratum such as are found in the
sandy loams of Gloucestershire and Devonshire, in the Kentish rag
around Maidstone, on the AVealden clay generally, and in the light
loams of Dumbarton, Midlothian, County Down and otlier parts of
Scotland and Ireland ; in chalk soils an<l soils witli a limestone
substratum it usually fails entirely.

224:

CUPRES8US PISIFERA.

Cupressus pisifera.

A smaller and mure slender tree tliaii ('uju-exf^ux ohfu>ia with which
it is everywhere associated in Japan, and i^enerally with a more open
crown and the trunk covered with darker hark which (in England)
peels off in longitudinal flakes exposing a cinnamon-brown inner cortex.
Primary branches slender, spreading or more or less depressed and
sparingly ramitieil except at the distal end ; secondary branches and
branchlets ramified as in C ohtusa. Leaves persisting green (ex Sieliold)
five years, in England l)ecoming effete in the third, rarely in the

Fij,'. 07. C»]yressus pisi/fm.
(From tlic i;(n-(lciiiTx' Chninlrlr.J

fourth year, ovate-o))long, acute, el(ingate(l on the axial growths,
imbricated or concrescent, free at tlie apex, ilark gieeii, but during the
"Towinf .season witli a derided yellow-browii tint wliere fully expo-sed
to the sun, marked with wlnte niaiginal lines on the under side of
the Ijianchlets. Staniinate lloweis cylindiic, ol)tuse with eight — ten
.stamens in decussate ]iairs. Stndiiles sub-glol)ose, not larger than an
i.idinaiy Lraideii ]iea,* cdnijinsed df ten twelve scales oljscurely five or
* Wliuiici' tlie siu'citic luum' /ii.si/i:iv (iiea-bearing).

VAIilETIES OF CUPRESSUS PISIFEltA.

225

six-angied in outliiu', slightly depressed and with a niinnte nmlMi
the centre of the exposetl snrfaee.

blasters in .lourn.
55.
Carrierc. Traite Conit.

Cui>ressus pisifera, Kocli, Dendrologie, II. 170 (1873),
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 207 ; and Joiirn. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 355.

Chainwcyparis pisifera, EndHcher, Synops. Conit'. 64 (1847). Carrierc
ed. II. 132". Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 465. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 83, with tigs.

Tliuya pisifera, ^Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 489 (1881).

RctinisiHira iiisifera, Siehold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 39, t. 122 (1842).
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 369 (Retinospora). Syme in Gard. Chron. V. (1876),
p. 235, with tig.

Eng. Pea-fruited Retiiiispora or .Tajianese Cypress.
Germ. Erl)senfrUclitigf Cyjuesse. Jaj). Sa-wa-ra.

Fr. Cj'pres a fruit de pois.

Fig. 68. C)cpressus insifcru, var. jili/'-"'-

A large number of deviations from the normal form have appeared
both in Japanese and European garden.'*, of which only those that are
constant in their most obvious varietal character are here described.

var. — aurea.

This has the whole of the growths of the current season rich
golden yellow wdiich changes to the normal green of the species in the
following year. It is quite distinct from the variety phwiosa aurea
described below. SUlphurea is similar, Init of a much paler yellow.

226

VAHIETIES OF CUPRESSUS PISIFEKA.

var.— filifera.

A lo\\' tree or sub-prostrate shrub in wliich both tlic primary branches
and the axial groAvths of the branchlet systems are greatly elongated
at the expense of the lateral shoots which are distant, sliort and
sparsely ramified. Leaves more distant, move acute and less appressed
than in the type, and fulvous green in colour. filifera aurea has
all the terminal growths light golden yellow; filifera gracilis is a
dwarfer form with more slender terminal shoots.

C. pisifera lilifera, JMasters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 207. Chamsecyparis
pisifera tilifera, Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 90, with fig. Retinispora tilifera, Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 364. Synie in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 2-35. Chamfecyparis
pendula, Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sc. Petersli. X. 489.

^^'

mm,,

mill

.\i4l//

e.^

^>^'j k

/I'

f:4

;-/>'

'S/^

s^^-^

Fig. 69. Citpressiis pisifera, \-ar. siiuurrosa.

var. — plumosa.

\ siiialli'r tree of denser haljit and more strictly conical outline,
witli numerous .sliort a.scending branches thickly furnished witli lateral
shoots ; branchlet .systems decurved at the distal end. Leaves awl-
shaped, more or les.s spreading, dark gieeii. plumosa albo picta
has the tips of the branchlets creaiu-whitc, ini]iartiiii; to the plant a
speckled and spotted appearance. plumosa argentea has nearly
the Avhole of the young growths cream-white wliich^ becomes green in

VARIETIES OF rrritEssrs PISIFEKA.

227

the following season, plumosa aurea has its terminal shoots with
their foliage light gnlilcn ycllnw wliicli gradnally subsides to deep
green as the season advances, and is sneeeeded in tlic folldwing year
h\ a renewal of the yellow growth.

C. ]nsifera |ihiiiiosa. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 207 : and
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 3.o8. CIiam;i?Lyparis pisifera phimosa, Beissner, Xadel-
holzk. 87. Retinispora phimosa, Gonion. Pinet. ed. II. 370. Synie in Gard.
Chron. V. 1876). ii. 235. with tig.

var.— squarrosa.

A low tree, sometimes taking the form (if a large bnsh of irregular
outline. Trunk usually divided and forked near the base, the branches
nnich ramitied : brancldets spreading and furnished with short flattened
acicular leaves in decussate pairs and of almost silvery whiteness.

C. pisifera squarrosa, Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV, 207 ; and .Tourn.
Linn. Soc. XXXI. 3.o8. Chania?ey})aris pisifera squarrosa. Beissner, Xadelholzk.
8.5, with tig. Retinispora squarrosa. Siebold and Zucearini. Fl. Jap. II. 40. t. 123.
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 137. GordoTi. Pinet. ed. II. 371.

Fig. TO. Clipped tives of Ciipressus oht >

i/irc near Tokio, Japan.

The notes relating to the habitat of Ciipressus ohtusa and the uses

to whicli it is applied in Japan are equally applicable to C. pisifera*

except that the latter is not held sacred l)y the Japanese in so high a

degree as the former and that its timber is not so valualde. Althongli

ulmost ahvays found growing together and in old age scarcely

■distinguishable from each other, they have long been recognised as distinct

species by the Japanese wlio designate each by different yernacular

names, calling C. obtusa Hi-no-ki and C. pisifera Sa-wa-ra. C. pisifera

and all its varieties of Japanese origin that are in cultivation in this

country \yere introduced by the late Mr. John Gould Yeitch in 18G1.

* The habitat of Ciipressus pisifera is probably not confined to Japan ; it was gatliered
by Dr. Anderson in the Chinese province of Yun-nan in 1870—1871, but whether wild or
• cultivated is not stated.

228 rui'HEssrs skmi>ei;vikkxs.

Comparing Chi2)re><f<u.< pit^ifera witli C. o/)fiisa.~ In .lapaii tlu; latter i.s tlu^
larger tree, in Great Britain this jtr()i)orti()ii is tluis far reversed,
C. ^risifera being the taller and freer growi'r. IJotli in habit and asjicct
the two species may be readily distinguished from each other : C. ohfuKa
has a more regular oiitline; it is denser in as})ect and deeper in colour:
in C pisifera the branches both primary and secondary are usually longer
and more slender, and what is of more value in a botanical sense,
the cones are much smaller with differently shaped scales, and the
scale-like leaves are more acute, more distinctly free at their apical
end and are marked with white lines on the under side of the
branchlets.

The varieties of Cupressus pisifera are among the most ornamental of
trees and shrubs, and are especially suitable for small gardens ; they
thrive in a greater variety of soils and situations than the varieties of
C. ohhisa and will often grow where the latter fail. Plumosa and its
coloured sub-varieties are transitional or intermediate forms between the^
primordial and adidt states ; they take the highest rank as horticultural
plants among the so-called "plumose" forms; they are not only in
general use in several departments of out-of-door gardening but they are
also much cultivated in pots for wintlows in London and other large
towns. The variety sqtiairosa, a remarkably distinct one, was first seen
in cultivation around Tokio by Siebold and afterwards by Maximowicz,
both of whom described it as a distinct species, its real origin being
unknown to them. As pointed out by Beissner, it is a "Jugend-
form" that has been perpetuated from cuttings of C. pj^^if^^'^ with
primordial leaves only. Since its introduction into Great Britain sterile
cones have been occasionally produced which are identical in
structure with those of the })arent. More rarely ijranch-sports
(Sportzweige) have appeared with the adult foliage of C. pisifera, thus
contirmin<j its origin.

Cupressus sempervirens.

A tree of variable height anil habit but usually rei-ognisabli' in tAV(>
distinct forms: the one with spreading branches and of broadly pyramidal
or conical outline, but in old age with an ojjen head and of irregidar
outline ; the other with upright branches more or less appressed to the
trunk and to each other, forming a flame-shaped or columnar tree of
dense aspect. Branches terete with smooth reddish brown bark much
ramified at the distal end ; ramitication tetrastichous (four-ranked), tlu^
herbaceous shoots short, pinnately branched and falling off in the third or
fourth year. Leaves on the axial growths broadly ovate or ovate-oblong,
obtuse or abru])tly mucronate, concrescent, laiely free at the ajiex,
becoming effete the second or third year; on the lateral and herl)aceous
shoots much smallei', scale-like, broadly ovate or rhondjoid-oblong, clo.sely
imbricated and marked with a gland on the back. .Staminatt^ flowers:
oblong, about one-eighth of an inch long, pale orange-yellow, containing
ten — twelve anthers in decussate pairs. Strobiles nmstly in clusters of
two — five, rarely solitary, subsessile or shortly pedunculate, very variable
in size and shape, composed of eiglit — twelve sulxjuadrate or obscurely
I)entagonal scales, smootli or slightly rugose, and with a ratlier blunt
])yiamidal umV)o.

('cniKssrs sK.Mi'KiiviiiKvs. 229

Cuinessus seniiRTviiL-ns, Liiiiuiius, Sjr. Plant. II. 1002 (,175:3.) Pallas, Fl.
Ross. I. 11, t. 53 (1784). L. 0. Richard. Mem. sur les Gonif. 50(1826). Loudon,
All), et Frut. Brit. IV. 2464, with tigs. (1838). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 468.
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 95. Boissier.'Fl. orient. V. 705. Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Ind.
V. 645. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 102, with tig. Masters in .lourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV.
208 ; and Journ. Linn. Soo. XXXI. 325. And many others.

C. Iiorizontalis. Miller. Diet. ed. VIII. (1768). Endlicher, S\niops. Conif. 56.
Oarriere, Traitu Conil". ed. II. 144.

C. senipervirens liori/.ontalis. Pailator.e. D. C. Prodr. Joe. cit. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 96.

C. fastigiata, De CandoUe, Flore Franeaise, V. 336. Endlicher, Synops. Conif.
37. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 146.

C. sem])ervirens stricta. Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Brit. I\'. 2465.
C. sempervii-ens fastigiata. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 102.
0. Wliittleyana. (iordon. Pinet. ed. II. 102.

Eng. Roman Cypress. Fr. Cypres conimun. Germ. EchteCypresse, Siiulenformige
Cyi>resse. Ital. Cipresso eolumnare. Kinraptfftrov of Homer.
Ciqyirssus .<icmpervir(nis is eoininoii tliroughout tlie ^Mediterranean
region from Portngal to Syria, the fastigiate form being often seen
in striking contrast to its surroundings and not infrequently a
■conspicuous feature of the Landscape. It also occurs wild in Asia
Minor and northern Persia, and planted in north-west India where
it sometimes attains a lieight of 100 feet with a trunk nine feet in
girth near the ground. An liypothesis, strongly supported by
circumstantial evidence, has lieen advanced that the common Cypress,
although growing spontaneously in many parts of southern Europe,
is really of eastern origin, and that it has spread westwards chiefly
through human agency. The two forms have been known from
time immemorial, and whilst some authors have adopted the fastigiate
one as the type and the horizontal-liranched as a variety, others
have adopted a reversed view, and others again have descrilied them
as distinct species. From analogy wdth fastigiate forms of other
species as C. macnocarpa, C. Lawsoniana and even tlie common
oak whose origin is known, it would be safest to infer that the
fastigiate is a divergence from the horizontal-branched form. That
the two are not specifically distinct we have the authority of
Parlatore for stating that upright and spreading branches have been
observed on the same tree, and that the two are connected by
intermediate forms in whicli the gradation from one to the other is
plainly perceptible.* P^otli on the continent of Europe where
sufficiently hardy, and also in Great P)ritain, horticulturists have always
preferred the fastigiate form and many remarkable arboricultural
effects have been produced by it, especially in Italy. C. semjjcrvirens
was cultivated in Great Britain prior to 1548 in which year it
was included by Turner in his " Names of Herbes."

The Cypress i.s mentioned by many ancient authors from the poet
Homer downwards to the end of tlie classic period, sometimes in
coinioction with funeral rites and SDinetimes in reference to rural

* De (.andolle's Prodromus, Vol. XVI. p. 469.

230 CUPRESSUS THUKIFEKA.

economy ; its name also occurs in Holy Writ. In tlio Middle
Ages the Cypress became associated in the south of Europe with
cemeteries and places of Avorship, much in the same way as the
Yew in more northern countries ; and later when horticulture l^ecame
more generally jiractised, it was, and is still nuich used in terrace and
other gardens laid out and planted to enhance architectural eftect.
In the Mediterranean region it lives to a great age, and frequentl}^
attains a large size. There are in France and Italy ancient Cypresses
(if historic interest, and others associated with illustrious names in
literature and art. The Cypress of Somma in Lombardy, ligured bj^
Loudon, is one of the most famous ; " Ix'sides its great age it is
remarkable for having been wounded by Francis I., King of France,
who is said to have struck his sword into it in his despair at losing:
the battle of Pavia ; and 'for having been respected by Xapoleon, Avho>
when laying down the plan for the great road over the Simplon,
diverged from the straight line to avoid injuring this tree."* Three
Cypresses of the fastigiate form in the garden of the Convent of the
Chartreuse at Rome, planted by Michael Angelo (1474 — 1563), are
still standing, one in a state of decay, the other two in robust health.
One of the oldest and largest Cypresses- in France is standing near
St. Remy in Provence, and is supposed to be upwards of four hundred
and fifty years old ; and Carriere gives the dimensions of a venerable
tree standing near Montpellier supposed to be eight hundred years old
and known to the inhaljitants of tlie iieighlxiurhood as " L'arbre
de i\Iontpellier."t

The economic value of Cujiressus sempervirens. is restricted to tlu?
amount of timber available' for use which does not appear to be very
considerable. The Avood is virtually indestructible by ordinary agents
except tire ; this remarkaWe durability was known to the Greeks and
Ronians who emjiloyed Cypress-Avood in the construction of various
articles of furnitiire, also for vine-props, posts and jtalisades, and
especially for cottins Avliich were found to resist decay for ages after
being buried in tlie earth.

Cupressus thurifera.

A tree 50^ — 60 feet high with sjjreading branches, the loAver ones:
roflexed at the apex.| Branchlets slender, the axial growths at first
pale green but dianging to orange-brown in the second year; ramification
tetrastichous, tlie herbaceous growths very slender and l)ipinnately
branched, light green. Leaves in decussate pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, imbricated and free at the acute tip ; on the axial groAvths
longer, glandular on the back, concrescent to beyond the middle and
becoming etiete in the second or third year. Staminate floAvers
numerous, ol)long, obtuse, Avith eight — ten antliers. Strobiles globose or
sub-globo.se, .somewhat less than an inch in diameter, composed of six
ligneous .scales in <lecu.ssate pairs each bearing two — three Avingles.^
seeds.

* Arboretum et Fiuticetiuii Uiitanniciiiii, IV. 2171.

t Traite General de.s Coniferes, ed. II. j). 149.

t Ex Kuuth, lov. cit. Hartwe^; reported that he saw Cupressus thurifern near Real del
.Monte, 120 feet high. Transactions of tlie Horticultural Society of London, ser. II. Vol.
III. 1-. 124.

GUPRESSUS THYOIDES. 231

Cupressus thurit'era, Humboldt, Boupland and Kuuth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. II. 3
(1815). Schlechtendal in Linnoea, XII. 493 (1838). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI.
473. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 100. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 349.

C. lusitanica Benthaniii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 155.

Chamrecyparis thurit'era, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 62.

Cuprt'ssvs thnrifrra was originally discovered by Humboldt at the
beginning of the nineteenth century near Tasco and Tehuantepec in
Mexico. It has since been reported from other localities mostly alpine
or sub-alpine at a considerable elevation but its geographical limits are
not yet accurately known. It is cultivated in botanic gardens in the
south of Europe, notably in that of the Marchese Hanljury at
La Mortola whence were received the materials on which the above
description is chiefly founded. Although not hardy in Great Britain,
notice is taken of it here for the purpose of completing the monograph
of the genus.

Cupressus thyoides.

A tall slender tree with a trunk frequently 70 — 80 feet high and
2 — -3 feet in diameter, with thickish light red-brown bark and short,
slender, spreading branches forming a spire-like crown. Branchlets with
smooth, reddish brown bark and ramified distichously, each ramification
terminating in flat fan-like leafy expansions ; in poorly growing trees
in Great Britain, in pseudo-corymbose tufts. Leaves in decussate pairs,
small, scale-like, ovate, acute, closely imbricated and glandular on the
back ; on the axial growths longer, the lateral pairs keeled, more acute
and free at the apex, dull bluish green turning to rusty brown an
winter. Staminate flowers four-angled with five — six pairs of stamens
each with an oval connective bearing two anther-cells. Strobiles very
numerous, glol:)ose, about 0"25 inch in diameter, composed of six
glaucous green imbricated scales each bearing one — two seeds.

Cupressus thyoides, Linnaeus, Sp. Plant. II. 1003 (1753). Michaux, Hist. Arb.
Amer. III. 20, t. 2 (1813). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2475, with figs.
Hooker, W. Fl. Bor. Amer. II. 165. Hoopes, Evergreens, 314, t. 55. Kent in Veitch's
Manual, ed. I. 238. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. ; and Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXXI. 352. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X. Ill, t. 529.

Chamsecyparis sphferoidea, Spach, Hist. Veg. Phaner. XI. 331 (1842). Endlicher,
Synops. Conif. 61. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 121. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 464. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 71. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 65, with tig.

Thuya sphaeroidalis, L. C. Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 45 (1826).

T. sphreroidea, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 46.

Eng. and Amer. White Cedar. Fr. Cedre blanc. Germ. Weisse-Ceder, Ceder-
Cypresse. Ital. Cedro bianco.

var. — ericoides.

A juvenile form (Jugendform) of somewhat rigid columnar habit, the
foUage consisting entirely of primordial linear, close-set leaves, glaucous
green above, and with two stomatiferous lines beneath. In winter the
branchlets with their foliage change to a reddish brown or reddish violet
colour.

C. thyoides ericoides, Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. loc. cit. Cliamaecyparis
sphferoidea ericoides, Beissner, Nadelholzk. 67, with fig. Juniperus ericoides,
Hort. Retinispora ericoides, Hort.

232 VARIETIES OF CUPKESSUS THYOIDES.

var. — lep toclada.

A low tree of faytigiate or columnar lialiit with (limorjihic, prinini'dial
and adult foliage of a bluish gi'ey colour, the former soon disappearing.
Jiranches numerous, close-set, erect, mucli ramified and terminating in
flattened, fan-shaped leafy expansions that are often clustered in a
corynibose mannerr

C. thyoides leptoclada, Masters in Joiini. Linn. Soc XXXI. 352. Clianinecyparis
spliiBroidea andelyensis, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 123. Retinispora lepto-
clada, Hort.

var . — variegata.

Of dwarfer and denser hal)it than the common form, from which it
further differs in having more tlian onc-lialf of its yoiuigest branchlets
liglit yellow.

Other deviations from the common type liave been named respectively
atrovirens glauca (syn. Kenwnsis) fadi(/iafa, nana, pewlula, pijfpnfea,
■ names sufficiently indicative of their distinctive character.

Cuprc'ssus thyoides inhabits the cold swamps of the Atlantic and
(ilulf coast plains, nsually immersed during several months of the
year, frequently covering them at the north with pure dense forests,
or at the south, mingling with the deciduous Cypress, Tajcodium
distichnm. Earely extending far inland, it ranges from Maine
southwards to northern Florida, and westwards to the valley of
the Pearl river in Mississippi.*

The White Cedar, according to Alton, was introduced into (xreat
Britain about the year 1736 by Peter Collinsun, but there is evidence
that it Avas cultivated by Bishop Compton many years earlier. Prior to
th(; discovery and introduction of the north-west American and Japanese
Cypresses it was in cultivation generally throughout the country,
but during the last half century it lias gradually receded from view,
a ('ircumstance due more to local causes than to any other, for
altliough a distinct and beautiful tree when in health and vigour, the
White Cedar does not flourish, as might be expected from the localiti<is
it affects in North America, except in constantly damp or wet soils.

Of the varieties described above, criroides is a "juvenile" form
rarely exceeding 2 to 3 feet high, W(dl distinguished by its glaucous
foliage which in winter i-hanges to violet-brown ; in dry soils, for whicli
it is unsuited, it loses its dense habit and the branchlets l)econie niu(;h
tufted. leptorlada is by far the most useful and the most generally
• ■ultivated of all the CupresKun thyoidM forms ; it originated many years
ago in a French nursery and was sul)se(iuently exliibited under the nami;
of Ghaimetnjparix t^phn'roidea andel yensk, the name by which it is still
known in many continental gardens. The original jdant was acquired
by Messrs. Hender.son of Maida Vale, by whom the variety was
propagated and distributed under the name of Retinixpora leptodada.j

The wood of Cuprex^nD* thyoides is light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
easily worked, .sliglitly fragraid and very duralile in contact with the

* Silva of North America, X. 112.

t The varietal name andelycnsiH has j>rionty of leptodadu but as the latter has been in
continuous use in this cotmtry for upwards of forty years, it is inexjiedient to alter it.

CUPKESSCS TOKULDSA.

233

soil ; it seasons ra])i<lly lUid jH'rfectly without warpin-', and is largely
used foi- l)oat-lmil(liii,u-, c-ooperaire, telegrapli and fence-posts, railway tics,
and wherever durable wood is desired. The importance of the White
Cedar in the Atlantic States is increased by the fact that, attaining
its greatest proportions in situations where no other useful timber tree
can flourish, it gives value to lands which Mitlmut it would be
Avorthless.

Cupressus torulosa.

A large tree attaining a height of 70 — 80 or more feet with a
girth of trunk of 6 — 8 feet, and occasionally larger.^ Bark thin,
peeling off in uuuhtous long, narrow, dark grey strips, the inner cortex

reddish brown. Branches

spreading horizontally, form-
ing a broad pyramidal crown
which in old age is flattened
i>r ro\ind-t(ipped. Under cul-
tivation in (xreat Britain, a
sub-fastigiate or flame-shaped
tree with all tlu^ primary
branches more or less ascend-
ing and much ramified at
the apical end. Branchlets
tetrastichous or distichous,
very slender, drooping ami
much divided, the. ultimate
growths short, straight and
parallel. Leaves in decus-
sate pairs, on the axial growths
oblong-deltoid, aeute ; gland-
ular, appressed, often free
at the tip ; on the slender
lateral growths, minute,
scale-like, t r i a n g u 1 a r-ovate,
and concrescent. Staminate
flowers club-shaped and tetragonal, about 0-35 inch long, composed
of two — three pairs of pale yellow anthers. Strobiles clustered or
solitary, globose, 0*5 — Owii inch in diameter, on short footstalks
produced on branchlets two to three years old, and consisting of
four, rarely five, decussate pairs of ligneous, rugose-umbonate, oblong
or oblong-rhomboidal scales of which the upper and lowermost pairs
are usually sterile. Seeds five — seven to each scale, small, compressed
witli a narrow orbicular wing.

Cupressus torulosa, Don, Prodr. Fl. Xep. .^5 (1825). Lambert, Genus Pinus,
ed. 2, Vol. II. 113 (1828). Loudon, Arh. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2478, with tigs. (1838).
Endlicher, Syno])s. Conif. r>7 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 150. Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 469. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 97. Lawson's Pinet. Brit. II. 201,
t. 35. Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India, 533. Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 645.
Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 335 ; and Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV. 208.

var. — Corneyana.

Brandies and branchlets pendulous, the latter more distant and
covered with minute, concrescent, scale-like leaves that are not free at

Fig. 71. Cupressus toridosc.

234 (TPRESSUS TORULOSA.

the, apex ; strobiles larger, often of oval sliape -with the umbo of the
scales less or not at all developed.*

C. tonilosa Corneyana, Carriere, Traite Couif. ed. II. 151. Kent in Veitch's
Manual, ed. I. 239. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 336. C. Corneyana,
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 470.

var. — kashmiriana.

Branchlets \'ery slender, elongated and pendulous; branchlet systems more
slender in all their jiarts and the ramifications more distinctly
tetragonous. Leaves as in the type but all free at the acute tip.

C. torulosa kasluiiiriana, .sii2)ra. C. cashmeriana, Rovle ex Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 161.

Ciipressus torulosa was first discovered by Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton

during his journey through Nepal in 1802 — 1803, and from his

specimens it was described Ijy David Don in the " Prodromus Floree

Nepalensis," published in 1825. Seeds were first sent to England

in 1824 by Dr. Wallich, and consignments of them have reached this

country from time to time ever since. According to Sir Dietrich

Brandis, C. toridosa is found only on the outer Himalayan range

from Nepal to Chamba at about 75° east longitude, mostly, Init not

always on dry slopes, more local and much less common than other

Himalayan Conifers ; its vertical range is from 3,500 to 8,000 feet.

The wood is white tinged with red or yellow, deeper in the centre.

even grained, easy to work Init not strong ; it is occasionally used

for joinery and indoor fittings.j-

( )n Cheena, in Kumaon, at an altitudii of upwards of 8,000 feet
and where, the rainfall exceeds 150 inches annually, Cupressus torulosa
is a strikingly handsome tree attaining a height of 150 feet with a
trunk 15 feet in circumference near the ground, and much resembling in
habit the Japanese species C. ohtusa and C. jnsifera. In the cemetery
near the foot of the mountain are preserved many superb specimens
which once formed a part of the forest that covered the district. J

The Himalayan Cypress cannot be called a satisfactory tree for
arboricultural purposes in this country, for although it is sufficiently
hardy to Avithstand average winters, it succumbs to exceptionally severe
ones so that very few trees more than twenty years old are now to
be seen in (xreat Britain. Those that survive are all of the fastigiate
or .sub-fastigiate form of which there are lieaxitiful specimens at Bicton
and Killerton in Devonshire, Tortworth Court in Gloucestershire, and
other places in the south-west of England.

The variety Cornoijana was in cultivation \)\\uv to 1850 by
Messrs. Knight and Perry of the Royal Exotic N ur.se ry, Chelsea, who
sui)])Osed it to be a native of Japan or North China which has not
been verified. The variety kashmiriana, a very beautiful one, is in
cultivation in the Temperate House at Kew and a few other places.

* Coninninieated lioiii tlie Royal (Jardens at Kew, and tlie Marcliese Haiibury's garden
at La Mortola.

t Foiost Flora of Xorth-west India, p. 534.

X Maries in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. XXII. \\. 462.

TiiiiA. 235

THFIA.*

Liuiu^us. Sp. Plant. II. 1002 (17.53. Thuja). EudliclRT. Syiiops. Conif. 50 (1847).
Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. [^H (1868. Tliuyai. R. Browa of Canipster in Trans. Bot.
Soc. Edinb. IX. 3.58 [ISTD. Benthani and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 426 (1881, Thuya in
part). Masters in .Tourn. Linn. Sou. XXX. 19 (1893). Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat.
Pfl. Fam. 97 (1887. Thuja). Including Biota. Endlicher, Syuops. Conif. 46; and Thujopsis,
Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 32.

The Thiiias with one exception, 7'. (jigunteii, are medium-sized or low
evergreen trees of narrowly conical outline ; or dense globose, fastigiate
or dwarf shrubs that have de\'iated under cultivation from the ordinar}'
habit of the species. As here understood, the genus includes five
species inhabiting a belt in the north temperate zone extending with
interrupti(3ns through North America and Asia lietween the 30th and
oOth pai*allels of north latitude.
The essential characters are : —

Flowers inonoeciou.s. Staminate flowers terminal uu lateral brauehlets
of the previous year. Stamens usually six, in decussate pairs, the
anthers with a sub-orbioular connective bearing two — four cells.

Strobiles matiu'ing in one season, solitary at the end of short
brauehlets, pendulous (except in Thuia orienfaJi.f), ('om]>nsed (^f eight —
twelve imlH'icated scales in decus.sate pairs of whidi the one or twt)
larger pairs only an* fertile, cacli bearing twd — tive seeds at tlie
base.

In their vegetation, the folbiwing characters are common to all the
Thuias :—

Branches short and mucli raiuitii'd ; In'auchlets flattened, usually in
one plane ; foliage dimorphic.

Leaves persistent ; on adult plants, adnate to or concrescent with their

axial growths, scale-like, ovate — or obovate — oblong, or .some niotlification

of that form, in four ranks in decussate pairs.

Two of the Asiatic species do not quite conform to the American

type, Thuia oreidcnt(xIi>;, in the structure of their fruits and in some

other minor particulars, and they have, in consecpieiice, received

separate generic rank under the names of Biota (Endlicher) and

Thujopsis (Siebold and Zuccarini). The characters relied on to separate

them from Thuia proper are scarcely of sufhcient value to justify their

retention as separate genera ; their divergence from the type is,

however, too significant to be neglected, and the characters which were

used to distinguish them as genera aftbrd data for sectional divisions ;

* The name Thuja was adopted liy Linm^us from Tournefort's Thuya which by general
consent is formed from 9vx or ^uVas (^Theophrastus) the name of a tree or shrub that
cannot be identified but is supposed to lie the North African Cypress, Callitris quadrivaJvis
{^i\A\.) = Tetradinis artieulata (^last.). As the earliest authoritative nomenclature recognised
in this work is the Species Plantarum of Linnreus published in l7r'3, the mediieval
orthography of Tournetort, resuscitated by L. C. Richard and afterwards by Parlatore,
and accepted by many recent authors is here inadmissible, but following Endlicher the
Linnwan Thuja in its classical form Thuia is adopted.

236 THLTJA DOLABHATA.

we have thence tliree sections distin^uislied l»y the structure of the
fruit : —

EuTliuiA, stroltilcs ]i('iulul()us, si-;ilcs iKit tJiickciiiiii;' upwards and

heariug two— tlu'cc wIuj^hmI seeds. T. orr/tJpnfa/i'^, T. <ji(janf''a and

T. japonira.

J^IOTA, sti'ohiles erect witli tliirkeued scales jirolonged at tlie apex

iuto a curved or lioi'udike process, au<l l>eariug two wingless seeds.

2\ orientalitf.

Thuiopsis, sl,rol)iles siil)-pendulous, with scales iiincli thickened at th«

apex and Iteai'ing four — five winged seeils. 'J\ (lolaJrrafa.
All tile Thuias are hardy in (Jreat Britain; they are among tlie
most useful of Conifers on account of the numerous purposes for
which they may be planted and the variety of soils and situations in
which they will grow, hut in these respects the following circumstances
should be noted: — The American species mostly inhabit low-lying
moist situations as tlie l)anks of rivers ami streams and around
lakes; the Japanese species are sub-alpine, but always where tlie
annual rainfall is almost (hiuble that of the greatei' part of England.
T. orimtalis is cultivated in China and dapan under many ^■aried
conditions of climate and environment, but thrives liest wliere the
climate is most liumid. These facts go far to explain how it is
that in retentive loams with a naturally drained subsoil, or where
the supply of moisture at the roots is not intermittent during the
growing season, the Thuias attain their best development, form
handsome specimens for the decoration of the garden and retain
their foliage and leafy branchlet systems longest.

Thuia dolabrata.

A tree or uiidershrul) according to situation or altitude ; in its
arborescent form occasionally rising to a height of 40 --^O feet with
a relatively slender trunk covered with light retl hark. In (beat
Britain it usually has the aspect of a di'iise pile of foliage of broadly
conical outline, the trunk covere(l with chocolate-lirown hark peeling oti"
in longitudinal shreds. Primary liranches dose-set in i)seu<lo-whorls or
.scattered, slender, spreading horizontally or dejm's.sed hy the weight of
their ap])endages ; secondary hranches distichon.s, ramified at the
extremities into the frondose hranchlet syst(Mns common througlumt the
genus. Leaves persistent five — seven years, fonr-ranked in decussate
pail's; on the principal axis ovate, olttuse, free at the a])ex ; the
dorsiv'^entral pair on the lateral growths, obovate-olilong, keeled and
concrescent, except at the a])ex, the latei-al pair dolahriform (hatchet-
shaped) acute ; yidlowish green on the upper side of the branchlcts
where fully ex}tosed to direct sunlight; darker with a white stomatiferous
band on the under side. Staminate Howers about 0-25 inch long,
bearing 12—20 anthers with orbicular in)hricatcd cuiniectives in ilecussate
])airs. Strobiles broadly ovoid, O'To inch long, coinjiosed of eight — ten
ligneous, imbricated, rhond)oidal scales thickenetl at the epical end, each
hearing five wingeil seeds or less hy ahiirtioii.

VARIKTIKS OV Tirn.V DOLAI'.IJATA. 237

Thuia dolabiata, Limia-iis, Suiipl. Syst. 420 (17N1. Tlaija i. TliuiilxT';-, Fl.
Jap. 266 (1784). Don in Lamliert's Genus Funis, wl. 1. vol. II. App. 2,
fig. 1 (182S). Ma.steis in Gard. Chron XVIII. (1882), p. r,'>G, with tig. Jouni!
Linn. See. XVIII. 486 ; and .Tourn. R Hort. Soc. XIV. 251 (Thuya).

Thujopsis dolahrata, Siehold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jaj). II. 34. tt. 119, 120 (1842).
Endlichei-. Synops. Conif. .53 (Thuiopsis). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 118
(Tluiiop-sis). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 460 (Thnyopsis) Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 398 (^Thuiopsis). Beissner. Nadelholzk. .51, with tigs. (Tliuyo})sis).

Eng. .Japanese Thuia. Fr. Thuia du .Tapou. Germ. Heilhliitriger Lebenshauni.
Ital. Thuia giapponese. Jaj). Asu-Xaro.

var.— Isetevirens.

A dwarf s[)rea(lin;4 slirul) with more sleiulcr and luoiv divided
braiichletf^, tlic leaves smalhu' and of a Itvigliter green.

T. dolalnata hetevirens, Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc XVIII. 486. Thuiopsis
liBtevirens, Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1862. p. 428. T. dolol>rata nana, Gordon
Pinet. ed. II. 399.

var.— variegata.

A pictures(iue variety resendjling the specie^ in habit, hut (Htiering
from it in having the tii>s of many oi the l»raneldets pahr yellow i<v
eream coloiu'.

Thuia dolahrata tirst became known to Europeans tlirout>li the
Swedish botanist, Thiniberg, who gathered specimens during his brief
sojourn in Japan in 1776, which he communicated to Linnteus, by
whom this conifer was tirst authoritatively named. These specimens
subsequently became the property of the Linnean Society of London,
and were descrilied l)y David Don in Lambert's "Genus Piiius " Joe. fit.
mpra, published in 1828. The first living plant received in England
was sent to the Veitchian nursery at Exeter by Thomas Lobb in 185o
from the Botanic Cxarden at Buitenzorg, in Java ; the plant arrived
in an exhausted condition, and all attempts to save it proved fruitless.
Shortly afterwards a plant was brought from Japan by Captain
Kortescue, which was planted in the garden at Castle Hill, in
Devonshire, the seat of his relative. Earl Eortescue, and is still livino-
From this plant a few others were propagated and presented to
prominent amateurs of Conifene, but it was not till after 1861, in
which year the late Mr. John Gould Veitch and Mr. Kobert Fortune
sent from Japan a supply of seeds to the Chelsea and Ascot nurseries
respectively, that this beautiful Thuia became generally distributed
over Great Britain. In its native country the habit and dimensions
of T. dolahrata ^'ary considerably ; on the mountain slopes in central
Japan at 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation it is a straggling shrub seven to
ten feet high forming an undergrowth in the shade of dense forests
of Tmga divcrsi/olia and other coniferous trees, and not infrequentlv
mixed with Ehododendrons and dwarf Maples ; hjwer down and in
the plains it takes an arljorescent form with stouter branchlets and
larger leaves. The wood is said to be very durable and is used in
boat and bridue-buildinu'.

Tliuia il()hil>r(il((.
(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.

THUIA (JIGAXTEA. 239

As an ornauieutal tree in tliis country Thuia dolabrata takes a lii^li
rank ; its growth in its young state wlietlier raised from seed or from
outtings is slow, but when established in a moist loamy soil ami
protected from pi(n-cing Avinds its progress is satisfactory, and under
such conditions it is one of the most beautiful of lawn trees. Many
fine specimens scattered over the south and west of England anil
Ireland generally attest this. The largest trees known to the author
are at Panjerrick, near Falmouth, which is upwards of 40 feet high,
and at Killerton, near Exeter, which is nearly of the same dimensions ;
the last named is an offspring of the plant lirought from Japan by
Captain Fortescue.

Thuia gigantea.

A lofty tree attaining at its greatest development a height of
150 — 200 feet, with a trunk tapering from a broadly buttressed base
5 — 6 feet, in diameter at 12 — 15 feet from the ground, and covered
with thin ('innamon-red bark irregularly fissured into hmg, narroAv,
plate-like scales. In Great Britain a stately tree of narrowly conical
or spire-like outline f-lothed M'ith branches from the base. Bark of
trunk irregularly fissured longitudinally and peeling off in flakes,
exposing a red-brown inner cortex. Primary branches close-set, spreading,
and much ramified at the distal end. Branchlets slender, often zig-zag
or curved, at first green, changing to reddish brown in the third
year and ramified in the manner described under the type species,
TJiuia occidental is. Leaves in decussate pairs, persisting on the axial
growths several years after becoming effete ; on vigorous shoots ovate
or deltoid, acuminate, glandular on the back, adnate to lieyond the
middle, free at the apex ; on lateral and younger branchlets much
smaller, ovate, apiculate, concrescent and scarcely glandular ; yellowish
green on the upper exposed side, much darker on the under side
of the branchlets. Staminate flowers small, composed of six — eight
stamens arranged like the leaves. Strobiles very numerous, clustered
near the ends of the branchlets, ovoid-cylindric, 0-5 inch long,
consisting of eight — ten elliptic-oblong scales of which the larger middle
ones are fertile, each bearing two — three small seeds witli notched
Avings.

Thuia gigantea, Xuttall in Journ. Pliil. Acad. VII. 52(1834). Hooker, W. Fl. Bor.
Amer. II. 165 (1840). Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 52 (1847). Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 457. Hoopes, Evergreens, 315. Gordon, Piuet. ed. II. 402.
Nicholson in Woods and Forests, 190 (1884), with figs. Brewer and Watson, Bot.
Califor. II. 115. Macoiui, Cat. Canad. Plants, 460. Sargent in Garden and Forest,
IV. (1891), p. 109, with fig. ; and Silva. jST. Amer. X. 129, t. 533. Beissner,
Nadelholzk. 46, with fig. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 25.

T. plieata, Don in Lambert's Genus Pinus, ed. I. Vol. II. 19 (1824) ; and
ed. II. Vol. II. 114 (1837). Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 51 (1847). Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 166. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXI. ser. 3 (1897), p. 214.*

* Dr. Masters has here conclusively shown that Don's Thuia plieata. and Nuttall's
T. gigantea are synonymous ; the former therefore is the older name. Unfortunately
Don's name, plieata, became applied to a variety of the type species, T. occidentalis, and
has been in use for it during many years. As NultaU's gigantea too has been in continuous
use for more than fifty years, setting aside T. Menzicsii {howg.) and T. Lohhi (Kovt.) vfhich
are only nomina nuda, it is here retained on the ground of expediency, and moreover the
inconvenience of changing a name so long established is too great to admit of much
probability of the substituted name 1 leing adopted in forestry and horticulture.

240 YAIUKTIES OF THUIA GIGANTEA.

T. Menzies'ii, Doiif,'las e\ Carriere, Traite Couif. ed. II. 107 (1867). Gordon,
Pinet. ed. I. 323.

T. LobV.i, Hort.

Eiig. Lolib's Arbor Vitce. Anier. Western Arlior ^'ita', Red or Cauoe Cedar of
Oregon. Fr. Thuia Geant de Californie. Germ. Riesens-Lebensbauni. Ital. Albero
de la Vita di Lol)b.

var. — aurea.

A lai'gt' i)rt)ii(.rti()n of tliL^ foliage and young growtlis light yellow,
the colour lieing most eonspieuous in the short lateral groAvths of the
terminal shoots and in the basal lialf of the brancMet systems next
below them. The aureo-rariegata and aurei^cem of continental gardens
are apparently modifications of this variety.

Kig. '•!. FruiliiiK lininchlet of 'ihnin iiiijuiilio ivdui-fd.
Strobile sli>,'htly fiil:irK''il.

var. — gracilis.

A smaller tree witli umre slendei liian<-lies and l)ranchlets, especially

the latter, whicli are clothed with smaller scah'dike leaves of a paler

green.

T/iuin (/i;/(riifra is widely distril)uted over a large area extending in

a nieridinal direction from southern Alaska at about latitude 55"^

north, along the coast range and islands of British Columbia to north

California, and laterally from the Rocky Mountains to the racific

Ocean. It attains its greatest development in the valley of the

Columbia river and around Tuget Sound wheie trees Imvc been seen

towering to a height of loO to 200 feet, "sending up a mighty

shaft free (»f branches for upwards of 100 feet, from an enormously

enlarged base tapering grachuilly until at twice the height of a man

from the f^round, its dianu^ter may not l»e more than a dozen feet.

THUIA GICiANTEA. 241

Beside these giants the other Arhor Vita's of the world are but
pygmies."* It eonstautly diminishes in si:^e in proceeding eastwards
to the slopes of the Eocky Mountains, dwindling to a low shruh at
its highest vertical limit.

Thi' hotiuiiciil liisk)ry of Tliiiia ijiijaniea i>s somewhat r(.iiii)Hcated.
The earhest laentiou of it occurs in James Donn's " Hortus
Cambridgiensis," ed. IV. published in 1807, under the name of Tlmja
plicata without description, but with the information that the species
was discovered by Nees at Nootka Sound. Nees was a Frenchman,
naturalised in Spain, who accomi»auied Malaspina in his voyage round the
world (1789—1794), and his original herbarium specimen of this Thuia
is still preserved in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington.
:^rees was closely followed by Archibald Menzies who accompanied
Vancouver's expedition as botanist (1790—1796), and he also brought
home spechnens gathered at Nootka Sound in 1795. The species was
first described from Menzies' materials by David Don in the second
volume of Lambert's "Genus Pinus " published in 1828 under James
Donn's name of T. plicata.\ About this time, or a little earlier,
Thomas Nuttall, who was preparing a continuation of Michaux' great
work on North American trees, received specimens from the ^Flat
Head river and gave the tree the name of T. giqantea, but his
description was not published till 1834. It was next met with by
David Douglas while collecting for the Horticultural Society of London
iw the region of the river Columbia (1825 — 1827), who at first took it
for the eastern species, T. ocddentalis, but afterwards named it T. Menziesii
in compliment to his distinguished countryman ; Douglas' name, how-
ever, remained a MS. name only. It was shortly afterwards gathered
by Mertens near its northern limit on the island of Sitka, from whose
herbarium specimens it was described as a new species by Bon^ard
in his "Observations sur la Vegetation de Sitka" under the name of
T. excel sa, but this name was not taken up by any subsecpient author.
Nearly a quarter of a century liad still to elapse ' before this valuable
tree was introduced to British gardens ;| the first consignment of seed
was received at the Veitchian nursery 'at Exeter in 1853, whence it
was subsequently distributed under the name of TJmia Lohhii, Nuttall's
name of T. ;/ir/anfea lieing at tliat time misapplied to Ltboeedrm
decun-ens, and Don's T. plicata beiug in use for a variety of
2\ orridentalh.

In British gardens and pineta Thula [lujantea is one of the
liandsomest of Conifers; it forms an elongated ' cone of foliage, in some
places at the present time 70 to 80 feet high, 50 to 60^ feet high
being by no means unconnnon. ^ Its tall straiglit trunk is feathered

Professor Sargent in Garden and Forest, IV. 109, the author adding "Tliere
are not many of them now." The same author also states that Tliuia gignntm is
rapidly disappearing with the spread of the forest tires which, burning tlirougli the
tlim liark, soon kills these trees.— Silva of North America, loc. cit.

t Gardeners' Chronicle, XXI. sen 3 (1897), pp. 101 and 214.

: It is highly proliable that the cultivated iJaiit alluded to l)y David Don and in-
cluded m James Donn's list of plants in the Caml)ridge Botanic Garden, was a variety
ot 1 /una occidental is, a point that may never lie cleared up.

§ The largest specimens known to the author in England are at Panjerrick, Falmouth ;
i-astnor Castle, Linton Park, Dropniore, and Monk Coniston. In Scotland at Poltalloch,
Argyllshire ; Murthly Castle and Dupplin Castle, Perthshire. In Ireland at Woodstock,
KUkenny ; Hamwood, Co. Meatli ; Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow ; Fota Island, Cork.

lliiua 'ji'janfiii ill Liiitmi I'aik, .M;ii<lst(iiii\

THUIA GICANTEA.

243

witli hraiiflies from tlie Imse upwanls, th.- low.-nii<.st .showing no signs
of beeoniing i-liete excej)! where they liave he.-ii Ijrought into contact
witli other" trees. The length of the lowermost branches of the
largest specimens ranges from' 12 to 15 feet, so that a space witli a
radius greater than these dimensions slumld l.e allowed for trees
intended for the decoration of the lawn and park. It thrives m most
kinds of soils and in diverse situations; the rate ..f gruwtli is
influenced to some extent liy the average temperature and rainfall of
the locality; under the most favcanaljle conditions it adds from 25 to
30 inches 'to its height yearly dimng the first fifteen to twenty years
of its life, a fact that should strongly recommend it to the attention
of the forester : in drier situations the annual rate of growth is
considerably less. Xo stronger proof of its acclimatisation can be
adduce.l than the circumstance" of its producing seeds freely, from which,
in many places, see<llings have sprung up spontaneously around the
parent tree.

The great economic value nf Thuia iii'jardm m its nati\-e region
was first discovered bv the Ked Imlians ; they make their canoes of
its timber which is easily worked, and also vari.nis household
utensils; thev manufacture the thin fibrous inner bark which strips
off in rilibon-hke bands, into mats, bags, baskets, cordage and even
articles of clothing. Nor has the white settler been slow to avad
himself .)f the advantages ottered by the timber of this exceptionally
valuable tree : the timber of the larger trees is absolutely free
from knots and can b(^ split into shingles with unerring exactness ;
these shingles neither Avarp nor split from the action of the weather,
and are niuch preferred for doors, window-sills and other construc-
tions exposed to sun, wind and rain ; Thuia wood is also much
used for indoor carpentry and fittings, for cooperage and the coarser
kinds of furniture.

For a long time after its introduction Thuia </i</a)ifea was better kiKjwn

in British gardens as T. LohUi ; this name had been given to it from a

desire to pay a well-merited trilnite to the exertions of AVilliam Lobb

through wh.im it had been introduced. That Lobb's name is Avorthy of

being"held in ivmeinbrance will be seen from the following sketch of his

life and laljours as a plant collector.

Willi \M Lobb (1809—1863) was born in the eastern division of Cornwall. The

t.lace is unknown, nor is anvthing known of liis early life. When a young man he

av)plied himself to gardening; and olitained a situation as gardener to Mr. btephen

Davey of Redruth, whose horticultural estahlisliment appears to have been on a

modest scale, l.ut which, under Lol.b's management, became thoroughly etiicient.

After remaining in the service of Mr. Davey a few years. Lobb entered the nurserj^ot

jVIr Veitch. at Exeter, for the purpose of improving his knowledge of plants. J^or

a iont' time previous he had cherished an ardent desire for travel and adventure;

he was quick of observation, readv in resources, and i.raetical in their application ;

he had also devoted much of his leisure time to the study of botany m which Jie

acquired considerable proticiencv. :\Ir. Yeitch. tinding him thus qualihed. proposed

that he should go on a mission to South America for the purpose ol collecting plants

in that rich .luarter of the globe, an offer which Lobb gladly accepted. He sailed

from Plvmouth in 1840 for Rio Janeiro. On his arrival in Brazil he hrst proceeded

to the Orc^xos Mountains, where he met with several beautiftil Orchids at that time

extremelv rare in English gardens ; he then proceeded to Chile by crossing the great

Pampas of the Argentine Republic and the Chilian Andes. Continuing his journey

southwards lie penetrated the great Araucaria forests, where he collected a large

Muantitv of seeds of Arnuc'n-ia uiihra->ta ; he was thus instrmnental in bringing this

remarkable Conifer into general use for ornamental planting. He returned to hngland

244 TIIUIA JAPONICA.

ill 1844, renewed liis engagement with JMr. Veitch, and sailed again for Brazil in
April of tile following year. After sending home from Rio Janeiro a consignment
of plants which he had" collected in sonthern Brazil, he proceeded to Valimraiso, for
the pnrpose of exjiloring southern Chile, at that time hut little known to Europeans,
except along the coast. Here a rich harvest awaited him. Among his earliest
successful introductions from this region were Lapageria rosea,* Escallonia macirintha,^
Emhothrium wccineum,X PhUesia huxifoHa,% and Dfinfoniainea spinosa.W Following
up these brilliant achievements, he continued his exi)lorations in Valdivia, Chiloe,
and northern Patagonia, where he collected seeds and plants of Lihocednis fetragona,
Fltzivijii //((tago/iico, Saxc-Gothcea conspicun, and Fodocarpus )ii(bigeiiii.s, " four most
interesting Conifers for this country, after Arauraria imhricata, that South America
produces."'^ Xor must mention be omitted of Berberis Dfiririnu',** which was first
introduced to British gardens liy him during the same expedition. Lobli returned to
England in 1848. The wonderful Conifers discovered by Douglas in California and
Oregon were then still very scarce in England, and young plants of most of the
species could scarcely be bought with money ; ft it was therefore decided that he
should proceed to California with a view of obtaining seeds of all the most important
kinds known, and to discover others, if possilile. He landed at San Francisco in the
summer of 1849, and at once made arrangements for exiiloring southern California.
One of the first fruits of the expedition was the successful introduction of Abies
bracteata. Dining the years 1850 — 1851 he sent home consignments of cones and
seeds of Pinus radiata, P. muricata, P. Sabinirata, P. CouUeri and P. tuberculata ; also of
many shrubs and flowering plants, some of which were quite new to British gai'dens.
In the autumn of 1851 he extended his o]ie rations further north, and collected cones
and seeds of the Redwood {Sequoia sempervire/is), Pi/ins Lambertiana, P. inonticola, etc.
In 1852 he made an excursion to the Columbia river and Oregon where he succeeded
in obtaining seeds of Abirfia Douglasii and Abies nobilis, still rare at that time in
England, and the beautiful Thuia provisionally named after him. Returning through North
California, he collected seeds of Abies grandis, A. juagnifica which he sent home
under the name of A. ainabilis, believing it to be the A. amabilis of Doiiglas,
A. concolor (var. Loioiana) the first received in England of that fine Fir, Juniperiis
i-aJ if arnica, Pinus ponderosa, etc. In 1853 he explored the Sierra Nevada, whither he
was led by the reports of the discovery of trees of extraordinary magnitude
which he had the good fortune to find, and to secure the first cones and seeds of the
Wellingtonia received in England. He l)rought these home at the end of the year,
and with them two living plants which were afterwards jilanted out in the Exeter
Nursery, where they survived but three or four years. Lolib returned to California
in the autumn of 1854, and from that time up to the end of 1856 he continued
to send home consignments of i)lants and seeds. In 1857 his engagement with
Jlr. Veitch terminated. He remained, however, in California, and sent collections
of seeds to England from time to time. In 1863 he was seized with parah-sis, and
lost the use of liis liml>s ; he died at San Francisco in the autumn of the same
veai' and was burie<l in Lone Mountain Cemeterv.

Thuia japonica.

A i-niiical tn-c 1^0 — 30 feet lii.nh witli a slciidcr lajifviii.L; trunk
clothed with icddisji ludwu liark tliat prcls dtl' in IdULfitudinai
shred.'*. Primary liraiichcs sliort, sincadinn hori/.dutally and raniiti(-d
irrognlarly at tlic distal end intn luancldet sy.stonis as in Thuia
(ireidi'hfaliii. Leaves jiersisteiil thi'ee — fiuir year.s, chan^inn' tn red-
lirnwn mi the axial growtlis hcfure disa[i[ieariiiL;, arranged in decussate
pair.s, the lateial paii cnnduplieate with a shari* keel, longer and niniv
acute than the flat, n\atc, cunere-scent, dorsiventral pair, but mi the
younger and lateral growths nearly eipial In tliem, light fulvous green
and with a small gland at the apex on the expnscd nv upper side of

Bot. .Mag. 4447. 1 /'/-/«. 4473. J M'//(, 4S.")6. S Id,„i. 4738.

Lien, 47S1. • Ll.„i, 1616. ** lilem. 4.590.

+ 1 Loudon, Arboretum it Fintiritnm I'.iitaunicum, pji. 2"24n, 2251, 2266, 2.344.

THUIA (X'CIDENTAI.IS. 245

tlie brand lifts, palev with wliiti' triaiigulav spdts and markings on tlic
luider side. Staminate flowers as in T. (jiijanfi'a. Stroliiles composed
of four decussate pairs of iml)ricated scales of which tlic two middle
l)airs are fertile.

Tluiia japonica, Maxiiuowicz in Bull, Acad. So. Petersb. X. 490 (1866) Masters
ill Jouni. Linn. Soe XVIII. 486 ; Joiini. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 2.52 ; and (iaid. Ohion.
XXI. ser. 3 (1897), p. 258, with figs.

T. Standishii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 108 (1867). (Joidoii, riiiet.
cd. II. 408. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 49.

T. gigantea, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 457 (not Nuttall).

T. gigantea var. ja]innica. Fianehet et Savetier, Eiuun. Plant. .Tap. I. 469.

Tlmiojisis Standisliii, Hoi't.

Eng. .Tapanese Arlmr Vita% Standisli's Arlior A'itte. Fr. Thuia de .Japon.
Genu. Jai>anisehei' Leliensbanin.

A species of much interest, first discovered hy Fortune in cultivation
around Tokio during his mission to Japan in 18G0 — 18G1 and
introduced by him to tlie nursery of the late Mr. Standish
at Ascot, who subsequently distributed it under the name of Thuiopsis
Standishii. In 1864 or 1865 it was seen liy the Kussian botanist
JNIaximowicz also in cultivation around Tokio, and was afterwards
described by him in the publication (quoted above under the
name of Thuia japonica, which is the oldest authoritative
pul)lished name. No evidence of its being endemic was forthcoming
until it was discovered growing wild on the mountains of Nikko in
central Japan by Maries while collecting for the Veitchian firm in
1877 — 1879. (j)uite recently it was found by Professor Sargent and
Mr. James H. Veitch on the shores of Lake Yumoto in the Nikko
mountains at 4,000 — 5,000 feet elevation, where it ajipears to be
quite rare.

As an ornamental tree for Jjritish gardens, Thuia japoiw-a may lie
recommended for retentive loamy soils ; it then forms a shapely low
tree with a narrowly conical or columnar outline. In dry soils it
becomes thin and indili'erently furnished, especially near the ground.
It is easily distinguished from the American Thuias by its thicker,
less sharply pointed leaves, which on the under side of the
branchlets are marked with whitish spots and lines, and which
when bruised emit an unpleasant odour very difterent from the
strong fragrance given forth by the bruised leaves of T. Occident alis
and T. (jiijanfca.

Thuia occidentalis.

X tree of variable height according to locality ; at its greatest
<levelopmeiit 50 — 60 feet higli with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter ;
oftener 30 — -40 feet high, the trunk sometimes dividing into two or
three upright secondary stems furnished with short branches which turn
upwards and form a rather compact heail.* In (Ireat Britain a tree
of narrowly conical or columnar outline, in dry soils rather sjiarsely
ramified, rarely exceeding 30 feet high, with a slender trunk covered

^^ Silva i)f Noitli America, X. 126.

246 THUIA OCCIDENTALIS.

with sniootli Itrowii liark and fviMjiu'iitly dividing at a giT'ater or loss
distance fidiii the ginund into two nr nidic secondaiy steins. Branches
.sluirt, spn-ading, .sonictinK's curved nr tortuous, covered with smooth
reddisli In'own l)ark, and terniinatini; in flat branchlet systems in
which the ramitication of the axial shoots is distichous and alternate,
this hranchiny l)eing re[)eated three times, and the latest growths
almost always on the anterior side of the next older. Leaves per-
sistent on the axial growths three — four years, l>ecoming etfete in
the second and third years, ovate, acute, closely imbricated and
often glandular ; on the lateral growths smaller, the latm-al pairs com-
jiressed and sharply keeled, the dorsiventral pairs flat, concrescent
and mostly glandular ; the young branchlets and their appendages light
dull green, changing to yellowish brown in Avinter and emitting
a strong aromatic odour when liruised. Staminate flowers Avith four
anthers. Strobiles about 0•^^ inch lt:>ng, composed of eight — ten
ovate, obtuse scales, ' of which the larger middle pairs are fertile,
each scale bearing two seeds, the seeds bordered 1)y a thin wing on
each side.

Thuiu occideutalis, Liiuii\:us, Sp. Plant. II. 1002, exchi. liah. Siberia (17r>3).
Michaux, Hist. Arbr. Amer. III. 29, t. 3 (1813). L. C. Richard, Mriu sur
les Coiiif. 43 (1826). Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Brit. IV. 24.^4, with tigs. Eudlicher,
Synops. Conif. 51. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 108. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 438 (Thuya). Hoopes. Evergreens, 317, with tig. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 403. Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 4.59. Beissner, ISTadelholzk. 32,
with tig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 76 ; and Gard. Chron. XXI.
ser. 3 (1897), i>. 213, with tigs. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X. 120, t. 532. And
many others.

Eng. Arbor A'it;e. Amer. Wliite Cedar. Fr. Arbre de Vie. Germ. Lebensbaum.
Ital. All)ero delta Vita.

A'ery many deviations from the common form have appeared under
cultivation either in seed beds or as branch-sports and have received
distinctive names at the liands of horticulturists, but it is extremely
doubtful whether the greater part of them can l)e now identifieci.
The following varieties are the most distinct still met with in British
gardens ; they are highly useful decorative plants for the lawn and
small gardens, being for the most part of better habit and colour than
tlie common form.

var.— dumosa (syn. jiiiiiuhim).

One of the dwarfest of Thuias ; a dense little confused bush seldom
growing more than i' to 3 feet higli, with branchlet .systems
and foliage of a decided brown tint nnndi like tlio.se of the variety
plirata.

var.— Ellwangeriana.

A dwarf or medium-sized shrub witli numerous erect or sub-erect
l)raiiches and slender 1»ranchlets at first clothed with dimorphic (juvenile and
adult) foliage; the pi'iniordial leaves linear, acute, spreading; the adult
leaves scale-like and concrescent as in the typ(>. It is a transitional
form (!f)nsiecting the variety encoUleM with tlie type.

var.- ericoides.

A dwarf globo.se or sul>-i>yramidal bush with .slender bramddets clothed
with linear primordial spreading leaves only, .somewhat distantly arranged

VAKIETIE.S OF THl'IA OCriDENTAUs. 247

in (Iceussatr pairs mi tlu-ii' strms, ami wliii-li in wiiitL-r assuiuL' a
linnvuish tint liki- tin- adult k-aves.

T. OL-cideutalis ericoides, Beissner. Retiiiisi)ui'a dnh'ui. Carrieiv.*

var. — lutea (syn. ehuantisKinm).

A low tree of pyramidal or colunmar lial)it in whirli the branchlet
systems of the current year with their folia^n'e are lu'ight yellow aliove
and orange-yellow below ; it ditt'ers in habit and colour from the
A-ariety Vervaeneana. lutea nana is a diminutive sub-variety of the
same colour.

T. occidentalis lutea. Hoit. Gt-orge Peabody"s Avhor Vitse, Hurt. Kmvv.

var. — pendula.

In this variety tlic primary branches are more slender than in the
common form and bent downwards at a shurt distance from their
in.sertion, and the branchlets much tufted.

var. — plicata.

A smaller and denser tree with shorter branches; braiichlet systems
rigid, and taking an erect and parallel position like those of Thuia
orientalis ; the foliage distinctly glandular, and of a brownish green tint
almost peculiar to" this variety. plicata argenteo- and aureo-
variegata are variegated forms, the hrst with wliite, tlie second Avith
yellow branchlets.

T. occidentalis var. plicata, Masters in Gard. Chrou. XXI. ser. 3 (1897) p., 258.
with tigs. T. plicata, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. X^'I. 457 not Don\ Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 44 (not Don).

var. — Spaetliii.

A monstrous form in which the yomige-st branchlets are much
crowded and clothed \\'ith priuKirdial leaves thicker in texture than
the ordinary ones ; these liranchlets are succeeded by acutely tetragonous
branchlets sparsely ramitied and clothed with scale-like, .sharply-pointed
leaves.

T. occidentalis var. Spaetliii, Hort. Riqipel fid'- Spath. in Cat.

var. — Vervaeneana.

A .smaller and denser tree than the common form and one of the

most distinct and ornamental of all the varieties of the American Arbor

Yitse. Durmg the growing season, all the branchlets, wliicli are more
.slender than in the species, are tinged with a deep golden-yellow, which

changes in winter to a lirownish-orange, ami tinally to the normal

green of the species, when they are succeeded by a new growth of
yellow spraj's.

var. — War eana .

A low tree of denser habit than the type with short branches that
are at first horizontal, then ascending ; branclilets numerous with close-
set ramifications, frequently erect and parallel as in Thuia orientalis ;
foliage of a deeper, lirighter green than that of the common form.
Wareana aurea (syn. jilirafa aurea) has many of the youngest

* Till' id occidt'itf'i/is eriroiih-s, wliich should not be confounded with Cupressus thyoides
crkoidrs, has prol)alily disappeared from British gardens. It originated in a niu-serj' at
Frankfort, and is still cultivated in Gernianv. — Ex Beissn'u:

248 THUIA OKIENTALIS.

branclilets bright gdldcii yt'lluw ^\'lli^•ll changes to liglit green in
winter.*

T. occidentalis var. Wareaiia, Masters in Gard. Chron. XXI. ser. 3 (1897),
p. 258. T. Wareaiia, Hort. T. occidentalis var. robusta, Carriere, Traite Conif
ed. II. 109.

The geographical range of Thuia occidentalis may lie roughly stated
as extending over the eastern portion of the North American continent
from Nova Scotia westwards to Lake Winnipeg and meridionally from
James Bay to southern Virginia. It is very common in the great areas
of swamp land in Canada and the north-eastern United States,
becoming less abundant southwards, and dwindling to a small scrubby
bush at its northern limit.

Thuia occidentalis was probably the first American coniferous tree
cultivated in Great Britain; it was introduced prior to 1597 in which
year it Avas mentioned by Gerrard in his "Historie of Plants." Originally
planted as an ornamental tree when the species of evergreen trees for
garden decoration were few in number, it receded in time before the
more attractive Conifers subsequently introduced, and it is nor\v for the
most part relegated to such uses as the formation of high hedges where
the soil is sufficiently moist, or associated with other common Conifers for
belts and screens. (.)n dry and sandy soils Thuia occidentatis grows
slowly and becomes too thin and unfurnished to be of any ornamental
value ; in the humid climate of Perthshire, the west of Scotland and
Ireland handsome well-furnished specimens may frequently be seen.

The wood is soft, light and brittle, rather coarse-grained and very
fragrant; it is remarkal)le for durability, of which many striking instances
are recorded, and on this account it is nuich used for outdoor carpentry,
as fencing, bridges, railway ties, etc.

Thuia orientalis.

A low tree of columnar or pyramidal habit, ()ften a dense shrub of
broadly conical or globose outline, the arborescent form rarely exceeding
20 — 25 feet in height with a much-branched trunk covered Avith thin
ix'ddish brown bark that peels off in longitudinal shreds. I'rimary
branches first spreading, then ascending ; in the shruljby forms, crowded,
erect or ascending ; secondary branches numerous, erect or asceniling,
terminating in vertical branchlet systems distichously ramified. Leaves
in decussate pair.s ; on the older axial growtlis acicular, free at tlie apex ;
on the lateral ramifications scale-like, ovate, acute, concresccnt or
indtricated, bright green in sunimcr, brownish in Avinter. Staminate
HdAvers globose Avitli eight — tAvelve antliers in decussate pairs. Strobiles
(ivoid-oblong, a])Out an incli long, comixised of six, rarely eight oA'ate,
tlnckish, imbricated .scales terminating abnve in a horn-like ])rocess, the
ujipermost pair much smaller than the otliers and sterile, each fertile .scale
bearing one — two wingless s Is.

* The distinction Jiiade in the te.\t between the varieties pficata and Wareaiui is not
always very olivious ; the two forms are nearly identical in habit, bnt plicata has a
<lecidcd brownish tint even in siininicr wliich distinguishes it tVimi tlic bright ween of
JVaieciic. There are, howevei-, in <iiltivation, intermediate foiiiis tliat may with ecjual
li'dit be referred to either.

VAIMKTIES OF TIU'IA OltlEXTAIJS. 249

Tluiiii oiieiitalis, Liiiiiieus, Sj). Plant. II. 1002 (17")-"5). Thuuhcrj;;, V\. Jap. 266
(1784). L. 0. Richard, Mem. sur les CdiuI'. 40 (1826). Sicbold and Zuccaiiiu,
Fl. Jap. II. 31, t. 118 (1842). Loudon, AH), et Frut. Brit. IV. 24.'J9, witli figs.
Masters in Jouni. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 488 ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 252
(Thuya).

Biota oritMitalis, Endliclier, Synops. Conit. 47 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 93. Parhitore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 461. Bois.sier, FL orient. V. 704.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 54, witli tigs.

p]ng. Chinese Arbor Vitie. Fr. Thuia de la Chine. Germ. Morgenlandishci'
Lebeiisbauni. Ital. Alliera della Vita ehinese. Jaji. Kinote-gashuoa.

The note under Thuia orridentalk respecting tlie numerous deviation.s
from the eomnion form which have appeared under cniltivation is equally
api)licable to T. oriental^. This species has also proved to Ije very-
polymorphous, a circtnnstance that has been fruitful, not only in the
multiplication of varietal names,* but also in the creation of many so-
called species. The following are tlie most distinct and ornamental met
with in Britisli gardens.

var. — argenteo-variegata.

This dilfers from the common form in having many of its branchlets
cream-white. The variegation is somewhat inconstant, and not
infrequently disappears altogether in vigorous subjects.

var. — aurea,

A dwarf dense gloljose slmd) in Avhii-h the youngest growths are
golden yellow in spring, gradually changing with age to the Ijright green
of the species.

T. orientalis aurea, supra. T. aurea, Hort. Biota orientalis aurea, Carriere.
And others.

var. — aureo-variegata.

This has aliout one-half of the youngest liranchlet systems light
ytdlow ; it resembles the common form in habit, and is quite distinct
fi'oui the variety aurea.

var.— decussata.

A dwarf shrub usually with several erect stems that arc densely

ramified, the primary and the secondary branches also erect. The foliage

is protomorphic only, the acicular leaves greyish green in summer,
changing to dull brown in winter.

T. orientalis decussata, supra. Biota orientalis decussata, Beissner, Nadelholzk.
58, with tig. Retinispora jiiniperoides, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 140.
R. sijuanosa dubia, Hort.

var. — elegantissima.

A dwarf variety of fastigiate habit ; the liranchlet systems usually
more rigid than in the type, and of a tine golden yellow which is
retained throughout the summer months.

var. — funiculata (syn. mtemteiJia).

This differs from the common form in its youngest branclilet
systems which are ramified froui all sides of the axial growths (not
distichous) ; the branchlets slender, elongated ; the leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute, and adnate at the base only.

* Carriere has described twenty-one varieties of Thuia, orientalis and Beissner twenty-five
excluding six of Carriere's.

250 VAltlia'IES OF TIIUIA OUIENTALIS.

var.^aponica (svn. falrafa).

Til this form the lowermost liraiichcs arc sprcailiiig anil tluj tree has
a hroadly [)yraiiii(lal oi'tHiie, the spread of the lower hranehes nearly
equalling- the height of the pi'inci})al stem.

var. — meldensis.

A low colnmnar trei^ with ascending hranehes often so flexible as
to bend in any direction. The leaves are protoniorphic, acicular,
acute, bluish glaucous green, changing to reddish brown in winter ; in
vigorous plants sometimes passing into the normal scale-like form of
the type.

T. oricntali.s meldensis, mqira. Biota orieiitalis nieldensi.s, Beissiier, Nadelholzk.
.58, with tiff. B. meldensis, Carriere, Traite Conit. ed. II. 102. Retinispora
meldensis, Hort. Thuia hybrida, Hort.

var. — pendula.

This is the greatest divergence from the type yet seen. The branches
are elongated into flexible, pensile, cord-like appendages very sparsely
ramified ; the branchlets are produced in tufts of Ave — twenty at
irregidar intervals along the axial growths and clothed with
subulate acuminati^ leaves more distantly inserted than in the normal
form.

T. orientalis pendula, Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 2.52. T. jiendula,
Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. II. A^ol. II. \i. 115. Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap.
II. 30, t. 117. T. tiliformis, Lindley in Bot. Reg. (1842), t. 20. Biota pendula,
Endlicher, Synop:!. Conif. 49. B. orientalis pendula Carriere, Traite Coiiif. ed.
II. 100. ?). orientalis tiliformis, Beissner, Nadelholzk. 63. And many others.

var. — pygmsea.

The most diminutive of all the varieties of Thuia or/e)ifaJi>< ; it
forms a small hemispherical bush a few inches high which ■ has a
yellowish brown tint. It is also known in gardens under • the name of
Binta (lumosa.

The habitat of the Chinese Arlxn- Vit;e cannot be stated with
certainty, but from its liardiness it may safely be assumed to have a
iiortliern origin that nuxy hypothetically be referred to the botanically
iinexplored regions in southern Mongolia, northern China and parts of
Thibet. The statement of Thunberg and others that it occurs wihl in
the central mountains of Japan has not been confirmed by later
investigation, and it is now generally believed to be an introduced
plant in that country. Tlie geographical range of Tliv.vi orientalis
must, however, be very extensive, since Boissier's statement that it has
Ijeen found wild at Asterabad in north-east Persia and also in the
Persian province of Khorassan is doubtless well authenticated.

The date of introduction of Thuia oriental i:^ into ( treat Britain is
unknown. According to Alton* it was eidtivated by Philip Miller' in
the " Pliysic " garden at Chelsea in 17.^2, and was l)elieved to have been
first .sent to Kuropt^ by Frendi missionaries. (_)n account of its hanliness
and distinctness as an ornamental tice iiMpiiring but little space for its
development, it has always been one of the most appreciated of Conifers.

* Hortus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. p. 322.

LIBOCEIHtL'S. 251

and prim- to tlic iiitrnductidn of the wcsti'iii Auiciicau and .lapani'sc
Cupressiufa^ many variftics ^^■^■\v in cultivation whieli have since
disappeared. Of tin- varieties de.scril)ed above decmsata is a "juvenile"
fonu of distinct and even picturesiiue aspect Avhen seen at its liest ; its
origin is not acciuatidy known ; funirulata and ntehfensis are transitional
forms in which the adult foliage predonnnatrs in the former and the
primordial leaves in the latter; Junkulata is also intermediate in hahit
between the variety pendida and the common form ; meldeni<u originated
at Meaux in France and was at first supposed to be a hybrid lietweeu
Thuia oriented i'i and Junipei-us viiujiniana ; but seeds having been
produced liy a tree growing under favourable conditions and the seedlings
from these having for the most i>art reverted to the normal Thuia
(irient(di$ its hybrid origin is thence dispelled.* Pendula, the most
remarkable of all the varieties and long lielieved to be a distinct species,
is now known tn have originated from tin- common form; it was first
met with in Japan liy Tliunberg (1776 — 1777) and subsequently by other
travellers in that country and also in China ; forms perfectly identical
have since been raised in Italy, France and England. It was first
cultivated in this country by Mr. Aylmer Lambert in his conservatory at
Boyton in 1832; his plant, the only one then known, had been previously
acquired from Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney.

Although Thuia orienfali-t and its varieties grow in diverse soils and
situations, they attain their l^est development in a retentive loam with a
porous but not too free sub-soil and in places not too much exposeil to
north and north-east winds ; under such conditions the branches arc
stouter, the branchlet systems more rigid and tlieir cdnur brighter: they
are rarely killed by our .severest winters.

LIBOCEDRUS.

Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 42 (1847). Parlatoie, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 453 (1868).
Benthain and Hooker, (ien. Plant. III. 426 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Piantl. Xat.
Pfl. Fani. 95 (1SS7). Masters in Jouru. Linn. Soc. XXX. 19 (1893).

A genus of evergreen trees of Tliuia-like aspect, mostly with
spreading branches and flattened branchlet systems, distinguished by
the following characters : —

Leaves dimorphic, scale-like in four ranks dedussately arranged, the
larger lateral pairs compressed, imbricated, with a decurrent base ami
sharply keeled ; and almost covering the smaller, concrescent, dorsiventral
pairs.

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers terminal, siib-globose or four-
sided, composed of eight — t"\velve or more stamens, arranged like the leaves,
each with a broadly ovate or sub-orbicular connective liearing four anther
cells.

Strobiles terminal on short lateral branchlets, composed of four — six
A'alvate scales of which the uppermost pair and also the loAvermost when
there are .six, are sterile and much smaller than the fertile pair, each of
which bear one — two winged seeds.

Libocech'us is thence separated from Thuia by little else tlian the
greater luimber of stamens in the male flower and the fewer number of
scales in the fruit ; but besides being fewer in number the scales of the

" Beissner, Xadelholzkunde, p. 58.

252

LlBOrEimUS CIllLENSlS.

fruit are also of uncimal size ami in tlie closed fruit meet at their edges
(that is to say — they are placed in a valvate position). In Thuia the
scales of the .fruit are of (-([ual size or nearly so and overlap (iiul)ricated).
Tliis difference in the structui'c (if the fruit is by far the most important
distinction, and is admitted by all autli(»rs since tlie ijenus was founded
by Kndlicliei', to be sntticieut for its retention.
Eio'ht snecies of Libocedrus are known to science ; their habitats
are widely remote from each otlier, except
in the case of two inliabiting Chile and
tw(j in Xew Zealand ; one is a native of
California, one of southern China ; one has
l)een discovered in New Guinea, and one in
New Caledonia. All the species that have
l»een applied to any economic use yield
highly valual)le tind)er ; the wood is durable,
Fiy. 7H. Open ami ciobed .strobile straight - grained aud fragrant, and is suitable

of Lihocearus decurrens. o o ^ o '

for many constructive purposes wdrether exposed
to the weather or within doors.

Libocedrus is ilerived from Xiftai'oc, the name of a tree from which
the ancients obtained frankincense but which has not l)eeu satisfactorily
identified l)y nuidern Ijotanists, and Kecpoc, cedar, juniper.

Libocedrus chilensis.

A medium-sizeil tree of pyramidal outline, the trunk usually free (if
branches near the ground and covered with roughish, fissured, dark
brdwn Itark. In ( h'eat Britain the oldest trees have a broadly
columnar habit, tin- outer l>ark df the trunk peeling off in small
flakes and exposing a light brown iimer cortex. Branches with
smooth reddish l)ro\vn l)ark, ascending and much ramified at their
distal end ; liranchlets slender, distichously ramified into frondose
systems similar to .those in Thuia. Leaves of the axial growths linear
and adnate exce])t at the acute, inflexed tip ; of the lateral growths
the dorsiventral jiairs .scale-like : the lateral pairs oblong, acute with a
white stomatiferous l)aiid on both si(les. Staminate fliiwers with

eight — ten anthers. Strobiles \i.s\ially .solitary, terminal, composed of
four ovate-obl(jng scales of which tlie fertile two are twice as broad
as tlie sterile two, and bear one -two seeds each.

Libocecirus cliili-usis, EiifUicliei', Syiiops. Couif. 44 (1847). Gay, Fl. Chil. V-
406 (1849). Liiidley in Gard. Cliron. (l8."»0) ji. 439, with fig. Carriere, Traite
Coiiif. ed. II. 89. f'ai'latore, D. 0. Pr(xlr. .\VI. 4:,',. Gordon. Piiiet. cd. II. 180.
Mastens in .lourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 42.

Thuia cliikmsis Don in Laniliert'.s (u-nus I'inus, cd. 1.. \'ol. II. 19 (1824).
Hooker, W. in Lond. .lonrn. Bet. II 199, t. 4.

Eng. Chilian ArV.or Vitic i''i'. Tliuia dc Cliilc Ital. AIImto ddla Vita di
Chile Chil. Cipres de Ara\icano.

Lihocedriis chilcnsU is common in some of tlie valleys and along

the lower slopes of the Cliilian Andes fiom \'alparaiso southwards to

Yaldivia. The wood is soft and easy to work, and is highly valued

by the inhabitants for indoor car^ientry on account of its fragrance.

LIBOCEDRUS DECURRKNS. 25:3

The earliest piil)lislu'tl notice of this tree occurs in Lninhert's " Genus
Pinus," loc. fit. siqira, wliere a lirief (lescri]»tif)U is given hy David Don
from materials found in the herl)ariuni of the Spanish liotanists, Ruiz
and Pavon, which hail lieen accpiired ])y Mr. LandxHt. Many years
afterwards the species bec;ime better known from herbarium specimens
communicated to Sir William Hooker by Dr. (lillies, of Mendoza,* l)y
Bridges, and by Mr. James Yeitch,- 8enr., of Exeter, througli his
collector, William Lobb. It was introduced by Messrs. Low, of Clapton,
in 1847 ; Lihoredrus chilendii must, however, be pronounced an
unsatisfactory tree for the British climate ; it loses its lower branches
at an early age, and even in sheltered situations rarely escapes injury
in severe winters.

Libocedrus decurrens.

A lofty tree 100 — 150 feet high with the trunk sometimes 7 — 8 feet
in diameter, covered with loose, fibrous, cinnamon-red bark and sparingly
furnished along the upper portion with stout branches that are at first
horizontal, l)ut soon turn upwards and form secondary stems that are
similarly branched. In Great Britain a tall tree of columnar habit, the
trunk large in proportion to its appendages and covered with reddish
brown bark that peels off in longitudinal shreds. Primary branches
short, spreading or ascending ; ramification of secondary branches mostly
lateral, the bark marked by a pale ring at every liranching ; in the
liranchlet systems the distichous branching is constant and in one plane.
Leaves persistent three — four years, glandular, narrowly oblong, acute,
decurrent and adnate except at the acute ti}), the larger and longer
lateral pairs sharply keeled and nearly covering the smaller dorsiventral
pair, dark glossy green, of a shade almost peculiar to tliis species.
Staminate flowers small, club-shaped, composed of twelve — sixteen stamens
each Avith a suborbicular connective. Strolnles pendulous, ovoid-cylindric,
about an inch long, consisting of six scales, the lowermost pair much the
smallest, the fertile middle pair as large again as the upper two which
are connate. Seeds in pairs at the base of the two larger scales each
with a hatchet-shafted membraneous wing.

Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey. Plant. Fremont, Smiths. Contrib. VI. 7, t. 3 (1850).
Lindley in Gard. Chron. (18.53) p. 69.5. Parlatore, D. 0. Prodr. XVI. 456.
Murray in The Garden, II. (1872), p. 540, witli tigs. Nicliolson in Woods and
Forests (1884), p. 190. Brewei and Watson, Bot. Galifor. II. 116. Hoopes,
Evergreens, 309, with tig. Gorden, Pinet. ed. II. 181. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 28, with
tig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 219. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X. t. 534.

Thuia gigantea, Carriere in Van Houtte's Fh des Serres, IX. 199, with tig. ;
and Traite Conif. ed. I. 105 ; ed. II. 112 (in i)art, not Nuttall).

T. Craigiana, Murray in Rep. Greg. Exped. 2, t. 5.

Heyderia decurrens, Koch. Dendrol. II. 179.

Eng. Californian Incense Cedar. Amer. White Cedar, Bastard Cedar, Post Cedar.
Fr. Cedre blanc de Californie. Germ. Californische Flussceder. Ital. Cedro liianeo
della CaUtornia.

Libocedrus dccvm.ns is widely distriluited along the western slopes

of the Cascade and Sierra NeA'ada Mountains between 8,000 and

7,500 feet elevation from Oregon to near the Mexican Ijonndary ; also

along the Californian coast range and sonthwards into the peninsula of

Lower California. It nowhere forms pure forests, Init occurs scattered

* His name is commemorated by the Liliaceous genus Cilliesin.

-!54 LIBOCKDltUS DONIANA.

singly or in small groves amongst the otlier eonilVrons trees (»i' the
region. Its timber is highly valued ; the wood is light, dural)le and
close-grained, but not very strong; it is used for a great variety of
purposes, including house furniture and indoor carpentry.*

The ("alifornian Incense Cedar was (irigiiially discovered by

Col. Freinontf near tlie u})iiei' M'aters of tlie Sacramento river in 184-G.

His l)otanical collections were placed in the liands of Dr. Torrey for

determination, and this tree was described by liim in the "Smithsonian

Contributions to Knowledge" in 1850 as Libocedrus Jecurrens. Two years

later, John Jeffrey who had been sent to north-west America by the

Scottish Oregon Association, sent home specimens and seeds from South

Oregon, and from these the tree Avas named lliuia Craiijiana in

eompliment to Sir W. Gibson Craig, a prominent member of the

.Vssociation, and the seedlings Avere subsequently distributed under this

name. The confusion in name thus createil was further complicated by

Carriere who described the species from lierharium s})ecimens sent by

Boursier to the Musemn d'Histoire Xaturelle at Paris in several

publications! under the name of Thuia iji'janfea, on the assumption that

it Avas the same tree that Xuttall had published under that name.

T"'nfortunately, Carriere's name Avas taken up by horticulturists generally

hoth in England and on the Continent, so that for a time scarcely any

other pair of coniferoiis trees has been surrounded by more confusion

than Torrey's Lihoredncx decurrens and Xuttall's Thuia ijiitantea.

The introduction of Liboredrus dccurrrns enriched British gardens

with one of the most beautiful and distinct of the Conifers of

western Xorth America. Stately columnar trees from 30 to 50 or

more feet high now adorn the lawns and pleasure grounds of numerous

country seats throughout Great Britain and Ireland. It is perfectly

hardy ; it grows satisfactorily in almost any description of soil not

nrarshy or water-logged, increasing in height annually from 9 to 15

inches, the rate of growth corresponding nearly with the range <jf

annual rainfall.

Libocedrus Doniana.

A lofty tree witli a straiglit uakcil tiiud< sometimes 100 feet liigh
and 2 — o feet in diameter, tlie okl bark falling away in long
thin rilJjons. branches few ; luanchlets distichous, alternate and
flattened, lait hecnniing four-angled in oM trees. Leaves varial)le in
form and arrangement at ditferent stages of growth; the jainiordial
leaves of young i)lants narroAvly linear and spreading ; on the adult
tree dimor])]iic, arranged in decussate ])airs; the lateral ]>airs eom])ressed,
aeine, sliarply keelecl and attaelied by broad bases; the doisiventral
pairs concre.scent, small, rhond)oidal. Staminate tloAvers with eiglit — ten
anthers. Strobiles com]iosed of fonr ligneous scales eaeli witli a curviMl

* Silva ol' Xoitli Aineiica, X. 136.

+ His uaiiie is coiniiienioratt'fl hy tlic Ipi^aiititul iiiiiiKityiiiu !Mal vacuous shruli Fn'mimtid
rtdiforn im.

X Revue Horticole (1854), p. 224. Van Houtte's Flore iles Serres, IX. 199. Traite
(Ji'iieial (les Coiiiferes, ed. I. lO/i, etc

LIBOCEDRFS :\IA('ROLEPIS. 255

spine at tlie back ; tlic fevtik' scales bearing two seeds eacli witli an
oblique membraneous winy;. — Kirk, Forestt Flora of JVf^/r Z<-alntiil
p. 157, t. -82.

Libocedras Doniaiia. Emlliclier. Synops. Coiiif. 43 (1847). Canic-iw Tiaitt.-
Conif. ed. II. 85. Pailatore, U. C. Prodr. XVI. 454. Hookei' tii, Haiidli
N. Zeal. Fl. 256. Gordon, Piiiet. ed. II. 182.

Thuia Doniana, Hooker, W. in Lond. Journ. Hot. I. 571, t. 18 (1842).

Although not hardy in this country, tliis beautiful tree elainifs
notice on account of its being in cultivation as a conservatorv plant
in botanic and occasionally in private gardens. Its habitat is
restricted to a small area in the northern portion of the Xorth
Island of Xew Zealand, but it has now become extremely rare in
many districts. The wood is of great Ijeauty, straiglit in grain, and
of great strength ; it is highly valued for the manufacture of house
furniture and ornamental woodwork. The species is dedicated to the
Scottish botanist, David Don.

Closely resemlJini;- lM)orvdi"u>< Doniana, and from which it is nut
separated by any marked distinctive characters, is a form or variety
which has received the name of L. Bklwillii. It is described as
being "smaller in all its parts" than L. Doniana, and is spread
generally over Xew Zealand from Harank's (4ulf southwards tn l'atlin"s
River, showing a preference for mountain and hilly districts, ascending
in places to -1,000 feet above the level of the sea.*

David Don (1800—1840) was a native of Forfar. His father, the iirojuii-tor ut a
nursery at that place, was well known as a good, practical botanist, and thence able
to impart to his son an elementary scientific knowledge of the plants of his native
couTitry. One of David's earliest publications was the description of a number of
plants wliich were either entirely new or had been only found in a few localities
where they had been collected by his father ; this was a valuable contrilnition to
the botany of our native country, and which soon brought the author under the
notice of the leading naturalists of that period. He then publislied in the Trans-
actions of the Linnean Society a monograph of the genus Saxifraga, and was shortly
afterwards appointed Librarian to the Society. In 1836 he succeeded Professor
Burnett in the chair of botany at King's College, London, a position which he held
till his death. His numerous works are sufiicient iiroof of his industry ; among
them are his papers in the "Transactions of the Linnean Society, " in one^ of which
he described for the first time Ahies bmctcata and three Pines from South California
from materials collected l)y Dr. Coulter ; and in another he founded the fenera
Cryptomeria and Athrotaxis. He rendered much assistance to j\Ir. Lambert m the
preparation of the later editions of his "Genus Pinus,"in which he published for the
first time descriptions of several coniferous trees previous!}' unknown, ineludino-
Cnpi-essus nootkateiisis, Thuia plicata (cjigantea), Libocerlrus {Thuia) chilcnsis, Juniperus
recurva and three or four species of Podocarpus. Towards the end of 1840 a
malignant tumour appeared on his lip which caused his death at the early age of forty.

Libocedrus macrolepis.

A tree of which the dimensions attained \\\ it liavc not l)een
published. Branchlets elongated, ramitied distichously and alternatelv
into frondose branchlet systems tri-pinnately divided. Leaves in decussate
pairs, dimorphic ; on the axial growths the lateral pairs linear, acute,
strongly keeled, free at tlie tiii ; the dorsiventral pair mucli smaller,
scale-like, triangular and almost concealed by the lateral pair: <iu the
lateral and yoiuigest growths much smaller and sub-e(pial, the lateral
* Kirk, Forest Flora of Xew Zealand, pp. 160. 161.

256 Lir.fH'Euitus trtuaooxa.

pair boat-shaped, conduplicatc aiul sharply keeled ; tlie dorsiveiitral pair
obovate, eoiKTescent and ,i;Iaii(hdar. Staiiiinat(! flowers fdur-aiigled,
coiupDsed nf ei<fht — ten stamens in decussate pairs. "Strobiles couic-
cyHndrie, about an iucli hnv^ consisting of six ligneous scales, the
lowermost pair minute and reflexed, tlie middle fertile pair broadly
oblong, the upi)ermost pair narrowly linear. Seeds one to each fertile
scale, with an obovate-oblong, (ibli(jue wing.

Lil)ocedrus niacrolepis, Benthain and Hooker, Gun. Plant. III. 426 (1881).
Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 48.'>.

Calocedrus niacrolepis, Kurz in Journ. Bot. XI. 196, tig. 3 (1873).

This species was discovered in the Chinese province of Yun-nan by
Dr. Anderson, who was attached as medical officer and naturalist to
an expedition under Major Sladen, 1870 — 1871. The discovery was
a remarkable one, as it extended the distribution of the genus into
a region far remote from the species inhabiting California, Chile and
Xew Zealand. It has since Ijeen gathered in the same province by
Dr. Henry, and by the Veitchian collector, E. H. Wilson, but the
attempts to introduce it into British gardens ha\'e thus far been
unsuccessful.

Libocedrus tetragona.

A tree of variable height and ha])it, according to situation and
environment ; at its greatest develoj^ment attaining a height of 60 — 80
feet but fretpiently much less ; at its highest vertical range reduced to
a dense bushy shrub. In the arborescent form the })rimary branches
are stoutish, spreading or ascending, forming a conical or sub-pyramidal
crown. In Great Britain of shrubby habit, 9 — 12 feet high, with
erect or sub-erect branches densely I'amified. Branchlets tetrastichous
(four - ranked), the youngest shoots very .short. Leaves on the axial
growths broadly ovate, acute, adnate except at the tip, persistent four —
five years ; on the lateral shoots ovate-lanceolate, suhtrigonal, acute,
spreading, grass-green with a greyisli triangular stomatiferous area on
the flat dorsal side. Staminate flowers not seen. Strobiles subtended
at the base by four suliulate acute bracts, and composed of two
decus.sate jmirs of .scales, each with an incurved mucro at the back,
and of wliich tlie broailer fertile pair hear one —two ■\vinged seeds.

Libocedrus tetragona, Einllielicr, Synojjs. Conif. 44 (1847). Lindley in I'axton's
Flower (iarden, I. 46, with fig. Cairiere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 86. Parlatore,
1). C. Prodr. X\'l. 4.^4. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 183. Masters in Jonin. K. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 219.

Tliuia tetragona, Hookei-, ^\'. in Loud. .Iiiurn. Bot. III. 111. t. 4.

Libocedrus tetraf/ufia inhal)its the western slopes of the Andes of
southern Chile, but very little is known of its actual distril»ution
over that region, and the little that is known is confused by
being mixed up with Fitzroya i^fitafionia. Its northern limjt may lie
])laced at about the .SSth parallel of south latitude, whence it spreads
southwards to beyond the 45th parallel, and as some authors state,
to the Straits of Magellan; but fiom \'aMi\ia soutliwards it is either
associated witli, or its jilaee is wIkiUv taken liy the Fitzrctya which is

LI liOCEDUrS TETi; AGOXA.

257

known to be abundant on the TatagDnian littoral and the adjacent hills.*

Its vertical ranoe according to Philippi is from 2,000 to 3,000 feet.

Lihocedrux fetrcKjona has long been supposed to yield the valualjle Alerze

timber of the Chilians. This' timber is almost indestructible by tlie weatlier ;

boards and shingles that have been exposed for upwards of a hundred

years have been observed t(i be worn ipiite
thin l)ut remaining perfectly sound ; it is
reddish in colour, easy to work, and is used
for every description of carpentry. From the
" ijy ' fibrous inner bark is obtained a kind of tow

54^^' ,^ which is umch used by the seafaring people

of Chiloe and the adjacent coast for making
^ 11\ Sr^ / ^^^^' joints of their skiffs and small craft

"^Si^ ^^i^F water-proof. From specimens received from

several sources. Sir William Hooker identified
the Alerze of the Chilians with Lihorednis
fefiw/ona, Init this identification was called
into question by Richard Pearce, who went
to Chile in 1859 as a collector for the
Veitchian firm. In a letter to the late
Mr. James Yeitch, dated from Valparaiso, he
writes : — "It is Fitzroya patagonica which
furnishes the timber known throughout Chile
as Alerze, not Libocedrus tetragona which is
everywhere known as Cipres. It is the bark of
the Fitzroya that the natives use to caulk their
boats ; the Libocedrus is a more elegant tree than
the Fitzroya, although never attainhig its dim-
ensions ; its bark is only about half-an-inch
thick, whilst that of the Fitzroya is three inches
thick, very tough, fi]:)rous and deeply furrowed.
The Libocedrus usually grows in swampy places
in the hollows of the mountain valleys,
Fitzroya on the rocky declivities."

Libocedrus tetragona was introduced in 1849
by jNIessrs. Yeitch through their collector
William Lol)b, l)ut it has now become
extremely rare in this coiuitry. The climate
of the region it inhabits is one of the most
equable and also one of the most humid
in the world ; for uitwards of six months
of the year rain falls daily, and on rainless
days the sky is sometimes overcast for weeks

together ; the average sunnner temperature is about the same as that (:.f

Great Britain, but the mean winter temperature is higher. These climatic

phenomena and the localities L. tftragoua aftects go far to account for its

failure in Great Britain.!

* The foliage of old trees of Llboccdrvs letivgoii(( to closel}' resembles that yi Fit-roija
piitaqoniii that the two can scarcely he distinguished except by their fruits; it is thence
not 'inq.iobable that at the southern limit of the Libocedrus the one might be mistaken
for the other.

+ The l>est si)ecimen known to the author is at Kilmaeurragh in Co. Wicklow, Ireland,
from which materials for description were communicated l)y Mr. Thomas Acton.

Fi-.

Lil/dcedriis tetmyoiM

258

TKIP.E — TAXODIXK.K

6 — Athrotaxis

-Ciyptonieria.

TRIBE-TAXODINE.E.

Flowers monoecious, on different branches. Staniinate tiowers
solitary, spicate, paniculate or umliellate ; terminal or axillary ;
stamens spirally crowded. Scales of strobiles spirally arranged and
composed of two structures at first distinct, the ovuliferous scale and
a bract-like appendage which coalesces with it and becomes obliterated
in the mature ligneous, seed-bearing scale. Ovules 2 — 9, erect or
inverted.

Leaves homo- or heteromorpliic, persistent.
Staminate flowers solitary.

Anther cells, 2. Stroljiles globose with the

scales ascending, sub-acuminate at the

apex.

Seeds 3 — 6 pendulous -----

Staminate tiowers spicate.
Anther cells 3 — 5. Strobiles globose with
the scales ascending, sub-peltate and acutely
lobed at the apex.
Seeds 4 — 5 erect ------

Anther cells 2 — 5. Strobiles cylindric with
the scales horizontal and thickened into a
rhomboidal apex with a transverse depression
at the centre.
Seeds 5 — 7 pendulous - . - - -
Leaves homo- or dimorphic, deciduous.
Staminate flowers paniculate or solitary.

Anther cells 4 — 8. Strobiles globose or obovoid
with the scales imbricated, rugose and
obscurely mucronate.
Seeds 2 erect ......

Leaves dimorphic, S([uamiforni and cladodiform
{i.e., deciduous scale-like leaves and per-
sistent leaf-like structures that perform the
functions of foliation).
Staminate flowers umbellate.

Anther cells 2. Stro])iles ovoid-cylin(hie, the
scales iml)ricated with a transverse ridge
beyond the middle and not thickened at
the apex.

Seeds 7 — 9 erect - - - - . - - 10 — Sciadopitys.

8. — Sequoia.

9. — TaxucUum.

ATI 1 ROTA X IS.

259

ATHROTAXIS.

Don in Trans. Linn. 8oc. XVIII. 172, t. 14 (1839). EndlicluT. Synops. Conif. 193
(18-17, Artliwtaxis). Pailatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 433 (1868). Bentiiani and Hooker,
Gen. Plant. III. 430 (1881). Eicliler in Kngler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 89 (1887).
Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soe. XXX. 21 (1893).

Pig. 75. Athrotctxis cupressoides.
(From the Onrdeners' Chronicle.)

Athrotaxis* is a genus of iiiiich-branched evergreen trees of low
or medium stature and of pyramidal or columnar habit, clothed with
short, thick, homo- or dimorphic leaves which are either concrescent
with their axes, adnate at tlie base and free at the apex, or
slightly spreading and more or less inciirved. It is further distin-
guished by the following characters : —

Flowers nioiioecious on diflerent branches ; tlie staiuinate flowers
small, solitary and teriniiial on branchlets of tlie preceding year, witli
crowded, imbricated stamens subspirally arranged, each formed of a
slender stipes expanded into a transverse peltate connective from whicli
tlie two anther cells hang.

( )vuliferous flowers also terminal, nearly glolxise, composed of ten to

* Errore Artlirotaxis auctorum fere omnium.

260 ATHROTAXIS.

twenty iiu))ricated scales, liaviiii; a thii'keiied l)r()ail disk from which
are suspeiuknl three — six ovidcs.

Strohiles ligneous, gloljose, from O"') to 1 inch in diameter ; scales

ovoid-rhombic, cuneate at the hase, sulj-acuminate or peltately dilated at

the apex, ascending, each with three — six winged seeds.

The genus is the most restricted of the tribe in which it is

inchided, us regards its geographical distribution, Ijeing confined to a

few localities in Tasmania chiefly on the Western Mountains

ascending in places to the summit which is about 4,000 feet above

the level of the surrounding ocean.

As seen at their best development in Clreat Britain, the Athrotaxes
are Cypress-like trees of distinct aspect and great Ijcauty. They were
introduced al)out the year 1857 by the late Mr. William Archer,
of Cheshimt, . and although fairly hardy in many parts of the country,
they are only of value as decorati\'e plants for the lawn and garden in
the milder and more humid climate of Devon and Cornwall, i)arts of
Wales, Ireland and similar places.

Fine s})ecimens of Athrotaxis are growing at Menabill}', Cornwall
(A. larifoUa); Upcott near Barnstaple (A. rupreifsoides); Castle wellan, Co.
Down (A. mlaginoides and A. lax.ifolia) ; Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow
(A. cuj^ressoides); and notably at Kilmacurragh in the same county wlifu-e
there is a tree of each species in robust health, from 25 to 30 feet
high, all of cohnnnar halnt.

The generic name is from cSpvoq (crowded), and raitc (arrangennnit) in
allusion to the crowded order of the scales of the fruit.

The nearest affinity is Cryptomeria, st) near indeetl that horticulturists some-
times avail themselves of it as a means of propagating the s[)ecies of Athrotaxis.*
An especial interest is attached t<;) the existing members of the
Taxodinete on account of the great anti([uity of their ancestral
forms, and of theii' intimate association with the vegetation of past
ages. The striking resemblance of the species of Athrotaxis to
the fossil remains of a Conifer found in the l^pper Oolite (Mesozoic)
of Solenhofen, and to other renmins that have l>een found in
Yorkshire, Argyllshire and the Thames Valley atibrd evidence that
ancestral fm-ms .)f Athrotaxis were widely distributed over the
eastern hemisphere in remote epochs^ and which have in the course
of time succuml»ed to the ceaseless successive changes which iiave
affected the Earth's surface and climate during geological ages, until
they have receded to their last abiding iilace in the small island
of Tasmania where they now exist in numbers so small that the
individual trees could be ccnuited. The fate of species so reduced
in tbi- number of the indi\idua!s comijrising tiiem is inevitable,
althouuh thev mav l)e i»reserved indetiiiileh' b\- the hand of Man.

* The varii^ty of Cryvtonierln Jn/iuiiini with priiminiial leaves, known in jfardens as
C. I'lrgii'ii:, is readily propaj^ated troni enttin^s. Tliese rooted cuttings are n.sed as stocks for
graftini; scions taken from the spi'eies of .Vtlirotaxis.

ATllKOTAXl.S CUrKESSOIDES.

261

Athrotaxis cupressoides.

A conical tree 25 — 45 feet liigh witli a trunk sometimes TS — 2 feet
in diameter near the ground. Bark rcildisli brown, peeling oif in
ribbon-like shreds exposing a cinnamon-brown imier
cortex. Primary l)ranclies scattered, spreailing or
ascending, much ramified at tlie distal end. Jh'anchlets
in })seudo-wliorls of five — seven, densely clothed with
foliage. Leaves dimorphic, in decussate jmirs, per-
sistent several years and peeling oif with the bark ;
on vigorous shoots oblong-acute, keeled, 0*5 inch
long, appressed and imbricated ; on the youngest
shoots nmcli smaller, scale-like, ovate-triangular, sub-
acute, closely imbricatt'd or concrescent Avith the
stem, dark grass-green tinged with brown during the
winter. Staminate flowers as described in i)age 259.
Strobiles composed of five — six decussate pairs of
scales, each Avith an acute pyramidal und)o and bearing
three — live seeds.

Fig. 70.
A th lotaxis cupressoides.

Athiotaxis cupressoides, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 173, t. 13, tig. 2
(1839). Hooker til in Lond. Journ. Bot. IV. 148 (184.5) ; and Fl. Tasman. I. 345
Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 196. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 20.5. Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 433. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 47. Masters in Card. Clnon.
XXIV. (1885), p. 273, with tigs. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 199.

Recorded localities. — Lake St. Clair, Pine Eiver near Marlborough, and
the Western Mountains.

Athrotaxis laxifolia.

A small tree 25 — 30 feet high with a slender
trunk covered with reddish brown bark that peels
off in longitudinal shreds. Primary branches scattered,
close-set and spreading, ramiiication tetrastichous Avith
occasional adventitious groAvths betAveen the ranks.
Leaves persistent several years, sub-spirally arranged
or in decussate pairs, OA'ate-lanceolate, nmcronate,
more or less appressed to the stem, slightly incurved
a7id attenuated from the base upwards, flat Avith tAvo
faint glaiicoiis stomatiferous lines on the ventral
side, convex-carinate and bright green on the dorsal
side. Strobiles terminal, globose, about 0'75 inch in
diameter, closely resendtling those of A. seJaginoides
in structin-e but smaller in all their parts.

Athrotaxis laxifolia, Hooker, W. Icon. PI. 573 (1843). Hooker til in Lond.
Journ. Bot. IV. 149(1845) ; and Fl. Tasman. L 354. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 196.
Carriere. Traite Conif. ed. II. 206. Parlatoi'e, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 434. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 48. Masters in Gard. Chron. IX. ser. 3 (1891), p. 144, with tig. ;
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXII. 201, witli tig. : and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 199.

A. Doniana, Hort.

Recorded localities. — At the falls of the River Meander, and near the
sunmiit of the Western Mountains at about 4,000 .feet elevation. This
form is so nearly intermediate betAveen A. rupre^ssnides and A. ^ekujinoides
as to suggest the possil)ility of its being a hybrid betAveen them.

Fig. 77.
Athrotaxis hixifolia.

262

ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES.

rS. Fruiting branchlet of Athrntaxis selaginoides.
(From the Gardeners Chronicle.)

Athrotaxis selaginoides.

Fig.
Athrotoj-is selnginoide.i.

A mediuiii-sizcd tier attaiiiiiii^- a hinglit of 40 —
45 feet, the trunk coycu'ed witli reddish brown bark
(in Great Britain) peeling off in longitudinal shreds.
Primary branches close-set, spreading, with tetrastichous
ramification often much interrupted. Branchlets
stoutish, similarly ramified. Leaves persistent foui*
— five years, sub-si)irally arranged, lax, incurved,
subulate or sixbulate-lanceolate, mucronate with two
gkmcous stomatifci'ous bands on tlio ventral side,
convex-carinate and liright green on the dor.sal side,
0"25 — 0*5 inch long. Strobiles glolmse, about an inch
in diameter, composed of numerous spirally crowded,
broadly ovate scales, each with an acuminate point,
and bearin"' three — six seeijs.

Athrotaxis selaginoidus, Don in Trans. I.inn. Sue. .Will. 17"2, t. 14. Hooker

til in Lond. Joiuii. Bot. IV. MS;
Conif. 191. Ciuiierc;, Traite Coiiif.
434. Gordon, Piiu-t. ed. II. 48.
1>. .'545, witn tig. ; and Journ. R.

A. Gunniana, Gordon, IMnct. vd

A. imbricata, Hort.

Recorded localitii's. -
Mountains, ('umminus II

and Fl. Taknian. I. 351. Endlichei, Synops.
ed. II. '203. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI.
Masters in Gard. Chron. IV. ser. 3 (1888),

Hort. Soc. XIV. 199.

II. 47.

Kails of the Meander Rivulets, tlu; Western
i-ad.

CRYPT0ME1{IA JArONICA. 263

CEYPTOMERIA.

Don in Trans. L iiii. Soc. XVIII. 166, t. 13, Hg. 1 (1839). Eiidlicher, Syiiops.
Conif. 71 (1847). railatoiv, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 437 (1868). Beiithaiii and Hooker,
Gen. Plant. III. 4-28 (1881). Eiehler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. PH. Fani. 89 (1887).
Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XXX. 23 (1893).

A iiKiiKitypic genus iuhaliiting Japan, but now rarely seen wild in

that country except in inaccessi1)le spots on the lower mountain slopes

in the central island, and which are believed to have been formerly

covered with extensive forests of Cryptomeria till the presence of a

dense population causetl their destruction. There is also evidence of

the Cryptomeria Iteing indigenous in south-west China.* The generic

characters are readily deducible from the description of the species.

Cryptomeria is a iuo.st interesting genus from a .scientific point of

view, it being one of a very few Hving representatives of a vegetation

which has long since disappeared. At present contined to the Far East,

except so far as it has been introduced into every other land in which

horticulture is practised, there is aluuidant evidence in fossil remains

to sllo^^' that ancestral forms of the Cryptomeria had a wide distribution

so early as Triassic and Permian times over a great part of Europe and

northern Asia, the geological import of which is, that these ancestral

forms were ingredients of the forests covering the northern part of the

eastern continent countless ages prior to the appearance of Man. It is

not improbable, too, tliat the nearest existing affinity of the Cryptomeria, the

not less remarkable and interesting genus Athrotaxis, may have descended

from these same ancestral forms, and which, during the lapse of aeons

and under the operation of the physical changes constantly but slowl}-

affecting the Earth's surface, has gradually receded to the restricted

insular area the species now inhabit.

Cryptomeria is from i^pvir-vg (hidden) and lAepoc (a share or part), in
reference to its obscure relationship to the Cedar.

Cryptomeria japonica.

A stately tree, attaining under favouraljle circumstances a height of
100 — 12.5 feet, usually divested of branches along the lower part of the
trunk and croAvned with a conical head ; the trunk tapering somewhat
aljruptly from a broad base and covered with cinnamon-brown bark the
exposed part of which (in Great Britain) peels off in long ribbon-like
shreds. Primary l)ranches irregularly disposed, close-set in young trees,
the longest lowermost ones nearly always decumbent, those above
horizontal or ascending ; brancldets mostly lateral or sub-distichous.
Leaves persistent four — tixe years, spirally arranged, linear-subitlate,
acuminate, four-angled, 0-2.'5 — O'.t inch long, straight or falcately curved
towards the stem, liluntly keeled on the dorsal and sharply keeled on the
•\'entral side, decurreut, dark lustrous green tinged with l)rown in winter.
Staminate flowers numeroits, collected in dense spikes about an inch long
around the apical end and in the axils of the leaves of branchlets of the
preceding year, cylindric, obtuse, 0-2.5 inch long, composed of numerous

* Dr. Henrj- in the Kew Bulletin, 1897, p. 409. Whether the Cryptomeria discovered
by Dr. Henry in Yun-nau conforms to the Japanese type, or is specihcallj^ distinct, has not
been determined.

264 VAltlETlES OF (KVITO.MERTA .lAFONlCA.

spirally crowded stanu'us expamk'd at their apex into a bn)adly collate
conneetive from wliioli depend three — five anther cells. Strobiles globose,
solitary at the end of the branehlets or in pairs ; scales obovate-ciuieate,
thickened at the extremity and more or less divided into sharply pointed
lobes. Seeds three — five on each scale.

Cryi>tomeria japonica, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. Joe. cit. supra. Siel)()ld and
Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 41, tt. 124, 125. Caniere, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 191.
Gordon in Jonrn. Hort. See. Lond. I. 57, with \\'^; and Pinet. ed. II. 7-3. Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 141, with tig. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 497; and Jonrn.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 203. And others.

Eng. Japanese Cedar. Fr. Cryptomeria dn Jajion. Oerni. Japanisehe Cryptonierie.
Ital. Cedro giapjionese. Jap. Sngi.

var . — araucarioides.

A shrub or low tree not exceeding 5 — 7 feet high with deilexed
In-anches and pendulous branehlets that are more distantly placed than in
the common form. Leaves shorter, thicker and more closely imbricated.
C. japonica arancarioides, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 52.

var. — elegans.

A smaller tree than the connnon form, with a rolnist truidc, short
horizontal branches and branehlets decurved at the tip. Leaves
primordial, linear, acuminate, decurrent, spreading or falcately curved and
marked on both sides with a siiallow median groove, bright green when
first expanded changing to l)ronzy crimson towards the end of autumn.

C. japonica elegans. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 498. Beissner,
Nadelholzk. 144, with tig. C. elegans, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 196. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 73.

var. — Lobbii.

A tall tree with an elongated spire-like outline and with a more
compact habit than the type; branches shorter and more densely ramified;
leaves longer, more closely appressed to the stems and of a darker green.

C. japonica Loljhii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 192. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 76.
C. Lol.liii, Hort.

var. — nana.

A dwarf, dense, spreading shrub rarely exceeding a yard in height with
nutch shortened, rigid liranchlets clothed with close-set acictdar spreading
leaves about one-third tlie length of those of the tyi)e.

C. jajionica nana, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 52. Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed. II. 193.

var. sinensis.

Dill'crs from tlic .lapaiicsc type in its more diti'usc lial)it, dctlexed
branehlets, longer and more slender terminal growths, an<l its longer and
more slender leaves.

C. jai)onica sinensis, Siehold and Zuccarini, Fl. Ja]>. II. 52. C. jajwnica For-
tunei, Hort.

var.- spiralis.

A dwarf, spreading l)u.sh with more slender branches and branehlets
to which the incurved leaves are .so closely ajjpressed as to simulate
a s])iral thread wound ntund them.

C. japonica sjtiralis; Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jup. II. 72. (!ordon, Pinet.
ed. li. 423.

CEYlTOMErjA JAPONICA.

205

The Cryptomeria is one of the finest trees in Japan : it is seen
almost everywhere throughout Hondo from north to south except on
the highest part of the mountains : it is more used for reafforesting
the ilenuded lands than any other tree, and extensive areas on the
foot-hills and mountain slopes up to o.OOO feet elevation above sea-level
have been planted with it for the sake of its timl)er alone, which is
more used than that of any other coniferous tree ; it is planted to
form hedges and screens by the wayside; it has received assiduous
attention from horticulturists for centuries past, and many curious and
interesting varieties of it have been olitained by them ; it is also planted
to form aveniies along the public roads, especially along the appnjaches
to spots associateil with eminent liistoric personages or events.

Ill none of its ai^jierts; is tlie Crypto-
meria more striking tliau in those
avenues planted in localities most fav-
ourable for the development of the trees.
An avemie of Cryptomerias seven miles
in extent near Lake Hakone was passed
tlirough by Islv. James H. Veiteh during
his travels in Japan, which, when once
seen, leaves an enduring impression ; in
this avenue the trees are more than
100 feet high, Avith perfectly straight
trunks croAvned AAdth conical heads of
foliage, the interval between them in
the line rarely exceeding six feet. !More
remarkable and more impressive still is
the great avenue leading from Utsunoniiya
to the celebrated shrines at Xikko,
extending to a distance of over thirty
miles ; it is the wonder and admiration
of all who have seen it; the trunks
of the trees are as straight as an arrow
and average more than 100 feet in height
Avith a circumference of 12 to 15 feet
near the base. " The planted avenue extends practically all the Avay
from Tokio to Xikko, but it is only Avhen the road readies the foot-hills
that it passes between tAvo roAvs of Cryi)tomerias, the loAver part being
planted, as is the case Avith the other great higliAvays in Japan, Avith Pine
trees. Xor is the avenue continuous, for Avherever a village occiu's, or one
of the roadside tea-houses Avhich are scattered all along the road, there is a
l)reak in the roAvs of trees, and it is only in some particular spots that
a long vieAv of continuous trees is (il)tained. The trees are planted on high
banks made by tliroAving up the surface soil from the roadAvay ; they are
usually planted in double roAvs, and often so close together that in places
tAvo or three trees liave become iniited by a process of natural grafting.""*
The same author adds : — " Japan ( lAves much of the beauty of its groA^es
and gardens to the Cryptomeria. XoAvliere is there a more solemn and
impressive group of trees than tliat Avliicli surrounds tlie temples and

* Sargent, Forest Flora ot Japan, p. 74.

Fig. 80. Criiptomcriu japouica, xar. elega its

Cryptomeria iaponira, vur. L(>l>l'ii, al l»iupin(in

CKYPTOMEltIA JAPONICA. 267

toiiil)s at Nikkd wlu'iT tlicy rise to a lu'i^lit of 100 to 125 feet; it is
a stately tree whieli has no rival except in the Se(juoias of California."
The chief factor in the preservation of the Cryptonieria and its
luxuriant groAvth in Japan is un(|uestional)ly the climate which in the
districts where the tree attains its j^reatest development is decidedly
temperate. The annual isothermal line for 10° C. (50' F.) curves
below the 40th parallel where it passes through Japan in the latitude of
northern Hondo; and the annual isotherm for 15° C. (60 F.) curves below
the 35th parallel, or below tlie latitude of Tokio, the capital, so that the
average temperature of the Cryptonieria region ranges from 10° to 15° C.
(50° to 60° F.). In Tokio the registered annual rainfall is about 70 inches
with a grathial decrease northwaixls towards Yeso ; southwards of Tokio
it seldom sinks below 50 inches. These data sliow tliat the Cryptonieria
thrives in a climate not very dissimilar from tliat in which the Cali-
fornian Eedwood attains its gigantic dimensions, and which corresponds
nearly to that of the south-west of Ireland, but is somewhat warmer than
that of Great Britain with nearly double its annual rainfall.
The Cryptonieria first became obscurely known to Europeans through
Engell )ert Kaempfer, who mentions it in his " Amoenitates Exoticse "
published in 1712.* It was next descriljed by Thunlierg in more
distinct terms in his " Flora japonica " under the name of Cupressus
japonica ; Thunlierg's dried specimens were communicated to the
younger Liniuvus and incorporated with his herbarium which was
subsequently acquired Ijy Sir J. E. Smith, the first President of the
Linnean Society, and afterwards became the property of the Society.
On these materials David Don, the Secretary of the Society, founded in
1839 the genus Cryptonieria which has since remained unchanged.
The Cryptonieria was intnxhiced into Great Britain ])y the Horti-
cultural Society of London through their collector, liobert Fortune, who
sent seeds from Shanghai in China in 1844 ; the Japanese type Vv'as
introduced by the Yeitchian firm through Charles Maries in 1879.

The Cryptomeria has now 1)een a denizen of the parks and gardens of
Great Britain for more than half a century, and although it has }n'oved
to iDe hardy, good specimens are b}' no means common. "V\niere well-
developed trees do occur, i\\Qj have an elongated conical outline like
that of the "Wellingtonia, but generally a more open aspect on account of
being more sparsely furnished. The Cryptomeria re(pures a deep, well-
drained soil with aliundance of moisture, of which the supply is not
intermittent, and it must 1)e })rotected from jjiercing winds ; in such
situations it develops the ornamental qualities which cause it to lie so
highly admired in its native country. A space having a radius of not
less than 25 feet should be allowed for it.

All the varieties described above are of Japanese origin with the
exception of Lohhii and dnend^. Elegaiis which was introduci-d by the
late Mr. John Gould Yeitcli, is one of the most distinct additions to the
British Pinetum ever made ; this is chiefly due to the remarkaUe change
in colour which tlie foliage and young shoots undergo in winter ; it is a
"juvenile" form with primordial leaves only. The illustration shows its

* San, viilgo Sungi, Cupresso-pinohis resiuifera. friietu sphrerali squanioso, pruui
niagnitudmis ; seiuniibiis ])auci.s oblongis conipressis, striatis, spadiceis (p. 883. ).

268 CliYI'TOMElMA .lAI'ONK'A.

lialiit as usually seen, l)ut in the, warm and humid climak' of Dovon and
(."oruwall, so large a head is sometinu'S formed that the stem heiids
towards the ground under tlie weight of its appendages and is sometimes
sna]t))ed olf hy the wind. Lohhii was introduced hy the Veitehiaii firm
slmrtly after Fortune's disco V(M-y througli Thomas Lohh, fi'om the

Fig. 81. Vnjiitomvrin jupouirn, var. degaiis.

lUiitenzorg Botanic (!arden whither it had been sent from .lajian l»y
Siebold twenty years earlier. Xana and spiralis are monstrous forms of
dwarf and singular habit chiefly used for the rock garden ; sinpyms is
the form originally introduced by Fortune ; all the older arborescent
Cryptoinerias growing in (ireat Britain witli the exeej»tion of the variety
Lohhii are r<'feralile to this form.

sEguoiA. 269

SEQUOIA.

Endliclier, Svuops. Coiiif. 197 (lS47i. Parhitdiv. I). C. Prodr. X\'I. 435 (18f>8)
Benthain and Hooker. Goii. Plant. III. 429 1S31 . Kielilfr in Engler an<l Prantl. Nat.
Pfl. Fam. 85 (1887 . Masters in Jouni. Linu. Sor. XXX. 22 (1893).

Diffierent as tlie Rechvood and A\\41iiigtonia as seen in Great Britain
appear to tlie ordinary ol)serN'er, botanists are agreed that they must
come under the same genus. The difference in habit and foliage, so
manifest in this country, is, howeA'er, by no means so apparent in the
full-grown trees in the Californian forests, and more than this, the
structure of their staminate and oviiliferous tiowers and their cones is
identical. The genus therefore includes two species ha\"ing in common
the following essential characters : —

Flowers monoecious, solitary and terminal. Staminate tinwers stipitate,
ovoid-cvlindric, surruunded at the base l)y numemus indnieated, involucral
bracts. Stamens numerous, spirally crowded, with a shdrt spreading
filament dilated into a sub-peltate connective bearin^u' two — five (usually
three) anther cells.

( )vuliferous flowers ovoid-cyliudric, cijmposed of numerous spirally
imbricated ovate bracts keeled at the liack, the keel produced into a short
elongated point ; the bracts aihiate to the shorter and thicker ovuliferous
scales which bear five — seven ovules that are at first erect but which
idtimately become inverted.

Strobiles sub-cylindric, pendulous, maturing the first year, com])osed of

.sjiirally arranged scales that are contracted at tlie bas^' ami clavately

thickened upwards into a flattened rugose disk with a transverse median

depression, each bearing five — seven pendulous seeds.

The Redwood was originally joined with Taxodiuni from which it

was separated by Endlicher, who founded upon it the genus Sequoia,

and Lindley proposed Wellingtonia for the " Big Trees " of the

Sierra Nevada, but which was soon rejected when the reproductive

organs became known. From Taxodiuni the Sequoias are clearly

distinguished by their simple, not panicled staminate tiowers, by the

peltate form of their fruit scales whicli bear a larger nundior of

seeds, and by their persistent foliage.

Besides their gigantic proportions, the Sequoias possess a separate and
special interest in respect of their antiquity, and the far more important
place they occupied in the arborescent vegetation of the Earth in past
geological ages than at the present time. The earliest remains of the
ancient Sequoias occur in the Lower Chalk formations ; they became,
more plentiful in succeeding strata xq) to the Tertiary systems in
which they are widely diffused. It is highly interesting to learn that
in the earlier Tertiary formation termed the Eocene, tlie Se(pi(iias
Avere represented in Cn-eat Britain liy more than one well-marked
species. In the succeeding period termed the ^Miocene, their fossils are
widely distributed over the eastern continent from high latitudes
southwards to the great chains of mountains which stretch across the
continent fmrn Spain to northern India, and in an east and west

270 SEt,)UOIA SE.MPKUVIKENS.

(lirt'ction fnuii tlic Hcl)ri(l('s to the Steppe of Kirnliiz. DuriiiL^ the
(rlacial epoeh it is surmised that the <;eiius was well-]ii,i;h exterminated,
and was pn'serve(l only in the two isolated regions in which it still
survives. The fossil remains consist chietly "f cones which are s(»metimes
attached to their branches, and of foliation which connects the fossil
forms (piite naturally with the existing spet'ies.

The genus conmieniorates 8e(iuoyah, a Cherokee Indian of nnxc<l
hlood, hettei' known hy his English name of (leorge ( Iness, who is

su]ipo>ed to have hccn
A f\ /|\ horn ahout the vear

; t. J' i / \ /1\ I'^'O. He lii'st Ijecame

WJWi SX^if (jtX '^^ ^ known r.s a small

i:^ Sd'Ci^^K ' /*3' Jt\\ E farmer in the Cherokee

Ol [ r^!# *^ ^ *^*Trf country of ( Georgia, and

c^ I 2 g "^ as a skilful silversmith,

and afterwards l\y his

O/^ ~X invention of an ahihabet

■■ '''■*=^ C»«!^ " ( ^^ / ''^' " ''^'^'i"^'^ language

r.-^ ("^ «^ ^-— ^ ^"^' ^^'^ trihe, which

WsT g^«^ 6 i was ])uhlished in 1826.

,,..„.„.,. , c.. • * « , <- This alidiahet consists

Fig. 82. .sV(/»(it(( ]] elhniitoni(t. 1, stamiuate flower somewhat £ ■ ^ i-

ailvanoed. -2, Stamen attaclied to axi.s. 3. The same, dorsal— 4, ot eightv-IlVe characters,

ventral view; a, connective; b, three anther cells; c, filament. (iqcli iVnve--entin(f

5, Pollen grains. C, A pollen grain as seen when placed in water; ^<i,ii icpieM_ iiiiu„ a

<(, the empty extine of the bursted pollen grain ; b, the swollen single SOUlld, aud Was

contents of th,r same. 1, Nat. size; 2, ij and 4 magnified five diame- ^"^ . ... ^,

ters ; 5 and (i, 240 diameters. "Sed U\ printing the

"Cherokee Phamix,'' a
journal devoted to the interests of the Cherokee nation, and also of a
part of the New Testament. Compelled to move with his tribe into the
Indian territory beyond the Mississippi, he died at San Fernando, in
northern Mexico, in 1843. His remarkalile alphabet is destined to
]>ass away with his nation, but his name will be for ages kept in
memory by the most stii])endoiis productions of the Vegetable Kingdom.

Sequoia sempervirens.

to a height that varies from
180 to 2oO or more feet in the individual trees, and with a diameter
near the l)ase of from 12 to IS or more feet, often free of branches
for 75 to 100 or more feet of its height.* liark tibrou.s, s]»ongy in
te.xture and of a reddish biown colour, 6 — 12 inches thick, divide(l

into roundecl ridt.

3 feet wide.t I'liiiiary branches close set, the

lowermost (as seen in the oMest trees in (Ireat Ihitain) decumbent,
those al)ove liorizontal, the upperni<ist slightly ascending ; liranchlets
distichous, alternate or op])osite. Ihuls small, globose-cylindric, covered
with gn-een leaf-like .scales that are foi' the most jiart persistent at the
ba.se of the developed slinot, ami diange to oiangedirown with age.
Leaves Yew-like, ]iersistent three four years, siilMlistii'hous and
alternate, usually longer in the middle of the shoot than at the

* Individual trees liave been measured whose heights exceeded 300 feet, and whose
diameter at tive feet fioni the ground was found to be from 18 to 20 feet. One on Kel
River measured in 1896 was 340 feet higli. — CanU-n and Forest, X. '2^2.
f t The hark of tlie Redwood contains no lesin, wlience tlie tii-es tliat fri'i|Mintly lunu iiji
tne undergrowth of tlie Sci|u<)ia forests liave no etfect on the standing tiiinks.

SEQUOIA .SEMPEKVIKENS. 271

extremities ; lineav-lauceolate, nincronatt', sDiuetiiiics falcately curved,
0-25 — 0-75 inch lono-, inclined forwards at an angle of about 45°
t(i the axis, dark green with an almost ol)solete
median line above, with two pale stomatiferous l)ands
beneath. Staminate flowers on short footstalks clothed
witli acicidar, iml)ricated, leafy bracts spirally arranged
around them, gloljose or globose-cylindric, consisting of
eight — ten stamens with ovate connectives, each
bearing three anther cells. Strobiles on short foot-
stalks, clothed with minute imbricated scales, terminal
on short l)ranehlets of the preceding year, O'TT) —
1 inch long, composeil of fifteen — twenty rhoniboidal,
peltate scales each bearing five — seven seeds.

pj^ g„ Sequoia senii)ervireiis, Endlicher, Synops. Coiiif. 198. (1847).

,, °' ., ""■ „ Murray in Gard. Cliroii. (1866), p. 971. Carriere, Traite

Se,n<^^e^rens. Conif.' ed. II. 210. Parlatore, D. C Prodr. XVI 436.

Hoopes, Evergreens, 244. Gordon, Fiuet. ed. 11. 3/9.
Brewer and Watson, Bot. Califor. II. 116. Sargent, Forest
Trees N. Amer. 10th Census, U.S.A. IX. 184; and Silva N. Anier, X. 141,
t. 535. Beissner, X^adelholzk. 157, with figs. Masters in Gard. Chron. VIII.
ser. 3 (1890), p. 303 with tig; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 247.
S. gigantea, Endliclier, Synops. ConiF. 198 (in ])art, not Decaisne).
Taxodium senipervirens, Lambert, Genus Finns, II. t. 7 (1824). Loudon, Arb.
et Frnt. Brit. IV. 2487, with tigs. Hooker, W. Flor. ]5or. Amer. II. 164.
* Eng. and Amer. Californian Redwood. Germ. Immergriin, Sequoie, Eiben
Cypresse. Ital. II Legiio rosso di California.

Var. — adpressa (syn. alha x[ni-a).

A smaller tree with sliorter and nutre rigid branches. Leaves
shorter, broader, and inclined to their axis at a nnich more acute angle
than in the type ; the younger leaves and tips of the branchlets
cream-white, the older leaves glaucescent.

S. senipervirens adpressa, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 211. Beissner,
Nadelholzk. 159. S. senipervirens alba spica of British gardens.

The Eedwood inhabits a narrow strip of territory ah^ng the

Pacific littoral extending for aliout five hundred miles from the

southern boundary of Oregon to a little beyond Monterey in South

California, and rarely ranging more than from twenty to thirty miles

inland. Within this restricted habitat it presented, when first discovered,

one of the most remarkable phenomena of vegetation to be seen

throughout the W(.)rld, whether as regards the gigantic size of

individual trees or the enormous amount of vegetable tissue that had

been built up within so limited a space. Large stretches of

Eedwood forest unmixed with other trees covered the country in

Mendocino county, along the Russian river north of San Francisco,

and in Santa Cruz county south of that city, the trees in places standing

so close together as scarcely to leave room for a lumber truck to pass

between them. And generally, the lower mountains near the coast

were almost exclusively covered with Redwood, which in places

spread inland into the canons, presenting to the view masses of

timber greater than could be found on an equal area in the densest

272 SR(,)IT01A SEMI'EKVIItENS.

tropical forest. AIoiil^ the eastern fringe of the l>elt, the trees that
remain are smaller and are mixed with the J)onglas Fir (Ahietia
Doii!//asii), the Bark Oak (Qvcniis dennfiora) and other trees; they
are also smaller at the sonthei-n limit of the belt where the annual
rainfall is lighter. In seeking for an explanation of this exuherant
arliorescent growth, there can l)e no doubt that the climate of the
region has been the most important factor, not only in the formation
of the liedwood forests, but in l)uilding up the other gigantic coniferous
trees of California.

The cliuuite of the coast re,L;iun of Culifomia is uuuIvimI by a

comparatively equable, temperature throughout the year, tlu^ siunuier

average at San Francisco being about 15' C. (60" F.), and the winter

10° C. (50" F.). Two causes co-ordinate to lu'ing about this narrow

fliictuation. One is the cold arctic current from Behring Strait

which strikes the Califoruian coast in about latitude 42° JX. and

continues its course southwards ; hy this stream of arctic water the

temjierature of the ocean from May to October is reduced mu(;h below

the average in the same latitude elsewhere ; concurrently with the

arctic stream, a cool wind blows uninterruptedly in the same direction

during the same period and in which no rain falls. The other is a

warm wind which blows (hn'iiig the remainder <if th(^ year from the

soutli-west over the equatorial region of the Pacific < Iccan charged with

the evaporation that is raised in i)r(idigious (piantities mider a vertical

sun ; most of this vapour is precipitated on the country from the

coast to the sunnuit of the Sierra Ne\'ada, the precipitation gradually

diminishing in ([uantity in a southern direction to the lower Califoruian

l)eninsula where it cea.-es altogether and the country is a desert.

This alternation of seasons is regular from year to year ; all through

the .snnnner season fogs rise from the I'acitic Ocean and flow inland

like a great level sea of vajKiur : the lower mountains near the coast

are enveloped, and further inland it fills the can<ins, leaving the higher

mountains to rise like islands out of it. It is these ocean fogs

that exercise so powerful an influence on the distril)ution and growth

of the Re(l\\dod : outside tlieii' range it does not spread spontaneously.

The tive is not only a li>ver of nunsture, hut to an extent hardly to

lie lielieveil uidess seen, a condenser ami consiuner of moisture ; the

toi)S of the trees rea(;h high into the sea of vapour and constant

l)recipitation from them like rain, takes ])lace during the ]irevalence

of the fog.s.*

Si'quo'ui scmjx'rvircns ranks second in si/e amongst the gigantic

coniferous trees of western North America. In its scientific aspect

and associations, it is one of liie nu)st interesting of trees, whether

we regard it as a sur\i\ing representative of the -vegetation of a

fornH.^r epoch that has well nigh disappeared, or look upon it simply

in its relationship to existing Conifene. In the geological age termed

the Mi(jcene, >S. srvipcrvirrvs or a species closely allied to it was

widely distributed over the eastern continent in liigii latitudes,

* Garden and Forest. III. •A:i!:>.

SEt.iUOIA SEMPEEVIKEXS. 273

extending to Spitzbergen and also to Greenland ; and even earlier in
central Europe. But from the time of its greatest development in
Miocene times the Eedwood gradually disap])eared from the vast area
over which it was once spread till it finally receded to the strip of
territory along the Pacific coast of North America, a most significant
fact in its history which of itself portends its ultimate extinction.

But a procL'ss of destruction far more rapid tlian that provided Ijy
Nature has been in operation ever since the occupation of the country
by the white settlers. Tlie Redwood is the most valuable of all the
Californian timber trees ; it is the most common liuilding material of
the tState, and it is used for every description of out-of-door carpentry.
The wood is close-grained and splits with pecidiar facility by means of
wedges, so that planks can be made from it without the use of tlie
saw ; it is durable in contact with the soil and it is therefore exten-
sively used for fencing and railway ties ; it is of a beautiful red colour
and susceptible of a high polish, qualities which render it pecidiarly
adapted for all kinds of domestic furniture, and so highly valued is
Redwood timljer beyond the range of its native forests, that it is
exported to Avistraha, the Pacific Islands, to China, and even occasion-
ally to Europe.* To supply the enormous and ever-increasing demand
and owing, too, to the accessibility of the Redwood forests, due to their
proximity to the coast and to their being traversed by numerous streams,
the consumption of Redwood timber is proceeding at a rate that would
almost exceed belief were it not attested by reliable statistics, and by
the testimony of those who have witnessed its destruction. " The
felling of the monster trees and the manufacture of their trunks into
lumber Ijy the use of modern machinery and appliances, afford examples
of the most stupendous lumber operations ever witnessed, but, alas, the
end is near. At the present rate of destruction, not an unprotected
Sequoia of tindjer - jn-oducing size will be left standing twenty years
hence." t The best forests will soon be but dim memories only, and the
generation next succeeding that which witnessed their discovery will
see their places occupied by human habitations surrounded with other
vegetation. The Redwood is, however, exceedingly tenacious of life :
when cut down a whole cops<; of vigorous shoots spring up from the
base of the monster trunk and soon hide it ; it is only by repeated
cuttings that the tendency of the tree to reproduce itself in this
manner can Ix' repressed ; when these shoots are left to themselves,
they will grow in time into a circle of tall trees.
The most salient points in the botanical history of the Eedwood
are but few. It was discovered l)y Archibald Menzies in 1795, from
whose herbarium specimens it was figured and described by Lambert
in " The Genus Pinus " under the name of Taxodiwn scmpervirens.
It was re-discovered by David Douglas in 1881 and shortly after-
wards by Dr. Coulter near its southern limit in the neighl)ourhood
of Monterey. In 1847 it was separated from Taxodium l)y Endlicher
who founded the genus Sequoia for its reception. About the same

'■' Silva of Xortli America, X. 142.
t Lemiiiou, Haudliook of North-west American Cone-bearers, 1895.

-J/ 4 SE<,)UOIA WELLINGTONIA.

time it was introduced into British gardens by the Horticultural
Society of London , through their collect<jr Hartweg.

Although a native of a sdincwhat warmer climate than that of Great
Ihitain, the Redwood in tliit< country is a fast-growing tree of pyramidal
outline and dark Yew-like aspect. It lias a tendency to commence
the season's growth early in spring, and to continue growing till late
in the autunni Avhich renders it liable to injury by winter and spring
frosts, by which the youngest part of the leader and terminal shoots
of the l)ranches are sometimes destroyed ; the foliage is also fre(|ucntly
discoloured or "browned" l)y the same agency, so that the Redwood
has not been regarded with so much favour as might be expected
from so remarkable a tree. It should, however, be included in every
collection of ornamental Conifers and planted in every park where it
can be sheltered from cold piercing winds, and where a space with
a minimum radius of 30 to 40 feet can be allowed for it to develop
its fine proportions. ^V moist and well-draineil soil is the best for it,
and as might be exjiected, it thrives well in the neighbourhood of the
sea coast in the south ainl south-west of England, in Wales and in Ireland.*

Sequoia Wellingtonia.

The largest of all coniferous treest with a massive tapering trunk
rising to a height of 300 or more feet and with a diameter of 20 to
30 feet near the ground. The average height of the oldest trees now
standing is about 275 feet and the diameter near the ground about
20 feet, 1 the trunk enlarged at the liase into broad rounded buttresses
and iisually free of branches ftir one-half or more of the height, the
remainder somewhat scantily furnished with branches that are small in
propcjrtion to the gigantic trinik from which they spring, and clothed
with foliage on their terminal branchlets only. Bark 20 — 30 inches
thick,§ of spongy texture and cinnamon-brown colour, the exposed part
separating into loose fibrous scales. In Great Britain tlie Wellingtonia

* Among the many tine specimens of tlie Redwood scattered over Great Britain are tliose at
Droiimore, Linton Park, Tortwortli Court, Eastnor Castle ; Baytbrdbury and Essendon, Herts;
Bowood, Wilts ; Orton Hall ; Penrlu^n Castle ; Castle Menzies, Ociitertyre, Scone Palace,
Aliercairney and Culto(iiiliey in Pertlishire ; Fota Island, Cork ; Hamwood, Co. Meath ;
Charleville, Co. AVicklow ; Woodstock, Co. Kilkenny, etc.

t The Wellingtonia is not only the largest coniferous tree, Imt it is also not suri)assed
in size by trees belonging to any other Natural Order. Some of the Australian Eucalypti
have attained a gi-eater height than any Wellingtonia at present standing, but the
diameter of their trunks is considerably h-ss. Trunks of the Adansonia or African
BaoViab tree have been nliseivcd with a greater diameter, but their heiglit is not nearly
proportionate compaied with tiie Wellingtonia.

* Siiva of North America, X. 1-1.5. Tlie tallest living tree that has been measured
was found to be 325 feet high ; it is one of the " Tliree Sisters " standing in the
Calaveras Grove ; the other two also exceed 300 feet in height. The lieight of the
tallest measured Wellingtonia is therefore surpassed by that of the Redwood on Eel
River, see page 270. Nevertheless tlie average height of tiie Weilingtouiu is recognised
by the best autiiorities to exceed the average height of the Redwood. Exirptional heights
attained by Welliiigtonias that liave lieen felled, oi- overtiirown l)y storms in tiicir extreme
old age have been estimated at 42.5, -363, 3.50, 32.5, 300 feet, etc.

§ Very little difference can be detected between the barks of the oldest Wellingtonias and
Redwoods growing in Great Britain ; tiiat of tlie Redwood is peihaps somewhat more
fibrous than the other.

SEQUOIA ^VKLIJ^■(;To^■|A.

:^7o

is characten8ed by extreme fonimlity uf haliit wliiili i^; thai of a spire
or elongated cone, its outline scarcely broken l>y a projecting branch.
Trunk strictly erect, covered with tibrous cinnaiui>n-l)rown bark which
breaks otf in irregular tliickish plates. Primary branches slen<ler, dose-
set and gradually contracted in length upwards, the lowermost decumbent,

those above spreading horizontally or sliglitly
ascending. Braiu'hlets stoutish and much
ramihed, the ramitieations crowded and often
forming dense tufts. Leaves persistent three
— four years, on the stouter growths ovate,
acuminate, passing upwards into lanceolate,
acuminate, 0'25 — 0"5 inch long, about three
completing the circTiit of their axis, appressed
and decurrent at the base, free beyond the
middle ; on the lateral shoots shorter and
smaller, at first bluish green, changing with
age to dull grass-green. Staminate Hnwers
about 0"25 inch long; stamens spirally arranged,
■with a short filament and ovate, acute connec-
tive bearing three anther cells. Ovuliferous
flowers somcAvhat larger, consisting of pale
yellow scales narrowed into a long slender
point, each bearing five — nine ovules in
tAvo series. Strobiles ovoid-cylindric, ol)tuse,
2 — 2 "5 inches long and 1'5 — 2 inches in
diameter, composed of 25 — 30 ligneous scales
arranged around a spindle-shaped axis, the
exposed dilated end approaching rhomboidal
shape Avith a central depression and transverse
ridge on each side of it, each scale bearing
five — nhie seeds, but usually fcAver from non-fertilisation of ovules.

Sequoia AVelUngtonia, Seeman, Boiiplandia, III. 27 (Feb. 1855). Lawsou, Pinet.
Brit. III. 299, tt. 37, 51, 53. Sargent, Silva N". Anier. X. 145, t. 536.

S. gigaiitea, Decaisiie in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, I 72 (1854), not Endlicher.
Toney, Report U. S. Pacific Rail. IV. 140 (1857). Parlatore, D. C. Piodr.
XVI. 437. Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, Avitli tig. The Garden, I. 54, 75, with figs.
Brewer and Watson, Bot. Califor. II. .117. Garden and Forest, V. 541, 546.
with figs. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 160, with figs. Masters in .Journ. R. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 71.

Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley in Gard. Chrou. 1853, p. 823. Hooker, W.
Bot. Mag. tt. 4777, 4778. Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 217. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 414.

Eng. "Wellingtonia, ^Manunoth Tree. Amer. Big Tree. Fr. Sequoia gigantes(|ne.
Germ. Rieseii Sequoia. Ital. Gigante della California.

var. — pendula.

Primary branches quite pendulous, sometimes hanging doAvn so close to
the trunk that the space occupied by the tree Avith its appendages
scarcely exceeds tAVO yards in diameter. This is the most marked
deviation from the common form yet observed.

Other varieties are distinguished by horticulturists by names sufficiently
indicative of their character as argenfea, gJauca lyyramidalisj py^pmea,
ranet/afa, etc.

The Wellingtonia inhalnts the western slopes of the Sierra Xevada of
California on which it has a vertical rano-e of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet

Fig. 84. Cone of Sequoia Wellingtonia
from the Calaveras Grove.

276

SEQUOIA \VELLIN(!TONIA.

above sea level. Its uortlieni limit is near the o9tli parallel of
north latitude whence it spreads nieridionally in a narrow belt
for a distance of 2G0 miles to Deer Creek, just beyond the oGth
parallel. In the northern part of this belt it occurs in isolated
groves varying in extent from a few acres to three or four square
miles, and standing from forty to sixty miles apart;* south of King's
liiver for a distance of about fifty nules the Welling-
tonia forms an almost continuous forest in places
nearly five miles wide, intercepted oidy Ijy the steep -
walled, deep canons that intersect the mountains.f
(!)n the Sierra Nevada at this elevation is precipi-
tated for nearly six months of the
year ( November — April ) a large
proportion of the enormous evapora-
raised in the equatorial region
the Pacific Ocean, and wafted

Fertile branchlet of Sequoia Wdlingtonia.

thither by the south-west wind which constantly

blows from that ([uarter during the same

period. AVith the Welliugtonia are associated

the Sugar Pine (Pinus LamhertuDui), the yellow

I'ine (Pinus pondcrom), and tlie Douglas Fir

(Ahidia Doug/asii), which under the like climatic conditions attain

stupendous dimensions.

* These groves are distiiiguislied l^y names some of which are familiar to Britisli readers,
as the Calaveras Grove, the smallest and northernmost of tliem, whieh contains at the
present time about ninety large trees. Soutli of this arc tiie Marijxisa (Jrove, the Merced
Grove, etc.

t Silva of North America, /oc. cit. suj/m. An excellent detailed account of the
distrihution of the "SVellingtonia on the Sierra Nevada, 1)}' Frank J. Walker, accompanied
\>y a sketch map, is given in the Garden and Forest, III, :"71, whicli, although of great
local interest, is too elaborate to be reproduced here.

SE(,iU()lA WELLINUTONIA.

27V

Tlic tii'st wliite luau wlio saw the "Big Trees" was pn)l)a,l)ly
John Ilidwill, wIkj erossed tlie Sierra Nevada, in 1841, from the east
intii CaHfoniia, Avheii lie passed in haste through the Calaveras Grove,
at tliat time Indian country and exceedingly dangerous to traverse, but
lie made no mention of his discovery till after the trees had been
seen l)y the hunter, Dowd, eleven years later. In 1852, Dowd, while
following a wounded Ijear, passed through the forests of Pinus Lamhertiana
and P.' jmiderosa, and entered the Calaveras Grove where he saw the
gigantic trees for the first time and communicated his discovery to his
comrades. Shortly afterwards Dr. Kellogg forwarded specimens to
l)octors John Torrey and Asa (4ra.y, and he also informed
William LolJ) of the discovery.* LobV), who had been sent on a
collecting mission to California by the latc^ Mr. Janu-s A^eitch, was at
that time staying at Monterey,' but he lost no time in making his
way to the Calaveras Grove where he collected a large quantity of
cones and seeds which, with two living plants and herbarium specimens,
he lirought to England late in the autumn of 1853, and frf)m him
was obtained the first authentic account of the " Big Trees." The
specimens brought home by Lobb were placed in the hands of
Dr. Lindley for determination, and he, believing the tree to be generically
distinct from the Eedwood, created for its reception a new genus
which he named Wellingtoniaf in these termfe : " The most appropriate
name for the most gigantic tree that has been revealed to us by
modern discovery is that of the greatest of modern heroes ; let it
then bear henceforward the name of Welllnyfonia (jujantea. Lindley's
generic name was, however, soon after challenged by both European
and American botanists, and when staminate flowers which Lindley
had not seen were [)rocurable and were found to be identical in
structure with those of the Redwood Sequoia seinpendrens, the conclusion
was inevitable, a conclusion strengthened by the identity in structure
also of the ovuliferous flowers and cones, and by the similarity of the
two trees in stature, bark, ramification and even in certain states of
the foliage.

The controversy that arose respecting the generic name of the " Big
Trees" is now a thing of the past, but the change in the specific name
here adopted may seem to non-botanical readers to require explanation.
One of the first botanists who called into question Lindley's genus
Wellingtonia Avas Dr. Seemann, editor of a scientific periodical named
"Bonplandia." In the issue of this publication for February, 1855,
Dr. Seemann distinctly recognised the Wellingtonia of Lindley to be a
second species of Sequoia and accordingly named it Sequoia WeUinfjfonia,X
Lindley's specific name gigantea having been previously taken up by
Endlicher for an undescribed form of the Redwood. § The late

* C. H. Sliinn in Garden and Forest, II. 614.

t The public funeral of the Duke of Wellington in St. Paul's Cathedral liad taken place
but little more than a year previously.

X Ich erkenne Wellingtonia gigantea als eine wahre Sequoia und erlaube niir sie Sequoia
Wellingtonia zu nennen. Der alte species— Name konnte deshalb nicht beibehalten werden,
M-eil derselben bereits von Endlicher einem Nondeserii»t verlielien worden ist. — Seemann in
Bonjilandia loc. cit.

§ Sequoia gigantea, Endl.— Sequoia foliis linearibus, 1|— 2" acutis subtus glauco pulveru-
lentis. Habitat in California ( Dough). Arbor trecentorum i)edum altitudinem attingens,
tnmci ambitu triginta pedali.- -Synopsis Coniferarum, p. 198. Tliis was published in 1847
or live years \mov to Dowd's discovery of the ''Big Trees" of the Calaveras Grove.

278 SEQUOIA WELLINGTONIA.

Andrew Murray, recognising the import of 8eein;unrs aiuiouneenient
adopted his name for tlie " I>ig Tree" in Lawson's '' Pinetum
Uritannieum '" ; it is also adojjted l)y Professor Sargent in liis monu-
mental work " The Silva of North America."

The observation in ]mge 272 on the restricted hahitat of Sequoia
■senqjervirens and its significance in respect of the stability of the
species is applicable to *S'. WeJIim/kmia with still greater foi-ce so far
as natural agencies are concerned. The Wellingtonia covers a nuich
smaller area than the Redwood, and in numbers is still infinitely behind
it ; but although seedlings are well nigh absent from the northern groves,
they are numerous in the southern forest, and thus far the perpetuation
of the species is assured. And whilst the Redwoods are Iteing decimated
by lumljer operations at an almost incredible pace, the destruction of
the "VVellingtonias by this agency is proceeding at a much slower rate,
and will prol)al)ly cease altogether in conse(;[uence of the greater part
of the land on which the trees stand having l)een taken over by the
Tnited tStates Government which has stretched forth a protecting
hand over the trees, and these therefore will be preserved so long as
the law affecting them remains in force. The tindjer of the Wellingtonia
is inferior to that of the Redwood ; it is light, soft and coarse-grained,
not strong, but very dural:)le in contact with the soil ; it is used
locally for fencing and other out-of-door carpentry.*

The immense- size of the Wellingtonias naturally led to conjecaires
as to the ages of some of tlie " fidl-grown giants," but which in the
first instances were enormously in excess of the reality. The earliest
approximation to the truth was obtained by Professor AVhitney, the
State Geologist of California, Ity counting the rings of a felled tree
in the Calaveras Grove. This tree was 24 feet in diameter exclusive
of the bark, and contained 1,25.'") annual rings at a section of the
trunk made 30 feet from the l)ase. "There was a small cavity in the
centre of tlie tree which prevented an accui-ate fixing of the age;
but making (hie allowance for that and for the time it reipiired to
grow to tlie height at which the count was made, it will lie safe to
say that tliis jiarticular tree wliich was as large as any standing in
thi' grove was, in round niiiiihers, tliirteeii Iiiiiidred years old. " The
annual rings of other trees counted by dill'ereiit persons ga\-e mu<-li higher
results, liut tliese were probably exceptional instances. (^Miite recently
a full-sized tree was felled in Tresno County, (yalifornia, antl a section
of its trunk set up in the Jesup collecti(m of American woods in the
Mu.seum of Natural History at Xew York, and anotlier section from
the same tree, next above tiie desup section, was secured for the
P>i'itish jNIuseum of Natural History at South Kensington, and is set
up in the Central Hall; the annual rings of this section liave been
carefully counted and found to number 1,335. This particular tree
was G2 feet in girth at eight feet from the ground, 300 feet high and
without l>ranches for 2(J() feet of its heiglit. l'"roiii these and other
.lutlientic data, it is not unsat'c to infer tliat none of tli<- existing
Wellingtonias ante-date the Ciiiistian era, or that witli very few
excejjtion.s, tlie oldest of them reach within ii\c hiindreil years of that
epocli, and whose ages therefore do not luuch exceed that of the
oiliest Yews in (Ireat Ih'itain.

* Silvii uf Xortli .\miTira. X 147.

SEQUOIA WELLINCxTOMA. 279

The Wellingtonia has provetl hardy in (Treat Britain ami rivlaiul ; it
i;rows in all ordinary soils in which water does not stagnate, l)ut [irefers
a retentive loam with a porous subsoil, in open airy places Ijiit not
exposed to piercing winds ; in dry and shallow soils its progress is nmch
slower and it soon loses its ornamental qualities. The aA'erage annual
rate of increase in height of the "leader shoot" varies with the locality
and its environment from 15 to 25 inches and even more in y(Aing
vigorous trees planted in good soil. But the older trees growing under
the most favourable circumstancis are beginning to show a slow 1)ut
steady diminution of the annual increase in height of the trunk, S(j that
there is no probability of the Wellingtonia ever attaining in (ireat Britain
more than one-half the size and age of its gigantic Califurnian progenitors.
The trunk increases in thickness in proportion to its height faster than
in most other large coniferous trees, the circumference near the l>ase being
often as much as one-fifth or one-sixth of the height; in AJdetia DouyJasii
the circumference of the trunk at the liase is generally not more than
one-eighth or one-tenth of the height, and this proportion is not much
exceeded in other tall Conifers as Ahie>i (jrandis, A. 7ioInHs, Cedru^
Deodara, Pinus Lamhetiiana, etc.

The formality of the Wellingtonia as a landscape tree is well known :
as such it offers a strong contrast to the irregular contour of many
deciduous trees, and is of itself a striking object when standing alone and
feathered with branches from the base to the summit. One of the most
remarkable arboricultural effects }>roduced by it is the Wellingtonia
Avenue at Orton Hall, near Peterborough; this avenue extends 700 yards
in an east — west direction and is comjwsed of two rows of trees standing
30 feet apart with an interval of 36 feet between the roAvs; the trees are
fairly imiform and range from 60 to 70 feet in height.* Viewed from the
west end, the avenue appears like two enormous walls of green foliage ;
the impression caused by the vista is not easily forgotten. There
is also a fine avenue of Wellingtonias at Linton Park, near Maidstone,
planted in 1866 ; the trees have now attained an average height
of over 60 feet with three exceptions which are about 20 feet
less ; the length of the avenue is about 400 yards and the Iw-eadth
20 yards ; the trees stand 30 feet apart in the rows, the lowermost
branches of each tree on each side of it in the direction of the avenue
in most cases meeting those of the trees standing next to it.f One of
the three shorter trees differs in habit and foliage from all the others ;
the trunk is thicker in proportion to the height, the branchlets more
elongated and quite pemlidous and the leaA'es longer and of a deeper
green. |

* Conimiuiicated by Mr. Harding, the Gardener.

t Communicated by Mr. Mackenzie, the Gardener.

% Space admits of the enumeration of only a few of the finest Wellingtonias in Great Britain,
In England: The Royal Domain, Windsor; Poltimore, and Powderham Castle near Exeter;
Penrhyn Castle, Bangor ; Pampesford, Camlnidge ; Eastnor Castle, Ledburj- ; Tortworth
Court and Highnam Court, Gloucestershire ; Kenfield Hall, Canterliury ; Bicton, Devon-
shire : Fonthill Alibey and Bowood Park. Wilts ; Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire ; Studley
Royal, Yorkshire ; Chetwynd Park, Shropshire ; Ruxley Lodge, Eslier ; Thoresby Park,
Notts. In Scotland : Murthly Castle, Castle Menzies and Scone Palace, in Perthshire ;
Whittinghame, East Lothian ; Castle Leod, Ross-shire, remarkable for so high a latitude.
In Ireland • Castlewellan, Co. Down ; Woodstock, Kilkenny ; Fota Island, Cork ; Powerscourt
and CooUattin, Wicklow ; Carton, Kildare. Upwards of ninety Wellingtonias are included in
Dunn's Census in the Conifer Conference Rei)ort, scattered over the country fiom Sutherlandshire
southwards, most of them descril)ed as ''tine specimens."

280 TAXODIUM.

TAXODIUM.

L. C. Richard in Annales du Musee de Paris, XYI. 298 (1810). Endlicher, Syiiops.
Conif. 66 (1847). Parlatore, 1). C. Prodr. XVI. 439 (1868). Benthain and Hooker, Gen.
Plant. III. 429 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. PH. Fani. 90 (1887). Masters
in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 24 (1893).

Two species are here included in Taxodiuni, of which T. distichum
(the type) was referred by Linnaius and tlie older botanists to Cupressus
whence probably arose its popular name, the deciduous Cypress. It
was separated from Cupressus by the elder Richard* who founded upon
it the genus Taxodiuni now firmly established notwithstanding the
attempts of Mirbel and Spach to replace it by Schnbertia of the iirst
named author. With the American type Brongniart joined the Chinese
Water Pine, in which he is followed by lientliam and Hooker in the
" Genera Plantarum." Endlicher, however, proposed for the Chinese
species a new genus which he called Glyptostrobus ; but the structure
of the fruit on which he chiefly relied for separating it from Taxodiuni
does not seem to afford characters sufficiently distinct to justify the
separation,! and the staminate flowers which were unknown to him
differ only in arrangement and position from those of T. distichum.
Nevertheless further investigation of fresh specimens of the Chinese
species is required to determine satisfactorily the relationship between
them ; as an opportunity of doing this is not likely to be afforded
in this country for an indefinite period, it seems better to unite
provisionally the American and Chinese species under one genus.

By some authors the Mexican Taxodiuni is described as a species
distinct from tlie northern type, but tlie characters adduced in support
of tliis course seem to lie so small in value that it may be more
properly regarded as a geographical form that has slightly iliverged
from the type under the influence of climate, altitude and environment.
Like other prominent inemhers of the Taxodineie, the deciduo\is
Cypress has a record reaching far hack into geological ages, and at
one period it liad a distribution as extensive as any of them. In
Tertiary times, and perhaps earlier, it was not only spread over Eiu-opc
from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, hut also over North America
and Greenland ; that it was also once a denizen of Great Britain is
proved by the fossil remains of it found near Bournemouth and other
places ; it seems to have disapi)eared in the Pleiocene Age. It is
still spread over a considerable area of North America wliich may
be roughly stated as lying lietween tlie 39tli parallel of north latitude
and the Gulf of JMexico, and extending from the Atlantic Ocean
westwards to about the 9Sth meridian ; it also spreads southwards into
. Mexico as far as Oaxaca, attaining in that country enormous dimensions.
The name Taxodiuni is derived from ra^o^ (the Yew), and Ucoq
(external apiu'arance), t'ldiii tlie re.semhlance of tlie foliage, as regards its
arrangement, to that of the Yew.

Louis Claude Richard and Aeliille Ricdiaid, fatlicr and son, were eminent French
botanists of tlie early part of the nineteenth century.

+ See Gardeners' Chronicle, XXVI. ser. 3 (1899), p. 489, wlieie the seeds arc said to lie
jieiidulous, Hit erect as in Tuxodinm iliatu-huin.

TAXODIUM DISTICH UM. 281

Taxodium distichum.

A lofty <U'ci(Uious tree attaining its greatest (levclopiiient in Mexico,
wliere it towers to a height of 175 or more feet with a massive
trunk 10 — 15 feet in diameter, and individual trees are known greatly
exceeding these dimensions.* Even near its northern limit in Indiana
and Delaware it attains in places a height of 150 feet with the
diameter of the trunk 6 — 8 feet above the swollen buttresses at the
base. In general, "the trunk with furrowed dark red bark, ascends
perfectly straight fnnu its enlarged base, forming a tapering column
SO — 90 feet "high Avhen it divides into a numlier of long, stout
horizontal branches which form a wide, flat. Cedar-like top." In Great
Britain, Tccwdium (Jistkliuin is variable in size and aspect, according to
situation ; when standing near water it is often 80 — 100 feet high ;
the trunk cylindric or very gradually tapering, rarely lobed as in
America, luit projecting at the base into rounded Ituttresses. ^ Bark
peeling oft' into longitudinal shreds exposing a reddish brown fibrous
inner cortex. Branches usually short in proportion to height of truidc,
spreading horizontally, and much ramified at the distal end ; branchlets
slender with light reddish brown liark striated longitudinally. Buds
minute, ovate, acute, mostly axillary. Leaves from fifty to one hundred
on each branclilet, inserted on epidermal outgrowths and spirally
arranged, but owing to a slight twist at the base, pseudo-distichous,
linear-lanceolate, api'culate or sub-acute, 0*25 — 0*75 inch long, soft light
green with a shallow sunk line along the midrib above, keeled and
stomatiferous Ixmeath, changing to orange-brown in autumn, and falling
oft" with the slender shoots on which they are inserted. Flowers
monoecious. Staminate flowers in panicles 3 — 5 inches long on short
pedicels surrounded at the base with closely imbricated, triangular,
scale-like liracts ; stamens six — eight in decussate pairs. (_)vuliferous
flowers solitary, terminal or pseudo-terminal on branchlets of the previous
year, sub-globose, composed of numerous imbricated scales, bearing at
the base on the ventral face two erect ovules. Strobiles ripening in
one season, somewhat smaller than a walnut, ovoid-globose, consisting
of about nine spirally arranged, imbricated, fertile scales, and several
smaller sterile ones. Seeds three-angled, the testa produced into three
uneqiial lateral wings.

Taxodmm distieluuu, L. C. Richard in Amiales du Musee de Paris, loc. cit.
supra (1810); and Mem. sur les Conif. 52 (1826). Brongniart, Ann. Sc. Nat. XXX.
182. Lambert, Genus Pinus, II. t 26. Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2481, with
ligs. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 177, t. 60. Endlicher, Sjniops. Conif. 68. Carnere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 180. Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. 440. Hoopes, Evergreens,
364, with tig. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 180. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. II. 205. with tigs,
(and t. 36, T. Montezunue). Beissner, Nadelholzk. 148, with tigs. Masters ui
Gard. Chron. VII. ser. 3 (1890\ p. 324, with tig. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc.

* There is a gigantic specimen at Santa Maria del Tule whose trunk, following the
sinuosities, has a circumference of 146 feet, or about 104 feet girtli. Another tree of
historic interest stands in the garden of Chapultepec, near the city of Mexico ; it is called
the Cypress of Montezuma by Humboldt, and it is the tree under which Cortes, the Spanish
conqueror of Mexico, passed the night (La noche triste) after the defeat and expulsion of
the Spaniards from the city. It is 170 feet high, and the trunk is from 40 to 50 feet
in circumference. Both trees are figured in the Garden and Forest, the tirst in Vol. X
p. 125, and the second in Vol. III. p. 155.

282 TAXODIUiM DISTICIIUM.

XIV. 248. Sargent, Foit^st Trees N. Aiiier. lOtli Census, U.S.A. IX. 183 ; and
Silva N. Anier. X. 151, t. f>S7. And many otliers.

Cupressus disticha, Linnrens, Sp. Plant. II. 1003 (1753). Miller, Diet. ed. VIII.
No. 4 (1768).

Schuhertia disticha. Mirliel in Mem. Mn.see d'Hist. Xat. XIII. 75 (1825)
Spach, Hist. Vcg. Plianer. XI. 349.

Eng. Deciduous Cyjiress. Anier. Bald Cypress, Swamp Cypress. Fr. Cypres
clianvr. (!crm. Sumiifcyjiresse. Ital. Cijiresso di A^'ii'ginin.

var. — pendulum.

In (Jicat Ihitaiii, a sinalli'r ami more slender tree than the common
form and smalh'i' in all its parts. Leaves spiraUy inserted on the
ileciduons branchlets which are mostly pendulous htit sometimes erect
or takiu,n- an intermediate position according to soil and locality, linear-
acicnlar acuminate, 0"5 to 0"7ii inch long, more or less appressed at
tlie l)ase and free at the apex, and of a soft light green.*

T. disticlium iiendulum, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 182 (1867). Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 152. Masters in Card. Cliron. XXVI. ser. 3 (1899), p. 489, with
tig. T. micropliyhum, Brongniart, Annales de So. Nat. XXX. 182. T. sinense,
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 385. Glyptostrolnis penduhis, Endlicher, Synops. 71. Hooker
til. Bot. ]\[ag. t. 5603. Cupressus disticha imbricaria,t Xuttall, Gen. III. 224 (1818).

Tii.rudiii III (lidirliiim is a semi-aquatic tree always found growing
in or near water or on low flat lands adjacent to rivers and lakes
that are suhject to })eriodical inundation. In these situations,
especially in the warm climate of the southern States, the trunks
often attain an (^inn-mous diameter in comparison with their height,
the }>r()portioii 1)etween the two dimensions being often greater than
in the gigantic Sequoias of California.

"• That part of the trunk which is covered with water or lial^le to
lie l>y in\nidations, is greatly enlarged hy huge, often hollow huttresses
Avhich project in all directions. Each of these huttresses terminates
in a long lu'anching r^nt which extends out to a great distance, sending
<iur stout anchor roots deep into the gTf)und, and many lateral roots
from which spring the ' knees ' ])ectdiar to this tree. The ' knees '
first appear often close together as small titl)ercles on the uj^jjer side of
the roots ; they grow rapidly until they attain a height of from two
to ten feet, or have puslicd well ahove the water, when they cease
growing iqnvai'ds hut increase in diameter. They are composed of
exceedingly light soft spongy wood and are fre(piently hollow in old age."t
^luch discu.ssion has taken jilace aniung American natiu'alists respecting
the })hysiological siniiiticance nf these " knees," it heing contended on
the one hand thai "their function is to stiffen and strengthen
the roots in ordei' tliat a great tree may anchor itself safely in a
yielding material," and on the other that "the service Avhicli these
peculiar growths perfoini is to liriiig air to the roots otherwise cut ofl"
hy the water wliidi cdvers them dining a considerahle portion of the
year." Trulialily llieic is much in hoth as.sertions that is true, the
advocates of hotii relying nn llic circuinstaiice that trees growing on

This Ibrm of leaves also occurs on cicct liramlns and liranclilcts of the common form,
and l;otli tiiis foim and the usual disticiious leaves have iieen ohsc-rved on branches of the
same tree.

i This is the ohh'st of the vaiietal names, hut as it has not been taken up by any European
botanist and is (juite unknown in British gardens, it is inexpedient to revive it.

:;: Garden and Forest. \'ol. ill. p. 2.

284 TAXODiUM DISTICIIU.^r.

ilry ground I'ail to dcvclo]! "knees''; in addition to wliicli those wlio

contend tliat the sui^ply of air to tlie roots is the main function, note

that "the development of tlie 'knees' is always ahorp the permanent

Avaterdevel and to a height varyin,L;- with that level, and conversely,

whenever the level of permanent water rises above the top of the

'knees,' the destruction of the trees ensues.''*

Ta-rodiiim disticlmm was first described by Parkinson in liis Herbal

or Theatre of Plants published in 1640, but mention of it had been

made much earlier by William Strachy who visited the English

colony on James Eiver in 1610. According to Parkinson, seeds

were brought from Virginia by the younger Tradescant, which he

himself saw " springing up very IjraA^ely " ; the deciduous Cypress was

thence one of the first American trees introduced into Great Britain.

Since Parkinson's time, mention of the tree is frequent in works

devoted to horticulture, and many beautiful specimens may be seen

throughout the country ;-f l)ut it cannot be said to thrive satisfactorily

except in proximity to water or where the soil is permanently moist,

and even then its progress may be called slow, its average yearly

growth rarely exceeding twelve inches. Nevertheless in such situations

it is one of the most beautiful of trees ; its elegant and light

feathery foliage of the softest green imparts to it an individuality

that seldom fails to elicit the admiration of the Ijeholder.

If sucii is the impression made by the deciduous Cypress when
seen in its best aspects in Great Britain, very different are the
feelings of those who have penetrated the Cypress swamps in the
southern States of North America especially where this tree forms
the sole ingredient of the forest. A typical feature of a Cypress
swamp is thus described by Mr. Montefiore in " Murray's Magazine,"
which is here transcribed from tlie "Gardeners' Chronicle," Vol. YII.
ser. (1890), p. 324.

" It forms one of the most desolate scenes I have ever beheld. I
have gazed on the l)lack rock of St. Paul's standing almost alone in
tlie Indian Ocean ; upon the repellent rufo\is hills of St. Helena; the
salt marshes of the delta of the (iodavery ; the cruel sitlitude of Cajie
Agulhas, hut I do not think I have ever seen anything so dismal and
so desolate as the Cyjn'ess swamps of Florida. You enter them alnK)st
witlumt warning ; you hf)lil your breath, as it were, while going through
them ; and the feeling of relief on leaving them is not less strong
than the strangely morhid attrac^tion they have for you, and whicli
makes you visit them again and again. The Cyj)resses stand overhead
reaching to a gi-eat height and sjjread their ]ind)s widely aroimd, and
yet there is not a single green leaf to he seen. From bough and
branch and twig there liang long tails and festoons of Spanish moss
(TiUaiulxia VAfneoidea), grey in colour and looking for all the world like
the di.s]ievelled tresses of an aged woman. llveiy way you look tliese

* Otlier coiiit'eroiis trees f^rowiiig near water have lieeii oliserved to develop "knees,"
as the Pond Pine (Pinua rujlda var. nerolLiid), and tlie Redwood (Sequoia se/nj)crvirensj.
t Notal.lv at Svoii TIoiis.-, Middlesex.

TAXOnU'M DISTICHUM. 285

sad grey hairs are either hanging listlessly or swinging mournfully in
the breeze. The Avater, which is often four to five feet deep,* even
in the paths, if paths they may be called, which are selected by your
guide, is coloured a dark reddish brown by the (quantity of tannin
exhaled 1)y the spongy mass of vegetation which everj'where underlies
it. This dark muddy water, silent and motionless save where your
party is churning it into something like frothy beer, is made even
more dismal by its perfect reflection of the ghostl}' desolation overhead.
It reproduces with startling vividness the long white trunks of the
Cypress trees and the tangled grey hairs of the Spanish moss. Xow
and again the harsh piping cry of some lonely water-bird accentuates
the stillness ; here and there the deadly mocassin coils about the
spreading roots, black and grimy with, the stagnant water, and adds by
its very movement to the uncanny, desperate desolation of it all."
The wood of Tcxodium distich ton is light, soft, straight-grained,
easily worked and very durable in contact with the soil. It is-
largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, railway-
ties, posts, fencing, etc.f The manufacture of Cypress shingle has
been greatly on the increase for some years past, especially since
the supply of timber afforded by the useful Pines has been on the
decrease owing to the gradual exhaustion of the forests. The excess
of moisture in which it flourishes and its comparatiAcIy difficult
accessibility have hitherto preserved the deciduous Cypress both from
fire and the axe, Init the saw-mill is now being established in many
districts and the work of destruction is proceeding apace.

Under cultivation Taxodium disfichum has a tendenc}' to sport in the
seed beds, and many varieties have thence at different times been selected
and named by horticulturists chiefly in reference to the habit of the
plants.]; But it is now well known that although the deciduous Cypress
in its maturity presents considerable diversity as regards habit, the
striking differences observed in young plants gradually diminish with age,
and that the trees as they grow older approach more and more nearly to
a general type in which individual ditferences are too insignificant to call
for a separate designation. By far the most distinct of the varieties oi
Taxodium disfichum is that described above as pendulum. It is a
"juvenile" (Jugendform) of American origin which must have been
introduced into this country at an early date, as a small tree long since
dead was in the Royal Gardens at Kew in the time of the elder Alton,
but of whose origin nothing was known. It appears to have been first
noticed as a native American jilant by Xuttall in the early part of the
nineteenth century ; it is not uncommon in South Carolina and Floriila
Avhere it is a smaller tree than the common form. Although a damp
soil is the most suitable for it, it thrives in drier ground better than
the common form.

* The depth of water iu the southern swamps prevents natural reproduction of the
deciduous Cypress ; the seed cannot germinate and tliere are no young trees, and compara-
tively few small ones to replace the old ones. — Silva of North America. X. 153.

t Sargent, "Woods of the United States, p. 112.

X Loudon, Arboretum et Frutieetum Britannicuni, IV. 2481, gives the names and description
-of five of these forms ; Caniere, Traite General des Coniferes, ed. II. 181 — 185. descril)es
fifteen varieties ; and Beissner, Xadelliolzkunde. 152 — 151, has transcribed most of them.

286 sciADoriTYs.

Taxodium heterophyllum.

A low tivc <ir shi'ul) inliabiting luarsliy i)lace.s in various jtarts of Cliina.
In Great Britain a low, inufh-liranclieJ shruVt t)f irregular outline. Ikrk
of lirauclilcts rlu'stimt-ln'own, peeling off in thin scales exposing a light
orange-ljrown inner eortex ; Icaf-lx-aring Ijrandilets deciduous, pseudo-
distichous, opposite nv alternate, 2 — 4 inches long.* Leaves dimorphic,
of the sterile l)ranelies jiseudo-distichdus, close-set, twenty — forty or more
on each liranchlet, linear-lanceulate, suli-acute, 0"25 — 0*5 inch long, the
longer leaves at the middle, grailually sliorter towards the base and apex,
soft light green witli an oliscure iniMlian line al)ove, paler, scarcely
glaucescent beneath; (if the fertile luaiichesf .small, subulate, adnate at
the base, free at the apex. Staminate flowers solitary and terminal on
lateral branchlets, sul)-globose and consisting (apparently) of four — six
anthers in decussate pairs. 8tr<ibiles terminal nii short lateral liranchlets,
ellipsoid-globose, inclining to obovoid or clavate, about 0"75 inch long,
composed of several imbricated, s^nrally arranged scales of obovate-cuneate
shape and luiequal size, thickened upwards and minutely tid^erculated at
the apical margin \vith a blunt mucro below. Seeds obscurely winged.

Taxodium lietciophvUum, Bronguiart in Ann. des Sc. Jfat. ser. I. Vol. XXX.
1S4 (1833). Bentham" in Gen. Plant. III. 429. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 154.

Glvptosti-obus heteropliylhis, Endliclier, Synnjis. Conif. 69 (1847). Carriere,
Traite Conif. cd. II. 189. Parlatore, D. (J. Piodr. XVI. 438. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 126. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 210.

Eng. Chinese Water Pine. Fr. Taxodier nncit'eie. Genn. Cliinesische Sum}if-Cy]iresse.

Not much is known respecting the geographical distribution of
Taxodium hrteropliyUum beyond the simple fact that it is a native of
Cliina; the localities given with herbarium specimens are few and
confined to two or three of the eastern provinces. It first became
known to science through Lord Macartney's mission to China (1792 —
1795), and is supposed to have been introduced to the Royal Gardens
iit Kew in 1804 by William Kerr. The few plants at present existing
in Great Britain were j)r(jbal»ly introducetl by Rol>ert Fortune who
met with it either wild or in cultivation in Foo-chow.

8CIAD0PITYS.

Siehold and Zucoaiini. V\. .lap. II. 1, tt. 101, 102 (1842). Endliclier, Synops. Conif.
198(1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 43.5 1868). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant.
III. 437 (1881). Eielder in Engler and Prantl. Xat. PH. Fani. 84 (1887). Masters in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 21 (1893).

A singular monotypic genus of much interest in its scientific import,
of which the existing species is endemic only in Japaii^ where it is
confined, so far as at present known, to one district. The remoteness
of its affinity, comparatively speaking, to any other genus, its peculiar
foliation imparting to it an aspect unlike that of any other tree, and
its restricted haljitat, are all significant facts in the present condition
of Sciadopitys that seem tit ]i(tint to an ancestry far more remote than

* Branch and braneldets with foliage cunimuiiicated tVoni Castlewcllaii, Co. Down, l>y tlie
Earl of Annesley.

t A.s seen in herhariuni sjieeiniens.

S( 'lADOriTYS VEKTK ILLATA.

287

that of most other Conifers, hut uf which no tnu'e Nvhate\cr has heeii
discovered. Like the Oiiigko it stands alone amidst the existing vege-
tation, so that if the hypothesis of its great anti(|uity has any real
foundation, a whole series of forms which once connected it with other
types, nnist have been swept away, Icaxing the Sciadopitys as the
sole survivor of a phase of vegetation long since extinct.

The generic characters will he understood from the (lesciiptiini of
the species that follows. The Sciadopitys has ohtuiued in .lapaii a
popular name signifying the Umbrella Pine,* from the circumstance of
the phylloid .shoots which fimetion as leaves, spreading nut like the
ribs of an muln-ella. The scientitic name is a literal translation of it,
and is formed from (tkixc, ■T^.-tocoj (a i)arasol), and Trfruc (the ]iiue tree).

Sciadopitys verticillata.

A tree of variable height, at its greatest develoi)meut uiiwards of 100
feet high, with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter near the ground, and with

narrow, compact, pyra

midal crown. Bark greyish
brown, fissured and peeling
otf ill irregular flakes,
exposing a reddish brown
inner cortex. Branches
numerous, sub--\'erticdlate
nr scattered, spreading
horizontally. Branchlets
short, sub-verticillate or
alternate ; the bark pale
brown, Assured into
in a small conical out-

Fig. St). 1, Staminate flowers of Sciadopitys vertidllatu,

iiat. size, i. Anther, front view. 3, Side view.

4, Pollen grains, enlarged.

narrow longitudinal plates that terminate
growth. Buds sometimes in pairs on the fertile branchlets, from
one of which is developed either the t <a' 2 flower, dome-
shaped, pale 3'ellowish brown, the perulre o\'ate or o\ate-elliptic, closely
imbricated. Leaves scale-like, of deltoid shape and soon falling off ;
from the axils of these arise the phylloid shoots or cladodes which
})erform the fimctions of true leaves ; they are produced in whorls of
twenty — thirty each, and vary much in length and size according to
the age and condition of tlie tree, usually fnuu 2 to 4 inches long,
lunarginate, with a median furrow on both sides, that on the under side
broader and deeper than that above, very coriaceous in texture, dark
glossy green above, paler beneath. Staminate flowers in dense heads
at the apex of short branchlets, and surrounded at the base b}' a few
short involucral bracts, each flower globose, about 0*2 5 inch in diameter, the
anthers on short fllaments inserted on a fleshy axis, two-lobed with A'ertical
<lehiscence. (Jvuliferous flowers terminal and solitary, sub-cylindric,
about an inch long, composed of rhomboidal-cuneate, imbricated scales,
scarcely thickened beyond the middle, reflexed at the apex and spirally
arranged around the axis, each scale bearing a partially concrescent
la'act and seven — nine anatropous ovules placed in a transverse series

* K6ya-niaki, the name (piloted iiifra, means the Pine tVom Blount Koya.

288

SCIADOPITYS VERTICI LLATA.

Fig. 87 Braiiclilets with foliage (phyllodes)- of N«m/oj)vr)/s verticillata.
1, reduced. 2, nat. size.

SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA. 289

along the inner fai-e. Stroliilcs cvlindrio, obtuse, 2 — -i inelics long
and 1"25 — 2*5 inches in dianieter, the scales hirge in proportion to the
size of the cone. Seeds coni[»ressed with a small membraneous wing.

Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold and Zuccariiii, loc. cit. s'l.pm. Liudley in Gard.
Chron. 1862, pp. 22, 360, witli fig. Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 109, with
figs. Van Houtte, Flore des Serres, XIV. t. 1483. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 232.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 435 Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 376. Masters in Journ.
Bot. XXII. (1884), p. 97; Journ. Linn. See. XVIII. 502; and Journ. R. Hort. Sor.
XIV. 70. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 203, with fig.

Ta.xus verticillata, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 276 (1784 1.

Eng. Umbrella Pine. Fr. Sapin ;i Parasol. (ierni. Jajianische Sehirnitanue.
Ital. II pino parasole. Jap. K63'a-niaki.

This remarkable tree first l:)ecame known to Europeans thr(jugh the
Swedish botanist, Thunberg, who saw it in cultivation during his
mission to Japan, 1775 — 1776. Although possessed of considerable
botanical knowledge for that period, Thunberg, curiously enough,
believed it to be a species of Yew, and he accordingly referred it to
the genus Taxus in his " Flora ja})onica " published a few years after his
return to Europe, a circumstance that caused it to be generally
overlooked by botanists till Siebold, half a century later, with better
opportunities of oljserving it, determined its true characters and founded
upon it the genus Sciadopitys. The pul»lication of Sieliold's description
with excellent figures in 1842, attracted mucli attention, and a general
desire was felt among botanists that so remarkable a tree should be
introduced into European gardens, a wish that was not destined to
be satisfied so long as Japan remained closed against foreigners.
Nevertheless, through the footing the Dutch had gained in the country,
many Japanese plants found their way into the Botanic garden
established by them at Buitenzorg in Java, and among these was
the Sciadopitys, whence Thomas Lobb while collecting for the Veitchian
firm obtained the first plant that reached England alive ; it arri\'ed
at the Exeter nursery in 1853 in very feeble health, and all
attempts t(j restore it proved fruitless. A few years later the great
political changes in Japan began, and in 1861 Mr. John Gould Veitch
brought home cones and seeds of the Sciadopitys gathered in its
native country, and from these most of the oldest specimens growing
in Europe were raised. About the same time or shortly afterwards,
Mr. Robert Fortune sent seeds to Mr. Standish at Ascot.

The Sciadopitys has now been in our midst more than forty years,
but large specimens are still comparatively rare. Complaints have arisen
in many places that it Mdll not grow, whence it is evident that its
requirements lia\'e not been met, and yet these may be thus briefly
formulated — "\Miere the Rhododendron thrives, the Sciadopitys Avill
grow." This means that the soil in which the Sciadopitys is planted must be
sutfieiently retentive to afford a constant supply of moisture to the roots
during the growing season ; where this supply is intermittent, that is to say
— when the Sciadopitys is planted in a soil that is sometimes dry and
sometimes wet according to the changes of weather, it does not thrive.

290

SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA.

The following sketch of its present condition in its native country-
is from the pen of one of the most eminent living authorities on
Forestry and Arboriculture : —

" The Sciadopitys was for a long time known only from a few
individuals cultivated in temple gardens and from the grove on the
hill in Xiushiu where the ancient monastery town of Koya stands, to
which the Sciado})itys owes one of its Japanese names, Koya-maki.
There is said to be a remarkable grove of these trees liere which
was once supposed to be the original home of the species, but the best
authorities now agree that they were originally planted by the monks.
In the province of Mino on the Nakasendo below 2s'akatsu-gawa, we saw
young plants of Sciadopitys in all the roadside gardens, a pretty sure
indication in this remote region that the tree was growing in the woods
not very far off, and here for the next two or three
days we saw it sending up its narrow pyramidal heads
above the Pines and other trees of the forest, gro^ving,
as we thought, quite naturally, and leading us to
believe that we had found the true home of this
tree, although in a coiuitry like Japan which has
been densely populated for centuries and in which
transplanting has been a recognised industry for more
than a thousand years, it is not easy to determine
whether a forest has been
planted by man or not. But
whether these trees had been
l^lanted or whether they were
the offspring of trees brought
from some other region or
the indigenous inhabitants of
the forest, the Sciadopitys
grows on the mountains of
]\Iiuo in coiiutless thousands,
often rising witii a tall straight
trunk to the height of nearly
100 feet, and remarkable in
its narrow compact pyramidal
head of dark and lustrous
fohage. Tlic wood, which is
nearly wliite, strong and
straight-grained, is a regular
aitiele of commerce in this
Una ted ill rafts down the
chieily consumed. Except

Fig. 88. Sciadopitys verticilU'tn in Uw Sliiba Park, Tokio.

part of Japan, and from Xakatsn-gawa
Kisiogaiva to ( )saka wliere it is said to

in the neighl^ourhood of Nakatsu-gawa the Sciadopitys is not very much
cultivated as a garden ]Jant in Ja])an; and it is not often fomid in
old gardens except in the innuediatc neigld)ourhood of temples where
picturesque old specimens may occasionally be seen occujiying a ]»lac(^
of honour within the fence which encloses the principal Iniilding,
and carefully protected by low stone railings. There is a remarkable
specimen with ])endulous branches standing l)efore one of the mortuary
temples in the Slnlia Park in Tokio."*

* C. S. Sargent, Forest Flora of .Tajiaii. ji. 77.

CUNNINGHAMIA. 291

TRIBE-ARAUCARINE^.

Flowers niona?cioiTS or diircious. Staiuinate flowers umbellate or
solitary, terminal or axillary. Stamens mostly pendulous and free, with
3 — 12 or more longitudinally dehiscent anther cells. Cones with the
scales spirally arranged, in tlie two-fold structure of which the Ijract
greatly predominates ; the ovuliferous scale confluent and reduced to an
inconspicuous cellular projection. Seeds pendulous, free or concrescent
with the scale.

Flowers monoecious.

Staminate flowers umbellate and terminal.

Seeds 3, pendulous and free - - _ n. — Cunninghamia.
Staminate flowers solitary and axillary.

Seeds solitary, free ----- 12. — Agathis.
Flowers dioecious, rarely montecious.
Staminate flowers solitary or clustered.

Seeds solitary, concrescent with the scale - 13. — Araucaria.

CUNNINGHAMIA.

Robert Brown ex L. C. Richard, Mem. sur les Couif. 80, t. 18 (1826). Endliclier,
Synops. Couif. 193 (1847). ParLatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 432 (1868). Benthaiu and
Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 435. Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 8.5 (1887).
Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 25 (1893).

A monotypic genus founded by Dr. Robert Brown in 182G upon an
herbarium specimen brought from China by Sir George Staunton in
1795, which Lambert had flgured and described under the name of
Finus lanccolata, a genus so evidently unsuited for its reception that
E. A. Salisbury, so early as 1807, proposed a new genus for it which
he named Belis. This, however, was not taken up on account of its
close resemblance to Bellis used for the Daisies, and Brown's name,
given in compliment to James Cunningham, the original discoverer of
this remarkable tree, has been universally adopted.

The botanical affinity of the Cunninghamia remained a long time
(loulitfiil. Endliclier placed it in the Abietinece with Athrotaxis and
Sequoia ; Parlatore removed it to the Taxodineae in which he is followed
by Eichler ; Bentham and Hooker, however, joined it Avitli Araucaria and
Agathis in which it agrees in the bracts of the ovuliferous flowers being
in continuous series with the leaves, and its cones in like mamier being
chiefly composed of bracts. Moreover, in the subordinate characters of
foliage, branching and general habit, the Cunninghamia approaches more
closely the Araucarias (section Colymbea) than any other genus.

The Cunninghamia is of geological alltiquit}^ Remains of cones ami
foliage closely resembling those of the living species have been found in
tlie lower Tertiary strata.

292 CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS.

Cunninghamia sinensis.

A medium-sizfd tree, said U> attain a heij^lit of 4-0 — 50 feet in it*
native country, but in the south of Eiu'ope sehloni exceeding 30 — 35 feet,
liranches at lirst psevukwerticinate, subsequently becoming very irregular
in old trees ; vaniihcation distichous and opposite, l)ark of Ijranchlets
green like the leaves. Leaves persistent five — seven years, spirally
arranged, but twisted obliquely at the base S(t as to spread laterally in
two opposite directions, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1 — 2 inches-
long with thickened midrib and margins, pale lustrous green above>
glaucous beneath. Flowers monoecious on different branches, terminal or
pseudo-terminal. Staminate flowers densely umbellate, surrounded at the
base l)y numerous triangular, serrulated and closely imbricated involucral
bracts ; stamens spirally crowded, M'ith a short filament and suborbicular
connective from which depend three longitudinally dehiscent anther cells.
Cones erect, solitary or clustered at or near the end of branchlets of the
preceding year, ovoid-globose, 1 — 1'5 inch in diameter, persistent after
the fall of the seeds, composed chiefly of spirally arranged bracts-
"wholly confluent with the seed scale which is reduced to a mere cellular
projection with a vascidar connective between the central bundle of the
bract ; from this ])lacental i)rocess hang three C(anpressed seeds, each with
a membranous wing.''*

Cumiingliamia sinensis, Robert Brown ex L. C. Richard, lor. cit. su]>m.
Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2445, with tigs. Sieljold and Zuccarini,
FL Jap. II. 7, tt. 103, 104. Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 116, with tigs.
Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 228. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 76. Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 196, with tig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 203.

C. lanceolata. Hooker, W. Bot. Mag. t. 2743 (1827).

Pinus lanceolata, Lanilieit, Genus Pinus, I. t. 34 (1803).

Belis jaculifolia, Salisbury in Trans. Linn. Soc. \lll. 315 (1807).

Cunninghamia sinensis is a native of southern China where it has-
been seen in several localities by botanical travellers, and quite
recently by Dr. Henry in the pro\'ince of Yun-nan,t but the extent
of its distribution is very imperfectly known. It was originally
discovered l»y James Cunningham in the early part of the eighteenth
century, but scarcely anything was known of it till herbarium
specimens were brought from China by Sir George Staunton in 1795.
It was introduced in 1804 l)y William Kerr.|

The Cunninghamia was for some years after its introduction treated
as a greeidiouse [ilant, and in one of the hou.scs in the Botanic Garden
at (ila.sgow its staminate flowers were produced for tlic lirst time in 1826.
In 1816 a i)lant was turned out into a sheltered part of the grounds
at Claremont, where it continued to live without jiroteetion during the,
winter ; this course was followed in other ]i)lace.s, so that some old
trees are still to be found scattercnl over the southern counties. At
its best the Cunninghamia is a very distinct tree of Araucariadike aspect,
but the foliage of more than one year's standing is invarial)ly mon; or
less discoloured, proliably from a condjination of causes, which has
jtroved a drawback to its use as an ornamental tree in this country.

* Masters in Journal of tlir Lininjin Society, /"<■. cit. supm.
t Kew Bulletin (1897). [>. 109. " X S<y page 170.

AGATHIS AUSTRALIS. 293

AGATHIS.

SalisVmrv in Tiaiis. Limi. Sue. VIII. 311, t. 1.^ (1807). Benthain and Hooker, Gen.
Plant. III. 436 (1881). Eieliler in Engler and PrantI, Xat. PH. Fani. 66 (1887).
Masters in Jomn. Linn. Soc. XXX. 25 i'1893). Daniniara, Lambert. Genns Pinus. II. t. 6.
Endlicher, Sj-nops. Conif. 188.

A y;emis of evergreen trees closelv allied to Arauearia, and

including aljout ten species that are distributed through the Malay

Archipelago, the islands of the south Pacific Ocean, eastern tropical

Australia and N"ew Zealand. Inhabiting only tropical and sub-tropical

regions, the species can have no place in the British Pinetuni, nor

would notice of the genus be taken in this place but for the great

importance, in an economic sense, of Agathis aust rails, the species

indigenous to Xew Zealand, whieli is one of the best timljer and

resin-producing trees known. The following description of it and

the subjoined particulars are derived wholly from Kirk's " Forest

Flora of Xew Zealand."

Agathis australis.

A lofty tree witli a straight trimk 80 — 100 or more feet hiyli, and
4 — 8 feet in diameter, free of branches for the greater part of the
lieight, and Avhen standing alone with a broad spreading head. Bark
of trunk thick and very resinous, cinereous-broAvn, fissured into large
flat plates. Branches spreading, somewhat distant, much ramified at
the distal end. Leaves persistent several years ; on young trees
narrowly lanceolate, acute, 1 — 3 inches long, spreacUng, distant, very
thick and coriaceous ; on adult trees oblong or obovate-oblong, close-
set, bright lustrous green. Staminate flowers axillary, cylindric, obtuse,
1 — 1"5 inch long ; stamens spirally crowded, Avith a peltate connective
bearing ten — twelve pendulous anther cells. <Jvulif erous flowers
terminal on short lateral l>ranchlets, composed of n\unerous l>roadly
obovate, imbricated scales each bearing a solitary inverted ovule at the
V)ase on the ventral side. Cones globose, about 2 inches in diameter ;
scales ligneous ; seeds with a small membranous wing.

Agathis australis, Salisburv in Trans. Linn. Soc. he. cit. supra. Kirk, Forest
Fl. X. Zeal. 143, tt. 79—81"

Damniara australis, Lambert, Genns Pinus. II. t. 6 (1828). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IV. 2488, with Hg. Hooker til, Handb. X. Zeal. Fl. 252. Carriere,
in Van Houtte's Flore des Sen-es, XL 75, with tig. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XA''I.
376. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II, 108.

Podocarpus zamiajfolia, A. Richard, Fl. N. Zeal. 231.

N. Zeal, vernacular. Kauri Pine.

Agathis australis at the present time has but a limited range in
New Zealand ; with the exception of a few isolated trees on the
west coast, it is confined to the area in the Xorth Island lying
between the North Cape and the 38th parallel of south latitude.
It usually forms large groves mixed with other trees ; pure forests
are rare and of small extent. The superb Kauri forests are, however,

294 AEAUCARIA.

fast disappearing ; those tliat furnieiiy existed on the l.)anks of the
Manukon river have already l)eeii exhausted of all the available
timber, and a similar fate awaits those that remain. The process
of destruction is often hastened by frequent forest tires by which
thousands of the trees perish annually.

The Kauri Pine is the niouareli of the Xew Zealand forest ; no
other timber tree in the colony is api)lied to so many and varied
uses, and its resinous products are scarcely surpassed in value l)y those
of any other coniferous tree. Kauri timlier varies in colour from
yellowish white to l)rown ; it is tirni, straight in grain and of great
strength, durability and elasticity ; it is used for every purpose for
which tindier is in request ; for Ijuilding, liea^'y framework, weather-
boarding, bridges, railway-ties, telegrapli-jiosts, every description of
joinery and decorative fittings 1)otli for public buildings and for private
dwellings. The sapwood is excessively charged with resin and possesses
great heating power. Kauri Gum, its most valued resinous product,
lias been already adverted to in page 96.

ARAUCAEIA.

Jussieu, Gen. Plant. 413 (1789). Endlicher, Synops. Couif. 184 (1847). Pailatore. 1). C.
Prodr. XVI. 369 (1868). Bentliani and Hooker, den. Plant. III. 437 (1881). Eichler in
Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. P'ani. 67 (1887;. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 26 (1893).

The Araucarias are massive evergreen trees with lofty trunks from
which the branches are produced in- whorls of four to eight, live
being the predominant numljer. During the earlier period of growth
the branches of ruost of the species with subulate (awl-shaped) leaves
are strictly horizontal and very regularh' ramified, the lateral
branchlets being e\-enly placed, gradually shorter from the base to
the apex and more or less decurved, rarely rigid and on one plane.
This formal ])ut elegant habit renders them useful sul)jects for the
decoration of large conservatories, pulilic halls, etc. In their old age
the Araucarias become denuded of tlie lower branches and have
usually flattened or rounded tops of which the branches are irregu-
larly developed and sparsely furnished with branchlets and foliage ;
in this state the aspect of the trees is described as singular and
even grotesque, an effect which is greatly intensified in A. imhricata
by its large hedgehog-like cones with wliich the fertile old trees are
often loaded.

Tilt' most obvious generic characters are —

Flowers dioecious, rarely mona'cious, lateral or ternnnab Staminate
H<»wers in a cnnc-liki' (ir cyHndric mass and ((insisting of numerous
spirally crowded and indn-icated stamens, cacli with six — twenty
anther-cells in two series, the dehiscence of which is longitudinal.

(Jvuliferous flowers clavate or sub-globose, c(nnposed of many spirally
arranged scales in continuous series with the foliage leaves, each bearing
a single pemhdous ovule that ultimately l)ecomes (•(•nflucnt with the scale.

ARAUCAKIA. 295

CoiH'S largL", glol)use, the scalrs clo.sely imbricated, the margins of which
are usually attenuated into wings at the base, thickened and woody at
the apex and enclosing a single flattened wingless seed adnate to tlu^
scale at the base.

The Araucarias are not absolutely tlicecious, prol)ably far from it.

There is a tree of A. inibn'cafa at Bicton in Devonshire that has

fre(|uently borne l)oth staminate and ovuliferous flowers ; another tree at

South Lj'tchett in Dorsetshire showed the same peculiarity until it was

unfortunately uprooted by the great gale of March 3rd, 1897, and other

instances have also been recorded. The difference in the sex of the trees

was generally l)elieved to be the cause of the dilference in aspect and

habit which occurs so frequently in A. wihrkata and to some extent in

other species as A. Rulei and A. excelsa ; l)ut the Araucarias are now

known to be polymorphous irrespective of sex.

The genus is restricted to a comparatively limited area in the

southern hemisphere, viz., temperate South America, eastern Australia,

and a few of the islands in the south Pacific Ocean. The South

American species form in places pure forests of considerable extent ;

the Australian species, from climatic causes, are confined to districts

in the neighbourhood of the coast ; and the insular species are

restricted for the most part to a single island or small group of

ishinds, and exist in numbers so few that they appear to be the last

relics of a race that is passing away. Of the ten or twelve species

known to science, the two endemic in South America and one in

Australia are distinguished from the others by a difference in their

foliage, cones and in some other characteristics ; the Araucarias

therefore admit of a division into two sections thus : —

CoLYMBBA. Leaves relatively large, flattened, l)road at the base and
more or less embracing the stem, acuminate and pungent. Cones among
the largest in the Order, the scales of Avhich are scarcely winged and
the seeds almost destitute of a basilar appendage.

EuTASSA. Leaves linear-subulate, obscurely four-angled, compressed,

spirally arranged and spreading or falcately curved from all sides of their

axis. Cones relatively small, the scales liroadly winged and the seeds

with a distinct basilar appendage.*

The economic value of the Araucarias has not yet been much

developed. The timber of A. imhrieata where accessible, is used in

southern Chile for Iniilding and other purposes ; the wood is yellowish,

beautifully veined and admits of a fine polish; the wood of A. Bidwilh

is close-grained and durable, and much used in Queensland for building.

* A further distinction between the two sections has lieen i-eferred to the mode of
germination of the seeds which is said to be hypogeal or epigeal, according as the
cotyledons are developed beneath or above the soil, the former being connnon to the
])ioad-leaved (Colymbea) section, and the latter to the narrow-leaved (Eutassa) section. It
is, however, doubtful whether the distinction so set up has the full significance that has
been attached to it ; instances have Ijeeu observed in which the process of germination of
the seeds of species included in one section differ Inter se almost as much as that liy
which the two sections are distinguished. But further observation extended to all the
species is still wanting.

Araur(,ria imhrirafa at DiniunnrL'.

AKAlCAlilA I.Ml'.UICATA. 297

The secretions are copious and are applied to various uses in the
region in which the trees are native ; the fragrant resin that exudes
from the trunk of A. hrasilieiisis is mixed witli wax for making
candles ; the whitish resin of A. imhrirata is used Ijy the Chilians
nnich in tlie manner of medieval })]iarmacy, as a remedy for bruises,
wounds, etc, and when dry as a mitigant of pain.* The seeds tjr
" nuts " of all the large-coned species are edil)le and are consumed in
great quantities by the poorer inhabitants of the districts in which
these trees abound. Only one species is sufficiently hardy for the
climate of Great Britain, but most of the others are culti\'ated in a
young state in glass structures.

The remains of ancestral forms of ^Vraucaria have been discovered
in Jurassic strata ; an euormous antiquity must thence be assigned to
tlie race. The remains consist of entire cones, cone-scales and portions
of leafy cone-bearing branches. Remains have also l)eeu found in the
( )olite of Yorkshire and in the Eocene formations both of England and
France ; f the Araucarias therefore nuist have been widely distriljutcd
over the globe before they receded t<j their present narrow limits.

The name Araucaria is derived from Arauco, a province of southern
Chile, the liabitat of the type or earliest discovered sjjecies.

Araucaria irabricata.

A lofty tree, 70 — 100 or more feet high, with a trunk .") — 7 f(^et in
diameter near the ground, and usually with a dome-shaped head of
spreading branches ; the bark of the trunk fissured in a peculiar
manner which has been described as " a child's puzzle of knobly slal)S
of different sizes with five or six decided sides to each, and fitted
together with the neatness of a honey-cond).'" i In ( Treat Britain a
massive tree of singularly distinct aspect, with a sulvcylindric or
scarcely tapermg trunk covered with roughish reddish lirown liark with
transverse narrow ridges marking the position of the fallen leaves.
Primary branches in pseudo-whorls of four — six and ramified distichously,
the lowermost more or less procundient, and the uppermost gently
curved upwards. Leaves persistent twelve — fifteen or more years,
spirally crowded and imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, 1 — 1"5 inch long,
rigid and pungent, slightly concave on the ventral side, smooth, bright
lustrous green and stomatiferous on ])otli sides. Staminate flowers
solitary or in clusters of two — five, sul)-cylindric, 3 — 5 inches long, the
stamens with a narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, recurved connective
bearing six — nine or more anther-cells. Cones solitary, sidi-spherical,
broader at the base than at the apex, 4 — 6 or more inches in diameter,
the concrescent bract and scale wedge-shaped, prolonged at the apex

* Los campesinos administrau la resina en parches contra las contusiones y ulceras
putridas ; cicatriza las heridas recientes ; luitiga los dolores de cabeza producidos de
flnxiones y jaqueca, etc. — Claudio Gay, Historia de Chile, V. 416.

t It is an interesting fact that an Araucaiia closely resemblino- the beautiful A. excelsa
of Norfolk Island, once inhabited this country ; fossil I'emains (if it have lieen found in
Dorsetshire and Somersetshire.

t The late Miss Marianne Xorth ex W. B. Heuislev in Gard. Cliron. XXIV. (1885),
p. 276.

298 ARAUCAKIA IMBRICATA.

into a lanceolate, acuminate, tail-like appendage nearly an inch long,

and bearing one seed that is adnate to the scale. Seeds, large,

■wingless, obscurely four-angled, about an incli long -with a thick
chestnut-brown testa .

Araucaria imbricata, Pavoii m Mem. Acad. Madr. I. 197 (1795). Laiubert,
Oemis Piims, II. 9, t. 4 (1824). Loudon, Arl). et Fiut. Brit. IV. 24.32, with tigs.
Eudlicher, Synops. Coiiif. 186. Gay, Fl. Chil. V. 415. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn,
103, tt. 55, 56. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 39. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 99, tt. 55,
56. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 199, with Hgs. Masters in Gard. Cluon. VII. ser. 3
(1890), p. 587, with tigs. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 198.

Dombeya chilensis, Lamarck, Diet. II. 301 (1786).*

Colymbea imlnicata, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 598.

Eng. Chile Pine, Monkey Puzzle. Germ. Chilenische Araukarie, Schmuektanne.

Fig. 80. Stamiiiate flower of Aravroric imhiHcota.
Nat. sizfi.

The native home of Anivraria iinhricatn is in southern Chile ;
the precise limits of its distribution are not accurately known, but
may be stated appro.ximately to Ije between the 38th and 45th
parallels of south latitude. In the northern |)ortion of its range,
it is confined to tlie higher western slopes of the Andes, always in
}»r()ximity to the snow-line, forming a belt of forest immediately
below it. Further south it descends lower down, and the area over
which it is spread gradually widens till its southern limit is reached
where it approaches the Pacific coast.

* Lamarck's generic name, Dombeya, liud been iiriviously taken up foi- a grouj) oi
StercuUaceuus hIuuIjs chieHy African.

AHAUrAUIA IMBKICATA.

299

Amuraria imhricafa was discovered in 17S0 by Don Francisco
Uendariarena, a Spaniard who was at that tini.- oHicially employed to
ascertain if any timber suitable for ship-building was procurable m
southern Chile.' It was also found very shortly afterwards l)y
Drs Kuiz and Pavon, two Spanish botanists who went out to Peru m
1777 to investigate the forests of that country, with tlie special
object of collecting information respecting the Cinchona or Peruvian
Bark, and who subserpiently extended their explorations further south.
They were accompanied l)y a French gentleman named Dombey, but
he returned to Europe after a short stay, and before Kuiz and Pav()n
sailed for Chile. It was to him that Kuiz and Pavon sent the
first dried specimens of the Araucaria received in Europe, and by lum

these were submitted to the
eminent botanist, Lamarck, who
named the tree Domheya cJiif-
ensis, and thus Dombey's name
became associated with the
synonymy of the tree. In
1795, Captain Vancouver reached
the coast of Chile, wdien Mr.
Archibald Menzies, who accom-
panied him in the capacity of
botanist, procured some cones
and seeds, and also some young
jtlants, which he succeeded in.
liringing home alive. He pre-
sented these to Sir Joseph
Banks, who planted one in his
own garden, and sent the others
to the Koyal Gardens at Kew,
where they Avere at first kept
in a greenhouse. About the
year 1808 one of them was
planted out on what is now
called Lawn L, where for
many years it grew slowly, but
was once a superb tree ;
eventually it Hngered on as
a mere botanical curiosity till
the autumn of 1892, when it
died.*

For many years after Menzies' introduction Araucaria imhricafa
continued to be very scarce in England; seeds could not ho. obtained,
and the small quantity that reached this country from time to tune,
failed to germinate. It was not till 1844 that A\^illiaui Lobl), wlule
collecting in South America for the Veitchian firm, succeeded m
penetrating the Araucaria forests, and brought home the first larg.-
supply of' seed received in England, and from which very many of the
fine specimens now growing in various parts of the country originated.
It is worthy of note that Araucaria imhricata is the only true
coniferous tree inhabiting the southern^ hemisphere that has attained a

90. Ovuliferou.s tluwrr uf Ai\
xsat. size.

/■('(( imhricato

Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 24.

300 AKAICAKIA I.Mi;i;|( ATA.

timl.ri-likr size in tli^' opni -nuunl in (hvat llritaiii. Its power of

• ■nduraiicc was scvcivly tested in tlic niciuorablc Avintcr of 1860 1861,

when many tine tivrs wciv killed, Init tlie casualties ofcimvd under
such a vai'iety of circimistances, that it is ditiicult, if not impossible,
t(i deduce any special law attecting the hardiness of the tree. The

followiiig conditions are essential to securing fine free-growing specimens:

The soil nnist have a ihoi-ough <lrainage, either natural or artificial, to
ju-eveut the stagnation of water at the roots; the trees should be
])lanted in full ex])Osure to sun and air, and if in an elevated situation
so much the lietter, a free open space being more conducive to their
jtrogress and well liein- than a confined and sheltere(l one. In very
<lry soils the Araucaria li\-es, but it loses its lower branches at an
early age ; the brancdies are slender and frequently become flaccid, and
the i)lant has a. thin starved appearance ; it also loses its lower branches
<'arly when in a contim^d sjiace or in contact with other trees or
shrubs, or when its roots ]ienetrate an ungenial sub-soil; it languishes
if within the influence of the smoke of towns; and the foliage" takes
a yellowish sickly tint if the roots enter and remain in stagnant water
or water-logged soil for a lengthened period. On the western slopes
of the Chilian Andes, the native home of the Araucaria, the rainfall
is fai' m.av copious than in England, and the trees are also within
the influence of the southern region of prevalent westerly winds blowing
across the I'aciflc Ocean. Hence it is that in Oreat Britain they
thrive best where the rainfall is greatest, and the soil porous enough
to carry ott" the watei' freely.

The aspect of Arawaria imhrirafa is dark an<l massive, and large
healthy specimens furnished with tiers of l)ranches from the' ground to
the summit aiv strangely impressive. Whether solitary or planted in
nvenues^ it is the most ett'ective of all Conifers for' contrast. The
Araucaria avenue at liicton belonging to the Hon. Mark Eolle
l)resents one (,f the most striking and remarkable arboricultural effects
that can be seen in this c.nmtry. Isolated specimens, imposing as they
are, c.invey but a faint conception of the vista produced by a double
row of these strangely wonderful trees with their dark plexus of
branches and rigid bi'istling foliag.' extending for a distance of .500 yards
in straight uid)roken lines. The trees are fifty in numl)er, twenty-five
on each si.le, those on the one side standing ])recisely opposite those
on the other, tlie inti'ival b.-tweeii every two trees being 63 feet in
this dire.'tion, and ."il feet in the rows. The height '".f the trees
varies a littl.-, the tallest bein- (at the present time, 1900) about
of) feet, and the shortest not less than 30 feet. A few have cast off
their h.west tiers of branches, and there are two or three whose trunks
are free of branches to nearly one-third of their height; the uniformity
IS thus slightly but not materially im])aired. The circumference of
the trunks at three feet from the groun.l ranges from o to 7 feet; the
length of the lower branches ,,f tin- most spreading tree is about
20 fei't.

A short avenue at I'oltiiiiore, neai' Exeter, is well marked by the
<-v<'iiness of growth and the liealthy appearance of the trees composing it;
and OIK' of greater extent at .Alurthly in Perthshire forms a remarkable'
feature amidst its surroundings. The enumeration of even a fractional
\y.\\i of the number of fine Araucarias dis])ersed ov<'r (Jreat Britain from
Suthei'land to Cornwall and over Ireland would occupy more space tliau

302 AliAUCARIA ]^,ID\V.TLLI.

can be spared; iievortheless, niention should ho made of some of the larger
trees of known rei)ute, and of these tlie first place must be given to
the superb specimen at Dropmore, the subject of the illustration and
still the finest in the country. Closely apprdacliing it in dimensions are
trees at Tortworth C'oiu-t, (Tloucestershire ; Trcvarrick, Cornwall ; Revesby
Abbey, Lincolnshire ; Howick Hall, Xorthunibcrland ; ChaddlcAvood, south
Devon; Piltdown, Sussex; Thornhill Park, Hants; Wansfell Holme,
Cumberland; Drumlanrig, Diimfries-shiie ; Dunkeld, Perthshire; Cultoquhey,
Dupplin Castle and Keir House in the same county ; Gordon Castle,
Morayshire ; Ctxstlewellan, Co. Down ; Fota Island, Cork ; Hamwood, Co.
Meath ; Curraghmore, Waterford ; "Woddstock, Kilkenny; ami many more.

Araucaria Bidwilli.

A lofty tree attaining 100 — 150 feet in height with a stout trunk
usually denuded of branches for half the height. Uranches in whorls
of ten- — fifteen with distichous ramification. Leaves in crowded spires,
lanceolate, acute, 0'75 — 1"5 inch long, sub-sessile, shortly decurrent and
slightly twisted at the base which brings them into a pseudo-distichous
position, coriaceous and rigid, dark lustrous green abov(% keeled beneath.
Htaminate flowers cylindric, 2 — 3 inches long, the imlnicated connectives
of the stamens triangular. Cones the largest in the genus, erect on
the topmost branches, ovoid-globo.se, about 9 inches long and 7 inches
in diameter, composed of spirally arranged, loosely indicated scales of
obovate-cuneate shape, about 3 "5 inches long with a lenticular thickening
at the apex and terminating in an acute edge.

Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker, W. in Lond. Jouni. Bot. II. r.O:j, tt. IS, 19 (1843).
Beiitliam, Fl. Austral. VI. 243 (Bunya-Bunya).

South Qiieensland, betAveen the rivers Brisbane and Purnett; introduced
al)Out the year 1840. It commemoi'ates Mr. J. T. Bidwill, one of
the earlier liotanical exjilorei-s of ^Vustralia and Xew Zealand.

Araucaria brasiliensis.

A tree 70 — 80 feet higli, in old age witli a large irregular head of
spreading or sub-pendent branches with the branchlets and foliage more
or less tufted at the distal end. Branches in whorls of five — -seven
and ramified distichously. Leaves persistent .several years ; on young
trees nairowly lanceolate, often falcately curved, 1"5 — 2"5 inches long,
])rolonged into a jnnigent acuminate tip ; shorter and liroader on the
fertile branches and on old trees, dark lustrous green with an obscure
median keid above, i)aler and stomatiferous beneath. Staminate flowers
solitary or two — thre(^ together, cylindric, obtiise, 4 — 5 inches long and
0"75 inch in diam(;ter. Cones sub-globose or ovoid-glol)ose, 5 — 6 inches
in diameter ; scales cuneate-oblong, of corky texture, with a rhomboidal
thickening at the apex and terminating in a recurved spine.

Araucaria brasiliensis, A. Richard in Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 1. .')1'2 (luasiliana).

Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2439, with tigs. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.

XVI. 370. And others.

^fountains of southern P)razil in the provinces of Sao Paolo and
^linas Cleraes up to 3,000 feet elevation, in ])laces forming forests
of considerable extent. Introduced into Kuro])e in 1819. Much
cultivated along the Mediterranean littoral of France and Italy.

ARAUCARIA COOKII. 303

Araucaria Cookii.

A litfty tree of singular lial)it and aspect, attaining a height of
150 — 200 feet, and whicli after shedding its primary l)ranches for
five-sixths or more of its height, replaces them by a smaller and
more Inishy growth, so that the tree has the appearance of a tall
column crowned with a mass of branchlets and foliage of the first
growth. On young trees cultivated in Great Britain the primary
branches are spreading, and are produced in whorls of live — seven ;
the branchlets close-set, distichous and decurved at the distal end.
Leaves spirally crowded, awl-shaped, laterally compressed, broad and
slightly decurrent at the base, and terminating in a short point or mucro,
liright green. Staminate flowers sub-cylindric, 1*5 inch long ; stamens
spirally crowded, with a cordate-ovate connective bearing ten — twelve
anther cells. Cones shortly stalked, ovoid-globose, the longer diameter
4 — 5 inches, the shorter 3 — 5 inches ; scales closely imbricated, ovate-
cuneate, terminating in a long subulate mucro.

Anaucaria Cookii, R. Brown ex Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 164 (1839).
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 373. Gard. Chron. III. ser. 3 (1888), p. 774, with figs.
A. coluninaris, Hooker, W. Bot. Mag. t. 4635 (1852).

New Caledonia, Aneitum and one or two small islets in the Xcav
Hebrides group, but quite rare. Discovered in ITT-t by Captain Cook,
whose companions thought at first that they beheld in the distance a
tall column of basalt or some other volcanic product standing aloft in
solitary grandeur.* Several varieties of Araucaria Cooldi are
distinguished by name by Australian horticidturists.

Araucaria Cunninghami

X tall pyramidal tree, liut usTially with a flattened head in old age,
in some localities attaining a height of 1-^0 — 200 feet, but in others
remaining much smaller. Branches in whorls of four — seven, spreading
horizontally or more or less depressed ; rumiflcation distichous Avith many
adventitious Aveaker shoots on the upper side of the branches of young
trees groAving under glass in Great Britain. Leaves in croAvded sj^ires,
acicular, laterally compressed Avith the dorsal midrib decurrent,
0"2.'3 — 0"5 inch long ; those on the fertile branches shorter, triquetral
and Avith a liroad adnate Vuise. Staminate floAvers cylindric, 2 — 3 inches
long ; stamens densely croAvded, Avith an ovate-rhomboid connectiA'e
bearing eight — ten anther cells. Cones ovoid-globose, about 3 inches long
and 2 inches broad, the scales Avith their marginal Avings broadly cuneate
and terminating in a lanceolate recurved mucro.

Araucaria Cnnninglianii, Lambert, Genns Finns, II. t. 96 (1824). Loudon, Arb.
et Frut. Brit. IV. 2443, with figs. Bentham, Fl. Austral. VI. 243. C. Moore,
Fl. X. S. Wales, 376 (Moretou Bay Pine).

The most Avidely distributed of all the Australian Araucarias. From
the north-east coast district of Xcav South Wales it spreads nortlnvards

* An amusing account of the discoA-ery of this curious Araucaria is giA'en by Captain Cook
in the narratiA'B of his second A-oyage to the south Pacific Ocean, much of which is reproduced
by Sir "William Hooker in the Botanical Jlagazine, loc. cit.

304 ARAUCARIA EXCELSA.

through the littoral region of C^ueeiuslaiKl to Cape York peninsula ; it

has also been found on Mounts Arfak and Obree, in New (luinea, up to

6,000 feet above tlie level of the sea ; around Moreton Bay, where it

is most abundant, it spreads eighty miles inwards. The species

commemorates Allan Cunningham, one of the earliest and most energetic
of Australian explorers.

Araucaria excelsa.

A stately tree 150 — 200 feet high with a trunk Ti — 7 feet in diameter,
usually free of branches for more than one-half the height and crowned
with a spreading top. In young trees cultivated in Great Britain, the
branches ai"e in whorls of four — seven, five being the predominant
number, spreading horizontally and ramified distichously. Branchlets
close-set and parallel, sometimes rigid and in one plane, but more
fre([uently decurved at the distal end. Leaves persistent several years,
spirally crowded, awl-shaped, straight or falcately curved, 0"25 — 0*75 inch
long and of a uniform bright grass-green, broader at the base, keeled
on the dorsal side and closely imbricated on fertile branches preserved
as herbarium specimens. Cones spherical, 4 — 6 inches in diameter,
broadest at the base ; scales brciadly cuneate, prolonged at the apex into
a lanceolate, acuminate, incurved spine.

Araucaria excelsa, R. Brown in Aiton's Hoit. Kew. ed. II. Vol. V. 412 (1813).
London, Arl). et Frnt Brit. IV. 2440, with Hgs. Parlatoie, D. C. Piodr. XVI.
•373. And others.

Norfolk Island in the south I'acific Ocean, discovered during Captain
Cook's second voyage ; and introduced to the Eoyal Gardens at Kew
by Sir Joseph Banks a1)out the year 1793. The trees in Norfolk Island,
now greatly reduced in numlter by felling for the sake of their excellent
timber, generally stand singly nv in small groups; they are dotted over
the island like the trees in an English ])ark. Arawan'a exceha is more
cultivated in this country than any of the Australian Araucarias, a
preference whicli is owing to its formal but elegant habit, its bright
verdant foliage and the facility with which it is propagated from cuttings;
it is also miich cultivated along the Mediterranean littoral of France and
Italy, the sea air and other climatic conditions of the region being
highly favourable to its growth. Among the varieties occasionally seen in
eultivation are — g/auca with foliage of a paler green and more or less
glaucous ; a/ba xpira with the tips of the branchlets cream-Avhite ; rolnista
larger in all its ])arts with foliage of a deeper green, also known as
(liihlii'COKi, Sdnili-riiina, Xd/'o/i'oii liaiimann, etc.

Araucaria Rulei.

A medium-sized tree TiO — 60 feet high with horizontal branches
in whorls of five — seven, and distichous, sub-pendulous liraiichlets,
but which ill ]ilaiits cultivated under glass in Great Britain
are sometimes hurizuntal like their [iriuiaiies oi- slightly ascending.
Leaves persistent several year.s, spirally crowded, closely imbricated and
incurved, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-acute, about 0"5 inch

AIUETIXKIC. 305

Idiig ; c'ouvi'X, (ilisciircly l<crlc(l .-iihI dark ^n-fii on tlii'. dorsal side,
sli<;htly convt'X and palcv <iii the vciitial side. Staminate flowers aii<l
cones not seen.*

Araucaria Rulei, ftLucller ex Liiidli'y in Oard. Cluou. (1861) ji. 861, with fii;s.
Carriere, Traite Conif. od. II. tiO.T (Ku'tacta). Parlatore, D. (',. Prodr. .\VI. 371.
Gordon, Pinct. ed. II. 42.

Originally discovered about the year 1860 l)y AVilliani ])uncan, a plant
collector in the employ of ]\[r. John Rule, a horticulturist of ]\IelV)0urne,
Victoria, on an islet off the coast of Xew Caledonia, ccn-ering the summit
of a lofty extinct volcano fidly exi)Osed to the severe storms which
periodically sweep over that region ; it is also .said to be endemic in New
Caledonia Avhere it attains greater dimensions. It was introduced to British
gardens by the Yeitchian firm in 186:3. In its young state Araucaria
Rulei is polymorphous, and several varieties are distingnished by name in
Australia where .it is nuich cultivated as a decorative tree.

TmBP:-ABIETINE^,

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers terminal or axillary, solitary
or spicate, often densely clustered, rarely umbellate. Stamens spirally
crowded ; anther cells 2, dehiscence longitudinal, rarely transverse.
Scales of fruit-cones spirally arranged and consisting of two struc-
tures, the bract and seed-scale or sporophyll, the former more
or less free or concrescent. Seeds 2, invertetl.

SUB-TRIBE I.— PINE.E.

Fruit-cones maturing in two, rarely in three years. Leaves
diinorpliic, the primordial scattered ; the secondary fascicled, per-
sistent -.----.-- 14. — Pinus.

SUB-TEIBE II.— LAEICE^v.

Branchlets dimorphic, the one elongated with the leaves scattered
and inserted on cortical outgrowths (puh'iui) ; the other arrested or
" spur like " with the leaves fascicled.

Fruit-cones maturing in one year. Leaves deciduous.

Staminate flowers solitary, seed scales persistent. 15. — Larix.
Staminate flowers umbellate, seed scales deciduous. 16. — Laricopsis.
Fruit-cones maturing in two years. Lea\'es persistent.

Staminate flowers solitary, seed scales persistent. 17. — Cedrus,

'' Imperfect tigures df liotli arc given in the Gardeners' Chronicle, loc. cit.
X

oOG PINUS.

SUr.-TPJBE in.— SAPINE.E.

Leaves persistent, for the most part homomorpliic and inserted on

cortical outgrowths or pulvini decurrent from their base. Fruit cones
maturing in one year.

Leaves sessile or ^'ery shortly petiolate, angulate or
Hat with one — two lateral resin canals. Cones

often large and pendulous ; scales persistent - - 18. — Picea.

Leaves petiolate, Hat, with a central resin canal.

Cones small and pendulous ; scales persistent - 19. — Tsuga.

Leaves flat with two lateral resin canals. Staminate
flowers solitary or umliellate. Cones pendulous

(or erect), scales persistent ----- 20.— Abietia.

Leaves flat, rarely angulate, with two lateral resin

canals. Cones large and erect; scales deciduous- 21. — Abies.

PINUS.

Liummis, Sp. Plant. II. 1000. in part (1753). Lambert, Genns Finns, I. in part (1803).
Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 81, in part (1847). Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XYI. 377, in part (1868).
Benthamand Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 438(1881). Eicliler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 70 (1887). Masters in Jouni. Linn. Soc. XXX. 37 (1893).

The foliage of the Pines is so distinct from that of every other
genus of trees that the circumscription of Piiius is one of the
simplest ; as Dr. Engelmann remarked long ago, " nobody fails to
recognise the species belonging to it." This distinctness is owing
to the peculiar mode of production of the foliage leaves ; they are
not primary leaves in the ordinary acceptation of the term, but
secondary leaves borne on an undeveloped branchlet surrounded at
the base by bud-scales which form the "basal sheatli."* Besides
this distinct form of foliation, there is an liomogeneity of structure in
the reproductive organs of all the species, so that both floral and
vegetative characters unite to establish the genus firmly.

The Pines are trees, often of large size ; shrubs only under the
severe climatic conditions of high altitudes and high latitudes. In
warm and even in temperate climates the larger Pines grow rapidly
for the first thirty to fifty years, and during that period the
proportion of sapwood to heartwood is greater than in any otlier
coniferous trees, and it is often strongly impregnated witli resin. At
and near the extreme vertical limit tlie growth of tlie alpine species
is extremely slow throughout life ; and even when transplanted in
lower altitudes, with a higher annual temperature, their growth is
not only not accelerated Init they soon perish under its stimulus.
* Sec pafje 24 ; also Engelmann, Revision of the CJenus Finns in Transactions of tlie
Academy of Science of St. Lonis, U.S.A. IV. 4 : and Masters in .lonrnal of the Linnean
.Society, XXVII. 267.

rixais. 307

In I'ospoct ul' branching, the Pines conform to the general law

observed throughout the Abietineic.

Tlic iiriiiiJiiT hi'iuiehes are prodnciMl in pseiulo-wliui'ls, the lowermost of
wliicli, pvcii wlu'ii the trees are staiuhng alone, are gradually cast off with
advancing age ; when the trunk ceases to ascend there is usually an
irregular development of the topmost branches. The l)ranchlets are
wliorled and always continue upturned during their development, after
Avhicli they gradually assume a horizontal position. The foliage leaves
are mostly produced in definite numbers ; fascicles of two, three and five
are most connnon, but in Pimix inonopliylla the leaves are mostly solitary
anil terete ; in P. luif/K, P. ceinbroides and one or two others, fascicles
of two and three occur regularly, and in P. Parryana fascicles of four
are most frecpient. The shape of the leaves is determined by the number
in each fascicle ; where there are two they are semi-terete or plano-
convex ; where there are three, the ventral (inner) side is usually sharply
keeled and the dorsal (outer) side convex or nearly flat; and where there
are five they are regularly triangular in section. The stomata are mostly
disposed in longitudinal rows indicated by white lines and usually on the
inner or flat sides, but in P. Pmaster and its allies they occur on both
surfaces. The persistence of the leaves varies in the different species
from two to t^venty years.

The following diagnosis of the tlowei-s and fruits is abridged from
Engehnann's Ee vision of the " (xenns Pinus."

Flowers monoecious on difterent In-anchtM^. Stannnate flowers either
crowded together into a kind of capitulum (head) or elongated into a
spike, cylindric or oval-cylindric, surrounded at the l)ase l)y few or many
(three — fifteen) involucral bracts. Anthers with an orljicular or sub-
orbicular connective bearing two anther cells.

(3vuliferous flowers sub-terminal, sub-sessile or pedunculate, solitary or
in clusters of two — five or more, composed of numerous scales of a two-
fold structure, the sporophyll (seed-scale) and bract, the former bearing
two pendulous ovules on the lower part of the inner face and the latter
concealed and disappearing in the ripe cone.

Cones maturing at the end of the second, rarely in the third season,
pendulous in some species, horizontal or erect in others ; in shape conical,
sub-globose or cylindric, often more or less oblique so that the scales
become unequal. Scales at first closely imln'icated, the exposed part
more or less thickened (apophysis) and ternunating in a blunt point or
rhomboidal swelling armed with a weak or strong prickle. Seeds obovate
or more or less triangular and compressed, winged, the wing sometimes
reduced to a narrow rim.

In most species the cones open their scales soon after maturity, drop

their seeds and then fall off; in others the open cones remain on the

trees for years after shedding their seeds, as in Pimis Sabimana ; whilst in

others belonging to the Pinaster and Taedse sections, the cones remain

closed on the trees for an indefinite period until opened by the heat

of a forest fire or an exceptionally hot season.

The grouping of the species of Pinus into sections is not free from

difficulty. The older Iwtanists used the lunnber of leaves in a l;)undle

as marks of sectional divisions, and neglecting all other characters

divided the Pines into three sections, the two-leaved, three-leaved and

308 . PI^aTs.

five-leaved, thus lea\iiig the position of the subsequently discovered
species P. monoplnjlla (oue-leaved), P. Parryana (four-leaved), P. eemhroides^
P. EUiotfil and others (two — three leaved) ambiguous. Cognisance has
since been taken of other cliaracters in connection with those of the
lea\es, and among the most useful of these for classificatory purposes
are the form of the cone scales, the seeds and the anatomical structure
of the leaves, especially the position and number of the resin canals.
Combining these and some sul)ordinate characters, the late
Dr. Engelmaun of St. Louis, U.S.A., elal)orated the most scientific
sectional arrangement of the Pines that lias yet been puljlished,* and
which in a more or less modified form is adopted by recent authors.
In a practical sense Dr. Engelmann's sections have the disadxantage of
occasionally grouping together trees of ^'ery different hal»it and aspect
on account of the greater ^■alue set upon the anatomical characters of
the leaves, and which, can Ite ascertained only with the aid of the
microscope.

The following sectional arrangement of species cultivated in (4reat
Britain is framed in respect of the leaAes and cones only which are
for the most part easily accessilile, and it may thence serve for
practical use.f

Strobi. Leaves in Inuidles <if five. Cones pendulous, luueh longer
than broad ; scale.s relatively tliiu and termiuatiiiij; in a blunt point.
Seeds proiiiiuently winged :

Ai/aralnn'fe, exceha, Lauihertiana, uKDitirola, pentaiihylla, Pt')il,-i-, Strolmx.
Cembk.k. Leaves in bundles of five. Cones erect or horizontal, not
nuicli louf^'er than liroad ; scales with ov without a thickened apojdiysis.
Seeds large and obscurely winged :

AIhicau/if<, Balfouriaun, Cemhra, jJi'xilix, l,-(>rali'n>ii'<, jiarrijlora.
Edules. Lea\('s in bundles of one — five. Cones sul>-ternunal,
globose, the central .scales only fertile, thickened, with a prominent
and armed apophysis. Seeds large with rudimentary wings :
Cemhroide^, edulix, )itfmopliylIa, Parryaiia.

T.ED.E. Leaves in bundles of three. Cones sub-tcruiinal or lateral,
ovoid, occasionally elongated ; scales much thickened, the aiin]»liysis
often with a stout ar)ued uml)n. See(ls prominently winged:

BiDi'jeana, Coulteri, Geranliana, j/a/xsfr/s, j/iif//fa, poixh'iuiaa, ra'h'afa,
rif/ida, Sahiniana, Tn-da, tuhfrndata.

Pinaster. Leaves in bundles of two. Cones lateral and mo.'^tly

persistent, often large and clustered ; scales murli tliiikened, the

apophysis blunt or armed with a .sharp sj)ine. Seed wings variable :

Conforfa, /iiif/s, niHrirafa, Pinaxti'i; /ihh;/>'H.-^, /n'liea, pyrenav'a.

iSvLVEsTHEs. Leaves in bundles of two. Cones sub-terminal and

mo.'^tly falling oti', ovoid-conic ami relatively small ; .scales slightly

* Revision of tlic (Ji'inis Pimis in tlic Traiis,icti<>ns of tlu' Acaili-niv of Science of
St. Loui.s, Vol. IV. (ISSOi.

t Several of tlie Mc.xicjin I'ines with leaves in liuiidli-s of ti\e, of wliidi the liest known
in this countiy is I'inus Muntrziniioe, cannot he uichided in either of tlie sections Sritoitr
or CE.Miiiij*: in consecjuence of the scah-s of tiieir cones liavinj; a distinct ajiopliysis with a.
central utnho ; they tlieiic-e come under tlie section P.fHiio-StivbuH of Endlicher.

]'1NUS. 309

tliickeiicd with apophysis nnanncd <ir with ik-eithious ])ii(klcs. Seeds
small with elongated wings :

Banksiana, densiflora, halepe)isi.-<, iiiop^i, Laricio, raontana, re-finosa,
f<l//vesfris, Thunben/ii.
Upwards of seventy species of riiuts are distinguished by botanists;
they are spread ovei' the northern hemisphere from the limits of
arborescent vegetation in the arctic and sub-arctic regions to beyond
the iKtrtliern Tropic. Of these seventy species, twenty-four are endemic
in the eastern, and the remainder in the western continent. <)n
the eastern continent, with the exception of Pines sijiccxtris which
is spread over the great plains of Europe and northern Asia, the
Pines mostly follow the great mountain ranges, in places forming
forests of consideral)le extent, covering rocky slopes unsuitable for
tillage ancj occasionally ascending to the timber line. Two outlying
species occur within the eastern tropics : F. Jlcrli'sii in Sumatra
and the Malay peninsula, and P. i/)si'J<(ris in tiie Philippine Islands ;
and a third (I', canaricnsis) is confined to the Canary Islands. In
North America the Pines also follow the great mountain chains, in
places forming forests of immense extent ; l)ut they likewise spread into
the }tlains except in the prairie region of the central Mississippi
and the elevated plains east of the Rocky Mountains. The high
plateau and mountains of central Mexico are covered with Pine
forests where twelve or fourteen species have their home and one
more inhabits the West India Islands.

The existing Pines are the descendants of filmier races, traces of
whose ancestral forms first ajjpear in the -Jurassic system ; the oldest
discovered Pines belong to the Strobus section in w'hich tlie scales
liave no apical thickening. In Tertiary times Pines became very
abundant, and in the Miocene Age species with two, three and ' five
leaves in a bmidle were common in Europe, including Great Britaui.*
The economic value of the Pines is very great. ^lany species,
especially Pinus si/lvestris, P. Strolms, P. j^otiderosa, P. monfkola, aiford
timber of the highest importance in constructive work, and Pine timber
is the staple article of commerce with many ports of northern Europe
and British North America. The resinous secretions of several species,
notably P. palustn.% P. Pinaster and P. lon<jifolia, are very abumlant,
from which turpentine, resin and tar are obtained in immense i|uantities.
In arboriculture, as landscape planting, some of the most ornamental
and picturesque of trees are to be found among the Pines, whilst
other species are greatly valued for afibresting waste lands, for forming
screens for shelter, etc.

The name Pinus is adopted from classical authors, by wdiom it w\as
applied indiscriminately to the species inhabiting the Mediterranean
region. In modern times, 'as shown in our Botanical Retrospect, it
has been understood by different authors in widely different senses,
before the present very natural circumscription of the genus became
generally adopted.

* Fossil Botany, by Sohns-Laubacli, Garnsey's Translation, p. 57.

310 riNUS ALBIGAULIS.

Pinus albicaulis.

A tree of variable lieiglit, usually 20 — 30, rarely 60 feet \u<^hy
Avitli a trunk 2 — 4 feet in diameter ; at high altituiU's reduced to a
low shrub with spreading stems. Bark thin, broken by narrow hssures
into light brown or ereamy white scales. Branchlets stoutishj reddish
brown. Ihuls l)r(>adly ovate, acute, with chestnut-brown perulae loosely
imbricated. Leaves quinate (in fives), persistent five — eight years, stout,
rigid, slightly incurved, 1*5 — 3 inches long, dark green. Staminate
flowers in short spikes, oval, with scarlet anthers and surrounded at
the base by eight — nine involucral bracts. Cones sessile, ovoid or
sul>globose, 1-5 — 3 inches, with much thickened, gradually })ointed scales,
the exposed portion contracted on l)oth sides to a sharp edge, and
bearing a stout, nearly triangular, incurved tip. Seeds nearly
0*5 inch long, with very narrow, thin wings. — !S argent, /SVZwa of
North Amerira, XI. 39, t. 548.

Pinus albicaulis, Engelniaim in Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis. II. 209 (1863).
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 1, with tigs. Hooker til in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885),
p. 9, M-ith tig. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 274. Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 4(55.
Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 225.

P. flexilis var. albicaulis, Engelmann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 124.

An alpine tree spread over the high mountains of north-west
America at altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 12,000 feet, growing on
the most exposed ridges where it forms the timl^er line on many
of them. It is abundant on the mountains of southern British
Columbia, whence it spreads southwards into the United States along
the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, and along the Cascade mountains
of Washington and Oregon into California, reaching its southern
limit on the San Bernardino mountains.

Pinux aJhirmdu affords a remarkal)le instance of endurance and
tenacity of life under exceptionally severe conditions, and in [)laces
where iirobably no other vegetation could exist. On bleak and lofty
ridges, and in wind-swept passes l)attling with i)erpetual snows, its
trunk is stunted, and its branches gnarled ; it is also exposed in
l)laces to fierce winds tliickly charged with sand, which denude the
tnudv of its bark and erode and furrow its hard wood. Under these
adverse influences the trees sometimes become Hat-topix'd, and so close-
roofed with condensed branchlets and foliage Uiat one may walk safely
on them. The short, thick stems of some of these trees are prol)al)ly
over five hundred years old.*

The sijecies was discovered in LSf)! on the mountiuns of North
Oregon by Jeftrey the collector of the Scottish Oregon Association and
introduced by him ; but the unsuital)len(!ss of the J>ritish climate for
it has l(jng since Ijeen proved, and very few plants of it are to l)e
seen in this comitry. Its placid is better filled by its nearest affinity
Pinus Jiexiiis from which it difiers chiefly in its paler bark and smaller
gbibose cones, the scales of which are much more thickened and
terminate in a shoi't incurved tip.

* Lemnion, Xortli-west AiniM-ican i\nw Bearers, 25.

nXUS AVACAKUITE. 311

Pinus Ayacahuite.

A lofty tree, attainin^^■ a la'i,^lit of 100 feet on the UKJUutains of
Oaxaca with a tnnik 3 — 4 feet in diameter, and inuoh resembling
Pimis Sfro/nix in habit and aspeet. In (Ireat Britain the young trees
are not unlike P. excelsa, the primary Ijranches spreading and more or
less upturneil at the extremity. Branchlets with pale orange-hrown
liavk, the herbaeeous shoots devoid of leaves at the base and covered
with a ferrugineous pubescence which soon disappears. Buds conic,
acute, chestnut-brown with narrowly lanceolate, acuminate perulae Avhich
are afterwards reflexed and fall off. Leaves (|uinate, persistent about
three years, filiform with scaberulous margins, 3'5 — 6 inches long,
bright green on the convex side, with three — five silver-grey
stomatiferous lines on the flat sides ; basal sheath about an inch long,
deciduous. Staminate flowers not seen. Cones solitary or in clusters
of twos and threes, sub-cylindric, gradually tapering to an obtuse point,
9 — 12 inches long. Scales elliptic-oblong, 2 inches long and 1
inch broad with a reflexed thickened tip, the exposed apical part
strongly striated longitudinally. Seeds ovoid, compressed, about O'o
inch long, furnished with a pale testaceous obliquely truncate wing
about an inch long.*

Piiius Ayacahuite. EhienVierfc ex Schleclitendal in Liiniaja, XII. 492 (1838).
Eiidlicher, Synops. Coiiif. 149 (1847). Canieie, Traite Conif. ed. II. 402.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 406. Gordon, Piuet. ed. II. 292. Masters in Gard.
Chron. XVIII. (1882), p. 492, with Hg. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 22-5.
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. L. 9, t. 2.

P. Loudoniana, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. oil.

P. Don Pedri, and others, Roezl.

Mexican vernacular, Ayacahuite.

Pinus Ayacahuite is the coniniou White Pine of Mexico ; it is
spread over the country from Oaxaca northwards to, and probably
beyond the United States frontier line, and sonthwards into
Guatemala, always at a consideraljle elevation. On the high
mountain slopes of northern Mexico it forms in places extensive
forests, and supplies the most useful timber of the region. It was
first detected by Ehrenberg, in 1886, in southern Mexico, and three
years later Ity Hartweg on the mountains of Santa Maria near the
town of Quezaltemango in Cruatemala, where he obtained a. supply
of ripe cones which he forwarded to the Horlicultural Society of
Lijndon. Plants raised from the seeds of these cones were subsecpiently
distributed among the Fellows of the Society.f

Pinu$ Ayacaliuite has l)een a denizen (if this country for more than half
a century, ami although the plants originally distributed by the
Horticultural Society of London have l)een decimated by the recurrence
of exce})tionally severe winters, cone-bearing trees presumal)ly of
Hartwegian origin are still standing in the Pinetum at Bicton ; at
St. Austell in Cornwall ; at Westonbirt in (xloucestershire ; in the
nursery of Messrs. Paul and Son at Cheslmnt, and prolial)ly in other

* Materials for description conminnicated liy Caiitain Holt'ord from Westonhirt,
Gloucestershire.

t Transactions of Horticultural Society of London, vol. III. -ser. IL p. 136.

^m^

'^^^mm.

■%wf.,,.

l'it(H.< AijwalniHi' at Wcstcmliiit, ( Jluiiccsti'isliiiv.

I'INUS IlAI,FOn;iAXA.

313

jiliKH'S. Yuuuycr tiers ill vinoidus licalth Jiic also .^q'owiii,-;- in the,
,i;roun(l.s of Col. PxnviUcr at Cani1)rrley in Siuvcy ; at JJatsford, near
Stratford-oii-Avon ; at Castk'wcllaii, l"o. Down, Ireland; and in tlic
Royal r.otanic Gavilcns at (llasnevin. All these afford evidence of its
adaptability for the British climate under certain conditions, and as it is
one of the most graceful of Pines for the deci»ration of the lawn,- it may
he planted for that pur]iose where the situation is well sheltered.

Closely allied to Phms Ayaralmite and ajiparently only a geographical
moditication of it is the White I'inc of southern Arizona, figured and
described in Professor Sargent's " Silva of North America," XI. :i3,
tt. 544, 545, from Avhich the following particulars are taken.

Pinus strobiformis.

Eiij^eliiiaiuiin Bot. Append. 102 toAVislizemxs, "Tour in Xortlieni Mexico." Carriere
in Van Houtte's Flore des Sevres, IX. 201. P. reflexa, Engehnann in Bot. Gaz. VII. 4.

Pinnx ><fr()hituniiix is sjiaringly scattered over the rocky ridces of
the Santa Rita, Chiricahua and other mountains of southern Arizinia
at elevations of from G,000 to 8,000 feet. It was discovered by
Dr. Wislizenus, in Chihuahua in northern ]\fexico, in 1846. It differs
from P. Ayarahuiffi chiefly in its smaller dimensions, due to the drier
climate of the region it inhabits ; also in its short, slender, often
pendulous branchlets and in its smaller cones.

Pinus Balfouriana.

a short trunk 1 — 2 feet
a tall, straight, tapering

" A tree usually 30 — 40 feet in height with

in diameter, Init occasionally much higher with

stem 5 feet in diameter ; at high elevations
reduced to a low shrub with gnarled semi-
in-ostrate .stems." Bark of young trees thin, white,
smooth ; of old trees thicker, red-brown and
much fissured. Branches short, stout, and
spreading horizontally or upturned at the apical
end ; in old age irregular in length and
direi'tion, and often contorted. Branchlets in
whorls of three — five, stoutish, covered Avith
reddish brown, obliquely furrowed bark that is
almost concealed by the close-set foliage. Buds
ovoid-conic, acute, 0-5 — 0-75 inch long, Avith
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate pale chestnut-broAvn
perulae often coated with jiale limpid resin.
Leaves (piinate, i)ersistent several years, crowded,
incurved, and pressed against the branchlets,
tri(|uetral, with entire margins, 1 — PS inch long,
dark green on the outer convex side, marked
with silver-grey stomatiferous lines on the two
inner faces ; basal sheath al)0ut one-eighth of
an inch long, and soon falling off. Staminate
flowers ellipsoid, about 0-5 inch long, in short
crowded spikes, Avith orange-brown anthers and

.•01. Branchiet reduced and surroimded at the base by five ovate, acute.

leaves nat. size of Pinus ■ i t ^ j r> i , . '

F.(dfa„nnn,f. iiivoiucral hracts. Cones sub-erect or horizontal.

314 PINUS BALFOUltlANA.

sul)-cyliii(lric, slightly tapi'i'ing, 3-5 — 5 inches long, comjxised of narrow
elongated scales with a rhouihoidal apophysis transversely I^ccIcmI and
terminating in an awndike ])rickle.

Pinus Balfouiiana, Murray, Oregon Exju'd. 1. t. 3, tig. 1 (l>sr»:5) ; and in Gard.
Chrou. V. (1876), p. 332, witli tig. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 42".. Gordon,
Piiiet. ed. II. 293. Engelniann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. CaUfor. II. 12r».
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 11, with tigs. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 272. Masters in
Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 225. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. XI. 59, t. 553.

P. aristata, Eugehiiann in Trans. St. Louis Aead. II. 205 t. 506 (1863).
Carriere, Traite Couif. ed. II. 421. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 400. Lawson,
Pinet. Brit. I. 5, with tigs. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 291. Sargent, Silva N. Amer.
XI. 63, t. 554.

P. Balfouriana var. aristata, Eugehuauu in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II.
125. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 273. Masters in Jouru. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 225.

Eng. Professor Balfour's Pine, Awned Pine. Amer. Foxtail Pine. Germ.
Fuchsschwauzkiefer.

The habitat of this singular Phie inaj' be stated in general terms
to be included within the region lying between the Sierra Nevada
of California and the outer or eastern range of the Eocky Mountains
of Colorado, and between the SHth and 40th parallels of north
latitude. It is essentially an alpine species, and always occurs on
rocky slopes and ridges at elevations varying from 5,000 to 12,000 feet,
but nowhere very abundant except on Mount Whitney in south
(Jalifornia, where it forms extensive groves associated below with
Finns contorta, and above with P. monticola.

Pinus Balfouriana was originally discovered in 1852 on Scott Mountain,
in California, by Jelfrey, who forwarded a few seeds to the Scottish
( )regon Association. This, the typical form, was named in compliment
to the late John Hutton Balfour, Professor of Botany in the University
of Edinburgh. In 1861 it was discovered on Pike's Peak in Colorado
by Dr. Parry, and to his discovery Engelmann gave the name Pinus
aristata^ in reference to the bristledike awns on the scales of the
cone. Seeds were sidisecpii'ntly introduced from this locality into
( Treat Britain. In this country both the Californian and Colorado
forms are qirite rare, and very fVw have attained a considerable size.
Although the growth of /'. Balfnuridua is very slow, the leader shoot
rarely increasing more than six inches in one season, it is so distinct from
every (jther I*ine in its snake-like l)ranc]ies clothed with appressed persistent
foliage, the terminal slioots of which have a fancied resendilance to a
fox's brush, as scarcely to merit the neglect it has hitherto received.
Professor Sargent has (lescril)ed and tigunul in the "Silva of North
America " the Californian and Colorado forms as distinct species. That
they are geographically separated by the arid treeless tracts of western
Nevada is indisputable, but no strmduial (inferences of sufficient value
to be accepted as si)ecitic are discernihle in the flowers and fruits.
Kngelmann, the autlior of the species ariKfafa, abandoned it in his
"Revision of tlu' Oenus I'inus" on the ground that the leaf structure
and staminate lldwers aiv identical with those of /'. Balfouriaiia ;
liut in Brewer and ^Vatson's " Botany (d' California " gave it varietal
rank, distinguishing it from the tyiM' by "its ovate cones with thinu(^r
scales and longer awndike jnickles." The specimens of P. Balfouriana
and P. aristata growing in (Ireat Biitain are practically identical if true
to their respective names.

PINUS I'.AXKSIAXA. 315

Pinus Banksiana.

A tree of vaiialilc size ami liaMt aicdidiiig tn the luealilv in wliich
it is growiii^i^-, from a straggliiii;' shrub 3 — 5 feet to a tall tree 60 — 70
feet high with a trunk 2 feet in diameter covered with dark grey
bark. In (heat Britain a slender tree 26—30 feet high, the trunk
covered witli light greyish brown bark fissured into irregular thin
plates. Branches horizontal, ascending, or curxed downwards; branchlets
short, slender, and often curved ; buds cylindric, obtuse, 0'2o inch
long, light brown usually covered with a film of whitish resin.
Leaves geminate (in twos), regularly distributed over the shoot,
persistent four — five years, semi-terete with a mucronate tip, obscurely
concave on the inner side, more or less twisted, about an inch Lmg,
Avith a short lacerated basal sheath, dull dark green. Staminate
flowers in dense clusters, sub-cylindric, about 0*5 inch long, yellowish
brown. Cones ovoid-conic, sessile, erect, incurved, 1"5 — 2 inches long;
scales oblong-cuneate, the apical thickening rliomboidal with a transver.se
ridge and small, obtuse, central umbo.

Piims Bauksiana. Lambert, Genus Phius, I. t. 3 (1803). Loudon. Aili. et.
Frut. Brit. IV. 2190, with figs. Forbes, Pinet Woburn, 13, t. 3. Hooker, W.
Fl. Bot. Anier. II. 161. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 485. Hoopes, Evergreens, 78.
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 230. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 218. Macoun, Cat. Canad.
Plants, 468. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. See. XIY. 221. And manv othei-s.

P. rnpestris, Jlicbaux. Hist. Arb. Amer. I. 49, t. 2 (1810^.

P. hudsonica. Parlatore. D. C. Prodr. XVI. 380 (1868).

P. divaricata, Sargent, Silva X. Amer. XI. 147, t. 588 (1897).

Eng. Sir Joseph Banks' Pine. Amer. Scrub Pine, Grey Pine, Jack Pine.
Germ. Strauchkiefer.

Finns BanJcsiami is distributed over an immense area in Xorth
America. Froin its southern limit on the coast of ]\Iaiue, at about
44° ^. lat., it s}treads northwards into Labrador and the Barren Lauds
of Canada, and across the continent in a north-westerly direction as
far as the eastern shapes of the Eocky Mountains and northwards
through the IMackenzie valley to the Arctic Circle. It is abundant
in the liarren plains of jNIichigan, growing in places where no other
tree can live ; it often replaces along the northern States and adjacent
parts of the Dominion the more valuable Pines that have been
cleared by lumber-men or by forest tires. The kind of estimation
in which it is held in America finds expression in the vernacular
names given to it, as " Scruli Pine," " Jack Pine," etc. The wood
is used for little else than fuel.

PiuHS Banksiana is worthless for the British .Vrboretum as it soon
liecomes unshapely luider the stimulus of the milder climate of this
country, and it is but rarely seen in other than botanic gardens. The
date of its introduction has not been recorded ; but Alton states that
it was in cultivation prior to 1783.* The species Avas dedicated
by Mr. Lambert to Sir Joseph Banks, than whom no one more worthy
to be helil in remeudn-anee can lie found in the annals of British
science.

* Hortus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. p. 315.

116

PINUS BUNGEANA.

JosEi'H Banks (1743 — lS-20) was born in Loiidoii and was educated iirst at
Harrow and afterwards at Eton, wlienee lie proceeded to Chiist Church College,
Oxford. His love of Botany commenced liefore lie entered the University, where
it l)eeaiii(' so great that finding no lectures were given on that subject, he applied
to Di'. Sihthorp, the botanical professor, for jierinissioii to procure a proper jierson
to instruct him. He left Oxford in 17t):i. His fathci' having died hi 1761 he
came into jiossession of his i)aternal fortune in 17ti4, and from that time till his
deuth, his whole time and means were well-nigh ilevoted to the advancement of
science In 1766 he made a voyage to Newfoundland for the purpose of collecting
]>lants, returning in the following summer ; and in 1768 he accompanied, in the
€a])acity of assistant natui-alist, Dr. Solander l>eing the jirincipal, the first expedition
under the command of Cajitain Cook, the chief objects of which were to observe
a transit of Venus and to discover new countries. After leaving Tahiti, where the
transit had been successfully observed, the vessel, a bark of 370 tons called the
Endeavour, traversed the seas surrounding New Zealand and Australia, returning to
England in 1771 ; Banks and Solander were thence the first botanists who became
accpiainted with the remarkable Australian flora. In 1772, accompanied by
Dr. Solander, he made a scientific exjiedition to Iceland, ; passing among the
Hebrides on their return they were induced to examine them, and during their
investigation they came upon the basaltic pillar and natural caverns of Stafia till
then unknown to naturalists. In 1777 he Avas elected President of the Royal
Society, to which by much exertion he jirocured a great accession of men of rank
nnd talent. In 1781 he was created a bai'onet, which was soon after followed by other
honours. All the voyages of discovery made luider the auspices of the Government
during the last thirty years of his life were either suggested by him or received
his a]iprobation. He was a zealous promoter of the Horticultural Society of London
founded in 1804. and took a leading jiart in the management of the Royal Gardens
at Kew. During his forty-two years' tenure of the Presidency of the Royal Society,
he was indefatigable as an officer and trustee of the British Museum", to which
institution, in addition to innumerable other gifts, he liequeathed his scientific
and foreign corresjiondence.

Iihrai'v

Pinus Bungeana.

A tall tree SO— 100 fcrt lii.uli, the trunk freijuciitly divided at a
short di-stance from tlir uruund into several ascending- .stems that are
covered with whitish bark. In (Ireat Britain a low or medium-sized
tree of pyramidal outline and witli diffuse ascending Ijranclies, tlie
trunk witli .smootli hrown liark tliat falls away in thin flakes of
irregular sliape and size as in tlie coiumon liireh and oriental ]-'laue,
<'.xposing a whitish inner cortex. Hriineldets usually in i)seudo-whorls
of tliree with smooth greenish brown bark. lUids conic, acute, 0*5 incli
long, with ovatedanceolate, acuminate, (•li(\stnut-brown iiciula'. Leaves
ternate (in threes), jiersi.stent three — four years, sjiirally and distantly
inserted along the upi)er two-tliirds of tlie shoot, wliicli is without pnlvini ;
rigid, spreading, triijuetral, '^ \ inciies long, ilark lustrous green ; Iiasal
.slieatli about O-o inch long, deciduous. Staminate Howers in a lax
.sjiike 3 — .'") inches long, sub-cylindric, obtuse, about 0"25 incli long,
.surrounded at the base by linear, acuminat<^ bracts longer than the
.staminal axis. Cones ovoid-conic, •2'.'i inches long, 1-.3 inch in diameter;
.scales broadly nlxivate, the thickened apex with a ti'ansverse keel on
the expo.sed side and with a shoit retlexed uiiibd in tlie centi'e. Seeds
Avith a .short broatl wing.

Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 166 (18-17). Murray,
Pines and Firs of Japan, 18, with figs. (1863). Carri^re, Traite Conif. ed. II. 434.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 398 Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 263. Lawson, Pinet.
Brit. I. 13, with figs. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 2.")2. Masters in Card. Chron. XVIII.
(1882), ).. 8, with fig. ; and .lourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 226.

I'lNL'S CE.MI'.KA. 31T,

Notliin^Li' is (k'iiuitt'ly known of the geograpliieal distiiimiion of this
I'ine l)ey()n(l the siniph' fact that it is a natix'e of Nortii China
hetween Peking and the Western Hills, "one of the coldest and
most desolate-looking districts in winter which an inhabited and
cultivated country can well he," where it was detected l)y Fortune,
by whom it was introduced into Great Britain about the year 1.S46
or a little later, and into France in quantity in 1860 by M. Simon..
It is still comparatively rare in British gardens owing to the
difficulty of procuring seeds. It has proved quite hardy, and its
neat habit and bright green foliage impart to it a \'ery ornamental
and distinct appearance.

Mr. Fortune gives the following description of Pimi^ Bunijeana in
his "Yedo and Peking": — " Xear the royal toiubstoues (at Peking) I
observed a species of Pine tree having a jjeculiar habit and most
striking appearance. It had a thick trunk wliich rose from the ground
to the height of three or four feet only; at tliis point some eight or ten
liranclies sprung out, not l)ranching or bending in the usual way, l)ut
rising perpendicularly as straight as a Larch to a height of 80 or
100 feet. The bark of the main stems and secondary stems was of
a milky white colour, peeling off like that of the Arbutus, and the
leaves, wliich were chiefly on the top of the tree, were of a lighter
green than tliose of the coimuon Pine. Altogether tliis tree had a
very curious appearance, very synnnetrical in form, and the different
specimens which evidently occupied the most honoiu-able places in the
cemetery, were as like one another as they possilily could be. In all
my wanderings in Imlia, China and Japan, I had never seen a Pine
tree like this one. What could it lie? Was it new? And had I
at last found something to reward me for my jonrney to the far
nortli ? I went iip to the spot where tAvo of these trees were standing-
like sentinels, one on each side of a grave. They were lioth covered
with cones, and therefore were in a fit state for a critical examination
of the species. But although almost unknown in Eiu'ope, the species
is not new. It pro veil to l)e one already known under the name of
Pinus Bunijeana."

Pinui^ BuTKjeana is named after Alexander von Hunge, a Russian
botanist who accompanied Ledeboiu- in his travels through Siberia,
and who was afterwards (1830) sent l)y the Russian Government as
naturalist with a mission to Peking, where he first met with this Pine
and many other plants not previously known to Europeans. He
subsequently (1836) succeeded Ledebour as Professor of BotauN' and
Director of the Botanic (xarden at Dorpat.

Pinus Cembra.

A large tree of A'ariable height and halut according to altitude and'
exposure, at its greatest development on the Swiss Alps attaining an
average height of 60 — 70 feet, individual trees occasionally 20 feet
higher. Primary branches spreading Init turned upwards at the tij) ;
in some localities, as on the Riffelberg, the lowermost branches sometimes
attaining great dimensions, at first horizontal with a downward curvature

318 I'lXUS rE.Ml'.KA.

and llii'ii risiui; parallel in tlircctiiui ^vith and imt inneh smaller than
the main trunk. In (ireat Britain rarely exeeedinjj; oO feet liigh, with
a hrnadlv ecilumuar or elongated eonieal outline till the to}) hecomes
enlarged and rounded by age. Bark of trunk greyish lirown, usually
fissured into numerous thin plates. Branches short, hiu'izontal or
tortuous, the lowermost sometimes ascending. Branchlets short Avith
l)ale reddish brown bark, the lierbaceoits shoots ])ubescent. Buds conic,

acute, 0-25 0'4 inch long, pale reddish brown ; perulae linear-lanceolate,

acuminate, fringed with whitish hairs. Leaves (piinate (in fives),
])ersistent four — five years, triquetral with a rather })rominent keel on
the inner, convex on the outer side, minutely serrulate at the edge,

3-5 4-.^ inches long, dark green with white stomatiferous lines ; basal

sheath short and deciduoirs. Staminate flowers in dense heads, cylnidric,
obtuse, about 0-75 inch long, brownish red, surrounded at the base by

gix ei'dit involucral bracts ; connective of anther reniform and

sharply crenulate. Cones erect, ovoid, obtuse, 2-5 — 3 inches long ami
2 inches in diameter, purplish violet iluring growth, brown when
mature : scales sub-orbicular, the exposed part slightly convex and
terminating in an obtuse umbo. Seeds obovoid, compressed, about
O-o inch long with a hard testa and rudimentary wing.

Piuus Cembra, Linna'us, Sp. Plant. IL 1000 (1753). Miller, Diet. ed. VIII.
No. ti (1768). Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. 3. t. 2 (17841 Lambert, Genus Pinus, I.
tt. 23, 24 (1803). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2274, with tigs. Forbes,
Pinet Woburu. 69, t. 27. Link in Liunsea, XV. 513. Endlicber, Synops Conif. 141.
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 386. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 402. Lawscn,
Pinet. Brit. I. 17, t. 3, with tigs. Willkonun, For.stl Fl. ed. II. 169. Beissuer,
Xadeihokk. 276, with figs. Masters in Journ. K. Hoit. Soc. XIV. 226. And
many others. , .

Eng. Cembra Pine, Swiss Stone Pine. Fr. Cemlirot, Tnuer. >Swiss, Alvier,
Arolle, Arolla. Germ. Ziirbelkiefer, Arve. Zirme. Ital. Pino Zimbro.

var. — pumila.

A dwarf stunted Inish 2 — 6 feet high with greatly elongated branches,
and thence assuming a creeping habit. Leaves crowded, 1 — 2 inches
long, silvery grey, pale green on the convex side. C(^nes miudi smaller
tliau in the type, about 1-5 inch long.

P. Cembra pumila, Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. .o, t. 2. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI.

403. And others. P. Cembra pygmtea, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2276.

P. jtumila, Mayr, Abiet. des Ja])aniselieu Reii'bes. SO. P. Mai:d&churioa, Laws<»i,

pinet. Brit. I. 61.

var. — sibirica.

Distinguished in ( h-rnian gardens from the Swiss type by its more
vigorous growth, its more slender habit, shorter leaves, longer cylindric
cones, and larger seeds.

P. Cembra sibirica, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 227.'>. Beissuer, Xadelholzk.
279. P. Cembra Maudseiauica, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 390 (not Kegel).

The gco^'iaphical ilistribution of Fint's Cnnhru is very extensive ;
in iiorlhern Asia it is .said to spread from tlio Fral mountains to
Kanitschatka, havin*^ its nortliern limit near tlio Arctic Circle and
its southern the Altai mountains ; throughout lliis vast region it is
ti tree botli of tlie plains and mountains, in i)laces ascending to

2^500 :i,000 feet. In Kurope it grows sjxintancously only on the

Carpathian mountains and the Aljts ; on the former, where its

Pinus Cernhra in the valley of Turtmann.

(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

320 PINUS CE.MIillA.

distviliuliuu is iiiiK-h restricted, its vertical range is fru!u 3,~»00 to
5,000 feet, and on the latter from 4,000 to 6,000 feet al»ove sea-
level ; its western limit is on the Vosoes of Dauphint' in France,
where it is (luite rare.

lu the valleys of the lii^hcr \l\)> Piini^ ('I'luhra was foriaerly very
abmulaiit, hut it is yearly decreasing and lieconiing more and more
rare ; it is nnw seldom seen in forests ; it is even rare to see
well-shaped iiulividual trees. Being the oidy tree lapalile of living
at so high an elevation, the herdsmen have no otiier tirewood, and in
order to extend the iiasturage for their milk industry they have
destroyed whole forests, and young trees when they spring up are
eaten by sheej) and goats. In several of tlie cantons, the Cem1)ra
forests have already disai)[)eared, whilst in others the government has
been obliged to take steps to pa'event their total destruction. In the
Yal Arola, on the Riflt'elberg, and in other parts of the canton of
Yalais, tine old trees are still numerous, but felling is going on
recklessly, and in many areas the number of stmnps of felled trees
exceeds the nundier {if plants coming wy t<i replace them. Moreover,
whilst a few seedlings struggle thrcnigh the protecting undergrowth,
yet they seem to lie destroyed by some cause before attaining any
great height. The storm-tossed Cembras riven by lightning, deca2)itated
by falling l)iaddeis, maimed and mutilated liy winter storms and snows,
riddled by pine lieetles, and subject to nmnlierless other evils, valiantly
struggle to repair the injuries they receive. On the whole, a
melancholy feeling attaches to these interesting trees, whose decadence
and ultimate extinction seem by no means remote.*

In Siberia the Cemlaa Pine differs but little from the Swiss tyi)e ;
in the dam]) swampy grounds of eastern Russia it attains a height of
100 feet, with a smooth trunk free of branches for two-thirds of the
height, above wlurh it fonns a spreading erown. IJevond the Ural
mountains it conforms to the general law of diminishing dimensions
as it a})proaches its northern limit, wheie it finally dwindles to the
low straggling bush described as the variety inmiila. This form also
inhabits the highest summits of the -hipanese mountains, in jilaces
covering lunidreds of acri's, and spreails northwards through Yeso,
Saghalien, the Kurile Islands and Kamtscliatka. Tlie better class of
inhabitants in western ami soutliern Siberia plant the ("cnibra Pine as
an ornamental tree in front of thi'ir houses and in their gardens ; it
is not known to suetiunb to the severe cold of that region which in
ordinary winters often sinks to — 40° (".

The economic value of Pimiii Cmihm is very considerable througliout
the regions in whii h it aliounds ; the wood is white, soft, and tine
in grain ; it has also an agreeable fragrance, which is at the .same
time obnoxious to insects; it is used cliieily h)r indoor car[ientry, for
wainscotting ami upholstery, es]iecially for lining clothes' chests, etc.
The large .seeds are much eaten in Russia and Siberia where other
fruit is scarce, an<l an oil is expressed fiom them which is u.sed for
lamps. In the Tyrol, the si'eds are collccte(l liy the peasantry and
ottered for sale in the fruit markets as ( 'emlna nuts (Zirbelniisse).

I'iin/s Ci-iiil'i-a was cultivated liy .Vrchihald, Puke of Aigyll, in 17+6,
and is thence supposed to have lieen introduced by him, and many
* ( ;iir(lcii(M-.s' Clu-oniclf, XXIV. ser. 3 (189Si, p. -2:36.

PINUS CEMBltOIDES. 321

old and picturesque trees are to 1)c sc^cu in the parks of family seats
throughout the country. The cliief if not the sole use of the Cembra
Pine in Great Ihitain is for ornamental planting, for which it is a
distinct and beautiful tree whether standing singly or in groups. Its
growth is slow, rarely exceeding a foot in one season under the most
favourable circumstances; it requires but little room, and is always
well furnished Avitli foliage which emits a })leasant fragrance during the
growing season.

Pinus cembroides.

A bushy tree Avith a short stem rarely more than a foot in
diameter and a broad round-topped head, usually 15 — 20 feet high, but in
the sheltered canons on the mountains of Arizona occasionally 50 — 60
feet high. Branchlets slender, orange-brown, and covered with deciduous
hairs, gradually growing darker till the end of four or five years,
when they are almost black and roughened with the scars of the fallen
leaves. Leaves geminate or ternate, persistent three — four years,
incurved with callous tips, 1 — 2 inches long, dark green ; basal sheath
scarious, about 0"25 inch long. Staminate flowers about 0'25 inch
long in short compact clusters, with yellow crested anthers and surrounded
by an involucre of four bracts. Cones sub-globose, sessile or very
shortly stalked, 2 — 2*5 inches in diameter ; fertile scales rounded at
the apex, much thickened and quadrangular on the back with a
prominent horizontal keel. Seeds 0*5 — 0"T5 inch long with a narrow
light brown wing. — Sargent, Silin of North America, XI. 47, t. 550.

Pinus cembroides, Ziiecariiii, Abhand. Acad. Munich, I. ■392 (1832). Endlicher'
Synops. Conif. 182. Gordon in Journ. Hort. Soc. Loud. I. 236, with tig. Caniere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 460. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 397. ]\Iasters in Journ.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 227.

P. Llaveana, Schlechtendal in Linnrea, XII. 488 (1838).

P. osteospernia, Engehnann, Bot. App. 89, to Wishzenus' Memoir.

Pinus cembroides is widely distributed over the drier mountain
systems of south-western North America between the 18th and 35th
parallels of north latitude, covering tlie higher slopes often unmixed
lip to 6,500 feet elevation, and towards its southern limit in Mexico
up to 10,000 feet. From Arizona and Lower California it spreads
southwards over the mountains of northern Mexico as far as
Orizaba.

It is the longest known in this country' of a group of Pines including
four species characterised by their low stature, short leaves, and small
globose cones of which the central scales only are fertile and l)ear
large edible seeds which are largely consumed throughout the dry region
which these Pines inhabit, and where they are known under the
common name of Pinons or Nut Pines. The four species are Pinus
cerabroides, P. ediilis, P. monopliyUa and P. Parryana ; the three
first-named were introduced many years ago, but owing doubtless to
climatic causes they refuse to grow for any length of time and have
now nearly or quite disappeared from British gardens. P. Parryana is
a later introduction, and although native of a warmer climate than that
of Great Britain, grows in Devon and Cornwall much better than the
other three, and on account of its di.stiuctness is deserving of further

322 I'INUS EDULIS.

trial. Tlie descriptions of J', rdulis, P. mutioplijilla and P. I'arrijana
"wliicli may properly follow here are all aljridged from Professor Hargent's
momimeiital work "The Silva of North Am<M'ica," as no specimens are
known to exist in this conntry of sufficient age to afford satisfactory
materials for the imrposc.

Pinus edulis.

A low tree, not more than 12 — 15 feet high with a slK)rt divided
trunk and round-topped broad hea<l, rarely 30 — 40 feet high.
Branchlets stoutish, orange-brown ; Inids ovate, acute, less than half-an-
inch long with light chestnut-brown scales. Leaves geminate, rarely
ternate, persistent three — four years, semi-terete or triquetral, rigid,
incurved, entire with a callous tij) 0'75 — 1*5 inch long. Staminate
floAvers about 0*25 inch long, in short, dense spikes, with dark red
anthers and surrounded by four involucral bracts. Cones 1 — 1-.5 inch
in diameter, the larger fertile scales broadly cuneate, rounded and nuich
thickened at the apex, with a transverse keel on the back, and a
small, four-angled, central knob, terminating in a concave undio with
a minute incurved tip. Seeds about 0'5 inch long witli a pale
reddish brown narrow wing.

Pinus edulis, Eiigelmann (1848), ex Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XI. 55, t. 552.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 398. Hooker til in Gard. Chron. XXVI (1886),
p. 300, with fig. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 252. Masters in Jnurn. R. Hort. Soe.
XIV. 228.

Pinus edulis is distrilaited over the Rocky Mountain States from
southern Wyoming to XeAv Mexico and western Texas, spreading Avest-
wards to the eastern borders of Utah and over the mountains of
northern and central Arizona at 6,000 — 7,000 feet elevation. The
wood is of little \'alue except for fuel.

Pinus monophylla.

A low tree, usually 15 — 20 but occasionally 40 — 50 feet high with
a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and often divided
near the ground into several stout, spreading stems. Branchlets stout,
at first light orange-brown, changing to dark bro\vii at" the end of
three or four years. Buds ovate, obtuse, about 025 inch long with
chestnut-brown scales. Leaves ])ersistent four- ti\c years, solitary and
terete, occasionally geminate and semi-terete, rigid, incurved with long
callous tii)s, L25 — 2-25 inches long, pale glaucous green, with a loose
basal sheath nearly 0'5 inch long. Staminate Howers oval, about
0"25 inch long, dark red surrounded hy six involucral bracts. Cones
1*5 — 2-5 inches in diameter, the fertile scales ])roadly oblong, rounded
at the apex, much thickt'iied and four-angled, terminating in a truncate
or slightly concave umbo with a minute, incurved tij). Seeds full
and rounded at the base, acute at the apex, more than 0'5 inch long,
and furnished witli a narrow wing.

Pinus nionoiihylla, Torrey (1845), ex Sargent, Silva N. Anicr. XI. 5], t. 551.
Lawson, Pinet. Hrit. I. (55, t. 9 and tigs. Engehnaini in Brewer and Watson's liot.
Califor. II. 124. iMasters in Gard. CMiron. XX. (1883), p. 48, witli tig. P.eissner,
Nadelholzk. 254

P. Freniontiana, Endlidier, Synnjis. Conif. 183 (1847).

PINUS COXTORTA. 323

Widely (listrit)uti'(l over the si lutli- western States. From Utali it
spreads westwards (iver tlie mountains of Nevada to the eastern slopes
of the southern Sierra Xevada. In California it is al)undant on the
desert mountains of the south and south-east, crossing the boundary
into Lower California ; it is also ci:)mmon on the Avestern slopes of
the Virgin Mountains of Arizona. The wood is largely used for fuel
and for tlie manufacture of charcoal.

Pinus Parry ana.

A tree 30 — 40 feet high with a trunk occasionally 18 inches in
<liameter. The stout, spreading branches form a compact pyramid, and
in old age a loose, round-topped, irregular head. Branchlets stout, at
first covered with a short, soft [jubescence, the l)ark becoming dark
l)rown with a reddish tinge at the end (^f the third year. Leaves
persistent three — four years, in fascicles of three — five, but usually
four, incurved, sharp pointed with callous tips, 1'25 — L75 inch long,
pale glaucous green with short, deciduous, basal sheaths. Staminate
flowers in elongated spikes, about 0"25 inch long, surrounded at the
base by four involucral bracts. Cones 1 — 1'5 inch in diameter, the
exposed portion of the broadly oblong scales much thickened, keeled
transversely and narrowed into a central knob terminating in a truncate
umbo with a minute recurved tip. Seeds more than 0-3 inch long
with a thin, narrow wing.

Piiuis Parryaiia, Engelmaim in Aiuer. Journ. Se. ser. 2, XXXIV. 332 (1862), not
Gordon ; and Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 124. Pariatore, D. C. Prodr.
XA^I. 402. Beissner. Xadelholzk. 2.5.5. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 236.

P. (iuadrilbha, Sndwortli (1897), ex Sargent, Silva X. Anier. XI. 43. t. .549.

P/)ui>< Parryana is abundant on the low mountain slopes of Lower
California where, in places, it is almost the only tree ; it spreads
northwards into south California where, IiOAvever, it is quite rare. It
is named after Dr. C. C. Parry, one of the botanists of the Commission
appointed to establish the boundary between the United States and
Mexico.

Pinus contorta.

A small tree 5 — lo, rarely more than 30 feet high, the trunk
covered with thin, irregularly fissured liark and much l)ranched, the
branches often arrested in their growth and distorted Ijy sea-winds.
In Great Britain a low, erect tree of conical outline. Primarj^ branches
mostly horizontal, the secondaries short and more or less curved.
Branchlets Avith reddish brown Ijark, marked with the cicatrices left
l»y the fallen leaves, and with short cortical ridges decurrent from
them. Buds ovoid-conic, O'o — 0*75 inch L'lig, ^vith closely imbricated
ovate, obtuse perulae, often covered Avitli a film of resin. Leaves
geminate, persistent four — five years, close-set around the distal half
of each season's growth, 1"5 — 2 inches long, semi-terete with a short
callous tip, dark lustrous green ; basal sheath loose and scarious,
0*25 inch long. Staminate flowers in short crowded spikes, sub-
cylindric, 0"5 incli long, surrounded by six invohicral bracts ; anthers
yellowisli lirown. Cones usnally in pairs, sometimes solitary or in

324 PINUS CONTOKTA.

pseiKlo-whorls of three, elongate-ovoid, more or less (lecui\'eil,

2 2"5 inelies long; scales Avitli a thick rhomhoidal apophysis marked

with a transverse ridge, from the centre of which protrudes an
awl-shaped prickle ;d)0ut 0-25 inch long.

Pinus contorta, Douglas ex Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2292 (1838).
Carriere, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 474. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 381. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 232. Engehnann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 126.
Maeoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 466. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 219. Masters in Gard.
Chron. XIX. (1883), \\ 4.5, with tig. ; and in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 227.
Sargent, Silva N. Amer. XL 89, t. 567.

P. Boursieri, Carriere, Revue Hort. (1854), p. 223. Van Houtte's Flore des
Serres, IX. 200, with tig.

P. Bolanderi, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 379 (1868).

Anier. Oregon Scrul) Pine. The var. Murrayana : Lodge-pole or Tamarack
Pine.

var. — Murrayana.

A nmcli taller tree with a straighter trunk, usually 70 — 80 Imt not

infretjuently 100 — 150 feet high and 4 — 6 feet in diameter, with thin,

scaly, greyish hark, a conical head, longer leaves, and larger antl more
deciduous cones.

P. contorta Murrayana, Engelmanu in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Calit'or. II. 126.
P. Murrayana, Balfour, Rep. Oregon Ex))ed. 2, t. 3 (1863).

Pinus contorta inhabits the sandy dunes and exposed promontories
of the Pacific coast from Mendocino northwards to Alaska. Spreading
inland it gradually assumes the form of var. Murrayana on the
Californian Sierras and on the mountains of British Columbia, Wyoming,
and around the Yellowstone National Park, in places forming pure
forests of considerable extent ; its southern limit is on the San Jacinto
mountains in south California.

As seen on the sandy dunes and sphagnum-covered l)0gs of the Pacific
coast, Fi7ms confovta is a small scrubliy tree with gnarled branches,
narrow leaves, and oblique cones that are singularly varial)le on the
same tree, and which sometimes cover the tree so completely that
scarcely any foliage is visible, 2^<^i''''isting and remaining closed for
many years. In places the trees are almost prostrate by the action'
of the wind, and always when exposed to its force, have close-set
contorted branches and a dense foliage, affording effectual i)rotection
from the wind on the land side to the more tender herbaceous
plants. Inland it is greatly changed hy its surroundings in ditferi'nt
localities, and T)econics the tall pyramidal tree described above as var.
Murrayana.

The economic value of the typical Pinux ronturfa is scarcely
appreciable, as the tree does not grow large enough to afiford timber.
The wood of the inland larger tree is light, straight-grained and easily
worked, but not strong and durable ; it is largely used all over tlie
region where it is alnuidant for fuel, and in ]>lac('s for railway ties,
and out-of-door carpentry. It is comparativrly a worthless I'ine as
regards its timlier, l)Ut it is covering the lands in Colorado and on
the Rocky ISIountains which have been cleared of better timber trees
by forest tires, and it is thence pre.serving the integrity of the mountain
slopes and jn'otecting the flow of mountain streams.

PINUS COULTERI. 325

The species was first seen l\v Lewis and Clark during their journey
across the Eocky Mountains in 1805, but it was not known to
science till it was discovered by David Douglas near Cape
Disappointment during his first mission to the Far West, 1825 — 1827.
There is no evidence of its having been introduced by him, and the
actual date of introduction, which must liave Ijeen many years later,
does not appear to have been recorded.*

In (xreat Britain Pinus contorfa i.^ jilanted .solely as a decorative
tree ; it is of slow growth, shapely, dense in habit, not taking up
nuicli room, and clothed with a rather persistent dark foliage ; the
distorted state so fretpient on the Pacific coast is here altogether absent.
The variety Murray ana forms a larger tree with a more diffuse habit.

Pinus Coult©ri.

A large tree 50 — 80 feet high with a trunk 3 — 5 feet in diameter,
covered with thick blackish bark deeply fissured into numerous plates
of irregular shape. Branches of almost timber-like size, long and
horizontal, often curved, sometimes towards one side and sometimes
towards the other. Branclilets stout with rough blackish bark spirally
furrowed, the herbaceous shoots with a bluish violet tint that changes
with age to pale orange-brown. Buds ovoid-conic, terminating in a
rather slender point, 1-25 inch long; the perulae narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, yellowish l)rown. Leaves ternate, persistent two — three years,
tritpietral, rigid, serrulate along the distal half and terminating in a
small macro; in Great Britain 9 — 11 inches long and dull greyish
green ; basal sheath more than an inch long, pale brown and smooth
but becoming much corrugated and blackish in the second year.
Staminate flowers in crowded clusters, sub-cylindric, 1'25 inch long,
straight or slightly incurved, surrounded by eight — ten iuvolucral bracts.
Cones ovoid-conic, 9 — 12 inches long and often 6 inches in diameter
near the base and weighing five — seven pounds, in Great Britain rarely
attaming these dimensions. Scales wedge-shaped, prolonged at the
apex into a strongly incurved spine, pale yellowish brown, of very
hard ligneous texture and closely adherent. Seeds oval, compressed, with
broad wings an inch loner.

Piuiis Coulteri, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 440 (1836). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IT. 2250, with figs. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 67, tt. 25, 26. Carriere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 4-37. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 392. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 266. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 23, with tigs. Engehnann in Brewer and
Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 127. Masters in Gard. Chron. "XXIII. (1885), p. 415,
with tig. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 227. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 257.
Sargent, Silva X. Amer. XI. 99, tt. 571, 572.

P. macrocarpa, Lindley in Bot. Reg. XXVI. misc. 61 (1840). Hoopes,
Evergreens, 115. Kent in Veitch's Manual, ed. I. 166. And others.

Pinus Coidtcri inliabits the coast range of California at elevations
varying from 3,000 to 6,000 feet from Mount Diabolo and the
Santa Lucia southwards to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto

* In the fonuer edition of this Manual it is stated at page 145 that Pinus coiitorta was
introduced by David Douglas in 1831 ; but this is incorrect, as it had not been intreduced
at the date of ])ublication of Loudon's "Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum " in 1838.

32() I'INUS DEXSIKLOUA.

UKiuntaiiis. Almig the noilhi'iu portion of its range it occurs only

in snuiU groves in the midst of other coniferous vegetation ; on the

southern mountains it is more abundant and attains its largest size.

This remarkiilile Vinr was discovered liy l>r. Thumas Coulter in

1832 on the west sidr of the Santa Lucia at 3,000—4,000 feet

elevation ; but there is evidence of its having been previously seen in

the same locality l\y David Douglas wdio sent seeds and herbarium

specimens of it to the Horticultural Society of London under the name

of Pinus Sahiniana, and from these seeds were raised the oldest specimens

groAving in Great Britain. Seeds were subsecpiently collected in the

same localitv bv Hartweg, 1846 — 1847, and by William Lobb, 1851 —

18ri2.

In (xreat Britain the largest specimens of Pinus Coulteri present a
broad outline with a rounded top ; the branches grow faster in
proportion to the trunk than in most other Pines, and the foliage
1)eiug clustered at the extremities of the Ijranchlets the tree has
always a bare and unfurnished appearance. The large cones, although
a strikiug feature of the species, are produced too sparingly in this country
to modify the general effect. The wood is said to lie useless for
constructive purposes.

Thomas CorLTEr> (1793 — 1843) was born near Dundalk in Ireland, and at an
early age evinced a liking for Natural History. He completed his education at
Trinity College, Dulilin, where he showed a marked prohciency in Botany and
Entomology. After leaving the University he went to Geneva where he continued
his botanical studies under the elder De Candolle. In 1823 he undertook the
elaboration of the Dipsacere which formed the basis of the monograph of the Order
subsequently })ul)lished in the "Prodronms." In the following year he returned to
Ireland, and soon after accepted the position of medical officer to the Real del Monte
Mining Company for three years. He arrived in Mexico towards the end of 1824,
but scarcely anything is recorded of his proceedings until he arrived at Monterey
in 1831 where he met David Douglas, and the two worked togethei- till the Spring
of the following year, when Douglas left for the Sandwich Islands and Coulter
proceeded on a botanical excursion to Arizona, returning again to soiUh California and
continuing his collections till 1834, when he returned to England bringing with him over
fifty thousand specimens representing between fifteen hundred and two thousand species,
liesides a collection of woods, botanical manuscripts, journals, etc. He soon after
accepted the Curatorship of the Herbarium of Trinity College wliither his collections
were transferred, but all his manuscripts were, in some unaccountable way, lost in
transmission lietween London and Dulilin. Sutfering from the loss and liroken in health
from the hardships he had undergone during his travels, he devoted liimself for the
remainder of his life to the arrangement ot his collections which, after his death,
became the property of Trinity College. Coulter was one of the most laborious
botanical collectors of his time, but no living plants were introduced by him into
Great Britain.*

Pinus densiflora.

A medium-sized tree of which the average height may b(; estimated
at 50—70 feet, but in tlie warm valleys of ceutral Japan attaining a
height of 100 feet, the. upper part of the trunk and the primary
branches covered with light reddish Ixirk separating into thin scales.
In Great Britain the bark of the oldest trees is rugged and tissured
into .small plates. Primary branches spreading, often curved laterally,
ranuHed at the di.stal end only. liranchlets in whorls of three— four,
but often two and opp(jsite, relatively slender, with brownish bark

* Chiefly from the Botanical Gazette, XX. 519 (1895).

PINUS DEXSIFLORA.

327

iiiiii'kecl with the scars of the fallen leaves. Jiuds suh-cyliiulric, acute,
O-f) inch long, reddish brown ; perulae lanceolate, sulvacuminate, fringed
with silky hairs, at first inil)ricated, afterwards loose and reflexed.
Leaves geminate, persistent three — four years, slightly twisted, with
ol)tuse tip, 3—4 inches long, dull grass-green; basal sheath 0-25 inch
long, not falling oil. Staniinate flowers in dense spikes 2 — 3 inches
long, sessile, ovoid-cylindric, obtuse, 0-25 inch long; involucral bracts
few, lanceolate acute, nearly as long as the staminal axis. Cones solitary
or clustered (in Great Britain usually opposite a branchlet), ovoid-conic,
l"'"^ — 2 inches long; scales oblong-cuneate, 0-75 inch long; apophysis
rlionilioidal with a transverse ridge and sharp central umbo.

Fig. 92. A Japanese dwarfed Pine.

Pinus deusiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Ja[>. II. 22, t. 112 (1842).
Eiidliclier, Synops. Conif. 172 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 376 (1855) ;
ed. II. 486. Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 32, with tigs. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 388. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 233. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XVIII. 503; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 228. Mayr, Abiet. des Jap. Reiches, 72.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 247.

Eng. Japanese Red Pine. Geini. Japanisclie Rothkiefer. Jap. Aka-matsu.

Pi7m& densiflora is met with throughout Japan south of Yeso, but it
is found wild only on the central mountains, in places forming small
stretches on granite and volcanic debris or mixed with other
trees. On the higher slopes of Fuji-yama are large groves of singular
beauty, the trunks often rising to a height of 70 to 80 feet and free
of branches to beyond the middle, the effect being greatly heightened

328 PINUS EXCELSA.

by the brick-red tinge of the l)ark. Everywhere else it has
been planted by the Japanese, almost universally associated with
P. Thunhcrgi with which it plays an important part in the decoration
of their gardens. These Pines are dwarfed, distorted, and trained into
the most fantastic shapes, a practice which will Ije again adverted
to under P. Thunhcrgi. The wood of P. clcnsijlora is coarse-grained
but moderately strong ; it is used for e\'ery description of carpentry
by the Japanese.

Piuus (lensijiora was introduced to European gardens in 1854 tlu'cugli
tlie horticultural establishment founded by Dr. Siebold at Leyden, Ijut
it was not generally distributed in Great Britain till after 1861,
in which year seeds were brought from Japan by the late John
Gould Veitch. It occupies quite a subordinate place in British
Arboricultin-e ; it grows slowly in the drier climate of this country,
and possesses no especial features distinct from the common European
Pines as an ornamental tree.

As distinguislied from Pinus TJnmljeiyi, P. dengijlora is a more
slender tree with bark of a different colour ; the buds are smaller,
reddish l)ro\vn (not white) with looser scales ; the leaves are thinner
and softer to the touch, the cones somewhat .smaller, the scales of
Avhich have a pungent umbo ; it also differs from P. Thunheiuji in the
position of the resin canals of the leaf Avhicli are place(l immediately
on the epidermis and not within the parenchyma.

Pinus excelsa.

A tree, of which the trunk varies in lieight according to altitude
and environment, 50 — 150 feet, and in diameter 2 — 3 feet ; bark
greyish brown fissured into small, rather regular plates about 0*25 inch
thick.* Branches spreading horizontally, the higher ones ascending;
ramification verticillate but sometimes lateral only. Branches slender
with smooth greyish brown bark, the younger growths greenish brown ;
buds conic-cylindric, 0*25 — 0*4 inch long with lanceolate, acuminate pale
brown scales. Leaves quinate, persistent three — four years, filiform,
triquetral, with minutely serrulate margins, 5 — 7 inches long, briglit
gre(Ui on the convex side, greyish white on tlie flat sides ; basal
sheath pale brown, 0*75 inch long, deciduous. Htaminate flowers in
dense clusters of twenty or more, cylindric, obtuse, 0*4 inch long, rose-
pink ; involucral ])racts numerous, ovate, imbricated. Cones solitary
or two — tln'ee together, shortly pedunculate, pendulous, sub-cylindric,
6 — 8 inches long, at first pale purple changing to light brown when
mature ; scales elongated, wedge-shajied with a rounded apical margin,
the exposed part striated longitudinally an<l terminating in a small
xnnbo. Seeds with an oblong wing 075 inch long.

Piniis excelsa, Wallich, Plant. Asiat. Rar. III. t. 201 (1832). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IV. 228.5, with tig^. (1838). Forbes, Pinet. "VVoburn, 75, t. 29. Link
in Linn^ea, XV, 51.5. Endlicher, Sj'no])s. Conif. 145. Carri^re, Traite Conif.
cd. II. 397. Pailatore, D. C. Piodr. XVI. 404. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 299.
P.randis, Forest Fl. N.W. India, 510. Hooker fil. Fl. IJrit. Ind. V. ()51. Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 283, with fig. Masters in .Tourn. K. Hurt. Soc. XIV. 22.

Eng. Himalayan Pine. Fr. Pin plenreur. Germ. Thriinen-Kiefer.

* Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers, 398.

PIN us EXCELS A.

329

PiuHs cxceha inliabits the temperate Himalaya frimi Bhotan to
Kuiam in Afghanistan with a ^■el■tical range of from 7,000 to 12,000
feet elevation. It does not occnr nninterruptedly thronghout this long
stretch of mountain country, but there is a lireak in the continuity
in Sikkini, and it is altogether absent from central and west Kuniaon.
Towards its eastern limit it usually occurs on southern slopes above
Piiius loii(jifolia and below Picea Smithiana: in western Nepal it
forms unmixed forests of great extent : in Kashmir it is associated

*imWt Jf

>rt9ff^r

liJ^^WtiL

. ^

fm^'"^^

k. -

Fig. 93. Pinits excelsa at The Fiythe, near Wehvyii, Herts.

with Cedi'us Dcodara and AUcs Puidrow; in Afghanistan it forms a
forest belt Ijetween 8,000 and 12,000 feet elevation where it is
reduced to a low straggling shrub ; and towards its western limit it
comes into contact with Pinus Gerardiana and Juniperus excelsa.
Pinus excelsa is the only Conifer that is spread through the entire
length of the Himalayan range, and it is one of the most valuable
timber trees of the region.

330 PINT'S FLKXIIJS.

i''/?/^^•^■ f.n-f'ha lirst licciuiu' kiu'wii to science in li^Ol* thnmgh
Dr. Bucliauan llaiiiiltoii, wIki iiiciitidiis it in liis ''Account of Nepal"
under the uanu' of P. ^fivOus; some years later it was discovered Ijy
Captain AVebb in Bliotan and afterwards Ity ])r. Wallich in Nepal, by whom,
its specific characters Avere determined and by whom it was introduced
about the year 1827. It has since occupied a foremost place in
Great Britain among the ornamental fines for the jiark and landscai)e,
and even for the lawn where sufficient space can be allowed for it,
which should never be less than a radius of from 2.'5 to 35 feet from
the l)ole. P. exrelsa may now 1)e s<'en throughout the length and
breadth of the land, in the warmer and more humid districts rising to
a height of 60 to 75 ivet, not infreiiuently feathered with branches
from the ground ; in the drier midland and eastern counties not so
high but with a nnich greater spread of branches. The illustration
represents a fine specimen of which the lowermost ln'an(;hes cover more
than one-eighth of an acre of ground.

Pinus flexilis.

A medium-sized tree 40 — 50 feet high with a trunk 2 — 4 feet in
diameter. In Great Britain the largest specimens at present scai'cely
exceed 25 feet in height and have straight tapering trunks covered
with pale brown bark. Branches horizontal or slightly curved ujjwards ;
the branchlets whorled or lateral only, and often inflexed towards their
primaries. Buds ovate, acute, 0*5 inch long ; perulae broadly lanceolate
Avith ciliolate margins, reddish brown. Leaves persistent four — five years,
quinate, somewhat distant and evenly distributed over the shoot, tri(|uetral,
acute, 2: — 3*5 inches long, the younger leaves glaucous un the ventral
flat sides, the older ones of a iniiform dark bluish green ; l)asal sheath
short and deciduous. Staminate flowers in short spikes, ellipsoid, 0'5
inch long, surroanded at the base l)y se-ven — nine involucral bracts.
Cones ovoid-cylindric, ol)tuse, 3 — 5 inches long and 1"5 inch in
diameter ; scales obovate oblong, the exposed part striated and terminating
in a rather sharp edge with a snuill mnlxt at the apex. Seeds nearly
0'5 inch long, of com})ressed ovoid sliapc with a narrow persistent
wing.

Pinus fiexilis, James in Long's Exped. II. 34 (1823). Niittall, Sylva, III. 107,
t. 112. Cari-iere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 392. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI, 403.
Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, with fig. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 302. Murray in Gaid.
Chron. IV. (1875), p. 356, with ligs. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 33, with figs.
Engehnann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Galitbr. II. 124. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 273.
Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 229. Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XI. 35, t. 54*5.

An alpine tree distributed over tlie liiglier slopes of the mountain
system of western N(n-th America known under the general name of
llocky Mountains; it has a meridional range extending from western
Texas to Alberta and British Columbia with a lateral spread into eastern
California. Its vertical range is also very great, ascending to 10,000
feet on Pike's Peak and to 12,000 feet on the Sierra Nevada, l)ut
rarely seen below 4,000 feet above sea-level. Throughout so extensive
a range some variability in size and habit is ol)servable at different
altitudes and in dittcrent latitudes.

PINUS (iEKAKDIANA. 331

It i.s u.suully a small stuuU'il tret' fivijUi-nUv growiiig siiiyly or iii
small groves among other Conifers. On the eastern sk)pes of the
Rocky ^Mountains of Montana and on many of the ranges of central
Xevada between 7,000 and 10,000 feet altitude it is tlie ]nineipal and
most valuable ■ timber tree, forming in places extensive forests. It attains*
its largest size on the mountains of northern Arizona and Xew Mexico
■where it sometimes protluces cones 8 — 10 inches long. At its highest
limit on tlu' mountains of central Xevada it is fre(|ucntly reduced to
a spreading shrub two to three feet high.* The wood is- light,
close-grained and compact, of a light clear yelhjw turning to red on
exposure.

Pi}ms Jiexiiu was first discovered by Dr. James who accompanied
Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1820 — 1821 ; it was
subserpiently met with in other parts of the moimtam chains over
which it is spread Ijy botanists and others who were attached to the
various l^icitic Railroad explorations, and through whom it became better
known. Seeds w^ere introduced into Great Britain l)y Jeffrey in 1851,
and afterwards by others, but nothing is riK-orded of the earlier seedlings.
Tile excellent specimens growing in tln' Royal (hardens at Kew and in
a few other places should induce a more extended trial of it for
ornamental planting in this country.

Pinus Gerardiana.

^V mediuui-sized tree with a short round crown and grey l)ark peeling
olt in large flakes, occasionally attaining a height of .50 — 60 feet with
a stout trunk 12 feet in girth; usually 40 — .50 feet high with
a short straiglit trunk free of liranches to 8 — 10 feet, and with a
girth of 6 — 7 feet. Branches strong, horizontal or ilecurved, and
upturned at the ends.f Ramification pseudo-whorled or sub-distichous
and alternate. Branchlets stoutish, with pale grey-brown bark. Leaves
ternate, })ersisting three — four years, stiffish, triquetrous, 3 — 4 inches
long, dark green ; basal sheath 0*5 inch long, entire, deciduous.
Staminate flowers not seen. Cones on short scaly peduncles, erect,
ovoid-cylindric, 6 — 9 inches long and 4 — 5 inches in diameter ; scales
ol)tusely triangular with a s}>ine-tipped umbo 1- — 1'5 inch long and
1 inch broad at the recurved tip. Seeds with a short caducous
wing.

Piiiu.s Gerardiana, AVallich in Lambert's Genus Pinus, ed. II. Vol. II. t. 79 (1837).
Loudon, Arh. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2254. Royle, Illus. Him. Plant. 353, t. 85.
Forbes, Pinet. "Woburn, 53, t. 19. Endlielier, Svnops. Conif. 159. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 433. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 391. Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W.
Ind. 508, t. 67. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 268. Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 652.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 250. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 229.

This Pine inhabits the north-west Himalaya from Kunawar westwards,
occurring locally in the eastern portion of its range in the inner valleys
that are beyond the influence of the periodical rains. Its vertical
range is from 6,000 to 12,000 feet, the higher elevation being reached
in Kafristan and Afghanistan, where it is common and frequently
associated with the Deodar Cedar.

* Garden and Forest, V. 1 ; and X. 162.
t Brandis, Forest Flora of Nortli-west India. 508.

332 PINUS HALEPENSIS.

As seen in the Kuram district, Pi?iuit Gerardiana is a very handsome
tree that does not branch as Pines usually do, the trunk and T)ranches
being more like those of a Avell-formed Oak. It is easily recognised
at a distance by its nearly white ash-grey bark which, on close
examination, is seen not to be of one colour but consists of patches
of all tints from light green to autumnal reds and browns ; this is
due til the peculiar way in wliich the liark falls off.* According
t(i Sir .Dietrich Brandis, the timber is seldom used, and no part
of the tree is applied to any economic use to any extent, except
the edible seeds, large quantities of which are stored for winter use ;
these form a staple food of the inhabitants of Kvuiawar, being ground
and mixed with flour. An oil is extracted from them and used in
native medicines.!

The date of the introduction of Pimcs Gerardiana into ( Treat Britain
is not accurately known. Cones were sent to England by Dr. AVallich and
others at different times, but apparently mixed w4th those of P. lomjifolia.
The first seedlings that proved to be true were raised Ijj' Messrs.
Lawson of Edinburgh and by Messrs. Low of Clapton, a sliort time
previous to the publication of Loudon's "Arboretum," l:)ut wdiich have
long since disappeared, as have most of the specimens in the south-west
of England mentioned in the former edition of this Manual. Seedlings
have been repeatedly raised in the Royal Gardens at Kew, but they
refuse to grow for any length of time. The finest existing tree in
the British Lslands known to the author is in the grounds of Lord
Ardilaun at St. Anne's, Clontarf, near I)ul)lin. The species com-
memorates its discoverer, Captain Gerard of the Bengal Native
Infantry, one of the earliest explorers of the noith-west Himalaya.

Pinus halepensis.

X tree of variaV)le height and habit, according to situation and
aspect ; in the lower grounds in good soil attaining a height of
50 — 60 or more feet with a slender trunk, open head, and irregularly
disposed liranches ; the bark of the trunk usually smooth, greyish or
ash-coloured ; in Great Britain irregularly fissured, the fissures exposing
a reddish brown inner cortex. ( )n the arid, rocky shores of the
Mediterranean Sea often in the f(irm of a large spreading busli witli
the branches sometimes curiously distorted by the Avind. Branchlets
slender Avith the foliage clustered at the extremities ; buds small,
conic-cylindric ; perulae deltoid, acunrinate, Avith lacerated margins.
Leaves geminate, sometimes ternate, persistent about tAvo years, filiform
Avith sliort callous tips, 2*5 — 3"5 inches long, dark green ; basal sheaths
whitish, about 0"o inch long, but soon becoming corrugated and broAA'n.
Staminate floAvers in dense clusters of thirty — forty ox more, from
one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch long, reddish broAvn. Cones shortly
pedunculate, usually solitary but sometimes tAVO — three together,
cylindric-conic, 2 — 3 inches long, yellowish T)roAvn, often Avith a greyish
tinge ; scales Ijroadly oval-oblong, abruptly cuneate at the base, the
apo])hysis rhomboidal Avitli a transverse keel. Seeds small Avith a
lenticular Aving.

* Aitchison in Journal of tlie Liniiean Society, XVIII. 97.
t Forest Flora of Xorth-west India, " 609.

PIN US iNOPs. 333

Piuus halepeiisis, ^liller, Diet. ed. VIII. Xo. 8 (17*58). LaiuluTt, tJoiius I'iuus, L
t. II. (1803). Loudon, Arli. et Fiut. Brit. IV. 2231, with tigs. Forbes, Pinet.
"Woburn, 25, t. 8. Link in Linnita, XV. 496. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 180.
Camere, Traite Conif. cd. IL Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 383. Gordon, Pinct.
ed. II. 236. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 695. Beissner, Xadelliolzk. 223. Masters in
Gard. Chron. XXII. (1884), p. 552, witli tig. ; and Journ. R. Hori. Soc. XIV. 238.
And nianj' otliers.

Pinus hn/cpcnsis is spread almost continiinusly throughout the
]\Ieditei'raueaii region from Portugal to Palestine and Egypt, and
eastwards into the Trans-Caucasian provinces of Piussia as far as
Georgia ; it is also common in west and south Anatolia, covering
the sand dunes of the Ciliciau coast westwards from Mersina. Its
association with the maritime scenery of the region, especially with
classic structures of ancient, and sacred buildings of medieval times
has frequently attracted notice. In photographs of Greek temples
tliis Pine occurs singly or in small groups with picturesque effect
as regards its surroundings, but individually of no especial beauty; as
thus represented it usually has a slim trunk bare of branches for
more than one-half of its height with a gaunt crown of short
irregularly disposed branches clothed with a sparse foliage tufted at
the extremities of the branchlets.

Pinus liaJepensis has been in cultivation in Great Britain since the
beginning of the eighteenth century, but owing t<i climatic causes it
is now Init rarely seen in this country ; the few specimens still
standing in the Royal Gardens at Kew and other places have to
sustain a continuous struggle with British winters to which, doubtless,
the}" will ultimately succumb. In the Australian colonies where it
was mtroduced many years ago, P. haJejiensis grows faster and attains
a larger size thifli in its native habitat, but it has the same
unfurnished aspect. There are specimens in the Botanic Gardens of
South Australia, A'ictoria and Xew South Wales from 70 to 80 in-
more feet high.

The economic value of Pinus haJepensis in southern Europe and
the Levant is locally consideral)Ie ; the wood is wliite, with a tine
grain, and is used for joinery in Provence and Piedmont ; the resinous
products are in places much utilised and yield, it is said, a finer
turpentine than P. Pinaster. The late M. Carriere strongly
recommended the planting of P. halepensis near the sea in the soutli
and south-west of France, especially in places where no other tree will
thrive ; on rocks almost denuded of soil, ami in places Avliere no
native plant will take root this Pine will gnnv ; it supplies excellent
fire-wood to the peasantry throughout the region. •>

Pinus inops.

A tree of variable height and habit ; at its greatest development
with a trunk 75 — 100 feet high and 2 — 3 feet in diameter near the
ground ; on the Atlantic littoral of the United States much less. In
Great Britain a short-lived, medium-sized or low tree rarely exceeding
40 feet in height, oftener much less, the trunks sometimes forked at
a short distance from the ground, slender, with dingy brown bark

334 PINUS KORATENSIS.

iissuivd into numerous o])long plates. I'l'iinary hranehes sliort, mostly
horizontal, often curved or tortuous; branchlets oj)])osite or in whorls
of tliree — four, the ])ark of the herl)aceous shoots tinged with glaucous
violet. Buds small, fusiform, reddish In-own, often covered with a film
of Avhitish resin. Leaves geminate, persistent three — four years, more
or less twisted, mucronate, with scaberulous margins, 2 — 2"75 inches
long, dark green ; basal sheath 0"4 inch long, falling off the second
year. Staminate flowers in crowded clusters, 0";i inch long, surrounded
at the base by seven — nine involucral bracts ; the anther connective
reniform and fimbriated. Cones solitaiy or in whorls of two — four,
ovoid-cylindric, 2"5 — 3 inches long and 1 — l"2.'i inch liroad near
the base; scales oblong-cimeate, the thickened apex with an acute
transverse ridge and armed with a short straight })rickle at the middle.
Seeds small, with a narrowly ol)long wing.

Pinus inops, Solander ex Alton, Hort. Kcw. cd. I, Vol. III. 367 (1789). Lambert,
Genus Pimis, I. t. 13 (1803). .Miehaux, Hi«t. Arli. Aiiier. I. 58, t. 4 (1810).
Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2192, with figs. Forbes, Pinet. AVoburn, 15, t. 1
Endlichcr, Synops., Conif. 167. Carriere, Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 471. Parlatore, D. C.
Piodr. XVI 380. Hooi)es, Evergreens, 84. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II 238. Heissner,
Nadelholzk. 215. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soe XIV. 230. And many others.

P. virginiaiia, MiHer, Diet. ed. VIII. No. 9 (1768).* Sargent, Silva N. Anier.
XI. 123, t. 587.

Eng. Xew Jersey Pine. Anier. Scrub Pine. Fr. Pin chetif. Germ. .Tersey-Kiefei'.

The oeographical range of Finus imqn extends from the Hudson
river southwards through the Atlantic States to the A'alley of the
Savannah in central Georgia, spreading westwards througli Kentucky
to southern Indiana where it attains its greatest development.

In tlie Atlantic States Pinus inops is a small tree for the most
part of a stunted and unshaj^ely hal)it, covering the l)arren lands
and spreading rapidly over fields exhausted by agriculture ; in this
region it is used only for fuel. AVest of tin* Alleghanies it attains
a tindier-like size, and its wood is uscil for various kinds of carpentry,
especially .in corniection with water- works. The date of introduction
into (ireat Britain does not a])j)ear to have been recorded ; it was
cultivated by Thili]i Miller in the "Physic" garden at ('liclsea in 1739.

Pinus koraiensis.

A medium-sized tree, usually 40--r)0 feet high, occasionally much
higher, with a more or less elongated ])yramidal head, the trunk
covere<l with reddish grey bark ])eeling oil' in scaly plates 4 — 5 inches
long and about half as l)road. In (Ireat Britain tlie bark of
the oltle.st trees is either smooth or more rarely niarke(l with
resinous blisters in transver.se lines. Branches stoutish, spreading or
ascending; l)ranclilets in whorls of tlnce — four; buds small with pale
brown perul<e. Leaves (piinate, crowded along the distal half of the
.shoot, persistent three -four years, slender, almost filiform, triquetrou.s,
3-.5 — 4*5 inches long, green on llie convex side, with five — eight
Avhitish .stoma tiferous lines on tlie Hat sides. Staminat(^ flowers
clustered, sub-cyliudric, 0"5 — 0-7-"> inch long, ]iale rose-])iid<. ('ones erect,

* Miller's name is thenee the raost ancient, but as it was not talten up by any subseijuent
authors for more tluin a centur}' alterrtards, tlie ine.vpediency of reviving it is sufficiently
evident.

riiVUS KOIiAIEXSIS.

the apex, ni-..,s.' ,„■ sti'iatrJ. S<.,.,Is ivlativclv lar... ,v,>l '^ ^ '^^

Pinus koraieusis, Sieliold and ZiKJcariiii, Fl .lau II ---s <- n^ , ^

(1842. Endlicher, Syuons. Conif. 140 (1S47 rl\.,i7,. t • J n ' ff'-,'^-^ ^-^
Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan 1 wit he' P. ! ' ^''^I'te Conit ed. II. 385.
(Icrdon, Pinet. ed. II. 306. Lsi^^ m Jout. 'Lin^'^i^'x^ii?- IS;''" -^^'V '''•
R. Hort. Soc, XIV. 234 Beissner, Xadelh„kl< SS' wkh H, Sr^lv! 'Al-
lies Jap. Reiches, 73, t. Y. fig. 18 • -oj, \\irii n-. .Mayr, Abiet.

Eng. Corean Pine. Germ. Korea-Zurbel. Jap. Chosen-n.atzn.

All eastern Asiatic species
spread over tlie Corea, parts
'•f China and Japan. It has
'.een asserted hy several
authors that it is not endemic
ill the last named country,
but an introduced plant from'
the neighbourin.oj peninsula
of Corea ; Dr. Mayr, how-
exer, found this Pine scatteretl
tlirough the mountain forests
of Japan, notably at Kisso,
and on Mount Kotzuke, in
situations where the trees
could not have been planted
by the hand of Man, nor is
their presence in these places
to lie accounted for by any
circumstances arising out of
the length of time tliat
this Pine has lieen cultivated
by the Japanese.* Its pre-
sence in a wild state in
Corea was ^•erified liy Mr.
James Herbert Veitch during
his adventurous jouriiev
through the country in 1892:
he saw it in several locali-
. , ties, notably on the Diamond

mountains where it is very abundant. In 1899 it was oathered
by Messrs. Veitch's botanical collector, E. H. Wilson, in Yuentchianc
m south China, a locality so remote from Corea as to in<licate an
extensiA-e distribution of this species.

Fig. ;i4. Cone of Pinus Iwmkn^

Abietineen des Japanisohen Reiches. lor. cit.

336 PINUS LAMP.EKTIANA.

Pinus ]:nraiemi>i sometimes attains imposing dimensions in Japan ;
one standing near a monastery in Nikko is nearly 100 feet high,
with a trunk three feet in diameter, l)ut in Japanese gardens it is
generally much less. It was introduced into Great Ihitain, in llSGl,
l)y the late John Gould Veitch ; its groAvth in this country is
relatively slow, Init the tree is quite hardy almost everywhere, and
should be selected for ornamental planting where the larger Pines are
unsuitable, excei)t in dry, sandy or heavy wet soils. Good specimens
are growing in ])laces so ^widely apart as the Royal Gardens at Kew,
Ochtertyre in Perthshire, Fota Island near Cork, and Hamwood in
Co. Meath. Nothing is known of the (luality of the wood, which in
J;ipan is too scarc(> to be available for use.

Pinus Lambertiana.

A gigantic tree, with an almost cylindrical truidc 150 — 300 feet
high, and 10 — 15 feet in diameter, usually free of l)ranches for two-
thirds of its height. Bark smooth, ash-brown, fissured into small, oblong
l)lates. Branches spreading, or more or less deliexed ; the liranchlets
short and flexil)le, the whole ramification forming an elongated,
pyramidal crown. Buds sub-fusiform, with an acute point at the
apex ; jierulse closely imbricated, lanceolate, red-brown, downy at the
edges. Leaves (piinate, persistent four — five years, triquetrous,
mucronate, scaberulous along the margins, 3 — 5 inches long, bright
green on the convex side, with three — six stomatiferous lines on each
of the flat sides ; l)asal sheath short, deciduous, usually sjilit into
three teeth at the margin. Staminate flowers in rather dense spikes,
surrounded at the base by ten — fifteen involucral In-acts, cylindric,
0*5 inch long, light yellow brown. Cones pendulous, cylindric,
tapering at the apex, 15 — 20 or more inches long, and 3 — 3*5 inches
in diameter ; scales somewhat fan shaped, 2 '5 inches long, and
1'75 inch broad. Seeds about 0*5 inch long, Avith a dark lirown
roundish oblong wing as long again as the seed.

Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soo. XY. 500 (1828). Laniljert,
Genus Pinus, erl. II. Vol. I. 57, t. 34. Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2288,
with Hji;s. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 77, t. 30. Endlieher, Synoi)S. Conif. 150.
Cai-riere, Tiaiti- Conif. ed. II. 403. Pailatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 486. Hoopes,
Evergi-eens, 134. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 30. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 47, t. 7 and
figs. Engelniann in P)n'\ver and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 123. Beissner,
Nadclholzk. 294. Masters in Gard. Chron. I. s 3 (1887), \>. 772, with fig. ; and
Tourii. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 231. Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XI. 27, tt. 542, 543.

Eiig. and Anier. Sugar Pine. Fr. Pin gigantesque. Genu. Riesen-Kiefer,
Zucker-Kielcr. Ital. Pino zuceliero.

Pinus Jjiinhniidnd occurs througliout the States of Oregon and
California from the Columbia river to the San Jacinto mountains,
whence it passes into Lower California, reaching its southern limit on
Mount San Peclr(t. It is an alpine tree that follows tlie Cascade and
Sierra Nevada mountains with a vertical range of 2,500 — 8,000 feet
elevation and also tiic trend of the coast range as far as the Santa
Lucia mountains near Monterey : its l)est development being attained
at 5,000 — 0,500 feet. It does not form pure forests but is usually

PINUS LAMBERTIANA. 337*^

mingled in small isolateil groves with the IJedwood, Fiiixs poiulerosa
and Abies cuncohr, and towards its northern limit it is mixed with
Abies grandis, Tlitda gigantea, and other eoniferous trees.

Pi?U(s LainJiertiana is the loftiest of all Pines; its column-like,
perpendicular trunk towers in scinie places to a height of 300 feet,
thus rivalling the stature of the gigantic Sequoias with which it is in
places associated ; the usual height, however, ranges from 120 to
250 feet. As seen at a distance on the western slopes of the Sierra
Xevada its aspect is that of a tall cohnnn " with a lanky contour
and sparse raniitication, wanting the picturesqueness of P. potiderosa
and the hulk in proportion to height of o Sequoia,"* hut when
approached nearer this unfavourahle inq^ression is modified hy the
strikingly Ijeautiful living cones which hang from the tips of the
lirauches, hending them li}' their weight, and which, in the sunshine,
si)arkle like pendents of diamonds owing to the high refractive power
of the resm that copiously exudes from them and hangs in drops from
the scales.

The timber yielded by Pinus Lamhertiana is of excellent quality ; the
Avood is solid, straight-grained, very fragrant and easily worked ; it does
not crack or warp, and is on that account much used for cal:)inet work
and indoor carpentry. The sap that exudes from the trunk when cut or
woinided thickens into a whitish substance with a sugar-like iiavour,
Avhence this tree has obtained the name of the Sugar Pine. The Indians
sometimes utilise the exuded substance for food, but it is not much
relished l)v the whites ; the seeds too are eaten by the Indians. (Jn
account of its valuable timber the destruction of the Sugar Pine has
been rapid and often wanton, but by the recent enactment of sufficiently
stringent laws, it is now more or less secure against criminal Avaste.
Xevertheless seedlings and young trees are scarce on account of the seeds
being devoiu'ed in prodigious quantities by squirrels, parrots, crows, and
'Other animals.

The Sugar Pine was discovered liy David Douglas in south-west
"Oregon in October 1826, and was introduced by him in the following
year. He had jjreviously seen one of its large cones which had been
brought to him by an Indian, and this induced him to make an
•excursion southwards for the express purpose of gathering cones and
seeds ; during the journey he suiFered great hardships, and Avhen
securing his first cones he was in danger of losing his life from the
bostility of the Indians. Pinus Lamhertiana has now been a denizen of
the British Isles for more than seventy years ; in the drier and colder
climate of this country it shows no indication of rivalling the gigantic
dimensions of its parents in western America ; its growth is sIoav and the
best specimens have for the most part an irregular outline caused by the
furcation of the trunk at an early age and by the miequal development
of the branches, f To ensure a good specimen of this noble tree it
sliould be }ilanted in a situation sheltered from winds blowing from the

* Sir J. D. Hooker in Gard. Chroii. XXIII. (1885), p. 11.

t The largest specimens of Pinus Lambertiana knoAvii to the author are : — In England
at Bayfordbury, Hertford ; Dropniore, Eastnor Castle, Elvaston Castle, Kentield Hall,
Canterliury ; Tortworth Court, Revesby Al>bey. In Scotland at Keir and ilethven Castle,
Perthshire ; and at Poltalloch in Argyllshire. In Iieland at "Woodstock Kilkenny ; and
Powerscourt, AVicklow.

338 I'INUS LAKK^FO.

iiiirtli, north-east, and east, and a clciir .spacer having a radius of not less
tlian from 25 to 30 feet sliould l)e allowed for it.

The s[)erilic name was given by Douglas, in coniplinient to Mr. A. B.
Lanihert, a nuuiiticent patron of science, and the author of a ])eautifully
illustrated folio -vvork entitled "The (xenus Pinus." This work, together
Avith the encouragement he gave to the discovery and introduction of
new kinds, has associated Mr. Lambert's name with coniferous plants.

AvLMER BouKKE Lamuert (1761 — 1842), tlie only son of Edward Lambert of
Boy ton Honse, Heytesluuy in Wiltshire, was born at Bath. He was educated at
St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and early devoted his attention to Botany. He was one of
the founders of the Linnean Society, of which he was one of the Vice-Presidents ; he
was also a Fellow of the Royal Society. When he came to his paternal estate, he
formed a large lierl»anum, wliich was for many years under the charge of David Don.
This collection, as well as Mr. Lambert's extensive libi'ary, was made available to all
men of science. There was an open reception of scientific men every Saturday at
Mr. Lambert's house. He was anxious to encourage science, and his amjile means
enal)led him to gratify his taste in this respect. For many years his health was
feeble, and he retired to Kew, where his proximity to the Royal Gardens afforded the
means of gratifying his botanical tastes. Besides the work above mentioned, he
imblished a descrii)tion of the genus Cinchoija, and contriltuted many papers to the
"Transactions of the Linnean Society." After his death his herbarium was sold by
public auction, when a small Tiortion of it was purchased foi- tlie Biitish Museum.

Pinus Laricio-

A lofty tree 80 — 120 or more feet higli with a relatively slender
trunk and open pyramidal crown ; in old age often with a rounded
or umbrelladike top. Bark of trunk dark grey, rugged and fissured
into irregular, thinnish plates, wliich on l)eing cast off, expose a smooth,
pale reddish lirown inner cortex. Branches spreading or deflexed,
often upturned at the ends. Branchlets stoutish, at first pale green
changing to reddish brown at the end of the second year. Buds conic,
acute, 0-5 — O-TT) inch long, with lanceolate, acuminate, reddish brown
perulse fringed with silky liairs. Leaves geminate, persistent three — four
years, semi-terete, with serrulate margins and rather obtuse apex, 4 — 6
inches long, rigid or waved, dark green; liasal sheath 0-^ inch long,
whitish ; shorter, darker and corrugated the second yc^ar. Staminate
flowers dens(dy clustered, cylindric, 1 — 1-5 inch long, pale yellow.*
Cones solitary or two — three together, conic-cylindric, 2 — 3 inches long,
and usually a little more than an iiicli in diameter al)ove the liase ;
scales oblong, the apical thickening rlKinilididal with a transverse keel
and a .small central de}>ression in which is a minute pyramidal uml)o.

Pinus Laricio, Poiret, Diet. Encycl. V. 339 (1804). Laml)ert, Genus Pinus,
ed. IL Vol. I, 9 (1828). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2200, with figs. Link in
Linn;ea, XV. 494. Endliclier, Synops. Conif 178. Garricre, Traite Oonif ed. IL 191.
Parhitore, D. G. Prodr. XVI. :S8«. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 239 Lawson, Pinet.
Brit. I. 5.'), t. 8. Willkomm. Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 226. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 697.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 238, witli fig. Masters in Gard. Ghron. XXI. (1884), p 18,
with fig. ; and Journ. R. Ilort. See. XIV. 232. And many others.

Eng. Coisiean Pine, Larch Pine. Fr. Pin de Gorse, Laricio de Cor.se. Germ.
Scliwarzkieftr. Ital. I'ino di Corsica.

var . — austriaca.

In Great Britain usually a smaller tr(>e of dcnsci' iiabit, with stouter
and longer liorizontal branches, and shorter l)ut sttmter and uunv, rigid
leaves of a darker green. In the forests of Austria attaining dimensions

* Tlie staminate and ovulileiipiis flowers of Pinvs ZaWcio an- fully dfscri lied in pp. 37 3H.

PINUS LAUICIO. 339

equalling thoso i)f the ty[)ical fi)nu uu the uiouiitaiiis of Corsica, denuded of
branches for more than half the height and with a dome-shaped crown.

P. Laricio var. austriaca, Eudliclier, Syiioiw. Conif. 179. P. austriaca, Hoss,
Monogr. der Schwarzfdlire, Wieii (1831). Loudon, Arb. et Fnit. Brit. IV. 220.5.
P. Laricio nigricans, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XV^I. 387. P. leucoderniis Antoine.
Austrian Pine. Pin noir d'Autriche. Oesterreichische Sehwar/kiefer. etc

var. — monspeliensis.

A more slender tree with more slender leaves of a brighter green ;
the bark of the branchlets with a more decided orange-red tinge than
in any of the Laricio forms ; the habit of the tree during the first
twenty — thirty years an elongated pyramid, which, with the bright
green foliage, gives it a distinctive character among Pines.

P. Laricio var. monspeliensis,* Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 242. P, pyrenaica, Gordon
Pinet. ed. IL 2.55 (not Lapeyrouse). P. Laricio tenuifolia, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XYL 387. P. Laricio leiophylla. Christ. Europ. Abiet. 15.

var. — Pallasiana.

A broader tree with stout branches springing from near the ground
which sometimes ascend parallel with the trunk, but more frequenth'
(in dry localities) spread out so as to impart to the tree a broadly
pyramidal habit. The terminal buds more elongated than in the
typical Finns Laricio, the leaves frequently longer and more slender,
and the cones larger and of more ovoid shape.

P. Laricio Pallasiana, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 179. P. Pallasiana, Lambert,
Genus Pinus, IL t. 1. Loudon, Arb. et Frut Brit. IV. 2206, with tigs. P. Laricio
caranianiea, Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. XI. 385. P. Fenzlii, Antoine. And many others.
Crimean or Tartarian Pine. Laricio de Caramanie. Taurische Schwarzkiefer.

The three varieties here described are geographical or climatic forms,
of which a fourth is admitted by some authors under the name of
ralabrica, but which is unknown in the British Pinetum. Besides these
climatic forms, a considerable number oi deviations from them and also
from the type have appeared in the seed beds of horticulturists, as
Laricio ijendula, Laricio pyfpmea, austriaca aurea, etc., l)ut none of
them are probably perpetuated in British nurseries at the present time.

The geographical area inhabited l)y Finns Laricio in a wild state
comprehends central and southern Europe, and western Asia within
the same latitude ; it extends in a longitudinal direction from the
Cilician Taurus to the Sierra de Cazorla in Spain, and in a
meridional direction from the Wiener Wald to Sicily, Its distribution
over this region is very unequal, and much interrupted ; on the
mountains it forms in places pure forests of considerable extent :
in other districts it occurs in groups or groves only. The form
here regarded as the type, P. Laricio proper, grows chiefly on the
mountains of Corsica and the maritime Alps of France and Italy.
The variety austriaca is a more inland tree, spread over the Austrian
provinces of Lower Austria, Carniola, Croatia, the Banat, and also
the northern half of the Balkan peninsula. The ^'ariety monspeliaisis

* This varietal name is preferred to pyrenaica, the name by which this Pine is best known
in Great Britain, to avoid confusion with the true Pinus jn/renaica.

340 piNUS LAincio.

represents the species in the western portion of the area of its
distribution, on the Spanish Sierras, the Pyrenees and the Cevennes ;
and PaJlasiana, in the eastern portion, from the Cilician Taurus to
the mountains of Bithynia. The vertical range of P. Laridu and
its varieties varies in tlie different regions over which they are
spread; in Spain it is estimated to be approximately 1,000 — 3,500 feet
elevation, in Corsica 3,000—5,000 feet, on Mount Etna 4,000—6,500 feet,
in Albania 2.500 — 3,000 feet, on Olympus and the Cilician Taurus
4000—6,000 feet.

The type, Pinus Laricio proper, was introduced into Great Britain
in 1759 under the name of P. si/Jvesfris maritima, and many fine old
trees scattered over the country attest its adaptability to the British
climate, of which one standing near the principal entrance to the
Eoyal Gardens at Kew is worthy of mention. The variety austriaca
was introduced in 183.5 by Lawson of Edinburgh, monsjjeliensis about
the same time, and Pallasiana first became known in British Arboreta
towards the end of the eighteenth century.

The Corsican Pine is recommended by the l)est forestry authorities
for profitable planting in this country. For cpiality, quantity, general
utility and early maturity it may have equals, but no superiors among
the true Pines. It is constitutionally hardy, of very rapid growth,
sm'passing its congeners, and a rival to the frequently diseased Larch ; of
large dimensions, attaining heights of from 80 to 100 feet, arriving at
maturity in sixty to eighty years, but will produce tindier fit for any
piu'pose in about thirty or forty years. It is not fastidious as to soil
or situation, and excepting in spongy marsh or soft jieat, there is no
description of soil not surcharged Avith stagnant water in which it
would not grow and produce wood of as good quality and equal
quantity, and yield as quick and profitable a return as any tindjer tree
extant. Its wood, Avlien young or newly cut, is creamy white ; when
matured and seasoned, l)rownish yellow ; very resinous, elastic, and
tough ; very durable, long grained, and though a little coarse in texture,
is easily worked and cajiable of receiving a tolerably good polish. It
is less subject to the ravages of insects, fungi, game or vermin than
any other Pine, wliicli may be accounted for by the bitter aromatic
flavour Avith which its juices are impregnated. It is a sparse tap-
rooted Pine when in a young state, Init it is not on that accoimt
bad to transi)lant. If the seedling })lants are transplanted in the
autumn or winter, after their first summer's growth, and again every
succeeding autumn or winter till rciuovcil to their ]icriii;iin'!it (piai'ters,
the failures are nil.

The Austrian Pine is a fast^growing dense-liahilcd tree nf great
accommodative jxiwer on the poorer classes of soils ami for hearing
shade ; it is one of the best of Pines for fonuiiig sliflti'i' screens
and for planting on cjialk hills. The wood of the Austrian Pine is
coarser in grain than tliat of /■'. Ldririo piopcr, and is apt to be
knotty wlien the trees have l)een grown in poor soils ; it is lu'tter
adapted for out-of-door work as rough fencing than for the 1)etter
kinds of carpentry. The varieties ;//fr/^s7>'V^'/^^■/^• and Pallaxiana are
effective park and landscajie trees, for which puipo.se alone they .slioidd
be used in Great llritaiii and Iidaiid

PINUS LONGIFOLIA. 341

Tilt' specific name Laririo is the coimnon name of the tree in
soutliern Europe. It is often called the Corsican Pine in England,
foi' no assigned reason except that considerable quantities of seed have
been received from the island of Corsica.

Pinus longifolia.

A large tree 100 or more feet high, with sj'nnnetrical branches high
u[) I in the trunk forming a roundetl head of light foliage, but often
stunted and gnarled. Bark rough, fissured int(j polj'gonal plates by
dee]i, dark-coloured furrows. Leaves ternate, persistent two — three years,
slender, 9 — 12 inches long, the inner face keeled so as to be nearly triquetrous,
and with a rounded convex back ; basal sheath persistent, greyish brown,
hnibriate at the edge with long fibres. Staminate flowers in crowded clusters,
cylindric, about an inch long. Cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or
recurved, solitary or in whorls of three — five,, ovoid-conic, 4 — 7 inches long,
and 3 inches in diameter above the base ; scales 1 "5 — 2 inches long,
and 0'75 inch broad, the apophysis forming a spreading or recurved, obtuse,
pyramidal beak with four — six distinct rounded faces. Seeds with a thin
membraneous wing 0'75 — 1 inch long, oblanceolate obtuse, and miequal
sided. — Brandis, Forest Flora of North-west India, p. 506.

Pinus longifolia. Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. III. 651 (1832). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit.
IV. 2252, with hgs. Endlicher, Synops. Conif 158. Farlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 390. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 275. Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 652.

Pinus longifolia inhabits the outer Himalaya and foot-hills from
Bhotan to the Indus at elevations I'anging from 1,500 to 6,000 feet,
attaining its greatest development in Kumaon where it ascends to
7,500 feet, and is one of the most beautiful trees of the district.
It forms pure forests in many places, often with a scanty undergrowth
of Andromeda, Berberis, Bhus Cotinus, and a few others.

In an economic sense, Pinus lowjifoUa is the most valuable of the
Himalayan Coniferse to the inhabitants of the region ; the wood is
easy to work, and is extensively iised on the hills for Iniilding and
out-of-door carpentry, l:)ut soon decays on exposure to the weather. It
yields large (quantities of turpentine and resin, the collection of which
is an important industry of the districts in which the tree is abundant;
the stumps of the trees that have been tapped for their resinous
products are often so full of turpentine that the wood is used as
torches instead of candles in houses and mines ; the bark is used for
tanning leather ; charcoal is made of the wood, and the charcoal of
the leaves mixed with rice-water is iised instead of ink ; the seeds are
much eaten by the poorer inhabitants, but they have a strong flavour of
turpentine.* As may be inferred from its geographical position, this
Pine is too tender for the climate of Great Britain. According to
Loudon it was introduced in 1801, and was long cultivated as a
greenhouse plant ; its long, slender, bright green, pendulous leaves render
it a distinct and beautiful object for the conservatory, for the decoration
of which it is still occasionally used while in a young state. It has its
analogue in the beautiful P. patula of Mexico, which is hardier and
attains a large size in Devon, Cornwall and the south of Ireland.

* Brandis, Forest Flora of North-west India, 7oc. cit. supra.

'M2 PINUS MITIS.

Pinus mitis.

A tree witli a slightly tapering trunk 80 — 120 feet liigh, l>\it
frequently much less, witli a short, pyramidal, truncate head of
<jomparatively slender branches that depend more or less. Bark roughish,
fissured into irregidar plates. Branchlets stout, at first pale green or
pale violet and glaucescent, changing with age to reddish V)rown.
Buds ovoid, obtuse, about 0*25 inch long, with small orange-brown,
imbricated perulse. Leaves geminate, frequently ternate on young trees,
persistent two — three years, flexible, slender with a cartilaginous tip
and serrulate margins, 2 -.5 — 4 inches long, grass-green ; basal sheath at
first white, 0*5 inch long, nnich shorter and lacerated the second year.
Staminate flowers in short crowded clusters, oblong-cylindric, about 0'75
inch long, with jxxle pink anthers and surrounded at the base by
ovate, acute, involucral bracts in about three series. Cones in pairs
or in clusters of three — four, ovoid or cylindric-ovoid, shortly stalked,
1-5 — 2-5 inches long and a little more than an inch in diameter near
the base ; scales obovate-cuneate with but a slightly thickened apophysis
terminating in a transverse ridge with a short ]iale, pyramidal umbo.
Seeds prism-shaped, with a pale brown fragile wing about 0^^^ inch
long.

Pinus niitis, Michaux, Hist. Arl). Anier. I. iJ2, t. 3 (18101 Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IV. 2195, with figs. Endlicher, Ryuops. Conif. 167. Caniei'e, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 472. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 243. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 216.
Masters in .Journ. R. Hort. Soe XIV. 233. And others.

P. echinata, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. No. 12 (1768).* Sargent, Silva of N. Amer.
XI. 143, t. 587.

P. variabilis, Lainl)ert, (lenus Pinus. I. 22, t 15 (1803). Pursli, Fl Anicr. 643.

Eng. Soft -leaved Pine. Amer. Yellow Pine, Sliort-leaved Pine, Spruce Pine.
Fr. Pin jaune, Pin-Sapin. (ierni. Glatte-Kiefer, Fiehten-Kiefer, Gelb-Kiefer.

Finns mitis is the most widely distriliuted of the Pines of eastern
North America. From New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania it
spreads southwards to northern Fhjrida and westwards to the
Mississippi river. " West of the Mississippi river it is most
abundant and attains its noblest size, often forming ])ure forests
over great areas in its range from north-eastern Texas and western
Louisiana to south-western Illinois." t

The Short-leaved or Spruce Pine is one of the most valuable timber
trees of the eastern and Mississippi States; the wood is heavy, hard,
strong and coarse-grained, but varies considerably in quality and
in the thickness of its .sapwood ; it is used for building purposes
generally, also for cabinet work, the interior finish of houses, car-
building, railway ties, etc. Profe.s.sor Sargent states that Pinux mitis
spreads rapiflly over abandoned fields in the southern and (iidf St;ites,

• Pinus echinata is by far the oldest publislu'd name, but it was not taken up liy any
aiitlioi' of note till the publieatioii of Vol. XI. of I'lofessor Sargent's Silva (tf North
Anu^riea in 1897. There is some uneertainty resjiccting the identification of Lambert's
P. variabilis, some autliors referiing it to P. inops, other.s to P. mitis. As Micliaux's name
has now been in continunus use for nearly a century, the great inconvenience of relin(]uishing
it is sufficiently obvious.

t Silva of Nortii America, lor, cit. supra.

PINUS MONTANA. 343

Avhieli it 8oon covers witli liealtliy forests, and seems destined to play
an important part in restoring fertility to the lands of those States,
and in supplying new erops of valua])le timlier.

Wliatever may be its value and destiny in .\.meriea, very little ean
he said in its favour on this side of the Atlantic. It is not known
when it was introduced into Great Britain, Ijut it was in cultivation
in 1739 and perliaps earlier ; it has rarely, if ever, been seen to
thrive for long in this country, and old trees have become exceedingly
rare. The nearest affinities of Pinm mitis are P. inops and P. ri(ji(la,
between Avliich it may be said to form a connecting link. Young
plants of P. iiu'fi.< and P. inops are scarcely distinguishable : the
herbaceous shoots of P. mifis are sometimes A'iolet tinted like those
of P. inops, sometimes green like those of P., rifjida ; the leaves
are freipiently in fascicles of three as in P. rir/irJa, and like that
I'ine short brandilets are sometimes produced from the stem and older
parts of the branches.

Pinus montana.

Usually a prostrate or semi-prostrate shrub with crotiked or gnarled
stems anil branches, the former 6 — 9 or more inches in diameter, and
covered with dark brown bark ; sometimes a low tree of p\Tamidal
outline and spreading branches, a habit which it retains in old age.
Ih'anchlets short with pale broAvai bark, corrugated with short cortical
(•utgroAvths helow the bases of the leaf fascicles. Buds sul>cylindric,
jd)out O-o inch long, with reddish brown perulae usxially coated with
a him of Avhitish resin. Leaves geminate, persistent four — five years,
rigid, often more or less twisted, mucronate, 2 — 2-5 inches long, dull
<>Teen ; liasal sheath about 0-5 inch long, much wrinkleil, and blackish
the second year. Stnminate flowers crowded in a short spike ; anthers
pale yellowish brown with an orbicular toothed connective. Cones
sessile or shortly stalked, solitary or two and three together, \-ariable
in size and shape, those produced in Great Britain ovoid, obtuse,
l"2o — I'o inch long ; scales obovate-oblong, the thi(.'keneil exposed apex
3-homboidal with a transverse ridge and prominent central umbo.

Pinus montana. [Miller. Diet. ed. VIII. No. 5 (17681 Parlatore. D. C. Prodr.
XVI. .386. Willkoniin, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 209. Kent in Veitcli's Manual, ed. I. 1.51.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 233. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV. 234.

P. Puniilio, Haenke, Reise inis Riesengehirge, 68 (1791). Lambert, Genus
Pinus. I. t. 2 (1803\ Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2186, with ligs. Forbes,
Pinet. Wobuni. I. t. 1. Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 169. Caniere. Traite Conif.
ed. II. 478.

P. Mughus, Wildenow, Baumz. 20.5 (1805). Forbes, Pinet. AVoburn, i, t. 2.
Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 244 (:\Iughol P. i.umilio iluglms, Loudon, Arb. et Frut.
Brit. IV. 2187, with tigs.

P. uncinata, Raniond in D. C. Flor. Franc. III. 726 ^1805). Cook-Widdrington,
Travels in Spain, II. 236, Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 170.

P. humilis. Link in Abhandl. Herl. Akad. 171 (1827). Kerner in Xat. Hist,
PI. I. .549 I Oliver's Translation), And many others,*

Eng. .Mountain Pine, Fr. Pin nain. Germ. Bergkiefer, Kruramholzkiefer, Zwerg-
kiefer. Ital, Pino dei Monti.

* The number of literary references to this Pine is unusually great. Very manv of them
occur in local Floras, either as a description of the species, or a novien nudum only. In
both cases the IMonntain Pine is designated under a bewildering multiplicity of names.

344 PINUS MONTANA.

The area of distribution of the Mountain Pine comprises the
greater part of the mountain ranges of central and southern Europe
from Thuringen in central Germany to Calabria in southern Italy,
and from the Sierra de Cuenca in central Spain to the Carpathians,
the Bokovine Alps and the mountains of Servia. Its vertical
range varies from 500 to 8,000 feet elevation, the lowest limit
occurring in Silesia, and the highest in the Tyrol. On the Swiss
Alps its vertical range is from 3,000 to 5,000 feet, and on the
Pyrenees from 4,500 to 6,500 feet.

The jNlountaiu Pine in its various aspects has been studied Ijy

"Willkoiuin who has conclusively shown that the shrubby and arborescent

forms result from climate, altitude, soil and aspect, and that they

cannot be distinguished as varieties as the one passes imperceptibly

into the other — that the cones from different localities although

exlii])iting an infinite diversity' of form and size, [)reserve an identity

of structure and therefore all the forms nuist be united under one

specific name.* The different specific nauies under which the INIouutain

Pine is still known had their origin in different localities, thus : —

Puridlio was first applied to the form that occurs on the Inselsberg

in Thuringen and on the Carpathians, Mu</]iu-'< to the IN fountain Pine

of the Tyrolese and Venetian Alps, and uncinata to that of the

Pyrenees and Spanish mountains. In Ihitish l*iueta, miciimfa is used

occasionally to desiguate the arborescent form.

The Mountain Pine exhibits some remarkable phenomena incident

on tlie high altitude at which it grows. The folhjwing account of it

as seen on the Tyrolese Alps is taken from Kerner's " Natural

History of Plants," Oliver's Translation, Vol, I. p. 549 : —

"Oil the slopes of the mountains, the growing end of the stem is
always directed towards the valley. The boughs and twigs which curve
\ipwards from the main stems are exceedingly elastic and when pressed
dowu stretch themseh'es along the ground. Since all the boughs of
tlic crown turn upwards, we get here a considerable accumulation, so
that in many old clumi)s of jMoiuitain Pine, the numerous Ijoughs are
so thickly crowded and so closely interwoven that progress through
them is impossible. The extensive tracts of Mountain Pine are
thercfoif avoided and left alone, and many of them have never been
penetrated by the foot of man during tlii'ir whole existence. Freciuently
these Pines grow so high that one is over-topped, even when standing
upright, by the highest i)rickly branches. If we mount on one of the
curved ascending boughs in order to see above the lughest liranches,
the bough bends ilown to the earth under our weight along with the
stem from which it arises, and we again sink despairingly into tlie sea
of dark green crowns. Just such a down-l)ending occurs under the
Imrdeii of tlu^ winter snow ; if then, by chance, the ordinary mantle
is added to Ijy that from avalanches, the jiressure increases so much
that the branches are ])ressed down to the S(nl. This process may go
on to such ixu extent, that even many branches, which in sunnucr
stand more than a yard abovi- the ground, lie in the winter directly

* Forstliclie Flora von Deutschlaiid uml Ofstcrreicli. oil II. (1887)

PINUS MONTEZUMA. 345

on tlic soil on aci-ount of the snow 2>i't'ssure. When the snow melts
ill tlie following spring and the branches are gradually lightened, they
rise up again in consequence of their extraordinary elasticity and resume
that position which they occupied in the preceding sunnner. In the
summer, tlie old leaves on the ends of the Pine branches which wave
above the ground more than a yard high, may be frequently seen
plasti'red over with earth and small stones, and any one knowing-
nothing of the process aliove described would not easily understand
how these small stones came to l)e found in these situations. As a
matter of fact, the soil on which the branches lie through the winter^
moistened l)y the snow-water, foruis the adhesive agent which is so
etticient, that stones more tlian half-an-inch in diameter are attached
b}^ it to the old tufts of leaves."

The Mountain Pine was in cultivation in Great Britain prior to
1779 at which date plants were growing in the garden of Mr. John
r»lackburn, at Orford Hall, near A^arrington.* More generally cultivated
formerly than at present, it has receded before the more attractive
species introduced during the last half-centurv from western North
America and Japan. Clumps of Mountain Pine, l^oth of the shrul}l)y
and arborescent forms, may l)e seen in the Royal Gardens at Kew.

Pinus Montezumse.

A lofty tree 60 — 80 or more feet high with a rounded top when
old. Bark of trunk (as seen in England) greyish brown, rugged and
much fissured into irregular plates. Branches spreading or ascending ;
branchlets stout, much roughened with the blackish remains of the
sheaths of the fallen leaves. Buds conic, acute, an inch long, covered
with lanceolate, imbricated, brown perular scales. Leaves r^uinate,
persistent three — four years, triquetral, rigid, mucrouate Avith serrulate
margins, 7 — 10 inches long, bluish green ; basal sheath whitish,
1'25 — 1'95 inch long, with lacerated margin the first year; much shorter,
blackish and corrugated the second year. Staminate flowers in dense
clusters, cylindric, P25 inch long, fawn-yellow. Cones in clusters of
two — five, very variable in size even in the same locality, conic or
ovoid-conic, 2-5 — 5 inches long and 1'5 — 2 inches in diameter near the
base ; scales obovate-oblong, closely imbricated, the exposed thickened
apex rhomboidal with a transverse ridge and broadly pyramidal central
und^o armed with a short deciduous prickle.

Pinus Montezunife, Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. II. Vol. I. 39, t. 22 (1828).
Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2272, with tigs. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 154.
Gordon in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. I. 234, with fig. ; and Pinet. ed. II. 313.
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 414. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 399. Masters
in Gard. Chron. VIII. ser. 3 (1890), p. 466, with fig ; and Journ. R. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 234.

P. Devoniana, P. RusselHana, P. niaerophylla, Lindley in Bot. Reg. 1839, misc.
pp. 62, 63. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 1.52 — 154. And others.

P. Lindleyana, Gordon in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. V. 215 ; and Pinet. ed. II. 309,

P. protuberans, P. Wincesteriana, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. i)p. 319 and 32.5.

Pinus Montezuma} is the common Pine of the mountains and
highlands of Mexico between the 17th and 25th parallels of north

* Alton, Hortus Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. ]>. 314.

346 PINUS MONTEZITM.K.

latitude, wliere it has a vertical range of 4,000 — 12,000 feet elevation.
To the ditierent conditions of climate and environment under which
it occurs throughout this region may unquestionably be assigned that
variability in aspect, in the length and colour of tlie leaves and in
tlie size and shape of the (jones to which it is subject, and which
has been so fruitful in the multiplication of the specific names
given to it. Ot tliese names the synonyms quoted above are still
in use, but they unfortunately form but a small portion of the
number that were at one time thrust upon l)otanists and ciiltivatin-s
of coniferous trees, most of which are now properly well-nigh
forgotten. As seen on the slopes and mountain tops of the Sierra
Madre near its northern limit where it is very abundant,
P. Moukzumcc is a valuable timl»er tree with a trunk 40 to 50 feet
high and 12 to 18 inches in diameter ; further south and at lower
altitudes it exceeds these dimensions, l)ut tlie wood is said to be
inferior in quality.

Finns Monfezuhue was originally (liscovcivd near the city of Mexico in the

• begiiniiiig of the nineteenth century hy Hmnboldt and Eoni)lan(l, who, how-
ever, mistook it for tlie P. ocridpntaJis of Swartz, a species inhabiting the
mountains of 8an Domingo and Cuba. It was afterwards seen by SchieJe
and other botanical explorers in Mexico, bnt it was not introduce(l till
1839, when the Horticultural Society ctf London received seeds from
their collector, Hartweg, and plants were snbsecpiently distriVjnted
among the Fellows of the Society. The l)elief at first entertained
that so beautiful and distinct a Piiu' would jjrove hardy in many
])arts of Great Britain has not been realised. The oldest sjx'cimens
that still remain in the west and south-west of England show,
with very hnv exceptions, a constant struggle with climat(^ for
<'xistence. The two trees shown in the illustrntioii were, at the date
•of ]»ublicatiou of this Manual, in faultless health and vigoiu' ; the
older one is in the grounds of the Kiglit Hon. A. H. Smith Harry
at Fota Island near Cork, and the younger at Castlewellan, Co. Down,
the seat of the Earl of Ainiesley.''*' The species connuemorates the
last luifortunate monarch of the Aztecs of Mexico who lost his life in
a revolt of liis subjects against the Sj)anish domination, a d. 1520.

Although the leaves of Pinux MontezuiiKi'. are in brmdlcs of five,
the species is not include(l in either of the sections Strohi or Cciuhne
in consequence of the .scales of the cone having a di.stinct apophysis
with a central umbo, and the leaves not being slender and flaccid
l»ut I'igid and spreading. Jt thence comes under Kudlich<'r"s .section,
Pseud o-Strohu.% which inchnles other Mexican Tines that have been
introduced into ( ireat Britain but have proved (piite unsuital)le for the
■climate. Anxaig these the three following may stiU V>e lingering on
in sheltered s))ots in Devon and ('ornwall.

* Several trees of Finns Monte-xtmo; in a more or less tln'iviiig condition arc standing in
tlic rinetuni of the Hon. Mark Rolle at Bicton in south Devon (under dillerent names).
TIk'ic are others at Menaliilly, Cornwall ; Htrete Ralegli, near Exeter ; Kitlcy, near
riymoutli : Eastnor Castle, Ledhury ; Highnain Couit, Gloucester : Essendon, Hatfield,
i\w\ |iiiibaMy otlier iilaces.

'-J

'■J

348 riNUS IIAIITWEGII.

Pinus Hartwegii.

Liudley in Bot. Re^ (1839) misc. 63. Eudliclicr. SviKips. Ooiiif. 152.
Cturieie, Traite Couif. od. II. 410. Gordon, Piiu-t. ud. 11. 304. Masters in
.Touru. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 230.

Tlii.s i.s (IcscrilxMl as a luedimu-sizod tree 40 — .')0 feet high with stout
spreading l)ranches and brauchlets, the latter clothed with dark green
leave.s, 7 — 9 inches long, that are frequently in bundles of four ; the
cones are of ovoid shape, 4 — 5 inches long, the apophysis of the scales
with a transverse keel and depressed umbo. It is a native of the
mountains of Orizaba in rcutral Mexico at a considerable elevation,
whence it was introduced by the Horticultural Society of London in
l<S3y. The species, if separable from Pinus oocarpa, commemorates its
discoverer Theodor Hartweg, one of the most successful of the Society's
collectors and the introducer of several Mexican and Californian Conifers,
including Pinus pafula, P. murirata, Cupressus Bentliamii and
C. (rorettiaiia.

Pinus oocarpa.

Schiede in Linnsea, XII. 491 (1838). Eiidlicher, Synops. Coiiif. 152. Carriere,
Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 411. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 401. Masters in Journ.
R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 235.

^\. medium-sized tree, 40 — .50 feet in height, with a spreading lu^ad
and brauchlets clothed with leaves in l)undles of five, 8 — 10 inches
long, and egg-shaped, fawn-yellow cones (whence the specific name)
about 2'd inches long and 2 inches in diameter at the l)roadest ; the
scales very closely imbricated with a rhomljoidal apophysis keeled
transversely and the central umbo depressed. It is said to be abundant
on the mountains of central JNIexico especially on the volcano JoruUd
which is covered with it uj) to the limit of arborescent vegetation. Pi7ius
oocaipa was introduced by tlie Horticultural Society of London at the
.'lame time as P. Harfire(jii, Imt it had been previously discovered by
the German explorer Schiede.

Pinus Torreyana.

Parry in Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 210, tt 58, 59 (1859). Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 423. Kii^adnianii in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Oalifor. II. 125.
Sargent, Silva N. Amer. X. 71, tt. 557, 558. P. lophospcrnia, Lindlev in Gard.
Chron. (1860), p. 46. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 310.

A medium-sized tree 30 — 40 feet high with a trvudv aljout a foot
in diameter and stout spreading branches; otxasionally nuich larger. The
leaves, wliicli are in luuidles of five, are among the stoutest in the
genus, often a foot long and (juite rigid; and the broadly ovoid cones
much resend)le tho.sc of tlic European Stone Pine, Pinu!< jniipa, in size,
shape and colour, but tlie scales of the exposed side liave a much
more prominent apophy.sis tipjted by a minute spine. Its ha})itat is
tlie most restricted of all the North Amcriean Pine.s, being confined to
a .small area in .south California near the mouth of the Sok'dad river.
It was named by its di.scoverer I)r. C C. Parry, in complinient to
Dr. John Torrey, "one of the wise.st, mo.st clear-sighted and industrious,
.systematic botanists Amei'ica has ])roduced."

PINUS .MONTICOLA.

349

Pinus monticola.

A tall tivf 80—100 tVft hi.^h, Avith a
trunk 4 — o rarely 6 — 7 feet in diameter,
furnished with slender, suh - pendulous
l)ranclies that impart to the tree a narrowly
pyramidal outline, but in old age this is
greatly modified by the greater development
of some of the uppermost branches. In
(Treat Britain a somewhat slentler tree
of denser habit than Pinus Sfro/m.%
which it otherwise much resembles. Bark
(if trunk greyish brown, much fiss\ire(l
into small plates intinitely varied in size
and shape, the deeper longitudinal fissures
exposing a chocolate-brown inner cortex.
Branches spreading or more or less
depressed ; branchlets with reddish bro^^^l
bark, bearing the scars of fallen leaves.
Buds ovoid-cylindric, sub-acute, 0"3.5 —
0"5 inch long, with reddish brown perulse.
Leaves quinate, persistent three — four
years, clustered round the apical half of each
season's gr(iwth, slender, 4 — 5 inches long,
trigonal, the margins obscurely serrulate,
the dorsal convex side bright green, the
ventral flat sides marked with tlu'ee —
five white stomatiferous lines ; basal sheath
deciduous, pale brown, 0"75 inch long.
Staminate flowers in dense clusters of
twenty — thirty or more, immediately below
the apex of shoots of the preceding year,
cylindric, obtuse, 0"5 inch long, pale yellow,
surrounded at the base by eight — ten
^ , , minute involucral bracts in two series.

^t-*fi<'tW^''^ Cones pendent, 6 — 8 inches long, sub-

\'^/J'Sy/ cylindric, often curved, tapering to a

sul)-acute point ; scales obovate-oblong,
slightly thickened and striated towards
the apex, which is tipped with a sul)-
ijuadrangular acute umbo. 8eed Avings
three-fourths of the length of the scale,
narrowly oblong, rounded on one side.

Piuus imiuticola, Don in Lambert's Genus Pinus, III. t. 87 (1837). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit IV. 2291, with tigs. Forbes, Pinet. "Woburn, 81, t. 31. Endlieher, Synoi)s.
Conif. 148. Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 401. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 405.
Hoopes, Evergreens 135. Gordon; Pinet. ed. II. 314. Engelmann in Brewer and
Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 123. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 69, with tigs. Sargent in
Garden and Forest. V. (1891), p. 1, with tig. ; and Silva X. Anier. X. 26, tt. .540,
541. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 293. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 235

P. Strobns var. monticola, Xuttall, Sylva III. 118 (1849).

P. porphyrocarpa,* Murray in Lawson 's Pinet. Brit. I. 83, with tigs.

* Distinguislied from the typical Pinus monticola by its young cones being purple instead
of pale green. Known only from a tree cultivated in Scotland.

Fig do Cone of
Pinuii montitold

350 PINUS MURICATA.

Finus monticola is spread over all the luountaiu ranges of
western North America lying l)etween the 36th and 50th parallels
of north latitude from the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific
Ocean. It attains its greatest size and is most abundant at 2,000
— 2,500 feet elevation around Lake Pend d'Oreille in north-west
Montana ; in British Columbia it is less abundant and generally
mixed with other coniferous trees ; on the Cascade range it
ascends to 5,000 feet, and on the Califoridan Sierras to nearly
10,000 feet. The wood is very light, soft, close- and straight-grained,
and is used for the same purposes as the White Pine of the eastern
States (P. Strohus).*

Pimis monticola was originally discoverL'd l)y David Douglas in 1831,
and introduced by him shortly afterwards to the garden of the
Horticultural Society at Cliiswick, but in extremely restricted numbers.
It was not generally distributed over Great Britain till a quarter of a
century later, Avben a large ninul)er of plants Avere raised from seeds
collected by Jeffrey, Lobb, Bridges and others, between 1851 and 1855.
It is perfectly hardy and well suited for this country, growing most
freely in the more humid climate of parts of Scotland and Ireland.
Exceptionally fine specimens are to 1)(^ seen in Perthshire, notably
at Scone Palace (over 75 feet high), The Cairnies, Keir House,
Abercairney, near Crieff; and especially in the grounds of Murtldy Castle
where it has been ]:)lanted in considerable niunl)ers, the tallest now over
80 feet high, but some of the trees have luifortunately Ijecome
infested with a destructive fungus which has necessitated the felling
of some of the finest specimeus.f In Ireland there is a superb
specimen at Hamwood, Co. IMeath, and one of smaller dimensions
at Woodstock, Kilkenny. In the drier climate of England P. monticola
grows more slowly, but many excellent specimens l)ear witness to
its usefulness as a lawn and park tree, notal^ly those at ( )rton Hall,
Peterborough ; Kevesby Abbey, Boston ; Kentield Hall, Canterbury ;
Adhurst St. Mary, Petersfield ; and other places.

Pinus muricata.

A medium-sized tree of varying height, 25 — 50 or more feet with a
slender trunk 1 — '1 feet in diameter covered with reddish brown,
roughish l)ark which becomes very thick in trei's protected from the
sea- wind. Branches spreading, in (ireat Britain usually of very uneipial
development, irregularly ramitied and oftcMi bent; l)ranchlets mostly short
Avith i^ale l)rown l>ark rougliened by the .scars of the faUen leaf-fascicles.
Buds ovoid-conic or cylindric-conic, acute, 0*5 — 1 inch long, dark redihsli
brown, often centered with a lihii of resin; the perulse. lanceolate, acute
and closely indjricated. Leaves gi'iiiinate, ]iersistent two — three years,
semi-terete, rigid, 3"5 — -5 inches hmg, the basal half of tlu; young leavi^s
light yellow-green, the apical half grass-giceii, the whole of u nniform
dark green the second yeai' ; liasal sheath smooth, |)ale brown, 0'5 inch

* Silva of North AnuMica, .XI. 21.
+ James Laurie in Gard. Clinm. XXIII. ser. 3 (1898j, p. 244.

PINl'S MURICATA. ;15?

long ; shorter, darker and lacerateil the second year. Staminate flowers
in an elongattul spike, 3 — 4 inches long, oval, about 0"5 inch long,
pale yellow; iuvolueral l:>ra{;ts six — eight, linear-lanceolate, chestnut-brown.
Cones in whorls of fi\'e— six or nion^. at the 1)asc of the current
year's shoots and pin-sisting many years, obliipiely and broadly ovoid,
obtuse, 3 — 3'r) inches long and about l-f) inch broad above the base,,
composed of very hard, endiiring, closely adherent scales of which the
exposed swollen apex is of rhond)oidal shape with a transverse keel
eidarged at the centre into a strong sharp prickle.

Pinus iiuiiicata, Don in Tiaiis. Liuii. Soo. XVIII. 441 (1836). Lambert, Geims
PinuP, ed. III. t. 84. Loudon, Arb. et Fnit. Brit. IV. 2-269, with tij^-. Cari'iere, Traite
Couif. ed. II. 443. Parlatoie. I). G. Prodr. XVI. 379. (iordoii, Pinet. ed. II.
246. Masters in Gard. Gliioii. XXI. (1884). p. 49, with tigs. ; and Journ. R,
Hort. See. XIV. 235. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 213. Sargent, Garden and Forest,
X. 232, with fig. ; and Silva N. Anier. XI. 139, tt. .^85,' 586.

P. Edgariana, Hartweg in Jouin Hort. Soc. Lend. III. 217, 226 (1848).

Eng. Bishop's Pine.*' Anier. Prickle-coned Pine, Obispo I'ine. Genn. Bisohofs-
Kiefer.

Finns mnrimto is a maritime Pine found wild only in tlie vicinity
of the Californian coast exposed to the fogs and winds from the
Pacific Ocean. From Mendocino its iKji'thern limit and where it
attains its largest size, it spreads southwards with numerous
interruptions to San Luis Ol)isp(» and thence into Lower California
wliere it finds its southern limit. South of Monterey it occurs only
in clumps or copses on the parched and sandy coast of the region.
It was first described by Don in the " Transactions of the Linnean
Society" from specimens gathered I)}- Coulter in the neighbourhood of
Monterey in 1832 ; it was introduced l)y the Horticultural Society
of London in 1846 through Hartweg wh(» named it P. Edgariana in
compliment to Mr. Thomas Edgar, the Treasurer of the Society
on the assumption that the species was new to science and
horticulture.

Not nuich can l)e said of Pimix inuricafa as a tree for the parks-
and landscapes of Great Britain. The oldest specimens are medium-
sized or low tree.s with flattened tops and straggling curved or crooked
branches l_)ut sparsely ramified and with the foliage clustered at tlie
extremities of the branchlets. A peculiarity of P muricafa but which
it possesses in connnon with P. pun(ieni<, P. Pinaster and a few
others is the persistency of its hard prickly cones which remain on
the tree for an indefinite time or so long as the branch remains
uninjured, without shedding their seeds ;" twenty-four clusters of
cones have been counted along a single branch of one of the
oldest trees in England, and as many as thirty such clusters have been
observed on trees in California. The wood is resinous, light and coarse-
grained, ■ and of little use except for fuel, except near its northern
limit when it is occasionally used for out-of-door carpentry. The
specific name, from /irure.r, a sharp point or ])rickle, refers to the
.sharp spines witli wliicli the cones are armed.

* An inappropriate name, a corruption of Obispo l^ine and not connected witli anv
ecclesiastical dignitary.

352 riNUS PALFSTHIS.

Pinus palustris.

A tall tree with a trunk 50 — 100 (ir more feet higli antl I'T) — .'5 feet
ill diameter near the groimd, eovered with reddish l)rown bark fissured
into oblong i)lates, and "with a massive tap-root penetrating deep into
the groTuid and thick lateral roots spreading widely near the surface."
pjranches thick, spreading horizontally, sometimes attaining a length of
20 feet, but generally less even when the trees are not crowded, often
gnarled or curved, and imjtarting to the tree an unsynimetrical hal)it.
Branchlets stoutish, prominently marked with short-keeled, cortical
outgrowths spirally arranged around them. Buds sub-conic, acute,
1 -5 — 2 inches long ; the perulse lanceolate, acuminate, Avith ciliate
margins, and reflexed at the apex. Leaves ternate, sometimes pseudo-
geminate l)y the cohesion of two, persistent two — three years, 7 — 10
inches long, trirpietrous, mucronate, with minutely serrulate margins,
bright grass-green ; basal sheath 1 — 1"2.5 inch long, much shortened
and lacerated the second year. Staminate flowers densely clustered,
cylindric, incurved, 1'5 — 2 inches long, rose-purple. Cones ovoid-cylindric
or cylindric-conic, 6 — 9 inches long and 2 — 3 inches in diameter near
the base ; scales oblong, 2 inches long, reddish brown, the apophysis
rhomboidal v.'ith a transverse keel and low pyramidal umljo in the
centre terminating in a sharp prickle. Seeds oval, with a narrow
elongated wing nearly as long as the scale.

Puius palustris, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. No. 14 (1768). Lainliert, (Jenus Pinus, I.
t. 20 (1803). Forbes, Piiiet. AVoburn, 59, t. 22. Link in Linnsa, XV. r>07. Molir
ill Garden and Forest, I. 261. Masters in .Tonrn. R. Hort. Soo XIV. 2-36 Sargent,
Silva N. Amer. XI. 1.5]. tt. 589, .')90.

P. australis, Micliaux, Hist. Arb. Aniev. I. 64, t. 6 (1810). Loudon, Arb. et Fiut.
Brit. IV. 2255, with tigs. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 165. Carriere, Traite Conif.
ed II. 450 Parlatore, D. C. Piodr. XVI. 392. Gordon. Pinet, ed. II. 260.

Eng. and Amer. Long-leaved Pine, Soutliern Pitch Pine.

Pinus palustris is almost the sole ingredient of tlie innnense forests
stretching uninterruptedly along the Atlantic seaboard from south-east
Virginia to the Everglades in Florida, and also along the northern
littoral of the Gulf of Mexico as far as Trinity A'alley in soutli
Texas. This belt, known in the United Stales as the soutlu-rn
■" Pine Barrens," varies from 80 to 125 miles in breadth in the
Atlantic States, Imt is much narrower along the Crulf coast; it is
estimated to liave once covered u])wards of l.'50,000 square miles, an
area greater than that of (Ireat Ihitain and Ireland, and to liave
represented an amount of wealth whicdi if properly husbanded would
have made the States of South Carolina and (xcorgia among tlie
richest in the Union. But " invaded from every direction liy tlie
axe, a prey to fires which wealvcn the mature trees and destrc^y
the tender saplings, wasted liy llic pasturage of domestic animals,
and destroyed for the doubtful profits of the turpentine industry,
the forests of Long-leaved IMnes a])]»ear hojieles.sly doomed to lo.se
their commercial iinportaiicc at im distant day." *

* Silva ol Xnrtb Aiiifiica, XL l.'iti.

I'iNi-s |'ai;vifi.(ii;a. 353

Kvi'VV I'Vi'uiiii; (liiriiiL; the cdllcctiug scusou (in Carolina and Georgia)
the sky is illuniincd liy a dull icd jilave, and in tin- daytime the
horizon is obscnn-d hy a thick xril of smoky haze. This is causeil
hy the turpentini' workers. They leave immense areas of land, rohhed
not only of its natural ri'sourees, but in a worse condition for eleaninu

and culture than before their invasion. The loss from fire is

en(^)nuous ; the tur})entine workers are so careless and indifierent as to

allow tires to run through the tracts they have worked. The

resin on the scarified surface of the trees burns like kerosene ; a

spark, a blaze, and all at once a disastrous conflagration sweeps

through the Pine forests with great fury, destroying millions of

feet of marketalile timber, and leaving hundreds of aci-es a scene of

aAvful ruin.*

Pinus pa/i'stris is by far the must valuable Pine of the Atlantic

States, and it is still the most abundant. It supplies nearly the

whole of the turpentine, pitch, tar and resin of American commerce

as well as for home consumption, and its timber is used for all

sorts of constructive purposes, including ship-building, house carpentry,

fencing, railway ties, etc. The wood is heavy, very hard, strong

and duralile, but somewhat coarse -grained, t The valuable Pitch Pine

used in Cxreat Britain for roofing and other constructions is obtained

wholly from this tree. The tops of young saplings with their tufts

of bright green foliage are used in Xew York and other large cities

in the northern States for the decoration of churches and other

buildings in winter.

It has long been noted by the iidiabitants dwelling near the Pine
Barrens that the cones of Pi/nif' jia/u-^f/is are much more abundant
in .some seasons than in others, fruitful seasons usually occurring at
intervals of three or foiu' years ; even a complete failure of the crop
for several years in succession has been recorded. The seeds are
eagerly devoured by liirds, squirrels, and other denizens of the forest.
Pita(f< pal list ri^ cannot be said to have a place in the British
Pinetum only under such exceptional climatic conchtions as exist in
Devon and Cornwall and the southern counties of Ireland. Although
it has been in cidtivation since 1730,: it is now but rarely seen in
this country.

Pinus parviflora.

.\ low or medium-sized tree, but sometimes attaining a height of
40 — 50 feet towards its southern limit, the trunk covered with smooth
gi-eyisli bark falling off in small thin scales, anil with a pp-amidal head
of spreading branches. In Great Britain the oldest trees have a liluntly
pyramidal head and leaden gi'ey bark more or less corrugated by
resinous blisters. Branches in clo.se-.set psexido-whorls, long and stout
in proportion to height and thickuess of trunk, horizontal or slightly

* L. J. Vauce in Ganleu ;md Forest, VIII. 278.

t Sargent, Woods of the United State's, p. 126.

X Aiton, Hertu.s Kewensis, ed. II. Vol. V. p. 317.

354 I'lNU.S I'AIIVIFl.OUA.

usreiuling. nvandilfts tiiftcd, sIkh-I, ami cdvcivil witli light Itrown
bark, tlif herljacoous sIkkiIs juilicsccnt. IJiuls small, (ivoiij, obtuse, witli
lanceolato, at'Uininatc, (•bscurcly cilinlatc iiciula' tliat air rcuhli.sh bruwii
and fi'oe at the aju'X. Leaves (juinate, jiersisteut three — four years,
ehistered on tlie distal half of tlie la'anchlets, slender, triquetral,
1 — 2 inches long, the convex side Imglit green, the flat sides with
four — five silvery white stianatiferous lines ; basal sheatli reddisli brown,
about 0"5 inch long, deciduous. Staniinate floM-ers not more than
0*5 inch long, in a dense ( ylindvic spike 1 — 2 inches long, sub-sessile,
yellowish, and surroinided at the liase l)y four - five lanceolate, acute,
involucral scales. Cones solitary or in clusters of two — three, erect,
ovoid, 2 — 2"5 inches long, and 1 — T.") inch in diameter near the base.
Scales broadly wedge-sliaped with a roundi'(l entire outer edge, at the
middle of which is a slight thickening, pale reddish T)ro\\'n M-ith
longitudinal striations on the dm-sal side, and bearing two seeils with
rudimentary wings on the inner (ventral) side.

Phius parviflora, Sicbold iuid Zuccariiii, Fl. Jap. II. '27, t. 11") (1842).
Eiidlicher, Sviiops. Oonif. 138 (1847). Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 11,
witli Kgs. Ca"rriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 384. Pavlatore, D C. Prodr. XVI. 404.
Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. ,504 ; and Journ. li. Hort. Soc. XIV. 236
Synie in Gard. Cliron. X. (1878), p. 624, witli fig. Mayr, Aliict. .laji. Keiches,
76, t .'.. fig. 19 Beissner, Nadelholzk. 280.

P. Cenibra, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linniviis) (1784).

Eng. Small-flowered Pine, Japanese Shortdeaved Pine, (renii. .Miideiieii Ziiliel,
Kleinliliitige Kiefer. Ja]>. Hinieko-iiiatsu.

PiniiH jxircijiora is a native of Japan; it (jccurs wild in the
southern islands of Kinshiu and Shiskoka in considerable numbers,
and in the central island northwards to about the 38th parallel of
north latitude, ascending to 5,000 feet, forming an ingredient of the
mountain forests, either scattered singly or in small groves, in places
mixed with Hendock Firs and Cypresses. It is cultivated everywliere
throughout Ja])an ; when planted for decoration and left to itself, it
rarely exceeds 25 feet in heiglit, but it is more fre(|uently used for
pot culture, dwarfed to tlic smallest possible dimensions, and trained
into all kinds of fanciful sha])es. The wood is soft, straight-gi'ained
and easily worked, but not nnudi used on account of the inaccessiliility
of the larger trees.

In ( Ire at Britain and the iioi'tli-eastei-n States of America Pinux
/jctrriffora is one of the most ornamental of Lines ; it is ipute hardy
and thrives generally in many situations. < »n account of its small size,
well furinsheil trunk and light foliage, it is the best Line that can Ije
selected for a small lawn and ]ilaces wlicic the laigei- and more lapid-
gi'owing sjiecies are inadndssible ; it Howers and cones freely in a young
state, ami the young shoots are sometimes so loadeil with yellow
staminate flowers or young pui'ple cones as to aild consideral)ly, foi' the
time, to its decorative eftect.

Pi7iU!< parrifJora was flrst detected by Tliunlierg who lud'eired it in
his "Flora dajionica " to P. ('''i)t/tr<( : it liecame more detinit(dy known
to science in l.'^42 through 1 )i'. Siehold, by whom it was specifically
<li.stinguished. 1\ parrij1i)ra was intiiMJuccd to Liitish gardens liy tin- late
dohn (iould Veitch in' LSGl.

I'l.NUS J'AITLA. ■ 355

Pinus patula.

A lai'.nc tree (50 -f^O iVct lii^nii witli stout spivatliitu Ih'miicIics ; in did
•A'^v with an ivrc^nlarly hranc'lu'd, luundi'd to]). In the snutli-west di"
Kn^i^'land an<l tlic suutli n{ Iiidand, a niiMliuni-sizi'il tree :\') -50 feet IiIkIi,
the truidv usually dividing at a short distance i'loni the ground into two
*iv move trunk-like stems which send out stout spreading l)ra.nelies 15 — 20
or more feet h^ng. Bark of trnid< greyish l)rown, nigged and irregidarly
fissured. Bvancldets slender, at first green, clianging to light red<lis]i
T>rown at the end of the second year ; ImkIs cylindric-eonic, acute,
0*75 — I inch long, the perulc? lineardaneeolate, acuminate, fringed with
silky hairs, jiale eliestinit-1)rowii. Leaves ])ersistent three- four years,
usually in faseicles of thret', hut sometimes four — live, filiform, triij^uetral,
■9 — 12 inelies long, Haccid and ]iendulous, hright grass-green; basal
sheatli 1 — l"2o incdi long, pale lirown the hrst year, mucli shorter,
darker and crumjth'd the second year. Staminate flowers densely
chistered, cylindric, ohtuse, al)0ut an ineh haig. ('ones shortly stalked,
in i)airs or in clusters of three — five, conic-cylindric, tapering to
jin olttuse apex, ahout 4 inches long, and I".") inch in diameter
id)ove the Itase. Sc^ales ol)long, slightly thickejUMl at the apex, the
exjjosed part rliomboidal with a tranveise keel and circular central
de[>ression in whieli is a small jiyi'amidal umbo. Seeds small with a
]iarrow wing an inch long.

Pinus ))atula, Sehiede ex SchleclitfiKlal in Linna-a, XII. 4S8 (1838). Loudon,
Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2266. with tigs. Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 157. Cani&re,
Traite Conif. ed. 11. 426. Parlatore, D. C. Prodn^XVI. -397. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 278. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXIII. ^18851 p. 108. with iigs. : an<i
Jouin. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 286.

Piiiiis patida inhabits the high })Liteau and mountains of central

Mexico at elevations ranging from 0,000 to 12,000 feet above the

level of the sea; the limits of its distribution June not been

ascertained. It was discovered by .Schiede and Deppe al)out the year

1828 and prol)ably introduced by them, as Mr. Laml)ert had a plant

^)f it at his residence at Boyton in Wiltshire that was six feet high

in 1837.* In the following year seeds were collected by Hartweg

in the Real del Monte district for the Horticultural Society of London

from which plants were raised and sulisequently distributed among

the Fellows.f

This fine Mexican species is one of the mo.st ornamental of Pines;
it Ijears a strong reseml)lance to Pinus Imuiifolia of the Himalayan
region, but unlike that species it is sufficiently hardy for the climate
of Devon, Cornwall and the soTith of Ii'eland. Excellent specimens
are growing at Carclew, Tregehan, l^encarrow, Lamorrau, r)icton and
Fota Island.

Mention may here l)e made of a closely allied species inhabiting the
same region, of whicli there is a tree in tlie Pinetum at IJicton,
}>robabIy the only oui' in this countrv.

Loudon, Ai'boretuni et Fruticetuni Britannieuni, lac, cit. sicpnu
t Transactions of the Hoiticultural Society of London, Voh III. ser. 2, ji

125.

356 I'INUS PENTAl'HYLLA.

Pinus Teocote.

Sclilechtfudiil in Liiiiuca. V. 7ti (1831:. LaiiilnTt. (Jciiiis IMiius. cd. II. \'ol. 111.
145, t. 62. Loudou, Aih. ct Fnit. F>rit. IV. 2266. witli tii'-.'s. Kndliulii-i, Sviioiw.
Conif. l.")6. Gordon, Pinet. cd. II. 287.

.V tall tree, said to attain a ln'i.nlit <d' (SO — 100 feet; a.s .soeii by
rriiiL^lc (111 the mountain.'^ of Oaxaca at U,000 feet elevation wliei'e it
fonus pure forests of eonsideral)le i-xtent, it is a .<5lender tree of
niedimii sizi?.* It -was discovered al)out the same time as Phnin patula
l>y Scliiedc and Deppe, from whose lierl)arium s])eciiiiens it was
(les(iil)ed and figured 1)y Mr. Laml>ert who also had a living plant at
Eoyton at the date of the j)ul)lication nf Loudon's " Arl>oretum " ; it
is chiefly distinj.>uished from P. patula hy its much shorter leaves and
suiallcr cones.

Pinus pentaphylla.

A tall tree, 70 — iSO or more feet lii,!.;li. Uark of trunk fissured into
thin ])lates averagin<;- 4 — '^ inches long and 2 — 3 inches broad, reddish
In'owii with a whitish surface. Branches with th'eir I'amifications and
also the leaves as in Pinus parvlilora Init longer and stouter.
Staminate flowers .shortly stipitate, sub-cylindric, about 0-4 inch long,
reddish at the apex. Cones pendent, sul)-sessile, sulvcylindric, slightly
tapering from beyond the middle to the apex, 3 — 3"5 inches long and
1 inch in diameter at the broadest; scales broadly obovate or
suliorbicular, nearly flat with a crenulate margin and striated
longitudinally, al)out an inch long ami somewhat less liroa<l. Seed
wing rhond)ic, O'TT) inch long.

Puius pentaphylla, Mayr, A]>iet. .hip. Ri'iclie.s, 78. t. 6, tig. 20 (1890;. Sargent,
For. Fl. Jap. 80. Pinus jiiuvitlora in [lart, of some aiithor.s.

Eiig. .Tajiancse Strolms Pine. Germ. Japanisclie "Wejnnouthskieter. Jap. Goyo-
matsii.

Fiiiifs pentaitli iilld, like /"". jHirriflora , is endemic in dajtaii, taking the
jilace of the latter north of the ."xSth [tarallel of north
latitude and in Yeso, but it is miwhere abuinlant. It is (•ulti\ated
in Japanese gardens under many names and in various fornis, and
often confused witli P. parrlfinra to vvliicii it has much resemblance^
so nnicli, indeed, that all tlie earlier European l»otanists who visited
Japan mistook it for that species. It has recently been sjiecifically
distinguished and figured liy Dr. Heinrieli Mayr of the Forest
Department, Munich,+ who has conclusively shown that il is a
Strobus, not a Cenibra Tine, a fact conhrmcd by a ctuie briUight
home by the late John ( iould Yeitch and still j^rescrved in tlie
Veitchian collection. A few seeds were introduced by Mr. Maries
in 1879. and plants were sultse([uently distril)uted from the
Coomlie Wood nurseiy as /'. parrlfloro^ Imt their destination is nowr
unkntiwii.

* tJaiileii and Forest. I.\. 102. i Aliietineen di-^ Japanivht-ii Ri-iclies. lor. ciL

I'INUS I'EUKE. 357

Pinus Peuke.

A low ny iiir.liiini-sizcd tree, 30 — 45 iVet liigli, with a trunk rarely
exceeding a l'(i<it in diameter at its greatest devel()})nieiit ; reduced to
a small l)usli or slnuli at its highest vertical limit. Uranclies relatively
short and spri-ading lioriz(»ntally, except the uppermost which are more
or less ascending. Iham-lies numerous, slender, the herbaceous shoots
glancdus green, and destitute of leaves near the base. Ihuls elongate,
ovoid-conic, witli lanceolate, acuminate perulee, reflexed at the tip.
Leaves cpiinate, ^xn'sistcnt three — four years, filiform, tri(|uetrous with
miinxtely serrulate margins, 3 — 4 inches long, dark green on the convex
dorsal sid*% greyish on the flat, ventral sides ; basal sheath 0"75 inch
long, whitish In'own, deciduous. Staminate flowers in dense clusters
around the a])ical lialf of shoots of the preceding year, cylnidrii-,
0-5 incli long, yellowish brown ; involncral bracts relatively large,
broadly ovate. Cones suli-cylindric, obtuse, 4 — 5 inches long ; scales
broadly cuneate witli a small prcitulierance at the apex. Seeds with
an oblong wing.

Piuus Pt'ukc, (irisebaeli, .Spicileg. Flor. Ruiiiel. II. 349 (184-4). Endliclier,
Syiiops. Conif. 144. Carriere. Traite Couif. ed. II. 394. (Jordoii, Pinet ed. II. 318.
Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 698 (1884). Masters in Gard. Chroii. XIX. (1883), p. 244,
with figs.; Jouni. Liuii. Soc. XXII. 20.5, with lig. ; and Joinii. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 237.

P. exeelsa, Hooker til in .Touin. Linn. Soc. VlII. 14.o. Pailatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 40.5 (in part).

P. exeelsa var. Peuke. I'.ei.-sner, Nadelholzk. 286.

Fin US Frulr inhabits the alpine and snl>alpine regions of Macedonia
and western lioumelia, at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 0,000 feet.
It is a curious fact in the botanical history of this Pine that its
presence in the IJalkan })eninsula was not known or even suspected
prior to its discovery by the eminent German botanist, Grisebach,*
on Mount l*eristeri, near Bitolia, during his journey through the
Turkish province of Eounielia in 1839. <)n account of its resemblance
in habit to the Arcdla of the Alps, Pinas Ccmbra, Grisebach at first
referred it to that species, but subsequently gave it the name it now
bears, which is literally the Greek Trfu/c*/. the Pine tree. Nothing
more was heard of it for many years afterwards till the well-known
Erfurt seed firm of Haage and Schmidt received seeds in 1864 from
a former (Airator of the Botanic Garden at Athens, who had collected
them in the same locality in which the tree had been originally
discovered by Grisebach. Since then F. Feukc has Ijeen found on
Mount Perindagh and on the Kom mountains, forming the eastern
frontier of Montenegro.

In Great Britain Pinus Peuke is a useful ornamental tree ; its
growth is comparatively slow, but it is quite hardy over the greater part
of the country ; it forms a strictly pyramidal tree, (dothed with bright
green foliage, and taking but little room, it is especially suital)le for

* Grisebach is best known to English readers as the author of " Die Vegetation der Erde
nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnnng. " an elaborate work on geographical botany, and by
far the most important of its kind at the date of pnlilication (1872), and for some years
afterwards.

358 I'lxrs piNASTEi;.

lawns aiitl placi's where the large-^rnwiiii; I'iries sIku.IiI lie exchi(h'il.
Ill its lidtauieal aspect P. Pcul.-c is uii([uesti(ina1ily an dH'shoot or
o-,'eij;Tai)hieal t'oriii of /'. crcr/sct, Imt loiii;' since separate(l from the
ancestral stock, if P. e.ivc/.sa luay lie so regarded, hy the whole re<>i(iu
wliicli lies Ix'tween AfLflianistau ami .Macedonia, in which no allied Pine
has yet been found. XevertlKdess it is so distinct in haint from
P. exceha that practically it may receive specific rank. Structurally
all the parts and organs of /'. PciiLr nearly coincide with the same
parts of P. excelsa, but are smaller in size ; in this respect the leaves
and cones are well-nigh intermediate betAveeu those of P. crrclm and
P. Strohux, which P. Pt'uke in a measure connects.

Pinus Pinaster.

A large tree, attaining a height of 50- -SO feet, the dimensions
greatly influenced by situation, asjiect and environment; the trunk
covered from early age with a coarse bark deejily fissureil into narrow
longitudinal ridges, broken u]) into numerous small jilates. Branches
slender in projxirtion to trunk, sjireading or ascending, the lowermost
more or less dei)ressed but usually upturned at the distal end. IJranehlets
nnich roughened with the scars of the fallen leaves, the herbaceous
shoots pubescent. lUids cylindric with a conical apex, O'TT) inch long,
with whitish brown reflexed perulfe fringed with woolly hairs. Leaves
geminate, [lersistent three — four years, mostly clustered on the distal
half of each years growth, semi-terete, rigid with slightly serrulate
margins and sub-acute tip, 7 — 9 or more inches long, on old trees
fre([uently not more than G inches long, bright grass-green : liasal
sheath O".") — 0'7-") inch long, at first whitish, nnidi cruiiipliMl, an<l
blackish the second year. Staminate flowers in a lathcr lax siiiki',
4 — 6 inches long, cylindric, obtuse, about an inch long, and surrounded
at the base by three — foui' invoberal brai'ts : anthers fawn-yellow -with
a rounded denticidate connecti\-e. ('ones in whorls of four — eight,
conic-cylindric, 4 — (5 inches long, and 1 •■') — '1<^ inches in diameter at the
broadest, more or less obli([ue owing to greatei' development on the
exposed side, at first jiurplish, green during the period of growth, fawn-
yelhiw when matuic ; scales broadly oblong, a little more than an inch
long, the apojihysis rliondioidal with a transxcrsc keel and central
]iyramidal umbo.

Piiius Pinaster, Sulaiidcr in Aiteiis lleit. \\v\\. cd. I. \'(j1 1. :;67 (1789). Laiulicit.
<iemis Piiuis, I. tt. 4, .') (180:i). Loudon. Arli. ct Frut. Brit. IV. 2213, with ligs.
Link ill Liiiiia'a. .W. 498. Eii<lliclicr. Sviiojis. Coiiif. 1(58. Carriers, Traiti-
Coiiif. ed. II. 46.'>. I'arlatore, D. C. Prodr! .\VI. :}82. Lawson, Piiiet Hrit. 1.
71, t. 10, and fife's. Beissnur. Xadcllitilzk. 221. Masters hi .Iinini. 1\. Hnit.

soc. xn'. 2:57.

p. niaritiina, Lainarok, Kiicj-el. Y. -V.'u (1804).
P. escarena, Risso, Hist. Nat Eur. II. 429 (182«).
P. Lenioniaiia, Carriere. Tiaite ('oiiif. ed. II. 470 (18ti8>.

Eiig. Cluster I'iiie, Pinaster. l'"r. Pin de Boideaux, Pin niaiitinie, Pin des I.andes.
nenn Sternkiel'er, Strandkieter, Igeltiiliie. Ital. Pine raggiu]iat(i.

Several varieties of Pinu^ Pii/as/i-r are desciibe(l by Loudon and
othei authors, of which one. Lemoniana. is' a monsti'oiis foiiii that
originated at Candew in ('ornwall, formerly the ivsi.leiice of Sir
Chai'les Lemon. In tlii> variety a cone is producei] in the place i>\'

riNUS PINASTEK. 359

the leading shoot of tlic fpvtik' Inaiiclies, whidi thiMicc takti a zig-zay
form, the prolongation consisting of lateral shuots only, and the cones
are solitary instead of chistrrcd.

Hamiltoni, introduced liy th(' Karl of Aberdeen from the

iieiglil)ourliood of Nice in lS2r), has l)roadei' and shorter leaves and

larger cones than the conniioii form ; and minor, found in the

Landes of Bordeanx antl other [daces, has shorter and more slender

leaves and smaller cones. They are local deviations from tlie connnon

type such as occur among most Pines.

Pinus Finaster inhabits the Mediterranean region from Portugal to

Palestine, but the actual limits of its distribution cannot now be

defined in consequence of the extensive areas that have been planted

with it for purposes of utility, and from whicli it has occasionally

spread spontaneously. It is, however, known to grow wild in the

Portuguese province of Estremadura, in Andalusia, in Algeria, on the

eastern Pyrenees ascending to 2,500 feet elevation ; on the Maritime

Alps up to 3,000 feet, in Corsica still higher : and in other southern

departments of France ; it is also common on the western slopes of

the Apennines, in (Ireece, and in parts of Asia Minor, but its

eastern limit has not been ascertained.

In an economic sense Pinu^ Pinaster is l)y far the most valuable
Pine of the Mediterranean region ; its timber is, however, but a
suliordinate factor, the wood being soft, coarse in grain and soon
decaying on exposure to the weather ; it is used only for the coarser
kinds of out-of-door carpentry, and for fuel in the districts where this
Pine is abundant. But the collection of its resinous products, already
adverted to in page 93, forms one of the most important industries
in the south of France ; so profitable is this source of wealth that
P. Pinaster is extensively cultivated on the sandy tracts adjoining the
Bay of Biscay, where it grows with great rapidity and soon yields an
ample return for the labour bestoAved upon it.

Pinus Pinaster will not only grow under exposure to the sea-breeze,
but also in shifting sands which it is enabled to do by the form
taken by the roots. These roots much resemble those of the
American P. jjalusfris, which grows under conditions similar to those
in which P. Pinaster attains its best development in Europe. There
is a decided tap-root, and when the soil is dry and sandy it descends
perpendicularl}' into it ; in proportion as the j)erpendicular roots are
stronger than those of other Pines, the horizontal roots are weaker, a
disadvantage as regards transplanting, which is more than counterbalanced
by its firm hold in the soil, whence it is seldom torn up by the
roots by storms. In the departments of the Gironde, Landes and
i)(.)rdogne, the Pine woods afibrd a most efficacious protection against
the encroachments of the sea. Some eighty years ago great apprehension
existed of the destruction of the Medoc country by inundation, as the
Ijanks of sand, which are the only barriers against the sea, were
observed to be yielding ; the idea then occurred of planting P. Pinaster
in order to l)ind the sand, and the result has been most satisfactory.
Introduced towards the end of the sixteenth century into Great
Britain, Pinus Pinaster is only useful as an ornamental tree in this

:)60 I'l.NUS PINEA.

country, and tor sliclter especially iii [H'lixiiuity to tlie sea. When
standing alone, with the consequent free circulation of air around it,
it attains a height of 60 to 70 feet, retaining its lowermost brandies to
a great age ; the Pinaster is then a tree of stately aspect, wide-
spreading and massive, very effective in park and landscape scenery.

There is probably no single species of Pine that lias become more
widely distributed ovei' the globe than Pi>i//'< Pinasti'i; and wliicli has
adapted itself more readily to the various conditions of soil and climate
in the different countries into which it has been introduceil. At the
Cape of (rood Hope, it has made itself at home as much as any
indigenous tree, spreading spontaneously over the sandy [)lains in the
neighbourhood of Cape Town and in other parts of the colony. It
has become (|uite a common tree in many parts of Australia, Xew
Zealand, etc. It has also found its Avay into China, Japan, northern
India, and many other places, Avliere it has been frequently re-introduced
into England as new species under the following names, which
sufficiently indicate their origin : — P. nepalemis (Royle), P. rhinensis
(Knight), P. japonica (Hort.), P. Noixe Hollandi'e (Loddiges), P. Norm
Zealandke (Hort.), P. Sanda Helenka (Loudon).

Pinus pinea.

A tree 40 — 80 or more feet high with a s[)iva(ling head lliat has
been frequently likened to an umbrella ; the trunk knotty, covered witli
thick reddish grey bark deeply fissured longitudinally, the lower portion
usually denuded of branches, often forkeil or divided into three or
more ascending secondary trunks at a greater or less distance from
the ground. In Great Britain rarely exceeding 25 — 30 feet high, with
a thick trunk covered with dark rugged, dee])ly fissured liark, tlie
fissures exposing a light reddi.sh brown inner eortex and gentn'ally
forked or divided into three — five oi' inoiv spivading or ascending
branches whieh ramify much in the same way. Uraiudilets rather
slender, pale luwvn marked with the scars of the fallen lea\-es. Buds
conic-cylindric, reddish brown, not ivsinous. Leaves gemiiiati-, jiersistent
two — three years, semiterete with scalieriijous niaigins, straight oi'
slightly twi.sted, i") — 6 inches long, bright green ; basal sheath whitish,
shorter, darker and much lacerated the sectmd year. Staminate Howers
in a crowded spike with numerous scaledike involucral braets at the
ba.se of each, cylindric, about 0-."J iudi long. ( )vuliferous Howers oval,
075 inch long, coimxj.sed of greenish wliite scales Ix-fore feililisation.
Cones maturing the third year, ovoid. \ inches long ami 3 inches
in diameter, reddish brown : scales obhmg-cuneate, the apophysis
rhoml)oi(lal with a central depression in wliich is a small umlto.
Seeds large, oblong-ovoid with a ]iatchet-shai»ed win-.

Pimis pinca, Liniuuu.s, Sp. Plant. II. 1000 (]7.")3). .Miller, Diet. cd. \III.
No. 2 (1768). Lambert, Genus Piinis, I. tt. 6, 7, 8 (1808). L C Richard, .Mem.
.sur les Conif. 58 (1826). London, Arl). ct Fi'ut. Brit. IV. 2224. with fij,^s.
Forbes, Pinet. Wobiun, 31, t. 10. Link in LiiniiVii, XV. 499. (Janiere, Traite
Conif. 6(1. II. 4.56. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI 381. (iordon, Pinet. ed. II.
2.52. Bois-sier, Fl. orient. V. 694. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 220. .Masters in (Jard.
Cliron. IV. ser. 3 (1888), j). 602, with figs.; and .b.urn. \\. Hort. Soc. XIV. 237.

Hng. Stone Pine. Fr. Pin de jiarasol. Oeim. Italicnische Stcinkicfcr, ftal.
Pino a jiinoei-hi. .'-^jiaii. Pino real. Pino rle comer.

362

rixus I'lXKA.

Pinu>i piiini, or llu' Stone I'ine as it is usually called in this country
on account of the hard bony shell whieli encloses the seed, is endemic
in the Mediterranean region from Portugal to Asia Minor and Syria ;
also in several localities in nortli Africa. On the coast range of
Andalusia it ascends to 4,000 feet ahove sea-level, but usually prefers
the lower hills near the coast, in places formerly forming forests of
considerable extent but which are now greatly diminished in order to
supply wood for constructive purposes and for fuel to the inhaliitants
of the reuion.

KiL'. '.Ki. Thr Sldiii' I'im- at (Ui'iitlioni'

As /V////.V iiiiiiii is iiiiwliciv fuiiml wild umtli uf tln' t.")th i)arall('l
of north latitude its \\u\\rY tu withstand si-veic cold is hiuited. It
was introduced into (ireat IJiitaiii prior to 1548, as it is mentioned in
Tm-ner's "Xamcs of llcrlx's" publislicil in that year, but few aged trees
are to be seen in this niuntiv : those that have survivi'd the severe
winters that occur at intervals in oui- climate show hut imi)erfectly
the striking; cliaracters that make this l'in<' so pictures(iue an object
in soutbeni Murope. ( )ne of the aceompanyinu illustrations represents

I'lxc.'^ r(ixi)Ki;osA. 863

the largest spocinicii in the IJuyal ( laidfiis at Kcw, the otlier a
chaiacteristic trrc :>•") t'ci-t lii.uli at ( IlciitlKniu' in iKntli I K'voii ; a still
tiiuM- aiul taller spci'liiicii an<l ccrtaiul)' the most iinposiu^' yet seen by
the author, is staiulinn in the Trinity ( '(i11cl;c i'.dtanic (larden, I)u])liii;
and there is ont' at I'liwcisciant, and auotlicr at ( harleville in Co.
Wicklow worthy uf mention.

The extremely picturesque aiipcarancc of the Stone I'iue in its
maturity, has caused it to he much plantetl in puhlic and private
gardens in the south of Europe, and espinaally in Italy, from a very
early period. In the neighlxiurhood of Kome are many line and
venerable specimens from 70 to 75 feet high, which always attract the
attention of visitors. Artists have fre([uently availed themselves of its
peculiar and striking form to give it a prominent place in the
foreground of their pictures ; and thus Ave often find it associated with
porticos, Ionic jnlhirs, fragments of old temples, and other classic
objects in the Italian landscaiH'.

Many varieties of Pfrni.^ jiittm have been note(l and described, Init
none of them are available for the liritish ^Vrlioretum from the same
cause that renders tlie common form so unsatisfactory a tree. One
named frwiili>< should be noticed as it difters in the testa or shell of
the seeds being so thin as to be easily broken by the fingers. The
edible seeds are much used for food by the jieasantrv throughout the
region in which this tree aboiuids. The wood is whitish, moderately
resinous, and very light : it is used in Italy and tlie south of France
for joinery and other constructi\'e work.

A pecirliarity in Pi)uis piwHU not o])served in any other species of
Pinus, may be here notecl : — For several years after the seedling state
is passed and l)ranchiets with adult foliage are produced, there are also
produced among them slender elongated branchlets with protomorphic
leaves only ; these leaves are solitary, not geminate like the ordinary leaves,
nor more than one-half of their length ; they are without basal sheath,
compressed, sharply angular laterally, and of a bluish glaucous green [me
page "22). As the young tree advances in age, shoots are produced
with protomorphic and adult leaves intermi.xed ; but eventually the
former disappear entirely.

Pinus ponderosa.

One of the largest of Pines ; in California and (Jregou the trunk
often 100 — 150 feet high and 5 — 6 feet in diameter, exceptionally
large trees 225 feet high and .s feet in diameter ; throughout the
Rocky Mountains region much less. In (xreat Britain the trunks of
the oldest trees are thick in pro[)ortion to height, with rugged bark
deeply fissured into irregular jjlates. Branches spreading, frequently
curved or tortuous ; branchlets stoutish, the bark furrowed spirally,
following the arrangement of the leaf fascicles. Buds su])-cylindric,
aljruptly tapering to an acute point, 0"75 — 1 inch long ; perulse. linear-
lanceolate, with fimbriated margins. Leaves ternate, persistent
three — four years, produced on the distal half of the season's growth,
and at first jjarallel with it, afterwards spreading and slightly twisted,
6 — 12 inches long, rigid, triquetral, mucronate with minutely serrulate
margins, dull dark green ; basal sheath about an inch long, pale brown ;

/)64 >'1NUS PONDEKOSA.

(lai'ker, shorter, and mucli cnuiUjliMl tlic second year. Staminate
Howers in dense clnsters on the apical end of shoots of tlie previous
yeai', eylin(h'io, l'2r) — I'TT) inch lon.n', rcMldisli crimson, snrronnded at the
liase ])y ten — twelve involueral l)racts in two — tliree series. Cones
(ISritisli <;i()wn) ovoid-eoiiie, :V5 — f) inches hnig, and 2 — 'I'^y inches in
diameter above tlie l)ase ; scales ohlong-ciineate, ahont an inch long
and half an inch broad, smaller and much crowded neai' the base, the
apophysis rhondioiihil with a transverse keid and short pyramidal
nml)o terminating in a I'ccan'vcd prickle. Seed wing narroAvly oldong,
nearly as long as the scale.

Piuus ponderosa, Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. et Frut. l^»rit. I\'. 2243, with ligs.
(1838). Forbes, Pinet. Woburu, 44, t. 1:5. Link in Linn;oa, XV. .^06. EndHcher,
Synops Ooiiif. 163. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. IL 44.5. Parlatorc, D. C. Prodr.
XVL 39.">. Hoopes, Evergreens, 117. Gordon, Pinet. ed. IL 281. Engelmann in
Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. IL 12;"). Beissner, Nadelholzk. 261, with tig
Sargent in Garden and Forest, A'll. 392 ; and Silva N. Amer. XL tt. .''•BO — 5H4.
Masters in Gard. Chron. VIIL ser. 3 (1890), p. 5.57, with figs ; and Journ. R.
Hort. Soc. XIV. 237.

P. Benthaniiana, Hartweg in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 189 : and IV. 212,
with lig.

P. brachyptera, Engehnauu in .Meui. Wislizenus' Tour in X'. Mcx. 89 (1848).

P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 185.5, p. 286.

P. Engelnianni, Torrey in Pacific Ry. Rep. IV. 141 (1856) (not Carnere).

P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 277 (1875) (not Engelniajin).

Eng. Heavy-wooded Pine. Amer. Yellow Pine, Bull Pine, Western Pitch Pine.
(Jerni. Sdiwerholzige Kiefer. (ielb Kiefer.

var. — Jeffrey!.

Distinguished in ( »regon fi'om the tyjiical P/'inis jtonilem^a Ijy its
more pungently aromatic resinous secretions, its stiller and more elastic
leaves, persistent for a longer time; its yellow-green staminate floAvers
and its larger cones armed with stronger reflexed prickles ; in Great
liritain chiefly by its shorter branches and more strict habit, as well as
by the foregoing characters.

P. ponderosa var. Jelfreyi, Engelmann in Brewer and Watsons Bot. Calilbr. II. 126.
P. Jeftreyi, Balfour Rep. Oregon Assoc. 2, with Hg. Gordon, Pinet. ed. IL 272.
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 45, t. 6. Masters in Joui-n. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 231.
And others.

var. scopulorum.

A smaller tree (GO- SO tVct high) with shoilcr and i c rigid

leaves, often in ])airs, and persisting a longei' time ; and smaller cones
with thinner scales armed with a slendei' jaickle.

P. pondi'rosa var. scoinilorum, Kngdniann in 15rc\\cr and Watsons l>oi. ('alitor
II. 126. Beissner, Xadelliolzk. 263. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 238.

The following account of the oeogmphical distiibutiou of P'nuis
ponderosa and the different as])ects under which it is seen throughout
the innaense area over wjiich it is spread, is taken from the
American " (hirdeii and Forest, ' \'u\. X'ill. ]>. 392: —

The western ^'ellow I'ine ur J'hit/s pinKh'roxa is tlie nmst widely-
distributed Pine tree of the mountain forests of western Noilh
.Vnierica, wjiere it spreails fi'om the interioi' of liiitisli (dhnnbia from
ab(Mit latitude -u N. suuthw.iids to .Mexicd and eastwards to northern
Nebraska, the foot-hills of the ilocky .Mountains of Colorado and
western Texas. Usually an inhabitant of diy elevated slopes, where
it often forms open fori'sts of gi'eat extent, it lluurishes also on the

riNL'S I'ONDKUOSA. 365

wt'steni sldiics lit' the Siena Nevada in the (■(uupiimtively liumid
climate nf uortlirrii ( "alit'oiuia where it attains its hirgest size ; and in
Califoiiiia it ^rows occasiDiially in wet and swampy yiouiid. It is
the only Pine tree of Nebraska, and is very al»imdaut on the JJlack
Hills of Dakota ; in northern Montana it forms a great forest in the
valley of the Flat Head Lake, and ranges westwards to tlie shores
of Puget Sound; it dots the slopes of the eastern foot-hills of the
Koeky ^fountains of Colorado, and elothes the divich- l)etween the
Piatt and Arkansas rivers with a forest pushed far out over the
plain. Alnuidant in similar situations in Utah, and common on the
eastern slopes of the Sierras where it attains a great size and beauty,
P. pimdi'i-o^a has found the elimate of the Great Basin too severe for
it, and does not occur on the mountain ranges of central and southern
Nevada. The Colorada i)lateau which luis an area of many thousand
square miles in southern Colorado and Ctah and in northern INIexico and
Arizona, is covered with a forest of this tree. This is now the
greatest uninterrupted Pine forest ot the continent, and one of the
largest in the woiid. South of tin- (Colorado plateau the desert is
broken up into short ranges of mountains, and on them on both sides
of the ]\[exican l»oundary P. pondew>ia is a connnon tree, as it is on
the mountains of western Texas.

A tree of such enormous range cn'er a region of so many ditierent
climates has naturally developed many forms, and no other American
l-'ine tree varies more in size and haliit, in the character of the Ijark,
length of leaves and size of cones. Sometimes it is 250 feet high,
with a trunk 12 feet in diameter covered with bright cinnamon-red
bark broken into great plates ; sometimes it attains with a ditKculty
a height of 50 feet, and its Imrk is nearly black and deeply furrowed.
Such variations in the character of the liark are not always due to
climate, and individuals with the red lyark of the Californiau tree and
the black bark of the inhabitant of the arid slopes of the Colorado
mountains stand side by side in northern Arizona, to the discouragement
of the botanist anxious to understand this tree and the causes of its
variations. ( )ne hundred photographs would not be too many to illustrate
the appearance of Pinus ponderoi^a in the different parts of the comitry
wliich it inhal)its ; and an attempt to describe the different forms
with any words at our command would be hopeless. Certain characters
which botanists consider valual)le spei-itically can l)e fmnid in all the
forms, so that it is most convenient to consider them all gi^ographical
varieties of one species, although in size and general appearance and
in the cliaracter and value of the tinrl)er produced, they are as distinct
as many of the recognised species of our Pines.
PinuH pondcrosa first l)ecanie known to science and arlioriculture
through David Douglas during his first mission to nortli-west
America, and 1)}' whom seeds were sent to the Horticultural Society
of London in 1827, from which a numl)er of plants were raised and
distributed among the Fellows.* Douglas had discovered the tree

'' One of these may still be seen at Dropmore towering to a lieight of 90 feet ; this
is probabl}^ the largest specimen in this country. There is a fine tree over 60 feet high
at Orton Hall, Peterborough ; another about tlie same height but denuded of its
lowermost branches at Linton Park. Maidstone ; anil a still larger one at Barron Hill,
Anglesey. Trees of smaller dimensions are growing at Revesbv Abbi-y. \Vliittinghame:
in East Lothian, Scone Palace, Castle Kennedy, etc.

366 rixrs I'DXDKitosA.

the year iirevinus lu'iir tlie S]»()kaiie ri\cr in iinrth ( )r(_'noii (now
Washini;ton ). ThrouL^hont (Jreat Britain, fmni I'crtlisliire sunlliwards,
this Pine has jiroxcd (jiiite hardy, and il thrixes under various
conditions in the man}' htealities in whicli., it has lieen planted,
increasing in hei.uht from 12 to 18 inelies annually, the slower
growth oeeurring in the midland and souili-eastern counties of
England. Irenerally the prin.ary branches grow faster in ])ro]»ortion
to the elongation of the trunk in tliis country than in ( aliforiua, so
tliat P. j)(ini/cro>:<' in Great Britain rarely has the laid\', constricted
ha1)it shown in ]>hotographs of Califo.rinan trees.

The variety J''(frr///\ liitlici'ti) n'gai'diMl as siiccitii-ally distinct iVnni
P/'inix i)Oii(h'nj.<(i liy fdrcstcrs and ai'hm'icnltui'ists, and -which takes its
name fmni .lolin .h'ttVcv, who cullcctcd seeds of it fur tlie Scottish
( )regiin .Vssoeiation in IS.51, lias a considevahle rann'e on the high
mountains extendini; from western .Montana through (hvnnn and Idaho
into California. < Mi the mountain ahove the Yosemite valley is a
wciudevful forest of Fine trees composed of P. juntiJi^rnm var. Jeffreyi ;
the trees stand sometimes close together, sometimes at a considerable
ilistauce ajiart ; they are often 250 to 300 feet high, tlieir massive
trunks 10 to 12 feet in diameter, and free of brandies except near
the top of the tree. There are not many tilings more im]»ressive or
more beautiful than these trunks ; the bark is excessively thick and
broken by deeji tissun's into great armour-like ]>lates across which
the sunlight as it tli<'kers down through the scaiUy campy above, casts
long shadows. The branches are few and small in proportion to the
trunks, and bear at their ends great brush-like clusters of pale blue-
green foliage, and immense (piantities of large chestnut-brown cones which
in early autuum sometimes cover the ground umler the trees.*

The variety !<i-(>i>uloiiiiii denotes the smaller tree iulial>itiug the Kocky
^Mountains from British .Vllierta southwards through eastern ^^lutana,
Wyoming, Nebraska and Colorado to western Texas. In this

i'omparatively dry region Fiitu^ iiiunhroxa often becomes a stunted,
scraggydooking tree with gaunt denuded limbs and scanty foliage ; such
a tree is ])ortrayed in the "(Tardeners' Chronicle" of June 22nd, 1S78.
Another geoL^rajihical hirm which occurs on the mountains of soutliern
Arizona, lias lon,L;'er and broader leaves that are sometinu's 14 or
15 inches in length. This is the 1'. I<(ti/i,li(i of Saixein,i' and the
P. Maijriand of Sudworth ; it is descrilied in the "Silva of Noith
America " as P. ponderosa var. Maijriana.

The wood of Pinux ponderosa varies greatly in i|uality, strength and
durability in ditferent parts of the region over which it is distributed ;
the wooil of the western tree is heavy, hard, strong and tine-grained,
liut not durable in contact with the soil ; that of the vaiiety Ji'ffri'iji
i.s coarser in giain and veiv resinous; and tliat of the var. xroinilnrnm
is (.-oarser graine(l, harder and more brittle. t 1'. iirniih;n»ia timber is largely
used throughout the region for constructive puri)oses generally, railway
ties, fenciiiu;-, fuel, etc., esjiecially in the States of "Washington, ( )i'egon,
Idaho and south Dakota.

•' Cardiii and For.-,t, IV. 4.'>7 (1891) : fdnu, II. 49(1. witli Hl,'. (18s9).
+ Silva of Xortli Ain.'rica. XI. 82.

I'lXUS I'UXiiENS. 367

Pinus pungens.

A iiH'(liinii-siz(;(l or low trci' 2o — 40 or iiioiv fcL't liigli, with stoiil,
horizontal Immches and a liroad, oi»l'U, tlat-topped head. In (ireat
Ih'itaiu much reseiuhling the Scots Pine in its yonni^' state, but when
old more oi)en and spreading. Bark of ti'unk di^^ply fissured into
irregular })lates. Branehes of very unecpud length, the longest sometimes
exceeding 20 feet. Ih-anchlets slender, ridged and fiu'rowed by
cortical outgrowths, ol)li(piely decurrent from the pulvini of the leaf
fascicles. Buds cylindric, obtuse, aliout O'T-'i inch long, light chestnut-
brown, usually covered with a film of whitish resin. Leaves geminate,
persistent three — four years, rigid, straight or sliglitly curved towards the
axis, 1'75 — 2*5 inches long, dark dull green on the convex side, with
about six greyish lines on tlic Hat side ; basal sheath short with
numerous rings and lacerated margin.* Staniinate flowers in a lax
spike, cylindric, oljtuse, about O'-'^ inch long, orange-brown, surrounded at
the base by seven — nine involucral liracts. Cones ovoid or turbinate,
usirally in whorls of three — Ave, horizontal, uKist developed on the
exposed upper side, 3"5 inches long, and 2"25 inches in diameter at the
broadest part, persistent on the tree many years ; scales ol)long-cuneate,
with a broadly pyramidal apophysis terminating in a shar}) incurved prickle.

Pinus pungens, Michaux, Hist. Arl). Ainer. I. 61, t ."> (1810). Lambert. (4enus
Pinus, ed. II. Vol. I. t. 17 (1828). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2197, witli figs.
Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 17, t 5. EndUclier, Synops. Conif. 166. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 470. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 379. Hooi)es, Eveigreens, 98.
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 254. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 214, with fig Masters in
Journ. R. Hort. See. XIV 23. Sargent, Silva X. Anier. XI. 13-5, t. 584.

Eng. and Amer. Table Mountain Pine, Hickory Pine. Germ. Stechende Kiefer.

PiiiKS pungens inhabits chiefly the Appalachian mountains of the
Eastern States. From its southern limit in North Carolina it
spreads northwards along the dry slo])es and ridges of the mountains
through Virginia into Pennsylvania as far as the Schuylkil river
and westwards into Tennessee, forming in places extensive forests.
Small isolated patches are also re])orted from distant parts of
Virginia, eastern Pennsylvania, and Piosemount in New Jersey.

On the precii)ices, impending rocks and chasms of the Linville, a
branch of the Catawba river in North ('arolina, Pinus pumjem darkens
the whole horizon and presents an imi)osing mass of monotonous
verdure. It generally occupies the sunnnits of the highest rocky ridges
and sweeps over the most dangerous and inaccessible declivities, some
of Avliich are at least 1,000 feet in jierpendicular height. In this
picturesque region it was originally disc(_)vered T)V Michaux more than
a century ago.

The economic value of Pi mis pun(je7is is unimportant ; tlie wood is
light, • soft, coarse-grained and not strong, and is used in .Vmerica
chiefly for the manufacture of charcoal. It was introduced into Great
Ih'itain about the year 1804 ; it is now but rarely seen ; the few
old trees that still remain are unattractive objects of irregular outline
and mostly one-sided from contact -with other trees.

* The above description from niateiials communicated by Mr. Marcus Dimsdale from
Esseudon House, near Hatfield ; in the grounds stands one of the largest Piiiun jmngens in
the country. Other aged specimens are in tlie Pineta at Bicton, Dropniore and Haylbrdbury.

368 riNCS I'YKKNAfCA.

Pinus pyrenaica.

A tict" (if VMiialtk' diineusious, tlif tnmk (50 — 80 or more feet higli
witli an o])(Mi diffuse head; smaller trees with a more dense habit.
r>rauches spreading, often curved or tortuous, covered with ash-brown
bark ; Itranchlets slender, at first green, afterAvards reddish ])rown, and
marked with tlie scars of the fallen leaves. Buds ovoid-conic, acute,
about C'ri incli long with whitish perulae. Leaves geminate, persistent
about three years, slender, semi-terete with slightly scaberulous margins,
4'5 — 6'5 inches long; Imsal sheath whitish, O'TT) inch long, .shorter, and
darker the second year. 8taminate flowers numerous in an ol)long
spike, cylindric, olitus(% O'.'i inch long, the anthers with an orange-
yellow, orbicular and crenidate connective. Cones solitary or in clusters
of two — six, sub-sessile, horizontal, ovoid-conic, acute, about 3 inches
long and nearly 2 inches in diameter at the liroadest part, glossy
chestnut-brown ; apophysis of scales flattish, rhoml)oidal with a shallow
transverse keel and short pyramidal umbo.*

Piiuis pyivuaii-ii.. La [levn iu.se. Plant, pyreii. 140 ; and Siippl. 03 (181.3). Loudon,
Ari). et Frut. lirit. I\'. 2209 (iu part). Enrllicliei'. Synoi.s. Conit'. 180. Carriere,
Traite Conif. ed. IL .^03. Parlatore, D. C. PiVxlr. XVL 384. Beissner,
Nadelliolzk. 22;".. Ma.sters in Gard. Chron. I\'. soi. 3 (1888^ \>. 267. with tig. ;
and Jouni. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 238.

P. Brutia, Tenore. Fl. neap. V. 266, t. 200 (1835). Lanil.ert, (ienu.s Pinus, IIL
125, t. 82. Loudon. Arli. et Frut Brit. IV. 2234, with figs. Link in Linna-a,
XV. 497. Gordon. Pinet. ed II. 432. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 696.

P. carica, Don. Ann. Nat. Hist. VIII. 458.

P. Loiseleuriaua. Caniere. Traite Conit. ed. II. 500.

P paroliniana, ^^'ellll. P. Iiispaniea, Gook-Widdrington.

The geogTa])lii('al range of I'iit/'>i piirrnaira may l»e stated iu
general terms tu e.\ten<l tliiuiigh tlio Mediterranean region from
the Pyrenees to the Levant and Asia Min(jr whence it spreads
eastwards tlirough n(n'tbern Persia into Ai'glianistan as far as Herat.t
It occurs on many of the momitain ranges throughout this region
at altitudes of 2,000 to 6,000 feet; in the more densely iiilialnted
parts of the Mediterranean littoral if is seen only in groups or
groves separated by a considerable inter\al from each otiier ; on the
lower slopes of tbc ('iliciaii Taurus it forms oxtcnsiM- forests for
the most ]iait uumi.xed witli other trees.

This I'inc was first spcciHcally distinguished uinU-r its present
name liy the l^'i^ench botanist La|)eyi'ouse wlm detected it on the
Spanish slopes of the Pyrenees in the lirst decade of the nineteenth

century. Some years latei- it was discoveii'il on the mountains of
Calabria in soutlieru Italy by I'mfi'.ssor Teuoic of Naples who de,«;cril)ed
it iu liis "Flora nea]iolitana ' tuider the jiamc of P. hrufia, he being
probably unaware of its identity with the Pyrenean Pine of Lapi-yrouse.
it was iidrodueed into Ih'itish gardens in IS-'H by Mr. Aylmer Land»ert
umler Tenore's name ; and about the same period a variety of
P. Lariciii, described in page .'!.">!> as /•'. Laririo uKiiixpclicu^i", was
iidrodueed from Sjiain by Captain W'iddrington and distributed as

* The aliove (leseri|itiiin lit liiiiagc ami cimes from niateiiais communieated liy the late
M. Gliaries Naudin Croni tlie Villa Tiiurot Botanir uanliMi, .\ntilies.
I l^oissier. Flora oiientalis. /«<■. cit. supra.

PINTS I'YKKNAU'A.
this P. Laririo variety, la-ini; niudi

369

liaidit'i' tif tlif

r5Si:=r^ir=S;STiH^S=

to a synouyiu of tlu' P. 'i»jr('naira

is accepted l.y all recent botanist. The true P' ^^^^^^^^^ ''
climatic causes is now but rarely if ever seen m ^u, comiti

The economic value of Pmus pyrenmca i^ ''''T v 'i .rt of
districts where it is still abundant as in Cihm -^^j^; ^^^ ^^ ^
Asia Minor. To the inhabitants of this region it supi he he be t
timber for buildino- and many other constructive purposes, but as the

370 PIN us liADlATA.

forests are under no kintl of supervision or control by tlie government of
tlie eountvy, the trees are felled in a most reckless manner and with a
deploroble waste of material. Still greater destruction is caused by the
turpentine collectors who nnitilate and render useless every tree they
attack.*

Pinus radiata.

A stately tree 80 — 100 feet high with a trunk 4 — o feet in diameter,
covered with thickish bark deeply hssured into broad ridges which are
" broken on the surface into thick plate-like scales, and with thick
spreading branches which form an open round-topped head." In (Ireat
Britain a fast-growing tree of liroadly pyramidal oiitline n\) to forty or
lifty years of age, according to locality and situation, when the leader
ceases to ascend and the tree becoines flat-topped liy the greater
development of the uppermost brandies. Branches thick and s])reading ;
branchlets in whorls of three — five, reddish brown marked with the
scars of the fallen leaf fascicles. Buds narrowly cylindric, abruptly
pointed, 0'25 — 0^5 inch long, with ovate, acute, chestnut-brown perulae.
Leaves ternate, persistent three — four years, triquetral Avith slightly
scabrous margins, 4 — 6 inches long, stomatiferous on all sides ; basal
sheath about one-third of an inch long, loose and scarious. Staminate
floAvers cylindric, obtuse, 0'5 inch long, spirally arranged in a dense
spike, fawn-yellow with a reddish tinge at the apex, and surrounded
at the base by fifteen — twenty involucral bracts in two series. t.'ones in
clusters of two — three together or solitary, shortly stalked, deflexed,
unsymmetrically ovoid, sub-acute, 3 — 5 inches long and 2 — 3 inches
broad at the wddest part, the scales largely developed and projecting
prominently outwards on the upper exposed side, smaller and only
slightly convex or nearly flat and mammillate on the under-side. Seed
wing three-fourths as long as the scale, olilong, ol)li(pi('Iy narid\vc(l at
the apex.

Pinus ladiata, Don in Tnui.s. Linn. Soe. XVII. 442 (1836). Laiulieit, Genus
Pinus, III. 86. EudlirliLT, Synops. Coiiif. 161. Carriere, Traite Couif. cd. I. 337.
Sai't^i-nt, Silva N. Amcr. XI. "103, tt. r>73, r)74.

P. insip;nis, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2266, with tij;-s. (1838). Forlics. I'int-t.
Woburn,51,t. 18. Carri^re, Traite Conif. ed. II. 440. Pailatore, D. C. Prodr. X\'I. 39.'..
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 37, tt. 1, f>. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 270. Knf^clnianu in
Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 127. Coleman in The Garden. XXXVI. (1889),
\). 47, witli lig. Beissner, IVadelliolzk. 271. Masters in Gard. Chron. IX. ser. 3
(1891), p. 337, with fig. ; and Jouru. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 230.

Eng. and Anier. Monterey Pine. Germ. Monterey Kiefer.

Fini's radiata inhabits a strip of coast-land in south California
extending for about 150 miles from Pescadero to San Simeon Bay,
spreadiii.u inland only a few miles. "It also grows in a peculiar
form on Sanla Jtusa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barltara group of
islets off' the coast of south California, and in Guadalupe off the coast
of Lower California. Tlie wood is light, soft and bridle, ami is
u.sed only for fuel." +

• Walter Siehe in Oarteuflora (1897), \\. 181. wlm ailds : "Siihe ein dcutscher Forstinauii
diese planloseii, inir aut' monii'iitaiieii (Jewiini ziclciidi-ii \'ei\\iistmi,i;i'n. das llerz wiiide
ilim bluteii

fSilva oCXoilh Aindica. .\I. IDl.

IMNUS KADIATA. '" ^

. ,.,,l..n«. whn ;;«-7-;« t/ti'v. la"t' w«e nused fro„> tho

they subsequently aisapi«»ve,l, ■»".''',, '''f*', J'",!, Poudas
ideutification and Loiseleur's name is ««» ;« ^ ^; ^^^^^^^ 1831-183-3,
ve-discovered the Kne d,n-u,g h,s s.^ou n M^n e«y ^ ,,j

and cones Avere receive.l fr<mi lum i)> ^ui

^ His name is connuemovated by the -^'^-fy^^f^Z^^^SlI^^^M'^J^^
<,f a little alpine and suli-arctic encaceous shrub, L. proaimoeas,
but now become extremely rare.

372 riNUS RESINOSA.

Loudon under the name of P. hixif/nis, whieli veuiaiued au lieii)ai'nuu
name only till it was taken up 1)V Loudon in his " Ai'])oi'etuni et
Fvuticetuni Britannieuni," publislicd in 1838. In the nu-antinie
Dr. Thomas Coulter had ))rought houie s[)eeiuiens whieh were descrilM'd
by David Don as P. radiafa in a paper read 1)efor(^ the Lituieau
Society in June, 1835, and published in the Transactions of the Society
in the following year. Don's name therefore has priority of i)ul)lication,,
and it has, moreover, bee)i in use occasionally ever since.

The value of Pinus rati lata as a subject for British avljoriculture is
restricted to the area wliich may be roughly defined to l)e that part
of England south of the Thames and west of the Severn, Ireland
generally, and the south-western counties of Scotland. Within this-
area it is one of the stateliest and most ornamental of all Pines ;
l)eyoiul it, it is liable to be injured by severe frosts, and is often
killed by them. Trees from 60 to 70 feet high are not unconnnon
in Devon and Cornwall and in Ireland, but the "leader" of the older
trees has, in most instances, ceased to ascend, and in consequence
they are becoming round- (ir llat-toi)ped, and the lowermost branches are
becoming ett'ete or have been cast off altogether.* P. radiata is liable
to the attacks of the Pine-beetle, Myelo^jhilus ^j>'/?M^vf?rc/a, the effects of
which are generally counteracted by tlie luxuriant growth of the tree.

Pinus radiata is much cultivated in Australia and New Zealand,
where its growth is still more rapid than in Great I>ritain. In south
California' it is ])lanted for fixing the sand dunes.

Pinus resinosa.

A tall tree 60—100 or more feet high, with a trunk 2^2-5 feet
in diameter near the base, covered with red bark often split into
irregular patches 1 — 3 inches in diameter. Branches stout, more or
less pendulous ; in old age eonfined to the to]) of tlie tree, forming
a rcmnd-topped head. Branchlets stout and glaV)rous, with pale
orange-brown bark. Buds conic, acute, 0-5 — O-TT) inch long, pale
chestnut-brown. Leaves geminate, })ersistent three years, somewhat
close-set, 4*5 — 5*5 inches long, slender, semi-terete, with slightly scabrous
margnns, ntostly inclinetl towaitls the shoot, at first glaucous green,
becoming darker with age ; basal sheath greyish brown, about an im'li
long, much sliortei-, dark(>r and lacerated after the first year. Staminatc
flowers in short, dense clusters, sub-cylindric, 0"5 — 0'75 inch long, pale
brown tinged with dull rose-purple, and surrounded at the base by
a1)out six involucra! lnacts. Cones ovoid-conic, ol)tuse, about i'f) inches
long, and 1'25 inch in diameter above the base ; scales l)roadly o])long,
O'TT) inch long, with a rather thin rhond)oidal ajxiphysis marked witli
a transverse keel and unarmed central umlio. Seeds small with
an oblong wing f)bli(piely rounded at the apex.

* AiiiDiig tlif many fine sj)ccimcii.s of Funis rcdvila to lu' seen witliiii the area iueiitii>iR'(I
above, iiieiitiim may be made of tlmse at tho Royal resideiici-, Osborne. Isle of Wigl.t ;
Boconnoc, Caiclew and Menabilly in Cornwall; at IWorgan in Aiigk-sea ; at Eastnor Castle,
Hfiefordsliire ; Monk Coui.ston, Lanca.sliire ; and Howood Park, Wilt.sliire. In Ireland at
Powerscourt and Cliarlcvillc, Co. Wicklow; St. Anne's, (.'lontarf; Haiiiwood, Co. Mcatli ;
Fota Lsland near Cork ; Adarc Manoi-, Limerick, etc.

I'INUS RKUDA. 373

Pimis n'siiiosa, S«ilaiuler in Alton's Hmt. Kcw, cd. 1. ^'ol. III. 367 (1789).
Lamlifit, Genus Pinus, I. t. 14 (180:5). London, Arb. et Fiut. Brit. IV. 2210,
witli ti^'s. Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 10, t. 6. Link in LinniPu, XV. .'JOl.
Eudlielier, Synops. Conif. 178. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 388. Gordoii,
Pinet. ed. II. 256. Hoopes, Evergreens, 102. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 246. Macoun,
Cat. Canad. Plants. 465. Mastei-s in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 238.

P. rubra, Miehaux, Hist. Arb. N. Ainer. I. 45. t. 1 ilSlO). Carriere. Traite
Conif. ed. II. 496.

Eng. and Anier. Red Pine, Canadian Pine. Fr. Pin rouge d'Anieriipie. Germ.
Rotlikiefer. Harzige Kiefer. Ital. Pino rosso di Canada.

A useful tinilier tree tlirou.U'liout the region over wliich it is
distributed, which may he defined as a hroad zone stretching across
the Xorth American continent between the 41st and 48th parallels
of north latitude from Xewfoundland to the prairie lands of
Minnesota, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding a few acres in
extent and attaining its greatest development in northern "Wisconsin.
]\Iany such groves of Finns rcsinosa have now been cleared or much
reduced by lumbermen, or by forest fires along the southern side of
the lakes, and its place is being taken by the comparatively worthless
P. Banlsiana. The timber is very durable, the abundant secretions
acting like paint in preserving it from decay : the old roots and
knobs of this Pine, which are of great weight and completely
saturated with resin, Inirn fiercely, give a Inilliant light, and are
much used for torches.

Phms rednosa was introduced into (Ireat Ihitain about the year 1756
by Hugh, Duke of Xortliumherland, but it has nowhere adapted itself
to the climate of this country, and few, if any, adult trees are now to
be seen. In tlie neighbourhood of the great Xorth American lakes
it thrives best in a dry sandy soil, a circumstance suggestive of the
places in which a trial of it might be made in England. BotauicaUy
the nearest European affinity of the species is P. Laricio.

Pinus rigida.

A tree of meiHum size, with a trunk 40 — 70 feet high and
2 — 3 feet in diameter, covered with thick blackish bark deeply fissured
into s(piare or oblong plates. Branches of young trees regidarly whorled
and horizontal, of old trees variable in size and direction, horizontal,
deflexed or tortuous. Branchlets at first green, changing with age to
dull orange-hroAvn. Buds ovate-conic, acute, 0"5 — 0"75 inch long,
emitting a pleasant lemon fragrance when bruised, the perulae linear-
lanceolate with fringed margins, chestnut-brown, often covered with a
film of whitish resin. Leaves ternate, on vigorous shoots sometimes
quaternate, persistent three — fnur years, tricpietrous, mucronate with
serrulate margin.s, 2'o — 4 inches long, rigid, spreading, grass-green,
occasionally glaucous ; basal sheath light brown, 0"5 inch long, shorter,
darker and corrugated the second year. Staminate flowers in crowded
spikes, cylindric, obtiise, 0'75 — 1 inch long, the anther connective
reniform, reddish purple. Cones ovoid-conic, solitary or in clusters of
three — four, 2-5 — 3 inclies long, and 1-25 — 1"75 inch in diameter

374 PINTS RKilDA.

above the Itasc, light oraiige-lmiwii ;* scales :)lil(iiig-ciin('ak', the aiiophysis
vhomhoidal with a transverse keel and short pyramidal uinho
tcriniiiatiug in a .short, sharp priekle.

Pinus rigida, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. Xo. 10 (1768). Lainliert, (Jemis I'iiius. I.
tt. 18, 19 (1803). Michaux, Hist. Ail.. Amer. 89, t. 8 (1810). Loudon, Arl.. it
Frut. Brit. IV. 2239, with figs. Foil>es, Piiiet. Woburn, 41, t. 13. Link in
Linuiini, XV. ".04. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 447. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 394. Hoopes, Evergreens, 119. Sargent, Garden and Forest, IV. 397 ; and
Silva X. Anier. XI. 11"), t. 579. Beissner, X'adelholzk. '266, witli fig. Masters
in Journ. R. Hoit. Soc XIV. 239. And others.

En;.'-, and Amer. Pitch Pine. Fr. Pin resineux. Germ. Pechkiefer, Steifekiefer.

var. — serotina.

Leaves longer, ou stnmg shoots (iccasidnally in fascicles of four — five ;
.staminate flowers larger, cones more elongated, often remaining closed for
several years.

P. rigida serotina, Engehuann. Trans. St. Louis Acad. IV. 183. Hoopes,
Evergreens. 120. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 269. P. serotina, ]\Iic]ianx, Hist. Arb.
Amer. 86 t. 7. Sargent. Silva X'. Amer. XI. 119, t. 580.

Pi)ius rifjida is common along the valley of the river St. John,
New Brunswick, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario wlieiice it
spreads southwards through the Atlantic States to Georgia and
Florida with a westerly extension into West Virginia and Kentucky,
growing generally in dry sandy soil, or less fre(|uently in damp cold
swamps ; it is al)undant on the Atlantic coast south of IJoston,
forming extensive forests in New Jersey and on the Delaware
penins\ila. As a timher tree P. rigida is almost worthless ; the wood
is coarse-grained, knotty and mostly of small scantling, and is used
chiefly for fuel and for the manufacture of charcoal, although
f()rm,erly much used in New England for Imilding purposes before a
cheaper means of transport rendered the more valuable timber of tht^
southern Pines a^■ailable. Its fuel value is, however, unsui])assed by
any tree in the northern forest, and thousands of acres of poor
sterile lands hi the north-eastern States on which no other tree can
exist, have been covered with it at a comparatively trifling cost.t

At least three distinct .species of I'inus are called Titidi Tines iu
North America, the western, P. iioinlerom, tin' s(.iitlicrn, /''. ji((///xfr/.<,
and the northern, /'. ri</it/(i, the subject of the present notice which is
also known as the rilch I'ine in (Ireat I'.ritain. In tlic last lunncd case
the vernacular name is misleading; the resinous products (.f J'. r/<i/'/a
formerly furnished quantities (.f turpentine ami tar of some c(.mmercial
imiiortance before the richer and supeiior supply of the southern i'ine
liarrens were worked; ami the valuable tind.er use<l in this countiy as
Pitch Pine is obtained not from P. r/i/i>l« but from J', /lai/isf /■/.<.

* Tlie variahilitv in the size and siiajie ot tlie cones ot rinus riijida is very gr<'at.
Mr. Thomas Mcehan. of Pliiladelphia, <.nee gathered a series of these cones in the neighbour-
hood of Hamnn.ngton, Xew Jersey ; some were four inches long and alnu.st round, others
four inches hmg and not two inches wide ; some were Hat at the base and wmild stand almost
upright, others "^were rounded and would roll over like marbles: some were not more than an
inch long and yet bore perfect seeds ; .some had very narrow scales, others very hroadones. —
Amerii-an Association for the Advancement of Science. 1883.

t Carden and F<.rcst. IV. 397.

PINTS SABINIAXA. 375

Tin- date (if the iutiiMhict imi (if Piiix.^ ri(ji(la into Great Uritaiu is iidt
tleHnitcly kiidwii. According to Aiton* it was introduced prior to ITiif;
when it was known to be in cultivation at AVol)urn Ahbey. It is now
not often met with in the adult state south of the Trent as it is greatly
surpassed as an ornamental tree by Pines of sul)se([\ient introduction ; in
the northern counties and in Scotland it is more freipient and better
adapted to the climate.

Old trees of Finns rhjiihi attract attention liy the numerous small
branchlets growing from the trunk and lower part of the primary
branches. On the trunk these branclilets are usually produced on the'
side exposed to the suii ; the longest are but a few inches in length and
liranched, whilst the shortest appear like tufts of leaves issuing from the
crevices of the l)ark ; the leaves themselves are shorter and thiiuier than
the normal size. The production of adventitious growths in this manner
on P. rujida is a common occurrence in Xorth America especially after
a forest fire has destroyed all the normal foliage. Carriere records a
similar appearance of fascicles of staminate flowers on the trunk of an
old Pitch Pine issuing directlj^ from the bark without a trace of foliage.

The -s'ariety serotina takes the place of the species in the extreme
south of its habitat, spreading from Carolina southwards into northern
Florida ; in this region it is called the Pond Pine from its being always
found growing in swampy places or on the banks of streams periodically
inundated.

Pinus Sabiniana.

A medium-sized tree 40 — 50 feet high with the trunk almost always
divided at a greater or less distance from the ground into two, three or
more secondary trunks, which (in Great Britain) again tlivide in a similar
manner, these secondary divisions usually very irregularly branched
towards the summit and forming a rounded head ; rarely ■with a single
erect trimk 70 — 80 feet liigh and 3 — 4 feet in diameter. Bark of
trunk and primary branches greyish bro'\\ai fissured into irregi;lar plates,
the inner cortex exposed by the fissures, cinnamon-brown. Branclilets
stoutish, strongly furrowed and roughened by the. scars of the fallen
leaves and the cortical ridges decurrent from them. Buds
cylindric, abruptly acute, 0'75 — 1 inch long, the perulae lanceolate,
acuminate, imbricated, pale reddish brown. Leaves ternate, persistent
two — three years, produced in loose clusters along the apical half of
each year's growth, filiform, pendent, 9 — 12 inches long, triquetral,
compressed, greyish green; basal sheath 1 — P5 inch long, at first pale
lirown, shortened, corrugated and blackish the second year. Staminate
flowers in clusters of fifteen — twenty, cylindric, obtuse, about an inch
long, and surrounded at the base by ten — tAvelve involucral bracts in
three series. Cones on stout reflexed jjeduncles, ovoid-obtuse, 7 — 9 inches
long and 5 — 6 inches in diameter at the broadest, pale orange-bro^vn
when mature, very resinous, and remaining on the tree several years ;
scales hard, ligneous, 2 inches long and 1*5 inch broad, with a
projecting pyramidal apophysis compressed laterally, the umbo elongated
into a strong point frequently curved like a hook. Seeds 0"75 inch
long and Q-\ inch broad, with an obli(|ueIy rounded wing at the apex.

* Hortus Ki'weiisis. ed. II. A'ol. Y. p. 387.

376 PIN us SABINIANA.

Pinus Sabiniaiia, Douo;las, ^IS. ex Com]). Bot. ^Slag. II. ir)0 (1836). Lambert,
Gemis Pinus, ed. II. Vol. II. 146, t. 80. Lomlou, Aili. et Fnit. Brit. IV. •2246,
with liijs. Link in Linntea, XV. ,509. Endlielier, Synops. Conif. 1.59. Forbes,
Pinct. Wobuiii. 63, tt. 23, 24. Van Iloutte, Floie des Serres, IX. p. 275, t. 964,
Lawson, Pinet. Brit , I. 85, t. 11. Engehnann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Calif'or.
II. 127. Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 435. Parlatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 391. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 284. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 256.
Masters in Gard. Cliron. IV. ser. 3 (1888), j). 44, with % ; and Journ. R. Hort.
Soe. XIV. 239 Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XI. 95, tt. 569, 570.

Eng. Nut Pine. Araer Digger Pine, Bull Pine. Germ, Nusskiefer, Weisskiefer.
Ital. Pino noce.

Pinus Sahiniaiia inhabits the foot-hills of (Jalifoniia Ijoth of the

coast range and of the Sierra Nevada almost throughout the entire

length of the State from north to south, ascending in places on tlie

latter to 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, but usually much

lower. It is so unlike any other Pine in haljit and aspect that even

amidst the luxuriant coniferous vegetation of California it forms a

distinct feature of the landscape, appearing in the distance more

like an Olive tree or a Willow than a Pine; its loose and widely-

liranched habit and its thin grey pendulous foliage tufted at the

ends of its crooked straggling branches render the tree so pervious

to light that it affords no shade, but at the same time clothes it

with pale colouring so distinct, that in the distance this Pine can

be easily recognised amidst the darker surroundings. As it occurs

along the torrid foot-hills throughout the coast range, it is one (jf

the r.rst of the true Pines met with l)y the traveller ascending the

mountains from the west ; it springs up here and there singly or

in groups, never forming forests of itself, usually mixed with an

undergrowth of shrubby Oaks (Qucrcus Doiu/Iasii) oiid Ceanothus, but

sometimes in sterile, rough rocky places where nothing else grows.*

The economic value of Pinus SaJiiniana is luiiniportant ; the wood

is light, very soft autl cvoss-grained ; it soon decays on exjiosiu'e

to tlie weather, hut it is one of the best oi firewoods ; the tree

yields excellent turpentine, but its most useful product is the largii

seeds of a nutty flavour whicli are iinu'li eaten by the Indians.

The seeds, however, ai'e not nuicli I'elislied l)y tlie whites, and tlieir

economic value as an article of food will doulitless cease with the

extinction of tlie race of red men tliat now consumes them.

Pinus Sahiniana Avas discovered l)y David Douglas during liis first
exploration in California in 1826, ])ut his specimens were unfortunately
lost in crossing a stream on liis return northwards. Cones and seeds
were received from liim in 1832 l)y the Horticultural Society of
London, and plants weic su])se(|uentlY <listributed auKjng the FelloAvs
under the name it now l)ear.s, which Douglas had given it in
compliment to Mr. .Jo.scj)li Sabine, at that time .secretary of the
Society and tlie author of many of the pai)ers jiublished in the earlier
Transactions of tlu; Society. In Great P)i'itain this Pine has proved
fairly hardy ; in tlie west and south-west of KiigJand, where it has in
jtlaces attaine(l a considrralile size, it- possesses many nf tlie pecnliar

*Muii- ill Harper's .Magazine ex (Jarch-ners' Chronicle, lor, rit.

I'lxus ST K or. us. 377

charactcristies described abdvc, ^vluL•ll i'cihIit it a ilccidcdly j)ictuic'.s(juo
tree for the park and landscape, and for cuiitrast witli other trees it
is unrivalled among Pines.*

The present condition of Piuus Sahiiiiana is liigldy suggestive .of its
past history and futiire destiny. Living in a climate singvdarly
favourable for arborescent vegetation, and amidst an environment of
lofty coniferous trees from 200 to 300 feet high, it fails, with lare
exceptions, to develop a single ascending stem like its congeners ; at
an early stage in its life its principal axis is forked or divided into
three or four ascending stems -which seldom attain one-foiirth of the
lieight of the species associated with it ; its foliage is unusually
sparse and lithe, and its large cones are almost of fossil-like consistency.
All these characteristics seem to point, on the one hand, to an ancestry
that must have originated in times antedating the first appearance of
that of most existing Pines, and on the other hand, to a state of
decadence foreshadowing its extinction.

Pinus Strobus.

A tall or medium-sized tree according to situation and environment ;
heights of 80 — 100 feet attained under favourable circumstances are frequent,
125 — 150 feet exceptional. In Great Britain trees 75 — 90 feet high
are occasionally seen, but the average height in this country rarely
ranges above 60 — 70 feet. Trunk tapering, 3 — 4 feet in diameter near
the base, covered with greyish bark, smooth on young trees, rugged and
fissured on old ones. Branches in pseudo-whorLs, the lowermost
disappearing as the tree advances in age, so that old trees are usually
free of branches for two-thirds or more of their height, and often have
a broad, rounded top. Branchlets slender, in whorls of three — five,
ash-grey ; .buds sub-conic, acute, 0*25 — 0*5 inch long, the perulae ovate-
lanceolate, narroweil into long, slender tips, chestnut-brown. Leaves
(juinate, persistent two — tliree years, slender, almost filiform, triquetral
with serridate margins, 3 — 4 inches long, bluish green at a distance,
green on the convex side, marked Avith silvery stomatiferous lines
on the flat sides ; basal sheath short and deciduous. Staminate flowers
in rather lax spikes more than an inch long, ellipsoid, about O'i inch
long, yellow stained with pinkish purple, and surrounded at the base
by eleven — thirteen involucral bracts in three series. Cones pendulous,
shortly pedunculate, cylindric, tapering to an obtuse apex, slightly curved,
5 — 6 inches long and 1 — 1*25 inch in diameter; scales obovate oblong,
with a small pointed uml)o at the apex, pale brown on the exposed side.

Pinus Strobus, Liuiueus, Sp. Plant. II. 1001 (1753). Miller, Diet. ed. Till.
No. 13 (1768). Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. 31, t. 22 (1803). L. C. Riclianl,
Mem. sur les Conif. 60. Michaux. Hist. Arb. Amer I. 103, t 10. Loudon,
Arb. et Frut. Brit IV. 22S0. with Hgs. Hooker, W. Fl. Bor. Amer. II. 161
(exelu. syn. P. monticola). Endlieher, Synops. Conif. 146. Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 398. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 405. Hoopes, Evergreens, 136,
with tig. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 322. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 288, with fig.
Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 240. Sargent, Silva N. Amer. XL 17,
tt. 538, 539. And many others.

Eng. Weymoiith Pine. Amer. White Pine. Germ. Strolie. Weymouths-Kiefer.

* The largest s]iecimens .seen by the author are at Ledbury Park and Eastnor Castle,
Herefordshire ; Highnam Court and Tortworth Court, Gloucestershire ; Pampesford Hall,
Cambridge ; Orton Hall. Peterborough ; and in the Royal Gardens at Kew.

378 I'INUS STROMIfR.

var. — nana.

A small, ciiiuiiact, Imshy slmili with sIkuI slciulcr liraiiclics and
uuiiierons Itmiiclilcts. The leaves are f<liorter than those of tlic spi-ries,
and densely (dustered at the extremities of tlie Immchlets.

( )ther varieties named respectively — mirea, roii/parfa, fastii/iafa, nirea,
liiinnhiy rarii'(jafa and riridis, have l)een in cultivation, Init are now rarely,
if ever, met with in British gardens.

The oreatei' part <»f the area of distrilmtion of Finns >Sfrohi/s on
the North American continent lies hetween the 40th and 50th
parallels of north latitude. From Newfoundland, where it is common,
it spreads westwards along the northern shore of the St. Lawrence
and tlie great lakes to Lake Nepigon and the lUver Winnipeg, and
through the northern States to Illinois and Iowa. South of
the 40th parallel it follows chiefly the trend of the Alleghany
mountains through eastern Kentucky and Tennessee into Georgia.
It attains its largest size in the valley of the St. Lawrence and
adjacent New England States ; both at its nortliern and southern
limits it is a smaller tree, less valuable and less abundant.

Pimis SfwJms is one of the most important of the North American
timl)er trees, and great numbers are felled every year and sent to Europe
under the name of White Pine. It is still alnuidant in parts of tlu^
New England States and Canada, although I'apidly diminishing in
(piantity in eouvsequenee of the great demand for its timber; with the
view of counteracting the diminishing supply, successful attempts to
cultivate it on a large scale have been already made in the northern
States, which may lead to further operations of the same kind. So
highly is the White Pine held in estimation in New England, that it
was made the central figure on the seal and arms of the State of Maine;
it is also (iiic (if the most valuable trees of Canada and fonns an
impiirtant aiticle of its commerce, and as such finds its way into every
carpentering establishment in (Ireat Pritain. The wood is light, soft,
straight-grained, but not strong, easily worked and susccptilijc of receiving
a be:nitiful ])olish.*

The White Pine was lirst culti\atc(l in (uval liritain liy the Duchess
of IJeaufort at badminton in 170"), and shortly afterwards great numbers
were jilanted by Liail Weymouth on his estate at T>ongleat in Wiltshire
whence this s]iecics received the name of Weymouth Pine. The
Longleat |ilaiitatioiis succeeded so satisfactorily tliat seeds were
subse(iueiitly dist I'ilmteil among nur.serynien and otliers throughout the
country. The |iiiiici|ial use of Piuux Sfmhiix in this couutiy is for the
decoration of the jiark and landscape, for mixing with other trees in the
formation of behs and screens, and occasionally foi' forestial purposes; its
rate of gmwtli in ordinary soils is from ll* to if) feet in ten years.
The tind)er of Urilish-grown ^V(■ymoutll I'ine is re|ioite(l satisfactory but
less valualile than that I'eceived fiom .\meri<M, a ejivumstani-e doulitless
due to climati<" causes.

In the north-eastern States of America l'iini.< Sfrolnn^ is thi' liest of all
i'ines for ornamental planting', " im]ter\ious to the cold of tlie ('anadian

' Silva of Xortli Anirrica, \I, 1'.'.

PIXUS SYLVESTUIS. 379

^\illl(■^ ami tlu' huiuiui;' sua and dry winds of Kansas, llic W'liili' I'inc
flourishes also as no other exotic Conifer flourishes in ceutral Kurope ;
and in the gardens of northern Italy it is as l)eautiful as in the forests
of ]\Iieliigan and Minnesota."*

The specific name Sfrohus, ap^iears to have been taken l>y Liuua'us
from Pliny, who mentions a tree ralle(l Strobus, indigenous to Carmania,
a province of ancient Persia, where it was sought after for fumigating
or incense. It is not known what tree this was.

Pinus sylvestris.

A tree of variable dimensions, according to locality and environment ; in
favourable situations attaining a height of 80—100 feet with a trunk 2 — 4
feet in diameter, usually free of branches for two-thirds or more of tlie
height and with a narrowl}' pyramidal head, but in old age with a rather
lu-oad rounded top. Bark of trunk smooth or but slightly roughened, and
with a reddish tinge especially along the upper portion, but rugged and
irregularly fissured in old age. branches in pseudo-whorls of three — six,
usually horizontal, the lowermost sometimes depressed or even svd>pendulous,
\vhilst those near the top are ascending. Branchlets at first green, changing
to reddish brown at the end of the second year. Buds conic-cylindric,
acute, 0-25 — 0-5 inch long, pale chestnut-brown, usually covered with a film
of whitish resin ; the perulse lanceolate, acuminate, and minutely ciliolate.
Leaves geminate, persistent three — four years, inserted on s])irally arranged
cortical pulvini, rigid and straight, but often curved or twisted,
1-5 to 3 inches long, semi-terete with a callous ti)), at first l^luish or
glaTicous green, changing with age to dull dark green; liasal sheath
about one-third of an inch long, wrinkled and blackish. Staminate
flovt'ers in dense clusters near the end of branchlets of the preceding-
year, ovoid-cylindric, about 0-25 inch long, sulphur-yellow. Cones ovoid,
2 — 3 inches long and 1 — 1-25 inch in diameter above the base; scales
narrowdy oblong, terminating in a i-hondjoidal thickening on the dorsal
side, with a transverse keel and short pyramidal umbo.f

Pinus sylvestris, Limifeus, Sp. Plant. II. 1000 (1753). Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. 1,
t. 1. (1803). L C. Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 55 (1826). Loudon, Arb. et
Frut. Brit. IV. 2153, with tigs. (1838). Link in Linnsea, XV. 484 (1841). Endlicher,
Synops. Conif. 171 (1847). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. IL 480. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. 385. Willkomm, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 193. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 257.
Beissner, Xadelholzk. 225. with tigs. Sowerby, Eng. Bot. VI. (1866). p. 264.
Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Isles, ed. III. p. 380. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 240.
And many others.

Eng. Scots Pine, J Scoteli Fir, Wild Pine. Fr. Pin de Geneve, Pin de Riga,
Pin silve.stre. Germ. Genieine Kiefer, Fohre, Kienl)auni, and otliers. Span. Pino
albar. Probably the Trirvg aypia of Theophrastus.

The varieties of Pmus sylvestris are exceedingly numerous ; they
admit of being arranged into two groups — local or geographical, and
those that have originated under cultivation. As scarcely any of these
varieties possess any special interest for British forestry and arboriculture,
the briefest mention of them in this place must sutfice ; fuller
descriptions of them are given in "NVillkomm's " Forstliche Flora " and
Beissner's "Handbuch der Xadelholzkunde."

* Garden and Forest, X. 460.

t The aiiophysis of the seed scale of Pimis sn/vestris is very variable in form in the ditferent
regions over which it is spread.
\ The name used by Sir Walter Scott and since taken up in Scotland generally.

380

riNU« SYLVESTIMS.

iicograpliical Va riet ics.
a/yenfea, a taller tree than the coinmon form, found on the ( aueasian
mountains and hearing cones with a silvi'r-white tint : eiujadensU, a
nnieh-ltranclied small tree, common in Lapland : evytlirantliera, a variety
with red staminate flowers occurring in Prussia and Saxony : iierccfensix,
a southern form with l)roader, shortei' and stilfer leaves, iuhahiti]ig thi^
Sierra Nevada in S[)aiii : retfe.m, a smaller tree with an irregular
head, growing in marshy valleys among the Swiss Alps and the
lowlands of southern (Germany : rin/afa, an irregularly-liranched tree
with twiggy hranchlets found on the ( )herforst AVamlshurg in l^russia,
and a few other places.

(hirdcn Varieties.

The most distinct of tliese have heen nanie<l auj'pci, rtjhunnarix,

I'ompada fa^fiiiiata, rompressa, tiana, pendula, pyramidaUs, rarie<iafa,

names sufficiently indicative of their most ohvious characteristic. The

most useful of these varieties for British gardens is aurea, a low

tree of dense hahit, with the young leaves of a golden yellow

colour Avhich changes to the normal green in the second year.

The Scots Pine has a greater geographical distribution than any

other Pine, or even of any other species included in tlie A1)ietine;e.

With the exception of tlie southern ])ortion 'of the Balkan peninsula

it is spread over the whole of Europe, including the I>ritish Islands,

and in Asia it occurs throughout nearly the whole of that })art of

the continent comprised within tlie Pussian dominions. Its western

limit is the Sierra Nevada in Spain, whence it ranges eastwards

across the continent to the Stanovoi mountains in eastern Siberia,

and to the Amur region. It reaches its highest latitude in Europe

at about the 70th parallel on the north-west coast of Norway ;

eastwards of this its northern limit lies near the Arctic Circle, but

sinking below the 64th parallel in eastern Siberia ; its southern

limit in Europe follows very nearly the trend of the mountain

systems stretching eastwards from the Sierra Nevada to the Caucasian

mountains, and in Asia tho mountains of Turkestan and the Altai

range to the Annir littoral. Throughout this great region the Scots

Pine is very irregularly distributed ; as it is a tree of the plain as

well as of the mountain, its sjiread in the lowlands has been greatly

influenced by climate and soil, and within historic times by the

pre.ssure of population ; it forms forests of considerable extent in the

flat sandy plains of north-east Germany, also in Finland, Russia and

Poland; in Silteria it is more scattered and often mixed with Piced

ohovata and Abies sibirica. < )n the mountains tlu' vertical range of Finm

syJvestris varies with the latitude of the localities; in northern Norway

it ascends only to about 700 feet abov(> sea-level ; on the mountains

of central Germany its highest vertical limit is 2,000 — 2,500 feet

on the Frencii Vosges about 4,000 feet, on the Swiss Ali)S 5,500 —

6,000 feet, and on tlie Sierra Nevada of soutiiern Spain 0,500 feet.

PIXU8 SVLVESTKIS. 381

TIr' Avild I'iuc of Scotland has Lecu (.'xhaustivcly studied in its
furostial aspect by the Si-ottish forestry authorities, from whose iiuliliratioiis
the following interesting particulars have been gleaned : —

Although native, and with evidence that the greater part of Scotland,
north of the Grampians, was covered with the wikl Pine at no very
remote period, forests of indigenous Firs are at the present time few
and far lietween. The chief remaining ones are to be foiuid about
the heads of the valleys ttf the Dee in Aberdeenshire and of the-
8pcy in Inverness-shire ; whilst another, equally beautiful but perhaps
not so well known, lies on the shores of Loch Eannoch, one of the
tributary lochs of the Tay in Perthshire. Tin- latti-r, from its sondjre
appearance, is calletl by the natives the lUack A\'ood. It lies on the
south side of Loch Eannoch, and extends along the shores of the loch
for about 2| miles, with an average breadth of about 1 mile ; this
is about the extent of the dense part of the wood, but including
the outlying parts, the length is nearly 7 miles and the greatest
breadth o miles. In altitude above the sea level the wood lies,
between 700 and 1,500 feet. There is another remarkable natiu-al
forest of Scots Pine at Ballochbuie, on the Braes of ]Mar, which has.
now become the property of Her Majesty the Queen, and thus a
guarantee is atibrded that it will be permanently preserveil as a worthv
remnant of those magnificent Pine forests with which the Highland
glens and mountains "were once so widely clothed.

In these forests, .specimens of the Scots Pine are to be found whick
have attained large dimensions. Some of them measm-e 12 and 13 feet
in circumference near the ground, Avith a height of over 80 feet : manv
of them are between three and four hundred years old. The trunks
are comitaratively .smooth, and generally straight and free of Ijranches-
for a considerable part of the height. If in healthy growth, the bark
is of a reddish colour on the upper portion of the trimk, and this
reddening is usually a sign that the locality is favourable to their
development. The quality of the timber of the Scots Pine is very
much influenced by the nature of the soil and .situation upon which
it is grown, as well as by the age at which the tree is cut. The
close-grained, highly resinous timber produced upon cold, high-lying
districts in the north of Scotland, is found, when of mature age, to lie
superior to that imported from any part of Europe ; whilst that which
has been planted in the lowlands of Scotland, as well as in the
rather rich soils in many parts of England, is not nearly so wood
although of the same age.

The technical uses to which the timber of the Scots Pine is
applied are almost endless, no sort of wood being so generallv used
for almost all kinds of purposes to which timber is ap^jlied. The
wood of young trees felled for thinning is used for cases for drv
goods, cooperage, aiid rough fencing ; that of full-grown trees foV
house building, out-of-door carpentry, railway ties, piles, hydraulic works,
street paving, etc.* Among the minor products that Avere formerly, and
are probably still utilised in places are the reshious juices from which
tar and pitch are prepared and also turpentine u.sed in house paintin«>-..
In Lapland and northern Russia the bark is used for covering huts and
many other purposes.

The Scots Pine, from its hardy constitution and rapid growth, is.
* The Forester, by James Brown, ed. VI, Vol. I. p. 255.

382 PINUS T.EDA.

;l useful tree for forming screens, and as a nurse foi' move tender
trees. As a tree for ]ilanting in [)unr, dry soils and in ex])osed
situations it is e([ualle(l mdy l)y the Lareh ; when planted as a sereeu
for shelti'r it is lu'st luixeil with the eonuuon Spruce and tlie Jiardier,
raj)id-gro\ving deci(hious trees. Its rate of grnwtli in tlie climate of
London, according to Loudon, is from 20 to '25 feet in ten years,
and from 40 to 50 feet in twenty years.

Pinus Taeda.

A tive 80 — 100 feet high with a cylindric or scarcely tapering-
trunk ahont 2 feet in diameter, "in Avet ground occasionally 175 feet
high with a trunk 5 feet in diarueter and free of limhs to nearly
half tlie height." Bark reddish Ijrown irregularly fissured into hroad,
flat ridges. Branches s])rea.ding or ascending, in old trees irregularly
developed and forming a wide-spreading or })roadly round-topped crown.
Branchlets slender, covered with reddish Ijrown hark which, on the
younger shoots, is paler and obliquely ridged and furrowed by cortical
outgrowths. Buds cylindricconic, 0"5 — 0'75 inch long, chestnut-ljrown,
the perulcR lanceolate, acuminate, and fringed with whitish hairs.
Leaves ternate, persistent two — three years, trigonal, nuicronate with
serrulate margins, 3'5 — 5 inches long, grass-green on the convex side,
marked with eight — ten ov more whitish stomatiferous lines on the
two ventral faces ; basal sheath about an inch long, nnu-h shorter and
lacerated the second year. Staminate flowers crowded in short spikes,
cylindric, incurved, about an inch long, surrounded at llie base by
twelve — fifteen involucral bracts, tlie anthers with an orbicular coiuiective.
Cones usually in pairs or (dusters of three, ovoid cylindric, 3 — 0 inches
long and 1 — 2 inches in diameter; scales narrowly oblong, the
apophysis rhom])oidaf with a transverse keel and small sub-](yramidal
und)o arnu'd with a hard,, short prickle.

Pinus TiTeda, Liimafiis, Sp. Plant. II. 1000 (175.3) exchi. liab. Canada. Miller,
Diet. ed. VIII. No. 11(1768). Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. 23, tt. 16, 17. Miehaux,
Hist. Arb. Amer. I. 97, t. 9. Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2237, with figs.
Forbes, Pinet. Wobuni, 43, t. 14. Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 164 Oarriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 448. Parlatore, I). C. Prodr. XVI. -393. Iloopes, Everf;reens. 122.
Coi'don, Pinet. ed. II. 286. Beissuer, Nadelliolzk. 265. Masters in .Tourn. R. Hoi-t.
.Sou. XIV. 241. Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XI, 111, tt. 577, 578. And many others.

Eng. Torcli Pine, Frankincense Pine Amer. Old Field Pine, Lobloll}' Pine.
Fr. Pin a renceus. (!erm. Weihraueli-ivierer. Ital. Pino a llaeeole.

Pinu>i Tivila is <ini' of the most widely (listi-il)ute(l of the l*ines
inhabiting tlie Atlantic States of North America. It s])read.s from
Delaware southwards to Florida and through I lie (Julf States to
Texas. Except in the imrtheni ]iortioii of its range where it i)refers
the low lands adjacent to the .Vtlaiitic coast, it takes the place
of the southern Pitch I'liu', /'. ■palnxfris, inland s])rcading westwards
through South ('aiolina and (ii'oigia to tiie Mississij)pi ri\'er.
West of the great ii\er, the area covered by it is less extensive,
V)ut in western Louisiana and eastern Texas it foinis considerable
forests, and in Arkansas and tlie Indian teiritoiy ii is the most
im])ortanl timVier tree of the eouiilr}'.

I'lNl'S I'HUXr.KKCl. -Jo^

\n Ihr wanu .limaf nf tlu' s„utli-.-ast.'rn States, P™ VVv/a is a
rapid-gnnviuK tivc ; 'it springs n,. in aluuulance on lai. s .xlK,|U.t(.(n.y
.•ultivatiun >vlu.n.v it lias ol.taiued tlie name o the )1<1 PieM line,
■ uul in a slKU't timr atlonls a supply of tiniLer and wood for tuel
The wood varies nmeli in iiuality in the different regions in whieli it
i^ -Town ; the proportion of sap- to heart-wood" is greater than in
mo^ Pines, and the latter is f.;.r the most part coarse-grairuMl and n.,t
(Inrahle. The resin.ais pr.-dnets are inferior to those of F. palu><1ri^,
and are not much Avorked commercially.

This Pine was introduced by Bishop Cmpton m liV-^. A though
it does not refuse to grow in this country, it is of little vah... lor
the British Pinetum. Several large trees are mentioned by Loudon
that were -rowing in his time in the Royal Gardens at Kew, at Syoii
House, ])ropmore,\nd other places; those in the two first-named plax;es
have loua since perishe.l, more from the deleterious influence of the
London "smoke than from any other cause. The largest trees m
England kn.jwn to the author are at Bicton and Tortworth Court.

Pinus Thunbergi.

\ lar-e tree often attaining a height of 80—90 feet, and in
exceptional situations even 120 feet with a trunk 2—3 feet in diameter
covered with greyish brown deeply fissured bark and usually with a
broad head of st<nit contorted sub-pendulous branches. Lranclilets
stoutish, in whorls of three— live witli pale reddish brown bark, the
youncrer leafy shoots whitish brown. Buds ovoid-cylmdric, suddenly
contracted to a sharp pomt, greyish white, 0-35— 0-75 inch long;
peruls linear-lanceolate acuminate, fringed with relatively long silky
hairs Leaves geminate, persistent al)Out three years, rigid, straight,
mucronate, 2-75— t inches long, serrulate at the edges, dull greyish
areen; basal sheath whitish, 0-5 inch long, contracted and much
Tacerated the second year. Staniinate flowers densely spicate, cylindnc,
about an inch long, yellowish and often curved ; stamens closely
imbricated, with short filaments dilated at the apex into an orbicu.ar
irreo-ularly crenulated connective. Cones ovoid-conic, 2 mch.'s long and
1 inch in diameter, pale reddish brown; scales oblong, the apophysis
rhomboidal Avith a transverse keel depressed at the centre.

Pinus Thunbergi, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 381 (1868) Franchet et Savetier,

Enuni. Plant. Jap. I. 464 (1875). Engelmann Revision CxcaiusPinus, ^.^ (1880).

Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 504 ; and Journ. R. Hor|. bor XH . -'41.

Mayr, Abiet. des Jap. Reielies, 69, t. 5, tig. 16. Beissner, Nar elliolzl^. 24,S
P Massouiana,Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 174 (1847), not Lambert biel)old and

Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. II. 24, tt 113, 114. Carriere Traite Conit. ed. II. 487.

Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 23, with hgs. Gordon, 1 met. ed. 11. 241.
P sylvestris, Tlu^^beri,^ Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linn:i:'us).
Eng' Japanese Black Pine. Germ. Japanische Scliwarzkiefer. Jap. Ivuro-nuitzu.

Although very comnion throughout Japan except in the northern

island oi Yeso, no recent botanical traveller in that country has,

with certaintv, seen Pinm Tkmibergi growing wild. That it is

indigenous to"^ Japan admits of but little (loul)t, and it may also l)e

assumed to be a native of Corea where it was seen l)y ^h: James

H. Veitch in two or three localities apparently wild; its geographical

range may thence be more extensive than was originally supposed.

PINUS THU-\r.El!GT. 385

Pinu^ Thunbergi is planted everywlicro thvougliout Japan and for
•every conceivable purpose, for it will grow in the poorest as well as
in the best soils ; it is used as a siidter iwv on the sea-coast for
the protection of the cultivated lands against the high winds l)lowing
from the ocean ; for the fixation oi sand dunes in the same way as
P. Pinaster is used in the French Landes ; it is planted in avenues
along the public highways for hundreds of miles, often in conjunction
with P. dpih^tjiora ; it is also planteil on exhausted lands unht for
other crops for the sake of its wood which supplies the fuel of many
of the poorer iidiabitants. But it is in its relation to horticulture and
to the social and religious life of the .Japanese that P. llmnhergi
associated Avith P. densifora is seen in its most interesting as})ects,
for it is found in every garden, in every temple enclosure and in
every cemetery. As Siebold remarked long ago — "the art of the
Japanese gardener has exhausted itself in the cultivation of these
Pines ; they are clipped and cut in all manner of ways ; the branches
are spread out like a fan i;pon horizontal espaliers to give them the
form of a flat table. In this artificial cultivation, extremes meet,
surprise is equally sought to lie gained by specimens of immense
extent as by others reduced to the smallest possible dimensions."*
During Dr. Siebold's stay at (Jsaka he went to see the celebrated Pine
in front of the Naniwaja Teadiouse, of which the branches artificially
extended have a circuit of 135 paces. Another remarkable specimen
was seen by ]Mr. Maries in 1878 and fifteen years later by Mr. James
H. Veitch in the village of Karasaki about three miles from Lake
Biwa-Ko ; it is one of the most curious Pines in Japan ; the height
is about 50 feet, the circumference of the trunk at the base is
20 feet, but at a few feet from the ground owing to trifurcation it
is 37 feet ; the spread of branches from east to west is 240 feet,
and from north to south 288 feet; the principal branches are held
up by numerous supports both of wo<')d and stone ; old wounds caused
by time and decay have been stopped by plaster, and over one
particularly bad spot a small roof has been erected.

But more extraordinary still is the Pine trained in the form of a

junk, standing in the garden attached to the monastery at Kinkakuja ;

its present shape is, according to the resident priests, the result of

over three centuries of patient labour. The' trunk forms the mast, and

two opposite branches springing from it at a feAV inches from the

ground have been made the basis on which the structure of the hull

has been worked out ; this is 35 feet in length and somewhat exceeds

the height of the tree. The remaining branches of the trunk are bare

from 12 to 18 inches from their base, and the branchlets beyond have

been trained in continuous spirals so that the youngest shoots with

their foliage now rest upon thick layers of twisted, interlaced, stiffened

wood, the accumulated training of a long series of years.f

Pinus Thunhcrgi was introduced into Europe l)y Siebold in 1855,

and into Great Britain with P. dcnsiflom by tlie late John Gould

Veitch in 18G1. Unfortunately it was distributed both by Siebold

* Flora Jajioiiica, Vol. II. p. 26.

t Whether this marvellous instance of oriental patience is Pinus Thunhcrgi or
P. denaiflora is soniewliat uncertain ; the more slender and tiexible Ijranclilets of the latter
would seem to lend themselves to this kind of training with greater facility than the
stouter, stiffer shoots of P. Thuabergi.

386 riNUS TUBERCULATA.

and from the Veitcliiau uurserv under the naiiie of P. 31assoniana

in the belief that it was .tlie l*ine of that name descriljed and

figured hy Lambert in the " Genus Pinus," which is a diherent

species comnKtn on and near the coast of southern China and not

sutticiently hardy for the British climate.* In the drier cUmate of

Great Britain F. Thunhcvgi grows somewhat slowly, l)ut it is hardy

and sufficiently distinct from the Euro[)ean and American species to

be a useful tree for the park and landscape, and for planting near

the sea-coast. It commemorates one of the earliest pioneers of

lM)tanical explorations in distant lands.

Carl Peteh THUXiiEin; (1743—1828) was the son of a clergyman at Jonkoping in
Sweden, and in early lite a pupil of Linnteus at the university of Upsal wli^re
he graduated in 1770, and won the Kohrean pension for tliree years which enabled him
to visit Paris and the Dutch universities. In 1771 he obtained an appointment as
surgeon to one of the Dutch East India Company's vessels, in which he sailed froin
Amsterdam to the Dutch colonial possessions. He landed at the Cape of Good Hope
where he stayed two winters, making several excursions into the interior for the purpose
of collecting plants and other objects of natural history, whence his name became
associated with the Ca[ie Flora. He then sailed for Java where, including a voyage to
Japan, lie remained five j'ears collecting a large number of plants jireviously unknown
to European botanists. In Jajian he stayed at Jeddo (Tokio) for about two months, and
while there and at Nagasaki collected such materials as were within his reach, from
which he afterwards compiled a "Flora Jai)onica " i>ublislied in 1784. He returned to
his native country in 1779, making first a short stay in England, where be became
acquainted with Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander and other eminent botanists of that
period. During his absence he had been appointed Demonstrator of Botany in the
University of Upsal, and in 1784 he succeeded Linnreus as Professor. Besides the
"Flora Japonica," he compded several other botanical works now liecome obsolete,
but among them some " 01>servations on the Flora of Japan " published in the second
volume of tiie "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" will always lie
regarded with a kindly interest by British botanists.

Pinus tuberculata.

"A tree usually aljout 20 i'cct hiL;li with a trunk a foot in diameter,,
but occasionally 80 — 100 feet witli a trunk 2*5 feet in thickne.st!,
and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending main
stems. Urauclies com}»avatively slender, and while the tree is young
in regular remote whorls forming a compact or open pyramidal head
wliieh, in old age, l)ecomes a round-topped straggling head of sparse,
thin foliage."! Branehlets slender, orange-brown ; Inuls ovoid-cylindrie,.
about half-an-inch long, with ovatedanceoJate ehestnut-ln-own perulae.
Leaves ternate, persi.stent three — four years, slender, 4 — 6 inches long,,
triquetral, convex on tin- dorsal, distinctly kcelccl on the ventral side,
greyish green; l)asal shcatli sjiort and nnidi rorrngated. Staminate
flower.s in elongated spikes, eylindi'ic, <)••") indi long, with orangedirown
anthers, and surrounded at the base by si.\ involucral bracts. Cones
in clusters of three — ti\'e, elongate-conic, ol.)li(iue at the ])ase, ronnded
at the apex, 4 — 6 inches long and \•'^^^ — 2-o inches in diameter at
the In'oadest ; .scales more developed on the exposed iq)per side than
beneatli, the apophysis with a transverse keel and central umbo

* It has been extensively ust-il for atforesting the bare liills and uplands of Hongkong,
t Silva of North America. XI. 107.

PIXUS TUBERCULATA. 387

terminating in a strong, sliar[) prickle ; on the undev side of the cone
mncli smaller, flat, and with a small prickle in the centre.

Pimis tubereulata, Gordon in Joiini. Hort. Soc. Loml. IV. "ilS, with tig. ;*
and Piiiet. ed. II. 288. Lawson, Pmet. Brit. I. 93. t, 13 Carriere, Traits
Conif. ed. II. 441 (in part). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVl. 394 (in part).
Engehnann in Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 128 Masters in Gard.
Chrou. XXIV. (188.5), p. 786, with tig. ; and Journ. E. Hort. Soe. XIV. 241.
Beissner, Kadelholzk. 270.

P. atteniiata, Lemnion and Sargent, Silva X. Anier. XI. 107, tt. 'i?'', "uC.

Anier. Knob-cone Pine. Germ. Hoeker-Kiefer.

Pin US tuherculata inhabits the dry southern and western slopes,
fully exposed \.o the sun, of the mountain ranges which, under various
names, extend from south-west Oregon, its northern limit, to the
San Bernardino mountains in south California. In some places it
forms pure forests of considerable extent ; in others it is more
scattered and mixed with other trees ; its ^'ertical range is from
1,000 to 5,000 feet above sea-level. The wood is soft, brittle, and
cross-STained, and but little used. It was introduced by the
H(jrticultural Society of London, in 1847, through their collector
Hartweg, who was probably the discoverer of it : seeds have since been
occasionally received from different parts of its habitat, liut its
unsuitableness for the British climate has long been apparent, and
it is only in dry, sheltered localities, comparatively few in number, that
it cull be said to have grown satisfactorily.

Pinus tuherculata is singular among Pines in bearing cones when
only a few feet high, and which remain on the tree for thirty to forty
years, often becoming imbedded in the liark, and not opening till the
tree dies from local causes or is destroyed by a forest fire. P. txd>ermjlata
also has the peculiarity of producing its cones on the main trunk as well
as on the branches, giving it a singular appearance, as they are arranged
around the stem in almost a circle, usually five though often seven cones
composing the circle. Sometimes two or three circles of these cones are
closely crowded together, overlapping each other as they hang down ;
tliey are very compact, and covered with a resinous coating which
insures them against cracking, a good provision for the preservation of
the seed which is never shed till the tree has been felled. In forests
where this Pine is abundant it has been noticed that the trees are
all of the same age, which can only be accounted fur liy the
simultaneous shedding of the seed.

LAEIX.

Salisbury in Trans. Linn. Soc. VIII. 313 (1805). Kegel in Gartentt. XX. 91 (1871).
Benthani and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 442 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat.
PH. Fam. 75. (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 31 (1893).

If we regard the Larches in respect of their foliage only, they

form a yery natural genus. The deciduous leaves of herbaceous

texture and of a soft pleasing green when first developed, clearly

* Parlatore quotes Don (Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 442) as the author of the species.
Don gives a description of a cone only, which is not that of P. tuherculata l)ut P. radia/a
apparently soniewliat abnormal.

388 LAinx.

distinguish them from all other coniferous trees, and (Mi this
ground chiefly the genus Larix has been adopted hy most recent
authors. Every other character, except the anatomical structure of
the wood, is possessed in a greater or less degree in connnon with
one or other of the genera included in the Ahietineie. In the
crowded fascicles of leaves produced on short arrested l)ranchlets, the
Larches agree with the Cedars ; the cones of Larix combine the
])ersistent scales of those of a Picea with the erect or assurgent
position of those of an Allies ; and the staminate flowers conform
very nearly to those of a Tsuga.

The essential characters of Larix in respect of the reproductive
organs may be thus formulated : —

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers sessile along liranehlets of
the preceding year, and surrounded at the base by numerous retlexed
involucval liracts, gloliose or ovoid, composed of numerous stamens with
sliort footstalks spirally arranged around a central axis. Anthers
two-celled, with a sharply pointed connective ; dehiscence longitudinal.

(Jvuliferous flowers sub-globose on the ends of very sliort lateral
l)ranchlets (sub-sessile), and consisting of numerous suborbicular scales
bearing nearly at the base of the ventral face two. inverted ovules,
and attached to the highly-coloured dorsal face, a linear bract, often
much longer than the scale and at flrst separable from it.

Cones ovoid, rarely cylindric, obtuse ; scales loosely imliricated,
persistent, and bearing on the inner face two winged seeds. Seeds
triangular, rounded on the sides.

The technical distinction of the species is attended with considerable
difficulty, in some cases arising chiefly from their extensive distribution,
so that local or geographical divergences from what is regarded as
the common type are not infrequent. These divergences are for the
most part intermediate between two types to which they are
geographically adjacent, and thence form a connecting link between
them. Instances of such forms have been observed by Kegel,
Willkomm and others, connecting Larix eurcrpcca with L. sihirica,
L. sihirica with L. daJmrica, and even L. dahurica. with L. leptolepis.
These Larches thence constitute a series which must have had a
common origin.

The Larches are northern and even sulj-arctic trees, spreading to
the limits of arborescent vegetation in both hemispheres, and both
in North America and in northern Asia covering immense areas,
either forming pure forests or mixed with species of Picea. They also
inhabit most of the mountain ranges north of the -loth ])arallel of
north latitude, on which they ascend to the highest vertical limit of
arborescent growth. Larix (JrifptJni is an outlying species that occurs
only on the central and eastern Himalaya. Nearly all the Larches
afVord valuable tindjer.

LARIX A.MEiUCANA. oSO

Larix americana.

A .sIcikUt tree 50 — ^70 or more feet high with a trunk 2 — 3 feet
in diameter near the hase, oftenev much less, and at its northern
limit a low tree or l)U.sh not higher than a man. Bark ash-brown,
at first smooth or slightly rugose, much and irregularly fissured in old
age. Branches relatively stout; in old age often large, irregularly
developed, and sometimes much contorted. Branchlets with light yellowish
brown bark, mostly pendulous. Leaves in tufts of twenty — forty,
narrowly linear, 0-5 — 1 inch long, obscurely mncronate, with a sunk
median line above and keeled beneath, light grass-green, sometimes
with a bluish tint. Staminate flowers globose, cream-white, scarcely
0-25 inch in diameter. ( Jvuliferous flowers 0-5 inch long; scales
crimson with a narrow green bract. Cones the smallest in the genus,
globose-cyliudric, 0-75 inch long ; scales suborbicular with a short
thickened claw ; l)ract one-third as long as the scale.

Laiix anieiicaiia, Michaux, Hist. Aib. Anier. III. 37, t. 4 (1813). Loudon, Arb.
et Frut. Brit. IV. 2399. Hoopes, Evergreens, 217. Kegel in Gartenfl. XX. 105.
IMacoun, Cat. Cauad. Plants, 475. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 329. Sargent, Silva N.
Anier. XII. 7, t. 593.

L. niicrocarpa, Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 139, t. 47 (1839). Link in Linnsea, XV. 536.
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 355. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 175. Kent in Veitch's
JManual, ed. I. 130.

L. pendula, Sahsbury in Trans. Linn. See. VIII. 313 (1805). Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 177. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 218.

L. tenuifolia, Salisbiny in Trans. Linn. Soc, VIII. 314 (1805).

L. larichia, Koch, Dendr. II. 263 (1873).

Pinus lariciua, Dmoi, Observ. bot. 49 (1771).

P. pendula, Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. t. 36. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 132.
Parlatore, I). C. Prodr. XVI. 409.

P. niicrocarpa, Lambert, Geniis Pinus, I. t. 37 (1803). Endlicher, Synops.
Conif. 132.

Abies niicrocarpa, Lamarck, Diet. VI. 514 (1804). Lindley, Penny Cycl. I.
33, (1833). And many others.*

Eng. American Larch, Red Larch. Amer. Tamarack, Hackmatack, Black Larch,
Fr. Meleze d'Ameri(|ue, Epinette rouge. Germ. Kleinzaptige Liirche. Ital. Larice
nero, Larice amerieano.

The American Larch is essentially a northern tree, widely dispersed

over an immense region which may be roughly described as extending

from Yukon and the valley of the Mackenzie river eastwards to the

shores of Labrador and including Newfoundland ; and from the

Arctic Circle southwards to al)Out the 40tli parallel of north latitude.

In the Canadian provinces and the northern States it mostly occurs

in cold swampy ground associated with Abies halsamca, Picea nigra

and TItuia occidcntaUs, in places forming pure forests. The wood is

heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, and durable in contact

* This Larch has l)een excessively overburdened with names. One of the oldest is the Pinus
Larix americana of JMunchhausen, published in 1770 ; this was not, however, taken up by
Lambert who figured it in the " Genus Pinus" as two species under the names of P. pendula.
and P. microcarpa. Salislniry also described it as two species, but substituted tenuifolia
for Lambert's microcarpa. Michaux recognised Init one species in Canada and the eastern
United States, since abundantly confirmed, and named it Lari.c americana in contradistinction
to L. enropwa. By adopting Michaux' name, the ambiguity attending the older names ot
Lambert and Salisbury is got rid of.

390 LAinX DAIIUKICA.

with the soil ; it is used in shi]»-l)uilding, fence-posts, telegraph poles,
railway ties, etc.*

According to Aitoii, the American I.arch Mas intvoihicecl intu (Ireat
Britain by Peter Collrnson some time jirior to 1739. In thit; country it
is an inattractive tree assuming no jiarticular shape; its branches are
often irregularly developed and grow in different directions, some ascending
at an acute angle to the trunk, others horizontal, and others again (piite
})endulous.t It is worthless for forestry purposes on the drier land, but
it would seem to be a suitable sidjjec-t for trial on unproductive bogs and
marsh ground. It is far lietter adapted to the German than the British
climate, and it is accordingly more used for park and landscape planting
in Germanv than in England.

Larix dahurica.

A medium-sized tree, at its northern limit ami lughest vertical range a
stunted, straggling shrid) ; in its arborescent form with a straight slender
triuik and tapering loosely-branched crown, oft(Ui with several leaders
and sparsely and irregidarly branclied, but in the Botanic gardens of
northern Europe sometimes 60 feet high with a regular pyramidal crown.
Branches and branchlets slender and more or less pendulous. Leaves
in fascicles somewhat distantly placed, narrowly linear, about an inch
long, pale green. Staminate flowers small, hemispheric, compressed, about
one-sixth of an inch in diameter ; anthers sub-sessile, papilla- or teat-like,
pale green. 0\udiferous flowers cylindric, obtuse, a little less than
0'5 inch long, surrounded at the base by numerous crum^^led, involucral
bracts, and composed of broadly ovate-oblong scales that are at first
rose-pink but cliange with age to dark purple, and after fertilisation to
dull brown. Cones ovoid or sub-globose, 0'75 — 1 inch long, composed
of four — six series of rounded or slightly truncate scales faintly striatcil
on the back.+

Larix dahunca, Tmczaiiiiunv in Bull, Soc. Xat. ilose. 1838, p. 101. Carriere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 3.51. Kegel in Gartenfl. XX. 104. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 168.
Willkonim, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 155. Beissner, Xadelliolzk. 328, with tig. Ma.sters
in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 216.

L. kurilensis, Mayr, Abiet. Jap. Reiehes, 66, t. .t, tig. 15 (1890).

L. europfea dahurica, Loudon, Arh. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2352.

Pinus dahurica, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 121. Pailatore, D. C. Prodr. X\'I. 410.

Larix dahurica is a sub-arctic species which has its home in the
coldest region of the northern heinispliere in wliieh arborescent
vegetation is known to exist. It is spread over north-east Siberia
as far as the Tundras, and it is even scattered over parts of these
in the form of a stunted busli but a few inches high ; it attains
its polar limit on the Boganida river at about latitude 72° N. ; it
forms forests of considerable extent around lakoutsk, in Kamtschatka
and in Saghalicn where it is often mixed with Pirra ajanoisis, and

* Silva of North America, XII. 0.

t The best specimen known to tlie autlior i.s standing in tlie grounds ot Dalkeith I'alaee,
from which materials for description were conununicated by tiie late Malcolm Dunn.
t Abridged from Willkonim.

LAKIX EUKOP.KA. 391

linds its eastern limit in the Knrile Islands. On the mountains of
Dalunia it ascends higher than the Sil)erian Larch, funning, as a
stunted shrub, the highest zone of arborescent vegetation.*

A tree that exists and perpetuates itself in a region in whirh
there is an annual range of temperature of over 100° Fahr. inehnling
40" below zero, is unable to live long under the stimulus of the more
equable climate of Great JJritain. According to Loudon Larix dahurira
was first introduced into this country in 1827 ; it is still represented
by young trees in the Koyal Gardens at Kew, and is occasionally
pirn'uralili' in nursery gardens.

Larix europaea.

^\. lofty tree attaining in favourable situations a height (jf 120 feet,
but more commonly the height of adult trees ranges from 80 to
100 feet, and at the highest vertical limit of the species much less.
Trunk sti-aight, gradually tapering upwards, 2 — 4 feet in diameter near
the base, and covered with greyish brown bark fissured into irregular
thin plates. Branches in pseudo-whorls, spreading, more or less
upturned at the end, on adult trees nearly of equal length,! the
lowermost usually cast ott' liefore the tree attains its full height.
Eranchlets with smooth, pale, yellowish bark, pendulous on adult trees,
often spreading on vigorous yoinig trees. Leaves in fascicles of
thirty — forty or more on arrested branchlets or "spurs," scattered on
the leader and terminal shoots ; narrowly linear, obtuse, obscxu'ely keeled
on the under side, soft light green. Staminate flowers at first ovoid-
globose, afterwards sub-cylindric, 0"25 — 0"75 inch long, jiale yellow.
(Jvuliferous flowers shortly pedunculate, sub-cylindric ; reddish purple
before fertilisation. Cones ovoid-cylindric, variable in size ; in Great
Britain 1 — 1*5 inch long, composed of six — nine series of imbricated,
suborbicidar, pale liroAvn scales with entire margins, and striated on the
exposed side ; bracts oval at the base, prolonged at the apex into a
.short point. Seed wings obliquely-ovate, nearly as long as the scale.

Larix europrea, De Caiidolle, Flore Francaise, III. 277 (1805). Loudon, Arb.
et Fiut. Brit. I \^ 2350, witli figs. (1838).' Link in Linna?a, XV. 53-1 a841).
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. IL 357. Hoopes, Evergreens, 249. with fig. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. IL 169. "Willkonnn, ForstL FL ed. II. 140. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 321,
with fig. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 217.

L. deeidua.J Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. (17681 Koeli, Dendrol. II. 258. Kegel in
GartenH. XX. 101 (1871).

Finns Larix, Linnaeus, Sp. Plant. II. 1001 (1753). Lambert, Genus Pinus, I.
53. t. 35. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 133. Christ. Uebersicht. der Europ. Abietin. 8.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 411.

Abies Larix, L. C. Richard, Mem. sur les Conif. 65 (1826). Lindley and Gordon
in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. V. 213.

And many others.

Eng. European Larch, Common Larch. Fr. Meleze de I'Europe. Germ. Gemeine
Liirche. Ital. Larice ordinario. .Sjiaii. Pino Alerce.

* Dr. Regel distinguished three forms of Larix dahurica : 1. tijpica; 2, prostrata ;
3, japoaica : the last named jirobably the L. kurilciisis of Mayi-. Gartenflora, loc. cit. supra.

t The length and persistency of the lower branches of the Larch varies greatly. Wlien
standhig alone in open spaces the branches sometimes attain a length of 25 to 30 feet.

% This specific name is thence older than De Candolle's europma. Tint it was not taken
up by ally subsei|uent authors except the late Professor Koch of Berlin, and Dr. Regel of
St. Petersburg.;

392

LARfX EUKOr.EA.

var.— pendula.

This is I'ecognised in two lurnis ; — In one the trunk is short and
divided near the t(i[> into several secondary stems that are lient
downwards, as are the branches and their appendages.* In the other,
the branches are spreading and even ascending at the distal end,
whilst the branchlets, usually \'er)' slender and much elongated, are
quite pendulous.

Fit,. 0,>. Laiii, emojima pendvia.
(From the (ktrdeners' Chronicle.)

L. (;ur(i|)iea jn'inUili, fi imlon. Aili. et Friit. I'rit. IV. "iS")!.
Kegel m GarteuH. XX. 101 (1871).

L. (lei-iflua "ipoiidula.

* One of the most remarkable 8i»ecimens of this foriii of tlie peiKhilous Lan-h is at
Heuham Hall, Suflolk, the seat of the Earl of Stradl)roke ; in this tree the branches are
excessively developed at the expense of the trunk, and eover a space 100 feet long and
63 feet wide.

LAitix eueop.i:a, 393

The natural geographical limits of the European Larch are uow
ditticult to determine, as so much has been done for its artificial
distribution. It is, however, essentially an alpine tree, and is found
wild on the Alps from Dauphine to the Tyrol, on the Carpathians,
and t)n the mountains of Bohemia and Mora^■ia. In some places
it forms pure forests, of which the most extensive are on the Alps
of Dauphine ; in others it is often mixed with the Spruce Fir, the
Silver Fir, or the Cembra Pine, and at its highest vertical limit,
with the dwarf Mountain Fine, Pinus mojifanc Its vertical range
varies with the latitude of the locality ; on the central Alps of
Switzerland it ascends to 6,000 — 7,000 feet above the level of the
sea ; on the Carpathian and Bohemian mountains it reaches the
hiohest limit of arborescent vegetation, the altitude of which is
considerably less than that reached l)y the Larch on the Alps.

The common Larcli was introduced into Great JJritain at an early date.
According to Loudon the earliest mention is made of it in Parkinson's
"Paradisus" publislied in 1629, but at that period it was quite rare; a
century later ]\Iiller states in the first edition of. his " Dictionary of
Gardening" (1737) that it was common in most English gardens.
During the latter half of the eighteenth century its value as a timber
tree became known, and public attention was called to it by the Society
of Arts by offering, in 1788, three gold m.edals for the planting of Larch
and the making known the most useful properties of its timber. From
that epoch the Larch became the subject more for forestry and economic
planting than for arboricidture in its decorative aspect. Into the forestial
management and uses of the Larch it is not our province to enter, Init
mention must be made of those remarkable plantations around Dunkeld
and on other portions of the Atlioll estate on account of the historical
interest attached to them, and the beneficial influence they have exercised
on the extension and practice of forestry in (Treat Britain.*

The Larch plantations at Dunkeld originated with James, second Duke
of Atlioll, who planted three hundred and fifty Larches between 1740 and
1750, which were probably intended as a trial. Nine years later a still
larger number was planted on the face of a rocky hill inisuited for
agricultural operations, and this plantation throve in so satisfactory a
manner that his son, the third Duke, was induced to continue the trials,
and at the time of his death four hundred and ten acres, previously
given up to unproductive broom furze and juniper, were covered Avitli
thriving Larch trees. In 177-4, John the fourth Duke surnamed "The
Planter" succeeded to the title and estates, and under his direction the
Atlioll Larch plantations liecame the most famous in the country.
During his tenure of the estate, Duke John caused over fifteen thousand
acres of practically waste land to be planted principally with Larch
trees, of which over twenty-seven millions of ]jlants were used.t

Thousands of tlie.se trees have since been felled for profitable use, l)ut
thousands still remain to attest the forethought and wisdom of the

* The tuithor had the piivik-ge of insi)ecting a portion of these magniticent plantations
in the summer of 1896 through the kindness and under tlu' guidance of Mr. David Keir,
Forester to the Duke of AthoU.

t Hunter, Woods, Forests and Estates of P(_'rtlishire. p. 4.">.

394 LAIMX EUROP-EA.

Dukes of Atlioll under whose direction tliey were planted, and noteworthy
among them are two great trees stantling near one of the entrance gates
to Dunkeld House. These trees are the survivors of five planted by
Duke James in 1738; two were felled in 1809 and one had been cut
down twenty years before; their height in 1888 was somewhat over
102 feet, their girth at three feet from the ground about 17 feet, and it was
estimated that they contained over 530 cubic feet of timber without the
bark. For the illustration we are indebtoil t(i the courtesy of the author

riir I'aiviil l.airl]

(1 Kstiites of IVrthshiri'"

•ditor

)f th

of "Woods, Forests iiiid

" Perthshire Constitutional."'
The great value of Larch timber consists chictly in its durability,
strength, the facility with which it may lie worked, and tlic rapidity
with which it i.s produced ; tiie trees with red heart-wood are most in
request. Larch tim])er is used for all purjioses of rural industry, in
mining operations, Uiy lailway ties, telegraph posts, scaffold poles and
wheiever durability under exi)Osure to the weatlicr is required. On the

LAKIX (HIIFFITHII. 395

continent of Europe, Ijesides the ttrdinaiy uses of its timber, W'uetian
turpentine is procured from trees growing on the southern slopes of
the Alps ; and in places where the Oak is scarce, Larch Ijark is used
in tanning leatlier. As a tree for the park and landscape, the common
Larch has always held a prominent place as a graceful tree, distinct in
all its most oljvious characters from every other deciduous tree,
particularly in Spring when the young leaves have just Ijurst into life,
and which at that season have a peculiar soft yellowish green lint
possessed l)y no other tree of our forests. It is also highly ap})reciated
in the eastern States of Xorth America, both as a timber and
ornamental tree.

Larix Grifflthii.

A slender tree 40 — 60 feet high in tlie valleys of the inner Himalaya,
much smaller on the higher slopes. Bark of trunk pale reddish brown,
rugged and much iissured into irregular plates. Brandies spreading or
ascending, often long in proportion to height of truidc. Branchlets quite
pendulous, covered with pale lirown bark, fluted and grooved by cortical
outgrowths obliquely decurrent from the "spurs." Buds broadly conic
with light chestuut-l)r(»wn ])erulce. Leaves in fascicles of thirty — fifty,
linear-acicular, about an inch long, light soft green. Staminate flowers
globose, 0"25 inch in diameter ; anthers numerous witli a sub-quadrate,
pale brown connective. Ovuliferous flowers cylindric, composed of
numerous small suborbicular scales subtended by lanceolate, acuminate
bracts three times as long as themselves, bright crimson with a green
median line. Cones shortly stalked, cylindric, 2 — 3 inches long ; scales
subquadrate-cuneate with retuse apical margin; bracts exserted, lanceolate,
cuspidate, reflexed at the tip. Seeds with an oblong wing.

Larix Griffitliii, Hooker lil, Illust. Him, Plants, t. 21 (exclu. tigs. A. 1 — 4), 1855 ;
Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 655 ; and Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 718, with lig. Carriere,
Traite Couif. ed. II. 359 (Griffitliiaiia). Brandis, Forest Fl. X.W. India, 531.
Gordon. Pinet. ed. II. 171. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), \>. 464,
with tig. ; and Journ. R Hort. Soc. XIV. 217. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 316.

Pinns Grittithii, Parlatore, I). C. Prodr. XVI. 411 (186S).

Eng. Himalayan Larch. Fv. Meleze de I'Hinialaj'a. Germ. GritKths-Larclie.
Ital. Larice del Sikkim.

Larix Griffifhii has a restricted range in eastern Xepal, Sikkim and
western Bhotan at 8,000 — 12,000 feet elevation. The wood is of
no great economic value ; it is white, soft but duralde and splits
well ; the planks are, however, of small scantling.

The Himalayan Larch is chiefly distinguished from the other species
by its larger cones witli exserted reflexed bracts ; in aspect it closely
resembles the pendulous variety of the European species. As seen on the
slopes of the inner Himalaya, it is a graceful tree of slender habit
and sparse foliage ; its long pensile branchlets are set in motion by
the slightest breeze, and in a heavy gale arc so completely blown on
one side that the tree appears lop-sided. It was discovered in
western Bliotan in 1S37 by AVilliam (Jritflth whose enormous collection
of herbarium specimens lay buried for many years in the cellars of

396

LAKIX GKIFFITHII.

the old East India House in Li'adciiliall Street, so tliat this Larch
remained unknown to science till it M'as rediscover(;d by Sir -loseph
Hooker in Sikkini in 1848, and who sent seeds to the Royal Gardens
at Kew, which germinated freely and the seedlings were widely
distributed but nearly all idtimately succumbed either to climate or
disease. Repeated importations of seeds since, have met with no
better fate. ( )ne survivor of the first batch of seedlings supposed to
have been presented to the late Mr. Wentworth BuUer, is growing in
the grounds of Mr. H. M. Imbert Terrv, at Strete Ralegh near

Fig. 101. hn-ir (!

iffithii. A, branchlet witli .staminate — b, with oviilifi'ioiis flowins.
(^villiferous scale 1, dor.sal — 2, ventral side.

Exeter, which is now upwards of 40 feet liigh and attracts attention
by its marked unlikeness to any of the surrounding trees. Another
tree 50 feet liigh of whicli a l)ranch with cones is figured in the
"Gardeners' Chronicle" of October 9th, 1896, is (or was) standing in
the grounds of Major-General Jago-Trelawny at Coldrenick in Cornwall.
The species pca-petuates the name of oni; of the. most indefatigable
of the earlier botanical explf»rers of India, who unfortunately succumbed
to the climate at a comparatively early age.

LAKIX LEPTOLEI'IS. 397

"William Gkifi-mtii (ISIO — 1845) completed liis education at University College,
London, where he distinguished himself in the medical classes, especially that of
Botany, of which Dr. Lindlcy was the Professor. He went to India in 1832 as assistant
surgeon on the Madras estaVilishment, and was sliortl\- afterwards appointed liy the
Government to investigate the forests of Tenasserim. In 1835 he accompanied Doctors
Wallieh and ^leClellaiid into Assam for the jiurpose of rejjorting on the growth of the
Tea-plant, ex})loring also the Khasia and Xaga Hills ; from the latter he passed
through the Hookung valley down the Irrawadi to Rangoon. Having heen appointed
surgeon to the Embassy to Bhotan, he explored part of that country and also part
of Sikkini ; he was afterwards attached to the army of the Iiidus for the purpose
of examining the vegetation of the Indus, and after the subjugation of Cabul he
penetrated to Khorassan. Xo liotanist ever made such extensive explorations nor
collected so many specimens as Griffith did during the brief thirteen years of his Indian
career. Wherever he travelled he made sketches of the most striking features in the
scenery, and his itinerary diaries are full of information not only on the botany, but also
on the zoologA', geology, physical geography, etc., of the countries through which he
passed. Aniong the plants discovered by him were Vanda cccridea, V. ccerulescens,
Cymbidium ehurneum, Cyperoirhis Mastcn-ii and other Orchids that will long retain
a place in British gardens. In 1841 he was apjiointed to the superintendence of
the Botanic Garden at Calcutta during the absence of Dr. Wallieh who had been
invalided home ; Imt on the return of the latter, he resumed his medical duties at
Malacca where he contracted a disease of the liver, wjiioh ternunated his life at the age
of thirty-five.

Larix leptolepis.

A slender tree resembling tlie Enropean Lareli with a trunk 60 — 80
or more feet higli and 1-5 — 2-5 feet in diameter covered with
reddish Ijark ; redticed to a small shrub or stunted bush at the limits
of arborescent A'egetation on Fuji-yama. Branches spreading, with lateral
ramification at the distal end. Branchlets more rigid than in tlie
European species, with light brown Iwrk fluted with oblique longitu-
dinal cortical outgrowths. Leaves in tufts of thirty — fifty, narrowly
linear, flat, 0-5 — 1"25 inch long, pale green above with two stomatiferous
lines beneath. Staminate flowers globose-conic, 0*35 inch in diameter, light
yellow-brown. < )vuliferous flowers sessile, rose-pink ; bracts large in
proportion to the scale, broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, reflexed at the
apex. Cones globose-conic, 1"25 inch long and 1 inch broad ; scales
subquadrate, rounded and reflexed at the apical margin ; bracts enclosed,
half as long as the scale.

Larix leptolepis, Gordon, Pinet. ed. I. 128 (1858) ; and ed. II. 173 (1875). MiUTay,
Pines and Firs of Japan, 89 (1863), with figs. Kegel in Garteufl. XX. 102 (1871).
Hoopes, Evergreens, 25 i. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 522; Gard. Chron.
XIX. (1883), p. 88, with fig. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc, XIV. 41. Bcissner,
ISTadelholzk. 318, with fig. Mayr, Abiet. Jap. Reiches, 63, t. 5, fig. 14.

L. japonica, Carriere, Traite Couif. ed. I. 272 (1855) ; and ed. II. 353. Murray,
Pines and Firs of Japan, 9, with figs.

Abies leptolepis, Sieliold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 12, t. 105 (1842).

Finns leptolepis, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 130 (1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVL 410.

P. Larix, Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnajus and exclu. syns.).

Eng. Japanese Larch. Fr. Meleze du Japon. Germ. Jajianische L;irche. Ital.
Larice giapponese. Jap. Toga, Kara-matzu, Fuji-niatzu.

The Japanese Larch first became known to science through
Kaempfer, who mentions it in his "Amoenitates Exoticse," published
in 1712.* The only other European botanists who saw it prior to

* There can be no doubt that Larix leptolepis was the Larch seen by Kaempfer, and
not the Chinese tree that bears his name. Kaempfer was never in China, nor is the Chinese
Lurch wild or cultivated in Japan.

M98

LAltTX LEITOLEPIS.

the Opening of the ports to foreigners in 1859 ^vas Tliunherg, who
inchided it in his "Flora -faiionica " under the Linntean name of
Pimis Laric in the belief that it was the European species ; and
Siebold, who figured and descrilied it as Abies Icptoleiyis. All of
these had seen trees in cultivation only ; it was first detected wild
by the late John Gould A'eitch during his ascent of Fuji-yania
in I860, and liy whom it was introduced in the following year.*
L('ri,v Jcptohyis has, at the present time, a somewhat restricted range
on the central mountains of Japan, where it is not uncommon at
5,000 — 6,000 feet elevation between 35-;50° and 38° north latitude.
The wood is hard, heavy and strong, Imt not nnich used on account
of the inaccessiliilitv of the trees.

Fi;^. lOi'. I.drlr Irptolejii:^. 1, St;iliiiii:ile, — 2, (.)vuliffioiis flowfl.s. .",, Mutuiv Com
4 and '>, front and liack ^■i(■^v of ovnliferoMs scale. Nat. size.

In (ireat lU'itain the best siit'cimciis nf Lari.r Ifjifdlt'in^ arc iiu'diuiu-
sizcd trees from 30 tn 3.^ or iiiorc IVct high with a Inoadly conical
head when standing alnnc, and for tlic nmst ]iart of pleasing aspect.
When in a thriving condition it i.-< fully c([ual to tlic coimnon Larch as
an ornamental tree ; the foliage is ligliter iu colour, of a softer .shade
of gi-een, contrasting nioi'e strongly with thai of the surromiding trees,
and in antunm it dies otf with a riehei' i^oldeii hue. The tree is of
.slower growth than the coiniiion Laicli, and should not lie planted in
dry sandy soils.

* The late Andrew Muriay desrc-rilied a .•-ecoiid Japamse Lareli under the name of
Larix japovivn (Pines and Firs of Jajian, j). 94) from lierbarivim siieeiniens gatiiered by
John Gould Veitch on Fuji-yania, near the uiijter limit of arborescent vegetation. It
differs from L. hiitolepis in little else than in being reduced by wind and cold to a small
.st-niliby bush, and jiresents iiiuili the same asjiect as L. ilnlniricn under similar circumstances.

LAi;i\ LYAI,LI.

399

Larix Lyalli.

^A tree usually 40 — 50 and ..ecasion;illy 70 feet high with a trunk
18—20 inches but soinetinies 3—4 feet in diauK'ter, and remote, elongated,
pmnately-divided brandies that are sometimes decidedly pendulous, sometimes
abjuptly ascending at the extremities. Bark of old trees dark brown,
0-75—1 inch thick, divided by shallow fissures into irregularly-shaped plates!
Buds conspicuous from tlie long M-liite matted hairs which fringe the
scales. Braiichlets short, coated witli thick hoary

margin of their

_ 103. Fertile brauchlet of /,((;■/./; Li/aUi.
(From the Ganh-ners' Chronicle.)

tomeiitum which does not disappear till after the second w^inter. Leaves
tetragonal, rigid, pale blue-green, 1-1-5 inch long. Staminate flowers
cyhndric, about an eighth of an inch long, with pale yellow anthers
Cones ovoid 1-5—2 inches long, sub-sessile; bracts dark inirnle
exserted, with slender tips, much larger than the oblong-obovate thick
scales which are erose at the margin and fringed with white hairs
that are also scattered over their lower surface. Seeds with a light

?TT T°. ror"^"'*^ ''^^' ^^'^ l^^e.-Sargent, Si/ca of North Amerira,
Ail. 15, t. 595.

400 LAEIX OCCIDEXTALIS.

Larix Lyalli, Pailatdic in (Jaid. Clirnii. 1863, p. ftlti. floopes, Evergreens, 256.
Kegel in (iartenH. XX 103, t tiS;".. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 361. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 17.'). Sargent in Gard. Cliron. XXV. (1886), y. 6.52, with fig. ; and
Silva N. Anier. /oc. cit. supra. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 316, with fig. Macoun, Cat.
Canad. Plants. 476. Masters in Journ. Pt. Hort. Soe. XIV. 218.

Pinus Lyalli, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr, XVI. 412 (1868).

Larix LyaJli is an alpine tree which grows only near the timber
line on mountain slopes from 4,500 to 8,000 feet elevation in southern
Alberta, British Columbia and northern Washington, in places
associated with Pinus albiccmlis, Abies lasiocarpa and Tsuga Mertcnsiana.
It was discovered on the Cascade mountains in 1860 by Dr. David
Lyall, surgeon and naturalist of the British Commission which
marked the boundary of the United States w^est of the Eocky
Mountains. It has not yet been introduced in Great Britain.

Lari.f Li/alli comes so very close to the more widely-distributed
Larch of the plains and lowlands of the same region that it i.s not
improbaljle fornis may come to light which Avill unite them. It is
distinguished from L. ocrvlenfalis "by its shorter iiuadrangular leaves,
its stouter spurs, hy the dense white tomentum which covers the
young shoots and leaf Inuls, and by its larger sessile cones." The
wood is reddish brown, heavy, hard and close-grained.

David Lvai.l (1817 — 189.5) was born at Aneliinlihie in Kincardineshire. He received
a medical education at Aberdeen University where he took his M.D. degree. Shortly
afterwards he nndertook a V(i3-age to Greenland as snrgeon to a whaling shij), and on
his return he entered the Royal Navy and was soon afterwaixls appointed Assistant-
Siu'geon to H.M. ship "Tenor," one of the vessels fitted out for a scientific
expedition to the Antarctic regions under Sir James Ross. During his stay in the
antarctic regions he made a collection of Alga? which formed an important addition
to antarctic botany. After his return in 1842 he was api)ointed to the Mediterranean
service, and in 1847 he was selected as surgeon and naturalist to accompany H.M.
ship "Acheron" on the survey of the coast of Xew Zealand. Here, besides devoting
himself to the collection of the lower orders of ]ilauts, he made many discoveries in
the phanerogamic flora of the islands, ijicluding the gigantic white-flowered buttercup.
Rannaculus Lyalli. In 18.52 he was appointed to H.M. ship "Assistance," one of
the .squadron sent to the Arctic regions' under the command of Sir Edward Belcher in
search of Sir John Franklin ; during this exjiedition he collected the largest herbarium
ever formed in the American Polar islands. In 18,58 he accomjianied the Land
Boundary Commission on the survey of the lioundary line between the United States
and British Columbia. From this expedition he brought home a magnificent
herbarium which was followed by a valual)le contribution to the Journal of tlie
Linneau Society containing a botanical account of the legion traversed from the sea
inland to 8,000 feet altitude of the Rocky Mountains, and in which the various zones
of vegetation in British Columbia were for the first time portraj'ed. He continued in
the seivice of the (.lovernmcnt till 1873 when he retired and aftei'wards I'emoved to
Cheltenham where he resided till his death. His name is botanically eommcmorated
by the genus Lyallia founded by Sir J. 1). Hooker on a curious cariophyllaceous plant
discovered during the Antarctic exiiedition in Kergnelen's Land as well as b\' tiie
specific names of seveial jilants (if which he was tlie discoverei', including tlie Larcli
described above. — Jouriwl of Botany, Vol. X.XXIII. ]>. 209.

Larix occidentalis.

A lofty tree, attaining at its greatest tlevelopnient a height of 250 feet
witli a trunk G — 8 feet in diameter, but more usually about 100 feet
high and 2 — 3 feet in diameter, the trunk covered Avith dark brown
bark which in old trees is very thick and fissured into irregular plates.
Lowermost branches horizontal, elongated and remote, dying oflf at an

LARIX OCCIDENTALIS.

401

early age of the tree and leaAMiig a sliort pyiaiuidal liead of short
Imxuclies elothed with a scanty foHage. lirauchlets stonti-sli, at first
pubescent, with recklish brown bark changing to grey-brow^n with leaves
trigonous, keeled on the lower side, rigid, acute, 1 — 1-5 inch long, pale
green. Staniinate flowers shortly stipitate, globose-cylindric with pale
yellow anthers. Cones ovoid-cylindric, obtuse, 1 — 1"5 inch long and
nearly an inch in diameter ; scales suborbicular, entire or slightly erose ;
bracts produced into elongated, exserted bristle-like tips as long again as
the scale.

Larix occideiitalis. Nuttall, Sylva, III. 1-13, t. 120 (lSi9). Hoopes, Evergreens,
253. Kegel in Gartenfl. XX. 103, with tig. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 176. Sargeut
in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 652, with tig. ; and Silva. X. Amer. XII. 11,
t. 594. Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, 475. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 314, with lig.
Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 218.

li. aniericana breviiblia. Carriers, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 3.")7.

Finns Nuttalli. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 412.

Eng. Western Larch. Amer. Tamarack. (Jerm. Westamerikanische Larche.

Fig. lOi. Fertile branchlet of Larix occidenUdis.
(From tlie (kirdcncrs' Clironicle.)

The habitat of the Western Larch is for the most part restricted
to the ])asin of the upper Cohimbia river and its tributaries in
the States of Oregon, Washington, northern ^Montana and Idaho,
crossing into soutliern Britisli Cohimbia to the mountains east of
Lake Shuswap, and finding its northern limit at about lat.
51° N. It nowhere forms pure forests of any extent, but is
scattered over the region mixed with Hemlock, Spruce and Douglas
Firs and other trees in the valleys and lowlands, and growing mostly
in the deep alluvial soil of river sides it only occasionally ascends the
drier mountain sides at elevations of 2,500 to 5,000 feet. It attains
its largest si>^e along tlie streams which flow into Flathead Lake.

402 LAUIX SII5IKICA.

Lari.i' orri'h'}if((/if<, the largest oi all Laivhi's and oiif of the most
useful timber trees of Xortli America, was seen for the first time l»y
Lewis i\m\ Clark during their adventurous journey across the American
continent in 1805 — 1806; it was next detected by David Douglas in
1827, who mistook it for the European species, and seven years later by
Thomas Nuttall who first si)ecitically distinguished it, but a long series
of years elapsetl liefore it was brought into cultivation. Growing in
the midst of some of the most gigantic coniferous trees in the
Avorld, it is not surprising that Larix orridentalis should simulate
their lofty stature ; nevertheless the tree grows slowly, which the
author of the " Silva of North America " ascribes to " the smallness
of the leaf surface in comparison with the height and thickness
of stem, and there is certainly no other instance among the
trees of the northei'u hemisph(a'e where such massive trunks support
such small, short branches and sparse foliage.* The Avood surpasses
that of all other American Conifers in hardness and strength ; it
is dural)le, beautifidly coloured, free of knots, and is adapted to all
sorts of construction, and for household furnitiu-e ; it is, however,
but little used in the sparsely settled and remote region in Avliich
it abounds. The thickness of the bark of this Larch enables it
to resist the heat of the forest fires, which are fast destroying
the noble coniferous trees in the Columlna Ijasin ; " and in the
struggle for supremacy between the different inhabitants of the
Columl)ian forests under the changed conditions which have
followed the white man's occupation of the country Larix
ocndentaiis seems destined to hold its own, and probal)ly cA-en to
extend its sway." t

The Western Larch was introduced through the Arnold
Arboretum in 1881, but it is still extremely rare in (ireat
Britain, and no definite conclusion can yet l)e arrived at respecting
its suitableness for the British climate and its use for British
arluiriculture.

Larix sibirica.

A slender tree with an elongatetl spiry crown of which the lower
branches are more or less pendulous. Leaves 1 — Lri inch long, in
much crowded fascicles. 8taminate floAvers hemispheric, com})ressed ;
anthers shoitcr than in Larix europiPa, with a short oblique, obtu.se
connective. ( (villiferous flowers 0"5 inch long, and nearly as In'oad,
composed of pale green downy scales and surrounded at the base l)y
numerous obovate involucral bracts, strongly keeled on the back and
terminating in a .short mucro, and which arch over ami almost enclose
the flower. Cones ovoid-cylindric, about L.") inch long; scales in
five — six series, ovate-orbicular, striated on the dorsal face ; seed-wings
scarcely broader than the .seed.

Larix sibirica, Ledehour, Fl. Alt. IV. 204 (183.3). Willkonmi, Forstl. Fl c.l. II.
l.")3. Link in Linn;i'a, XV'. ^>Z'>.

L. Ledebouri, Gjrdon, Pini't. <il. II. 17-").

L. enropa'a var. sibirica. Lou(b)n, Arb. ct Fnit. Hiit. I\'. "J'S.'t'J. IJeissner,
Nadelholzk. 324, witli lij;.

Pinu.s Ledebouri, Eiidlichei', Synops. Conif. l-'jl (1S47). Parliitcne, I). C. Pnxlr.
XVI. 410.

* Vol. .\II. ].. 11. t Idem. ]!. 13.

LAltlCOP.SIS. 403

The Siberian Larch covers large areas in northern llnssia as far
as the 67 th parallel of north latitude and spreads eastwards through
Siberia to the Yenesei river and probably beyond it ; it also
follows the trend of the Altai mountains as far as Lake Baikal,
ascending in places to 5,000 feet above sea level. It is one of the
most widely distributed trees in Siberia, and one of the most
useful to the inhabitants of the region.

^\.ecording to Willkomm, the Siberian differs from the European Larcli
in its longer and more crowded leaves ; in its pale green ovuliferous
flowers surrounded at the base by numerous involucral bracts which
almost enclose them ; in its reflexed ovuliferous scales which are at
first clothed with down, and in its usually larger cones. It was
introduced from Archangel by the Duke of AthoU in 1806, and a
trial was made of it in the plantations at Duukeld Avhich proved a
failure.* Transported frnm a climate in which the seasons are arctic
and su]>tropical by tm-ns, the trees dwindle and ultimately perish under
the stinmlus of the more equable climate of this country.

LARICOPSIS.

Pseudolaiix,t Gordon, Piiiet. ed I. 298 (1858). Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 77 (1887) Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 32 (1893). Larix, Bentham and
Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. U2 (in part).

In 1853 the late Robert Fortune discovered a Larch, or properly
a Larch-like tree, in eastern China, of which he sent herbarium
specimens to Dr. Lindley. The cones differ in several respects from
those of the common Larch especially in the scales which instead
of l)eing persistent " are so deciduous that it is scarcely possible to
hold them together." Dr. Lindley accordingly referred the tree to
Abies although the foliage was known to be. tufted and deciduous
like that of the Larch ; Init Gordon in the first edition of his
" Pinetum " gave it separate generic rank as Pseudolarix, an ill-
phrased name unsuited for scientific nomenclature. The staminate
fiowers remained unknown to science until 18 B 4 wdien a tree in the
nursery of Messrs. Rovelli, at Pallanza in Italy, produced them,
which, as the illustration shows, differ morphologically from those
of every other Larch in their umbellate disposition. :|: These
differences in the cones and staminate flowers are now recognised
as sufficient tov establishing a distinct genus for the reception of
the Chinese Larch.

* Loudon, Arlioretuni et Fruticetuni Britannieum, /oc. cit. supra.

t This is a negative name that connotes nothino- definitely. Granted that the jirefix
" pseudo " may be conveniently combined with technical terms in the sense of "apparently
bnt not really," it is manifestly objectionable in the generic names, and scarcely less so in
the specitic names of plants. "Nature produces nothing false," certainly not in the Greek
sense of -^I^vucoq.

+ It is a singular ftvct that nearly all the monotypic Coniferre of China and Japan have
the und)ellate disposition of their staminate Howers ; Ginkgo, Sciadopitys, Cunninghamia
and Lai'icopsis. It is also a characteristic of Abietia (Keteleeria) Fortunei.

404

LAiJicopsis k.]<:mpferi

Laricopsis Keempferi.

"A tree 120 — 130 IVet Irigli, syiumetrically Itrancliod and having tlic
aspect of .soiuethiiig between the Cedar and the Larch, but more
covered with foliage in consequence of the large size and breadth of
the leaves." In Great Britain, a slow-growing tree of broadly pyramidal
outline, the branches often increasing in length almost at the same rate
as the trunk. Bark of trunk dark ash-brown, miicli fissured into
irregular plates, the broader fissures exposing a light red<lish In'own
inner cortex. Branches sparsely ramified, tlic branchlets for tlie

Fif,'. lO";. StamiimtR flowers oi L(mcoi)sis Kempfcri.
(From the Oardcners' Chronidr.J

most part produced lati-ially only. Leaves dcriihuius; on tlu' older
branchlets in tufts on sliort " sjturs " ; on the youngest ti-rminal
shoots scattered or s])irally aiTangetl, linear- lanceolate, acute,
1-5 — 3 inches long, soft light green cliaiiging tn rich golden yellow
Vjefore they fall. Staniinate flowers in nudiels at the apex of slmrt
"spurs" and surrounded by nieiubi'aneous involucral bracts, eacli
member of the undud stalked, suli-jiendulniis nr arching, cylindric, alidut
0'75 inch long ; antliers sub-gloliose, the lower ones almo.st sessile, the
upper ones prolonged into a long aiipeiidage, three-lol)ed at the apex.
Cones ovoid, about 3 inches long and 2'^^ inches in diameter at the

LARICOPSIS K^MPFERI.

405

broadest, with (k'ciduous scales diverging at the apex much like those
of the common artichoke. Scales os'ate-oblong, sub-acnte, about 1-25 inch
long, with a small bract of nearly the same shape on the under side,
not more than one-fourth as long as the scale and bearing two seeds
near the base on the ventral side. Seed wings tapering to a roiuided
point, nearly as long as the scale.

Laricoi)sis Kaniipferi, supra.

Pseudolarix Ka?mpferi, Gordon, Piiiet. ed. I. lor. cit.; and ed. II. 360. Caniere,
Traite Conif ed. II. 363. Masters in Gard. Chion XXI. (1884), p. 584, with
tigs ; Journ. Linn. See. XXII. 208, with fig. ; and .Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV.
244. Beissner. Xadelhokk. 310, with fig.

Larix Ksempferi, Caniere in Flore des Serres, XI. 97 (18o6). Kent in Veitch's
Manual, ed. I. 129.

Abies K.-empt'eri. Lindley in Gard. Cluou. (1854), p. 255, with fig. jMurray,
Pines and Firs of Japan, 100, with figs.

Pinns Kfenipferi, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 412.

Eng Golden Larch, Chinese Larch. ' Fr. Meleze de Chine. Germ. Ghinesische-
Goldlarche.

Xothing is known re.spect-
ing the geographical distribu-
tion of Laricopsis Kcvmpfcri.
Fortune, its discoverer, first
became acquainted with it as
a pot plant in a dwarfed state,
but he did not meet with
adult trees till the autumn of
1853, when he came upon
some fine specimens growing
near a monastery at Tsant-sing
in the province of Che-kiang
at 1,000 to 1,500 feet above
sea-level, and subsequently he
saw others on a sloping hill at
Quanting, twenty miles distant,
localities not found on modern
maps. As the trees in both
places appeared to him to have
been planted, the origin of the
species remains in uncertainty.
The Chinese Larch was for a Ljug time very rare in British gardens.
Only about a dozen plants were raised from the seeds collected by
Fortune, and propagation by layering from such of these as were
available for the purpose was the only means of increasing the number
till the recent coning of the tree at Pallanza, whence seeds and seedlings
have since been distributed. It has proved hardy Avherever it has
been planted, and is a beautiful and interesting tree, especially in
autunui when the leaves before falling take on a golden yellow of
exceptional richness. It has also proved hardy in the XeAv England
States of North America where the Avinters are much colder and the
summers hotter and drier than ours, a circumstance which seems to

Fig. 100. Cone of Lnricopsis Kcempfcri.

406 CEDRUS.

indicate that the tree is of iiortheru origin. Among the finest specinions
in tliis country are those at Panjerrick, near Fahnoiith ; Scorrier, near
Truro ; Carclew, Tortworth Court and Penrhyn Castk\

The species was named hy Lindley after Kaiunpfer, the first European
naturahst who visited Japan, under the erroneous impression that it
was the Larch mentioned by him in the narrative of his travels, but
as ah'eady stated lender Larix lepfolepis, the tree is not known in
Japan, and Lindley 's name is thence Avrongly applied ; that of its discoverer
would be more appropriate, as proposed by Mayr.*

Engelbert Kaempfer (1651 — 1716) was a native of the princi})ality of Lippe-Detiiiold
in Germany. After passing through several schools, he studied at the University of
Cracow and afterwards at Konigslmrg. From Prussia he went to Sweden where he obtained
tlie secretaiysliip to an eml)assy whicli was then being sent to Persia. The emliassy
arrived at Ispahan in 1684, and returned to Eurojte in the following year ; the information
which Kaempfer collected during this mission and his subsequent travels was afterwards
embodied in a work which he entitled ^' Amcenitates ExoticiB," and [)ublished in 1712.
After his return from Persia he entered the service of the Dutch East India Comjiany
as a surgeon, and served many years at Batavia in .Java, where he occupied himself chieily
with the natural history of the island. From Batavia he went to .Japan with the
embassy which the Dutch East India Coni[)any sent annually to that country. He
resided at Nagasaki from September. 1690, to November, 1692, and during the interval
he visited Yeddo (Tokio) the capital, and compiled a history of Japan which was never
published ; l>ut a translation made from a copy in the possession of Sir Hans Sloane
was published in England after his death. Kaempfer returned to Europe in 1694, and
shortly afterwanls took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of Leyden,
and subsequently obtained the appointment of physician to the Prince of Detmold which
he retained till his death.

CEDKUS.

Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2402 (1838). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III.
439 (1881). Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 74 (1887). Masters in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XXX. 30 (1893).

The Cedars have long lieen recognised as Ijeing among the most
stately of trees for the parks and gardens of Great Britain ; f but apart
from their striking aspect as decorative trees, they are of the highest
interest on account of their botanical relationship, their remarkal)le
geographical distribution, and the historic and sacred associations -of
the type, or longest known of them. There are three easily distinguish-
able forms, conventionally recognised as species but scarcely so in a
strictly scientific sense, respectively known as tlie Cedar of Lebanon,
the Deodar or Indian Cedar, and the African or Mount Atlas Cedar.
The tyiiical form which inhabits the .slopes of Blount Lebanon and
the Ciliciau Taurus, has ])een known as The Cedar from remote anticjuity ;
the existence of a second Cedar forming extensive forests in the
north-west Himalaya was nut known to science till the connuencement
of the ninetecntli century ; wliilst the presence of a third on the Atlas
mountains of Algeria was not suspected till its discovery after the
occupation of the country by the French in 18."U. The Lebanon
type was thence the only Cedar known to Limuieus which he, in common

* Abietineen des .Tapanischen Reiches, j). 99. Kaemj)fer's name is commemorated by the
Scitamineous genus Ksempferia (Linnaius).

t In the New England States of North America, the Cedars do not grow satisfactorily.
Cedriis atlantica and C. Lihani are somewhat more successful furthei- south, but C. Deo(fin-a
thrives only (for a time, perhajis) in some of the .southern States and California. — Garden
and Forest, X. .'JOG.

CEDRUS. 407

■\vitli nine othev species of tlie Abietineae, inchuUHl in Pinus in the
"Species Plantarum," pnblished in 1753,* and for nearly a century
afterwards generic rank was denied to these noble trees. Loudon Avas,
in a technical sense, the hrst to recognise their claim to this rank,
which lias since been generally admitted. When tlie reproductive
organs alone are considered, it is not easy to find in the Cedars,
characters that shall clearly separate them from Abies. The structure
of the cones almost conforms to that of the cones of tlie Silver Firs ;
the scales, seeds and their wings corresponding in shape, texture and
arrangement ; but wliilst the cones of the Silver Firs usually fall off
the hrst year, with the exception of the central axis Avhich remains
some time longer, the cones of the Cedars persist from two to three
years. Moreover the staminate flowers in Abies are axillary and often
clustered ; in the Cedars they are solitary and terminal on short
arrested branchlets or " spurs," a character which also distinguishes Cedars
from Tsuga, Picea and Pinus. In the arrangement of the leaves in
pseudo-fascicles or tufts on the " spurs " the Cedars agree Avith the
Larches, but the leaves themselves come mucli nearer in form, texture
and consistency to those of the Spruce Firs.
The generic characters of Cedrus may thence be formulated thus : —
Staminate flowers terminal on short arrested branchlets, surrounded
at the base by numerous small involucral l^racts. Anthers very

numerous, sub-sessile, spirally crowded around an erect staminal colunni ;
anther cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally.

Ovuliferous flowers sub-globose, composed of spirally arranged, closely
imbricated scales with a small appressed bract on the under (dorsal) side,
and bearing two inverted ovules on the upper (ventral) side near the base.
Cones maturing the second year, ovoid, cylindric, obtuse, variable in
size. Scales closely imbricated and enclosing the bract Avhich disappears
before the cone ripens, the outer exposed margin slightly rounded
or almost truncate, contracted on the basal side to a short ciuieate
chiAv, and persistent for some time after the fall of the seeds.

Seeds angular, Avith a hard ligneous testa and large membraneous Avings.
Whilst the relationship of the Cedars to the other members of
the Abietine;e can be distinctly formulated, their relationship, inter se,
is so close that characters sufficiently definite to separate them
specifically are almost wanting. This relationship was critically
investigated by Sir J. I). Hooker many years ago, after making an
excursion to Mount Lebanon Avith the object of ascertaining the
condition of the celebrated Cedar grove in the Kedisha valley ; the
result of the mission and the investigation that followed were
communicated in a memorable paper published in the " Natural
History Eeview " for January, 1862.

After describing the condition of the Cedars in the Kedisha valley
and their geographical position in respect to those on Mount Atlas

* Lambert followed Linna?us in including the Cedar of Lebanon in Pinus, and also at
a later period Endlicher and Parlatore, joining with it the Lidian and African forms, but
distinguishing them sectionally. By L. C. Richard the Cedar of Lebanon was included in
Abies, in which he was folloAved by Lindley. By the pre-Liunean botanist, Tournefort, it
was included in Larix, also liy Miller in the early editions of his Dictionary, and later
by Salisbury.

408 CEDRUS.

and the north-west Himalaya, the \'ariou8 parts of the three Cedars are

coni])ared, the bark, wood, Icaxcs, staminate flowers, cones, etc., and the

conchision arrived at is : — " that as species the three Cedars cannot he

distingnished, and that they mnst all have been derived from one

common stock ; * nevertheless they may be regarded as three well-marked

forms, which are nsnally very distinct but ■\\'liich often graduate into one

another."

That they are necessarily regarded as distinct by tlie

arlx)riculturist and landscape gardener will be evident enough

from a comparison of tlie habit, aspect and colour of the foliage

of the three Cedars as seen growing in the parks and gardens

of (xreat Britain. As thus viewed the following points of difference

are ([uite obvious : —

In Cedrus Libanl the primary branches are frequently long in
proportion to height of trunk, often of timber-like size, usually horizontal,
hut sometimes bent downwards by the weight of their appendages,
regularly tabuliform, and the terminal growths more or less pendulous.
The leaves are shorter than in G. Deudara and hmger tlian in C.
atlantica, and grass-green in colour.

In Cedrus Deodara (up to forty — fifty years) the primary branches

are usually shorter in proportion to height of trunk than in C. Libani

or C. atlantica, of nearly equal length in each pseudo-whorl, gradually

shorter upwards and giving the tree a more strictly pyramidal outline

than is oliservable in the other two; the terminal growths are more

slender, more elongated with paler bark, and quite pendulous. The

leaves are longer and of a paler green.

• In Cedrus atlantica the primary branches are horizontal, often of

unequal length in the same pseudo-whorl, giving the tree a less formal

outline than in C. Deodara ; less formally tabuliform than in G. Libani

and with the terminal growths mostly rigid. The leaves are shorter,

glaucous, sometimes of a silvery whiteness, and the cones are smaller

than in the other two.

The geographical distribution of the Cedars is remarkal)le; they are

confined to three separate regions in tlie great mountain systems that

cross the eastern continent between the 28tli and 38th parallels of

north latitude with but little interruption from the Atlantic Ocean to

the China Sea. The three species, here recognised as such for practical

conx'cnience, occupy positions nearly equidistant, Cedrus Lihaiii (Syria

aiul Cilicia) being in the middle witli C. Deodara (Afghanistan and

north-west India) and C. athintica (Algeria) east and west of it

respectively and separated from it l)y an interval of 1,'2U0 to 1,400

miles.t Their habitat is thus restricted to a mountainous region with

a vertical range of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet elevation for the middle

* This view of the relatioiishi|i el' th<' three Cedars was streiiytlieiieil liy tlie discoveiy,
some years after the juililication of Sir .1. U. Hookei's paper, of a Cedar growing spoii-
taiieously in tlie island of Cyjirus, with characters weU-nigh intermediate Ijetween those of
tlie Lelianon and Monnt Atlas feriiis.

+ The presence of an intermediate form hetween C. Libani and O. atlanfdca on the
island of Cypnis scarcely affects the general statement in the te.xt ; tiie pro.vimity of the
island to the Syrian coast almost hrings it within the given range.

CEDRUS ATLANTICA. 409

and westeni funiis whilst thf Deodar ast-LMids to lL*,000 feet on the

Hindu Koosh.

The Cedars are of geok\uical antiquity and it is interesting to find that
remote ancestors of tlie present race formerly iuhahited (ireat Britain,
fossil evidences of them having heen met with in the lower Greensand
of Maidstone, Shanklin and Folkestone.*

Cedrus from Kecpot;, hut more often a^iplied hy the Greeks to the
pungentdeaved species of Juniper common throughout the INIediterranean
region, as Juniperm Oxyt-edrus, than to the nohle Syrian tree, just as
Cedar is often applied at the present time to trees incduded in- the
Cui)ressine8e, as the Red Cedar, Junijierui' rin/i/u'ana ; AVhite Cedar,
Ciqyressus thyoi'les and Thuia in'cidt^jtfali" \ Canoe Cedar, T. (jiijanfi'a
and others.

Cedrus atlantica.

A stately tree attaining a height of 80 — 100 feet with a trunk 5 feet
in diameter at the hase. Trunk tapering, rarely forked or divided as in
Cednis Liliani. Branches horizontal and much ramitied, scarcely so
formally tahulifonn as in the Lehanon ty[ie. Bianchlets distichous,
opposite, "hut oftener alternate and of unequal lengths, the ternnnal
growths usually rigid and horizontal like the older parts. Buds glohose
conic, ahout 0*25 inch long, with numerous small imbricated perulse.
Leaves persistent four — five or more years, four-angled, mucronate, about
0"5 inch long, dark green and more or less glaucous; distant and
scattered on the terminal shoots ; in dense tufts of forty — seventy, the
nundier varying with the age of the arrested branchlet or " spurs " on
which they are produced. Staminate flowers and cones identical in
structure ^\•ith those of C. Libani, the latter being almost invariablj-
smaller.

Cednis atluiitica. Maiietti, Cat. Hort. Madoet. Suppl. 0 (1844). Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 374. Gordon. Piuet. ed. II. 60. Lawsoii. Piuet. Brit. III. 217,
t. 38, and tigs. Willkomm, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 160. Beissner. Xadelholzk. 302,
with tig. ilasters in Gard. Cluon. X. ser. 3 (1891 \ p. 423, with tig. ; and Journ.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 200.

C. Libani var. atlantica. Hooker til in Nat. Hist. Rev. 1S62.

0. afrieana, Gordon and Hort.

Pinus atlantica, Endlicher. Synops. Conif. 137.

P. Cedrus var. atlantica, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 408.

vars. — argentea and aurea.

In the first named the foliage is highly glaueescent, sometimes of a

silvery whiteness, the glaucescence frequently Ijecoming heightened with

the age of the tree. In the last named the young foliage is of rich

golden which changes to the normal green of the species in the second year.

C. atlantica argentea, Hort. C. atlantica aurea, Hort.

The botanical history of the Blount Atkis Cedar dates from an

epoch within the memory of many botanists and horticulturists still

living, the first puldished mention of it being made by the Italian

botanist Manetti, in a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the Imperial

Garden at Modicea or Monza, near ^Nlihtn, and issued in 18-41.

* J. Starkie Gardner, British Eocene Flora, \k 11.

410

CEDKUS ATLANTICA.

Carriere gi\\'s this year as the date of its introduction into P^urope,
hut tliere are trees in (h-eat Britain whose age must apparently be
greater than the date of Manetti's catalogue would account for, and
which must have been raised from seeds previously gathered in
Algeria and sent to this country under the name of Ccdrtis Lihani.
Since the estal)lishment of a Forestry Department in Algeria hy the
French (lovernment, definite information respecting the habitat and
distribution of C. atlcvntica has been obtained, and it is now known to
inhabit the Atlas mountains from the meridian of Greenwich to
long. 8 ° E. ; its western limit has not yet l)een determined ; its
vertical range is from 4,000 to 6,000 feet aljove sea level. It
does not spread continuously throughout this range l)ut occurs at
intervals in forests that in places cover a considerable area ; this is
especially the case on Aures, near JJatna ; at Ben Thaleb, in Babor
and Ta Babort where it is associated with Abies nuiiiidica, all in
the province of Constantine ; whilst in Algiers proper it is found
on tlie Djurdjurah range, on the hills above Blida and at Teuiet-
el-Ahd, in places mixed with Yew and Juniper.

As ;i tree for the jiark and landsca])e in Great Britain, CeiJrw<
atlanfira is nn(]uestionahly the best of the tln-ee Cfdars taken in all
its l)earings, auunig which especial stress should be laicl upon its
hardiness, its adaptal)ility to many soils and situations, its rapid
growth, its pyramidal but not too formal outline, and lastly its
glaucous foliage which wlien heightened to a silvery whiteness, affords
a i)icture unsurpassed by any other coniferous tree in cultivation
whether standing alone or in contrast with the greenery of other trees.
Eemarkable instances of this picturescpie efl'ect may be seen at Eastnor
Castle and ^ladrestield Coiu't. The trees at the tirst-named place
Avere raised from seeds gathered by the late Earl Somers at Teniet-
el-Ahd, and it is a ciu'ious fact that all, or nearly all, the trees
]'aised from these seeds are of the anjenfea variety, and being in
considerable lunubers and distribute<l generally oven' the grounds they form
a iiiaiked feature of the place ; the whiteness of the trees seems to be
intensified Avitli age, so that many of them are, at the present time,
of striking l)eauty. At Ahulrestield Court, the seat of Earl Beaucham}),
an avenue has l)een formed of C'e(h'n-< af/aiifica at a right angle to
another avenue of Abies nobilis, of which an illustration is given under
that species. All the trees in the Cedar avenue have highly glaucous
foliage and have grown with considerable uniformity as to height of
trunk and length of branches. The vista fornied by them compares
favourably with the sond)rc gloom of an avenue of old Cedars of Lcl)anon.*
The tind)er of the Mount Atlas Cedar almost ecpials in quality and
value that of its Jliinalayan congener, and is consequently much in

* Among the finest specimens of Cedrus atlantlcK in Great Britain are tliose at High
Elms, Beekenham ; Tlie Royal Gardens, Kew ; Hardwieke House, Bury 8t. Ednuuids ;
Mulgrave Castle, Yorkshire ; Orton Hall. Peterliorough ; Penrhyn Castle, Bangor ; Bretby
Park, Derbyshire ; Adhurst St. Mary, Peterstield. In Scotland at Whittinghanie, East
Lothian ; Ciiltoijuhey, Murthly Castle, and Scone Palace in Perthshire. In Ireland at
Fota Ishmd, Cork ; Carton, Co. Kihlare ; Cliarleville and Powersconrt, Co. Wicklow ;
Haniwood, Co. Meatli ; Curraghniore, Co. Watciford ; Baron"s Court, Co. Tyrone.

CEDKUS DEODAUA. 411

request in .Vlgeria and adjacent countries. The licart-woud its used for
railway ties Avhicli last from eight to ten years ; it has also been
used with good results for street ])aving ; the outer jiortion is
prepared for carpentry and especially for cabinet making and decorative
jnu'poses on account of its beautiful vcining.*

Cedrus Deodara.

A lofty robust tree 200—250 feet liigh, the girtli -.f tin- trunk
near the base 15 — 20 feet, very gradually diminishing upwards, at
80 feet being about one-third less than at the base. Bark of old
trees 1 — 1*5 inch thick, dark grey, often tinged with brown or purple
and fissured by longitudinal dark furrows and short transverse cracks
into long irregular plates, f Branches mostly horizontal, the lower ones
often depressed by the weight of their appendages. Branchlets
distichous, opposite or alternate, decurved or sub-pendulous at the distal
end, the axial terminal shoots quite pendulous in young and vigorous-
growing trees, and covered Avith whitish brown bark. Leaves persistent
three — four years, fascicled on short " spurs,"' each tuft consisting of
thirty — sixty leaves ; on the terminal shoots solitary and scattered,
0-75 — 1 inch long, sul>tric|uetral or obscurel^^ four-angled, light green,
becoming much darker with age. Staminate flowers as in Cedrus
Lihani. Cones sessile or sub-sessile, erect, ovoid or ovoid-eylindric,
3 — 5 inches long and 2 — 3 inches in diameter ; scales flabellately
triangular, 2 — 2 "5 inches broad, with the outer edge rounded. _ Seed
Avings triangular with rounded sides.

Cednis Deodam. Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV^ 2428, with figs. (1838). Forbes,
Piiiet. Woburn, 149, tt. 48, 49. Link in Linna^a, XV". .538, Carriere, Traite Conit'.
ed. II. -367. Brandi-s, Forest Fl. N.W. India, 516. Goidon, Pinet. ed. II. 61.
Lawson, Pinet. Brit. Ill 22."), tt. 39 — 43, \vith figs. Aitchison in .Tourn. Linn. Soc
XVIII. 98. Beissner, Xadelhokk. 305, with fig. ^Masters in .Tourn. R. Hort. Soc.
XIV. 200.

C. Libaiu var. Deodara, Hooker fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 653.

Pinus Deodara, Lambert. Genus Pmus, IL t. 3. Endlieher. Svnops. Coiuf. 135.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 408.

Eng Deodar, Indian Cedar. Fr. Cedre de rHinialaya. Germ. Himalaya Ceder.
Ital. Cedro indiano.

Since its introduction, varieties of the Deodar have originated in

British and Continental nurseries, which have been named respectively : —

argentea, in which the glaucescence of the foliage is heightened to

almost silvery whiteness ; aurea, the young foliage of a decided yellow

tint wliich changes with age to the normal green of the species ;

crassifolia, the leaves thicker and shorter; robusta, the branches and

their appendages larger and stouter ; verticillata glauca, the leaves of

the yoiuig shoots whorled instead of scattered and (]uite glaucous ;

viridis, the foliage of a deeper green than in the ordinary type.

The Deodar Cedar is distributed over a limited area in north-west

India. It forms forests on the mountains of Afghanistan, north

Baluchistan, and the north-west Himalaya, where its eastern limit is

below the Niti Pass on the Dauli river. Its vertical range is from

6,000 to 10,000 feet, descending in some places to 3,500 feet and ascending

* Journal of the Society of Arts, Septendjer, 1895.
t Brandis, Forest Flora of Noith-west India, p. 185.

(A'uru^ Dnotlara tliirty-live to forty years old in (Ireat I'.ritain.

CEDRUS DEODAUA. 413

ill others to 12,000 feet. It also forms forests in the l)asiu of the
main tril)utaries of the Indus : in these forests it covers large areas
either unmixed or associated with Pinit^ rxrcha and Pinxt Smif/iuou/ :
less commonly with Abirs Wehhiaiw and with Oaks.

In their native forests j'oung Deodars l)eav a good deal of shade ;
the tenniual shoots like the extremities of the hranches are soft and
drooping, hut will pierce with great vigour through thickets of other
trees, and it is not a rare occurrence to see the proportion of Deodars
in an Oak forest increase by self-sown seedlings which come up under
the shelter of the Oaks and make their way through its foliage.
When isolated, yoimg trees are branched to the ground, and have the
pyramidal outline as seen in Great Britain ; old isolated trees have
flat tabular tops in a very marked manner, and attain large girths.
The data available show clearly that the rate of growth of the Deodar
is much influenced by the greater or less moisture of the climate : —
thus, in the forest at the head waters of the Bhagirati river in a dry
climate, the tree requires upwards of two hundred years to attain a
girtli of six feet, whereas in the Jaunsar forest on the outer hills with
a heavy rainfall, seventy years suffice to attain this size. As compared
with (ither Aliietineae the Deodar has a great power of reproduction,
and its liranches often show a tendency to form straight leading
shoots. In many places the trees near villages are lopped of their
branches to a considerable height ; the naked stems reclothe themselves
with side branches in a short time. Trees are often fomid with the
main trunk, instead of growing up straight, divided into numerous
branches, each forming a separate leader ; this division sometimes takes
place near the ground, sometimes- at a height of ten feet or more ;
these leaders form well-shaped tops, so that at a distance the forest
has a deceptive appearance ; the trees appear tall and well-formed, l)ut
on approach they are found to Ije worthless for timber. The heart-
wood is light brown, fragrant, com]Dact, even-grained, does not readily
warp or split, and is exceedingly durable, so much so that in the
climate of Cashmir and the Punjab it is almost iniperishalile l\v the
ordinary agents of Xature except fire.*
The Deodar Cedar was introduced into Great Britain in 1831
by the Hon. W. Leslie Melville; one of the first seedlings raised was
planted in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London at
Chiswick. For some time afterwards it was quite scarce, young plants
in the London nurseries being sold at two gitineas each. In 1841, the
authorities at the head of the Board of Works fearing an insutheient
supply of oak-timber in future years for the purposes of the Xavy, and
believing that the Deodar w^as as hardy, strong and durable as the (Jak
with the advantage of growing much more rapidly, oljtained from the
Directors of the East India Company a large supply of seeds wliich
were distrilmted among the Eoyal Forests and the principal nurseries of
Great Britain. This supply was supplemented a few years afterwards by
a still larger one from the Company's experimental garden at Saliarunpore,

* Braudis, Forest Flora of Xorth-west India, pp. 519 — 521. Some remarkable instances of
the durability of Deodar timber are given in page 88.

414 CEUKUS DEODARA.

from whence seeds were sent gratuitously to every one who wtnild
pay the cost of the carriage.

This :il)uudant and clieap supply of seed resulted in Deodar seedlings

heeoniing for a time as plentiful as Larch and Scots Fir, and high

expectations were formed respecting their idtiiuate value as timber trees.

In less than twenty years afterwards the faith in the ([ualities of the

Deodnv as a tree for economic planting in (freat Britain l)egan to be

challenged by experienced foresters, but their warning was disregarded

for a time. Another twenty years' experience of it, however, fully

justitied tlu! warning, and proved without need of further trial the

unsuitableness of the tree for British forestry. However flourishing tlu'.

young plants appear for a time, an enormous proportion of them perish

before they reach even a fractional part of the age and size attained

by their gigantic progenitors in their native forests. Xor is this

surprising : the Deodars in Great Britain are placed under climatic

conditions very diiferent from those under which their progenitors live

for centuries, high ui* on the slopes of the Himalaya, where for nearly

half of the year they are enveloped in snow, and where from the

middle of ISIarch to the middle of June there is considerable dryness

in most of the localities covered by Deodar forests ; and from the

middle of June to the end of September there is a cloudy atmosjiliere

and almost continual rain. These variations in the season recur wich

tolerable constancy year after yi-ar ; whereas in Great Britain in no

two consecutive years are the seasons precisely alike ; often they are

very different.

Nevertheless the Deodar should not be disparaged as an ornamental

tree for the park and lawn, especially in those localities where good

specimens are to be seen retaining a healthy aspect, or at least

showing no signs of decay, of which many such are growing in

various parts of England, in Wales, and in Ireland generally. Even

in the colder climate of Scotland, Dunn's Census in the Conifer

Conference lieport of the Koyal Horticultural Society shows that,

although of .slower growth, the Deodar thrives more or less satisfactorily

in many places, especially in the more humid climate of rerthshire

and the south-western counties. To secure gocxl park and lawn

specimens, spots sheltered fnmi the east and north-east winds should

be selected, and ample space should be allowed for the expansion

of the lowermost branches ; these in some of the oldest trees in

England liave attained a length of 25 to 30 feet, but are usually

less in fast-growing trees. Tlie rate of growtli of tlie leader shoot in

Great Britain ranges in different localities from 12 to 21 inches.

There is a beautiful a\eiiue of D lars in the grounds of

Lord Poltiuiore, near Exeter, which was pLuiti'd in ISol or lf^.'i2 ;
this avenue is 180 yards in length, antl consists of twenty trees on each
.side, tlieir average height Ix'ing at the present time (1900) nearly
70 feet. There is another fine avenue of somewliat greater extent at
Killerton, the seat of Sir ( ". T. Dyke-Acland, of wliich the variability
in habit of .some of tiie trees composing it is a remarkaltle feature.

('p:r)Krs [.ihanm. ■ 415

At Cliai'li'villc in Co. Wicklow, Ihr n-sidcucc <>i \'isr(iuut .Mniick, is a
Hiu' avrmii' of Deodais called the "Cedar Walk," planted in hS^l to
eoiuinemorate tlie great International Exhibition held in London in
that year ; the avenue i.s 328 yards in length ; the trees average
alxHit 60 feet in height and are in faultless condition.* The specific
name, Dei.dara or Devadara, is a native word indicative of the connection
of the tree with sacred objects and worship ; it is said to l)e derive<l
from two Sanscrit words, (Jpca (a deity) and (f arret or 'hiru (wood).

Cedrus Libani.

A majestic tree 50 — 80 or more feet high, of variable habit according
to situation and environment but always with spreading tabuliform
1 tranches from which it receives the peculiar aspect that distinguishes it
from every other tree. AVhen standing alone the principal branches
fre(piently attain a great length, and the tree has a broadly pyramidal
outline with a rounded or flattened top, the diameter of the spread of
l)ranches sometimes exceeding the height of the tree ; when surrounded
by or in contact with other trees, the trunk usually ascends higher and
the length of the branches is much contracted. In very many of the
largest trees in Great Britain, the trunk is not only forked at a short
distance from the ground but often divides into several ascending stems..
Bark of trunk thick, rough, and deeply and irregularly fissured into larger
or smaller plates. Branches in pseudo-whorls or tiers often unequally
developed, the largest of timber-like size, spreading horizontally, the
lowermost decumbent and frequently SAveeping the ground ; the ramification
mostly confined to the distal end, lateral and in the same plane.
Brancldets opposite or alternate, covered with light brown smooth bark
that peels off in thin scales. Buds sub-cylindric, obtuse, about 0-2.3 inch
long with ten — twelve broadly ovate pale brown perulae. Leaves-
persistent three — five years, acicular, obsciu-ely four-angled, spine-tipped,
O'To — L25 inch long, dark lustrous green, produced on short arrested
branchlets usually erect on the axial growths, close-set and spirallj"
arranged around them in tufts of thirty — fifty, but often many more on
strong healthy trees ; on the terminal growths scattered and inserted on
small cortical outgrowths (pulvini). Staminate fiowers terminal on
arrested branchlets five — seven years old, cylindric, 1 — L75 inch long,,
surrounded at the base bj' ovate-lanceolate bracts in two series ; stamens
numerous, spirally crowded around tire central axis, yellowish brown.
(.)vuliferous flowers terminal, broadly ovoid, purplish before pollination.
Cones erect, mature at the end of the second season, ovoid-cylindric or
sub-cylindric, variable in size, 3 — 4"5 inches long and 1"75 — 2'5 inches in
diameter at the broadest part ; scales sulvquadrate, closely imbricated and
attached to the axis by a short cuneate claw. Seeds angular with a
cuneate oblong membraneous wing.

* Good specimens of the Deodar over 50 feet high are (or were till quite recently) growing:
at Howick Hall, Northunilierlaud ; Arraathwate Hall, Cumberland ; Revesby Abbey,
Lincolnshire ; Thoresby Park, Xotts : Hewell Grange, Worcestershire ; Penrhyn Castle,
Bangor; Linton Park, Maidstone; Carclew, Cornwall; Bicton, Devonshire; Tortworth Court
and Highnara Court, Gloucestershire ; Eastnor Castle, Ledbury. Li Scotland at Abercairny,
Dunkeld. Dupplin Castle, JMurthly Castle and Rossie Priory in Perthshire. In Ireland at Fota
Island, Cork ; Courtown, Wexford, Woodstock, Kilkenny, Hamwood, Co. Meath ; and,
Castlewellan, Co. Down.

416 CKDRUS LII'.ANI.

Cedrus Lihaui, L-mdon. Arl). et Fnu. Brit. IV. 2402, witli tig.s. (1838).
Hooker fil in Xat. Hist. Rev. (1862), p. 1. Carriere, Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 370.
Gordon, Piuet. ed. II. 6.'). Willkonnn, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 159. Lawson, Piiiet.
Brit. III. tt. 42, 44, 4."), and tigs. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 699. Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 297, with tigs. Masters in Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV, 201.

Finns Cedrns, Linni^us, Sj). Plant. II. 1001 (1753). Lambert, Genns Finns, I.
t. 38. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 136. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 407.

Larix Cedrus. Salisbury in Trans. Linn. Soc. VIII. 314 (1807).

Abies Cedrus, L. C. Ricliard, Mem. snr les Conif. 62 (1826).

Eng. Cedar of Lebanon. Fr. Ciidre du Liban. Germ. Liliauon Ct-der. Ital. II
Cedro del Libano.

var. — brevifolia.

A goographical form with shorter leaves and smaller cones, discovered
in 1879 growing on Blount Troodas near Khrysokus in the island of
Cvprus, where it is found only in one secluded spot, and the trees are
relatively few in numl)er.

C. Libani brevifolia, Hooker til in Journ. Linn. Sor. XVII. 517. Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 300, with tig.

var. — glauca (syn. anipntea).

Differs front the ronnuon form only in its glaucotts foliage which is
sometimes heightened to a silvery whiteness. The glaucescence is rarely
if ever observed in young trees, hut it occurs in old trees both Avild
{^[ount Taurus) and cultivated.

C. (Finns) Libani glauca, Parlatore, D. C. Piodr. XVI. 408. C. Libani
argentea, Kent in Veitch's Manual, ed. I. 137.

Varieties that have originated under cultivation ]iav(! been nanieil
decidua* denudata, nana, pendtda, .^tricta, riridis, but it is uncertain
whether any of them are to be met with in British gardens.
The specific name Libani refers to the ancient mountain with wliich
the tree has been associated from remote antiquity and especially in
the Sacred Writings ; the Cedars on Mount LeV)anon liave thence
acquired a separate and special interest throughout the Christian
World. They were, for several centuries, believed to l)e confined to a
small grove in the Kedislia valley at 6,000 feet elevation, about
fifteen miles from the Syrian port of Beyroot (Beirut) and not far
from the high road to Baal1)ek (Heliopolis). That this valley should
have been for so long a time tlie only locality on the ancient
Lebanon the Cedars were known to inhabit, will not be surprising
whec the circumstances of time and place are considered ; it was
the nearest accessible spot, and there was nothing to tempt, but much
to deter travellers from diverging from the common route. Since
the era of the Eeformation the Cedars of the Kedisha valley have
been visited from time to time by travellers from western Eiu'o])e,
many of whom have left some account of the trees tliey found

* Known only from a single tree in Fiance okserved many years ago by tli3 late
M. Carriere. A similar instance of Cedrus atlnntica gi-owing near Chichester was recently
lifought under the notice of tin' author by Captain Xornian. R.X.. of Bfrwick-on-Tweed.
These deciduous forms, although abnormal states, show unmistakably the dose atlinity of
the Cedars and Laiclies.

One of the largest of the Cedars on ]\Iount Lebanon.

418 CEDEUS LIBANI.

standing at the time of their visit. These accounts agree as to
their majestic proportion and venerable aspect ; they also show that
the number of trees in the grove has been gradually diminishing
since they were observed by the first visitors in the fifteenth century,
till those remaining can be easily counted and their position mapped
down ; and moreover, that no young trees or seedlings of a second
year's growth are to be found, hence leading to the conclusion that
the Cedars in the grove will continue to diminish till the grove
itself becomes extinct. However interesting, the reports of travellers
to Mount Lebanon may have been in their day, it was long felt
that a scientific investigation alone could satisfy the very natural
flesire to know the actual state of tlie trees forming the grove.
This investigation was undertaken by Sir J. D. Hooker in the autumn
of 1860, and the results were published in the Natural History Eeview
for 1862 ; the report may still be read with almost undiminished
interest.

At the date of Sir Joseph Hooker's visit to the Kedisha valley,
at least one other locality on Mount Lebanon was knowni to be
inhabited by the Cedar, and since that time others have been
discovered ; and although our information may still be imperfect,
the Cedars are now known to occur in great numbers on Mount
Lebanon, chiefly on the western slopes between latitudes 33° 30' and
34° 30' K, not forming a continuous forest, but in stretches or
groves, some of them comprising several thousands of trees. Besides
these, there are vast forests of Cedars covering the higher slopes
of Mounts Taurus and Anti-Taurus in Cilicia, with a vertical range
of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, intermixed at the lower limit
with Abies cilicia.

On the Ciliciau Taurus the Cedar occupies tlic lii^licr sl(i])es wliere

the snow lies several feet deep for nearly five inoiillis of tlic year.

Here it forms forests of impressive grandi'ur whose stilhiess is only

occasionally interrupted by the cry of the yellow-beaked alpine crow, or

by the crash of a boulder set in motion from the rocks above by the

bound of the wild goat. In the valh'ys may occasionally be seen the

variety gJaiira, its foliage in places heightened to a silvery Avhiteness.

The wood of the Cedar is highly valued in this region ; it is strong,

and does not warp when exposed to the weather ; it is also very fragrant

and free from the atta(;ks of insects ; it is used for the interior

woodwork of the (ireek churches and places of woishi]), and for tJK'

be.st kinds of household furnitiu'e.*

Perhaps no tree in the Ibitisli Pinctum is looked u])on with greater

interest than the Cedar of Lebanon. Its nuijestic aspect, the

enonnous dimensions it attains under fiuouralilc circumstances, the

great age it is su})]»osed to reach, and es])ecially its sacred and

" Walter Siclic in Giiitcnll.mi, 1897, p. 20"..

CEDRUS LIBAXI. 419

historic associations, have all combined to attract towards it a kind
of regard that is not felt for any other coniferous tree. As a tree
for tlie landscape and park, the Cedar of Lebanon may be said to
be almost indispensable, for it imparts a feature so peculiarly its own
that not even its near congeners, the Himalayan and the Mount
Atlas Cedars, should be substituted for it. It is perfectly hardy ;
it has passed through the severest winters on record unscathed,
except a very few trees that were unfavourably located ; it thrives
in many kinds of soils, even in dry sandy ground usually considered
poor ; it is almost indifferent to situation and environment ;
proximit}^ to water does not seem to affect it where the drainage
is free, as the roots do not penetrate deep into the soil but range
ov^er a large area near the surface.

If exposed to high winds the great l)ulk often attained l)y the
Cedar of Lebanon oifers a re.sistance to their force greater than the root-
hold of the tree can Avitlistand, and many large and noble specimens
have been overthrown and consequently destroyed by more than usually
violent gales.* AVhen the period of decadence has set in, accidents
by wind become frequent, occurring even in places not more than
ordinarily exposed ; many Cedars, famous in their time, Imve disappeared
from this cause, f Large trees with long spreading branches occasionally
suffer breakage by heavy falls of snow. In the drier climate of
England, except the counties of Devon and Cornwall, the branches
■ generally increase in length at almost the same rate as the trunk
gains in height ; but in the more humid climate of Ireland, :|: Wales,
parts of Scotland, Devon and CornAvall ; and also in places Avliere the
trees have been planted in groups, or in close proximity to each
other, or to other trees, the leader usually ascends faster than the
In-anches increase in length ; the trees have then the elongated
pyramidal outline of the Deodar and Mount Atlas Cedars. § Under most
circumstances the rate of growth of the Cedar of Lebanon in Great
Britain compared with that of the Abietinete generally may be
■considered slow. The increase in height during the first fifty years
scarcely exceeds a foot annually taking one year with another, and
this rate of growth diminishes with the increase of age tiU the leader
•or leaders — for plurality, or at least more than one, is the rule rather

* Several grand specimens at Orton Hall, near Peterborough, were overthrown by a
disastrous gale which occurred on ]\Iarcli 24th, 1S9.5. On ^larch 3rd, 1897, eleven tine
Cedars, some of them almost equal in size to tliat figured, were uprooted in Goodwood
Park by a tierce gale which for several hours swept along the south coast as far as Cornwall,
and which overturned many others standing in proximity to the sea in Hants, Dorset and
Devon.

t Tlie great Cedar at Hendon, one of the first that was planted in this country, was
blown down in 1779 ; its height was 70 feet, and the diameter of umbrage 100 feet.

X At Carton in Co. Kildare, the seat of the Duke of Leinster, are some of the finest
Cedars in Ireland : most of them have straight undivided trunks, and the tallest exceed
70 feet in height. Tliese Cedars are a consjjicuous feature of the domain.

§ There is an imposing group of Cedars at Strathfieldsaye, in Xorth Hants, "twelve
in number, the largest of which towers to a height of 120 feet ; their tall cj'lindrical
stems are denuded of branches to a height of about 70 feet, and present more the
appearance of well-groAvn Larch stems than that of ordinary Cedars. - Gardeners" Chronicle,
XIX. ser. 3 (1896 1, p. 8.

420 CEDRU.S LIBANI.

than the .■xci'ptiou— ceasr to ascend and the tree then becomes flat oi-
rounded at the toi).
Many are the renowned Cedars in Great Britain phiced on record
in works on Arboriculture and in the horticultural press, and many
are the incidents in relation to their history that have been noted.*
So interesting a record is, without douljt, worthy of reproduction,
but even the briefest recapitulation wouhl occupy more space than
can be well spared; special notice in this place must therefore be
restricted to two trees which stand forth prominently among the
existino- nolde specimens of the Cedar of Lel)anon ; vi;^., the Enfield
Cedar and the subject of the illustration.

The Enfield Cedar is one of the oldest, if not the oldest in Englau<l ;
it Avas planted by Dr. Uvedale, ]Master of tlie Enfield Grammar School,
some time between 1662 and 1670. This venerable tree stands on
the soutli side of the old Elizabethan palace, and is somewhat over
50 feet liiuh ; the trunk is undivided, 24 feet in girth near the base,
and free "of branches to about fifteen feet of thi' height ; the
principal branches are most developed on the soutli siile, and have a
spread of 30 to 35 feet ; on the opposite side the tree has sufiered
breakage from north-east winds and sno^^•. The yearly increasing volume
of smoke c(jnse(iueut on the rapid spread of London northwards, and
which is so deleterious to coniferous trees, is doing its work slowly
but surely, so tliat the fate of this old Cedar will not remain long
in suspense. t It is the parent of the fine Cedars at Bayfordbury,
near Hertford.

The Great Cedar at Coodwood is one of a large nund)er dispersed
through the park and grounds that Avere planted for the Duke ol
Eichmond under the direction of Peter Collinson ; t it stands in a
level glade of the park on the south-east side of the iiiansioii. As
seen f°om a distance the outline presented by the tree is more than
usually regular for a Ce<lar of Lebanon, but its immense size is not
fully apparent till the tiee is closely approached, when it is seen that
the' massive bole, whirh is over 25 feet in girth, is entire only to
about six feet from tlie ground, when it divides into ten stems which
have grown straight upwards to a lieight of nearly 90 feet, and
from whi<-li have sprung the horizontal branches that gradually diminish
in length from lielow u j. wards ; the twelve lowermost of these have
originated from their base at the top of the uiuhvided trunk, the
thiw largest spread in difi'ereiit dirertions at an angle of alxuit 120"
between each two, and measure respectively 69, 60 and 62 feet
in length; the dianii'ter of umbrage is therefore over 130 feet. ^
The date of the introduction of the Cedar of Lebanon into Great
Britain cannot be fi.xed with certainty; it is not mentioned in
Evelyn's " Silva," imblishe.l in lG(i4, lait there is evidence to show

* Loudon. Arboretum et Frutiietum Britaimieuin, Vol. IV.; Lawson's Pinctuni Britanuieuiii,
Vol III. ; Huiitfi's Wo.h1s, FuR-^its and Estat.'s of IVrtlishire ; The Transactions of tlie
Royal Scottish Aiboiieiiltural Society : The dardeiieis' Chioniele /lassim, etc. etc.

\ And sucli we fear, must be .-aid of the hue dd Cedars in tlie Royal Gardens at Kew, at Syou
Hous.', Chiswick, Gunneisbury Park and other places in the vicinity ot the nietroi.olis.

* Loudon, Arboietuni et Friitieetum Britannicuni, IV. 2414.

i Communicated by -Mr. R. Parker, Cardener to the Duke <.f Kichniond.

CEDKUS LIBANI.

421

that it was introduced shortly afterwards. The Enfield Cedar,
already adverted to, was planted some time between 1662 and 1670 ;
and an old Cedar at Bretby Park, Derliyshire, is known to have
been planted in 1670.* There are also some very old Cedars at

The Great Cedar of Lebanon in Goodwood Park.

Woburn Alibey, Syon House, Warwick Castle ; Eden Hall, Cumberland ;
Wilton House, near Salisbury ; and High Clere in Berkshire, that are
presumably of seventeenth century origin. Judging from the present

" This old Cedar is still healthy and vigorous ; it is over 80 feet high ; the trunk
is undivided to fifteen feet, it then divides into three main stems which rise perpendicularly
and nearly parallel to each other.

422 piCEA.

coiuUtiou of most oi" these trees, it may be roughly estimated that
the life of the Cedar in this country is not likely to be prolonged
beyond four hundred years : the probaljility is even very great that
the age generally will not much exceed three hundred years. This
estimate falls far short of the supposed age of the patriarcha,! trees on
Mount Lebanon; but in England the Cedar is an exotic, living
under conditions as regards climate, altitude and en^'ironnlent
very different from those under which it has Itraved the storms of
centuries on the mountains of Syria and Cilicia.*

The economic value of the Cedar of Le1)anon in modern times,
otherwise than for ornamental planting, is inconsiderable ; the timlier
of trees felled in Britain is inferior ; " the wood is light, soft, brittle,
apt to warp, and by no means durable." f There are, however,
grounds for believing that the Cedars growing under very different
circumstances of climate in jiroximity to the snows of Lebanon and
Taurus yield timber of the finest quality. In the expedition to Momit
Lebanon, undertaken l)y Sir -T. I). Hooker, Captain AVashington, R.X.,
and other oentlemen in the autumn of 1860, " a section of the
lower limb of one of the older trees (which lay dead on the ground)
was procured, which gave a totally different idea of the hardness of
Cedar-wood from Avhat English specimens do."

The secretions of the Cedar of Lebanon are not aljundant, but they
appear to possess very remarkable properties, some of which Avere
known in very ancient times ; the Egyptians are said to have used its
whitish resin in embalming their dead ; they also rubbed it over the
leaves of papyrus and other objects to jireserve them from the attacks of
bisects. The most recent notice of these properties appears in
Mr. Smee's entertaining book, "]My Garden," \). 429: "The wood of
the Cedar contains a volatile essential oil, which has the curious
property of unsettling printer's ink and making it run. Some years
ago a Bank of England note was offered to the casliier with its
printing disturbed. Inquiry was set on foot, anil it was traced to
several individuals who satisfactorily explained its custody and possession.
It Avas then l)rou,nlit to me, wdien I suggested that the detectives
should incpiirc wliethei it had been kept in a Cedar box; it was
then discovered that the last possessor liad kept it in a new Cedar
box which she had recently bought, and tluis the mystery was solved."

PICEA.

Link, Abhandl. Akad. lierlin, 179 (1827). Bentham and Hooker, Oen. Plant. III.439 (1881).
EifhltT in Engler and Prautl. Xat. PH. Fani. 77 (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXX. 28 (1893).

The Spruce Firs b}' an overwhelming weight of authority are now
brougiit under Picea. The genus as at present circumscribed is a

* Among the many fine Cedars scattered over the country mention may also be made
of those on the KDyal domain at AVindsor, at Langley Park near Slougli, one of the
finest in the country ; othiTS at l)ro[)more, Linton Park, P)a3'for(lbury, klvaston Castle,
Blenheim Palace, Cobham Park. In Scotland at Dalkeitli Palace, iMurthly Castle,
Methven (Jastle. In Ireland at Powerscourt . Woodstock, Adaie Manor, Whitefield Lodge,
Phfpnix Park ; the Royal P)0tanic (Janlens, (Uasnevin, etc.

t "Loudon, Arboretum et Frutieetuni Britannicum, I\'. 2417.

PICEA.

423

fairly natural one and includes about seventeen species, l)ut some of
them are not distinguished l)y very definite characters, and may
hereafter be reduced to varieties of more common types.*

The essential characters of the genus may be thus formulated : —
Flowers moncecious in the axils of leaves of shoots of the preceding-
year ; the ovulihn'ous flowers occasionally terminal.

Staminate flowers stipitate, ovoid or cylindric, the stipes (stalk)
surrounded by numerous involucral bracts in two — three series. Anthers
spirally arranged around an axis, with a crimson or yellow connective
dilated into a rounded crest and opening longitudinally.

Ovuliferous flowers shortly stipitate, cylindric, composed of numerous scales

usually broader than long, spirally imbricated in many ranks, and bearing

on the ventral (inner) face, near the base, two anatropous (inverted) ovules.

Cones cylindric, or some slight modification of that form, rarely ovoid,

at first erect but ultimately pendulous, attaining maturity the first

Fig. 107. 1, Staminate flowers of Picea SmithioMa, nat. size. 2 and 3, side and front view of
anther before dehiscence. 4 and 5, after dehiscence, enlarged five diameters. 6, Pollen grains,
enlarged 120 diameters.

season and falling oft' after the dispersion of the seeds in the following

winter, or persistent longer. Scales entire, denticulate or erose, gradually

decreasing in size towards the two ends of the cone, always longer

than the bract and bearing on the inner face two winged seeds, f

The Spruce Firs are evergreen rrees, in their best aspect of conical

or pyramidal outline. The trunk is tall and tapering, clothed with

relatively thin Ijark, sometimes strongly buttressed at the base and

regularly feathered with branches so long as it continues to increase in

height ; in old age usually denuded of branches for the greater part of

* E.g., Picea exceha and P. oborata ; P. Glehnii and P. Alcockiuna ; P. alba and P.
Engelmanni ; P. nigra and P. rubra.

t The most important botanical characters by which Picea is distinguished from Abies
are: — The leaves are stomatiferous on the upper surface; the dehiscence of the anthers is
longitudinal (not transverse) ; the scales of the cone are always longer than the bract, and
persist after the dispersion of the seeds. Very obvious differences are also observable in
the pendulous (not erect) cones with differently shaped scales ; in the four-angled spine-
tipped leaves of the greater number, and in the general habit of most of the species.

424 PiCEA.

the heiglit and fiiiuished with a spire-like, sometimes rounded top.

The primary branches are whorled (more correctly pseudo-whorled),

often slender, elongated, twice —
thrice ramified ; the branchlets dis-
tichous and mostly opposite. The

mm^tK ^c_>-<£>v"x^B\ Is^'^^^ ^^'6 spirally arranged around
'^^^'''^^^^-1-^^-^^' the branchlets and more or less
appressed to, or turned towards
them, but occasionally apparently
^^^^^^ two-ranked and spreading on the

T,. ,ne T ^- <• 1 <■ <• n- 7 lower side by a twist of the

Fiji. lOS. Transverse section of leaf of Ptcea cxcclsa. ^ ^^^ -^ ^ j

short petiole ; they spring from
a distinct outgrowth (pulvinus), and are either four-sided or flattened^
characters which mark out the species into two sections, thus : —

EupiCEA. — Leaves tetragonal, stomatiferous on all sides ; resin canals
one — two.

Omorica. — Leaves flattened, stomatiferous only on the upper side ;
resin canals two.

This section includes only ajanensis, Breweriana, Omorica and sitclien><it>.
The Piceas form immense forests in the plains of Siberia, northern
Eussia and the British Dominion of North America, either pure or
mixed with Larix ; also on the slopes of the Alps, Ural, Altai,
Rocky and other mountain ranges ; in other regions they are less
aggregated and frequently intermixed with other trees. Inhabiting
generally the northern portion of the temperate zone, they are among
the hardiest and in many respects among the most useful of trees ;
less striking in appearance tlian many of the Silver Firs, and
therefore, with two or three exceptions, held in lower estimation as
ornamental trees, they are of far greater economic value l)oth on
account of the quality of their timber and for the many purposes of
utility for which some of the species are planted.

The Spruce Firs are of geological .inti(]uity, althdugh the strata
which contain fossil evidence of their first appearance are relati\i'ly
modern compared witli those that bear witness to the first appearance uf
the Gingko, the Yew, the Araucarias and Sequoia? The earliest vestiges
of them occur in the Miocene (Middle Tertiary) Age ; they seem to
liave increased in number until Pliocene times, when the common
Spruce formed an ingredient of the British Flora, but subsequently
disappeared under the extreme cold of the Glacial jjcriod. Picea is
generally but not universally accepted as the classical name of the
European Spruce Fir, some maintaining that Abies is the correct name ;
the Aveight rif evidence, liowevei', leans greatly in favoin- of Picea.*
* Perliaps the following lines from Virgil may hell) to solve the difficulty: —
"Instar montis e<iuuni, divina Palladis arte
yEditicant, sectaquc iiitexunt nhirtr. costas." — ^-Enekl, II. l.'i.
Thf locality to which tliesc lines refer is Troy, wliich stood near the foot of Mount Ida,
flow called Kas Dagh. On this mountain no >Si)ru({' Fir is known to grow, but the Silver
Fir (Abies) is still abundant ; differing somewliat from the Eoi'opcan type it has been
felicitously named var. Equi Trojani by Hoissier.

PICEA A.JANENSIS. 425

Picea ajanensis.

A lofty tree attainiu,!:;' a liciL^ht of 120 feet, nccasidnally upwanls of
150 feet, the trunk covered with greyish brown bark hssnred into
small scale-like plates, and except when standing alone, free of branches
for more than half the height. In Great Britain, a much-branched
tree of broadly pyramidal outline, with the primary brandies more or
less ascending biit sometimes horizontal. Ih-anchlets distichous and
opposite, Avith many short adventitious sluiots on the upper side of
the axial growth, the bark whitish or pale orange, with projecting
rounded ridges running obli(iuely from the pulvini of the leaves.
Buds small, broadly and obtusely conic, witli ovate reddish brown
l)erulse. Leaves persistent seven — nine years, spirally crowded,
tlattened, mucronate or obtuse, 0*5 — 0"75 inch long, the shorter ones
on the upper side appressed and indiricated ; the longer ones on the
under side, pseudo-distichous or spreading ; with a silvery Avhite
stomatiferous band on each side of the thickened midrib on tlie
ventral side, liright green with a raised median line on the dorsal
side. Staminate flowers solitary, or in clusters of two — live near the
<listal end of lateral branchlets of tlie preceding year, cylindric-conic,
0"5 — 0'75 inch long, [)ale yellow. < >vuliferous flowers cylindric, erect,
about an inch long, carmine-crimson before fertilisation. Cones
cylindric, 1 — 2 inches long
oval-oblong, undulated, erose
oblong, more than half as lonj.

Picea ajanensis, Fisher, Fl. Ocliot in Middendorf. Reise, 87, tt. 22 — 24 (1856).
Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 18.59. Masters in Gard. Cliron. XIII. (1880), p. 11-5
XIY. p. 127, with tigs.; .lonrn. Linn. Soc. XVIII. .508, with tigs.; and .Journ. R.
Hort. Soc. XIV. 220. Hooker ril, Bot. :Mag. t. 6713.

P. microsperma, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 339 (1867).

P jezoeusis, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 34,") (in part).

P. Hondoensis, ^layr, Ahiet. Jap. Reiches, ol, tat'el IV. tig. 9 (1890).

Abies ajanensis, Kent in Veitch's Manual, ed. I. 66 (1881).

A. microsperma, Lindley in Gard. Chron. (1861), p. 22. Murray, Pines and
Firs of Japan, p. 69.

A jezoensis, Sielwld and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 19, t. 110 (1842), in part.
JIurray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 72, with tigs. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 11 (Jessoensis).

Piuns Mcnziesii, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 418 (in part).

Eng. Yesso Fir. Germ. Ajau Fichte. Jap. Eso-matsu, Kuro-matsu.

Piari ajanensis is a northern tree attaining its greatest develop-
ment in the Japanese Island of Yeso, where it is abundant,
forming pure forests in the cold, swampy plains near the west
coast, and mach mixed with Abies sachidincnsc and Picea Glchnii on
the central mountains. Northwards it spreads through Saghalien to
the Kurile Islands, and on the Continent through the coast district
of Amurland ; southwards it occurs wild only on the centra,
mountains of Hondo as far as the 35th parallel of north latitude.*

* Dr. Mayr considers the Hondo form of Picea ajaiicnsis to he specitically distinct from
the Yeso type, and has descril)ed and tigured it as such under the name of P. Hondoensis,
Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches, /oc. cit. suiira. ; but neither the description nor the
figures appear to justify tlie separation. The specific name, viicrosperma, was given by
Lindley to a Spruce Fir brought from Hakodate by the late John Gould Veitch, wliic
proved to be a weakly plant unsuitable for the climate of this country.

and 0-75 — 1

inch

in diameter ; scales

on the free

edge.

Seed-wings obovate-

as the scales.

Pirea ajamims at Oclitertyre, Peitlisliiie.

PICEA ALBA. . 427

The wood is very light and soft, and much used iu Yeso for

all kinds of carpentry.

Pu-ea ajanemi)< was iutiixUifi-il in 1861 liy tlu' late John
Gould Yeitcli, and was subsequoutly ili.sti-ibuted under the name of
Abies Ali'oquiana from the unfortimate circumstance that the seeds of
both species brought home liy him had been collected by natives aud
were mixed together, wliich may be accounted for by the custom then
prevalent in Japan of applying the sauie name to different species
having a superficial resemblance to each other.* It w^as not till several
years afterwards, when the seedling plants growing side by side had
attained a size sufficient to render the chfference obvious, that the error
could be rectified. As an ornamental tree in this country Picea
ajanensis takes a high rank ; its growth is slow^ during the first four
or five years from the seedj during which period it frequently s1ioa\-s a
tendency to produce rival leaders which should lie reduced to one
Avhen obserA'ed : but when nuce established, especially in retentive
soils, its growth is more rapid, the leader shoot increasing in height
from 6 to 9 mches annually. It flowers at an early age, and in
May, when loaded with its young crimson cones, it is one of the most
beautiful olijects in the Pinetum.f

Picea alba.

A tree varying greatly in height and dimensions in different parts
of the great area in Xorth America over which it . is distiiljuted : the
maximum height east of the Kocky Mountains ranges from 60 to
70 feet with an average trunk diameter of 2 feet ; at its northern
limit it is reduced to a low shrub. Bark of trunk thin, greyish
brown, fissured into irregular small plates. Branches relatively thick
and long ; in Great Britain rather close-set, rigid, and spreading
horizontally. Branchlets opposite or alternate, the bark whitish brown
with prominent rounded cortical outgrowths obliciuely decurrent from
the pulvini of the leaves. Buds broadly conic, about 0-25 incli long,
with ovate, acute, keeled perulse that are chestnut-brown. Leaves
persistent four — five years, spirally crowded, four-angled, mucronate,
mostly upturned from the twustuig of the petiole of those on the under
side of the shoot, O'S — 1 inch long, at first pale green, becoming darker
with age, often with a bluish glaucous tint, and emitting a strong fetid
odour when bruised. 8taminate flowers cyUncbic, O'o — 0-75 inch long, pale
red or yellow, suspended on slender peduncles. Cones sessile, sub-cylindric,
obtuse, l'o^2 inches long and 0-5 — 0-75 inch in diameter; scales
loosely imbricated when mature, suborbicular, shortly clawed, minutely
crenulate at the margin, pale brown with faint longitudinal striations
on the exposed side. J

* The same thing liaj.peiied with Tsuga diversifolia, and T. Sieboldii, aud with Pinu^i
parviflora and P. pentaplujUa. As in the case of the Piceas, the cones of each pair of
species were mixed together.

t Very beantiful specimens of Picea ajanensis are growing at Ochtertyre, Perthshire, the
subject of cm- iUustration ; at Scoue Palace and ilurthlv Castle in the same county ; at
Menabilly and Pencarrow in Cornwall ; at Warnham Coiirt, Horsham ; and in Ireland
Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow ; Hamwood, Co. ileatli ; and Fota Island, near Cork.
^J I am indebted to the Director of the Arnold Arboretimi, Harvard University, Mass.
U.S.A., for American-grown branchlets and cones of Picea alba.

428 I'lCEA ALBA.

Picea alba, Link iu Liuna'a, XV. :A9 (1841). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II.
319 (1867). Van Houtte, Flore des Serves, XXI. 157, t. 22ol. Engelmann in
(lard. Chron. XI. (1879) p. -i'ii. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Anier. 10th Census,
U.S.A. IX 204. Macoun. Cat Oanad. Plants, 469. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 340,
with fig. ^Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 220.

P. canadensis Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XII. 37, t. 598 (1898).

Abies alba. Miehaux, Hist. Arb. Anier. I. 133, t. 12 (1810). Loudon, Arb. et Frut.
P)rit. IV. 2310, with tigs. Forbes, Pinet Wobuni, 95, t. 33. Nuttall, Sylva, III. 129.
Hoopes. Evergreens. 157, with fig. (Joidon, Pinet. ed. II. 3.

A. canadensis, .Miller. Diet. ed. VIII. (1768).*

Pinus alba, Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. t. 26 (1803). Endlieher, Synops. Conif. 112.
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 414.

Eiig. and Anier. White Spruce. Fr. Sapinette blanche. Germ Weissfichte.
Ital. Abete bianco.

The geographical (Hstiiljution of Piceti aiha extends i)\'er tlie wliole
of British North America as far as the northern limit of arl.)orescent
vegetation ; it also spreads thl'ough Alaska to Behrings Strait. South
of the Dominion l)oundary it extends along the Atlantic coast of
Maine, where it is constantly bathed in the spray of the ocean ;
also into the northern parts of the New England States ; and
westward it fringes the international houndary from northern
Michigan to northern Montana. Throughout this enormous area it
inhabits chielly the alluvial soil on the banks oi streams where it
attains its greatest size and aftbrds the best timber of the region.
It is the most valuable tree in Newfoundland, in the inhospitable
countries around Hudson's Bay, in the Yukon \'alley, and in the
Klondyke around Dawson City. The wood is light, soft and
straight-grained, with a satiny surface but not strong. The long
tough flexible roots are used by the Indians of the north to fasten
together the sheets of birch-bark of which they make their canoes,
and to weave water-tight ba.skets, etcf

Accordiiin' to Aitoii, tlie White Spruce was introdiU'cd into (Ireat
Britain a httle earlier tlian the year 1700, at whicli date it was in
cultivation in Bishop Conipton's garden at Fulhain. It was formerly
iiuich more extensively })lante(l tlran at present, when it liad fewer
competitors for favour among the Coniferae ; in tlie milder climate of
tliis country it is comparatively short-lived, and soon loses the ornamental
l^roperties whicli render it so attractive an object in the rigorous
climate of Canaila and the north-west pinviuccs df tlie I)nniinion. It
i.s, however, still ^iropagated in nursery L;'ardcns, and may occasionally
be .seen in road-side and other plantation belts associated with the
commoner Conifers. Tlie common form being of such little value as
an ornamental tree, not mucli can b(; expected from any of the
varieties, of wliicli Beissner describes ten ; X *^f tlie.se the best is doubtless
tliat named ra-nilea, the Blue Spruce of our predecessors, of which a
good S])ecimen 45 feet high is growing- in a liglit l(jam at l)(il]>liinton
in Lanark.shire. §

* This is the oldest publislied name of the White Sj)race ; left in abeyance or unnoticed
by most subsequent authors, it has recently been revived by American botanists,

t Silva of Xorth America, XII. 40.

t Nadelholzkunde, 350. The White Spruce is better adapted to the climate of Germany
than of Great Britain. ;§ The late Malcolm Dunn in lit.

PICEA ALCOCKIANA. 429

Picea Alcockiana.

A iiK'diuiu-sizeil tivt- with the hahit and aspect oi the cipiiimou
Spruce, and of which the average height is estimated at 60 — 75 feet ;
ill okl age free of branches for about two-thirds of the height and
with an irregular crown, the trunk covered witli greyish brown l)ark
tissureil into scale-like plates. Branches stoutish with distichous
raniitication, depressed or horizontal. Branchlets mostly opposite, the
bark pale yello\v-brown marked with rounded ridges running obliquely
downwards from the pulvini of the leaves, the youngest shoots-
pubescent. Buds ovoid, with liroadly ovate, obtuse, closely imbricated
peruln?. Leaves persistent five — seven years, spirally crowded around
the branchlets, linear, mucronate, four-angled (rhomboidal) in transverse-
section, 0"5 — 0'75 inch long, with a white stomatiferous band on the-
two dorsal faces, bright green on the ventral sides ; those on the-
upjier side of the shoot more or less appressed to it, those on the-
under side turned away from it at an angle of 45°. Cones ovoid-
cylindric, 2 — 3 inches long and 1 — 1"5 inch in diameter near the base;
scales broadly obovate-cuneate, with slightly erose apical margin, and
faintly striated on the exposed side ; seed wings obovate-oblong,.
two thirds as long as the scale.

Picea Alcockiana, Carriere. Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 34-3 (1867). Masters in Gard.,
Chron. XIII. (1880), p. 212, with tig. ; Journ. Linn. Soe. XVIII, 508, with tigs. ;.
and Journ. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 221. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 377, with tig.

Abies Alcockiana, Liudley in Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 22 (Alcoqniana). i\Iuiiay„
Pines and Firs of Japan, 66, with tigs. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 4.

Pinus Aleoquiana, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 417.

Picea l)icolor, Mayr, Abiet. Jap. Reiclies, 49, Tafel III. tig. 8 (1890).

Abies bicolor, Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. PetersV>. X. 487 (1866'. A..
acicularis, Hort.

Eng. Sir Rutherford Alcock's Fir. Germ. Bunttichte. Jap. Ira-nionii, Shira-
momi. And others.

Picea Alcockiana is a rare and local species found only at high
elevations scattered through the Oak and Beech forests, presenting
in its home a wretched and forlorn appearance ; * it is confined to
the mountains of central Japan between the thirty-fifth and
thirty-eighth parallels of north latitude. On Fuji-yama it occupies
the central zone of forest vegetation at an altitude of 6,000 to 7,500
feet, mixed with Abies Vcitchii, Picea ajanensis and Larix leptolcpis
at its lowest vertical limit. Here the younger trees have a more
regular outline and bear much resemblance to the common Spruce.
On account of its scarcity, the wood is not much used. P. Alcockiana
was discovered bv the late John Gould Veitch during an ascent
of Fuji-yama in September, 1860, in company with Sir Eutherford
Alcock, at that time British Minister at Tokio and whose name it
commeiiK irates.

As already stated under Picea ajanensis, seeds of that species and
P. Alcockiana were brought home mixed together, and the seedlings
were subsequently distributed under the latter name ; but the seedling.s.

* Garden and Forest, VI. 494.

430 riC'EA lUtEWKKIANA.

of P. ajanends far outinunbered. those of P. AJcockiana, whence large
specimens of the latter are extremely rare in British Pineta. ( )ne of
tlie l)est kiKiwn to the author is at Blackford Park, near Edinburgh ;
it is a tree of reniarkahly handsome shai)e and healthy ai)i)earance,
groAving in a situation exposed to the full force of the westerly gales
that sweep along the Pentland Hills, and where few other Conifers
oan thrive.*

Picea Breweriana.

A tree 80 — 100 feet high with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter and
furnished to the groiuid with crowded branches ; at the top of the
tree these are short with comparatively short pendulous lateral branches ;
below they are horizontal and clothed Avith slender, flexible, Avhi]i-like
branchlets, often 7 — 8 feet in length, and not more than a quarter
of an incli in thickness, and are furnished with immerous laterals of
the same character and habit. Leaves aliruptly narrowed and ol:)tuse
at the apex, straight or slightly incurved, rounded or obscurely ridged,
and dark green on the lower siu'face ; flattened and marked with
rows of small stomata (in each side of the midrib on the ojiposite
surface, 0"75 — P12.'i inch in length. Staminate flowers oblong,

0'625 inch long, dark reddish purple with conspicuously toothed
anther crests. (Jones oblong, gradually narrowed from the middle to
both ends, acute at the apex, 2-5 — 5 inches long, and 0-75 — 1 inch
in thickness ; when fxdly grown, dark pur})le or green, more or less
tinged Avith purple, at maturity light orange-broAvn ; scales broadly
oboA'ate, slightly thickened on the entire margin. — Sargent, Silra of
North America, XII. 51, t. 601.

Picea Breweriana, Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. XX. -378 (1885). Sargent in
Gard. Cliron. XXV. (1886), p. 498, Avith lig. Garden and Forest, III. (1890), ji. 63,
with tigs. ; and Silva N. Amer. loc. cit. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 350.

The folloAying account of Firea Breweriana is derived almost solely
from the great work from Avliich tlie description was taken : —

" It is the most local and least knoAvn of all the American Piceas ;
it is scattered in small groves through an area of a few Inindred
acres of dry nmuntain ridges near tlie tind>ei' line on the northern
slope of the Siskiyou nnunitains at an elevation of aliout 7,000 feet,
just south of the nortliern li<iniidary of California. There is a grove
a feAV miles south of this, and it also covers a mile stpiare on a
high peak Avest of Mai-l)le ]\lountain, and it occurs again in three or
four localities on the mountains of southern Oregon. It Avas discovered
in 1884 in the first-named locality by Mr. Thomas HoAvell, a liotanist
of Oregon, and is named in compliment to Professor AV. H. I>rewer,
AA'ho, more than any one in his generatio]), has brought to light by
explorations in the forest the eliaracter and distribution of the I'aeific
coast Conifers."

Curiously enough, Pieea Breweriana most resembles in leaf stiueture
and in the form of its cone-scales the flat-leaved P. (hunrii-a of the
Balkan peninsula, the least knoAvn of Kni'o]iean ('onifers; in its weejiing
habit it api)roaches the ]\ Sniifhiana ot' tlie Himalaya nioinitains, and
on that account alone it wouM be a most desirable tree for I'.ritish

* Cinniiiunicatcd by the late .Malcolm Dnini.

PICEA ENGELMAXXI. 431

parks and gardens, bnt little hope can be entertaine<l of acquiring it.
" Fires which are increasing everj'' year in frequency and destructiveness
are prevalent in all the dry nmuntain regions which form the boundary
between north-western California and south-eastern Oregon, probably the
only home of P. Breireriana, and it seems hopeless to expect that the
relatively few isolated trees of this species can long escape their ravages."
Moreover, attempts to raise seedlings on a large scale have signally
failed, both at "NVaukegan in Illinois and in the Arnold Arboretum
in Massachusetts ; it is, nevertheless, most desirable that a trial should
be made in the more equable climate of Great Britain, but the
difficulties of obtaining seeds are apparently insurmountable.

Picea Engelmanni.

A lofty tree, at its greatest development 100 — 150 feet high with
a trunk 4 — -5 feet in diameter covered with brown bark that is
much furrowed in old trees. Branches in regular tiers at short
intervals, the lower ones iisiially cast otf as the tree advances in age,
leaving the trunk bare for the greater part of its height. Branchlets
slender, with light brown smooth bark which on the youngest shoots is
whitish and pubescent. Buds conic, obtuse, about an eighth of an inch
long, with loosely imbricated pale reddish brown peridae. Leaves -with
a peculiar fetid odour when bruised, resembling that emitted by the
bruised leaves of Picea alba, persistent four — five years, four-angled,
pungent, 0-5 — 1 inch long, in close-set spirals and pointing forwards,
those on the upper side of the axis nearly parallel with it, at tiist
glaucescent, but at the end of the first season dark green. " Staminate
tiowers oblong-cylindric, about five-eighths of an inch long, with purple
anthers, and raised on slender footstalks when fully grown." Cones ovoid-
cylindric, variable in size, 1"75 — 2'.5 inches long and 0'75 — 1 inch in diameter;
scales thin, obovate- rhombic with a more or less erose-dentate margin.

Picea Engelmaiini, Engelmaiui in Trans. St. Louis Acad. II. 212 (186-3) ; and
Gard. Chron. 1863, p. 1035. Canieie, Traite Couif. ed. II. 348 (1867). Beissner,
Nadelholzk. 313, with fig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 221. Sargeut,
Silva X. Amer. XII. 43, t. 599.

P. Columbiana, Lemmon in Garden and Forest, X. (1897), p. 183.

Abies Engelnianni, Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad. II. 122 (1863). Hoopes,
Evergi'eens, 177, with fig.

Abies comniutata, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 5.

Pinus commutata, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XYI. 417 (1868).

Eug. and Amer. Eugelmann's Spruce, Rocky Mountains Spruce.

Picea Enfielmanni inhabits the Eocky Mountains from Alberta
southwards to Arizona and Xew Mexico, forming in places extensive
pure forests, especially in that part of its range which lies within
the Canadian Dominion and in the States of Montana and Wyoming.
Its vertical range varies to some extent with the latitude of the
locality, reaching from 3,000 feet towards its northern to 11,500 feet
towards its southern limit, often, in places, fringing the limits of
arborescent vegetation where it is reduced to a stunted Ijush.
p. Engelmanni also occurs west of the Eocky Mountains on the
mountain ranges of Washington and Oregon, on the high mountains

432 PICE A EXCELSA.

of eastern Nevada, and on Mounts Francisco and (riahani in Arizona.
The wood is light, soft, close and straight-grained, but not strong ; where
accessible it is used for all kinds of constructive work especially in
Colorado and Utah. The bark is locally used for tanning.*

Picea Emjelmanni was tirst specifically distinguished by Dr. C. C.
Parry, Avho discovered it on Pike's Peak in Colorado in 1862 ; it was
introduced into Great Pritain shortly afterwards, prolmbly in 1865.
Apparently, seedlings hin'e l)een raised in numbers so restricted that
this Fir is still but seldom seen in this country. The variety
described in the former edition as P. En(jehnanni (jlauca does not
belong to this species liut to P. puwjens : seedhngs of P. EiKjebnanni
with a highly glaucous fohage occasionally appeal' in the seed beds,
but they may be distinguished from P. imnijens by their softer, less
rigid and far less ]nnigent leaves, which emit an luipleasant odour
when bruised.

The nearest athnity of Picea Enijelinanni is P. alba ; the former is
essentially a tree of the mountains, tlie latter inhabits the woods and
sand-hills of the plains. Distinct as they appear when growing sid^
by side in a British nurser}', it is not easy to formulate the characters
by which they are specifically separated ; the most obvious differences
are seen in the cones and their scales. So closely do they sometimes
resemble each other that, according to Professor Macoun, in northern
Columbia the one merges into the other, the two being indistinguishable, t
P. ErKjdrnamn commemorates one of the alilest and most respected
American botanists of his time.

George Enoelmanx (1809—1884) was born at Frankfort-on-tlie-Maine, where his
father was a clergyman and master of a school. He entered the University of
Heidelburg in 1827, but in the following year removed to Berlin University where
he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1831. He soon afterwards went to^
America and establislied himself at St. Louis, where he resided during the remainder
of his life, being chiefly engaged in the practice of medicine, Init devoting nuich of
his spare time to botany. He helped forward in divers ways the botany of his-
adopted land ; in the Coniferte, the Oaks, Agaves and other genera, he became looked
up to as the leading autliority. At a time of life when most people would have
preferred to remain at home, he visited tlic great forests of tlie West in company
with three other eminent scientists, where fifty years previously Douglas had collected
so many Conifers for the Horticultural Society of London. Much remained to be
cleared up lespecting these trees : their nomenclature and synonomj- were under
constant discussion with constantly varj-ing results. Engehnann was enabled to
gather many of the Conifers in the very localities indicated bj- Douglas, and tc
studj' their distribution and modifications as they diverged in one direction or
another, or occupied different stations from the coast to the slopes of the mountains.
He occasionally visited this country where liis aid was sought in settling (juestious-
of nomenclature, as may be seen from the notes and memoranda with which he
enriched the national herliariuni at \s.e\\ .-— Garden crft' C/ironicfc, XXL (1884), p 321.

Picea excelsa.

A lofty tree, in places attaining a height of 12') — 150 feet, with a
tnnik 3 — 5 feet in diameter ; the average height of full-grown trees
in Great Britain ranges from 60 to 100 feet, according t{» locality and
environment. In early age tlie bark is thin, smooth and of a
reddish brown colour ; later it l)ecomes ti.ssured into thui scales that
are eventually cast nit. {'.ranches slender, in regular pseudo-whorls from

* Silsa t.f North America, .XIL 4.'.. t Catalogue of Canadiaji Phuits, 470.

PICEA EXCELSA. 433

til.' Last- t(. tlic sunnuit when the trees are stauih'n- alone and in the
prune .if hfe, tlu' lowermost gently decurved and nptuvn.-d at the tiii
those higher up spreading horizontally, the uppermost slightly ascendin..'
when the trees are crowded and in old age, the trunk is 'denuded oi
branches for a greater or less portion of the height an<l they haye a
thni spn-e-like crown. Branchlets distichous and mostly ' oi.pusite
coyered with corrugated orange-l.rown hark. Buds sul.-conie, acute!
about 0-2o inch long, Avith oyal-oblong, reddish brown perular scales
Leayes persistent five— seyen years, spirally crowded around the
liranclilets, those on the upper siile pointing forwards at a small anole
to the axis, those on the under side pseudo-distichous in two— three
ranks, four-angled, compressed, mucronate, 0-25— 0-75 inch loiu- lustrous
grass-green. Stammate flowers solitary or two and three too-e'ther near
the distal end of branchlets of the preceding year, sub-cylindric, slightly
tapering at each end, about 0-75 inch long, pinkish yellow, ' and
surrounded at the base by numerous inyolucral scales (\nu'<

pendulous, sub-cylindric or cyhndric-conic, i — 6 inches lon<- and
1—2 inches m diameter, scales sub-rhomboidal, truncate and toothed'"'at the
ajiex, light In-own, striated ; seed-wings oyal, semi-transparent, pale brown.

32.. Willkonmi iorstl. Fl. ed. II. 67. Beissner, Nadelholzk. .3.51, with fi's

Horr'soc'TiV 22f""''"'' ^'^^ ^'"^- ^^ '"'' "^^'^ ^'^ ^^^^«^"« "^ J™ R-

Abies excelsa, De CaiidoUe, Flore Franc. III. 275 (1805). Richard L C ^\^n,

sm- les Conif. 69 (1826). Loudon, Arb. et Fnit. Brit. I \^ 2293 with fi"'

n ll.tJ^VTo ' ^'- ''°'"^'"' ^"''*- '^- ^^- ^- Lawson/Pinet BHt!

F^.^Tc.X:t. S^L'^'ii?" '' ^''''^- ^"'^^^^^^"■' ^^-1- Conif^ 116.
P. Abies, Linmeus Sp. Plant. 1002 (1753). Lambert, Genus Pinu.s I. t 2.5(1803)
Lng. Spruce Fir, J^onvay Spruce. Common Spruce. Fr. Pesse, Epic;a.' Germ

Fichte, Piothtanne, Pechtanne. Ital. Abete rosso, Pezzo.

var.— Clanbrasiliana.

r. \ i"'; '^T'\ ^'^"l"'"'' /"' '''"''''^^'^ I'^i^l^ ^^^^^^^^ ^een higher than
o— b teet ,; the l.ranches, branchlets and leayes all much shortened and

close-set. A supposed sterile variety. Clanbrasiliana elegans

of larger dimensions and less dense in habit than C/coJ^ra.^i/iam

P. e.xcelsa Clanbrasiliana, Carriere, Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 334. Abies excels^i
Clanbrasiliana, Loudon, Arb. et. Frut. Brit. IV. 2294. excelsa

var.— dumosa.

A dwarf variety which fails to form an ascending trunk, and in which the

hranches are quite prostrate and furnished witli numerous slender branchlets

clothed with rather distant short mucronate leaves. Two other forms of

similar haint and aspect have been named prommhens and fa/mlifunms.

P. excelsa dumosa, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 332. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 365.

var.-eremita.

A robust variety in which the l)ianclies are turned ol)li.iuely upwards
at a small angle to the trunk, the branchlets stouter, shorter, %ind with
larger winter buds than in the common form. Leaves distant, short
tiiick spme-tipped and sometimes sub-distichous. Remontli is a
thyart modification of this.

S.^iJohf'^'f^n'^^^' Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 330. Beissner, Nadelholxk. 362.
hpitzhchte of Geniian foresters.

4o4 PICEA EXCELS A.

var. — Finedonensis.

Tliis sluiws an unusual cliange oi colour in the young shoots and
foliagp which, when first developed, are pale yellow, afterwards gradually
changing to yellowish brown and finally assuming the normal green of
tlie species.

P. excelsa Fiiu'doneiisis, Heissner, Nadelliolzk. 'S67. Al)ies excelsa Finedonensis,
(ioidon, Pinet. ed. II. 9. A. Finedonensis, Hort.

var. Gregoryana.

A diminutive variety seldom growing more than 1 — 2 feet higli, with
numerous small spreading hranches and hranchlets thickly clothed with
short stiff leaves siu-eading obliquely from all sides.

P. excelsa Gregorvana, Beissner, Nadelliolzk. -364. Aides excelsa Gregoryana,
Gordon, Pinet. ed. ll. 9.

var,— inverta.

A pendulous variety in which the lateral branchlets droop like those
of Picea Smith iana, and which are clothed with larger, longer leaves
of a lighter green than those of the common Spruce.*

P. excelsa inverta, Beissner, Nadelholzk. 361. Abies excelsa inverta, Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 9.

var.— monstrosa.

A remarkable variety in which the energy of the plant appears to
be expended in the formation of the principal branches at the expense
of the lateral branchlets. The branches are long and straggling,
almost without laterals, and clothed Avitli bristly leaves usually longer
and stouter than those of the common form.

P (Abies) excelsa nionstrosa, London, Arb. et Fint. Brit. l\. 2295. P. excelsa
denndata, Cariiere, Rev. Hort. (18.54), p. 102, with tig. P. excelsa viminalis,
CaH})ary ex Masters in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XXVII. 282. (Jartenflora (1887), p. 521.
Abbild, 128 Schlangenfichte of German gardens.

var. — mut abilis.

This is a moditicatiou of var. Fine(liini'n!<i>f. The young shoots are at
first light ytdlow whieli soon changes to golden yellow, and this
again to the normal green of the species by the end of the first
season. Other coloured forms have lieen nanu'd aurea, argentea,

variegata.

p. rxci'lsa nnitabilis, P. excelsa anrea, etc , Hovt. ; and Beissner, Nadelliolzk. .367'

var.— pendula.

As distinguished from InnTfci, tlie jaimary branclu's are produced at
irregular intervals, and with their appendages hang downwards at a
greater or less distance from the trunk.

P. (AV)ies) e.xcelsa pendnla, London, Aib. et Fiuf. Brit. IV. 2294. Beissner,
Nadelliolzk. 360. "\Vec])ing Sprnce Fir.

var.— pumila.

A dwarf vai'iety of conical habit, with much .shortened branches and
branchlets clothed with dark green glaucescent foliage ; the leaves
spread from all sides of the branchlets.

P. excelsa pninila, Hort. Abies pnniila glauca, Hort. A. jmiinla nigia, Hort.

* This curious deviatioa from the type was first detected by Mr. R. Smith Carrington in
a plantation near Kinlet Hall, Sliropshire.- The Garden, XXV. (1884), p. 229.

PICEA EXCELSA. 435

var. — pygmsBa.

A (liiiiinutive dense l)nsli in wliieli the liranelies arc excessively

sliorteneil aiul all tlieir }>arts similarly (liniinislied. Leaves small,

pungent, and very close set. var. echinoformis is a slight
nidditication of this.

P. (Abies) excelsa pygnuiea, Loudon, Arl). et Fi'ut. Brit. IV. 'A'AQTi. P. excolsa
echinoforiiiis, Beissner, Nadelholzk. Ml. P. excelsa iiiiiiiiiia, Hort.

The coninion Spruce Fir is one of the most widely distributed of
the European Conifene. The region (jver which it is spread may
be broadly expressed as extendhig west to east from the Pyrenees
to the Ural mountains, and nortli to south from Lapland to the
Alps of northern Italy ; it does not, however, occur wild in Great
Britain, Denmark and Holland. Its geograpliical limits have been
carefully investigated l)y Professor Willkomm who gives the following
interesting facts, among many others, respecting its distril)ution.

Its north-western limit occurs on the Norwegian coast about lat. 67° N.
and in east Finmark its extreme northern point i; reached in 69° 30' N.
From this point eastwards, its northern range sinks gradually till it
reaches the Ural mountains in lat. 63° N. where it meets the Siberian
Spruce, Picea obooafa, with which it is often intermixed along its eastern
limit ; its farthest point in this direction is placed near the confluence
•of the Wjalka (Viatka) and Kama rivers in lat. 55° where its southern
limit commences ; tliis trends in a south-western direction across Russia
to the Carpathian mountains which it follows southwards and along the
connecting ranges to Mount Kopaonik in Servia about lat. 43° N.
Westwards from this locality it foUoAvs the slopes of the mountains
through Croatia, Styria and the Alps along their Avhole extent to Nice ;
it then crosses the Cevennes and reaches the central Pyrenees on which
it occurs but sparingly. The western limits of the common Spruce Fir
have a very irregular outline extending from the Pyrenees through central
France to the Vosges and thence along the mountains of south-west and
central Germany through Saxony to Silesia and Pomerania. The altitude
to which it ascends on the mountains varies inversely with the latitude
.•of the locality; in Norway its highest vertical limit is from 2,500 to
2,900 feet above the level of the ocean ; on the Harz mountains
3,000 feet; on the Bavarian Alps 4,500 feet; on the Tyrolese and Swiss
Alps 6,500 feet; but although the vertical limit is gradually higher in
proceeding from north to south, there are instances in which this limit
is lowered, chiefly in tlie south-west, the cause of which is ascril)ed to
the lower hygrometric condition of the atmosphere. In the northern and
central parts of its range, the Spruce Fir descends into the plains and
in places covers considerable areas ; in the southern i)arts it is essentially
a mountain tree, more scattered and forming but small stretches of pure
forest.

The German Forestry authorities distinguish two principal forms
{Hauptformen) of the Spruce Fir, the red-coned crythroccuya and the
green-coned cMorocarpa ; this difference in the colour of the cones
is always accompanied by a difference in the haliit of the tree and
in the quality and texture of tlie wood. Besides these Hauptformen,
several geographical or climatic varieties are also recognised^ whicli

436 riCEA EXCELSA.

Hlthou<;h closely reseiul»liiig each other in many respects, are desionated
1)}- names for the most part indicative of tlie region in which they
are found; the most noieworthy of these are: — aljM'Hf ris, connnon in
parts of the Swiss Alps; rarpotiai which has heeii introduced into
Great Britain from the Carpatliian mountains; liijrcinicK found on
the Har/ mountains ; and )ni'Jioxim't* connuon in north Scandinavia,
Finland and Kussia. These geographical forms are distinguished from
the common type chiefly by their smaller dimensions, denser habit,
shorter leaves and smaller cones. They are l)otanieally interesting
as intermediate states Itetween FU'ca cxrdm and P. ohovata and
between P. cxaisa and P. oricntaJis, l)ut for British arboriculture
they are relatively worthless.

It is, however, under cultivation and in tW seed l)eds that the-

surprising;- variability of the eoiunuiu Spruce Fir is most manifest; Ijut

although (leAiatiiius from the ordinary type are extremel}' numerous, they

take plai'e in comparatively few directions and thence admit of a loose

kind of grou])in,n under four heads which may be designated: 1, dAvarf^

"2, snake-branched, 3, pendulous, and 4, coloured. The most distinct and

the most useful of the forms in each group for garden decoration ni this

country are those described in' the preceding pages, but many others,

. closelv resembbnn' or intermediate forms have also received distinguishing

names.!

The Spruce Fir in (Ireat Britain, in its nininal form, is of more

concern to the forester than the horticulturist ; nevertheless, under

conditions favonral:)le for its development, it is one of the most

pictures(pie of conifertais trees for the park and landscape when standing

singly and feathered with branches from the base to the summit.

The rate of growth of the leader shoot after the first three or four

years from the seed, ranges from one to three feet annually, according

to situation, up to twenty -five — thirty years, when it very gradually

diminishes till the tree attfdus its maturity, which takes from seventy

to one hundred and twenty years, according to locality. It is also

highly ajjpreciated as an ornamental tree in the northern ami nuddle

States of North America, but it is comparatively short-lived ; it

grows with vigoui- and rapidity for thirty to forty years, but healthy

trees of move than tifty years old are uncommon, so that it is not

suited for economic planting in Xorth America.* On account of its

hardiness and its power of resisting the force of high winds the

Spruce F'ir is one of the best of trees for the formation of protective

screens for the more tender Conifene ir^ their young state ; but the

* This is descrihed and figured an a si.ecii-s l>y Aiidow Muiniy in Lawson's riiictum
liritannicuiu, Vol. II. ]<. I'lO, t. 23.

t BeiHSiier, Nadeiholzkunde, Yi>. :5a5— 367, has desciilK-d uinvards of si.xty vaneties of the
coiiiiiioii Spruee Fir including the Haui)ttornien and geographical varieties. Some of the
closely resembling forms have originated in different countries, as inonstrosn, England ;.
vimitia/ia, Sweden ; virgatu, Norway ; d< iiinlaia, France.

+ Garden and Forest, Vol. X. p. 481.

PICEA OLEIIXII. 437

limits of temperature under which it can tln-ive is not less than
10"^ C. (50*^ F.) for the average July temperature, nor can it exist
with an average January temperature below — 12° C. (about 10° F.) ;
although it can endure an average July temperature of 18-75 C.
{(J7° F.) it languishes when the average is above this. *

The wood i:? light, even in grain, easy to work ami durahk", Init tlii'

'juality of i^pruoe timber is influenced by the soil and sitviatiou upnn

which it is produced. It is used for all kinds ui buililing and

constructive purposes ; it is sawn into boards for flooring, and planks

for rooflng and feneing ; poles, ladders, telegraph posts and railway ties

are made of it : toys for children ami sounding hoards for unisical

instniments ; fur tlie last-named purpose, a variet}- of tlie Spruce Fir

fomid on the mountains of Styria, Bavaria and Bohemia is particularly

.suitable on aeroinit of the relativeh^ broad annual rings of its W(io(l,

of which the dai'k, dense summer growtli is very narrow.! Large

quantities of the wood are made into charcoal, and still larger

quantities are used for fuel : and in Germany an enormous bulk of

►Spruce wood is annually converted into paper pulp. The bark is

used for tanning leather in localities in which the Spruce Fir is

abundant, but it is said to be inferior to the bark of the Larch for

this purpose. At Christmas-time thousands of young trees or tree-tops

are decorated for the anmsement of children.

The Spruce Fir is mentioned in Turner's " Xames of Herbes,"

published in 1548, which shows that it has been cultivated in

Great Britain more than three hundred and fifty years. ]\Iany fine

.specimens are scattered over the country, but the largest occur in

the north ; there is one at Studley Royal, near Ripon, 132 feet

high and 12| feet in girth near the base ; :|: one at Lynedoch, near

Perth, 108 feet high and 10^ feet in girth at five feet from the

ground; and another at Dronach Haugh, not far distant, 119 feet

high and nearly 10 feet in girth. § Although not a native of

Great Britain undoul)ted proofs of the Spruce Fir liaving been a

denizen of this country in late Tertiary times are found in the

remains met with in the Pliocene Clays of Xorf(dk.

Picea Glehnii.

A tall tree, in favourable situations over 100 feet high with a trunk
usually free of Inanches for 60 or more feet, but of nnich smaller
dimensions at its northern limit. Bark of trunk reddish Ijrown fissured
into broad thin i)lates. || " Branches spreadmg with .short internodes,
reddi.sh, covered with shaggy down ; smaller branches given off at an

"* WillkoiuDi, Forstliche Flora vou Deutscliland luid Oesterreich, ed. II. p. 82.

t Beissner, Xadelliolzkuude, p. 355.

X Conifer Conference Rei>ort, p. 498. This tree is mentioned by Loudon in the Arlioretuni
<et Fruticetuni Britannicuni, Vol. IV. p. 2297, as the largest Spruce Fir known to him.

§ The dimensions of the two Perthshire trees were communicated hy Mr. Pitcaithley,
forester to the Earl of Mansfield, on whose estate tliey stand.

il Mayr, Abietineen des Ja[)anischen Reiciies, p. 58. "

438 I'lf'EA NIG1!A

anylc (if aliout r)0" ; pulviui (ililnn.n-liucav ; Imds sul)-glolK).SL' witli In'owii
ovate penilpp. Loaves ciowded in many mws, ascending at an angle
of about 45°, eiirved, linear, four-sided, sharply pointed, the concave
sides slightly glaucous, the convex sides green. (.Jones cylindric or ovate-
oblong, 1 — 2 inches long and 0-75 inch in diameter ; scales leathery,
slightly striated, Avedge-shaped, the upi)er free edge rounded, denticulate ;
bracts much shorter than the s(;ale, broadly lanceolate. 8eed wings-
ol)li(iuely ol)ovate." ^ blisters in Gardens r--^' GJironii-Je XTII. (bSSO),
p. 300.'

Picea aiehnii, Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 512, with fig. (1881) %
Gard. Cliron. loc. clt. supra. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 222 Mayr, Abiet
des .Taj.. Rciches, .5fi, Tafel IV. tig. 11. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 377.

Allies Glehnii, Schmidt, Reisen im Amurland und auf der Insel Sachalin, 1866,
p 176, with fig.

Like FiccK ajancnsis with which it is in places associated, P. Glclmii
is a, northern tree, restricted, so far as at present known, to the
southern part of the island of Saghalien, the island of Yeso, and
districts in the adjacent coast region of Kussian Manchuria, but
nowhere very abundant except around Lake Kucharro in Yeso where
it attains its greatest development. The wood is light and soft, and
where the tree is common and easily accessible, it is much used by
the natives for all kinds of carpentry.

Picea Glelinii was discovered during an exploration of the Amur
region and the island of 8aghalien in the early " sixties ' by the Germau
botanist Friedricli Schmidt who was accompanied by Glehu after whom
it is named. Botanically it is described as standing midway between
P. ohuiKita and P. Alcorliiana, thus forming one of the connecting linksi
in the series of Piceas which spread across the Euro-asiatic continent
from Norway to Japan. According to Beissner P. Glehnii has been
introduced into Germany and probably into Great Britain,* Init no
estimate can Ije yet formeil of its merits as a garden or forest tree
in this country.

Picea nigra.

A low or me(huui-sized tree lT) — 50 feet high, but under I'Xceptional
conditions attaining a height of nearly 100 feet with a straight trunk
diminishing regularly from tlie liase to the summit. Usually the trunk
is slender, often not more than a foot in diameter, covered with
reddish brown bark whicli in the oldest trees growing in Great Uritain
is tissiU'eil into small iricgular plates. ( hi tlie borders of forest lakes
Picea niijni is often a stunted tret' a few feet higli, and at its northern
limit a .semi-pi'ostrate shrub. As .seen in Great Britain — branches
spreading and mudi ramified, the lowermost decund»ent, those above
the middle more or less ascending. IJranchlets short, mostly distichous,
but sometimes in pseudo-whorls of three — four. Buds small, ovoid,
chestnut-brown. Leaves persistent five — .seven year.s, spirally crowdeil,
four-angled witli slmrt callou.-- lips, straight or sliglitly curved towaids
their axis, 0"25 — 0"75 inch long, with glaucous stomatiferous bauds on

* Of tlie very few sprays sent to me as I'ic" Glehnii .some wete indistinginsliaMe from
P. A/iorklf'iia, and the otliers were certainly P. cjaneiisls.

PICE A NIGRA. 439

tilt' two sides tui'ne<l towai'ds the axis, bluish green mi the two opposite
sides. Stamiiiate flowers sub-globose, dark red, al)uut an eighth of an
inch long. Cones ovoid-cylindrie, obtuse, 1"25 — 1*5 inch long, almost
globose after the dispersion of the seeds, at first dark brown-purple,
at maturity greyish brown and persisting on tlie tree several years ;
scales broadly oval, denticulate. Seed-wings obovati', olilique, 0*5 inch long.

Picea nigra, Link in Linnpea, XV. ,520 (1841). Carriere, Tiaite Conit'. ed. 11.
323. Engelmann in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 334, excl. var. rub7-a. Sargent,
Forest Trees N". Amer. 10th Census U.S.A. IX. 202. Macoim, Cat. Canad.
Plants, 468. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 332, with tigs. Masters in Journ. R. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 222.

P. Mariana, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. XII. 28, t. 596.

Abies nigra, Micliaux, Hist. Ail). N. Amer. I. 123, t. 11 (1810). Loudon, Arb.
et Frut. Brit. IV. 2312, with figs Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 97, t. 34. Hoopes,
Evergreens, 169. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 13.

A. Mariana, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. Xo. f. (1768).*

Pinus nigra, Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. t. 27 (1803). Hooker, W. Fl. Bor. Amer.
II. 163. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 115. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 413.

Eng. and Amer. Black Spruce. Fr. Sapinette noir. Germ. Schwarzfichte. Ital.
Abete nero.

Picea nigra is distributed over nearly the whole of the British
Dominion of North America from Newfoundland to Yukon whence
it spreads into Alaska. Its northern limit is the limit of arborescent
vegetation which on the North American continent occurs about
lat. 67° N. in the Mackenzie valley, but on the eastern side of the
continent this limit is near the southern shore of Ungava "Bay or
nearly ten degrees further south. South of the Dominion boundary
the Black Spruce is most abundant around the great lakes where it
attains its largest size. It spreads through the New England States
into New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, occupying for the most
part the swampy districts, but it is nowhere very common.
Distributed over such an enormous area and growing under manifold
conditions of climate and environment, the Black Spruce is found
to vary greatly in habit and dimensions ; in the cold sphagnum
swamps it rarely attains a great size, but on the alluvial lands of
Athabasca, even as far north as the 58th parallel, trees 80 feet high
and three feet in diameter have l.)een noted. But perhaps the most
remarkable conditions under which the Black Spruce is enal)led to
find a foothold, occur in northern Wisconsin where it is called the
Muskeag Spruce ; its aspect and state in this region are thus described
by H. E. Ay res in the American " Garden and Forest," Vol. VII.
p. 504:—

"On the borders of small forest lakes which are being covered with
sedges and sphagnuiii, Pirea iiii/ra is able to exist without mineral
soil, and one may put them under water by standing on the bog at
their roots. They grow very slowly, the annual rings of their small
trunk being sometimes so nanute as to be indistinguishable by the
naked eye. These little old trees are found liearing cones when only

* This is the oldest specific name liut it was left in abeyance for more than a century
by most subsequent authors.

440 I'ICEA NIGRA.

two ov three feet high, and a.s tlieir energies appear to he entirely

expended in producing seeds, tlie fertile l)rnnches hecome the only

vigorous ones. The cones are densely crowded near the to]) of the tree,

wliile the trunk helow is often destitute of living hranches, although

unshaded and growing far from other trees. These djnse tufts of dark

hranches, like ]>lunies upon poles, present a strange si)ectacle to the

traveller who for tlie first time crosses the larger niuskeags, especially

at twilight, for he seems to he looking over a weird procession

stretching mile after mile until lost in the distance. ( >n the smaller

niuskeags there is often a regular gradation of size from tlie smallest

seedlings hy the water in tlie centre of the hog to tlie tall slender

trees, sometimes 60 feet higli, upon the shores of the hasin with their

drooping liranches wliich are freely developed in the better soil of the

high margins, and trunks which rarely exceed eight inches in diameter."

In striking contrast to the Muskeag form is a remarkal)le variety

found on the highest summits of the Adirondacks. It is the variation

of the tree into a mere procund)ent shruh, so small tliat it offers hut

little impediment to him who would walk over it. These bushes are

more or less flattened in outline, the Ijranches issuing nearly from the

opposite sides of the trunk as in the Ground Hemlock (Canadian Yew).

They grow in dense patches, completely covering the gromid, and in

numerous instances with their apices all pointing the same way.

The wood of the Black Spruce is light^ and soft, Imt not strong.

"Within the Unitetl States and in the border counties of the Canadian

Dominion it is used chietly for the manufacture of paper pulp ; in

Manitoba and Saskatchewan where the trees afibrd planks of greater

scantling, the timber is used for the same purposes as tliat of the

common Spruce in Europe. Of the minor products the most

extensively used are Spruce gum and Spruce lieer.

Spruce gum is the resinous exudation of the Black and other
eastern American Spruces. It is collected in consideralde quantities in
winter in Xew England and Canada by men on snow-shoes carrying-
long poles armed with chisels, with which the viscous masses are
knocked or cut off and caught in small cu|)s attached to the ])oles just
helow the chisels. It is dissolved in alcohol and oecasioually used in
medicine.

Spruce beer was formerly made by Ixjihng the lnaiirlu-s of the

Black and K<'d Sjiruces with honey ; it is now made from the essence

of Spruce, which is a lii|uid of the cohmr and (•oiisisteiicy of molasses

with a bitter, astringent, acid flavour; it is obtained l)y boiling the

young branches of the Black and Red Spruces in water, and evaj)orating

the decoction. To })repare the beverage, the essence of Spruce is

boiled in water flavoured with various ingredients and then mixeil

with molasses, or occasionally with sugar, allowed to ferment, and

bottled.* Spruce beer is considered a ])leasant beverage in liot weather.

The Black Spruce was introduced into (Jreat Britain by Uishop

Compton about the year 1700, or a little earlier t ; and has since been

more generally cultivated in this country than either of the three eastern

American Spruce Firs, although its ornamental (]ualities are not of

* Silva of Xorth America, XII. 31. t Aitoii, Horriis Kewtnsis, t-d, II. Vel. V. p. 319.

I'REA OBOVATA. 441

a very high order, t'specialiy uii dry soils for which it is totally
unsuited. In moist retentive loams where it retains its leaves for
several years and acquires a dense habit, the distinct hue of its
foliage renders it an acceptable tree for contrast. Besides the many,
varieties found wild in Xorth America, others have originated under
cultivation in Europe, but none of them have any especial value as
decorative plants in this country. In Germany, where the Black
Spruce is much cultivated as a decorative tree, more attention is
given to tleviations from the connnon form, and some of the
varieties as DtnniK'tti and Mariana are, according to Jieissner,
highly prized.

Picea obovata.

A tree 60 — 80 feet high, resembling tlie coiuinon Spruce in habit
and a.'^pert. Eranclies sleiuler, more or less pendent or Je[ire.ssed.
Brauchlets |)ubesceiit tlie first year, with light reddish lir(:)\vn bavk
iuarkc;l by shallow longitudinal oblique ridges decurrent from the pulviui
of the leaves. Buds conic, scarcely 0'25 inch long, with chestnut-
brown perulcie. Leaves foiu'-angled, spine-tipped, 0-5 — 0-75 inch long,
bright green ; on the upper side of the branchlets more or less
pointing forwards at an acute angle to the axis, and mostly incurved ;
on the under side erei't nr pseudo-distichous in two — three ranks.
Cones ovoid-cylindrie, apj)r()aeliing spindle-shaped, 2-5 — 3 inches long,
reddish brown ; scales orbicular, cuneate Avith a narrow claw, roundish
or truncate on the apical side; seed wings oval, about lialf as long
as the scale.

Picea obovata, Ledehour, Fl. Altaica. III. t. 499; IV. 201 (1833). Link in
Linna?a, XV. 518 (1841) Carriere, Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 237. WiUkomm, Forstl.
Fl. ed. II. 93. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 368. ^Masters in Jonrn. Linu. See. XVIII.
506 ; and Jouni. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 223.

Abies obovata, London, Ai'b. et Frnt. Brit. IV. 2329. Gordon, Finet. ed. II. 14.

Finns obovata, Endlicher. Sj'no})?. Conif. 119. Farlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 415.

Eng. Siberian Spruce. Fr. Sapinette de Siberie. Germ. Altai Ficlite, Sibirische
Fiehte.

P'ura obovata covers extensive areas in east and north-east Russia,
whence it spreads eastwards through the greater part of Sil»eria to
the Sea of Okhotsk, and also into Kamtschatka and the Kurile
Islands. Its northern limit in Europe is just within the Arctic
Circle where it crosses the Ural mountains, the highest latitude of
its range, wdiich nearly coincides with the northern limit of arl)orescent
vegetation, receding southwards through Asia with the increasing cold
of the climate. The southern limit is but imperfectly known, but
is believed to follow the trend of the Altai mountains as far as the
Amur region, ascending to 4,000 feet above sea-level, and in places
forming extensive forests.

Willkonnu considers Picea obovata to be a climatic variet}' of
P. ej-reJsa, wliose })lace it takes in the great region over Avliicli it is
spread. Transitional forms in the size and shape of the cones and

442 PIC'EA OMOUICA.

i\Uo of tli(^ coue-scak's are fuM^uent in Russia where tlie two Spruces
meet, some of wliich may, howevcn-, be clue to hyljridity. Seedlings of P.
ohorafa raisi'il under cultivation usually preserve the distinctive (characters.*
The .Silu'rian Spruce is scarcely known in Great Britain, and no full
description of it ajipears to have been published. It is cultivated in
north (Germany and Russia as an ornamental tree, where, on account
of its slender, sub-pendidous habit, it affords a pleasing addition to the
few coniferous trees available for so vigorous a climate. A variety
discovered by Maxiniowicz in the extreme part of its range, and
introduced by him under the name of P. oltovafa jajjonica, is also in
cultivation in German gardens ; f and another, or the same variety, has
been introduced into Uritish nurseries as P. Maxiinowkzii, but like the
typical form it soon jierishes under the stinuilus of the higher
temixn-atiu-i! of this country. In such a climate as that of northern
Russia and Siberia, the economic importance of P. ohorafa is very great.

Picea Omorica.

A tall, slender tree with a spiredike top, in places attaining a height
of 125 or more feet, with a trunk not more than 18 — 24 inches in
diameter eoxcred witli reddish brown bark. Branches short in

proportion to height of trunk, the lowermost decurved and upturned at
the tip, those above horizontal or ascending. Branchlets distichous and
mostly opposite, often with a third weaker growth on the under side of
the axial shoot ; bark pale brown, prominently fluted longitudinally, the
youngest growths pubescent. Buds globose-conic, about an eighth of an
inch long, invested with red-brown, ovate-lanceolate perulse. Leaves
persistent four — five years, sessile, narrowly linear, flattened with
thickened midrili and short callous tip, 0-25 — 0*75 inch long, Avith
two greyish Avhitc stomatiferous Ijantls on the (morjthologically)
upper or ventral side, lustrous green on the dorsal side ; those
on tlie ascending shoots standing out from all sides ; on the lateral
slioots pointing forwards on the upper side, pseudo-distichous in
tlxree — four ranks on tlic under <<uh'. Staminate flowers shortly stalked,
ovoid-cylindric, l)right red, 0-.3 — 0-7o inch long, surrounded at the base
by numerous involucral bracts. Cones ovoid-conic, obtu.se, 1-5 — 2 inches
long ami O'T.'i — 1 ineh in <liameter, ])luish black Avliile growing, dark
brown wlien mature, standing out liorizontally or sub-]M'nilulous ; scales
suboiliicular, convex, with uiKhdate denticulate margin.

I'icea Omorica, Paiicic ex llulle in Monatsclirift des Vereiiis /.av licflirdeiuiig des
(;art«"iil)aiK'S, 1877. MasU-rs in Gard. Clnoii. VII. (1877), i>i>. 470, 620; XXI.
(1884), !>. :508, with ti<,^ ; .louni. Linn. Soc. XXII. 20:3, with fig.; and Journ.
R. Hoit. Soc'. XIV. 22:}. "Wiilkomni, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 99. Heissner, Xadeliiolzk.
382, with fi^.

Eng. Servian Spnice. (ktiu. Oniorika-Ficlitf.

Puea Omorir(f has a very restricted li;il>it;it on the niouutaius of
south-west Servia and tlieir prolongatiuu into tlie neighbourino- States
of B(»snia and Montenegro, occurring singly or in small groves at
elexations ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, forming forests only in

* Hoissner, Xadelliolzknndc, :369.

+ I am indehted to Mr. Sjiiitii of 15aunisihulewfi;. near I5i rlin, for luanehlets of Picea
nbovdfo and its variety jajjonica.

nCEA ORIENTALIS. 44l^

the most iuat'cessible places. It was discovered near Za(jviiui iu
Servia, in 1872, l»y Dr. Pancic of Belgrade, and sulise(|neiitly
introduced l\v him into European gardens.

The Servian Spruce Fir is of considerable scientific interest on
ai-cdunt of its comparatively recent discovery and its restricted habitat ;
and moreover, that its nearest atlinities are not the two species-
geographically contiguous to it — P. excelxa and P. orientalis — but twa
that are most remote, P. sifche)i><i.< (north-west America) and P. qjanensU
(Japan), forming with them a distinct section of the genus. "Willkonnn
is of opinion that P. Omorica had formerly a more extensi\'e
distribution but became exterminated for the sake of its timber, and
that it has been preserved within its present narrow limits by its.
greater inaccessibility. The name (Jmorica, ov Morica, is the vernacular
name l)y which it is known in the region it inhabits. Its introduction
into British gardens is too recent to admit of any expression of opinion
respecting its merits as an ornamental tree, the only purpose for which
it should be planted in this country. It grows slowl}^ during early
life, but it has proved hardy thus far, and it is (|uite distinct in
habit and aspect from e^■erv other Spruce Fir.

Picea orientalis.

A medium-sized or tali tree according to situation ; tire trunk
50 — 80 feet Ingh and 1"5 — 2"5 feet in diameter, covered with ash-brown
rugose bark which in old trees is fissured into irregular thin plates.
In Great Britain, densely branched from the base upwards and presenting
a pyramidal outline lu'oken by projecting branches. Brandies horizontal,,
the uppermost slightly ascending, ramification distichous ; l)ranchlets-
ojtposite or alternate witli pale reddish brown bark fluted with shallow
cortical (lut-growths as in Picea e.irelsa. Buds broadly conic, acute,.
0"25 inch long, chestnut-brown. Leaves persistent seven — nine years,,
spirally crowded and closely appressed to the brancldets except on
the snider side where they spread laterally at a small angle to tlie
shoot, obscurely four-angled, olituse, 0'3 — O'O inch long, dark lustrous
green. Staminate flowers solitary or in pairs mostly near the end of
shoots of the preceding year, cylindric-conic obtuse, carmine-red,,
surrounded at tlie base by small involucral bracts in two series ;
connective of anther suliorbicular and minutely denticulate. Cones
conic-cylindric, 2 — 5 inches long and 0"75 inch in diameter; at first
dull violet-purple changing to brown when mature ; scales obovate-oblong,
0"65 inch long, closely imbricateil, the exposed apical margin entire.
Seed wings obovate-oV)loug, lialf as long as the scale.

Picea orientalis, Caniere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 2-14 (1855) ; and ed. II. 32.>
(1867). Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 700. Willkomni, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 97. Master.s
in Gard. Chron. XXV. ^886,!, p. .333, with tig. ; III ser. 3 (1888), p. 754; and
Journ. R. Hovt. Soc. XIV. 223. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 374, with fig.

Abies orientalis, Poiret. Diet. VI. 518 (1804). Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV.
2318. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 15. Lawson, Piuet. Brit. II 163, t. 23 and figs.

Pinus orientalis, Linna?us, Sp. Plant, ed. II. 1421 (1763). Bieberetein, Fl.
Tanrieo-Caneas. II. 409. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 116. Parlatoie, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 414.

Eng. Eastern or Oriental Spruce. Fr. Sapinette d'Orient. Germ, Morgeii-
landi.sche Fichte, Sapindusfichte. Ital. Abete orientale.

444

riCEA OKIEN'I'ALTi^.

The l)otanical lii.stoiy and geographical (hstrihutioii of the Oriental
8i)ruce is only to he gleaned from a few scattered records hy
explorers of the region over which it is spread, commencing from
the early part of the eighteenth centnry. It was first detected hy
Tournefort on the monntains south-east of Trehizond, where it is
still ahundant, and a hrief description of it is given in his " Voyages,'

pul dished in 1717. After
a long interval followed
the Russian botanists sent
to explore the Caucasian
region, the earliest of whom
was l*allas, wdio described
the tree in his " Flora
Itossica " as Finns Piccn,
thus mistaking it for the
European Spruce, but
liieberstein some years later
recognised it as a distinct
species under Tournefort's
name of rinus oricntalu.
It was descril^ed l)y Loudon
in the "Arboretum et Fruti-
cetum Ih'itannicum" as an
uuintroduced species at the
date of puldication of that
work (1838), but it is
supposed to have l)een in-
troduced into (rreat Britain
two or three years after-
wards. Subsequent explora-
tions of the Caucasian region
show that the geograi)liicaI
range of Picca orientalis is
almost conterminous with
that of Ahirs Nordmaimiana
with which it is in many
places associated, hut it ascends to a liighcr altitude. Its western limit
is on the mountains south-east of Trelnzoud whence it spreads over
the whole mountainous region boundeil on tlie udilh by the high
chain of ('aucasus proper, as far east as TitHs, its further spread iu
that direction l)eing prevented l»y the ariil climate of the steppes
of eastern Ceorgia. On all the mountains it has a vertical range
varying from 2,000 to G,000 feet above sea-level, always ascending to

Kig. 100. I'lcpfi nricntt'li^. lininclilft with
•staiiiiiiate (lowers.

(From the CnriJniers Clin mi dr.)

Pirea orieidalit< at Highnam Court, GLjucestrr.

416 ncEA roLiTA.

the highest limits that eau Ite reached, a ciieunistance that accounts

f«n- its hardiness in a liigher latitude.

Xotliing authoritative is foiuid respecting the economic uses of
Pirea orientalu. Wliatever may l)e the quality of its timher it is
])ro'l)ahly not mucli used in the Caucasian provinces, that of Abies
Xordmanniana lieing more easily accessil)le. In this coiuitry Pirea
orienialh is planted solely as an ornamental tree, and as such it is one
of the most efi'ective of the Spruce Firs;* although the hahit is of
the same in'ramidal character the formality is nnich diminished hy the
])rojection of many of its slender hranchlets, which makes the outline
peaked and pointed. Tlie coLmr of the foliage is not only distinct
Init also attractive ; when the l»uds tirst cast oti' their scaly jn'otection,
and Ijurst into growth in spring, the tender shoots are hright yellow,
and as they lengthen, the leaves become a soft delicate green, forming a
beautiful contrast to the rich colouring of the mature foliage. A. orifufali^i
sliould have a place in every collection of Conifers ; it is ([uitc liardy,
Imt of rather slow growth in dry soils; a space with a rachus of not
h'ss than 15 to 20 feet should be allowed for it.

Picea polita.

A tall or medium-sized tree according to sitiiation and environment,
in exceptional cases attaining a height of 100 feet in the warmer ])arts
of Japan. In Great Britain the oldest trees scarcely excei.-d 30 feet
liigh, with a broadly conical outline interriipted by projecting branches.
Bark of trunk rugose, reddish brown. Branches spreading or
ascending, much ramified at the distal end, and covered Avith brown
bark roughened by the convex pulvini of the fallen leaves. Branchlets
distichous and opposite, Avith many adventitious shoots of Aveaker
groAvth both on the ujjper and loAver side of the branch ; bark
light yelloAV-broAvn Avith obliipie romuled ridges. Buds gloliose-conic,
0'25 — 0'4 inch long, Avith ovate shining reddish liroAvn i)erulse.
Leaves persistent seven — inne years, spii'ally arranged around their
axes, spreading on all sides from it, or slightly curved u])wards,
acicular, 0'5 — 0"75 inch long, obscurely four-angled, flattened at the tip
into a pungent mucro, light green. Cones OA'oid-cylindric, obtuse, 3 — 4
inclics long and 1'5 — 2 inches in diameter; scales suborbicular,
abruptly cuneate at the base, the outer margin rounded and minutely
erose. 8eed-vvings obovate-oblong, tAvo-thirds the length of the scale.

Picea polita. Cariiere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 2.^6 (1855) ; and id. II. 342 (1867).
Masters in Jouni. Liini. Soe. XVIII. 507 : Gaid. Chroii. XIII. (1880), \). 233,
with tijf. ; and .Joimi. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 223. ^layr, Abiet. des Jaj). Reiches, 46,
TatVl III. tifr. 7. IVisfjicr, Xadelholzk. 380. with ti^r.

Al)ies polita, Sicliold and /\iccaiini, Fl. .laji. II. 20, t. Ill (1842). Murray,
Pines and Firs of Japan, 77, witli lij,'s. Dnrdon, Pinet. ed. II. 16.

Pinus polita, Endlicher, Svnops. Conif. 121 (1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr.
XVI. 417.

Eng. Prickly Pii', Tiger's-tail S])iuce. Fr. Epicea a queue de Tigre. (Jenn.
Stachelficlite, Rosenfichte, Glattzweigigetichte, Jap. Han-nionii, Tora-nionii.

* Among the many fine specimens of Piim orii ntalis scattered over Great I'.iitain and
Ireland, those at Highnam Comt, Hayfordbury, Orton Hall, Dunkeld, Murthiy Castle,
Ahercairny, Penrhyn Castle, Fota Island, Powerscourt, are especially notewoithj-.

PK'EA POLITA.

447

Picra 'polita is the most distinct of the J;ii)aiiese Spruce Firs, one
that has not been confused witli any otlier, nor encumbered witli a
perplexing synonymy. It has now become very rare in the wild state
in Japan ; isolated ti"ees, often of miserable aspect, only are to be seen
scattered over the mountainous districts from the extreme south to
about the 88th parallel of north latitude, beyond which it is
nowhere found wild. It is much cultivated by the Japanese for
the decoration of their gardens and temple enclosures, and for these

Fig. 110. Foliage and cone of Pkca politn.

purposes it has obtained a much more extended distribution, but
under cultivation it is invariably of smaller dimensi(ins. In Great
Britain, in its young state wdien fairly vigorous, it is one of the
most attractive of Firs ; the light yellowish Imrk of the branchlets,
the shining red-brown buds and the lively green of the foliage
present a variety of colours that is seldom seen so effectively in
any other species. It does not, however, thrive so well in the drier
climate of England as in Japan and in Xew Zealand, where it has

448 I'lCEA PUNGENS.

l)eeii iutroilueed, and beautiful as it i.s in its young state, it cannot
be said to improxo niucli with a^e altiiough quite liardy.*

K(',L;ai(l(Ml ill all its aspects, Plo'a. palifa ,L;ivc's the iinprossion oi its
liciii^' an archaic loiiu df I'icca that has ueai'ly reached tlie span of
its existence, and is now gradually })assing away. Its nearest affinities
are P. Sinithiana of the Himalaya, and P. SrhrenMana of Turk(;stan,
the three species forming a suh-section of the genus, distinguished chiefly
by the position and colour of the leaves which are less crowded than
in the other Spruce Firs ; l)y the perular scales and shai)e of the
winter buds; and by the scales of the cones being smooth, with the
exposed margin nearly entire.

Picea polita was introduced by the late John (iovdd Veitch in 1861.
The specific name jiolifa (jxilished <ir adorned) was probably selected
in reference to the lustrous smoothness of the leaves and leafdjuds.

Picea pungens.

A slender tree 80 — 100 feet high, but occasionally considerabl}' nioi'e^
with a trunk rarel}' exceeding 3 feet in diameter, and covered with
Id'ownish grey bark fissured into small oblong plates. In early life
up to aliout forty years Picea iiun(ien>< is furnished with whorls of
branches at regular but rather distant intervals, gnulually shorter
npAvards, forming a symmetrical tree with a In-oadly conical outline ;
in -old age it is descrilied as l)eing generally destitute of lower
branches, and with a thin, pyramidal tanwn. Branchlets stoutish, rigid,
with pale yellow-brown bark ; l)uds broadly conic, obtuse, witli light
chestnut-lirown perulse reflexed at the apex. Leaves persistent five —
seven years, standing out from all sides of .the liranchlets and
jxtinting forwards at an angle of about 45° to the axis, four-sided,
straight, rigid and spiiie-tippeil, 0"7ii — 1*25 inch long, V)iight green,
mostly with a distinct glaucescence which varies much in dittereut
individuals from liluish giey to silvery white. Staminate fioAvers
ovoid-cylindric, more than O'T) inch long, Avitli anthers tinged with red.
Cones sul)-cylindric, slightly tapering towards the apex, sub-sessile or
shortly stalked, 2"5 — 4 inches long; scales rhoml)oiilaI, sub-acute or rounded
at tlie apex, conspicuously striated on the exposed side and undulated
at the margin, light orangedn'own. Seed-wings oblong-truncate, half as
long as tlie scale.

IMcea pungens, Eiigflinaiiii ui Gaid. Chroii. XI. (1879), p. 3-"!4. Masters in Gaid.
Chron. X. ser. 3 (1891), p. 547, witn tig. ; ami Jouiii. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 233.
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Anier. lOtU Census U.S.A. IX. 20r). Mayr, Wald.
Nordamer. 352. lieissner, Nadelholzk. 346.

P. I'arryaiia, Sargent, Silva N. Ainer. XII. 47, t. 600 (1898).

P. comnintata of Dutcli and Belgian Nurseries (not; Parlatore).

Kng. and Anier. IJlne Spruce, Colorado Spruce.

With the exee]ttioii of picra Brcweriana, P. ^;//»//<'».s is the most
restricted in hal>itat and numbers of all the American Sj)ruce Firs.
It f)ccnrs on the Rock}' ]\Iountains towards the soutliern part of the
range at elevati(jns between G,000 and !),000 feet. " Kowhere very

* The liest specimens of Pio-a f.olita are .seen in die soutliern and south-western counties,
(■specially in Devon and Cornwall.

riCEA I'UNGEN^J

449

abundant, it is generally scattered along the mountain streams of
Colorado and eastern l^tah and northwards to those of the Wind Eiver
mountains of Wyoming." *

Fig. 111. Picea pungens glauca.
(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

This handsome Spruce Fir was discovered on Pike's Peak in Colorado
by Dr. Parry in 1862, at the same time as P. Engehnanni, and was
prohahly introduced witli that species with which it is still confused in
many gardens. It is uiuiuestionahly the most beautiful of all Spruce
Firs for garden decoration, a distinction it owes to the remarkable
glaucescence of its foliage which, however, varies much in intensity in
different seedlings, but when most heightened is of a silvery greyish

Silva of Xorth America, XII. 48.

•inO riCEA i;UBKA.

lihic. Between this and the green form which is quite rare, is to he
I'duml every possil)h' gradation in colour, so that varietal names founded
(Ml it liave hut little value or significance. P. puuiiem is quite hartly
and grows somewhat slowly at first in all (U'dinary soils and situations.
Among the most noticeahle deviations from the coiiniKin type in habit
is one with pendidous Ijranches which originated in the nursery of
Messrs. Koster at ]>(iskoop, in Holland ; and one figured in the
" Gartenflora " for 1891, at page 70, under the name of Konuj Albert
nm Sarhsen ; a vigorous-growing, long-leaved variety that oi'iginated in
the nursery of Herr Weisse at Kamenz, in (lermany.

Picea rubra.

A larger tree than Pkea tivjiu with which it was for a long time
confused, usually 70 — 80 feet high, hut sometimes exceeding 100 feet
high with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter covered with bark much
resend^ling that of P. nii/ra. Branchlets stoutish with pale l)rown
bark marked with longitudinal ridges. Buds small, broaiUy conic with
reddish l)rown perulse. Leaves s})irally crowded around the branchlets,
standing out on all sides, pointing forwards and more or less falcately
curved, obscurely four-angled with a short callous tip, 0-5 — 0-75 inch
long, at first bluish green changing to dark green. Staminate flowers
sub-cylindric, about 0'5 inch long, with red anthers. Cones ovoid-cylindric,
obtuse, about 2 inches long and 0-75 inch in diameter, shortly stalked,
chestnut-lirown when mature ; scales broadly obovate-cuneate with entire
margin, obscurely striated on the exposed side.*

Picea rubra, Link in Linna^a, XV. 521 (1841). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 322.
Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 338, Avith fig.

P. nigi'a var. nibra, Engebnann in Gard. Cliron. XI. (1879), p. 33-1. Macoun, Cat.
Canad. Plants, 362.

P. rubeiis, Sargent. Silva N. Anier. XII. 33, t. 597 (1898).

Abies rubra, Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2316, witli tig. Forlies, Pinet.
"VVobiun, 101, t. 35. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 17.

Pinus rubra, Lambert, Genus Pinus, I. t. 28 (1803) Hooker, W. Fl. l)<ir. Anier.
II. 164. Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 113. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 413.t

Eng. and Amer. Red Spnice. Fr. Sajnnette rouge. (Jenu. Roehticlite.

The area over which the Ked Spruce is distributed may be stated
in general terms to comprise the border counties of the Canadian
Dominion south of the valley of the St. Lawrence and north-eastern
States of the American Union, whence it sjjreads soutliwards along the
Alleghany mountains to the high jtcaks of Nortli Carolina. It is
the most valuable timber tree of the region over which it is S})read ;
its wood is used for all descriptions of carpentry, and als(j for
conversion into ])aper ])ulp.

I have followed tiic liighcst autliority on Aiiiciicau trees in retaining
Pii-pa nihra distimt from P. »ir/ra; it presents, however, one uf those
doid)tfid cases in wbidi tiie views of Ixitaiiists must iniavoidalily differ

* Fertile liranclilcts coniinunicatcd iioni tlic Aniuld Arboictuni, Harvard University,
^Massachusetts, U.S.A.

t The extremely ])erplcxing .synononiy of Picra rubra and the numerous and often contra-
<lictory liteiary reterentM-s to it are skiUnlly dealt witli by tlie author of tlie Silva of North
America, Vol. XII. he. cit. sujmi.

PICEA SCIIHEXKIAXA. 451

nwiiig to tlu' want nf iikhc dt'tinitt' cliararters to fstahlisli satisfactorily
its specitio rank. Tlif oliarauterrf L-hiefly relied on to distinguish
sjieuifieally P. rubra from P. niijra are : — tlie larger size and different
shape of the staniinate flowers of the first named ; the leaves of the
Ked Sjiruce are the longer of the two, and dark lustrous green, whilst
those of the Black Spruce haA'e a liluish tinge and are frequently
very glaucous : the Red Spruce is the larger tree, growing only on
Avell-drained hill-sides, whilst tlie Black Spruce inhabits wet sphagnum-
covered liogs. A'ery little is known of the Red Sjn-uce in (Ireat
Britain : th'- few sjii'ciniens that are pointed out as such, are
lialf-denudcd. unsightly-loi iking olijects that atiord no certain data for
identification.*

Picea Schrenkiana.

A tall tree witli pendulous branches and brancldets much resembling
Picea Sinithiana in habit and aspect. In Great Britain the branchlets
of the young trees are somewhat rigid, more like those of P. polita
with the l)ark, buds and foliage of P. Smithiana. Leaves acicular-
linear, obscurely four-angled, with a short callous tip, somewhat rigid,
straight or falcately curved, 0-75 — 1 inch long, pointing forwards
on all sides at an angle of about 4o' to the axis, and darker in
colour than those of P. Smithiana and P. [xilifa. Cones cylindric,
obtuse, 3-.5 — i inches long and 1 — 1-25 inch in diameter, dark
lustrous brown ; scales obovate-cuneate with entire margin, convex on
the dorsal side.f

Picea Schrenkiana, Fiselier and Clever in Bull, de I'Acad. St. Petersli. X. 253 (1842).
Beissner, Xadelholzk. 371.

P. obovata var. Schrenkiana, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 338. Masters in
Jonrn. Linn. Soe. XVIII.

Ahies Schrenkiana. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 18.

Pinus Schrenkiana, Endlicher, Syno})S. Conif. 120.

P. ol)Ovata var. Schrenkiana, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 41.^.

The Spruce Fir orioiually named Picea Sclirenkiana by Fischer and
Meyer was discovered Ity Schrenk iu the Siberian Kirghiz about
the year 1841. The Fir described aliove, which is also that
described by Beissner as P. SclirrnMana, Vv'as detected l)y Dr. Albert
Regel nearly forty years afterwards on the Thian-Schan and Ala-tau
mountains in southern Turkestan. Cones and seeds of the Turkestan
tree were sent to the Imperial Botanic C4arden at St. Petersburg,
whence seeds and plants were subsequently distributed among several
European gardens, and the voung trees both in Great Britain and
Oermany possess the characteristics described above.

Schrenk's original discovery 'is stated by Fischer and Meyer to be
closely allied to the Siberian Picea ohorafa and was referred to it as a

* There are two large trees at Dropniore labelled Picea rubra so like P. excelsa that, in
the absence of cones, their identification is involved in some doubt.

t Fresh specimens of branchlets with buds and foliage were communicated from the
Veitchian nursery at Coomlie Wood, and by Mr. Sjiath from his nursery at Bannischuleweg,
aiear Berlin. Cones gathered bv Dr. Albert Kegel in Turkestan were presented to Messrs.
Veitch liy the late Dr. Ed. Resel.

452 I'ICEA SITCIIENSIS.

variety by Carrieve and Pailatoic lUit tlic nearest affinity of tlu-
Turkestan tree as indieated l>y the youn,^ speeinieiis in eultivation is
so (>l)viously the Himalayan I'. H'lintliiaua that it is extremely douljtful
whether it" is the same species as tlie original P. Srhn'n/,-iana of Fischer
and I^leyer.* Should proof be heieafter forthcoming that this snrmise
is correct, it is (dear that tlu' Turkestan tree nnist have another name,,
and no more appropriate one cimld l)e found than P. I{e;/elia7ia which
would commemorate both the discoverer and his father, the excellent
botanist who so long and successfull}' directed the Imperial IJotanic
(iarden at St. Petersburg. It will lie mited that the geographical
i)osition of the two forms favours wdiat is here stated respecting their
affinities ; the Silierian Ivirghiz is included in or is at least contiguous,
to tlu' habitat of P. ohorata, and is separated by a desert region from
the mountains of Tiu'kestan wdiich are connected by the Hindu- Koosh
and its offsets with the Himalaya of Afghanistan on which P. Siiiifhiana
is very abundant. Like all coniferous trees inhaldting a rigorous climate
P. Srhrenliiaiia does not grow satisfactorily under the stimulus of the
hinher winter temperature of Great Britain, but further trial is needed
liefore its suitableness or otherAvise for the gardens and Pineta of this,
country can be deternnned.

Picea sitchensis.

X tree of very variable height and dimensions, usually alxait 100 feet
high, Ijut trees 200 — 250 feet high with a conspicuously tapering
truidc Vl — 15 feet in diameter near the ba.se are not unconnnon along
the coast of Washington and Oregon ; at the extreme northern limit
of its distribution it is reduced to a low shrub. In (Ireat Pritain
when standing alone and growing in favourable situations, it has a
broadly pyramidal outline, the bark of the oldest trees usually nuich
and irregularly fissured. Branches spreading horizontally or slightly
depressed, the lowermost often long in proportion to height of trunk.
Park of branchlets pale yellowish 1)rowu ; buds ovoid-conic, sidi-acute,
0"25 inch long with reddish brown, ovate, obtuse jieruhe. Leaves
persistent three — seven years according to the soil in which the tree is
growdng ; linear, flattene(l, rigid and s])ine-tipped, O-f)— 0-75 inch long,
])ut occasionally larger on vigorous shoots, spirally crowded around tlu^
branchlets, the longer ones on the under side sub-distichous in two -three
ranks ; the shorter ones on the upper side pointing forwaiils at a small
angle to the axis, with a silvery white stouiatiferous band on each side
of the thickened midrib on the xcntral side, light lustrous green on the
dorsal side. Stauunate flowei's numerous, on lateral Ijranchlets of the
preceding vear, cylindrii', reddish crimson, shortly stalked, surrounded at

* Witli tlu- <)f),ji'ct of olitaiiiiii;;', if iKPssilile, nunc detiiiite iiifoiniation on this point, I
addrcs.sod ii coiuiuuiiieation [lointing out tlic ditticulty to Dr. b'i.sclier de W'liidliciin. tlie
Director of the Imiicriul liotanic Garden at St. t^etershur^', wlio courtcou.sly reiilicd tliat tlicre
were .several spcrinicns of Pi ri'n Sihreid-iKiKi j^atliered in Turkestan preserved in tlie herliarinin
of tlie Carden of wliich two or three scarcely differ from I'. Sun'/hiinnt, wiiilst other types aie
eas^ilv distingui.slied from it hy their .shorter and thicker aeicular leaves ; tlie greater number
are, "however, intermediate forni.s. The Director adds: " Peut-^tre toutes fes variations ne
foinicnt (ju'une seulc espece. If est bien diflirijc dc U- dire pour sur a cau.se de trop peu
d'exemplaires disponilijes, d'autant plu> ipir ics changements dejieudent du lieu dfr
er<iissance selon I'altitude, I'tc."

PICEA SITCHEXSIS. 453

the l)as(' l)y iiunieiNtus invdlucral l)ia(t-s. Cones cyliudrii', oljtiise,
2*5 — 3-5 iiu-lu's hmy: ami 1-25 iu'li in diameter, often curved before
falliuif ; scales ovate-elliptic, Owo inch long, irregularly denticulate
beyond the middle ; bract awl-shaped, al)out one-half as long as the
scale.

Pieea sitcheiisis. Ciuriere, Tiaite Coiiif. ed. I. 260 (185f>\ Engelinaini in Brewer
and Watson's Bot. Calitbr. II. 122. .Aracouii. Cat. Cauad. Plant.'*, 470. Mayi',
Wald. Xoidamer. 338. Beissner, Xadelliolzk. 390, with tigs. Masters in Journ.
R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 224. Sargent, Silva X. Anier. XII. 55, t. 602.

P. ilenziesii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 318 (1867). Masters in Gard.
Ohron. XXV. (1886), ]>. 728. witli tigs.

Abies ilenziesii. Lindley in Peiniy Cycl. I. 32 (1833). London, Arli. et Frnt.
Brit. IV. 2321, with tig." Forbes,' Pinet. Wobnrn, 93, t. 32. (Jordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 12.

Pinns sitchensis, Bongard, Veg. de Sitcha, 46 (1832). Endliclier, Svnops. Conif.
123 (1847).

P. Meuziesii, Doughis ex Lambert, Genus Pinns, ed. II. Vol. III. 161 (1837).
Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 418.

Eng. Menzies' Spruce. Anier. Tideland Spruce. Germ. Sitka-Fic-hte.

Picca sitchensis is confined to a iiariow belt extending many
hundreds of miles along the Pacific coast of north-west America
from Alaska near the GOth parallel of north latitude southwards to
Cape Mendocino in California, rarely spreading inland more than
fifty miles, in places forming a continuous forest of considerable
extent, elsewhere associated with Abidia Douglasii, Tsuga Alhcrtiana
and TImia (jifiaiitea. It attains its greatest development in the littoral
districts of Washington and Oregon where it Ijccomes the largest of
all Spruce Firs and the most important timber tree i:)f the region.*
Further north under the altered conditions of climate, its dimensions
are consideralily diminished xuitil it is reduced to a low shrub at
its extreme northern limit. The wood is lioht, soft, straight-grained,
compact but not strong, and of a light l)rown colour tinged with red.
In the coast region of (Oregon and Washington it is used for well-nigh
every purpose for which timlier is in request, not only for house
building and out-of-door carpentry generally, Imt also for boat
building, cooperage and household utensils ; and further north, wdiere
the trees are much smaller, it is not less serxdceable to the inhabitants,
both settlers and Indians.

\\\ Great Britain the growth and asi)ect of Picea ^ifrhen-^is are much
influenced by the soil and situation in wliidi it is planted. It does not
thrive in light dry soils Avhether near or away from the sea coast ; in
such places in very dry seasons it loses all its foliage older than that of
the current year and has a denuded appearance : in a retentive loam and
even in constantly wet ground it grows rapidly into a handsome well-

* No tree in tlie American forest grows with greater vigour or shows stronger evidences
of vitality, and there are few more impressi%'e and beautiful olgeets in the foiests of
temperate Xorth America than one of these mighty Spruce trees with its si)ire-like head
raised high aljove its l)road l)ase of widely sweejiing and gracefully upturned branches
resting on the surface of the ground ; its slender branchlets loaded with cones nodding to
the slightest breeze, and its leaves now silvery white, now dark and lustrous, shimmering
in the sunlight. — Silva of Xorth America. Vol. XII. )>. 57.

454 I'K'KA SMITHIAXA.

furuishcil tree with the lolour ui its fiiliii,L;v much hci.nliti'iuMl ; * the
leader shoot increases in height from 18 — 27 inches annually, and the
trees fur tlie must pai't cnuc freely after the tirst twenty-five years, results
suggestixc iif tlie suitahlriicss (if this tree for afforesting waste lands in
Scotland and Ireland that lould not lie more [trofitalily used for other
crops.

Pirea !<ifi-he)t^i--< first heiame known t<i science through Archihald
i\Ienzies ■\vho discovered it on the shoics of Puget Sound in 1793. It
was introduced into Great Britain in 1831 hy the Horticultural Society
of London through David Douglas who named it in compliment to the
discoverer, and it was pulilished hy Lindley under the name of A/ne>f
Menziesii in 1833 ; it had, however, l)een found l)y Mertens on the
island of Sitka a few years previously and described ])y Bongard as
Pinus sitchensis in his "Vegetation de Sitcha," juildished in 1832 ; Bongard's
name therefore has i)riority and is now generally accejjted ; the tree is
best known in British plantations as Ahi(^s Menziesii.

Archibald Mexzies (1754—1842) was born at Weinis, in Perthshire. He was early
jilaeed in the Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and, through the assistance of Di'. John
Hdjie, Pnif'essor ot Botany, he was enaliled to prosecute his studies so as to take the
diplonui ot surgeon. In 1778, he made a tour through the Northern Islands for the
purpose of collecting plants for the Botanic Garden. He then went to Carnarvon to
assist a medical man, and he tinally became assistant-surgeon in the Xavy. He
\asited Halifa.x Staten Island, the Sandwich Islands, China and north-westei'u
America. In 1790, he accompanied Vancouver on his celebrated voyage ; he visited
King George's Island, the south coast of New Holland, and part of New Zealand,
Otaheite, Chile and the north-west of America. He returned to England in 1795.
Among the results of this voyage was the introduction of Araumria imbriccta from
southern Chile and the tirst certain intelligence of the existence of the gigantic
coniferous vegetation of north-west America, including the discovery of Sequoia
semper virens, AbUtia Douglasii, Pirea, sifchensis and Thuin giqantea. He made large
collections of plants, as well as of other olijects of Natural Historj^ during these
voyages. Many of them were new, and have lieen descrilied ly Sir J. E. Smith,
Roliert Brown, Sir \V. Hooker and others. He afterwards served in the West Indies.
About the beginning of the century he quitted the Nav}- and passed the remainder
of his days in the vicinity of London. His collection of plants was left to the
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh ; it consi.sts chiefly of cryptogamous plants, (irasses and
Cyperaccie.

Picea Smithiana.

A tree 120 — 150 feet high witli a I'onical outline and with a trunk
5 — 7 feet in diameter near tin- base, covered with lii<iwnish grey bark
tesselated with shallow cracks. In (ireat IJritain an tdegant tree
of elongated conical outline usually furnished with branches from the
base. Branches spreading and ramified laterally, the lowermost nntre
or less deHexed and often swee[)ing tiie ground. Branchlets opposite or
alternate, ([uite peiidulou.s, often nnich elongated, with yellowish white
bark s[)irally grooved. Buds ovoid-cylindric, the larger terminal ones
0"25 incli long, with ovate reddish brown perulap. Leaves ])ersistent
four — five year.s, linear -acicular, obscurely four-angled, compivssed
laterally, pungent, 0"7o — 2"5 incln-s long, pointing forwarls and falcately

* Fine speeiniens of Picea sitc/icmia from 70—100 feet high are freiiuent : — In England
at Monk Coniston. Lancashire ; Patterdale Hall, ('mnherland ; Bowood Park and Fonthill
Alitiev. Wiltshire ; iiicton. Devonshire ; (.'anlew, Cornwall. In Scotland at Castle Abaizies,
Murthly Castle, Ochtertyrc. Keilluur, and Scone Palace in Perthshire In Iieland at
Curraghmore, Co. Watertonl : Fota Island. Cork ; CooUattin, Co. Wiiklow ; Castlewellan,
Co. Down ; Shane's Castle, Antrim ; and other places.

I'ICEA SMITH I ANA. 455

curved. kStaiuiuatc Hnwrrs tlic lar<^vst in tlic geuu.s, biuaiUy cyliudric,
obtuse, 1 — l"2f) inch long ami 0-5 inch in diameter, light sulpliuv-
yellow ; connective of anther roundish, obscurely crenulate ; the involucral
bracts lanceolate-oblong in two — three series.* Cones terminal, cylindric-
conic, obtuse, 4 — 6 inches long and 1'.5 — 2 inches in diameter ; scales
l»roadly obovate from a cuneate base, the outer margin rounded and
entire.

Pieea Sniithiaiia,t Boissier, Fl. oiient. V. 699 (1884).

P. Morinda, Link in Liiinwa, XV. 522 (1841). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 340.
Masters in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885), p. 393, with tig. ; and Journ. R. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 46. Hooker til, Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 653. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 373.

Abies Smithiana, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2317, with tigs. (1838).
Forbes, Pinet. Wobmn, 103, t. 36. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 19. Brandts, Forest
Fl. N. W. India, 525. Aitcliison in Journ. Linn. Soe. XVIII. 98.

A. Kliutrow, Loudon, Encyol. of Trees, 1032, with tigs. (1842).

A. Morinda, Nelson, Pinacea, 49 ; and Hort.

Pinus Sniitliiana, Wallich, Plant, asiat. rar. III. 24, t. 246 (1832). Lambert,
Genus Pinus, III. t. 88. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 416.

P. Khutrow, Royle, Illus. Him. Plants. 353, t. 84 Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 122.

Eng. Himala3'an Spruce, Indian Spruce. Germ. Indische-Fichte, Ital. Abete.
deir Himalaya. Ind. vernacular, Khutrow, Morinda, and others.

Picea Smithiana occurs throughout the temperate Himalaya from
Bhotan to Afghanistan, with a vertical range of from 6,000 to
11,000 feet elevation and occasionally higher. It inhabits chiefly
the western and nortlieni slopes, in some places forming pure forests
of greater or less extent, in others intermixed with Cedrus Deodara,
Abies Weljbiana, Pinus rxcelsa and other trees. As seen throughout
this region, except where it grows in compact masses, the tree is
furnished with branches to the ground, the primaries horizontal and.
spreading out further than those of Abies Webbiana ; their extremities
are very bushy with numerous leafy, tassel-like branchlets hanging
vertically, which give the tree a peculiarly graceful appearance ; the
crown is tall and conical and the foliage dense. J The wood is
white, soft and straight-grained, hut not duralde, the outer wood
turning red and decaying rapidly on exposure. It is used chiefly
for indoor carpentry and for fuel ; in the higher mountain valleys
the herdsmen use the hark for roofing the sheds l)uilt for protecting
their cattle in severe weather.

This beautiful tree was introduced into (Ireat l>ritain in 1818 by
Dr. Gowan of Cupar, wlm had received cones from his son luider the

* See page 423.

t The intention of Dr. Wallich. who first described and figured this tree, to dedicate it
to the tirst President of the Linnean Society is stated so precisely that his name is un-
hesitatingly adojited here. Unfortunately Wallieh's tigure is liut very iuditferently executed,
and it is also inverted, so that when Professor Link selected the vernacular name Morinda for
the tree in the Berlin Botanic (Jarden, he did so in the belief that it was not the same species
as that represented b}' "VVallich's figure. "In Pineto Woburnense arbor h;ece ad Pinum
Smithianum (Wall) relata est ; at folia in icone Wallichiana multo latiora, majus incurva,
minus pungentia. Couvenit vero P. Morinda nostra optime cum Roylei icone et ea quse in
Pineto Woburnense exhilietur, ([uemobrem separavi."— -Linnrea, XV. 522. As no second
species of Picea occurs in the Himalayan region, Wallieh's name has priority of publication.

:J: Brandis, Forest Flora of Xorth-west India, p. 526.

456

PK'EA SMITHIAXA.

Fig. 112. Cone of Picca Sniithinna

iiiiiiic Kliuti'ow (wccpiim- Fir), and
wliicli he presented U< the Karl of
H(>l>('tnun. * From tlic sec<ls six
jilaiits were rai.seil, one of wliiili nnw
nearly SO feet high and reported
healthy and vigorous, is still standing
in the grounds of Hojietoun House
in We.st Lothian, f When planted
in a moist soil and sheltered situa-
tion the Himaliiyan Spruce grow.s
rapidly ; in dry scjUs its gTOWth is
.slower and the foliage l)ecomes thin.
Owing prol)alily to peculiarities in
the climate of the Himalayan region
and the high elevation at wliicli
this Fir grows — conditions that
cannot ])e .secured for it in (Ireat
Britain — failures are fi'e(iuent ; the
plants cannot receive here so long
an annual period of rest as they
<lo on their native mountains, Avhere
the winter snows cover them for
four or five months of the year ;
they start into growth in the fir.st
mild days of early spring, and the
tender shoots are often cut oil' hy
frosts later in the .sea.son, the effect
of which is to weaken permanently,
if it does not kill, the plants. A
north- Avest aspect, or one shaded or
])rotected by high trees is recom-
mended foi' it, iiroA'ided the .soil is
loamy and not too dry. The loAver
hranches of some of the largest
specimens of Pirea S)in'fhiaua in
this country have attained lengths
of from 12 to 16 feet, so that, in
order to secure a good s])ecinien
of this nol)le Fii\ a s])ace having
a radius greater than tlie.se dimen-
sions must he allowed for it.

The species Avas named hy Dr.
Wallich in coni])liment to Sir James
Kdward Smith, First I "resident of
the Linnean Societv.

TSUGA.

457

James Edward Smith (1759 — 1823) was liorn at Xoi-widi. He was imliKvd by
his love of science to study medicine, for which jmrjiose lie proceeded to Edinburgh
University where he obtained in 1782 Dr. Hope's Gold Medal foi- the best botanical
collection. He shortly afterwards came to London, and in 1784 lie purchased tlie
whole of the books, nianusiTipts and natural liistory collections of Linnieus wliich
cost £1,088. and which after his death became the property of the Linnean Society.
Two years later he made a tour through Holland France, Italy and Switzerland,
<if which he published an account. In 1788, with the assistance of Sir Joseph
Banks, Dr. Goodenough, Bishop of Norwich . and a few others, the Linnean Society
was founded and Smith was elected first President. In 1796 he removed to his
native city of Xorwich, but paid a yearly \isit of two months to London when he
gave a course of lectures <ni Botany at the Royal Institution in Albemarle Stieet.
In 1814 he was knighted by the Prince Regent when he presented a copy of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society. His published works are numerous, but that
liy which he will be best rememliered is his "English Botany," in thirty-six volmnes
containing 2,.o92 colnui'ed plates by Sowerby.

TSUGA.

Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 185 (1855). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 440 (1881).
Eichler in Engler and Prantl, Xat. PH. Fam. 80 (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXX. 28 (1893).

The group of trees known as Hemlock Firs* are readily distinguish-
able from all the other Abietine;e by their haliit and foliage, especially
by their slender, often drooping, terminal shoots clothed with leaves
having an anatomical structure different from that of all the other
Firs, and on which much stress is placed as a nrark of the generic
distinctness of the group ; this characteristic, combined with others
observable in the Howers and fruit to be presently noticed, has
secured the admission of Carriere's genus Tsuga by most recent
authors.

In their vegetation, the Hemlock Firs are uoniially tall evergreen
trees with .-straight erect trunks from wliicli the ]n-imary In-anehes are
produced in pseudo-whorls, which are mostly much ramitied. The
slender branchlets are marked with prominent pulviui at the base of
the leaves, and Avith cortical outgrowths descending from them. (See
Fig. 14 13., page 29.)' Under climatic influence, those species inhabiting
higli latitudes or ascending to high mountain altitudes are reduced to
low dense bushes or shrubs at their northern and highest vertical limits.
The leaves are flatteneil or slightly angular, one-nerved and distinctly
petiolate, spirally arranged arountl the shoot, but made i)Seudo-distichous

l)V a twist of the
short footstalk. The

most oliviotis anatomical
character which dis-
tinguishes the leaves of
the Tsugas from those of
all other Firs is the position
of the resin canal ; this is
shown in the accompany-
ing figure of a transverse section of the leaf of Tswja Brunoniana, the
minute structure of wliirli does not differ essentially from that of

* I have failed to ascertain the origin of this common name ; it has been applied to the
type species, Tsuga canadensis. tVom time immeuiorial, and thence extended to the othere.
The Germans have a similar appellative in Schierlingstanne.

Fig. 113. Transver.se section of leaf of Tsmjn Bnnioniiiiin, X 30
r, resin duct ; /, ftbroAascular bundle.

458

TSUGA.

tlir (itlicr spccit's of Tsuga ; the ivsiii canal is iu(liratc(l l)y the
letter /•, and tlie tiln'o-vascnlar Imndle of the niidril) by /'.
The essential characters of the Howers and fruits may be thus
formulated : —

Flowers monoecious. Stauiinate flowers in the axils of the upixu'most
leaves of shoots of the preceding year, small, globose or globose-cylindric,
stipitate, and surrounded at the base l)y numerous small iuvolucral
bracts. Anthers with a short spur at the base and dehiscing
transversely ; pollen cells glol:)Ose

( )vuliferous flowers very small, mostly terminal on lateral branchlets
of the preceding year ; bracts shorter than the scales. Cones solitary,
peudidous, with persistent scales and inconspicuous enclosed bracts, and
rijH'ning the flrst year.

Fi^' 114. 'I'siiijd ISrniioniiiim. 1, Staminate. 2, Ovuliferoiis flower, iiat. size. 3, sidn — 4, front view of

anthers before dehiscence ; .'> anil t>, after dehiscence x 10; 7, pollen grains x 1-0;

8 back — 0, front view of scale and bract.

The Tsugas thence ap})ear to be made up of characters derived from
Abies, Lari.x and Picea. The leaves are those of an Abies on superticial
view, but (litter in the presence of only one central resin canal instead of
two lateral ones always found in the leaves of Abies ; the cones are
those of a Larch Avith the l)ract always shoitcr than the scale ; the wood
conforms structurally to that of a Picea.

AVhilst the above characters are common thioii^liout the ot-ims^
there is one species — J\i((i<( Mcrfciisunu/ — which dihers from the rest
in some morpiiological details ol)servable in the leaves and cones vvliich
are of sufficient value to separate that species sectionally from the
others; the Tsii<j;as therefore admit of a division into two sections
thus distinguished : —

EuTSUGA. Leaves flat, (jbtuse, remotely serrulate at the margins and
with stomata on the umler side onlv. Cones small, glolio.se (as broad as
long).

TSUCJA ALltEKTIAXA. 459

HespeHoPEUKK.* Leaves e(iii\-ex, aevite, often keeled (in tlu' Upper side
anil witli stimiata mi Imth sides. Cunes nvoid-cylindrie (iiiueli lon.^cr
than broad).

All the species are described in tlie following pages ; of these
three are Asiatic, each of which has but a limited geographical
range ; two are east North American, one the type species widely
distributed, and the other a comparatively recent discovery restricted
to a locality of small extent on the southern Alleghany mountains ;
the remaining two are west North American, one a tree of the coast
and plains, and the other chietly of the mountains at high altitudes
The Hemlock Firs are cultivated in Great Britain almost solely for
ornamental purposes ; they are trees of graceful habit and aspect, and
whether standing alone or in contrast with other trees are effective
subjects for the lawn, park and landscape. As timlier trees
they are not much in repute even in their native countries ; the
wood is for the most part loose in grain, soft in texture and
soon decays on exposure to the weather. ^Nluch of the vigour
of the trees is expended in the formation of branches rather than
in the de\elopment of the trunk wliich is frequently knotty and
of small scantling.

Tsuga is the Japanese vernacular name of the two nati\'e
species.

Tsuga Albertiana.

A stately tree 100—200 feet hi>;h with a trunk 2—6 feet in diameter,
hut much smaller at its northern Hmit. Bark of trunk tliiek, reddi.sh
brown, coarse in texture and iri'e.nularly fissured. Primary branches
spreading or sliglitly ascending ami ramified laterally ; secondary branches
slender and much ramified, the ramification chiefly lateral with many
short slender growths on the uppei' side ; the youngest shoots both
terminal and lateral pubescent, slender, flexible and pendulous ; bark
pale yellow-brown marked with leaf pulvini and short cortical outgrowths
decurrent from them. Buds small, clavate, pubescent, reddish brown.
Leaves persistent four — five years, linear, flatfish, obtuse or sub-acute,
0"5 — 0"75 inch long, shortly and abruptly petiolate, pseudo-distichous,
dark green with a small median grt)0ve above and with two
stomatiferous liauds l)eneatli. 8tauiinate flowers mostly clustered near
the apex of short lateral shoots of the preceding year, cylindric,
0'25 inch long, reddish crimson changing to dull violet, the basal
involucral bracts in two series. (Jvuliferous flowers terminal, solitary,
composed of fewer scales than the staminate flowers, and of the same
rich, coloiu* before fertilisation and with the liasal involucral bracts
more numerous. Cones ovoid-cylindric, al)out an inch long, composed of
twenty-flve — thirty scales arranged spirally in five series, pale In-own
striated on the (_iuter dorsal side.

* Separated from Tsuga as a distinct genus under this name by Lemmon and other
Californian liotauists.

460 TSl'GA AI.HEirriAXA.

Tsun'rt Allicrtiaiia, sHjirc

T. MeitfUHiaiia, Canieie, Tiaitc CoiiiF. od. II. 2"»0 (exd. Pimis Mcrtoiisiana,
Biingaid). Eii^elniaiiii in Brtnver and Watson's Hot. Califor. II. 1-26. Macoun,
Cat. Caiiad Plants, 417. l^uissncr, Xadelliolzk. 40:5, with tig. Masters in (iard.
Cliron. XXIII. (]88y), \). 17.'), witii tig. ; and .louiii. R. Hort. 8oc. XIV. 255.

T. lieti'idphylla, Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XII. 73, t tiO') (1898).

A])ies Alhertiana, Muriay in Proofed. R. Hort. Soc. III. 149, with tig. (1863).
Lawson, Pinet. Brit II. Ill, t. 16, and figs Kent in Veitoh's Manual, ed. 1. 113.
Hntohin,son in Trans. High Agr. Soo. 1879.

A. Mertensiana, (Jordon, Pinet. ed. II. 29 (exol. Piniis Mertensiana, Bongard).

A. Bridgesii, Kellogg in Proceed. Califor. Acad. Sc. II 8 (1863)

Pinus canadensis, Bongard, Veg. de Sitka in Mem. Acad. Inij). St. Petersli. II.
163 (1832), not Linnfens. Hooker, W. Fl. Boi'. Amer. II. 164 (in jjart).

P. Mertensiana, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 428 (not Bongard).

Eng. Prince Albert's Fir. Anier. Western Hemlock Fir. Fr Tsuga de Californie.
Germ. Westanierikanische Schierlingstanne. Ital. Aliete del Principe Alberto.

Tsxga AlhniidiKi i.s the lamest of the Hemlock Firs, simulathig in its
stately proportions the other gigantic Abietineie of north-west America,
with some of which it is in places associated. Its northern limit, so
far as at present known, is the island of Sitka and the adjacent
littoral of Alaska, whence it spreads southwards tlnough tlie islands
and coast region of I'ritish Columliia to nortli California. It also
has a considerahle range inland ; from the Selkirk and Gold
mountains in Britisli Columbia it extends southwards into Idaho
along the Bitter lioot, and als(^ along the Cascade mountains to
southern Oregon. It was discovered in 1826 by David Douglas
<luring his first mission to north-west America, who mistook it for
T. canadensis; Bongard fell into the same error in his "Observations sur
la A^egetation de I'ile de Sitka," when dealing with Mertens' herbarium
specimens gathered in Sitka shortly afterwards. There is, however,
evidence that the tree had been previously seen by Menzies in 1792,
during Vancouver's cruise along the north-west coast of America,
and he too miglit have mistaken it for the Canadian Hemlock,
from which tliere is little to distinguish it besides its larger size, its
larger cones with more elongated scales, its larger seed wings, and its
liner and slraighter-grained wood.

Tswja Alhertiana wa.s introduced iut(j Great Britain in 1851 by the
Scottish Oregon Association tln-ou<>ii their collector, .b>lni Jctfrey, and
named in compliment to tlie late Prince Consort Avlio was a patron of
tlie Association. As seen in this country it is a very <fraceful tree and
one of the most efi'ecti\'e ('onifers for the park and landscajje on account
of its broad sweej)iiig- lial)it, and ])reseuting <fenerally tlie appearance of
"a pile of thick foliaj.re out (»f which sprinj^- a nndtitude of loii<^- whiji-like
shoots which bang' down like the slender sprays of a Weeping- Willow."
The older trees are now assuming- a distinctly ]tyraniidal outline broken
by the long-, litlie, terminal shoots, their lowermost branches making- a
sweep of over 30 feet, so that a space \vitli a radius greater than
this nnist be allowed to secure a good siu'cimen."*^ No coniferous tree

* Fine specimens of Tsuga Alhertiana 70 to 80 feet high are growing at Westonbirt,
<^;louce.stershire ; Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire ; Fonthill Abbey, Wilts ; Linton Park,
Maidfstone : .Monk Coniston, Lancashire; T'astlc Menxies and Mctlivcn Castle, Perthshire:
Riccarton, Midlothian. Trees 60 to 70 feet high are fre<iucnt froni I'erthshire southwards.

I'mija AJhertiana.
(From the Gardeners Chronicle.

462 TSUGA BRUNONIANA.

h'om north-west Anicricit lias iiku'c readily adapted itself to the altered
eonditions of soil and diiiiate in Great Ih'itaiii than T. Alhfrfiana ;
it thrives in most situations and in many kinds of soils, Imt most
fr<M4y in a cool moist soil, or in loams with a i)orous suhsoil ; it will
grow even on ])eat-])og hut not on chalk. The annual rate of growth
of the leader shoot varies aceordin.i;- to soil and situation from 15 to
25 inolies.

The wood is liglit, hard, and cross-orained l)ut not strong ; it is
much used for Imilding and rough car]ientry ; the hark furnislies the
most vahiahle tanning material in the region.*

Tsuga Brunoniana.

A lofty tree 70—120 feet high, the trunks of the largest 6—9 feet
in diameter near the hasef and covered Avitli thiek, rough hark.
Branches spreading; hranchlets slender, Ijrittle and pendulous; hark
pale broAvn with shallow longitudinal furrows. Leaves narrowly linear,
very shortly jietiolate, suh-acute, 0'5 — 1"25 inch long, pseudo-ilistichous,
dark green with a shallow median groove ahove and with two silvery
white stomatiferous hands heneath. Staminate flowers solitary or in pairs
on short lateral growths of the preceding year, cylindric, 0"25 inch
long, light yellow, surrounded at tlie l)ase liy minute involucral hraets
in three series (see Fig. 114, supra). Ovuliferous flowers terminal, suh-
glohose, 0"4 inch in diameter ; scales reflexed at tlie apex, at first
light l)luish violet changing to dark slaty blue Avith age ; Inacts
oblong, membraneous and crumpled. Cones ovoid-cylindric, aboiU an
inch long, composed of twenty — twenty-ti\'e oi'bicular-ol)long, imln-icated
scales; striated on the dorsal, exposed side. Seeds very small with
an oblong whitisli wing.

Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 188 (185.")) ; and cd. II. 2^7
(1867). Hooker til in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. Tl, with tig.; and Fl. Brit.
Ind. V. 654. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 500, witli ti--. ; and
Jouni. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 254. Beissner, Na<h'llu)lzk. 397.

Abies Brunoniana, Liiidlcy in Penny (Jych)]i. I. 31 (1833). Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 21.

A. duniosa, Loudon, Aih. ct Frut. lirit. IV. 2325, witli fisj;s. (1838). Brandis,
Forest Fl. N.W. India, 527.

Piiuus Brunoniana, Walli(di, Plant, asiat. rar. III. 21, t. 247 (1832). Endlicher,
Synojis. Conif. 84.

P. duniosa, Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. 11. Vol II. t. 46 (1837). Pailatore,
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 429.

Eng. Indian Hemlock Fir, Himalayan Hemlock S)iruce. Fi. Tsuga de
I'Hinialaya. Geini. Biown's Hemlocktaniie.

Tlii.s beautiful tree was originally dist'ovcrud early in the seeoinl
decade of the nineteenth century l>y Captain W(dil) in north-
east Kninaon ; for our knowledge of it as it is seen in its
native home we are chietly indebtf.'d to Sir doseph Jlooker who
communicated the following,' particulars respecting it to tlie

* Silva of North America, XII. 75.

+ In till- list of trees of the Darjeeling region Mr. Gamble gives 60 to 80 feet as tlie
average stature of Tsuga Brunoaiinia, and 10 to 15 feet as the average girth at four feet
from the s'lound.

TSUGA CANADENSIS. 463

" Gardeners' Chronicle " Joe. cif. SNjirx, together witli tlie fignre of

a tree sketclied in Xepal : —

"I first met with this graceful tree on the hanks nf tlie Taiiihiir river
in e.astern Xepal and have deserihed it in my .Imirual as a heautifnl
species forming a stately hlnnt pyramid with l:)ranches spreading like
the Cedar hnt not so stiflP, and drooping gracefully (ju all sides ;
its surrounding scenery is as grand as any depicted liy Salvator Rosa;
a river rumnng in sheets of foam, somhre woods, crags of gneiss rock,
and tier ujion tier of lofty mountains flanked and crested with groves
of black Fir, Ahies Webhiana, terminating in snow-covered rocky peaks.
Here one individual was measured and found to l)e 20 feet in girtli
at aboiit five feet from the ground ; on another (iccasion in the Lachen
valley of 8ikkim, I measured a Hemlock Spruce that was 120 feet in
height and 28 feet in girth, nor were these very exceptional dimensions
though they greatly exceed what prevails in the Darjeeling district.
The Himalayan Hemlock Spruce does not extend westwards beyond
Kmnaon where, according to Maddon, it attains a lieight of 70 to 80 feet
and yields inferior timber ; eastwards it extends into Bhotan where
Griflith met with it at 6,500 to 9,500 feet, which is a considerably
lower elevation than it affects in Sikkim where its inferior limit is
about 8,000 feet, and its superior 10,000 feet. The Avood in Sikkim
is but little used, not being duralile, Init the bark is (Mnployed for
roofing huts."

Seeds of Tsiuja Brnnoiiiana have been frequently received in this
country ; the experience of the past forty years has, however, l»ut
too surely shown the futility of attempting to acclimatise this fine
tree in Great Britain unless, indeed, a hardier race can l)e obtained
from seeds gathered near the superior limit of its vertical range or
from the few trees that have become established in this countrv.*
In exceptionally favoured localities such as are to be found in
Devon, Cornwall and the south of Ireland, Tsuga Brunoniana lives
on for a numl)er of years Ijut rarely shows anything like the
stately form it assumes in the Himalayan valleys.

The species Avas dedicated liy Dr. "NVallich, for many years Director
of the Botanic (rarden at Calcutta, to his conteiiijMirary Dr. Roliert
Brown, tlie most eminent British l)otanist of liis time.

Tsuga canadensis.

A tall graceful tree with a pyranndal crown, at its gTcatest
development 75 — 90 feet high but usually nuich less ; in the dense
forests of Canada free of liranches for three-fourths of its height, in
more open places furnished with branches nearly to the ground. Bark
of old trees ash-brown with broad longitudinal fissures exposuig a pale
inner cortex, and narrow transverse fissures liy Avhich the outer cortex
is broken up into irregular plates. Branches slender, spreading, the
lowermost sometimes more or less deflexed by the weight of their
appendages : ramification lateral. Brauchlets flexilile and drooping at

* Tlie largest known to the autlior are at Dropniore and Strete Ralegh.

464 TSUGA CANADENSIS.

the extremity, yellow-lmiwn, inilu'seent and inarketl with nannw, fluted,
c-ortifal out-giowtli8. Buds .small, ovoid-glolxise, reddish lirowii. Leaves
l)ersistent three — four years, shortly petiolatc, linear, flat, obtuse or
sub-acute, 0"25 — 0■~^^ iueh long, those on the luider side of the
branchlets pseudo-distiehous, those on the upper side erect oi' sul)-ereet,
dark green with a shallow median ehannel above, and two glaucous
stoiuatiferous bands beneath. Staminate flowers small, globose, shortly
sti[)itate. Cones terminal, mostly on short lateral shoots, ovoid, ol)tuse,
about 0 75 inch long: scales shortly chnved, broadly oval, ol)tuse or
snb-obovate, Avith minutely denticulate margin, striated on the exposed
side and persistent after the fall of the seeds.

Fi''. 11'.. Feitili- biaiiclilct of Tsttiia m.nuXhnsis.

Tbuga canafk'iisis, Ciurieiv, Traite Coiiif. cl. I. 189 (185')) ; and cd. II. 241 (1867).
Macouii, Cat. Caiiad. Plant.s, 471. lieissiii-r, Nadclliolzk. 398, witli tigs. Masters
ill Jouni. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 2'.:.. Sargtiit, Silva N. Aiuer. XII. 63, t. 603.

Al.ies canadensis, Michaux. Hist. Arl.. Anicr. I. 137, t. 13 (1810j. L. C.
Richard, Mem sur Ics Cunif. 77, t. 17 (1826: Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV.
2322, with ligs. Hooiics, Evt-ign-ens, 184, with tig. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 22.

Picea canadensis, Link in Linmva, XV. f>23.

Pinus canadensis, Linnaus. Sp. Phuit. ed. II. 1421 (1763). Lambert, (Jenus Pinus,
I. t. 32 (1803) EndHcluT, Synops, Conif. 86. Parlatore, 1). C. Pro(h-. XVI. 428.
And many others.

Kng. and Anier. Hemlock Spruce. Vv. Sapin (Ui Canada Germ. Schierlingstanne
Ital. Abete del Canada.

var. — alba Spica (syn. aiyenfeaj.

A variety of Kuropeau origin in which the tip of all or
till- young shoots is cream-white. An()ther cohnired foim is
aurea, bnt the variegation is said to be inconstant.

nearly all
known as

tsu(;a caxadensis. 465

var. —gracilis (>y\\. /"nt/ti/aj.

rjiauclii's ami lnauclilcts sIcikKt and sjiaiscly ramiticd, all moiv or
less ilniiipiui;- and rldthcd with leaves smaller than in the eonunon
f(inn. Ai)i)areutly intermediate between the latter and the variety jw/vvYb/m.

var — parvifolia.

Smaller in all its parts than the eonunon form ; tlie braiichlets and
tlu'ir ramitieations more numerons and more closely set, and the leaves
are luit a <[Uarter of an inch lon^;'. microphylla is apparently tlir
same, or a slight variation of this.

var. — Sargentiana.

A hush about three feet high, with short pendent branches and

branchlets furming a dense flat-topped mass of foliage. The variety

nana ^f Knmpean gardens is the same, or a slight moditication of this.

Tsmja canadensis is one of the most important ingredients of the

forests around the great lakes lying between the British Dominion

and the United States. From Nova Scotia it spreads westwards to

Lake Superior, and southwards through the Atlantic States to

Delaware ; it also occurs on the Appalachian mountains which it

follows southwards as far as Alabama. In Canada it still forms

forests stretching for hundreds of miles ; in places unmixed with

any other tree, but oftener associated with the r)lack Spruce (Picca

nigra) or the AVhite Pine (Pinus Strobus), or both. It attains its

greatest development on northern slopes and on the banks of mountain

streams ; in such situations it is one of the most beautiful trees of

Xorth America.

Large groves of Hendoek Firs growing on the hill slopes present a
nolile appearance ; their tall columns free of l)ranches for three-fourths
of their height never bend before the gale. There is a general absence
of undergrowth, thus alibrding long vistas through the shady groves ; and
the softened light invests the interior of these forests with an air of
solemn mystery, whilst the even spread of tlie mossy carpet beneath
attbrds appreciable relief to the foot-sore hunter. The human voice
sounds as if contined within spacious and lofty halls.*

The wood of the Hemlock Spruce is light, soft, coarse-grained and
difficult to work. The timber is being nnich more used than
formerly as the supply of White Pine diminishes, chiefly for outdoor
carpentry, railway ties, telegraph poles, etc. The dry and easily
detached bark of the tree attbrds excellent fuel, emitting an intense
heat ; the fresh hark is rich in tannin, and is more used in tanning
leather in the northern States than any other on account of the
scarcity of oak -bark.

Tsuga canadensis was introduced into (rreat Britain h\ Peter
Collinson about the year 17^0, and trees of all sizes and ages ma}-
be met with from Caithness to Cornwall.

* Woods and Forests, \\. u>i.

466 TSUGA C'AHOIJNIAXA.

In the earlier stages of growth and U[) to aliout forty years of age
it is a 1)eautiful tree of pyramidal hal)it owing to the uniform disposition
of its branches wliich are usually well furnished with drt>oping
branchlets. i\-t an older stage the trunk often becomes forked or
much divided, and the growth of the branches irregular ; the top takes
a flat or rounded form much like that of an old Cedar of Lebanon.
It thrives in elevated airy situations where the soil is retentive, also
by the side of streams, or in proximity to lakes and jionds where the
roots have access to the water.

Several varieties of the Hemlock Spruce are descriljed l)y continental
authors, most of which are probably unknown in British gardens. Of
the four here admitted Sanjentiana is the most remarkable deviation
from the type ; it was originally found on the Fishkill mountains in
the State of New York, and Avas first cultivated l)y Mr. H. W. Sargent
Avhence it ol>tained in .\merica the name of Sargent's Hemlock Fir.*

Tsuga caroliniana.

A low or medium-sized tree oO — 60 feet liigh with a trunk rarely
exceeding 2 feet in diameter. J>ark of branchlets pale reddish brown,
slightly rugose and striated ; ramification distichous or pseudo-distichous

Fig. llij. Fertile branchlet of Tswja caroliniana.

with numerous short erect branddets on the \\Y\n-\; and licre and there
a longer one on the undei' side of tlic axial growths ; the youngest
shoots light reddisli l)rown maikcd with cortical outgrowths that
terminate at the base of the leaves in an enlarged reddish pidvinus.
Leaves .pcn-sistent two — three years, shortly ])etiolate, linear, suli-acute or
obtuse, 0-25 — 0-75 inch long, dark lustrous green with a narrow median
groove above, witli a jjale keel and stomatiferous Imnd on each side
of it beneath. Cones lateral or terminal on short lateral branchlets,
ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, comjiosed of twenty — twenty-five elliptic-oblong
scales arranged in five — six series, striated on the exjjosed side. Seed-
wing oblong, half as long as the scale.

* Garden and Fuiest, Vol. X. ]). 491.

TSUGA 1)1VKU8IF0L1A. 467

Tsuga caidliiiiiuia, Eiigflinaini in Bdt. Cazutte, VI, 2'2-i (18S1). Sargent in
IJaid. Chron. XXVI. (I8861, )>. 780, witli tig.; Garden and Forest, II. 267, with tig.;
and Silva N. Anier .XII. 69, t (504. Mayr, Wald. Xordamer. 196. Beissner,
Nadelholzk. 40ti, with tig. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 'I.'):).

Abies caroliniana, Chajmian, Fl. ed. II. Su|nil. ti.'iO (1887).

The existence of a second species of Tsuga in the Atlantic States
of North America was not even suspected till Professor L. K Gibbes
iletected tlie sul)ject of this notice on the southern Alleghanies in
1850 ; a discovery that came as a surprise both to botanists and to
liorticulturists, as the region had presumaldy been thoroughly explored
previously. Tsuya caroJ hiiaiia has since been found in consideral^le
numbers on the rocky l)anks of streams on the lUue Kidge mountains
from south-west Virginia to north-east Georgia, at elevations varying
from 2,500 to 3,500 feet and in ])laces even 1,000 feet higher,
.scattered among other trees, Init rarely in grou})s of more than half
<i dozen together. It was introduced into British gardens in 188()
through the Arnold Arl»oretum of Harvard University, and has thus
far proved hardy in the neighltourhood of London.

'Tsuga caroliniana is cliietiy (listiiiguislK'd from the type species,
2\ i-anadensis, with wliiidi it is soinetiiiies found associated in its native
liabitat, by its larger and darker leaves of a scjmewhat different
auatoiuical struetare ami l)y its larger cones with scales nnicli lou<>er
than Itroad and wliicli stand out at nearly a riglit angle to the axis
Avlien mature.

Tsuga diversifolia.

A large tree frcMpiently <S0 feet high witli a trunk 3 — t feet in
■diameter covered Avitli dark reddish Ijrown 1»ark. Branches relatively
slender, spreading (_ir slightly ascending and nmch ramified at the distal
end. Branehlets very slender, the youngest shoots pubescent. Buds
.globose, dark chestnut brown. Leaves persistent two — three years,
.shortly petiolate, the petiole parallel with the axis of the shoot that
produces it, the blade spreading at a right angle to it, linear, emarginate
or obtuse, 0-25 — 0-5 inch long, lustrous green with a shallow median
groove above, paler with two greyish stomatiferous lines beneath. Cones
pendent, ovoid-cylindric, 0-7ii inch long, shortly stalked, the stalk
clotlied with persistent bracts, comjiosed of four — live series of
spirally arranged sulxn'bicular seales, rugose on the exposed side.
Seed-wing ohlong, neaily as long as the scale.

Tsuga diversifolia, ilaxiniowicz in Melange. Biol. Acad. Sc. Peters) >. VI. 373
(1866). Masters in .Journ. Linn. See. XVIII. 514 ; and Journ. K. Hort. See.
XIV. 25.5. Mayr, Al)iet. des Jai.. Reiches, 61, Tafel IV. tig. 13. Beissner,
Nadelhokk. 396. Sargent, Forest Fl. .Jap. 81, t. 25; Garden and Forest VI.
495, with tig.; and X. 491, tig. 63.

Abies Tsuga, Hort. (not Sieliold).

Eng. .laiianese northern Hemlock. Germ. Maxiniowicz' Tsuga. .Tai). Kometsuga.

TtiHija difarsifolia was first recognised as a species distinct from
the Ahirs 'J'stuja of Siebold and Zuccarini by the Eussian botanist
Maximowicz wdio described it under this name in the " Melantfes

468 T.SUGA MEUTENSIANA.

l>iologi(HK's " (if tilt' liiipt'iial Acadeiiiy of St. relersbui'o- in 1866.
Cones had, lioux-ver, Ikhmi Urouolit from Japan liy the \i\te John
Gould W'iteli in 1861 unfortunately mixed with cones of T. Sichohlii,
and hoth species were cultivated in the Veitchian nursery at Coomlie
Wood for many years under the names of AJ)ic><. Tsvga and A. T>^ii(ja
nana ; -T. G. Veitch, therefore, was not only the introducer of tlie
species hut also, unknown to himself, the discoverer of it. Of the
two Hemlock Firs, natives of Japan, T. diirrsi/o/ia is the northern
species and is abundant on the central mountains from Lake Umoto
northwards to Mount Hakkoda.

"The great forest which covers tlie Xikko iiinuiitaiiis at an altitude
uf more than 5,000 feet abovi' the ocean is comjKised almost entiri.'ly
of the northern Hemlock, TfUKja dirersi/o/ia. Tins Hemlock forest,
which i.s the only forest in Hondo that seems to have been left
practically midisturbetl liy man, is the most beautifid which we saw
in dapaii. Tlie trees grow to a great size, and though they grow closti-
together, they are less crowd(Ml than the trees in an American Hemlock
forest under which no other plant can grow, and light enough reaches
the forest floor to permit the growth of ferns, mosses and many
flowering undershrulis which clothe the rocky slopes up which this
forest stretches. A nuist beautiful spot is the walk cut through this
forest along the shores of Lake LTmoto." *

TsiKja difpvxi folia is distinguished from T. Sieboldii by its darker
red l)avk and UKtre slender brauchlets covered with reddish pubescence;
by its shorter and narrower leaves of a darker gi'een ; and especially
bv its smaller cones, the scales of whicli are nearly as long as broaiL

Tsuga Mertensiana.

An alpine tree of variable dimensions according to altitude and
enviroiunent, iav(dy excee(ling 100 feet Ingli with a trunk 5^ — -7 feet
in diauieter, with thick, ciackc(l hark coming off in scales; at its
superi<ir limit I'cduced to a low dense biisli. In ( Ireat Britain an
elegant tree of slow growth : trunk slender and tajiering, bark reddish
brown tissurcil into .-(luarc or olilong plates. Uranchi's horizontal and
nnicli raniitictl, the secondary bi-anclies latci'al and rigid, from which
spring nunicrons hranchlets, some lateral, laU. the greater number short
and erect ; bark of hranchlets light brown obscurely fluted longitudinally
from th(! pulvini of the leaves downwanls.t iJuds numerous, terminal
and axillary, very snrall, ovoid-conic, light brown. Leaves persistent
several years, spirally crowded around tlu' hranchlets, spreading on all
.sides on the erect .shoots, pseudo-disticluais on the horizontal ones :
lini'ar-ol)tnsc with a distinct nndrib, .sometimes ccmcave or subcyndiiform
above; keeled, with two glaucous stoniatiferous bands lieneath ; in
colour varying from dark lustrous green to greyish blue caused by
glaucescenee. Staminatc ilowers cyliiidric-oblong, O'-l inch long, on

* Sargfiit, Fiircst Flora of Jinniii, \k 81.

+ At Murthly Castle. Perthsliirc, is a tree "f Txuga Mert'-iisiinni of more vigorous growth
than usual, in Vliich the branches are elongated and depressed at an angle of aliout 4.V' to.
the trunk.

TSU(;A MEKTEXSIAXA.

469

a slcndei" stipes of iilxmt the saiiii' L'ligtli, suiTouudeil at tlio base by
liroadly ovato iiivolucral bmots in tliroe series; autliers club-shaped with
a purplish violet connective. Cones shortly stalked, cylindric-fusiform,
2 — 2'o inches long, at first violet-purple changing to lirown when miture ;
scales obovate-cuneate, niimitely rugose or striated longitudinally on the
('Xjiosed side ; bract minute, closely appressed to the scale. Seeds
small witli a ndatively large oblong wing.

Tsiigji >[t'rteiisiana. Saigent, Silva X. Aiult. XII. 77, t. 606 (not Carriere).

T. Patrouiana. Eugeliiianii hi Brewei and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 121 (1880).
Marouu, Cat. Cauad. Plants, 473. Masters hi Gard. Cliron. XII. ser. 3 (1S92\ p. 10,
with tig ; aud .Tourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 255. Beissuer, Xadelholzk, 407, witli tigs.

T. Hookeriana, CarruMv, Traite Conif. ed. II. 252 (1867).

117. Branchlet ami cone of Tsinjn ikitcnshi.mi.

Abies Pattoniana, Balfour, Reji. Oregon Assoc. 1 ^1853). Lawsou, Piuet. Brit. I
157, t. 22. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 30.

A. Hookeriana. JIurray in Edinb. New Pliil. .Tourn. 289 (1855). Lawsou, Piuet.
Brit. II. 153, tt. 21, 22.

A. AVillianisonii, Xewbeny, Pacif. Ry. Rep. VI. 53, t. 7 (1857).

Pinus !Mertensiaua, Bongard, Veg. de Sitclia, 54 (1832). Mem de I'Acad. St.
Petersb. II. 163. Eudlieher, Sj-nops. Couif. 111.

P. Pattoniana, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 429.

Tsuga Mcrfcnsiana has a meridional range in north-west ^America
from sonth-eastern Alaska through British Cohimbia, Washington and
Oregon into California as far as the sources of the King ri\er ; it
also has a considerable spread laterally on both sides of tlie

470 TSU(;A MKltTKXSIAXA.

international liuiuulaiy, from Mount liensun in A'ancouver Island to

the Ijitter Root mountains of Idaho. Except in Alaska it always

grows at a great elevation, its \ertical range being from 2,750 to

10,000 feet, tlu' higher altitude being reached on the Sierras of

California. In many parts of the mountain systems over which this.

tree is S})read, tlie forest towards the higher limit of arborescent

vegetation is composed entirely of it ; in other }>laces it is mixed

with Fi)u/s ^ffcxilis ; at these high altitudes it dwindles to a shapeless.

shrub scarcely half the height of a man. AVhen standing alone in

favourable sitnations the lower l)ranches are retained and lengthen

consideraltlv, the upper l)ranches often decurved and the branchlets

with their cones pendent. It attains its greatest development on the

Cascade mountains in southern (3regon where individual trees 100 feet

high with stout massive stems five and six feet in diameter are

abnndant.* The wood is light, soft and close-grained but not strong,

susceptil)le of a good polish and of a light brown or reddish colour;

it is only occasionally used on account of the inaccessil)ility of the forests.

This l)eautiful tree was urit^inally (li.scovered liy Mertens in 1827

whih' in tlic service oi the Russian (Tovennuent near its nortlieru

hiiiit (in liaraiiolf Island near Sitka where it takes the form of a

inuch-bvanehed, straggling shrub. Tlie herl)ariuiii specimens gathered l)y

Martens were dealt witli ])y Bungard of St. Petersburg, who described

this tree as a new species imder the name of Pinu^ Mertensiana in

compliment to the discoverer. Unfortunati'ly, this name Avas taken up

by Carribre for anotlier Hendoek Fir which grows on the island,

Tsui/a Allifiiiana, whicli Bongard in common with otlier early explorer.-i

ill iiortli-west America mistook for the Canadian type but whieli is

not known to occur wihl within two thousand miles of Sitka, t Most

recent authors have followed Carriere in this misap])lication of Boiigards

name and which lias for the time resulted in much regrettaWe confusion.

The tree was re-discovered by Jeftrey on Mount Baker while colleeting

for the Scottish Oregon Association and introduced through him,

receivin.u' tlie name of J///c.s- Pnffoniana in compliment to the late

^fr. (ieori;e I'attoii of the Cairiiies in Perthshire, a prominent mend)er

of tlie Association. Three years later it was detected on Mount Scott

by William ^lurray, and his discovery was described liy his brother

Andrew Murray in Lawson's " Pinetum Britaunicum " as a diirereiit

species under the name of .l///V'.s' I[(i(il,-i'riaua, but which has lieeii

reduced to a synonyni of the older names by the .\iiieiican hotanists.

Tn British .^aniens the name Ihntlcoyiana is still ivtaineil to distin.Ciuish

the ,i,daucous from the L;reendeaved variety.

* (;anl.-ii and Kercst, Vol. X. \k 1-

t Till' fiillowiiij; is Moiif^aid's (Icscriiptiini of Tsiujn Mcitenniana wliicli sliould set at rest
any doiilits as t<i tlie identity of the tree :--/'//( vs- Mrrb nsiana n. sji. Foliis solitarii.s
lineaiilnis (ibtiisiufculis, lia.si in pctioluni atteiniatis. iiitcj^'crriinis; stroliili S(iiiaiuis iviiifonnilms
integris. Kaiiir)si>siina ; rami iainulii|iif dclapsis t'oliis valdc tuhiTculosi. Folia solitaria,
approxiniata, lineaiia, ha.si in i)etiolum iniiiutuni atlciiuata, nhtusinscula, .supra plana, sulitus
nervo medio promimdo, integeri-ima, '>" longa, liiicaquc paiiilo angustioia. Strol)ili, solitarii,
sessiles, ol)loiigi, oUtnsi, 1'5 i)olliceni, plus miuusvc Si|uama' n-iiiformcs, integnv, ."/' et
quod cxccdit latac. — Olisurvations sur la Vi'gi'tatinn lir Sitilia. p. ."i.

Tm(ja Mertemiana at Eastnor Castle.

472 T8U(iA SIKHOLDII.

Tswja Meiienxlana is (nic of tlic handsonicst of i'oiiifci'ous triH-s of
small or luediuiu diiiu'iisions for tlic decomtion nf tlie lawn wlicre tin-
larger trees are iiusiiitahle. It grows fairly well in most soils that are
well drained, the growth of the leader shoot rarely exceeding six to nine
inches annually; to secure good s])eciniens a space with a radius of
not less than fifteen fec^t should l)e allo^\'ed for them. The species
k(ieps in memory the name of one of the most energetic of liotanical
explorers of the early ])art of tlu^ nineteenth century.

Kakl Hkinuich Mertens (1796 — 1830) -was the sou of Dr. Fiuii/ Kail Merteus
who was the head of an Institution in Bremen, and tlie autlior of several liotanieal
pa])ei-s, and who is connnenioi'ated by the genus Mertensia (Boragiue;e). Karl
Heinrich was liorn in Bremen where lie received liis early education ami acquired
a fondness for natural history, especially Botany which he studied later in Paris
with Jussieu, Desfontaines, Lamarck and Mirbel, and where he made the ac<|uaintance
of Dawson Turner by whom he was invited to London and introduced to Dr. Robert
lirown, Sir Josejih Banks and the elder Hooker Returning to Germany in 1817,
he commenced the study of medicine in Giittingen and then in Halle where he
took the Doctor's degree in 1820 and began to jiiactise his profession in Berlin,
which, however, he soon left to make his liome in his native city. An intense
love of natural history and a desire for travel, made the pros})ect of a ijuiet
professional life in Bremen unbearable, and Mertens went to 8t Petersburg in the
hojie of being appointed naturalist to the expedition which was fitted out there
under the command of Kotzebue. Failing to obtain this jjosition, he remained two
years in Russia piactising his profession, and finall}^ in the spring of 182t5 was
appointed naturalist and physician to the expedition which sailed that year under
Captain Lutki to make a scientific voyage of exiiloiation round the world. During
the next four years Mertens visited England, Teneriffe, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Horn,
Valparaiso, the coast of Alaska, Kamtschatka, tlie Caroline Islands, Manila, the
Cai)e of Good Hope and St Helena. Returning to St. Petersburg, he presented to
the Academy of Sciences of that city a number of })apers chiefly devoted to the
Invertebrati¥ collected during the voyage He Avas still engaged in stud3dng liis
collection when he joined, in 1830, his old commander Lutki on a cruise along
the coast of France and Ireland, duiing which he contiacted a neivous fever from
which lie died shortly after his return to Russia. '■'

Tsuga Sieboldii.

A stately tree, attaining at its greatest develoi)mcnt a height of
80 — 90 feet, at its high(>st vertical range considerahly less, everywhere
much resemhling the type species, T'mKja rcinailnmx, in halnt and asjicrt.
l>ran(ddets slender with cinereousd)roAvn striated haik, iinuli ramified
distichously ; the youngest shoots glahi'ous, pale yellowish hrown, marked
longitudinally hy cortical ridges, terminating at the hase of the leaves
in a relatively })rominent red jjulvinus oi' cushion. Huds small, globose,
enclosed in numerous miimte, chestinitd)rown ])erul<v. Leaves persistent
three — four years, ])etiolate,' tlu^ jjctiole nearly jiarallel with the axis of
the shoot, linear, obtuse or emarginate, 0-25 — 1 inch long, the shorter
leaves produced from the u]»])er, the longer ones fiom tin; lower side of
the shoot, dark lustrous green and distinctly ehaiinelled above, with
two greyish, stomatifcn-ous l)ands beneath. Staniiiiate tloweis globrise-
cylindric, stijjitate Avith a stilf, slender stalk surrounded at the l)a.sc by
numerous .small, ovate, involucral brai ts. Cones sub-globose, about an
inch in diameter, composed of four five series of s])iral]y arranged,
indtricated, orbicular .scales, striated on tlie exposed side. Seed-wing
roundish obloug, about three-fourths as Imig as the scale.

From the Silva of Nortli Ameri<M, Vol. .\II. p. SO.

TSUGA SIEBOLDII.

473

Tsuga Sieboldii, Canit-re, Traite Coiiif. tnl. I. 186 (1855) ; and eil. II. 245 (1867)
(ill p'lit). blasters in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 512; and Jouni. R. Hort. Soc.
XIV. 256. Mavr. Aliiet. des Jap. R.-iclies. 59. Tafcl IV. fig. 12. Bei«siier,
Xadelholzk. 394,' with tigs.

T. Araragi. Sargent in Garden and Forest, X. 491. tig. 62.

Abies Tsnga, Siebold and Zncearini, Fl. Jap. II. 14, t. 106 ^1842). Mnnay, Piue.s
and Firs of Japan, 84, with tigs (in part). Gordon. Piiiet. ed. II. 32 (in part).

Pinus Tsuga, Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 83 (1847). Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 428
(in pait\

Eiig. Japanese Hemlock Fir. F"r. Tsuga du Jajiiin. Genu. Jajianisehe Hendoek.s-

tanne. Jap. Tsuga Araragi.

As already stated under Tsmja dirci'sifolia there are two species of

Tsuga endemic in Japan, or two easily distinguishal)le forms recognised

as such, of wliicli T. Sieholdii l^ecame known to science many years

before the second species was admitted. it was discoyered by the
eminent traveller whose name it Ijears during his residence in Japan,
1823 — 1830, and was introduced Ijy him into European gardens
sliortly after the establishment of his Jardin d'Acclimatation at Leyden
in Holland in 18o0. T. Sirholdii takes the place of T. tJiccrsifoUa
south of Xikko, ascending in places to a considerable elcAation,
nowhere forming a continuous forest, but scattered in groves among
deciduous trees or mixed with Pinus densiflora. Like most of the
natiye trees it has been planted for ornament or utility in numberless
places so that its original geographical limits haye long since been

474

AP.IETIA.

ol)literated. Dr. ]\Iayi' states that
exposed to the weather, but not
difficulty of transport.

the wood is very duraljle when
much used on account of the

Philip FitAXZ Vox SiEr.oi,]) (1796—1866) was born cat Wiirzlmrg in Bavaria, and
liclonycd to a faniil}' which lias given several distinguished members to the medical
profession. He received a first-class education in his native town and i)l)tained the
degree of Doctor in 1820. Two years afterwards he went to Java as medical officer in
tlie Dutch service, and that Government having decided npon dispatchhig a scientific
expedition to Japan, Von Siel>old was attached to it as medical officer and naturalist.
Having arrived there in 1823, he was compelled, like all foreigners, to confine his
explorations to the immediate vicinity of Nagasaki, the only port then accessible, but
he -soon iiT;q\ure'd greater freedom in consequence of the reimte attached to his name as
a man of science. In 1824 he accompanied tiie Dutch ambassador to Jeddo (Tokio), but
two years later, when on the jioint of returning to Java, his life was endangered b}- the
excessive zeal of one of his friends who had furnished him with a hitherto unpublished
map of the empire, and Von Siebold, who risked his own life to save that of his friend,
was thrown into prison. He returned to Europe in 1830, (piitted the Dutcli service,*
and employed himself in tlie arrangement of his rich store of scientific materials which
lie had collected in Japan. One of the most important works issued l)y him after his
return to Europe was his '■ Flora Japonica," the first volume of which was published in
1835, and the second in 1842. About the year 18.50 he established a nursery and
" Jardin d'Acclimatation " at Leyden, for the cultivation and distribution of new plants
from the Far East, and during the succeeding fifteen years lie introduced from China and
Japan a large number of plants iirevioush' unknown in European gardens, many of
which liave proved valual)le additions to the Arboretum and Flower (iarden. He died
at Munich in October. 1866.

ABIETIA.

Pseirdotsuga, '• Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 256 (1867). Benthani and Hooker, Gen.
Plant. III. 441 (1881). Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. (1893). Tsuga sect. Pseudo-
tsuga, Eiehler in Engler and Prantl, Xat. PH. Fam. 80 (1887).

The Douglas Fir does not strictly conform to either of the three

genera among whicli the Firs, in a popular sense, are distrilaited.

It differs from all of them in the anatomy of the wood, the

tracheides of which are

spirally marked ; and
in the structure of
tlie leaves whicli have
an interrupted, not
continuous layer of
hjpoderm cells (see
.page 33 — 35) ; the
lea\'es agree, however,
with Abies in the
staniinate flowers of

Transverse section of Ii'mC of Aliiitin Ihiiiijlii
rr, resin dncts ; ./, liliro\ascular l)unilli'.

X '0 :

presence

of two lateral resin canals. Th
the Douglas Fir ha\e the rcsend)lanc(' of those of I'icea but with
the anthers spurred as in Abies and 'I'suga and ibM'ering from the

* An uncouth, barbarou.-, uauic, half Greek, half Japanese, "utti'riy bad in construction"
ai?d misleading in such meaning as it Inis, and wliicii I have refused to adopt a.s a
jtrotest against the admis.>-ion of sucli names into scientific nomenclature. Also in coni-
l>liance with Art. 60, sect. 4 of tlie Laws of Botanical X^omenclature ailojited at tlie
International Botanical Congress iield at Paris in 1867 which enacts that — "Eveiy one
is liouiid to reject a name whicli is formed by a combination of two languages."

ABIK'nA.

475

latter in being spirally crowded around a staniinal eolunm and not
in globose clusters; the antlier cells split obliquely and not transversely
as in Abies and Tsuga. In the cones are combined characters
occurring in all the other genera ; they are pendulous as in Picea
and Tsuga but differ from Ijoth in the bracts l)eing longer than the
scales and prominently exserted as in some of the species of Abies.
The preponderance of agreement is with A1)ies l)ut witli such a
marked difference in the cones that the Douglas Fir has been
generically separated from it l)y most recent authors.

Fig. 1-20. 1, Staiiiiiiate flowei of Ahiitui DoiKjlasi! ; nat. sizi^. -2 and :;, side and front view ofaiither.s before
dehiscence; i and 5, aftei dehiscence, X 10 ; li, three fresh pollen grains ; 7, two pollen grains after exposure
to dry air fifteen minutes, x 1-0.

Another Fir aberrant in siuue (if its characteristics from e\'ery other,
was discovered by Robert Fortune in south-east China and introduced
by him about the year 1846. It was cultivated under the name of
Allies Forfunei but all the originally raised seedlings planted out in
this country seem to have perished in the course of a feAV years and
a similar fate has probably befallen plants raised from seeds obtained
since, doubtless from climatic causes. As Fortune's Fir is apparently
not destined to have a place in the British Piuetum, the interest
attached to it in this country is solely scientific and the notice of it
in these pages is accordingly l^rief ; its history and peculiarities are
elaljorately discussed by the authors (pioted after the description, and
to their writings the reader is referred. The most marked characteristic
which distinguishes Fortune's Fir from every other is the umbellate
arrangement of the staminate flowers, and on this ground chiefly
Dr. Maxwell Masters in his recent revision of the Coniferae has adopted
the genus Keteleeria, created many years ago for its reception l)y
Carriere, the author of the "Traite (General des Coniferes," by reason

470

AIUKIIA DOUGLASII.

(if the soiiu'wliat vagiu'ly tk'tiiicd (litterciuc observable in its growtli
ami aspect.* Looked at from every ])oiiit of view Fortune's Fir conies
nearest to the Douglas Fir, and is hei'e provisionally joined with it.
These Firs are intermediate forms; the Douglas Fir liridges over the
ilitferenee between the Hemlock and Silver Firs, and Fortune's Fir the
<lif!erence between tlie Spruce and Silver Firs ; moreover the Sjn'uce
Firs are comiected with the Hemlocks by the Hat-leaved sjiecies of
the section ( )m(n'ica. "Whilst for practical jjurposes it may be the most
convenient course to retain the different groups of Firs luider separate
generic names, doubts may reasonably arise whether that course is
most comi)atible with a strictly scientific classification of them, seeing
that all the Firs have, like all the J-'ines, easily recognisable common
characters, and like the Fines are comiected together bv discernible links.

Abietia Douglasii.

A tree of very variable tlimensions, un(h'r favouralile conditions in
Washington and ( )regon near the Pacific coast, 175 — 200 <>v more
feet with a trunk 4- — G'o feet in diameter, and Avhere the trees are
crowded, usual) v denuded of branches for niiedialf or more nf the

l-Jl. Branclilpt of Ahirlht linn,il

witli lull:!;.'!' ami slaliiiiiiiti' flowiTs.

height and with a tliin narrow crown, which in very did trees
becomes fiat-topped ; f on the drier slopes of the Rocky Mountains not
more than SO — 100 feet high with a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter ;
even reduced to a low slivub at its highest vertical limit. IJark
of adult trees 3 — .5 inches thick, reddish brown, deeply and irregularly
fissured; in the forests of Oregon and Vancouver Island often much thicker
and separated into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into dark
red-brown scales. In (Ireat j'liitain the oldest tre<'s have a ])yramidal
outline much broken by |)rojecting branches. l>ark nf trunk dark brown
and much fissured, the general direction of the tissni'cs longitudinal and

* S;i vej;<'tatioii, aiiisi i\\v son far-ifs gein'iiil, out eii;iili'iiiciil {juclijuc cliose dc )iaiticiilic'r
'|ui lie He ri-ncontrc dans aucuii genre ni iiienie dans ancuiie section efcililis, p. 262.

t Individnal trees liave been felled in the neiffhbourliood of Paget Sound over 2^0 feet
high witli trunks :t to 7 feet in diameter. A section of an excejitionally larj^e tree )ireserved
in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington is about 7J feet in diameter.

AI'.IKTIA DOUOLASH.

47-

cxposiim- a reddisli l.rowu iuiu-r coilc-x. nrauches sk-iKler and
where Uie tree is staiuling alone tlie l..^venuost attaining lengths ct
25—35 feet or even more, more or less depressed l.y the weight ..f
their appendages and often sweeping the ground; those al>uve li(.nz..ntal,
sometimes npturned at the distal end; the uppermost more or less
asc-ndino-. P.raneldets slrn.ler, distichous and mostly opposite, depressed
or suh-iWent. lUuls runir, acute, 0-25^0-5 in.-h lung, with oval-

Fi-rtile braiiehlet of Abictiu Doi"jJ«si

oblong, lustrous sienna hrown perula? fringed with whitish hairs.
Leaves persistent six-seven years, pseudo-distichous m three — four
ranks,' narrowlv linear, flat, 0-75-1-25 inch long, obtuse or mucronate
at the apex, frequently falcately curved upwards, bright
with an obscure median line above, paler with a
olaucous stomatiferous l)and l)etween the midrib aiul
margins beneath. Staminate flowers mostly on the _
branchlets of the preceding year, axillary obtusely conic,
inch long, surrounded at the base by l)roadly ov;

lustrous green

more or less

the thickened

under side of

about 0-75

btuse inv'ilucral

478 AHIETIA DOUGLASir.

l.r;K-t!S iu tliree — four sci'ics; autlnT coinicrtivc spiirnMl ; pollen grains
splierical. Coiios tciiiiinal nn sliurt lateral liranolilets, pendent,
ovoid-eonio, 2'5 — 4 inelies lung, and 1 — 1-25 inch in diameter;
scales suborbieiilar with a sliort cuneate elaw and obseurely sinuate
margin ; l)racts longer than the seales, narrowly oblong at the l)ase
with a prominent midril) ; with two spreading lobes at the apex and
the midrib prolonged into a rigid linear awn. Seeds marked witli an
irregidar white spot and having a lenticular wing ab(jut one-sixtli the
size of tlie scale.

Aliietia Uoiiglasii, supr((.

Allies Uouglasii, Lindley in Penny Cyclop. I. 32 (1833). London, Aib. et Frut.
Hiit. IV. 2319, with tigs. Foilies. Pinet. Wolmrn. 127, t. Ab. Hoopes, Ever-
greens, 189. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. II. 11.'). tt. ]7. 18, and tigs. Oordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 24.

Tsnga Douglasii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. I. 192 (1855)-

Pseiidotsnga Donglasii, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 256 (1867). McNab in
Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 3, p. 703, tig. 32. Engehnann in Brewer and
Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 120. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 411, with figs. Masters in
Jonrn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 24.5. Maconn, Cat. Canad. Plants, 473.

P. nincronata, Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XII. 87. t. 607 (1898)

Picea Donglasii, Link in Lhiniva, XV. 524 (1841).

Pinns Donglasii, Don in Lambert's Genns Pi:nis, III. 163 (1837). Hooker, "\V.
Fl. Bor. Amer. II. 162, t. 183. Endlieher. Svnops. Conif. 87. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 430.

P. taxifolia,* Lambert, Genus Pinus, 51, t. 33 (1803).

Eng. Douglas Fir. Anier. Douglas Sinuce, Red Fir. Fr. Sajiin de Douglas.
Germ. Donglas-Tanne, Douglas-Fichti\ Ital. Abate di Douglas.

var.— glauca.

A smaller tree with shorter, stouter branches, Init distinguished
from the ty})e chiefly by its foliage and smaller cones. The leaves
• luring the tirst season are bluish green above and mort^ glaucous
beneath than in any of the older forms.

A. Donglasii glauca. Pseudotsuga Donglasii glaucu, Beissner, Xadelholzk. 419.
Abies coloradcnsis, Hoit.

var.— macrocarpa.

A smaller tree with longer and more distant branches tliat are usually
pendulous below, and with shorter, stouter winter buds and shorter
leaves. Its most distinctive character is its larger cones, often produced
in great numbers on the u]iper branches and whicli are 4 — 6"5 iuclies
long and 2 inches in <liametei'.

A. Donglasii macrocarpa. Pseudotsuga Douglasii macrocariia. Engelmaiui in
Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califoi-. II. 120. P. macrocarjia. Mayr. Wald Nord-
amer. 278. Sargent in (harden and Fonst, X. 24. witj] tig.; ami Silva X^. Amer.
XII. 93, t. 608.

var.— pendula.

Ihanchcs tjuitc penduhnis witli la.\ and drooping brancldels, and with
tlie leaves usually more glaucous on the luider side tlian in the
comnuin form.

A. Douglasii pendula. Pseudotsuga Dougla.sii ptndula. Engdmann e.\ Beissner,
Xadelholzk. 417. Piims Douglasii jiendula. Parlatore. D. C Preilr. XVI. 430.

* This is the oldest sjiecific name; it was apjilie<l to tin- liirtiaiium .specimen gatheied
by Menzies in 1792, but was not taken up subseipiently by any Biitish author till it was
brought into use by horticulturists to dcsigmite a geographical variety.

ABIETIA DOUGLASU. 479

var. — Standi shii.

A iviuarkalilc variety, raised frmu Kiij^lish-i^iciwii seed gatliercMl from a
Diuiglas Fir standing in cluse proximity to some large Silver Firs. It lias
the liabit and general aspect of the s})eoies, Imt the leaves are larger,
deeper green above and (piite silvery l)eneath, like those of a Silver Fir.*

A. Douglasii Staiuli.sliii. Allies Douglasii Stiiurlishii. fJurdoii, Pinet. ed. II. -iti
Pseudotsuga Douglasii Standishii. Masters in Tourii. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. '2i'>.

var.— taxifolia

A smaller tree witli shorter hranehes more regularly developed and
giving the tree a more contracted conical outline than the common
form. The leaves are longer and usually darker in colour.

A. Douglasii taxifolia. Pseudotsuga Douglasii taxifolia. Carriuie. Traite Cnuif.
ed. II. Beissuer, Nadelholzk. 418.

The varieties described above are the most distinct deviations from

the Oregon type of Abietia Douijfasii yet observed. AVith the excei)tion

of mci'-roccu-jxt, they are all occasionally met Avith in British gardens.

Other varieties selected from the seed beds have Ijeen named a/yentea,

hreri/olia, coinpada, ele(jan><, fadojiata, ni'mdrosa, nana, ><frida, names

sufficiently indicative of their most (djvious characteristic so lon<'- as

they retain it. Stairii is a variety with light golden yellow foliage

that originated many years ago at Castle Kennedy in AVigtownshire, tlie

seat of the Earl of Stair, and is still })ropagated in Scottish nurseries.

Ahidia Douglasii is the most widely distributed tiee of western

Xorth America ; its distribution is comparable in some respects with

that of Finns pondcrosa, but the area over which it is spread is

considerably greater, especially in a meridional direction. With the

exception (jf the lowland plains and valleys of scuithern British

Columbia, AVashington and Oregon where it forms dense forests, it

is mostly a tree of the mountains. Its northern limit is placed at

about lat. 55° near Lake Tacla in Ih'itish Columlna ; from this point

it follows the Eocky Mountains system southwards through the wdiole

breadth of the United States to western Texas and thence into

Mexico for several hundred miles, its southern limit, so far as at

present known, being near the city of San Luis Potosi. just within

the northern tnjpic. In the coast region including Vancouver Island

it spreads from the Skeena river southwards througli the Pacitie

States to the Santa Lucia in south California. In the territory

lying Ijetween the Rocky Mountains and the coast ranges it follows

the general trend of the Cascade mountains and the Sierra Xevada

as far as the latitude of Los Angeles, reappearing in isolated grou])s

on the San Bernardino, the San Jacinto and other ranges in the

extreme south of California. In the dry region east of the

Californian mountains it grows chiefly (_>n rocky slopes usually mixed

with other trees. Its vertical range varies witli the climate and

* Known only from a single tree in the Pinetuni of the late Jlr. J. D. Bassett at Leio-htou
Bu/zaid.

480 Al'.IETIA DOUdLASir.

latitiule (»f tliu rc'gidii ; (Ui the Califuniiaii Sienas it selduiu ascends
higher than o.nOO feet altove the level of the ocean; in northern
Arizona it forms forests l)etween 8,000 and 0,000 feet elevation and
in Colorado up to 11,000 feet.

TIr' fdivgding (iiitliiK' of tlif distriliutiou uf tlir Douglas Fir In-iugs
out pvoniincntly the folldwiug ivuiarkalilc facts : — it is the most widely
distrilnited not only (if ah Auiericaii Kiis ))ut of all American trees —
it is spread dvcr thirty-two degrees of latitiide, a meridional range
greater than tliat ni any other coniferous tree excepting i)erhaps the
connuon Juniper; it must thence jiossess a constitution that "enables
it to euduie tlic tierce gales and long winters of the nortli and the
nearly perpetual sunshine of the Mexican Cordilleras ; to thrive in the
rain and fog which sweep almost continuously along the Pacific coast
range, and on the arid mountain slopes of the interior, where for
months every year, rain never falls."* The Douglas Fir is not only
one of the most interesting, but it is also one of the most valuable
of trees ; its size, its capacity of adapting itself to new surroundings
and tlie excellence of its tindjer, all contribute to make it one of the
most important inhabitants of the forests of western ^Vmerica. It attains
its greatest development in the humid lowlands of western AVasliington
and Oregon, especially around Puget Sound and on tlie western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada wliere the precipitation from the Pacific Ocean
is greatest ; in these regions it often attains a height of 300 feet
with a trunk 9 to 12 feet in diameter, f AVhen standing alone on the
low damp plains as it often does on the steep slopes of the mountain
canons, its lofty trunk is frequently feathered with branches from the
ground upwards ; in the bottom lands of the Cohuubia basin, the trees
often stand so close together that the traveller can with ditficulty
push his way l)etween the lofty truidvs free of liranches for upwards
of 200 feet and supporting a canoi)y of foliage so dense that the
sun's rays never pierce it. | While tlnis attaining gigantic proportions
in the plains, it also flourishes high up on tlu' moiuitaius of California
at an altitude .of 5,000 to 6,000 feet, and in Colorado still higher, but
at these elevations it is always a nnich smaller tree.

Over so extensive a region and under so many diverse circumstances
of climate and environment, sometimes of the most o]>posite description,
the wood of the Douglas F'ir is found to vary nuicli in ([uality and
cohnir ; some trees i)roduce yellow, others light red wood ; tlie yellow
is the liner and the red the coarser-grained wood, but the diii'erence
seems to ]w hugely due to the age of the tree. In southern British
Columbia, Washington and Oregon, Douglas Fir tind^er is used for all
kinds of construction, housedmilding, spars and masts for ships, and
also for fuel. The wood of the varii^ty ijiacrorar/jct is heavy, hard,
strong and ibiiable ; it is largely used for fuel. i$

* Silva of North AiiR-ricii, XII. p. '."1.

t Tin- Hritisli pulilic have liad tor many Vfars jiast an oiiiMntuiiity uf foniiiiii; an idi-a
of tlie stupendous dinienHions attained \>y this tiee. In tiie Royal Gaidens at Kew is
erected a llagstaH' lnouf^lit from \'aneouvei- Island ; it consists of a single piece 159 feet in
len"th, 22 inches in diameter at the ha.se tajMTing to 8 inches at the summit ; it weighs
three tons and contains l.">7 cuhic feet of timlici-. Tiie trei- from whicli tliis flagstatl was
made was two hundred and lifty years old. as indicated hy its concentric rings.

+ Garden and Forest. IV. ji. "26.'..

§ Silva of North Am.'riia. .\'II. \<\'. 90. !U.

ABIETIA DOUGLA.SII.

481

Ahidia Dou(jlasii was originally discoveved by Archibald Meiizies *
on the shores of Nootka Sound in 1792 during Vancou\'er's voyage
round the world. From his herljariuni specimens it was figured and
<lescribed by Lamljert in the " Genus Finns " pul)lished in 1803,
nnder the name nf Pinm taxifoUa, which is therefore the oldest

Douglas Firs at ^Nlurthly Castle.
(From The Garden.)

published name, but which was not taken up by any sul)sequent
British author. It was next seen l)y Lewis and Clark during tlieir
perilous journey across the North American Continent in 1805 — 1806,

* At Castle Menzies in the highlaiKls of Peithsliire, not far from the hirthiilace of
Archibald Menzies, are some of the finest specimens of the Douglas Fir in Gieat Britain.

482 Ar?IETIA DOUGLASir.

and was described by tliein in the naiTati\'e of the expedition. It
was re-discovered by David Douglas in 1827, and introduced by him
in the following year. Shortly afterwards Dr. Lindley, setting aside
Lambert's name, selected this tree as the most suitable subject for
commemorating the intrepid explorer and- the eminent services
rendered by him to British arboriculture and horticulture.

The Douglas Fir is uuquestional)ly uue of the most valuable trees
ever introduced into Great Britain. It has been planted throughout
the length and breadth of the land, but not with luivarying results.
Where exposed to the force of gales and high winds, breakage of the
leader shoot often occurs ; and when exposed to piercing winds from
the north-east and east, or jilanted in land with insutticient drainage
or where the soil is too shallow, the Douglas Fir, notAvitlistanding its
marvellous constitution, does not thrive satisfactorilj'. Hypothetically
the cause of failure in sucli situations has been assigned to the
fact that all, or nearly all, the older trees in Great Britain were
raised from seed produced by trees growing in the alluvial lands in
the neighbourhood of the Pacific coast in the comparatively mild-
climate of Washington and Oregon where cold, piercing winds are
unkuoAvn. In most parts of this country where not so exposed,
especially in tlie south and south-western counties of England ; in
Wales and Ireland ; in Perthshire and the stnith-western counties of
Scotland, the growth of the Douglas Fir is ver}- rapid during early
life, and it has gained the confidence of many foresters as a valuable
tree for afforesting waste lauds suital)ly situated. Some of the most
thriving plantations of Douglas Fir are to be seen in Perthshire, the
native county of Douglas, where the tree has been planted with no
iihstinted hand, especially on the estates of the Earl of JNIansfield at
Scone and Lynedoch. Two fine trees at the last-named place, planted
in 1834, are among the oldest in the comitry ; the tallest is 100 feet
high (97 feet in August, 1896) ; the other is over 80 feet high, and
has produced cones freely from which hundreds of seedlings have been
raised. At Murthly Castle in tlie same county, the Douglas Firs are
a prominent feature of the grounds ; trees from 80 to 100 feet high form
two long vistas of imposing aspect, and a bidt on tlie south side of
the Tay river is remarkable for the luiiform and stately growtli of
the trees composing it.*

Tlie annual rate of growth of the 1 )oiiglas Fir <luring the first
thirty — thirty-five years varies with the locality. In Devon and
Cornwall it is cpiite 30 inches ; in Hampshire and other southern
counties it is somewliat less ; in the eastern and northern counties
(Cambridge, Lincoln and Xorthumberland) it is about 18 inches ; in
the western counties (Shrojjshire and Wales) it is from 2-t to 27 inches ;
in Perthshire the annual growth ranges from IS to l'7 inches
according to locality ; in Argyll and the western counties from
15 to 20 inches ; and in Ross ami Sutherland from 12 to 15 inches.
In Ireland tlu^ rate of gn^wtli eijuals that in Devonshire, and an
instance is recorded of a tree in the county of Meath having made

* Otlier noteworthy si>efiim"ns of the Douglas Fir iH)Ward.s of or exceeding 100 feet in
height are growing at Di()i>niore, Bowood Park, Bicton, Powderliam Castle, Carclew ; in
Scotland at Castle Menzics, Diinkeld, Rossie Priory, Uorris ; in Ireland at Castlewellan,.
CooUattin, Powerscourt.

•.;,' ■■■^:' '-^tT-

^^^Br'.' ,'

Ahietia Dowj/asii at The Frytlie, near Welwyii.

484 ABIETIA DOUGLASII.

an annual growth of 33 indies. When planted for ornamental
purposes, the Douglas Fir should have a clear space with a radius of
more than 30 feet assigned to it. In an open })lace admitting of a
free circulation of air, it is found to retain its lower hranches in
health and vigour for an almost indefinite period — a circumstance wliich
greatly enhances its value as an ornamental tree.
Of the varieties described in page 478, glauca, macrocmya and
taxifolia are geographical forms. Glauca is known in many gardens
as the Colorado variety in reference to its origin, although it is not
found exclusively in that State but along the Eocky Mountains almost
from north to south. Macrocarpa is a local form inhabiting the
San Bernardino mountains in south California tind their continuation
into northern Mexico ; it is figured and described in the " Sih'a of
North America " as a distinct species on the ground that the
characters which separate it from the type are permanent and that
no intermediate forms have been found, although the type abounds
in the region north and south of that inhabited by mncrocaiyn.
Taxifolia is also a local form which has l)een somewhat v^aguely
stated to occur in Oregon and Mexico, but more definite informa-
tion respecting its origin is wanting.

As a tree for ornamental planting the variety taxifolia is su})erior
in some respects to the Oregon and Vancouver type ; it is more
synunetrical in growth and habit, taking up much less space, and
frequently growing satisfactorily in places where the originally introduced
form does not thrive. Our illustration represents a tine specimen at
The Frythe, near Welwyn, Herts, and there are sevei-al trees of
this variety of great beauty at Eastnor Castle.

Our article on the Douglas Fir would be incomplete without some
further notice of him whose name it bears. It has lieen said that
"there is scarcely a spot deserving the name of a garden, either in
Europe or in the United States, in which some of the discoveries of
David Douglas do not form the chief attraction." The frequent
mention of his name in these pages as the discoverer and introducer
of some of the finest coniferous trees that adorn the lawns and parks of
Britain, affords abundant evidence that the aboA'e ((notation contains
very much, if not tlie whole truth, and that to no single individual
is modern horticulture more indebted than to David Douglas. His
untimely end, the unfortunate circumstances that prevented the pulili-
cation of liis journals, together with the length of time that has
elap.sed since tlie introducti(m to gard<Mis of his finest discoveries,
have all tended to dim the memory of his great achievements. The
noVile Fir that properly bears his name will, it is true, ])erpetuate it
to distant ages.

David Douohs (1799—1834) was lioriie at Scone, iicai' IVrtli, where liis latlur \\;t,s
a woikiiig mason. He received a ])IaiM education at the jtarisli scliool, and at an
early age showed a strong inclination for gardening, whii-h led to his lieing aiiprenticed
in tlie gardens of tlie Earl of Mansfield, at Scone Palace, for a term of -seven years.
David was fond of hooks and tlie stndy of plants, and during this period he made
himself well acquainted with the native and exotic jilants within his icach, and
acquired an elementary knowledge of Motany. He greatly improved and extended
this knowledge during the two years he .served with Sir Robert Preston, of ^'alleytield,

AHIETIA FORTUNEI. 485

where he \vent to lire after the coiiiiiletion of his apprenticeship. In 1820 he removed
to Glasgow, where he was emiiloyed in the Botanic Garden of the University. Here
he o-reutly enlarged his knowledf,'e of Botany, and atti'acted lij- his intelligence the
notice of Dr. (afterwards Sir W. J. i Hooker, at that time Professor of Botany in
Glasgow University, and who made liim his companion in his botanical excnrsions to
the Highlands and other parts of Scotland for the purpose of collecting materials for
his "Flora Scotica." By Sir William Hooker he was recommended to the Horticultural
Society of London, and thus he became known to Mi. Sabine, at that time the alile
Secretary of the Society, through whose influenee he was appointed Collector to the
Society. His tirst destination was China, but o\nng to '<4e imsettled state of the
country, that rich field, afterwards partially but successfully explored by Mr. Robert
Fortune under more ausiiicious circumstances, was abandoned for a time, and Douglas
was sent to the United States in 1823, whence he made many valuable additions to
our hard}- fruits, besides procuring several tine plants till then unknown to British
Horticulture. In 1824 it was resolved to send him to the Columbia river, on the
western side of the Continent, to explore the vegetable productions of the country
adjoining, and southwards to California, of which scarcely anything was at that time
known, "although a glimpse of the forests of gigantic Conifene covering the coast range
had been obtained by Archibald Menzies a quarter of a century previous, when
accompanying Vancouver on his interesting voyage. An ojjportunity occurred through
the agency of the Hudson's Bay Company, and he landed at Fort Vancouver, on the
banks of the Columbia river, for the tirst time in April, 182.5. From that time till
his return to England in 1827 he sent home many beautiful plants, with seeds and
dried specimens. Among his earliest introductions were Ahictia Doughisii, Pimis j)on-
dcrosn and P. Lainhertinivi. In the spring of 1827 he went from Fort Vancouver
across the Rocky ^^lountains to Hudson's Bay, where he met Captain (afterwards Sir
.John) Franklin. 'Dr. Richardson, and Ca]itain (afterwards Sir George) Back, returning
from their second overland Arctic Expedition. With these travellers he returned to
England. Ininging with him the residts of his researches. He remained in London
two years, and sailed again for the Columbia river in 1829. In addition to his
mission as a collector for the Horticultural Society, lie was employed by the Colonial
Otfice to take observations on magnetic and atmospheric phenomena, the depart-
ment supplying hira with instruments and contributing towards his expenses. He
reached the Columbia river in .Tune. 1830, and spent the remainder of the year in
exploring the neighbouring country, and made some valualile additions to the Finetum.
the most important being Ahies nohilis and Pkea sitchensin. Tlie next year he travelled
southwards into California, then a comparatively unknown land, where he found a rich
harvest of new plants. In 1832 he visited the Sandwich Islands, and returning to
the Columbia river in the same year, undertook an expedition to the Fraser river,
where he had a very narrow escape of his life, and lost many valuable papers. He
finally (piitted north-western America in 1833, ha\-ing previously resigned his ajipoint-
ment as collector to the Horticultural Society in consequence of a revolution in the
affairs of the Society which led to the resignation of Mr. Sabine, the Secretary, with
whom Douglas identified his interests. He sailed for the Sandwich Islands, where he
had remained some months, when an accident put an end to his existence. The natives
of the Sandwich Islands were in the habit of making pits in which they caught wild
cattle. In one of his excursions Douglas fell accidentally into one of these pits,
in which an infuriated animal was already trapped ; the animal fell upon him, and
he was found, dreadfully mangled and quite dead, July 12th, 1834, An elegant
monument with a suitable inscription has been erected to his memory by subscription
in the parish churchyard of Xew Scone, Perthshire.

Abietia Fortune!.

A large tree with much of the habit and aspect of a Cedar of
Lebanon, the trunk covered with thick rugged bark ; the l;>ranches
spreading horizontally and much ramified at the distal end. BrancMets
glabrous, orange-red, mostly distichous and opposite with occasional
adventitious shorter and weaker shoots on the upper side of the axial
growth. Buds small, ovoid, with orange-brown perulse, the lowermost
of which are prolonged into an acuminate tip. LeaA^es persistent,
spirally arranged but rendered pseudo-distichous liy a half twist of the
short petiole, linear, rigid, mucronate or spine-tipped, 1 — 1"25 inch

486 ABIES.

]on<;-, dark histrou^^ green with a narrow median keel al)Ove, paler
with two glaucous stoniatiferous hands heneath. 8taminate flowers
cylindric, ohtusc, ahout 0-5 inch long, produced in umhels of eight —
ten on hranchlets of the preceding year, the umhel shortly pedunculate

and surroiuided at the base by small
involucral bracts. Cones erect,
variable in size, ovoid or ovoid-
cylindric, much resembling those of
Pimi-^ Cemhra ; scales convex, sul)-
orbicular, somewhat longer than
Fig- i^-^- broad, with a short cuneate claw

Transverse section of leaf of AliietUi, Fortiinci. -i i i • i • i 4.

,„ M /. J • /'i -1 \ iiiid rounded apical margin; bracts

(From the damciicrs ihronicie.) 1 ip 1

linear, about half as long as the
scales, expanded into a small sub-cpiadrate plate near the apex and
terminating in a miicronate tip. Seeds angular and wedge-shaped
Avitli a relatively broad roundish oblong wing.

Abietia Fortune!, aiqmt.

Abies Fortunci, Ahirrav, Pines and Firs of Jai)aii, 49, with figs. (1863). Haiice in
Journ. Bot. XX. 39. Masters in .Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 519; XXII 197, with figs ;
Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), ]). 348, with fig. : and XXV. (1886), p 428, witli figs.

A. jezoensis, Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1850, p. 311, with fig. (not Siebold and Zuccarini).

Keteleeria Fortunei, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 260 (1867). Pirotta in Bull.
Soc. Toscana di Orticultura, 1887, p. 263. Masters in Gard Chron. II. ser. 3
(1887), p. 440; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 216. Mayr, Abiet. des Jap.
Reiches, 99. Beissner, Nadelholzk 421, with figs

Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 430 (1868).

This remarkal)le Fir was originally discovered ])y Fortune in 1844
or 1845 near a temple at Foo-chow-foo (Fu-chau-fu of modern maps), who
saw but a single tree which had apparently been planted there.
Nothing more was seen of it till 1873 when it was re-discovered by
Dr. Hance in the same locality, and five years later by Mr. Charles
Maries who found it in great numliers on the coast range of Fo-kien
(Fu-chau) associated ^\-ith Phius Maxmniana (P. siTieiisis). Another
species was discovered in China in 18G9 by the French missionary,
the Abbe David, Avhich has been described by M. Franchet under the
name of Abies (Tsuf/a) Davidiana ; and seeds of an Abietia under
this name have been recently sent to tlie Veitchian establishment
from south China by F. H. Wilson.

ABIES.

Link, Abhandl. Acad. Berl. (1827), p. 181. Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. III. 441
(1881). Eichler in Engler and IVantk Nat. Pfl. Fani. 81 (1887). Masters in Journ. Linn
Soc. XXX. 34 (1893).

As here circumscril)ed, Abies is a genus of evergreen trees often

of lofty stature, well marked by the symmetry of their habit

especially during the period of early life which lias caused them to

be ranked among the most onianuMital subjects available for the lawn,

pleasure ground and jmik in our climate. In a popular sense the

.species are distinguislied by their tall straight trunks regularly

furnished with tiers of ])ranches rainilicil laterally; by their flattened

leaves mostly spreading in two opposite (Hrections, and cliaracterised

anatomically l)y the presence of two lateral resin canals h'ing near

ABIES.

487

the epidermis of the umler side ; and hy their erect cones, the
scales of which soon fall oft' after the seed is mature leaving the
axis on the tree from which, however, it soon disai)pears. Botanically
the genus is thus distinguished : —

Inflorescence uionoeciDus. Stamiuate flowers numerous, axillary on
hvanchlets of the preceding year, shortly stalked, cylindric or ovoid-
cyliudric, and surrounded at the hase hy numerous iuvolucral hracts.
.Stauiens spirally crowded around a central axis ; anthers shortly stipitate,
with a small knob- or spurdike projection, dehiscing transversely and
variously coloui'ed.

Ovuliferous flowers few, usually on the upper side of the highermost
branches, globose or cylindric, erect, composed of numerous indjricated
.scales spirally in.serted on a central axis, each bearing near the base
on the veutral (inner) side, two inverted ovules.

Cones cylindric, rarely ovoid, composed of thin, ligneous imbricated
scales, mostly of fan-like shape, in many series, each bearing on the
ventral face two seeds of which the testa or outer coat is prolonged
into a membraneous Aving, and on the dorsal face a narrow nuicronate
lu'act shorter or longer than the scale and adnate to it at the base.

Fig. 12i. Transverse section of leaf of Abies pcctitui.t i x 32 ; /•, resin
canals ; /, tibro-vaseular bnndle.

Twenty- four species of Abies or furms recognised as such arQ
described in the following pages, but some of them are connected by
intermediate forms that render the technical expression of specific
characters in such cases extremely tlitticult. Throughout the genus a
general uniformity in habit and structure i)revails so that sectional
<li visions of it are scarcely necessary. The greatest deviations from the
common type occur in three of the western Xorth American species,
and taking these into account the late Dr. Engelmann proposed the
following sections.*

EuABiES. Leaves flat, grooved aljove, stomatiferous sometimes on the
upper and sometimes on the lower surface.

Bracteat.e. Leaves flat without stomata un the upper surface (Abies
hradeata).

XoBiLEs. Leaves flat or tetragonal, stomatiferous on lioth surfaces
(A. nohilis and ^4. uiai/nipi'aj.j

* Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, Xo\. Ill, p. 596. Gordon (Pinetum, ed. II.
l>. 197) distrilnited the Silver Firs in two sections, placing in one those species in which
the bracts of the cone are longer than the scale and exserted, and in the other those in
wliich the hracts are shorter and ench)sed ; a distinction that is quite futile as Beissuer
has pointed out, since tiie length of the Inact is varialtle in the same species, lieing some-
times exserted, sometimes enclosed, as in Abies b((ls<(inea, A, magn ifica, A. Veitchii.

t Besides the sectional character on which Engelmann has placed the greatest stress,
Abies Irudeafa differs from all the other species in its larger leaves, longer winter Imds with
white perulpe, and especially in its ovoid cones with long liristle-like exserted bracts.
A. aobi/is and A. magnifica differ from all other Aljies in their large cones and l)luish-greeu
crowded leaves.

488

ABIES.

Besides the tweiitv-finir species lieie emiiueiated, JNIaxiiuuvicz has
described two otliers in the "Bulletin de I'Acadeinie ini])eriale de St.
Peterslmrg," ■which he discovered in IMauchuria. One of these, AJdet<
nephrol epis, is without nnu-h dduht a continental form of A. Veitcliii ;
the other, A. IwlophyUa, cannot from the description and the imperfect
herbariinn specimens preserved in this country, he I'eferred to any
known species, although it may he either A. Jiniia or A. Jwviolejjt^.
Three hybrids are rei)orted ; one raised artificially in France by the
late Henri de Yilmorin, between A. Pinsapo and A. replialonica ; a
second is described by Carriere in the "Revue horticole " for 1890,
page 230, umh'r the name of A. iit^i(jnix, and is sup}iosed to have

Fig. 125. Ahivii hiv.rtnit<i. 1, St:tiiiiiiatf H(j\vcr iiiit. sizn ;
•2 ami 3, side and front view of antlicis before — 4 and •">, after
dehiscence x 0. (i, Pollen grain x l-'O.

originated from the accidental fertilisation of an ovulifeious cone of

A. Pinsapo by pollen of ^-1. Nonhnanniana growing near a nursery at

Bidgneville ( \'o.sges ) ; and lastly a supi)0sed natural hyl)rid between

A. lasioraipa and .1. anialnll" was detected by Professor Sargent on

the Olympic mountains in nortii-west Washington.

The Silver Firs are distributed tlnougli tlic nortliern hemisphere

from tlie Pacific coast of Xoilli Aiuerica eastwards over both

continents to Japan, ])ut g,enenilly speaking, they occupy a more

southern zone than the Spruce Firs with which they are in places

associated. The only species which si)read into sul)-arctic lands are

Abies lasiocarpa and A. halscnnec in America, and A. sihirica and

ABIES AMAP.ILIS. 489

A. sctchalinensis in Asia ; on the other hand, one species, A. rclii/iosc,
has its home within the tropics in sonth Mexico and Guatemala.
With the exception of A. hahamea, A. grandU and A. sihirica,
all the species are mountain trees ascending to elevations above
sea-level, which vary greatly in different regions, but which are
evidently inHuenced by the trend and altitude of the mountain
chains and by the latitude of the place. \\\ their economic aspect
the Silver Firs are inferior to the Spruce Firs and Larches and even
to many of the true Pines ; their tindjer is, for the most part, coarse-
grained, soft and perishable, but much used where trees are alnmdant.
In Orreat Britain all the Abies are used solely for ornamental
planting, A. pcctiiuiM being an occasional exception and employed
by the forester for purposes of utility.

Abies amabilis.

A lofty tree often 150 — 200 feet lugh, but at liigli altitudes not
more than 60 — 80 feet liigh with a trunk 3 — 4 feet in diameter
near the base. Bark of old trees thick and fissured into reddish grey
plates, of young trees tlun and quite smooth ; in Great Britain usually
roughened by numerous Avarty protuberances. Branches relati^-ely short,
the lowermost depressed, those abo-\-e horizontal or slightly ascending.
Branchlets distichous and opposite, spreading at nearly a right angle
to their primaries, the yoiuigest shoots hairy (hirtellous). Buds small,
ovoid-conic, M'itli ilark reddish lirowu perulse. Leaves persistent eight —
ten years, s])iiallv crowded, those o\\ the lower side of the liranchlets
by a twist of the short petiole pseudo-distichoi;s in three-four ranks ;
those on the upper side more or less apjiressed to the shoot and
pointing forwards, linear, flat and emarginate ; on fertile and vigorous
branchlets acute, 0-75 — 1-5 inch long, dark green aliove with a slight
azure tint peculiar to this species and by which it may often be
distinguished ; with a glaucous stomatiferous band on each side of the
narrow midril) l)eneath. .Staminate flowers* often densely clustered,
cylindric, obtuse, aljout 0'5 inch long, with dark red-crimson anthers.
Cones cylmdric, slighth' tapering to a retuse apex, 4 — 5 "5 inches long
and 2 — 2 '5 inches in diameter, dark violet-blue changing with age to
dark liroAvn ; scales not much broader than long, sub-rhomlioidal,
inflexed at the apical margin ; bracts half as long as the scales, obovate-
oblong, abruptly contracted to an acuminate tip. Seed wings oblitpiely
cuneate, almast as hniad as long.

Abies amabilis. Forbes, Piiiet. Woburn, 125, t. 44 (1839). Carriere. Tiaite
Conif. ed. II. 296. Hoojies, Evergreens, 209. McXab in Proceed. R. Irish Acad
II. ser. 2. 677, tig. 3. Engelnianu in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 720, with
tigs. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXII. 171, with tigs; Gard. Chron. III.
ser. 3 (1888), p. 754, with tig. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 189. Beissner.
Xadelholzk. 468, with tig. Sargent, Silva X. Anier. XII. 125. t. 614.

Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. lY. 2342, with tigs, (in i>art, 1838).
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 213, excl. syn. lasiocariia.

Communicated by Mr. Harding from Orton Hall, and by Mr. Herrin from Dropmore

490 ABIES AMABILIS.

Pinus amal.ilis,* I)ouf,4as in Comi). Bot. Mag. II. 93 (1837). Pailatoie, D. C.
Prodr. XVI. 426 (in part). Endlidier, Syiiops. Conif. 104.

Eiig. Lovely Fir. Amer. White Fir. (ienii. Liehlielie Weisstanne.

Ahics amabilvi is an alpine tree whose area of distribntion, so far
as at present known, is confined to the mountain ranges within the
States of Oregon and Washington, and southern l^ritish Columbia
from Vancouver Island to the Fraser river. On the Cascade
mountains its vertical range is from 3,000 to 6,000 feet above
sea-level ; on the Olympic mountains of north-west . Washington
where it is common, and where it probalily attains its greatest
development, its vertical range is from 1,200 to 4,500 feet, and in
Columbia the range is somewhat higher. At high altitudes it grows
singly or in small isolated groves ; in other places it is associated
with Tsuga Alhcrtiana, Abies nohilis and A. grandis, or with Pinus
monticola, Tsuga Mcrtensiana and Ahics lasiocarpa. j-

For a long series of years Aides ainabilis was one of the rarest of
trees in the British Piuetuni, and as regards its origin one of the
luost obscure of the north-west American Firs, so much so that on
the other side of the Atlantic its very existence as a species was
called into question, and this discovery of ])ouglas began to be regarded
as a tra(Ution and a myth. Here, liowever, in (Ireat Britain, belief
in its existence never faltered, for we had in our midst Hving evidences,
very few, it is true, l)ut rejjresenting a genuine and unquestionably
distinct .species. The little that is known of the discovery of Abies
cunahilis was communicated by fJouglas to Sir W. J. Hooker in letters
that were published by the latter in the " Companion to the iJotanical
Magazine '"' about three years after the untimely death of the explorer.
Froin this corres})ondence we learn that he first saw Abies amabilis
in September 182.5 on the top of a high mountain south of the
Grand Rapids of the Cohnubia river after a lal)orious climb of fifteen
hours. By fre(pient misliap.s, owing to the ilitticulty of making his
Avay througli forests never before traversed by a naturalist, nor perhaps
even ])y a white man except occasionally by a trapper or hunter in
the service of the Hudson's Bay Comiiany, Douglas lost a great })art
of his specimens l)oth during this and his second mission to north-west
America; it was not till he had accom})lished his remarkable journey
up the Columl)ia in 1830 that he secured a few cones and .seeds
wliich he dispatched to England late in that year, i During the fifty
years tliat followed, many naturalists and seed collectors A'isited the
I'egion of the Coluniliia river, Imt a!I of tlicm failed to re-discover

* It is to IjB regretted that the discoverer of this and other north-west American Abies
shonld have given tlieni mere laudatory names. AtimhUiit, grandis, nohilis, venusta
(Douglas) and nyi(/iiifai (Murray) denote no recognisable specific character, and any one of
them is as applicable to tlu' other species as to tliat for which it is used.

t Silva of Xorth Ameiica, XII. p. 126.

X As Douglas was at that time in the service of the Horticultural Society of London,
the seeds wei'c sent to the Society and were sown in their garden at Chiswick in the
following year. Plants laised from these seeds were subse(|uently distributed among the
Fellows (Trans. Hort. Soc. Loud., ser. 2, Vol. II. p. 376). I have only l>een able to trace
three trees whose origin may be unhesitatingly attiilmted to this source, viz. : — one at
I)roi)more jilanted in 183.'> ; one at Orton Hall near Peterborough ; and a third at Bicton,
since dead.

AHIES A^FABILIS.

491

the true Aides ainahilis of Douglas. Seeds of other species as A.
matpiijica, A. Jasioi-arpa and A. ronrolor var. Luiriaiia were sent to
Europe by theiu under the name of A. amabilis wlience arose a
confused nomenclature and tangled synonymy scarcely paralleled even
amongst the Coniferae. At length the mystery which had so long

Fig. I'2t5. Braiiehlet and foliage of Abies amabilis, iiat. size.

shrouded this fine species was unveiled by the energy of the American
botanists, Doctors Engelmann and Parry and Professor Sargent who,
wliile investigating the forests of the Pacific coast during the summer
and autumn of 1880 re-discovered it on the Silver jNIountain near
Fort Hope on the Eraser river at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,500 feet,
and again shortly afterwards by Professor Sargent on the same classic

492 ABIES BALSAMEA.

ground on ■which Douglas, fifty-five years Ijcforu, had discovered both
this Fir and AInex 7iohifis. Steps were immediately taken to secure a
supply of seed, of -which a good quantity subsequently reached England,
and many young trees raised from it have been planted in various
parts of Great Britain of -which tliDse in the north and Avest are
reported to be generally thriving satisfactorily.

Abies balsamea.

A slender tree 30 — 60 or more feet high, the trunk rarely exceeding
2 feet in diameter near the base, frequently much less, and when full
grown usually deiuided of branches for more than onedialf of the height ;
at its highest vertical elevation and extreme northern limit, reduced
to a low prostrate shrub. Bark greyish brown with numerous resin
warts irregularly scattered over it. Branches comparatively short,
slender and spreading. Branchlets distichous and mostly opposite, the
youngest shoots pubescent. Buds small, globose or sub-conic, usually
covered with a film of whitish resin. Leaves persistent three — four
years, narrowly linear, obtuse or occasionally emarginate, 0"5 — ^1 inch
long, pseudo-distichous in two — three ranks, bright green above, with
two whitish stomatiferous Imnds beneath. Staminate flowers axillary,
cylindric, 0'25 inch long, pale yellow tinged with red. Cones sessile,
cjdindric, 3 — 4 inches long and about an incli in diameter, at first
violet-blue but sometimes olive-green, changing t() dull brown wlien
mature; scales clawed, obovate-cuneate, about 0"75 inch long and as
much broad with entire outer margin ; bracts oblong, aliruptly nuicronate,
usually shorter than the scales. Seeds small and angular.

Abies l)alsauiea, Miller, Diet. ed. VIII. No. 3 (1768). Richard, Mem sur les
Couif. 74, t. 16 (1826). Forbes, Pinet. "Wobuni, 109, t. 37 (1839). Link in
Linnrea, XV. .')30. Carriere, Ti-aite Conif. cd. II. 292 McNab in Proceed. R.
Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 684, tig. 11. Hoo[)es, Evergreens, 197, with tig. Maconn,
Cat. Oanad. Plants, 473. Masters in Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 189 ; and
Gard. Chron. XVII. ser. 3 (189.5), p. 423. with tigs. Beissner, Nadelhokk, 464.
Sargent, Silva N. Anier. XII. 107, t. 610.

A. balsamifera, Michaux, Hist. Arb. N. Anier. I. 145, t. 14 (in part, 1810).

Picea balsamea, London, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2339, with iigs. (1838).
Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 200.

Finns lialsaniea, Liinuens, Sp. Plant. II. 1002 (1753). Lambert, Genus Pinus, L
t. 31 (1803). Endlieher, Synops. Conif. 103. Parlatore, I). C. Prodr. XVI. 423.

Eng. and Amer. Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fii-. Fr. Baumier de Gilead.
Germ. Balsam Tanne. Ital. Abete balsamico.

var . — hudsonica .

A dwarf dense slnuli of s]ireading habit, rarely exceeding a yard in
height. Branrhcs close set ; l)ranc]d('ts usually very .short ; leaves
broader, shorter and of a darker green tliau in tlie type.

A. Iialsamea luulsonica, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. III. 597.
Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 468. A. Fi-aseri hudsonica, Carriere, Traits Conif.
rd. II. 217. I'icea Frascri Imdsonira, G,,iil,,ii. Pinet. ed. II. 206.

var. — macrocarpa.

The liiWiT liraucjics iimre persistent, the leaves Iduger and more
crowded, and tlie lones larger tlian in the common form.
A. balsamea macrocarpa. (lardm and l''orcst. V. 274 ; and X. 510.

ABIES F^.K A( 'TEATA. 493

Ahics bnlsamea is one of tlie most widely distiiljuted of the Xoith
American Silver Firs. Its nurthern limit, according to I'rofessor
Macoun, may he roughly indicated l)y a line drawn obliquely from
James' Bay to Lake Athabasca ; it is very alnindant tln-oughout the
eastern provinces of the Dominion from Xewfoundland to Lake
►Superior ; southwards it spreads through the northern States to
Pennsylvania and through Minnesota to north-eastern Iowa ; also
along the Alleghany mountains to the liigh peaks of Virginia
Over this extensive area the tree is found to be fairly constant
except in dimensions which, as with other species of Abies, are often
much modified by climate, environment and altitude. Abies balsamca
is for the most part a swamp tree, " it seems to need a constant
supply of water at the roots, as many die in exceptionally dry seasons."
Ahies halsantea A\-as introduced into Great Britain by Bisliop Compton
in 1698,t but it has long since been proved to be misuitable for the
comparatively dry climate of England, and even in the more humid
districts (if Scotland and Ireland where the best specimens of it are
. to be seen, it i.s short-lived and possesses no qualities that Avould
reconnnend it for arboricultural purposes. The variety Midsojiica is a
sterile form Avliose origin is unknown ; it is recommended by horticul-
turists both Brjtisli and American as a distinct plant for tlie rock
garden. The variety raw: rocarpa was di.scovered in Wisconsin by the
late Eobert Douglas of "Waukegan, and is said to be superior to the
common form as an ornamental tree for the north-eastern States. Xine
other varieties are described by Beissner, none of which are probably
in cultivation in this country.

The most useful economic ^irodui-t of tlie Balsam Fir is the resinous
secretion with which its vernacular name is associated and known as
Canada Balsam, an aromatic licpiid formerly much used in medicine
but now chiefly for mounting objects for microscopic examination. The
gathering of Canada Balsam at the present time is carried on in the
province of Quebec, only by the poorest people who cam]) in the
woods from the middle of June until the middle of August. Small
iron cans are used furnished at the top with an iron tube sharj^ened
at the end; the tube is pressed against the resin blister, punctures
it, and the gum flows down the tube into the can. The yield of a
large tree is about one pound, but the average yield is not more than
half a pound. 1 The timber of Ahie^ halsamea is practically worthless,
and is used for temporary purposes only where the tree is abundant ;
the Avood is light, of little strength, coarse-grained, and decays rapidly
on exposure to the weather.

Abies bracteata.

A lofty tree attaining a height of 100 — 150 or more feet, the
trunk slender in proportion to height with a diameter of not more
than 2 — 4 feet near the base, and when isolated feathered Avith
branches from near the ground upAvards, forming in outline an elongated

* Catalogue of Canadian Plants, \\. 473. t Hortus Kewensis. ed. II. A'ol. V. p. 320.

+ Silva of Xoith America, Vol. XII. p. 109.

494 ARIES RRACTEATA.

spire ; in Oi-eat Dritaiu the olde-st trees have a more conical outline.
Bark of trunk grej'isli hrown, ru<fose but rarely fissured. Branches
spreading or slightly ascending M'ith distichous ramification. Branchlets
opposite and rigid, with light reddish brown bark obscurely and
obliquely fluted by cortical outgrowths. Buds sulifusiform, acute, about
0-75 inch long, the perulav scales ovate-lanceolate, closely imbricated

Fi-. l-JT. Foliage of Abies hrortccln. Xatnral size.

and M'hitisli ])rown. Leaves i)ersistent seven — nine years, linear, acute,
spine-tiipped, 1-75 — 2'^ inches long, si)irnlly inseiled on tlie axis; those
on the lower sterile lir;nirlies owing to a twist of tlu^ short petiole
pseudo-distichous in two lanks ; on tlie uppi-r fcitili' blanches spreading
on all sides and often falcately curvecl ; daik lustrous green aliove,
with two glaucous stoiiiatiferous baiuls lieneath. Staminate flowers*
axillary on the undci' side ..f the branchlets, cylindric, 0-75 — \-2n inch
long, surroundeil at tlie base liy dval, ])ergameneous, whitish brown
involucral scales in two iiiil>ricate(l series ; anthers jiale lenion-yellow
* Comnuuiicatcd liy Mr. H.irdin.L;- rnmi Oitnii Hull, PotcrlKirmii,']!.

Al'.IES lUtACTEATA.

495

with a small spur piojcetiiiy finui the dorsal side. Cones solitary,
erect, ovoid-globose, 2-25 — 3-5 inches long and 1-75 — 2-25 inches broad;
scales transversely roundish oblong or sub-reniforni, less than an inch Lmg
and 0-6 inch broad, with a cuneate claw and incurved at the apical
margin ; bract oblong-cuneate, adnate to the scale to beyond the middle,
then contracted to a projecting linear, rigid spine about 2 inches long,
sometimes curved. Seed wings sub-quadrate, nearly as broad as long.

Fi'-;-. I'iS Cone of Ahu-s hnwtci'tn

Abies liracteata, Xuttall, Sylva N. Amer. III. 137, t. 118 (1849). Hooker, W.
Boc. Mag. t. 4740 (1853). Liudlev in Gard. Chrou. 18.53, \>. 435. Carriere,
Traite Coiiif. ed. II. 265. McXab in "Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 674, fig. 1.
Engehiiaun in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), p. 334 ; XII. (1879), p. 684 ; and Brewer
and Watson's Bot. Calitbr. II. 118. Masters in Gard. Cluou. V. ser. 3 (1889),
p. 242, with lig. ; VII. ser. 3 (1890), p. 672, with tig. ; and Journ. R Hort. Soc.
XIV. 199. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 488, with fig.

A. venusta, Koch. Dendrul. II. 210 (1873). Sargent, Silva oST. Amer. XII. 129,
tt. 615, 616.

Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2348, with fig. (1838). Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 202. Lawson, Pinet. Brit. II. 171, tt. 25, 26, with tigs Coleman
in The Garden, XXXV. (1889), p. 12, with fig.

Pinus l)racteata, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII. 442 (1837). Lambert, Genus Puius,
III. 169, t. 91. Endliclier, Synops. Conif. 89. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 419.

P. venusta, Douglas in Comp. Bot. ^lag. II. 152, jwmen nudum (1836).

Eng. Santa Lucia Fir. Amer. Bristle-coned Fir. Fr. Sapin a liractees.
Germ. Santa Lucia Tanne. Ital. Abete di Santa Lucia.

Ahii^a bradeaia at l-^astiiur Castk-, Lc(ll)ui'y.

ABIES BKACTEATA. 497

Abies hractcata is the most reiuarkalile of all the Sih'er Firs ;
its strict but stately habit, its massive deep green foliage, its singular
cones, and especially its extremely restricted habitat, liaA'e invested
it with an especial interest l)oth for liotanists and for horticulturists.
Its only known habitat is on the outer western ridge of the
Santa Lucia mountains in south California, where at the present time
" it grows only in a few isolated groves scattered along the moist 1 tottoms
of canons, usually at elevations of about 3,000 feet above sea-level."

This Fir was first descrilied by David Don in the " Transactions of
the Linnean Society," loc. cif supra, from herbarium specimens gathered
by Dr. Thomas Coulter, to whom he wrongly assigned the merit of
being the discoverer of the tree, a statement unfortunately accepted by
most subsequent authors. The original discoverer was the intrepid
Scotch explorer, David Douglas, during his mission to south Cahfornia
in 1830 — 1832,* while in the service of the Horticultural Society
of London. Xeitlier Douglas nor Coidter collected seeds of Abies
brcu'feafa, and when Theodor Hartweg, also in the service of the
Horticultural Society of London, arrived at Monterey in 1846 for the
express purpose of collecting seeds of this and other Californian Conifers,
and had made his Avay to the Santa Lucia, he found the cones but
half gTown and frost-lntten, and his attempt to introduce it into
European gardens was accordingly frustrated. Six years later, T\"iUiam
Lobb, during his mission to the same region for the Yeitchian firm,
by great exertions obtained a supply of seeds which he transmitted to
Exeter in 1853 ; f from these seeds originated all the oldest trees of
Abies bmcfeafa uoav gTOwing in Europe. For upwards of thirty years
afterwards all attempts to i:)rocure a further supply of seeds proved
fiTtile, and it is only quite recently that the CaHfornian seed collectors
have succeeded in obtaining from time to time very limited supplies
wliich, in consequence of the gradual extermmation of the trees by
the fires which are frequent in the forests of the dry coast ranges of
south California, may eventually cease altogether. 1

Li all the places in Great Britain where Abies bracfeata has
attamed its greatest dimensions unscathed by the severe winters that
occur at intervals in this climate, it is as strikingly beautiful as it has
been represented to he on the Santa Lucia, and so distinct that no
Silver Fir can be more easily detect<^d amidst its surroundings even at
a distance. It is hardy in the southern and western counties of

* See Sir William Hooker's Memoir of Douglas in the "Companion to the Botanical
Magazine," Vol. II. By a comparison of dates it will be seen that Douglas arrived at
Monterey in December 1830, but Dr. Coulter did not arrive till the following Xovember ;
it was in the interim that Douglas discovered Ahies hradeata.

t Since Lobb's excursion to the Santa Lucia, the greater part of, if not all, the trees seen
by him along the sunmiit of the central ridge, and of which he sent an account to the
late ilr. James Veitch (afterwards published in the Botanical ^Magazine), have been
destroyed bj- the forest tires.

t In A-iew of the threatened extinction of this noble tree in its native home, I append
a list of all the finest specimens in Great Britain knoAvn to me, in the hope that the
ownere will not allow the seeds that may hereafter be produced by them to be wasted or
lost. Boconnoc, Cornwall ; Castlewellan, Co. Down ; Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire ;
Eastnor Castle. Ledbury (2) : Fonthill Al>l>ey. Wilts ; Fota Island. Cork ; Highnam Court,
Gloucester ; Kenfield Hall, Canterlniry ; Kinnettles, Forfar ; Xewcourt, Exeter ; Orton Hall,
Peterborough ; Possingworth, Sussex : Streatham Hall, Exeter (2) ; Tortworth Court,
Gloucestershire (2) ; Upcott, Barnstaple ; Warnham Court, Horsham.

498 AHIES (JEl'HALONICA.

England, in parts of Scotland and in Iroland ; in some localities it
has been reported to liavo been injured l)y late spring frosts which
have destro^'ed the ydiing growths that usually appear early in the season.

Abies cephalonica.

A stately medium-sized tree .50 — 60 or more feet high, with widely
s])reading branches that frequently attain a greater length in proi)ortion
to height of trunk than in any other Abies. Trunk 2 "5 — 3 feet in
diameter, slightly tapering upwards and covered with greyish broAvn bark
tissured into small oblong plates. Branches horizontal, the lowermost
usually deflexed and sweeping the ground. Branchlets distichous and
opposite but not infrequently in pseudo-whorls of three — four ; bark
■* reddish brown and striated ; that of the youngest shoots fluted by
shallow cortical outgrowths. ]>uds globose, conic, sul>acute, 0'5 inch
long, with red-brown perular scales often covered with a fllm of
translucent resin. Leaves persistent seven — nine years, spirally arranged
around the Ijranchlets, shortly petiolate ; on the lower sterile branchlets
and on young trees, linear, flattened, somewhat dagger-shaped, spine-
tipped, 0'75 — 1-25 inch long, and pseudo-<listichous in two — three ranks;
on the higher fertile Ijranchlets and on vigorous shoots, thicker,
pungent, often falcately curved and spreading from all sides of their
axis ; dark lustrous green with a shallow median groove above,
paler with a stomatiferous T)and on each side of the relatively Itroad
midrib below. Staminate flowers crowded along the under side of
the branchlets, broadly cylindric, obtuse, 0*5 — 0'75 iiich long, dark
claret-red, surroimded at the base liy numerous broadly ovate involucral
bracts. Cones subsessile, solitary or two — three together, cylindric,
obtuse, 5 — 7 inches long and 1"5 — 2 inches in diameter; scales broadly
wedge-shaped, suddenly contracted into a slender claw, the apical
margin rounded and entire ; bracts longer than the scales, linear with
a sub-quadrate expansion near the apex and termiiiating in a reflexed
macro. Seed-wings olilong, truncate, nearly as long as the scale.

Abies cephalonica, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 232.5, with. figs. (1838).
Forbes, Pinet. Woburn, 119, t. 42 (1839). Link in Linna'a, XV. 529 (1841).
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. IL 283 McNab in Proceed. R. Lish Acad. IL ser 2,
69.5, iigs. 24, 2.5. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXIL (1884), j). 590, with tig.;
and Joniii. R. Hoit. Soc. XIV. 190. Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 702. Wilikonmi,
Forstl. FL ed. II. 132. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 438.

Picea cephalonica, Loudoo, Encycl. of Trees, 1039, with figs. (1842). Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 203. Lawson, Pinet. Biit. II. 175, t. 27, and figs.

Pinus cephalonica, Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 98.

P. Abies vai'. cei)lia]onica, Pailatoi-e, D. C Prodr. XVI. 422.

Fug. (h-eek Fir. Genu. T'cplialonische-We'sstanne. Gr. KXnrog, (.oi'^-ot/rnpta.

var.— Apollinis.

Trunk more slender ; branches sh(»rter with tlie branchlets more
constantly tlistidious. Leaves longer, narrower, less rigid and more
distinctly pseudo-disti(dious in two —three ranks.*

A. ce])halonica ApoUinis Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 440. A. Apollinis, Link in
Linnfea, XV. 528. Picea Apollinis, Lawso)i, Pinet. Brit. II. 1(57, t. 24. Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 197. Pinus Abies Ai>ollinis. Kndlicher, Synojis. Conif. 96. Abies
cephalonica parnassica, Willkomni. Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 13 A. Regime Anialise
Heldreich in Regel's GartenH. 1860, ]>. 113 ; and 1861, p. 286, with tig.
Seemann in (Jard. Chron. 1861, ji. 755. A. panachaica, Heldreich. And others.
* As seen in Great Britain, but some of the difbTcnces here iioteil arc not always very
clearly in evidence.

ABIES CEPHALOMCA. 499

The Abies described above grows spontaneously on all the higher
mountains of Greece from Thessaly southwards to Lagonia in the
Peloponnesus, at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 feet, either
forming pure forests or mixed with Fiiius Laricio, P. Pinaster and
Fagus Si/hrdica ; it also occurs on Mount Enos in Cephalonica, and
to this insular locality it owes its present name. Its botanical
history may l)e thus briefly sketched : —

Tlie presence of this Fir in (Treece has In-en known from remote
;vnti(puty as it is unijuestionably the 'E\c(-»; »/ iippijv of Theophrastus.
I>y tlie older botanists of modern times it was believed to be the
common Silver Fir Ahies jjecfinafa. In 1824, at the rerpiest of Mr.
Henry H. Long of Hampton Lodge, near Farnliam, avIio was desirous of
knowing the species of Pine described by ancient writers under the
names of ttevk)] and eXarrj, General Charles James Xapier, at that time
Governor of Cephalonica, sent a packet of seeds of the Fir growing on
]\Ioiuit Enos to the care of his sister Lady Bunbury. The packet was
duly for^\arded to Hampton Lodge, but some seeds having dropped
from it. Lady Bunbury gave these to Mr. Charles Hoare of Luscombe.*
Tlie seedlings raised l)oth at Hampton Lodge and Luscombe were
f(iuud some years later to differ considerably from the common Silver
Fir, and they were named Abies cepliaJonica by Loudon who first
published the species. In 1838 Professor Link, of Ik-rlin, made the
ascent of Mount Parnassus wliieli he found covered t<:iwards the sumnut
on all sides with a forest of Firs of Avhich he gathered herbarium
specimens, cones and seeds. The seeds germinated in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, and finding that the plants diflered from Ahies j^ertinafa
he described the ^Nlount Parnassus Fir in " Liiuiaea " as a new species
under the name of A. ApoUinis. Endlicher took up this name for
the same tree, but reduced it to a variety of A. pedinafa as Parlatore
dill twenty years later with the A. cepliaJonira' oi Loudon. About the
year 1856 Herr Schmidt, Director of the Royal Gardens at Athens,
•during a botanical excursion in the Peloponnesus, detected an Abies in
Arcadia which Professor Heldreich described in Kegel's " Gartenflora "
for 1860 as a new species under the name of ^4. Refiime. Amaliie, in
compliment to the former Queen of Greece who was a liberal patroness
of horticulture ; antl in 1861, in an article on the Firs of Greece
in the same publication. Professor Heldreich adopts as species A. cepha-
lonica, A. ApulJinis and A. Retjiwe AmaJice, and adds to these a fourth
which he calls A. panachaica ; plants under all these names were
sidisequently distributed from German nurseries. Whatever moriihological
difl'erences may be detected in trees growing in diflerent localities
in Greece, the perfect identity in the shape and structure of
the staminate flowers and cones of all of them indicate but too surely
that they cannot be specifically separated. In British gardens only
two forms are foimd differing from each other sufiicientl}^ to require
separate notice — the insular form here recognised as the ty^if", and the
continental form reduced to a variety of it as AjwIIinis.j

* Loudon, Arlioietuin et Fniticetuni Britannieum. Vol. IV. p. 2328.

t Both Willkoiiini and Beissner acce^jt MegiacB Ama/icv as a variety distinct from
ApiiUinis on the ground that the stem is more slender, the leaves shorter and not so stiti',
:<ind the cones smaller.

500 AHIES CILICICA.

Ahies cephahnica is hard}' o\-er the greater part of Great Britain^
but owing to its starting into growth early in the season it is
lial»le under certain circumstances of locaHty and environment to
injury liy late spring frosts. The rate of growth ^■aries with the
locaUty, being greater in Devon, Cornwall and the south of Ireland than
in Yorkshire and north of the Tweed. Many tine specimens scattered
over the country * attest its value as an ornamental tree for the
park and landscape, and even for the lawn if sufficient space can
])e allowed for it, which should not be less than a radius of
twenty-five to thirty feet from the Iwle. Scarcely anything is recorded
of the quality of the timber, which may be assumed to be much the
same as that of A. pcctinatn.

Abies cilicica.

A taU slciulei' tree witli a trunk over 100 feet liigli anil not more-
than 2 — 2 '5 feet in diameter near the .ground, and when standing
alone branched from the base upwards ; f the average height prol)al)ly
ranges from 60 — 90 feet but much less at its highest vertical limit ;,
the trunk of old trees covered with deeply fissured, ash-brown bark.
Branches in rather close-set pseudo-Avhorls, the lowermost horizontal,
those above ascending. Branchlets distichous, | mostly opposite, covered
with iiale brown, striated liark. Buds cylindric-conic with yellow-brown
perular scales. Leaves persistent tive — six years, narrowly linear, obtuse
or sub-acute, 0"5 — 1-75 inch long, spirally inserted, those on the upper
side of the branches inclined forwards almost parallel to the axis ;
those on the luider side irregularly distichous in two — three ranks,
dark lustrous green with a median groove above and with a narrow
whitish stomatiferous liand on each side of the thickened midril) beneath.
Cones among the largest in the genus, shortly stalked, cylindric,
slightly tapering towards the apex, 7 — 9 inches long and 1*5 — 2 inches
in diameter; scales broadly fan-shaped, contracted at the base into a
short claw, the apical nuxrgin entire ; bracts half as long as the scales,
narrowly spathulate with the mid-nerve prolonged into an acuminate point..
Seeds angidar with an orbicular cuneate wing.

Allies cilicica, Carriere, Traite Conit. ed. I. 229 (1855) ; and ed. II. 307 (1867).
McNali, Pioeecd. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 694, fig 23. Boissier, Fl, orient V.
703. WillkoniMi, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 109. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 448, with tig.
Masters in Jouni. R. Hurt. Soc. XIV. 190.

Picea cilicica, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 214.

Pinus cilicica. Kotscliy in Oesterr. Bot. Wodnnbl. 18.">3, p. 409. Parlatore,.
D. C. Prodr. XVI. 422.

Eng. Ciiician Fir. Cenu. Cilicisclie 'Wci.sstaniic. Ital. Al'cte della Oilicia.
Vernacnlar, Illeden.
The Ciiician Fir inhal)ils the mountain system of Asia ]\Iinor
known under the general name of Taurus on which it has a vertical

* Xotahly at Hoconnoc and Carclew in Cornwall, Hicton and Powderliam Castle in
Devonshire, Dropniore in Bucks, Linton Park in Kent, Stndley Royal in Yorkshire.
Rossdhu in Dumbartonshire, Whittinghanie in Easi Lotliian, Hanwvood in Qo. iMeatli.

t Walter Siehe in (lartentiora. 1897, l«. 182.

* Communicated 1>\- Mr. Cruden from Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire.

ABIES COXCOLOi;. 501

Tange at altitudes varying t'ruui 4,000 to 6,500 feet, but tlie precise

limits of its distribution have not yet been ascertained ; these limits

may, however, be assumed to l)e nearly conterminous with those of

the Cedar of Lebanon with which it is associated wherever met

with. On the southern slopes of Bulghar Dagli and on the north

side of Gulleck in Cilicia it forms pure forests of considerable

extent, becoming mixed at its highest vertical limit with Crdrus Lihani

and in places with Finus Laricio and Junipcrus cxccJsa, and at its

lower Hmit with an undergrowth consisting chiefly of Daphne olcoides,

and where honeysuckles twine around the stem and mistletoe is

parasitical on the branches.* It is also known to occur on Berytdah

and Lebanon in northern Palestine + and it may not improbably be

found on the coast range connecting these with the Cilician Taurus.

Alien riJk-ica was discovered in 1853 Tiy the Austrian botanical

explorer The(_i(lor Kotschy, by whom it Avas introduced into European

gardens. In the following year, seeds of a new species of Abies,

subsequently proved to be A. cilinca, were received at the Museum

d'Histoire Xaturelle at Paris from the French Consul at Saida (the

ancient Sidon), and later, a further supply was brought from the same

region by a French traveller named Balansa.; All -who have seen the

Cilician Fir in its native home describe it as one of the most

pictures! |ue nf the genus, an encomium continued to a great extent by

the best specimens growing on the Continent and in Great Britaiu,

l)ut it is still comparatively rare in this country ; it does not grow

satisfactorily in tlie neighbourhood of Loudon nor in the drier clhnate

of the midland and eastern counties even where the Cedar of Lebanon

thrives ; it starts too early into growth after a mild Avmter and the

young slioots are often killed by late si)ring frosts. The best specimens

known to the author are at Castle Kennedy in "Wigtownshire (over

30 feet high), at Rossdhu in Dumbartonshire and in the Royal

Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin, Dulilin. §

Abies concolor.

A tall tree but varying greatly in dimensions throughout the
<ixtensive area o\'er which it is spread ; in the more humid climate
of the Californian Sierras trees are found 200 — 250 feet high ; in the
drier region of Colorado and Utah they rarely exceed 100 feet. Bark
of oldest trees in Great Britain fissured iutn small, irregular, greyish
plates with broad interspaces exposing a rough, reddish brown inner
•cortex. Branches horizontal or slightly depressed ; ramification distichous
-and opposite with an occasional adventitious weaker growth beneath
the normal pair of branclilets. Bark of branchlets smooth, Hght-bro-wn,
paler and pubescent on the herbaceous shoots. Buds ovoid-conic with

~* Walter Siehe in Gartenflora, 1S97, p. 182.
t Boissier, Flora Orientalis, V. j). 703.
J Carriere in Flore des Serres, Vol. XI. p. 67.

§ Very tine specimens of Ahi'^s cUicka are reported to bs growing at Wellesly,
Massachusetts ; on the island of Scharfenberg near Berlin, and Palkuza in Italy.

502

ABIES CONCOLOl!.

closely iiubricati'd, chcstiiut-ln'own pcrula?.
years, s^iirally iiisciteil Imt on the, lnwer

Kig. 120. Cone of Abies conmlor.
Rocky Mountains type.

(From the (lunlcncn' Chronicle.)

Leaver [)evsisteut live — seven
sterile branches twisted at the
l)ase so as to point later-
ally on both sides in
two ranks, linear, obtuse
or eniarginate, 1'5 — 2 inches
loiii;', light glaucous green
with a depressed median
line above, with a pale
stoniatiferous band on each
side of the thickened nudril>
below ; on the fertile
branches shorter, thicker
and curved upwards and
inwards. Staniinate flowers
axillary along the under
side of the shoots, stipitate,
cylindric, 0*5 — 0-75 inch
long, light violet-jiink ; in-
volucral bracts few, broadly
ovate. Cones cylindric,

obtuse, 3 — 5 inches long
and about 1'5 — 2 inches
in diameter, sometimes green,
sometimes A'iolet before
maturity ; scales transversely
roiuidish ol "long, gradually
narrowed to a short, wedge-
shaped claw ; Ijracts a
little longer than the chnv,
dilated from a cuneate base
into a rectangular den-
ticulate blade with a
mucro on the apical margin.
Seed wings large, sub-quad-
rate, reaching almost to
the ed>i(> of the scale.

Allies eoiicolor, Liiidloy and fiordou in Jouni. Hort. Soc. Loud. V. 210, name
only (l.S.^O). En,t;oInianii in Gard. Chroii. IX. (1878), p. 334 ; XII. (1879),
p. 684, witli figs. '; and in Brewer and "Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 118. McNab-
in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 681, tig. 6. Masters in Joiirn. Linn. Soc.
XXII. 177, witii tigs. ; in Gard. Chron. VIII. ser. 3 (1890), p. 748, with fig. ; and
in Jonni. R. Hort Soc. XIV. 191. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 470, with figs.

Pioea concoior, (Jordon, Pinet. ed. II. 216 (1875)

Pinns concoh)r, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 426 (1868).

Kiig. Colorado Silver Fir. Atuer. White Fir. Germ. Calif'ornische Weisstanne,
Glciciifarhige Weisstanne.

var. Lowiana.

Leaves of the sterile branchlets usually longer than in the Colorado
type ; of a darker green and not glaucescent on the upper side ; with
two pale stomatiferiius lines bcneatli and spreading in two I'nnks on each
side of till' axis almost in a fiat horizontal plane as in JA/fts- ijrandiSy
2 — 3 indies Idiig (in \ii;nrous young trees growing in (Ireat Britain. Cones,
somewliat larger and scarc(dy distinguishable from tliose of A. f/ra7ifJis.

AIUES CONCOLOR. 503

A. cdiu'olor var. Lowiaua, Leminoii, Wt-srt Aiiier. Coiie Bearers, 64 (1895).
A. Lowiana, Murra}- in Proceed. R. Hort. Soe. III. 317, with tig. (1863). A. grandis,
Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 297 (in i>art). A. graiidis var. Lowiana, RIasters
in Joiirn. Linn. Soe. XXII 175. Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 218.
P. lasiocarpa, Hort not Hooker. P. Parsonsiana, Hort.

Abies concolor next to A. hisiocarpa has a more extensive

geographical range than any of the American Abies wliose habitat is

west of the Pvocky Mountains. It occurs on the mountains of New

Mexico near Santa Fe, where it was first discovered hy Fendler in

1847, and also in the Pike's Peak region in Colorado its eastern

limit ; it tlience spreads westwards along the mountains of Arizona,

Utah and Nevada to California ; it is common on most of the

mountain ranges of the last-named State at 3,500 to 8,000 feet

elevation from the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains

northwards to southern Oregon its northern limit. Throughout this

great region Alics concolor can almost always be readily recognised by

the grey bark of its trunk and the pale colour of its foliage whatever

may be the altitude and the climatic conditions under which it is

growing. These conditions vary considerably between the eastern

and western limits ; on the mountain sides of Colorado the winters

are as severe as at New York ; on the western slopes of the Sierra

Nevada at the altitude at which this Fir grows, the climate is not

very different from that of the midlands of England ; whilst on

the San Bernardino in south California it approaches that of the

south of France. Spread over so extensive an area, and growing

under such diverse conditions it is not surprising that Abies concolor

should be found to vary in the dimensions of trunk, in the length

and disposition of the leaves and in the size of the cones, and

therefore that the tree should have received different names according

as it was introduced from different localities. The identity of the

species throughout the region has been satisfactorily established by

the American l)otanists who have explored it, and the tangled synonymy

with whicli the tree became encumbered and the superfluous names

still in use in many places should be allowed to sink into oblivion.

Abies concolor was introduced from the Sierra Nevada of California

by the Veitchiau Firm at Exeter tlu'ougli WiUiam Loblj in 1851, and

about the same time seeds were sent from southern Oregon to the

Scottish Oregon Association by their collector John Jeffrey ; * both

collectors sent their consignments under the name of Abies grandis.

The plants raised in the Exeter nursery were distributed under the

name of A. lasiocarpa in the belief that they were the species so

named by Sir William Hooker ; those raised in the Edinburgli Botanic

Garden for the Scottish Association were distril^uted among the members

as A. f/ranclis. In 1857 seeds were received from California Ijy

Messrs. Low of Clapton, and the plants raised from them Avere named

Picea Lowiana by Gordon and were distributed luider that name.

* James McNab in The Garden, Vol. I. p. 464.

Abies concolor at Higlinam Court, Gloucester.

AHIES (ONCOLOIJ.

505

Some time afterwards Mr. K;irnm of IJorrowash distributed another

l)atcli of seedlings under tlie name of A. Pai-.-ioHsicma ; and lastly the

Colorado form found its way into Eurojiean gardens under the names

of A. cowolor and A. concolor riolwea. With ivspect to the so-called

variety riolwea the following extract from the American " Garden and

Forest"* should finally dispose of it: — "In the forests of Colorado

green cones and purple cones are produced on trees standing side liy

side and indistinguishable except in this one particular. It is not

known even if the same tree produces permanently the same coloured

cones, or whether they are not in some years green and in others

purple."

For British parks and pleasure grounds Ahk^ conrolor is one of

tlie handsomest and most valuable of Silver Firs: in .mtline it is

almost strictly conical, the sky-line scarcely In-oken by projecting

branches: the branches with their appendages spread horizontally in

frond-like, almost tabuliform tiers one above the other, gradually

.liminishing in length from the liase to the sunnnit. It is perfectly

hardy, the severest winters have not l)een known to affect it; but

to secure good specimens a space with a radius not less than twenty to

twenty-live feet should l)e allowed for it.f As an ornamental tree it is

scarcely less valuable in the more trying climate of the Xevv

England and ^Middle States of Xorth America where it is almost

the only West American Fir that can l>e satisfactorily cultivated. The

wood is very light, soft, and coarse-grained, neither strong nor durable.

It is only occasionally used in the western States where other

timber is scarce.

The nearest atiinity of Ahies connjlor is A. 'jrawh's, so near indeed
that intermediate forms have been observed that may with equal right
lie referred to either; among such is one which grows on the mountains
of southern Oregon which is probably that introdaced by Jeffrey. In
(Treat Britain the two are for the most part easily distinguishable ; the
growth of Abies </ra)i'h's is generally more rapid, its branches longer
and more slender, and its leaves shorter, more decidedly pectinate in
arrangement on the sterile branches and darker in colour. Fro]u a
scientitic standpoint these characteristics may be considered insufficient to
establish a specific distinction between the two, especially as scarcely any
other differences between them can he detected ; the one, A. concolor, is
an inhabitant of the mountams, and the other, A. 'jrccmlis, of the plains. |

* Vol. IV. (1891), p. 28.

t In his great work "The Sih'a of Xorth America," Professor Sargent states that ot the
Fir trees of Xorth America Abies concolor best endures heat and dryness, and is able to
grow on arid mountain slopes where few other trees can maintain a foothold. This is
eminently suggestive of a more extended use of it in the drier parts of (ueat Britain
especially of "the Rocky Mountains form which thrives so well in the north-east Atlantic
States.

J Other pairs of Abies of which the affinity is so close that the specific rank ot tlie
second member stands on debatable ground are A. nohilis and A. magnifica, A. halsamca
and A. Fraseri, A. peclimta and A. cfphaloaica. A. IJ'cbbidiia and A. Pijulroir, A.
Vcitchii and A. saclmhuiaisis. If the specific rank of the second member of the pairs here
enumerated is made to depend on tlie characters afforded by a single organ there is amjile
room for doubt, but if the trees are looked at from every possible point of view, the rank
must be conceded.

506

AHIES FIKMA.

Abies firma.

A tall tivc often attaining a liright of 120 feet under cultivation,
Avitli an open head of irregular outline, the trunk 4 — 6 feet in
dianrcter covered Avith greyish bark fissured into small plates. In
Great Britain the hark of the oldest trees is pale brown with numerous
transverse wrinkles. Branchlets distichous and opi)osite with an
occasional athcntitious weaker growth l:)eneath the normal pair. Buds small.

Fig. 130. Foliage of Abies firnw. a, .stpi'ilo — b, fertile braiichlet.

ovoid-glol)o.se with ovate, chestnut-brown perular scales. Leaves persistent
seven — nine years, narrowly linear-lanceolate, 0*5 — 1-75 inch long,
spirally inserted ; <>n the lower sterile In-anches liifid at the apex,
pungent and pseudn-distichous in three — ^ four ranks; on the upper
fertile l)iaiiclies incurved with an obtuse or emarginatc apex ; dark lustrous
green with a sliallow median groove above, ]>aler and faintly glaucescent
along the stomatiferous bands below. Staminate flowers* numerous
along the undi'i
c(mic, O'o iiii'Ii
like inv
i-yliiidrir
diameter

■;ide of short lateral and terminal Immchlets, ovoid-

iig, surrounded at the liase liy broadly ovate, scale-

ucvid laaits in two — three .series. ('ones cylindric or conic-

variablr in sizi-, 4 — 6 inches long and I'.") — 2 inches in

scales transversely i-eniform, suddenly contracted on tlie

Communicated from Tnrtwortli diurt, Glou(;('stt'rshiie.

ABIES FIR MA.

507

basiil sidt' til a short cuiicatt' claw ; bracts linear sjiatliulati', loii»>"er
than the scali' and tcrminatiu.n in an acimiiiiatc iinurn. 8ei'(l wings
bniadly obovatc-ciiueati'.

Allies tiniia, Sieliold and Zuceariui. Fl. Jaj). II. l.^, t. 107 (1842). Carriere,
Traite Conif. ed. II. 286. Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, ,^3, with tigs.
McXali in Proceed. R. Irish Acad."^ II. ser. 2, 68(5, tig. 14. Masters in .lourn.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 514; Gard. Cliron. XII. (1879), p. 198; and Journ. K. Hort.
Soc. XIV. 191. Bei.ssner, Xadelliolzk. 450. with tig. Mayr, Abiet des Jap.
Reiehes, 34, Tafel I. Hg. 2.

A. hitida, Siebold and Zueeariin. Fl. Jap. II. 18 t. 109 (1842). Carriere, Traite
Conif. ed. II. 289.

A nndiellata, ^Mavr. Abiet. des Jap. Reiehes 31, Tafel I. tig. 1 (1890).

Picea tirnia. (iordon. Pinet. ed. II. 284.

Finns tirnia, Endlicher, Synops, Conif. 99. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 424.

Eng. Japanese Silver Fir. Germ. Japanische Weisstanne. Jap. Monii, To-mond.

Ahics firma is the largest and handsomest of the Japanese Abies,
much resembling tlie European A. pcdinata in habit and aspect.

Requiring generally a higher average
temperature than the European
Sih'er Fir, A.finna scarcely exceeds
it in average height, although
individual trees of gigantic
dimensions are frequent owing
to the preference given to it for
planting in temple enclosures in
which trees upwards of 150 feet
high have been ol)served, when it
usually takes the form represented
in the accompanying illustration.
It is only in enclosed places, or
where crowded with other trees,
that A. Jirmx forms a straight
tapering shaft ; in more open places
the trunk is often bent and irregu-
larly branched. According to Mayr
its habitat is within the warmer
temperate region of Japan lying
between the thirty - fourth and
thirty - sixth parallels of north
latitude where it is still to be
found wild in the less accessible districts in small groves or standing
singly in the midst of deciduous trees. Its vertical range varies
consideialdy ; at its northern limit it ascends no higher than
700 feet, whilst at its southern limit it is found at nearly
7,000 feet aliove sea-level. Everywhere else it has been planted as an
ornamental tree in parks, gardens and temple enclosures as far north
as the fortieth parallel beyond which it is not seen. As it
was detected hy ]\Ir. James H. Yeitch in southern Corea it is

Vig. l;i]. Abies fir

in Japan.

508

ABIES FIRMA.

Jai)an,

highly probable tliat its geographical range is not restricted to

but that it is also distributed over

a considerable area of the coast

region of the Asiatic continent

far into Amurland if the A.

hoIopJnjUd of Maxiniowicz should

l)rove to be the same species.

First seen by Tliunl)erg

(huiug liis brief stay in

-bipau in 1777, Init referred

by him to tlie European

Ahit'^ pedinafa, A. Jinna

became definitely known to

science tlu'ougli Siebold and

Zuccarini's descri})tion and

tigures published in 1842 from

specimens gathered by the first

named author who only saw

trees in cultivation in gardens

at Nagasaki and along the main

road leading from that place to

Tokio. Til addition to these

they also ])ulilislied a figure

and descri]ition of a sterile

branchlet luider the name of

.4. hifida, in the belief that

it Ijelonged to another species

whence lioth names came into

use in European gardens for

a time. A. finna was intro-

ducetl in 1861 Ijy the late

John Gould Veitch, and again

in 1878 Ijy Maries who observed

great variability in the foliage

and habit of the cultivated trees.

It lias, however, proved dis-

aj)j)oiuting b(jth in (ireat IJritain

and the north-eastern States of

America which may be explained

by Mayr's statement respecting

its liabitat.* As a tind)er tree

Afiif'x firiini is not nuicli in

rejjute ; tlie WmA is soft,

straight-grained and easy to

Avork but not durable ; it is

scarcely <listinguishable fr(un

that of A. jHicfinata.

The l)est si>eciinen8 known to me are — at Castle Kennedy, a licantitul tive :5.'i feet high,
in robn.st healtli ; at Hannvood, Co. Meath, a smaller tree Imt in ixM/'eet condition ; at
Tortworth Court, a tree over 30 feet high, but not so well clianieterised as the two
preceding ones ; and at Carclew, in Cornwall, a tree over .">0 feet high that lias lost its
lowermost branches from overcrowding.

Cone of Ahivs finna
of Homlo.

owl.iiuls

ABIES FKASEltl. 509

Abies Fraseri.

A slender sluirt-livi'il tree with a trunk rarely attainin^i; a lieiulit of
70 feet and a diameter of 2"5 feet ; more commonly 30 — 40 feet
high and 18 — 24 inehe>; in diameter near the ground and covered with
greyish hrown liark marked with broad shallow fissures. Branches
s[)reading, slender, rather close-set and ramified distichously. Branchlets
opposite or alternate with pale furrowed bai'k. Buds ovoid-cylindric, with
small chestnut-brown i)erul8e usually coated with a film of resin.
Leaves persistent four — five years, linear, flat, obtuse or emarginate,
0*25 — 0"75 inch long, spirally inserted on the axis and s[)reading at
nearly a right angle to it, dark green above, with a })ale stomatiferous
band on each side of a distinct midrib Ijelow. 8taminate flowers
axillary near the tips of the branchlets, numerous, often crowded,
cjdindric, 0'25 inch long, surrounded at the base by a few involucral
bracts. Cones solitary or in clusters of two and three together, ovoid-
cylindric, about two inches long and somewhat more than an inch
Ijroad ; scales orlucular-cuneate with entire apical margin and contracted
on the basal side to a narrow claw ; bract longer than the scale,
oblong-cuneate, mucronate, with lacerated margins . and reflexed ti}).

Abies Fraseri, Liudley in Penny Cyclop. I. 30 (1833). Forbes, Pinet. Wobiu-n,
111, t. 38. Link in Linn«?a, XV. 531. Caniere, Traite Conif, ed. II. 270.
Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. MeXali, Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 684, tig. 10.
Sargent in Garden and Forest, II (1889), p. 472, with fig. ; and Silva N. Anier.
XII. 105, t. 609. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 462. Masters in Gard. Chron. VIII.
ser. 3 (1890), p. 684, with fig. ; and Journ R. Hort. Soc XIV. 191.

Picea Fraseri, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV'^. 2340, with figs. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. 11. 205.

Pinus Fraseri, Land)ert, Genus Finns, ed. II. Vol. II. t. 42 (1837). Endlieher,
Synops. Conif. 91. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 419.

Eng. Eraser's Fir. Anier. Double Balsam Fir. Genu. Eraser's Balsanitanne.
Ital. Abete di Eraser.

Discovered by the Scotch botanist and collector whose name it
bears so long ago as the first decade of the nineteenth century, it
is remarkable that very little was definitely known of the habitat
of Ahirs Fraseri till the publication of the article by Professor
Sargent in the " Garden and Forest" (juoted above, from which the
following particulars are taken : —

" Ahies Fraseri is found only on a few of the highest slopes of
the southern Appalachian mountains of Carolina and Tennessee between
4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, so that next to .-1. hradeafa it is by
far the most restricted in its distrilnition of the North American
Allies. The principal forest covers the high slopes of the Black
Mountain range, a lateral spur from the Blue Ridge near Ashville in
Xorth Carolina."

Ahies Fraseri Avas first distributed from the Hammersmith nursery
of Messrs. Lee, shortly after i'raser's death in 1811, but it has now
become extremely rare in British Pineta. The tree is short-lived, and
the original introducticms have prol^ably long since disappeared ; moreover
seeds of a variety of A. halsaruea with slightly exserted bracts collected
in Pennsylvania have been substituted for it, and plants raised from
these are occasionally met with in nursery and other gardens. Within

510 ARIES GRANDIS.

the last twenty years the true A. Frmeri of Carolina has heen
(listrihnted from the Arnold .Vrl xn-etiun, IMassachusetts, U.S.A., among
the amateurs of North America and Europe ; it has, liowever, proved
practically worthless for British arl)oriculture. The wood is coarse-
grained, not easily worked, and soon decays on exposure to the weather.

JoHX FkaseVv (17.^0 — 1811) was a native of Iiiveniesss-shirt'. He came to Lourlon in
1770. and liaving ol>tained the assistance of Sir J. E. Smith, first President of the Linnean
Society, Mr. Alton of the Royal Gardens at Kew, and other prominent botanists of that time,
he proceeded to North America to collect plants. He landed in Newfoundland in 1780 where
he remained for some time. In 1785 he went to the southern States wiih the view of
ox]iloring the Alleghany mountains and neighbouring territory of which little was known
Itotanically. Here lie became cognisant of the wealth of plants suitable for British horticul-
ture with' which the region abounds, and to the introduction of which he may l)e said to
have devoted the greater jtart of the remainder of his life. Between 1780 and 1795 lie
crossed and re-crossed the Atlantic four times, disposing of his collections on each occasion
to London nurserymen and to amateurs who chose to jiurchase them. In 1795 he visited
Russia and secured the patronage of the Empress Catherine which was continued by her
.successor the Emjieror Paul, but it resulted in disastrous consequences to himself. In 1799
accompaiued by his son .John he again embarked for the southern States, and in the
following year proceeded to Culia. The vessel was wrecked on a coral reef about eighty
miles frojii Havana, and after six daj^s of suffering, he, with six of the crew, was picked
ui) by a Sjianish boat and conveyed to Havana where he met the distinguished German
travellers Hundioldt and Bonpland, who i)rocured foi- him ])ermission to explore the island.
Returning to America in 1802, Eraser embarked for England, l)ut misfortune again attended
him, for after being at sea some time the ship s[iraug a leak, and passengers and crew
were compelled to laViour at the pumjis iiight and day till they reached the nearest land.
On arriving in England a still heavier trial awaited him in the intelligence which he received
(if the death of his patron the Emperor Paul. He rejiaired, however, to St. Petersburg to
claim the recomiiense to which he deemed himself justly entitled, but after months of
disheartening delay his claim was finally rejected by the Emperor Alexander. In 1807
again accompanied l)y his son John, he undertook another long and perilous journey through
tiie wild forest region of the southern States, and returned to England in 1810. A short
time previous to his embarkation, while returning from the mountains of Charlestown, his
horse fell and he unfortunately broke several of his rilis, the distance from .surgical aid
acfravatinci- the conse(|Uences. For several months after reaching London he was confined
to his bed tdl death released him from his sufferings in April, 1811. Among the jilants
introduced by him were Rhododendron catawbiense, Jt. {Azaha) calendulaceum, Androvuda
Horihunda, A. ■ipcciosa, A. Catesbcei, Phlox amcena, P. subulate, Sarraccnia ruhr<i, and
manv others of far greater horticultural value than th(^ Abies that commemoiates his

Abies grandis.

A lofty tree, the tallest in the gcinis, attaining a height of
250—300 feet in tlie valleys of western Oregon and Washington,
hut nuich less on the mountain slopes at its Inghcst vertical limit.
Trunk tajjering and slender in proportion to ludght, 3 — .5 or more feet
in diaiueter near the ground,* covered witli smooth hrownish hark.
In (ireat Jh'itain the hark of tlie oldest trei's is ti.ssured into thin
irregular plates cKjiosing a reddisli lirown inner corte.x. llrain-lies
horizontal or depressed, witli smootli striate(| hrowu hark. liram-ldets
disticlious and mostly opposite. IWids small, nxnid-cdiuc, suh-acute,
ahout 0-2o incli in <liameter, witli liglit reddisli Liowu jierular .scales
often covered with a film of translucent resin. Leaves persistent
five — .seven year.s, liiieai', ohtuse or emarginate, dark lustrous green with
a median groove ahove, jjalei' with two glaucous stoinatiferous Lamls

• A section of a trunk 317 years old in the Natural History Museum at Soufh Kensington
is i)^ feet in diameter inside the bark.

ABIES GIJANDIS. 511

lielow ; (111 the lower .sterile liranehes pseudo-distieliuus, spreading in
doul;)le rows at nearly a right angle to the axis almost in a flat
horizontal i)lane ; those in the lower row 1-75 — 2*25 inches long, those
in the upper one 0*5 — 1 inch long ; on the upper fertile branches pointing
in various directions but mostly iipwards at a small angle to the
axis and nearly all of equal length. Staminate flowers shortly stipitate,
eylindric, 0*5 inch long, light violet-pink and surrounded at the base l)y
small, involucral bracts in two — three series. Cones sessile or sub-
sessile, slightly narrowed at the obtuse apex, 4 — 5 inches long and
1-5— 2 inches in diameter; scales closely imbricated, crescent-shaped
passing into broadly fan-shaped, incurved along the ex})osed margin and
shortly clawed ; bracts small, variable in size and shape but always
shorter than the scale, sub-sjiathulate with an apiculus at the apex.
Seed-wings broadly wedge-shaped.

Abies graiidis, Lmdley in Penny Cyclop. I. 30 (1833). Forbes, Pinet. Woluun,
123, t. 43 (1839). Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 290. McXab in Proceed. K.
Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 678, fig. 4. Engehnann in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), }>. 300 ;
XII. (1879), p. 684; and Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 118. Hoopes.
Evergreens, 211. Masters in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881\ \>. 179 ; Journ. Linn. Soc.
XXII. 174, with figs.; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 192. Beissner, Nadelholzk.
476, witli fig.

A. Gordoniana. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 298 (1867).

Picea grandis, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2347, Avith figs. Gordon, Pinet.
ed. II. 216.

Finns grandis, Douglas in Conij). Bot. Mag. II. 147 (1836). Eudlicher, Synops.
Conif. 10.".. Hooker, W. Fl. Bor. Amer II 163. Parhitore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 427.

Eng. Tall Silver Fir. Anier. "White Fir of Oregon. Genn. Grosse-Weisstanne,
Grosse Kiistentanne.

Abies grandis is a tree of the plains and valley.s rather than of
the mountains ; it attains its greatest development in the rich
moist soil of the lowlands of western Washington and Oregon. On
the mountains it nowhere ascends above 4,000 feet, and where this
elevation is reached its dimensions are much reduced. It occurs
in Vancouver Island and British Columbia whence it spreads
vsouthwards in the vicinity of the coast to Mendocino in north
California : inland it spreads through Oregon and Washington as
far as the Bitter Boot mountains of Idaho and the Eocky
Mountains of northern Montana its eastern limit. Its economic
value to the inhabitants of these States is considerable ; the wood
is light, soft and easily worked but not strong ; it is chiefly used
for indoor carpentry, packing cases, cooperage, etc.

Abies iirandis w'as discovered by David Douglas during his excursion
up the Columbia river in 1830, of which mention has been alreadv
made irnder A. amabiUs. He sent seeds to the Horticultural Society
of London, of which very few appear to have germinated, as Loudon
mentions that there was birt one plant, a foot high, in the Society's
garden at Chiswick in 1837, but others had been distributed among
the Fellows.* Xo more seeds of Abies i/mndis were received in this
country for nearly a (juarter of a century. In 1851 William Lobb

* Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, Vol. II. ser. 3. p. 376, Init I
have been unable to discover any of them, unless the tree at Dropniore is one.

512

ABIES GHANDIS.

made an excursion to tlu' CoInniMa valley and collected seeds of this
and other coniferous ticcs Avliich wcic received at the Veitchian
nursery at Exeter in tlie followiuLi,- yi'ar ; and about the same time
seeds were received liy the Seottish ( )reedn Association from their

collector, John rIetiVey, from
Avhich orij^inated the many tine
specimens growing in Perthshire
and adjacent counties. It is a
singular fact that another Cfuarter
of a century elapsed before any
further consignments of seeds
of A. (jnindix reached Great
Britain, a circumstance that
can 1k^ partly accounted for
l)y the difficulty of i)rociU'ing
cones that are ]n'oduced only
near the tops of lofty ti'ees
over 200 feet high.

In ( Treat Britain AJneif
i/faii'fi.'< is a fast-growing tree,
its leader shoot increasing in
height annually from 18 to 27
inches according to locality, Ijut
much more in exceptionally
favoured spots such as occur
in parts of Scotland, in AVales
and in Ireland.* The branches
spread mostly in a horizo]ital
direction, the tree })resenting
in outline the form of an
elongated cone less formal than
A. (-onroJor. As a park and
landscape tree it is one of
the best of the Abies, but
it is less suitable for the
lawn unless a space with a
radius greater than twenty-five
feet can be allowed for it.
The Qxcellent ([uality of the
timber of A. (/raiuli-'<, its
rapid growth and hardiness,
and its adaptability to many
soils and situations, all jioint
to it as a suitable tree for
attbresting waste lands in this
country, especially in localities
in which the climatic conditions cfmie nearest to those of Oregon and
British Columbia. The oldest trees in tliis country are cone-bearing,
and .seeds are therefore easily i)rocurable.

* At Riccarton in Midlnthiiui an yibies grandis fnew 5-3 feet in twelve yeai-s, or an
avera<^(' (if 4 feet .') inches annually (Conifer Conferenee Rejiort, \>. 82). Other reniarkalilj'
vigorous trees are ^Towinji at Penrliyn Castle, Kevesby AMiey, Orton Hall, Eiv-stnor Castle,
Madresfielfl Court, Monk Coniston, Dojj.hiuton, Poltallocli," Castle Menzies, Abercairney,
Murthly Castle, The Cairnies, Carton, Curiaj,'liniore, l'<werscourt, and many other places.

Cone of Abies grunili

AlUES IIOMOLEPIS. 513

Abies homolepis.

A massive luouiitain tree 70 — 90 feet liigli, but occasionally higher at
its lower vertical limit ; in old age with a broad round head, the upper-
most branches longer than those below them. Bark of trunk greyish
brown Avitli broad, shallow fissures exposing a reddish brown inner
cortex. Branchlets rigid, distichous and opposite with an occasional
weaker shoot on the under side of the normal pair ; bark light tawny-
brown distinctly Hated with cortical outgrowths obliquely decurrent from
the pulvini of the leaves. Buds broadly conic with ovate-lanceolate,
chestnut-brown perular scales. Leaves persistent five — seven j^ears,
linear, mucronate or obtuse, 0'75 — 1-2.5 inch long, spirally insertecl but
by a twist of the short petiole pseudo-distichous in three-four ranks,
grass-green \Aith a narrow median groove above, with two white
stomatiferous bands beneath. Cones sessile, variable in size, cylindric,
obtuse, 3 — -t-o inches long and 1 — 1-75 inch in diameter, at first violet-
purple changing to dark brown when mature ; scales closel}^ imbricated,
reniform with a short, cuneiform claw, the entire outer margin incurved ;
bracts shorter than the scales, spathulate, mucronate with notched margins.
Seed wings broadly obovate.

Abies homolepis, Siebold and Zucearini, Fl. Jap. II. 17, t. 108 (1842). Carriere,
Ti-aite Conif. ed. I. 215 (1855) ; and ed. II. 290 (1867). Masters in Journ. Linn.
Soc. XVIII. 518; Gard. Cliron. XII. (1879), p. 823. with tig.; and Journ. R.
Hort. Soc. XIY. 192. Mayr, Abiet. des Jap. Reiches, 35, Tafel II. tig. 3.

A. brachyphylla, Maximowicz, Melanges Biolog. BuU. Acad. St. Petersb. X,
488 (1866). Masters in Gard. Chron. "XII. (1879), p. 556, with figs.; Joimi.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 515, with figs.; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 189. Kent in
Veitch's Manuah ed. I. 88, witli fig. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 453.

A. Harryana, :MeXab. in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 689, fig. 16 (1877).

Pieea brachyphylla, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 201.

Pinus homolepis, Endlicher, Sjmops. Conif. 101.

P. brachyphj-lla, Parlatore, D" C. Prodr. XVI. 424.

Eng. Nikko Silver Fir. Germ. Xikko-Tanne. Jap. Take-monu (Mountain-Fir),
Ura-sliiro Momi (White beneath).

Ahics Iwmokpis is a native of the cooler temperate region of Japan

lying between the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth parallels of north

latitude. It is abundant on the central mountains in Nikko,

ascending to 5,000 feet, in places forming small stretches of pure

forest, but mostly " scattered singly or in small groups through

the l)irch and oak woods just below the belt of Hemlock Firs."

The wood, which much resembles that of A. Jirma, is not much

used on account of the inaccessibility of the places where it grows.

Siebold and Zuccarini's figures of this species, including oidy two

liranchlets with foliage and two innnature cones, long remained an

enigma. By some authors the}- were referred to Ahie^ Jinna ; hy

others they were held to represent a distinct species ; whilst others

considered them to belong to the .^4. hrarliyj^)h)jUa of jShiximowicz.

The question was decided in favour of the last named view by

Dr. Heinrich Mayr, the author of the excellent " Monographie der

Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches," during his residence in Japan,

and Avhose opportunities of observing the trees in situ were far better

than those of any previous European botanist who visited that countr\'.

Abies homolepis at Castknvcllan, Co. l)uwn.

ABIES LASIOCAltPA.

515

The hrarliypliijlla oi Maxiinowicz beiii,n' the move recent name must
therefore sink as a synonym of the older lioiDolepu.

Abies liomolepis was introduced into European gardens about the
year 1870. Both in Great Britain and in the north-eastern States of
America it has proved to be one of the hardiest and most rapid
"■rowing of Abies, adding annually from 15 to 24 inches to the height
of the leader shoot according to locality, and forming in a few years
an elegant tree of broadly conical or jjyramidal outline. It thrives in
many situations not too much exposed to cold winds, and has
•adapted itself to the British climate better than any other Japanese
Abies.

Abies lasiocarpa.

A tall tree with an elongated spire-like top 80 — 100 feet high with
•a trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter ; at its greatest development nearly
■double these dimensions and at its northern aiid highest vertical limits
reduced to a low Ijusli or prostrate shrub. Bark of trunk of young-
trees, smooth silvery grey ; of
old trees, divided by shallow
fissures and roughened by
thick closely appressed scales
which are light reddish lirown
or nearly white on the surface.
Branches short, crowded, the
lower ones slightly pendulous,
liut on old trees the trunk
is bare for nearly half the
height. Branchlets distichous
and mostly opposite with pale
brown rugose bark. Buds
small, globose-conic, with red-
dish brown perular scales.
Leaves linear, crowded, nearly
erect by a twist at their
base, 0%5 — 175 inch long,
rounded or emarginate at
the apex, on the fertile
Ijranchlets Avith a short callous
tip ; with a median groove
(in the upper and two
Avhitish stomatiferous bauds
on the under side. Stami-
nate floAvers cylindric, 0*5
— 0'75 inch long Avith dark
indigo-blue anthers. Cones
olilong - cylindric, rounded,
truncate or depressed at
the narrowed apex, 2 "5 — 4
inclies long and 1 — 1"5 inch
in diameter. Scales gradually
narroAved from a broad rounded apex to a short cuneate base,
usually longer than broad ; bracts oblong-obovate, about one-third the

Fig. 134.

A cluster of yoiuig cones of Ahks lasiocarpa.

(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

516 AIUES MAflNIFICA.

Iriigtli (if the scale, al>ru[)tly eoutraeted at tlic apex iiitu a long
slender tip. Seed -wings nearly half as large as the scale. — Sargent,
Sifva of North Amerka, XII.' 113, t. 611.

Abies lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva III. 138 (1849). Mc-Nab in Proceed. R. Irish
Acad. II. ser. 2, 682, tig. 7. " Masters in Oard. Cliron. V. ser. 3 (1880), p. 172,
with figs. ; Jouni. Bot. "XXVII. 129, witli tbe same tii,'s. ; and Jimin. R. Hoit.
Soc. XIV. 192.

A. bifolia, Murray in Proceed. R Hurt, Soe. III. 320, with tig (186-3).

A. siibalpina, Engelniann, American X^atnralist, X. .555 (1876). Masters in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXII. 183, with tigs. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Amer. 10th
Census, U.S.A. IX. 211. Beissner, Nadelhokk. 463. Macoun, Cat. Canad.
Pkints, 474.

Pinus lasiocarpa, Hooker, AV., Fl. Bor. Amer. II. 163 (1840). Endlicher,
Sj'noi)s. Conif. 105.

Abies balsaniea, Torrey, Pacitie Ry. Reii. IV. [lart V. 141 (in part).

A. grandis, Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 296 (in jjart).

Pinus amaliilis, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 426 (in part).
And many otliers.*

Although the most widely distributed of the Sih'er Piis of western
America, Abies lasiocarpa is practically the least known of any of
them in Great Britain. The following sketch of its geographical
distribution is derived from the same authoritative source as the
description given above.

'^Allies lasiocarjM is an inhabitant of high nmuntain .slopes and
snnnnits and is distributed from at least lat. 61° X. in Alaska
southwards along the coast ranges to the Olympic mountains of
Washington and over all the high ranges of British Columliia and
Alberta ; it extends along the Cascade mountains of AVashington and
Oregon ; over the mountain ranges of Idaho, ]\Iontanu, AVyoming,
Colorado and Utah; and finds its southerly home on the San Francisco
peaks of Xorthern Arizona.! Its vertical range in ditferent parts of
the great region over which it is spread varies from 2,000 feet elevation
near its northern to 11,000 feet at its southern limit. The Avood is
light and soft but not strong nor durahlc ; it is prolialily little used
except for fuel."

Ahieti lasiocarpa has been sjiaiingly in cultivation in British gardens
under Engelniann's name of A. suhalpina for some years i)ast, but by
Avliom or when it was introduced no record is to be found. Healthy
young trees in ditierent i»arts of Great Britain should suggest a more
extended trial of it, especially in eximsed places. It is perfectly hardy
biit grows somewhat slowly, and such too is the experience of it in
the north-eastern States of Xortli America.

Abies magnifica.

A gigantic tree 150—250 or more feet high, the trunk {<— 10 feet
in diameter near the ground and covered with thick deeply tis.sured
red-brown bark and u.sually free of l)ranches for 100 or more feet

* Probably no speciis ot Abies has been involved in more confusion as regards its
identification and nomenclature than the sul>Ject of tiie present notice. It would now he
superfluous to enter into any examination of the causes of the confusion, for the clearing
up of wliidi science and hoiticulture are mainl\- indebted to Dr. Maxwell Masters in whose
elaborate articles in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" and "Journal of Botany" quoted above,,
the ijuestion is fully discussed and finally set at rest.

t That is to say — a meridional range of nearly 30°.

Al'.lES MAGXIFICA.

from til.' lusc. Ill (iivat Uritaiu a formal tivc nf vatliev slow -rowtli,
the trunk rovcred -with smooth asli-lirowu 1>ark. Branches short in
comiiarison with height of trunk, rioidly horizontal and raniitieil laterally
only; branehlets opposite, rarely alternate, and inclined forwards at an
angle varying from 45' to 60° to theiv jirimaries, short, rigid and

covered with reddish
brown bark. Buds

small, ovate, acute, red-
dish brown. Leaves
l)ersistent eight — ten.
years, obscurely four-
angled, obtuse or suV
acute, 0-5 — 1 -5 inch
long, greyish or glaucous

Fig. 130. Foliage of fi'itile biaiiclUet (3f.4/»ti's mf/g)n>'fo. green with two pale

stomatiferous lines on
the lower side, spirally crowded around the liranchlets, the longer
ones on the under side of sterile branchlets pseudo-distichous in
three — four ranks ; the shorten' ones on the upper side either erect
or pointing in the direction of the axis at a greater or less angle
to it ; on the fertile branchlets all upturned and more or less
falcately curved. Staminate flowers cylindric, 0*5 — 0-75 inch long,
Avith reddish crimson anthers. Cones among the largest in the
genus, cylindric, olituse, 6 — 9 inches long and 3 — 5 inches in
diameter, at first violet-purple changing to dark sepia-brown at maturity;
scales triangular-cuneate with the longer exposed margin rounded and
incurved ; bracts lanceolate with a small mucro at the apex about
three-fourths as long as the scale. Seeds angulate Avith a broad
sul")-obovate Aving.

Aides luaguilica, Murray in Proceerl. R. Hort. Soc. III. 318, with tigs. (1863).
Engehiuinn in Card. Chron. XII i,lS79), p. 685; and Brewer and Watson's Bot.
Califor. II. 119. Masters in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885), p. 652. with tigs. ; and
Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 193. Beissner, Xadelhokk. 482, witli fig. Sargent,
Silva N. Amer. XII. 137, tt. 618, 619.

A. nobilis var. robusta, Carriere, Tiaite Conif. ed. II. 269 (1867).

A. nobilis var. niagnitica. Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXII. 189, with figs. (1886).

Picea magnitica, Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 219 (1875).

Pinus ainaliiUs, Parlatore, D. C. Piodr. XVI. 426 (in part).

Pseudotsuga magnifica, MeX'ab in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 700, fig. 30.

Amer. Red Fir. Germ. Priichtige Weisstanne.

var.— shastensis.

A smaller tree with more slender foliage and usually ellipsoid (not
cylindric) shorter cones the bi-acts of which, 0-5 — 1 inch long, protrude
from betAveen the scales, reflexed and suddenly contracted to an
acuminate point ; " the large purple cones thus decked out Avith
tasselled fringes are most beautiful objects."

A. magnifica A-ar. shastensis, Leinmon, X. W. Amer. Cone-bearers, 62 (1895).
Sargent, Silva X. Amer. XII. 138, t. 620. A. shastensis, Lemmon in Garden
and Forest, X. 184. A. nobilis robusta, Masters in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885);
p. 652, fig. 147 (not Carriere).

Abies magnifica inhabits chietly the mountains of Oregon and
California. On the Cascade mountains it is common between 5,000
and 7,000 feet elevation and also on the western slopes of the

Aides ina<jniji'-a at Murtlil}- Castle, ' Perth^hin'.

AHIES MAGNIFICA. 519

Sierra Nevada between 6,000 and 9,000 feet, in some places forming
pure forests of great extent, in others mixed with Tsuga 3fertcnsiana
at its higher, and Pinus ijondcrosa and Abies concolor at its lower
limit. It also forms a large and exclusive forest on the high plateau
of lava formerly erupted from Mount Shasta in north California
whence it spreads southwards along the western slopes of the
Sierra Xevada to Kerr County.

On the .southern slopes of Shasta the trees becouic a dark, gloomy

assemblage of massive black trunks, covered on the north side from

the base to the lowest branches with a bright yellow lichen ; the lower

branches are draped here and there with long, sweeping festoons of black

film}' lichen, giving a funereal aspect to the whole scene, scarcely

relieved by the twitter of the red squirrel, the long Availing note of

the woodpecker or the occasional cry of the bald eagle.*

The forest here described is composed of the variety sliastcnsis,

distinguished from the typical Abies mei.gnijicci. chiefly by its shorter

cones with exserted bracts. This variety, so far as at present known,

is but sparingly represented in British gardens.

Abies magnijica was introduced into Great Britain in 1851 by tlie
Scottish Oregon Association through their collector John Jeffrey, who,
believing it to be the A. amabilis of Douglas, sent home cones and
seeds under that name, and the seedlings were subsequently distributed
among the memljers of the Association as A. amabilis. In the
following year William Lobb collected cones of this tree for the
Yeitchian firm at Exeter ; he also, supposing it to be the A. amahilis
of Douglas, affixed that name to his collection ; the seedling plants
not conforming to the true amabilis of wdiich there was at that
time a good specimen at Bicton with which comparison could l)e
made, and more closely resembling A. nob His, they were distributed
as A. nobilis rohusta, the name adopted by Carriere in the second
edition of his "Traite General des Coniferes," published in 1867.

]\Iany tine specimens of Abies magmfiea are dispersed over the country
especially in Scotland in the grounds of former members of the Oregon
Association. (_)ur illustration represents a beautiful and characteristic
tree at Murthly Castle in Perthshire from a photograph kindly lent
for tlie purpi)se by Lady Stewart of Grantully.f Abies hia<jninea is
hardy in nearly all parts of Great Britain, being rarely injured bj'
spring frosts ; its rate of growth, except under very favourable conchtions
of soil and climate, is rather slow, the leader shoot rarely adding more
than 9 — ^12 inches to its height annually; it is one of the best of
the Abies for the la^Yll, not requiring much room, a space with a
radius of not more than 10 — 12 feet being sufficient for it.

* Leiiimon, Cone-bearers of North-west America, p. 63.

i Among other tine specimens wortlij' of note are those at the following places. In
England — Orton Hall, Revesby Abbey, Cheswardine, Hewell Grange, Bayfordbiiry, Digswell
Rectory, Warnham Court; in Scotland— Glamis Castle, Dnrris, Ochtertyre, Rossie Priory,
The Cairnies, Haddo House, Castle Kennedy, and )nany others ; in Ireland — Shane's Castle,
Powerscourt, Abbey Leix, Castlewellan, etc.

520 ABIES MAliIP:,SIl.

As a spcL-ios, the nearest affinity of A/jtes iiunjnifira is ^l. nohilis
with which it has been often confused. The economic properties of
.4. mai/jup'''a are not very favourably rei»ortetl on ; tlie woocl is light
and rather coarse-grained, duralilc in cdiitact with the soil but liable
to warp ; it is largely used for fuel and for coarse timber constructions.

Abies Mariesii.

A medium-sizt'd tree 40 — 50 feet high but at its southern limit
GO — 75 feet high with close-set, relatively short spreading branches
forming a compact pyramid. Branches stoutish, covered with lirown
bark marked with circular scars of fallen leaves. Branchlets distichous
and opposite, given off from their jjrimaries at an angle of about 45°,
the young shoots "svith a dense brown pubescence. Buds small, gloljose
with dark brown closely appressed perulae. Leaves 0*25 — 0"75 inch
I(jng, narrowly linear, obtuse or emarginate, tapering at tlie base into
a very short petiole ; the midrib depressed on the upper and prominent
on the lower side, dark green above, paler with two Avhitish stomatiferous
bands below, the longer leaves on the lower side oi the l)ranchlets
pseudo-distichous in three — four ranks, the shorter ones on the iipper
side pointing forwards and iipwards and loosely imbricated. Staminate
flowers not seen. Cones l)roadly fusiform or sub-cylindric, narrowed at
the base and apex, deep violet-blue changing to dark brown when
mature ; scales suborbicular, somewhat broader than long, with a cuneate
l)ase and an entire slightly incurved apical margin ; bracts half as
long as the scales, obovate-oblong, retuse, Avith a small central mucro.
Seed wings broadly Avedge shaped, entire.

Allies j\Iariesii, Masters in Gard. Cliron. XII. (1879), p. 788, with tig. ; Jouni.
Liim. Soc. XVIII. 519, ; and Joimi. R. Hort. Soc XIV. 193. Kent in Veitch's
Manual, ed. I. 100. Mayr, Abiet. des Jap. Reiches, 40, Tafel II. tig .5.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 455.

This very distinct Silver Fir was discovered by Mr. Charles Maries
<jii ]\Iount Hakkoda near Aomori in the extreme north of Hondo
in 1878 ; he also met with it in Nikko on the central mountains,
and recently it has l)een found in two or three localities on the
mountains of southern Yeso by Japanese botanists. On Hakkoda it
is common at 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation mixed with deciduous
trees ; in Nikko it ascends considerably higher but occurs more
sparingly. Abies Mariesii is thence an alpine tree with a comparatively
restricted habitat, occupying a geographical position between that
of A. Veitchii and A. sachalinensis ; its nearest affinity is, however,
A. homolc^ns. Nothing is known of its economic properties.

Seeds were sent to ^Messrs. A'eitcli by Maries in 1879 but very few
plants were raised from them, and frijm these as well as from the
younger seedlings raised from a consignment received ten years later,
no definite statement respecting the suitableness of the sjiecies for
British arboriculture can be made furthiM' than that it lias jn-oved to
be quite hardy but of very slow gniwth. The young plants in this
country have a Tsuga-like aspect with the leaves much crowdeil and
shorter than those of any (jther Abies.

AF.IKS XOP.ILIS.

521

Abies nobilis.

\ statolv tree attaining a heiolit that varies in individuals according

to locality and environment from 100
trunk 4 — 5 feet in diameter near the
base, covered with reddish Itrown
bark in its native forests ; smooth in
the younger trees, deeply fissured into
broad ridges in the older ones : in
Great Britain the trunk gradually
tapering and frequently marked -with
large resinous blisters. Branches

psendo-whorled, for the most jiart
spreading horizontally, the Liwermost
usually made decumlxmt by the
■weight of their appendages. Branchlets
opposite, often crowded, rigid with
reddish Virown bark and densely
clothed with foliage, the herbaceous
shoots i^ubescent. I]uds small, globose,
almost concealed by the apical leaves,
the perular scales thickish and reddish
brown. Leaves persistent seven — ten
years, close-set, spirally arranged around
the stems, 0-5 — 1-5 inch long, linear,
sub-falcate, oljtuse or shortly nmcronate ;
with a shallow groove along the niid-
ril), and dull Uuish green, often
glaucous al)ove, with a glaucous

to 200 or more feet, with a

Fig. 136. Fertile branchlet \Yith cone of Abies nobilis about one-half uat. size.

522 ABIKS NOBILIS.

[<t(nnatifc'rous liaiul on eacli side of tlu' midi'ilj below ; those on the
under side of the shoot pseudo-distiehous hy a twist at the base to
bring them into a horizontal position, those on the upper side curved
upAvards and inwards. Staminate flowers shortly pedicelled and closely
packed mostly on the under side of the branchlets, cylindric, aboiit
an inch long and often curved, reddish crimson, surrounded at the base
by triangular-ovate involucral liracts in three — foiu" series. Cones among
the largest in the genus, cylindric, obtuse, 6 — 8 inches long and
2 — 3 inches in diameter.* Scales triangular with an acute awl-shaped
claw, about 1 inch long and 1'25 incli broad, the exposed apical
margin entire and incurved ; l)racts longer than the scales, cuneate-
spathulate, exserted and bent downwards, with an aciuiiinate flattened
mucro 0"5 inch long at the apex. Seed wings l:)roadly wedge-shajied,
irregularly truncate at the apex.

Abies nobilis, Lindley in Penny Cyclop. I. 30 (1833). Forbes, Pinet. WobuiD,
115, t. 40. Link in Linntea, XV. 532. Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 268.
Engelmann in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), p. 334 ; XII. (1879), p. 684, in part ;
and Brewer and Watson's Bot. Califor. II. 119. Masters in Jonru. Linn. Soe.
XXII. 188, t. 4 (excl. hab. Mt. Shasta and var. niagnitica) ; Gard. Chron. XXIV.
(1885), p. 652, with tig. ; and Journ. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 193. Beissner,
Nadelliolzk. 484, with figs. Sargent. Silva X. Amer. XII. 133, t. 617.

Picea nobilis, Loudon, Arl). et Frut. Brit. IV. 2342, with figs. Lawson, Pinet.
Brit. II. 181, tt 28, 29. and figs. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 207.

Psendotsuga noliilis, MeXab in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 699, tig. 29.

Pinus nobilis, Douglas in Comp. Bot. Mag. II. 147. Endlicher, Synops. Conif.
90. Parlatore, I). C." Prodr. XVI. 419.

Eng. Nolile Fir. Amer. Red Fir, Larch Fir of Oregon. Genu. Edle-Weisstanne.
Ital. Abete nobile.

Ahics nobilis forms large forests along the slopes of the Cascade
mountains of Oregon from the Upper liogue river to the Columbia
with a vertical range of l)etween 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ;
it also occurs along the coast range of Oregon in much fewer
numbers but where it attains its greatest indi\'idual development ; it
has also recently been found on Mount Kanier in Washington u[>
to 5,000 feet elevation l)ut nowhere wild in California. It was
originally discovered by David Douglas during bis first mission to
north-west America near the Grand Kapids of the (Jolumbia river
in 1825, but it was not till his second mission and during his
excursi(jn up the Columbia in 1830 that he was able to collect seeds
and send them to Englaiul.

At that time the great forests which covered the Cascade mountains

had probably not been }ienetrated by the white man ; half a century

later, a railway traversed the country ; saw-mills have been established

on the principal streams, and the once great forest of Abies nobilis

which made so vivid an impression on David Douglas and others who

sid)se(piently visited it, is fast disapi)earing under the axe of the

lum1)erer. It is by no means rash to surmise what its fate will be

Avithin the next lialf century unless the State intervenes to arrest its

total destruction.

As an ornamental tree for the lawn, ]>aik and landscape, Abica

nobilis ranks among the best of the Silver Firs ; its outline is regular

*• Usually .smaller in the forests of Oregon.

^^■-

Abies nohilis 60 feet high.

524 AlWKS XOIilLLS.

withiuil l)eiiig' too formal; it is dense with braiiclilets and foliage
without l)eing sonihre ; its dark green foliage with a soft glaucous
hue, often heightened to silvery whiteness under certain conditions
of soil and environment, is most distinct whether looked at alone
or in contrast to that of other trees; its large handsome cones which
are produced freely even on comparatively young trees are a striking
<n'nament of this species. Numerous fine specimens scattered over
well nigh the whole of Great Britain and Ireland, attest its
adaptahility to the British climate ; the average yearly increase in
heiglit of the leader shoot varies from climatic and other causes from
15 to 25 inches and even more in localities particularly favourable for
its development. As the lowermost branches of the largest trees
growing in this country rarely exceed 25 feet in length, a space
with a radius a little more than this should be allowed for it
when planted for ornamental purposes.*

One of the most reinarkaljle arljoreal efl'ects produced by Ahies nohi/is
to be seen in this country is an avenue formed of it at Madresfield
Court, the seat of Earl Beaucliamp, in Worcestershire. This avenue
was planted in 1868 and the height of the trees composing it now range
from 50 — 60 feet ; tlie soil in which they are growing is a strong
loam approaching clay in consistency. The trees are arranged in two
rows, each roAV including twenty-five trees placed 45 feet apart ; the interval
between the rows is also 45 feet, a distance sufficient to allow a distinct
view of tlie whole from either end. The rate of growth of the
leadei's and tlie spread of brandies is remarkably uniform throughout;
tlie foliage of the youngest growtlis is highly glaucous, contrasting
strongly and eff'ectively with the dark green of the older leaves. Botli
staminate and ovuliferous flowers are produced in great quantities which
lend an additional feature to the trees during the early summer. Tliis
great fertility of the trees is doubtless owing, at least in jjart, to the
fact that they are all grafted on A. pedinafa, for as regards age,
they may still be considered to be in their infancy for Ahie^ 7iohilis.j
The wood of Abies nohilis is light, hard, strong and rather close grained,
and coloured light brown streaked with red.:J: It is durable when well
seasoned and suited for architraves, panelling and framing, also for
doors, windows, and the interior finish of dwelling houses generally.

* AiiKiii^' tlie Hut'st indvidiial trees worthy of esjieeial iiieiitioii, all of tlieiii over 70 feet high,
are the following:- In England at Monk Coniston, Lancashire; I'enrhyn Castle, Linton Park,
Tortworth Court and Highnam Court, Gloucestershire. In Seotland at Haddo House, Coul
House, Ross-shire ; I)u]iiilin Castle, Keir House, Murthly Castle, Oelitertyre and Scone
Palace in Peithshire. In Ireland at Fota Island, Birr Castle, Curiaglniiore.

t It will 1)6 useful to ]ilace on record the following additional facts respecting this
leniarkahle avenue. The present condition of the trees, as tin- illusti'ation sliows, is most
satisfactory. Mr. Crump, the gardener to Earl Beauchamp, informed the author that
towards the end of the "eighties" a very trouhlesome fungus came up thickly and
l)ersistently in a circle around each tree ; to destroy this, a good coating of lime was first
aj)]plied, followed by a dressing,' of ground hones with two cart-loa<ls of strong loam to each
tree with the result that the fungus was destniyed and the trees were invigorated.
Finther care is taken in their jircservation hy the removal of many of the cones as they
appear.

i Silva of Xorth America, XII. 13/J.

The Abies jwhili-s Avenue at Madrestield Coiut.

526 ABIES XOPvDMANNIANA.

Abies Nordmanniana.

A stately tree attaining a liciyht of 75—150 or more feet with a
tapering trunk 3 — 4 feet in diameter near the ground; the bark of
the oldest trees growing in Great Britain greyish brown, smooth or
marked with shallow tissures. Branches spreading, the lowermost
depressed, those al)Ove horizontal or ascending. Branchlets distichous
und opposite with light brown striated l;)ark. Buds globose-conic, al:)out
0-25 inch long, with reddish broAvn, l)roadly ovate, perular scales.
Leaves persistent seven— ten years, narrowly linear, obtuse or emarginate,
0-75 — 1 inch long, bright grass-green with a narrow median groove
above, paler with two whitish stomatiferous bands below; those on the
under side of the shoot pseudo-distichous in two— three ranks; those
on the upper side pointing forwards and loosely imbricated. Staminate
flowers crowded on the under side of the branchlets, ovoid-cylindric,
about 0-4 inch long; the involucral bracts at the base of each, scale-
like in three series and closely imbricated. Cones ovoid-cylindric,
sub-acute, 6 inches long and 1-5 inch in diameter, dark brown; scales
sub-reniform with a short cuneate claw, and with the outer edge entire or
minutely denticulate ; bracts oblong spathulate, cuspidate, longer than the
scale and exserted, reflexed at the apex, the exposed margin notched.

Allies Nordmanniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. XI. 418 (1842). Caniere, Tiaite
Conif. ed. I. 203 (1855) ; and ed. II. 276 (1867). Kegel, Gartenli. XXII. 259,
with tig. McNalj in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 694, tig. 22. Boissier,
Fl. orient. V. 703. Hooker til. Bot. Jlag. t. 6992. Masters in Gard. Chron.
XXY. (1886), p. 142, with tig. ; and Jonrn. R. Hort. Soe. XIV. 194.
Beissner, Nadelholzk. 434, with tig.

A. Eichleri, Lauch in Gartenzeit. 1882, p. 63. Henisk-y in Gard. Chron.
XVII. (1882), p. 145.

Picea Nordmanniana, Loudon, Eneycl. of Trees, 1042, with tic' (1842)
Gordon, Pinet. ed II. 208. "^

Pinus Nordmanniana, Steven, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838), p. 45, fig. 2.
Endlicher, Synops. Conif. 93.

P. Abies. Pallas, Fl. Ross. 6, t. 1. tig. g. (not Duroi), 1784. Parlatore, D. C.
Prodr XVI. 412, in part.

Eng. Nordniann's Fir. Germ. Nordmann's Tanne. Ital. Al)ete di Nordmann.

Abies Nordmanmana was first recognised as a distinct species by
the Finnish liotanist Alexander Nordmann who met with it in 1837
near one of the sources of the Kur river on the Adschur or Atskur
range of mountains in the Caucasian province of Imeritia wliere it
is very abundant. There is, however, sufficient evidence to show that
Nordmann was not the original discoverer of it, since the region
over \vliicli it is spread had ])een previously partially explored by
Pallas in tlie latter part of the eighteenth century and more fully
by Bieberstein iu the early i»art of the nineteenth century, both of
whom record a Silver Fir* but refer it to the common European
species which is nowhere found in the Trans-Caucasian pio\inces.
Since Nordmann's journey, the region has been frequently visited
both by Russian and German botanists, and the geographical range
of Ahics Nordmanniana can be defined with approximate accuracy: —

* Pallas, Flora Rossica, p. 6, t. 1, tig. g. (1784). Bieberstein, Flora Taurico-Caucasica,
Vol. II. p. 409 (1808).

Abies Nordmanniana at Castlewellan, Co. Down.

528 ABIES NOKDMANXIAXA.

It lias not bci'ii met with cast of the meridian of TiHis, its further
spicad ill that direetiou being prevented hy the arid cHmate of tlie
steppes of eastern Georgia and the plain of Shirvan ; it does not
occur north of the lofty chain of Caucasus projjer, nor is it kn(j\vn
to occur south of Uic boundary line separating the Russian from the
Persian provinces. In the central Caucasus it covers the greater part
of the mountain valleys from 3,500 — 6,000 feet elevation, ahnost
constantly associated with Picea ofipnfalix. It also occurs imder similar
conditions in I'ontish Armenia and Lazistan and more sparingly on the
mountanis around Trebizond, its western linut. The statement by
(ionlon and others and inadvertently repeated in the former edition of
this Manual that Ahies Nordmarnnana is common on the Crimean
moimtains is without foundation.

In the Avild state Ahiex Nordmanniana does not possess the elegant

and compact outline for which it is so much valued as an ornamental

tree in European gardens. In the damj:) coast region of Pontus it is

more or less rigidly pyramidal or even Cypress-like, but never shows

that luxuriant dark green as is seen in young plants under cultivation.

In the central Caucasus it gives the same general impression as the

common Silver Fir, the difference consisting only in the more slender

outline and in the presence of an abundance of gigantic specimens.*

The timber is said to be superior to that of the common Silver Fir;

it is used for building purposes generally throughout the Russian

Trans-Caucasian provinces.

Ahies Nordmanniana was introduced into European gardens about

the year 1848 or a little earlier, and is now well known as one of

the handsomest of Coriifers for ornamental planting. Its merits as a

landscape tree and the conditions under which it thrives in this

countiy are tersely summarised by a correspondent of the " Gardeners'

Chronicle" in the following paragraph:—

As an ornamental tree for landsca[)c gardening, few can compare
with it for beauty of outline, symmetry, and the rich contrast produced
in summer by tlie dark glossy green of the old and the light lively
tints of the young foliage ; and whether planted on the lawn or mixed
Avith other trees, it ne\'er fails to attract attention and to produce the
most pleasing efi'ect. This tree is also capable of acconnnodating itself
to a great variety of soils and situations, though, like other species of
Abies, it jtrefers a str<ing deep loanr rich in organic matter, not apt
to dry up in suiiiuiei' nnr retain U»> niucli umistuiv in winter. It
thrives rcuiurkably well in peat bogs and in hollow i)laccs where the
common Silver Fir suffers from late spring frosts ; in such situations
it stands unscathed. Cold stiff clays, poor in inorganic accunndations
are inimical to its gTOwth.f

One great advantage from a cultural standpoint, possessed Ity Ahies
Nordmamtiana is, that it does not cdiiinience its annual growth till
summer has fairly set in, when it jmslu's lajiidly for about eight weeks,
completing its growth in time for the young shoots to 1)ecome
.sufficiently mature before th(; approach of winter to enalde them to
endure without injury the .severest frosts known in this country. To

* Dr. G. Dieck in Oaiteiitloia. 1891, p. 2:jy.

t Emeigo ill tlie OanLueis' Cliionieh-, Yul. XVIII. (1882), p. 492.

ABIES NUMIDICA. 529

secure good speciiuons a space with a radius of not loss than 2") feet
should be provided for them.
Under cultivation Abies Nordinanniana sports into many varieties
in the seed bed, the de^^at^ons from the common type l)eing
observable chiefly in the haliit or foliage of the plant. In continental
nurseries some of these seminal forms have been distinguished Ijy
name as aurra, hrcvifoJix, gJauca, pcmlida, refracta, rohi'.sfa, etc.

Abies numidica.

A slender tree of moderate dimensions, the trimk rarely exceeding
50 — 60 feet in height and 10 — ^18 inches in diameter near the base
and with a dense pyramidal crown. Bark of triuik ash or greyish brown,
shghtly rugose. Branches in pseudo-whorls, spreading or ascending.
Branchlets distichous and opposite, covered with Hght reddish brovrn
bark ; on the younger shoots marked with shallow obhque ridges. Buds
globose-conic, sub-acute, about 0"5 inch long, hght chestnut-brown with
ovate, obtuse, closely imbricated and minutely fringed perular scales.
Leaves spirally crowded, persistent seven — nine years, linear, obtuse or
emarginate, slightly narrowed at the base, bright grass-green with a
narrow median groove above, with thickened midrib and margms and
two white stomatiferous bands beneath, 0"5 — 1 inch long, the longer
ones on the imder side pseudo-distichous in two — three ranks, the
shorter ones on the upper side erect or sub-erect. Cones solitary or
in clusters of three — five, sub-cylindric, shghtly tapering at the base and
apex, 0 — 6 inches long and 2 inches in chameter. Scales reniform,
contracted to a short claw, closely imbricated, the outer exposed margin
entire and incurved ; bracts shorter than the scale, narrowly spathulate,
mucronate. Seed A^dngs oblong, truncate, nearly as long as the scale.

Abies numidica, De Lanuov ex Carriere, Rev. Hort. 1866, pp. 106, 20-3 ;
Traite Conif. ed. II. -305 ; and Van Houtte's Flore des Serres, XVII. 9, t. 1717.
Masters in Gard. Chroii. III. ser. 3 (1888), p. 140 (in part and excl. tigs.); and
Jouin. R. Hort. See. XIV. 194. Beissner, Xadelholzk. 447.

A. Pinsapo var. baboreusis, Cosson in Bull. Soe. Bot. de France, VIII. 607
{novien nudum 1861). AVillkomra, Forstl. Fl. ed. II. 111.

A. baborensis, ilcXab in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 697, fig. 27 (1877).

Picea numidica, Gordon, Piuet. ed. II. 220.

Piuus Pinsapo, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 423 (not Boissier).

Eng. Algerian Fir. Fr. Sapin d'Algerie. Germ. Xunddische Weisstanue. Ital.
Abate d'Algeria.

The Algerian Fir, so far as at present known, has a very
restricted habitat on a part of the Atlas mountains lying witliin
the province of Kabylia (the ancient Xumidia), known as Babor and
Thababor, at an altitude of 4,000 to 6,000 feet ; it occurs chiefly
on the northern and eastern slopes of these mountains associated with
Cedrus aUantica and Taxus haccata, growing on limestone rocks with
a scanty covering of soil, but nowhere abundant. At this altitude,
snow falls in enormous quantities from December to April, and which
in the more exposed ravines is scarcely ever absent. The following-
account of its discovery and introduction into European gardens is
derived from Carriere's " Traite General des Coniferes," loc. cit. supra.

530 ABIES rECTINATA.

Abies numidica was disco vchkI by Captain Guibert in 1861. Shortly
afterwards MM. Letourneux and Perrandiere gathered branches of it
wliich tiiey brought to M. Cosson, a well-known botanist of that time,
Avho took the tree to be a variety of the Spanish Fir, A. Pinsapo.
It was M. de Lannoy, Superintendent of roads and bridges for the
province, who first recognised it as a species distinct from A. Pinsapo,
and who gave it the name of A. numidica. The first seeds were sent
to France about the year 1862 by M. Davout, Conservator-General
of the Algerine forests, and a little later, in 1864, by M. de Lannoy.

From France the species has found its way into Great Britain but
in numbers so restricted that up to the present time it has been too
sparsely distributed to admit of any general statement being made
respectnig its usefulness as an ornamental tree, the only purpose for
which it should be planted. Its hardiness equals that of Cedrus atlantica,
and the specimens upwards of 20 feet high, growing at Pampesford
near Cambridge, at Bicton in Devonshire, at Streatham Hall, Exeter,
and in the Royal Botanic Garden at Glasnevin, Dublin; give a favourable
impression of its beauty and distinctness.

Abies pectinata.

A lofty tree varying in height from 100 to 180 feet with a straiglit,
erect, slightly tapering trunk 6 — 8 feet in diameter near the base,
regularly furnished with tiers of branches from the ground upwards
during the first thirty to forty years, in favourable localities much
longer, and covered with smooth greyish brown bark. In old age
the bark rugged and more or less fissured longitudinally, the trunk
free of branches for a great part of the height, and the persistent-
branches forming the crown, of imequal length and spreading horizontally.
Ramification distichous and opposite ; bark of branchlets pale brown
Avitli longitudinal striations. Buds cylindric-conic, chestnut-brown.

Leaves persistent five — seven or more years, linear, obtuse or emarginate,
0'5 — 1'2.5 inch long, pseudo-distichous in two — three ranks ; on fertile
branchlets all more or less upturned ; grooved along the midril) and
dark lustrous green above, with two silvery grey stomatiferous bands
l)elow. Staminate flowers crowded among the leaves, cylindric,
075 inch long, greenish yellow, surrounded at the base by imbricated
involucral bracts in two — three series. Cones cylindric, obtuse,
6 — 8 inches long and 1*.5 — 2 inches in diameter. Scales nearly as
long as broad, with a rounded exposed margin and cuneate l)ase ;
bracts linear-spathulate, })rolonged beyond the scale into a sharp
reflexed mucro. Seeds angular witli a rhoml)ic wing twice as long as
the seed.

Abies pectinata, De CandoUe, Flore Fraiu-. III. 276 (ISOf)). Richard, Mem. siir

les Couif. 78 (1826). Foi])e.s, Piiiet. Wolnini, lOo. Link in Linniva, XV. .')26.

Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. II. 276. Hoopes, Evergreens, 20.'j. McNab in Proceed.

R. Irish Acad. II. ser. 2, 693, figs. 20—21. Boissier, Fi. orient. V. 701. Beissner,

Nadelliolzk. 428, with figs. Masters in .Tourn. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 194.

Picca pectinata, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2329, with figs. Gordon, Pinet.

ed. 11. 209.

Pinus Abies, Duroi, Observ. Bot. 39 (1771) (not Linnanis). EndHcher, Svnops.

Conif. 9.5. Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 420.

P. Picea, Linn.-eus, Sp. Plant. II. 1001(17.53). Laml)ert, Genus Pinus, 1. 1. 30 (1803).
Eng. Common Silver Fir. Fr. Saj(in des Vosges, Sapin de Lorraine. Germ.

"Weisstanne, Silbertanne. Ital. Abete argentat". Abete bianco.

ABIES PECTINATA. 531

"7ar. — Equi Trojani.

Leaves; amitc ami .sjjiue-tipped a.'^ in Abies replicdouii-a. Cmies sliurter and
lu'oader, witli the bracts more ])rominently exserted than in A. pedinata.

A. peetiiiata var. Equi Trojaui, Boissier, Fl. orient. V. 701. Beissner, Nadel-
liolzk. 431.

The C(>nniioii Sih'er Fir has an extensive geogTaphieal range in
central and southern Europe, hut at the present time its indigenous
growth is confined chiefly to tlie mountain districts. Its distribution
in Central Europe may be said in general terms to extend from
the Pyrenees to the Carpathian mountains, and from the Vosges
and Hartz mountains to the Alps. In the Mediterranean region
■east of the Pyrenees, it occurs on the mountains of Corsica ;
it follows the trend of the Apennines through Italy ; it appears
again on the mountains of Thrace and Macedonia and l^eyond tlie
European limits, on Perindagh and Olympus in Bithynia. On the
•Carpathian mountains it ascends to 3,000 feet above sea-level, on
the Yosges to 4,000 feet, on the Jura to nearly .-,000 feet, on the
Alps of Lombardy to 6,000 feet, and on the Pyrenees to 6,500 feet.
The largest pure forests of A. pedinata still remaining are on the
Erench slopes of the Pyrenees, on the Vosges and on the Jura ;
in other parts of its range it is more scattered and associated with
other trees. It attains its greatest development in the humid
mountain tracts of central Europe ; individual trees nearly 200 feet
high liave been observed in south Germany.*

Tlie eoninion Silver Fir was one of the first exotic coniferous trees
introUiced into Great Britain, but the precise date of introduction is
unknown. Loudon, quoting Evelyn, states that a Silver Fir two years
old Avas planted at Harefield Park in ^Middlesex in 1603, and this
was the first planted in England. In this country its growth during
the first few^ years from the seed is very slow, only attaining the
height of a few inches, but after it has become established its
progress is more rapid. About the twentieth year and during its full
vigour for some years afterwards, the leader shoot will increase from
two to three feet annually. Unless planted in a sheltered situation the
Silver Fir is liable to injury by spring frosts in its first stages of
growth, as the young shoots thrown off" their perular covering early
in the season ; but when older, the spring frosts are less injurious,
and under ordinary circvunstances the Silver Fir has attained dimensions
scarcely yet surpassed by any other introduced coniferous tree.
AVillkonnu states that it completes its upward growth between one
hundred and eighty and two hundred years when the top becomes
flattened but the tree lives on for several hundred years more. Numbers
of fine specimens of great size dispersed over Great Britain and Ireland
bear witness to its suitableness as a park and landscape tree as w^ell

* The geogvapliical distribution of the comiaon Silver Fir has lieen carefully investigated by
"Willkoinni, and the limits of its indigenous growth traced out in his " Forstliche Flora von
Deutschland und Oesterreich," from which the particulars given above are chiefly derived.

582 ARIES PECTIXATA.

as for the many purposes in rural economy for wliicli it is plaiitiMl.*"

Amon^- the must notewortliy of these is one at Lynedoch near l*erth

over 10-4 feet high, 14 feet in girth at five f(?et from the ground, and

estimated to cdutain 417 cubic feet of tiudxn'.f In the grounds at

Duidveld House in the same eouuty is one of the tiiiest groups of

Silver Firs in Great Britain ; this group consists of fifteen trees

ranging from 95 to 110 feet in height, and from 10 to 14 feet in girth

at five feet from the ground. | At Carton in Kildare, the seat of tlie

Duke of Leinster, are several lofty specimens which form a conspicuous

feature of the place, the largest of which is 112 feet high and

15 feet in girth at five feet from the; ground; and at Curraghmore,

near "Waterford, the seat of the Marr[uis of AVaterford, are several

siiperb specimens over 100 feet high.

The timljer of the common Silver Fir is inferior to that of the

Spruce Fir ; the wood is strong and elastic but the grain is

irregular ; it is soft and porous and soon decays on exposure ; it is,

however, recommended for roofing, partitions in the interior of houses,

posts for fencing ; also for troughs, cisterns, and for any purpose

connected with sluices and end)ankmeuts, as it does not warp or

twist. In the mountain regions of Euro[)e where the Silver Fir is

abundant, its timber is used for carpentry of every description, and

it is also burnt into charcoal. In the ftjrests of the Vosges, the

resinous secretions are collected in great (piantity, from which is

prepared the Strasburg turpentine of connnerce.

]\lany varieties of the Silver Fir have from time to time been
brouglit under the notice of horticulturists, shoAving a greater or less
deviation in habit from the common type. They are mostly of French
and German origin, and have received the following names among others : — -
brerifoUa, rolumnari^, pendula, pyramidalis, xtrida, forhiosa, tenuifoUa,.
variei/afa — names sufficiently indicative of the most ()l)\'i()us
characteristic of the varieties to which they have been applitnl.
Probably not one of tliem is to be found in British gardens excei^t
perhaps pendtda which occurs wild on the Vosges and in east
Friesland. < )f far greater interest than any of them is that descril)ed
by Boissier under the name of E(pii Trojani which was discovered by
the Greek l)otanist Sintenis on the summit of Kas Dagh (iNIount Ida)
in north-west Anatolia, not far from the site of the ancient Troy. {5
In its spine-tipped leaves it approaches Abies cephalonica and in its
broader cones A. Nordmanniana ; it is thence an intermediate form
connecting these two Abies with each other and with the more widely
distributed A. pertinata, a significant fact showing how nugatory the
technical circiunscriptions of si)ecies often prove.

* It should be borne in mind that wlien the Silver Fir is felled, the stump, if left in
the gi-ound, retains its vitality and even increases in size for many years afterwards ; it is
thence advisable to remove it if the ground on which the tree stood, is re(iuired for other-
purposes.

+ Dimensions comniunicatid by Mi-. Pitcaithlcy, Forester to the Earl of Mansfield.
:J: Communicated bv Mr. David Keir, Forester to the Duke of Atholl.
§ " Instar montis e<iuuni, divina I'alladis arte
jEdiKcant, sectaque intexunt ((hieti- costas." — JEiiekl, II. 15.
(Assisted by the divine skill of Fallas, they build a horse to the si/.e of a
mountain and interweave its lilis with planks of tir. )

ABIES PINDKOW. 533

Abies Pindrow.

A lofty tree 80 — 100 fi-ut high with a trunk i — 5-.o feet in
tlianieter near tlie ground. In Great Britain an elegant tree of
moderate growtli, the trunk eovered with ash-l)rown hark, smooth or
slightly rugose. Branches more or less deHexed, with distichous
ramification. Branchlets opposite with whitish brown bark, obscurely
Huted by cortical outgrowths decurrent from the pulvini of the leaves.
Buds conic-cylindric, 0"25 — 0-4 inch long, with ovate, reddish l)rown,
closely imbricated perular scales. Leaves persistent five — seven or more
years, narrowly linear, acute or bidentate at the apex, 1-25 — 3-5 inches
long, dark lustrous green with a shallow median groove above ; much
l»aler with a shallow keel at the midrib, and with but faint traces of
u stomatiferous band on each side of it ; the Lmger ones on the
under side pseudo-distichous in three — four ranks and inclined forAvards
at an angle of about 45° to the shoot ; the shorter ones on the
upper side all pointing forwards and loosely imbricated. Staminate
flowers cro^vded on tlie under side of the branchlets, fusiform-cylindric,
0"75 inch long. Cones cylindric, obtuse, 4 — 5 inches long and 2 inches
in tliameter, violet-purple changing to dark brown when mature. Scales
sub-rhomboidal ^^•ith a small Avedge-shaped claw, the exposed margin
■entire and slightly incurved : l)racts about one-third as long as the scale.

Abies Pindrow. Spacli. Hist. Yeg. Plian. XI. 423 (1842). Caniere, Ti-aite Couif.
ed. II. 299. :\IcXab in Proceed. "R. Iiisli Acad. II. ser. 2, 690, fig. 17. Kent in
Yeitch's Manual, ed. I. 110.

A. "Welililana var. Pindrow, Brandis, Forest Flora N.AV. India, 528. Hooker fil,
FI. Brit. Ind. Y. 62."). Beissuer. Xadelholzk. 481. Masters in Journ. R. Hort.
Soc. XIY. 196.

Picea Pindrow, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. lY. 2346. with tigs. iladden in
Joiirn. Hort. Soc. Loud. Y. 246. Gordon, Pinet. ed. II. 222.

Pinus Pindrow, Rovle, Illus. Him. Plants, 354. t. 86. Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed.
III. p. 77, t. 44. Eudlicher, Synops. Conif. 106.' Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XYI. 425.

Ahics Pindrow forms dark gloomy forests on the great spurs of
the Kumaon Himalaya from 7,000 to 9,000 feet elevation, spreading
westwards into Kashmir ; it was introduced into Great Britain in
1837 by Dr. Eoyle. (In the Kumaon Himalaya the annual rainfall
exceeds 100 inches, and the mean temperature at the elevation of
the Pindrow forests about 10°— 12° C. (50°— 55- F.) ; where these
climatic conditions are most nearly approached in Great Britain
Abies Pindrow thrives when protected from piercing winds ; thus,
in the south-west of England, in parts of Wales and Scotland
and in Ireland are to be seen healthy trees of great beauty ; *

* In the grounds of ilr. Yictor Marshall at Monk Coniston are two remarkable specimens
of Abies Pindrow over 60 feet high. At Conan House, Ross-shire, is a lieautiful specimen
over 50 feet high, on a bank raised about 36 feet above the swampy ground near it and
surrounded liy other trees taller than itself l\v which it is protected from cold winds. At
Kilburne Castle in Ayrshiie is a vigorous specimen over 50 feet liigh. of which the leader
shoot has increased in height al)out 15 inches annually. Other tine trees are to be seen
•at Cultoi]uhey in Perthshire ; at Castle Kennedy in Wigtownshire ; in Ireland at Powerscourt,
Charleville (probably the largest in the British Islandsi and Kilmacunagh in Co. Wicklow ;
at Cahermoyle, Co. Limerick ; and in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin, Dublin.
Also at Menal>illy, Cornwall ; Tortwoith Courl, Gloucestershire ; and Penrhyn Castle in
Wales. Most of the trees in this enumeration have been seen by the author, and there
are douVitless otliers whicli it would l:>e useful to ))lace on record.

534 AF.IKS riNSAI'O.

ill the ^elati^'el}• dry climate of England with the exceptions
noted, and in the eastern comities of .Scotland it does not
grow satisfactoril}'.

The claim of Abies Pindwir to specific rank lias occasionally been
doubted; Sir Dietrich Brandis, the author of the "Forest Flora of
ISTorth-west India," has declared against it, and following him Sir -J. I).
Hooker reduced it to a variety of A. Wehhiana in the " Flora of
British India." As seen in Great Britain, scarcely any two species of
Abies are to be found more easily distinguishable the one from the
other than A. Pimlroir and A. WebbiaTia even on superficial inspection.
In A. Pindroir the l)rauches are much shorter in proportion to height
of trunk than in A. Webbiana, and are Ijent downwards, not spreading
or ascending ; the liranchlets are slender, lax and su])-pendulous, not
stout and rigid ; the leaves are longer and narrower, not glaucous on
the under side, and of a different sliade of green ; the cones are
much smaller, and wlieii young paler in colour than those of
A. Webbiana.

Abies Pinsapo.

A muchl)ranch('d tree 60 — 80 feet liigli witli a gradually tapering-
trunk 2 — 3 feet in diameter near the base, covered with greyish
Ijrown l)ai"k that is smooth in some of the largest trees growing in
Great Britain, rugged and mucli fissured in others. Branches in rather
close-set pseudo-whorls, short in })roportioii to height of trunk, the
lowermost depressed, those al)Ove spreading horizontally or ascending.
Brauchlets disticlious or in whorls of three — four; bark light reddish
brown. Buds 1)roadly conic, olituse, 0'3.'') — 0"-i5 inch long, light fulvous
brown, usually coveretl v/ith a film of tnnislucent resin, the apical
bud with a circlet of three — four smaller ones. Leaves persistent
seven — nine years, spirally crowded, erect, 0"25 — 0.75 inch long; on
the sterile branches sub-acicular, obscurely four-angled and compressed^
mucronate and sometimes falcately curved ; on the fertile branches-
linear, flattened and t)btus(', dull green with two pale stoniatiferous-
lines on the under side. Stannuate flowers numerous, chiefly on the
under side and towarils the distal end of the brauchlets, fusiform-
cyliiidric, 0"5 incli long, violet-crimson and surrounded at the base by
In'oadly ovate, obtuse involucral l)racts in two series. Cones sessile^
solitary (^r in pairs, sub-cylindric, obtuse, i — 5 inches long and
l-b — 2 inches in diameter; .scales triangular-cuneate, clawed, with entire
rounded and sHghtly refle.xed outer margin ; bracts from a narrowed
base, ovate, mucronate, much shorter than the scales. Seed wing;
obcuneate-oblong.

Al)ies Pinsapo. lioissior in Bibliotli. Univ. Genevii, 1838 ; and Voyage Bot. en
Ks]ia<,'nc, I. tt. 1H7 1(58; ami II. r.84 (184.^.1. Cani^ri', Traite Conif. e<i. II. 303.
McXab in I'rocecil K Irish Acad. II. scr. 2, tig. 26. Bt-issner, Nadelholzk. 444
with tig. Masters in (Jard. Chron. X.XIV. (188.'.), p 468, with fig. ; and
Jouni. K. Hort. Soc. XIV. 19.5.

Picea Pinsap.1, I...ud(.n. Kucycl. of Trees, 1041 (1842). Gordon, Pinet. ed. IL
224.

Pinus Pinsapo, Kndlirher, Svnops. Conif. 109 n847). Parlatore, I). C. Prodr.
XVI. 423 .■xul. African habitat '.

Eng. Spanish i'"ir. Fr. Sapin d'Kspagnc. Germ. Siianischc Wcisstannc. ItaL
Abete di Spagna. Span. Pin.sapo.

ABIES I'INSAPO.

535

Although abimdaut on the Sierras ia the soutli of Spain Abies
Pinsapo was unknown to science till discovered by the eminent Swiss
botanist, Edniond Boissier, during his excursion to Andalusia in 1837,
and afterwards fully described by him in his " Voyages Botaniques "
quoted above. Even at the present time the limits and area of its
distribution are Init imperfectly known ; it forms extensive forests

Fig. 137. Abies Pinsapo. Braiichlet with staminate flowers.
(From the Gardeners' Chronicle.)

on the Sierra Xevada at elevations ranging from 3,500 to 6,000 feet
from lionda eastwards into the province of Murcia ; it is also said
to occur on the Sierra Morena and other mountains in central
Spain, but no localities are quoted.*

Abies Pinsapo was introduced into Great Britain about the year
1839 by Captain "Widdrington to whom Endlicher afterwards dedicated
the South African genus of Coniferae allied to Callitris and Frenela

* The African liabitat siveii liv Parlatore refers to Ahies numidiea.

536 AlilES UELKilOSA.

under tlic name of Widdringtoiiia. It lias now become one of the
most generally cultivated of the European Abies, as it is also one of
the most ornamental ; the oldest trees up to the present time have
for the most part retained their lowermost In-anches in health and
vigour where sufficient space has been allowed for their development,
which should not be less than a radius of 20 feet. It is quite hardy,
and thrives in almost any soil not too wet and cold ; it is especially
suitable for chalk land on which it grows into a fine landscape tree;
it is also one of the best of the Abies for the lawn and pleasure
grountl ; it is rarely if ever subject to injury by late spring frosts
owing to its l^eing late in starting into growth. Several varieties have
been iioted, Imt none of them are of sufficient merit to require
description. The variety (jlauca is attractive ; the glaucescence, however,
appears to be an accident caused by the soil in which the plant is
growing ; Hammondi described in the former edition is an abnormity
d\ie to the loss or removal of the leader shoot in the j'oung state
of the plant. Nothing is authentically recorded of the quality of the
timber of AJnes Pin.'<apo.

Abies religiosa.

A lofty tree 100 — 150 feet high with a trunk 5 — 6 feet in
diameter, covered with ash or greyish brown l)ark broken into oblong
})lates by broad longitudinal and narrow transverse fissures which
expose a reddish brown inner cortex. Branches spreading, slender in
proportion to trunk and ramified distichously. Branchlets Avith light
reddish brown bark, the herbaceous shoots hairy (hirtellous) and striated
longitudinally. Buds sub-globose, about 0'35 inch in diameter, with
light brown perular scales. Leaves persistent five — six years, linear,
obtuse or sub-acute, often curved, 0"75 — 1'5 inch long, spirally
arranged, those on the under side of the shoot i)seudo-distichous in
three — four ranks and more or less curved inwards, those on the
upper side inclined forwards at a small angle to the axis, grooved
along the midrib and dark green al)Ove, Avith two silvery grey
stomatiferous Ijands below. Cones sessile, cylindric-oblong, slightly
narrowed towards the ai)ex, 4 — 6 inches long and 2 — 2*5 inches in
diameter, dark violet-blue changing to dark brown when mature ;
scales broadly ol)ovate, cuneate ; liracts with a triangidar, acuminate,
recui'ved til). Seed wings oblitpie obovate.*

Abies religiosa, Sclilechtendal in Linnsea, V. 77 (1830). Carriere, Traite Coiiif.
ed. II. 273. McNab in Proceed. R. Irisli. Acad. II. scr. 2, 676, fig. 2. Hooker fil,
Bot. .Mag. t. 6753. Masters in Gard. (Jliroii. XXIII. (188.")), p. 56, witli tig. ;
IX. ser. 3 (1891), p. 304, with fig.; Jouni. Linn. Soc. XXII. 195 ; and Journ. K.
Hort. Soc. XIV. 195. Beissner, Nadelliolzk. 495.

A. hirtella, Lindley in Penny Cyclop I. 30 (1833).

Picea religiosa, Loudon, Arli. et Frut. Hrit. IV. 2349, witli fig. (1838). Gordon,
Pinet. ed. II. 212.

i'iiius religiosa, Humboldt, Bonjiland and Kunth, X^ov. Gen. et Sp. II. :> (1815).
Endlicher, Synojis. Conif. 92. Parlatore, I). (,'. Prodr. XVI. 420.

Eng. Sacred Fir. Germ. Heilige Weisstannc Mex. Oyamel.

Ahies r(ii(jiosa was discovered in 1799 by Humboldt, who saw it
in two localities on the mountains near the city of Mexico at

* Branchlet with cone, communicated by Mr. Osborm', Gardener to tlie Right Hon. A. H.
Smith Barry, Fota Island, Co. Cork.

ABIES SACIIALINENSIS. Oo<

•about 4,000 feet altitude. It was afterwards seeu in other places
by botanical explorers of the country Init always at a high elevation,
on some of the mountains at the extreme verge of arborescent
vegetation where it becomes dwarfed to a Hat-headed bush,* It is
now known to be widely distributed over the Mexican Cordilleras
at altitudes ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, occasionally descending
to 4,000 feet, from the Sierra ]\Iadre southwards into Guatemala,
where it was seen by ]Mr. (1. Ure Skinner and after him by
Dr. Seemann. A. i'digios(i is therefore the most southern species
of the genus, and the only one foun<l wild within the tropics.
The inliabitants of jMexico use branches of it for the decoration
of their churches and cemeteries, a custom whicli suggesteil tlie
specific name rdigiosa.

The ^loxican Sacred Fir was introduced in 1838 by the Horticultural
Society nf London tlirougli their collector, Theodor Hartweg, who met
Avitli it at Angauguca (not found on any map to which I have access),
and afterwards ia the Real del Monte district. The changeable
climate of Great Britain is, however, unsuitable for it ; the recurrence
at intervals of exceptionally severe winters has proved fatal tn it.
In a few localities where the extremes of our climate are ntit
experienced, as in Cornwall, the south of Ireland and some other
places, Allies relujiosa grows more or less vigorously, and at Fota
Island near Cork it has attained the dimensions nf a large tree.f

-Abies sachalinensis.

A tree 100 — 125 feet higli witli a cylindric or slightly tapering trunk
2*5 — 3'5 feet in diameter covered with greyish liark, and at its best
development of pj'ramidal outline with .spreading or slightly ascending
branches ramified distichously. Branchlets opposite, rarely alternate, with
an occasional adventitious weaker shoot beneath the normal pair, the
youngest shoots pubescent. Buds small, cylindric-conic Avitli reddisli
brown perular scales. Leaves persistent tive — seven years, narrowly
linear, obtuse or emarginate, Q-o — 1-.5 inch long, spirally inserted, the
longer ones on the under side of the branches and branchlets pseudo-
distichoiis in three — four ranks ; the shorter ones on the iipper side
pointing forwards at a small angle to the axis ; on the fertile branchlets
all more or less falcately ciu'ved upwards ; bright lustrous green with a
depressed median line above, Avith a glaucous stomatiferous band on each
.side of the thickened midrib beneath. Cones cylindric, slightly tapering
towards the obtuse apex, 3 inches long and 1*25 inch in diameter; scales
transversely oblong with an inflexed denticulate outer margin and
attached to the axis by a broad cuneate (daw ; bracts longer than the
scale, obovate acuminate, the acumen with the exserted part of the blade
retlexed. Seed wings ohovate truncate.
* By Dej^ie and Schiede on the uiountaius of Oiizalui.

t The only specimens of Abies religiosa known to tlie author, besides the Fota Island
tree, are at Kihnacurragh. Co. Wicklow ; Menabilly, Cornwall ; Castle Kennedy in Wigtown-
shire; and Ballanioor, Isle of Man (if still living!, but there may be more. One of the finest
specimens in the country, growing at Fota Islan 1, was blown down by the tierce gale that
occurred in the night of September 2."jth, 1S96 ; it had attained a height of 70 feet.

538 ABIES SACHA.LINENSIS.

Allies saehalinensis, Masters in Gaid. Chroii XII. (1879), p. 588 with fig. ;
.Touni. Linn. Hoc. XVIII. 517, with same h<^. ; and Jonin. R. Hort. Soc.
XI v. 195. Kent in Veitcli's Manual, ed. I. lOti, witli tig. Mayr, Aliiet. des Jap.
Reiches, 4-2. Tafel III. fig. fi.

A. Veitehii var sachaUnensis, Schmidt in Mem Acad St. Petersb. XII. ser. 7
176, t. 4, figs 13—17 (1S6S1. Beissner, Nadelholzk. 461, with fig.

Eng. Saghalien Fir. (Term Sachalin Weistanne. Jap. Todo-matsu.

Ahii-^ srtcJio/iiiciisis was lliseo^•el■e(I by the Clernian 1)otaiiical traveller,
Friedrieli k^chmidt, on the island of Saghalien in 1866, and
snhsequently described by him in the " Menioires " of the Imperial

Fin. I'.'.S. Fertile braiichlet with cones of Ahi.es sachclinensh".
(From the Gunlencrs' Chronide.)

Academy of Science of St. Petersburg as a variety of Ahir.<i
VriicJui. Nothing further was known of it till it was
re-discovered Ijy Maries in 1878 in Yeso, the northern island of
Japan, and l)y whom it was introduced in the following year. Tn
iKirthern Yeso it is believi-d to form pure forests of considerable
extent ; on the central mountains it occui-s mixccl with Picrtf
ajnnrnsis and P, Ghhiiil ; and in the south wliich is nnu-h better
known botanically, it is moiv or less scattered, Init abundant and
often mixed witli deciduous trees. /(. mclu i linen si >i is thence a
northern tree, enduring annually winters with which the most severe

ABIES SIBIIIICA. ^^^ ■

experienced in Great Britain will «carc^ly bear '"^»l~ Tl"|
wood is of fair quality, but ..uly use.l l-cally fur b.uklino au,l

SLly^dZ..^:! b;%ate .pHng frost. -V™J™T ^j;;;; «-;--:
unable to repair during the ««uurg season and ,ft«ben,|,c.TOlett
this ivav a fevv times, it becomes a twiggy unshapely bu>.h. I'luthu noitn
.rarieone F»la,-e, Murthly Castle, and Ochtertyre ni Perthshne, it i»
t,t tXiatised 'and the' young tree. '-? *;'X« "'^1^ u

are krger, /^^ .,f ^ -^^/^^ {ifl^,ent colour. These differences seem,
exserted, and whife glO^\^ly, oi a uiulich i:„„-,„,„.„,i i,,- Hv Mavr in

:='^o^'(c^:hS:L^r^bi^: i;j«sM'ii^^{ »» J ar.

smaller cones with the bracts less pronnnently exserted than ui the
Miyabo near Sai'jioro.f

Abies sibirica.

A medium-sized tree, varying in height tiom f^lJ^^^J^,
.,th a pyramidal or ^V^^^ ^'"~"j.^::^ t^t et n.r:;«a:;ing

z^.^:^t ^~ flu ^:^e"itzs't™.:'r\«i

^ ,r a'rS,ti^^\S^'a.r ^r

distichous in three- our '^J^ ^^^Zo^i,A near the apex of
stouter and more acute. btaimnati now,,^,'^ ,„i„i,t vellow tinged with
the shoots, gloW-cylindno, O'l f' """^ '^^'f; '"",ad val involucral
red at the top and surrounded at the base d} ui .i .> innhe'^

l^ct^ in two Lies. Cones solitary or in approximate pairs, .-3 mche.

* Abietineeu des Japanischen Reiches, 42, Tafel III. ,^^,^^^^^^,^^^^^ exanuned. ^, ^ . .
I S™Secn?^M"'. gouche. from Ochlerty.e, and Mv. McLagan hon. The Ca.nues,
Perthshire.

540 ABIES rtir.iincA.

long ami 1"25 incli in diaiuctcr, deep violet-ljlno changing to cinnamon-
brown wlicn mature ; scal(^8 subtrapeziforni, clawed, rounded and
ol)scurcdy denticulate at the exposed margin ; bracts half as long as
the scales.

Ahies siliirica, Ledehour, Fl. alt. IV. 202 (1833). Carrii're, Traite Coiiif. ed. II.
302. McNah in Proceed. R. Irish Acad. II. ser 2, 685, tig. 12. Boissiicr,
Nadclliolzk, 45.''). Masters in Journ. R Hort. Soc XIV. 195

A. piclita, Forbes, Pinet. Woliurn, 113, t. 39 (1839). AVillkoimii, Forstl. Fl.
cd. II. 107.

Picea pichta, Loudon, Arb. et Frut. Brit. IV. 2338 (1838). (iordoii, Piuct.
ed. II. 221.

Piims sibirica, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 425 (1868).

P. pichta, Eudlicher, Syiiops. Conif. 108 (1847).

Eiig. Siberian Silver Fir. Fr. Sapiii de la Sil)('rie. Germ. Silnrisclie Weisstaiiiie.
Ital. Abete delta Siberia Russ, Piclita.

Ahirs sihlricn is the most northern species of the genus, in phices
spreading as far as the sixty-sixth parallel of north latitude where
it is dwarfed to a stunted unshapely husli. It is also distributed
over a greater geographical area than any other Al)ies ; from its
western limit in north-east liussia, in the Government of Archangel,
it spreads eastwards through Siberia to Kamtschatka and the Amur
region frequently associated with Picea ohovata, Pinus si/lvestris and
Ldrix dahvrim, and forming with them the most extensive coniferous
forest on tlie eastern continent. On the Altai mountains it ascends
to 5,000 feet above sea-level, forming immense forests between
3,000 and 4,000 feet. The climate of this region is one of the
coldest known, the thermometer registering many degrees of frost
l)elow zero (Fahr.) every winter ; the seasons too are sharply
defined, there being scarcely any spring or autumn to mark the
transition from winter to sunnner and vice versa. In such a
climate the Siberian Silver Fir is of the highest economic value
to the inhabitants, not only for fuel but for all kinds of
constructive purposes, aUliough in (piality its wood is inferior to
that of the European species, A. ijectincita. Those who have seen
A. ailnrica, at its best development describe it as a more slender
and more graceful tree than the Common Silver Fir, and its foliage
<if a more pleasing shade of green.

Ahies xihirira was introduced into (Ireat llritain about the year
1820, but it has failed to adapt itself to cmr milder climate, and good
.specimens south (d' the liigldands of Scotland are unknown. In the
colder climate uf north and east (rermany and Scandinavia it is nuic
cultivated as au oiiiamental tree, taking the ])lace of those Silver
Firs that caiuiot withstand the severe winters of northern Europe,
but it grows slowly, and takes the form of a slender tree with a
narrowly jjyramidal outline clothed with foliage of the hrighte.st green.
Two varieties havi; been noted : alha (Fischer) from the liiglier sloj)es
of the Altai niountain.s, with longer leaves that are more glaucous on
tlie under side ; and I'loijans (Beis.sner) with shurter and stouter
leaves and of cdnipait Araucariadiki; habit.

ABIES YEITCmr.

541

Abies Veitchii.

A .sleiKler tree with an average lieiglit of 60 — 70 feet, init
sumotiine.s attaining a heiglit of upwards of 90 feet. JJark of trunk
greyisli white and smooth even in ohl age. branches spreading or
slightly ascending ; ranutication distichous and opposite with an occasional
adventitious weaker shoot above or l»eneath the normal pair. Buds
ovoid-eylindrie, 0"2 — 0"3.^ inch long, with dark chestnut-brown perular
scales. Leaves spirally crowded, persistent four — five years, narrowly
linear, emarginate or obtuse, bright grass-green with a median groove
on the upper face, Avith a relatively broad silvery white stomatiferous
band on each side of the midrib beneath, 0"5 — 1"25 inch long; the
longer leaves on the under side pseudo-distichous in three — four ranks,
the shorter ones on the upper side loosely imbricated and pointing
forwards at an angle of about 4.5° to the axis ; on the fertile branches
all more or less upturned. Staminate flowers " altout 0'2.'i inch loui;'

Fig. 130. Foliage of Abies Veitchii.

raised on a stipes of ecpial length emerging from a scaly bud ; anthers
stalked, connective developed into a saddle-shaped flap from the back
of Avliich projects a spurdike process.* Cones sub-cylindric, obtuse,
2-2.5 — 2-.5 inches long and 075 — 1 inch in diameter, dark violet-blue
changing to brown when mature ; scales closely imbricated, semilunate,
broader than long and attached to the axis by a short cuneate claw;
bracts as long as, or a little longer than the scales, wedge-shaped at
the base, dilated above into a subquadrate blade trmicate at the apex,
and with a small mircro that sometimes projects lieyond the scale, and
is bent downwards.

* Masters in Gardeners' Cluoniele, XIII. (1880), p. "275.

542

AHIES VKITCH]!.

Allies Veitdiii, Liudlev in Gard. Chroii. 1861, ]>. 23. Murray, Pines and Firs
of Japan, 39, with tigs. "(I'SeS). Carrierc, Traite Conif. ed. II. 307. McNal) in
Proceed. K. Irish Acad II. sei-. 2., 686, tig. 13. Masters in Gard. Chron. XIII.
(1880), p. 27.^, witli fig.; Journ. Linn. Hoc. XVIII. 515, t. 20; and Journ. R.
Hort. Sue. XIV. 196. Beissner, Nadelhokk. 457, with fig. Mayr, Al)iet. des Jap.
Reiehes, 38, Tafel II. fig 4.

A. ne])hroleiiis, ^laximowicz in Bull. Acad. Im]). 8t. Petersb. X. 486 (1866).

Pieea Veitdiii, Cordon. Pinet. ed. II. 226 (187.')).

Pinus selenolepis, Parlatore, D. C. Prodr. XVI. 427 (1868).

Eng. A'eitch's Silver Fir. Germ. Veiteh's Weisstanne. Jap Shira-luso Riu-.sen.

Abies Vcitchii is an alpine tree rarely descending below 5,000 feet
■elevation ; it occurs on all the higher mountains of central Japan
from Sikoku northwards to about 39° N. lat. north of which it
has nut lieeii seen ; it forms in some places pure forests of
consideralile extent ; in others it is mixed with Picea ajcuirnsis, P.
2MJita, or Tsuga (/ircrsifo/ii(. If the A. nqjhrolcpis of Maximowicz
rightly belongs to this species, it is also common on the mainland
•of Manchuria in the neighbourhood of the coast.

])r. Mayr ilistinouislies two forms of Abies VeifcJiii ; tlie type, in
wliicli till' apical end nf the eone-hract i.s exserted and bent downward-s
and tlie Xikko A'ariety, a local form with smaller cone.s, the cone-
bracts of Avhicli do not protrude beyond
the scale.* The typical form was
discovered in 1860 on Fuji-yama by
the late John Gould Yeitcli after
whom it was named by Dr. Lindley.
Dr. Mayr ol)served that about every
tliird year this Fir pi'oduees abundance
of cones whilst in the intervening years
cones are scarce, which may account
for the failure of ^Ir. Yeitcli to
procure seeds. In 1(S79 ^Maries was
more successful, and young plants were
subserpiently Avidely distributed.

In Great Britain Abies Veifchii
lias proved hardy and is growing freely
in many soils and situations ; its
slender liabit, its bright green and
white foliage, and its beautiful cones
which are in this country also produced
freely in some years even on young
tree.s,t render it an ornamental tree f(ir
the lawn and for jjlaces where tlu'
laiger Abies are inisiiitable. It is also
hardy in the north-eastern States of
America whcic it was in cultivation
under the unjndJislied name of Abies
jajjonira some years ])revious to its introduction into Europe, and where
it is looked upon as "an exceedingly beautiful tree in its young state."J

• Ahietineen des Japanischen Reiehes, p. 39.
• + Sometimes, indeed, too freely, and if the superabundant cones are not picked off, the
tree perishes from excessive fertility.
X Garden and Forest, Vol. .\. p. .')11.

¥\iL. 140. Cone of Ahits Veitchii

ABIES WEl'.BIANA. 543

.lo>TN Gori.i) Vkitch (1839 — 1870) was boni at Exuter. He was at an early age
initiated in tlie working of the nursery business, and took an active part in the
management of the Veitchian establishment after its removal to Chelsea in 1853,
at that time rapidly acquiring celebrity chietly through the introduction of new
plants, a celebrity he was determined to maintain, and if possible to enhance. He
had scarcely attained his majority when an opi)ortunity offered itself by the opening
of the ports of Ja})an to foreigners, and in Aj)ril, 18(50, lie started on a voyage to
the Far East, arriving at Xagasaki in July following. He remained in Japan about
a year, collecting plants jireviously unknown in British gardens. Attached to the suite
of Sir Rutherford Alcoek, the British Envoy to Jajian, he was enal)led to make
the ascent of Fujiyama; he was therefore one of the first Europeans who reached
the summit of the " sacred " mountain of the Japanese. After dispatching his
collections to Europe he proceeded to the Philipjnne Islands on a similar mission,
but with the especial object of obtaining jilants of the beautiful Phalffiuopses, natives
of the islands, and which were at that p'riod extremely rare in European gardens;
a mission which proved successful The result of tlie voyage to Japan was the
enrichment of European gardens with many choice coniferous trees, several beautiful
evergreen and deciduous shrubs, and herbaceous and other plants ; the first named
are sufficiently noticed in the preceding pages ; among the latter especial mention
should be made of several beautiful varieties of Acer jmlinattivi, Ampelopsis tricuspidata
(syn. A. Veitchii), LiUum auratum, Primala Japonica and P. cortusoidcs. The
spirit of enterprise and the desire of making further discoveries induced him again
to undertake a long voyage to the East, and in 1864 he set out for Australia and
the South Sea Islands, returning to England in February, 1866. Among the most
enduring results of the second voyage was the introduction of many richly coloured
Crotons and Dracaenas (varieties of C'odiseum and Cordyline), the forerunners of
the handsome races now so constant!}^ in request for decorative purposes ;
also the beautiful Panianus Veitchii, the elegant Aralia J^eitchii and other stove
plants of great merit In the earh^ ])art of 1867 he was taken seriously ill with
an afiection of the lungs from which, however, under careful treatment he rallied
for a time, l)ut in August, 1870, lipemorrhage of the lungs set in, from which he died
shortly afterwards at the early age of thirty-one.

Abies Webbiana.

A large tree 120 — 150 feet high, the trunk having a girth of
9 — 15 feet near the ground. Bark of old trees dark or In-ownish
grey fissured into long narrow scales by deep grooves often running
in spirals around the trunk and anastomosing at right angles.
Branches short, spreading nearly horizontally and forming a tall,
narrow, cylindric crown.* In Great Britain, at its best development, a
stately tree with a rather broadly conical outline, the trunk four or more
feet in diameter near the ground, gradually tapering upwards and covered
with rugged, irregularly fissured, greyish bark, often with a concavity
immediately below the insertion of the primary brandies which are
stout, sjireading or slightly ascending. Branchlets distichous and
opposite with reddish brown bark, the latest formed hairy (sub-hirsute)
and fluted obliquely liy cortical outgrowth decurrent from the pulvini
of the leaves. Buds ovoid-conic with orange-brown perulae. Leaves
persistent seven — ■ nine years, spirally arranged around their axes,
linear, emarginate ; bidendate at the apex on the fertile branches,
1 — 2*5 inches long, decurved or straight ; dark lustrous green with a
narrow median groove above ; with thickened midrilj and margins,
and Avith two silvery stomatiferous bands beneath ; the longer leaves
on the under side j^seudo-distichous in three — four ranks, the shorter
ones on the upper side erect or inclined forwards. Staminate flowers
globose-cylindric, 0"75 inch long, surrounded at the base by broadly

* Brandis, Forest Flora of Xorth-west India, ji. ."i29.

544

ABIES WKIUMAXA.

oval-obk)ng iuvdlucral bracts in threi; series. Cones iunoiig the

largest and handsomest in the genus, shortly stalked eylindric, ol)tuse,

6 — 8 inches long and 2 — 3 inches in diameter, deep violet-blue

changing to dark l)rown when mature ; scah^s obovoid-rhonibic

suddenly contracted to a short claw, the outer

margin entire or obscurely crenulate ; bracts linear-

spathulate, niucronate, three-fourths as long as the

scale. 8eed wings ()l)li(|uely oblong, truncate, nearly

as long as the scale. Wood whitish, inod(.)rous,

open-grained and soft, and not durable when

exposed to the weather. ■**■

V'f^. 1 U. Fcilili' l)r:iiichlt't with cone of AhifS fVchhiana (reduci^il).

Abies Weliliiaiia. biiidlev in Penny Cycl. I. .'30 (1833). Foibe.s, Pinet. Wobiu-n,
117, t. 41. (lS:Ji»i. Link in Linnsiea, XV. ".32 (1841). Carriere, Traite Conif.
c'd. II. 300. Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India, .".28. McNab in Proceed. R. Iiisli
Acad. II. ser. 2, fig. 18. Aitchison in Jonrn Linn. Soc. XVIII. 98. HookiM- fil,
Fl, Brit. Ind. V. 654. Beissner, Nadciiioizk. 479, with fig. Masters in Card.
Chron. XXII. (1884), \k 467, with fig.; and Journ. R. Hort. Soc. XIV. 196.

Picca Wul.biana, Loii(h)ii, AH), ct Frnt. Brit. IV. 2344, with figs. (1838).
.Madden in Jouin. Hort. Soe. Lond. V. 2.")1 (1850). (Jordon, Pinet. ed. II. 226.

Pinus Wcbbiana, VVallicli in Lambert's Genus Pinus. ed. III. 77, t. 44 (1832).
Endlieher, Synoi.s. Conif 106. Parhitorc, I). C. Prodr. XVI. 425.

P. si.ectabilis. Lanibeit, (lenus Pinus, ed. II. Vol. II. 3, t. 2 (1837).

Eng. Indian Silver Fir. Fi'. Sapin d'Himalaya.

Brandis

Germ. Webb
Forest Flora r.f Xoith-west India," he. cil.

Weisstanne.

ABIES WEBBIANA. 545

Abies Wchhiana is one of the most widely distributed of the
Hiinalayan Abietiiieie; its western limit is in north Afghanistan,
whence it s] treads eastwards to the upper Indus and through Nepal
to Bhotan. Its vertical range in Afghanistan and Kafristan is
between 7,000 and 9,000 feet ; further eastwards on the central
Himalaya it ascends to 12,000 feet, and occasionally descends to
5,000 feet ; in the north-west it forms extensive pure forests ;
east of the Indus it is commonly mixed with Acers and other
Ijroad-leaved trees ; in places it is associated with Pinas excelsa
and Pirra Smifhiana, and in Sikkim with Tsur/a Brimomana and
Rhododendrons. As seen at a distance, the foliage looks almost
black whence the name of Black Forest has been locally given to
large stretches of this ¥iv, just as the common Silver Fir has given
rise to the same name to a district in southern Germany formerly
covered witli it. The economic value of Abies Webbiana is by no
means inconsiderable to the inhabitants of the higher Himalaya
although the wood is of inferior quality.

Abies Webhiajia Avas introduced into Great Britain by Dr. WalHcli,
for many years Director of the Eotanic Garden at Calcutta ; he
repeatedly sent seeds to Mr. Lambert and others, but none appear to
have germinated till about the year 1822 when some plants were
raised in the nursery of Messrs. Whitley and Osborne at Fulham.*
Although Abies Webbiana occurs at a higher elevation with a colder
cHmate than A. Findrou; its cultivation in this country has not been
attended Avitli any better results. On the Himalaya at the altitude
at which A. Webbiana attains its greatest development the climate is
constant ; the Avinter snows fall upon the forests with a regularity
unknown in Great Britain and have the same duration year after
year. To this cause may probably be assigned the frequent failure of
Abies Webbiana; it begins to grow early in spring, and this early
growth is often cut off by frosts later in the season — an injury the tree
is unable to repair in the same season. Where sufficiently protected from
these late frosts, it is one of the most beautiful of the Abies, evidence
of which is afforded by specimens dispersed throughout the coimtry,
notably at Bicton and Upcott in Devonshire; Tandridge Court in SiUTey;
Hewell Grange, Worcestershire ; Howick Hall, Northumberland ; Castle
Kennedy, Wigtownshire ; Whittinghame in East Lothian ; Keir House
in Perthshire ; Torloisk in the Isle of Mull ; at Fota Island near
Cork ; Powerscourt, AVicklow ; and Courtown, Wexford.

The species was named in compliment to Captain W. S. Webb, an
officer in the service of the East India Company, " a distinguished
traveller and zealous investigator of Natural History," who first discovered
it in the early part of the nineteenth century.

^^ Loudon. Arboretum et Fruticetuiu Bi-itannicum, IV. 2345.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The most important works on the Coniferte have been adverted to
under the Section " Botanical Eetrospect " at page 102 ; in the
following enumeration are given the full title and date of publication
of the works most frequently quoted in the literary references to
the genera and species and in the text.

Aitchison, J. E. T. ( )n tlu' Flora of the Kurani Valley, Afghanistan,

Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. XVIII. . . - . 1881

Aiton, W. T. Hortus Kewensis ; a Catalogue of I^Iants cultivated in

the Royal Gardens at Kew, Vol. V. - - - - - -1813

Beissner, L. Handbucli der I^adelholzkunde - - - - - 1891

Bentham, G., and Hooker, J. D. Genera Plantaruin, A\)l. III. - - 1881

Bentham, G. Flora Australiensis, Vol. VI. ------ 1873

Bieberstein, L. B. Y. Flora Taurico-Caucasica, Vol. II. - - - 1808

Boissier, Iv Flora (Jrientalis, Vol. Y. - 1884

Bongard, H. G. Observations sur la Vegetatiou de Sitcha - - 183

Brandis, I). Forest Fdora of Xorth-west and Central India - - - 187

Brewer and AVatson. Botany of California, Vol. II. - - - - 1880

Brown, James. The Forester, 6th edition - - - - - - 1891

Carriere, E. A. Traite General des Coniferes, 1st edition, 1855 ; 2ii(l

edition - - - 1867

De Candolle, A. Fdore Flancaise, Vol. 111. ------ 1805

Don Davaid. Prodroinus FTorpe Xepalensis; an enumeration of the

plants collected by Dr. F'rancis Hamilton during his journev

through Nepal hi 1802—1803 - - - - - ' - ^-1825
Description of Five new species of the (icnus Tiinis, Transactions

of the Linnean Society, A^ol. XVII. 1836

Description of Two new Genera of Coniferae, Transactions of

the Linnean Society, Vol. XVIII. ------ 1838

Eichler, A. W. Engler and rrantl. Die Natiirlichen PHanzonfamilien,

3 und 4 Lieferung - - - - 1887

En<llicher, S. Synopsis Coniferarum ------- 1847

Fhigelmann, G. Revision of the Genus Tinus, in Transactions of the

Acad(!my of Science of St. Louis ------- 1880

Brewer and Watson's Botany of California, Vol. II. - . - 1880

Fisclier, F. E. L., and Meyer, C. A. Bulletin de I'Academie des

Sciences de St. Petersburg, Vol. X. - - - - - - 1842

Forbes, James. Pinetum AVoburnonse - ----- - 1839

FVanchet, A. et Savetier L. Fjrumeratio J'laiitaruni in .bii)iinia sponte

crescentium. Vol. I. -------- - 1875

(iay, Claudio, Historia Fisica de Clule, \u\. V. . . . . 1849

lilBLIOGEAPIlY. 547

Gordon, George. Tlu' I'iiictmn, 2ikI edition . . . - . 1875

Hooker, J. D. (til). Himalayan Journals or Xote.s <A a Naturalist - 1854

Flora of Tasmania ...------- 1860

Handbook of the New Zealand Flora ------ 1867

Flora of British India, V(d. V. ------- 1887

The Botanical Magazine from Vol. 91 - - - - - 1865

Hooker, AV. J. Flora Boreali America ------ 1840

London Journal of Botany, Vols. I.— IV.- - - - -1842—1845

T!ie Botanical Magazine, Vols. 54—90 - - - - -1827—1864

Hoopes, Josiah. Book of Fvergreens - - - - - - - - 1868

Hunter, T. AVoods, Forests and Estates of Perthshire - - - 1883

Kaempfer, E. Amoenitates Exoticae - - - - - - - 1712

Kent, A. H. Veitch's Manual of Coniferae, 1st edition - - - 1881
Kirk, T. The Forest Flora of Xew Zealand ----- 1889

Koch, Karl, H. E. Dendrologio ; Biiume, Striiucher, und Halbstraucher

welche in Mittel-und Xord-Europa cultivert werden. Vol. II. - 1873

Lambert, A. B. A description of the Genus Finns, Vol. I. 1803 :

Vol. II. ------ 1824

2nd edition, folio -------- 1828 to 1837

3rd edition, octavo - - - - - - - - - -1832

Lemmon, J. G. Report, Calif ornian State Board of Forestry, Vol. III. 1890
Handlwok of North-west American Cone-Bearers - - - - 1895

Lindley, J. I'enny Cyclopaedia, Vol. I. ----- - 1833

Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, Vols. I. — VII., 1846 to 1852
Paxton's Flower Garden - - - - - - - 1851 to 1853

The Gardeners' Chronicle ------- 1841 to 1865

Link, H. F. Al)ietinea? Horti Regii Botanici Berolineusis cultae

Linnapa, Vol. XV. - - - 1841

Linnaeus, C. Species Plantarum, 1st edition, 1753; 2nd edition - 1763

Mantissa Plantarum, 2nd edition - - - - - - -1771

Loudon, J. C. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicuin - - . 1838

Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs ------- 1842

McXab, AV. R. A Revision i)f the species of Abies, Proceedings of

the Royal Irish Academy, series 2, Vol. II. - - - - 1877

Macoun, J. Catalogue of Canadian Plants ------ 1886

Masters, Maxwell T. The Gardeners' Chronicle, New Series 1873 to 1886
Third Series ---------- from 1887

(_)n the Conifers of Japan, Journal of the Linnean Society, A'ol. XVIII. 1881
Contributions to the History of certain Species of Conifers, Journal

of the Linnean Society, Vol. XXII. ------ 1886

Review of some Points in the Comparative Mi >rpholi igy, Anatomy
and Life Historv of the Coniferae, Journal of the Linnean
Society, Vol. XXVII. - - - - - - - - - 1889

Notes on the Genera of Taxaceae and Coniferae, Journal of the

Linnean Society, Vol. XXX. - - - - - - - 1893

List of Conifers and Taxads in cultivation in the open air in
Great Britain and Ireland, Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society, Vol. XIV. (Conifer Conference) ----- 1892

Maximowicz, C. J. Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et
]Mandschuriae, Bulletin de I'Academie imperiale des Sciences de St.
Petersburg, Vol. X. - - - - - - - - - 1866

Mayr, Heinrich. Die Waldungen von Xordamerika - - . - 1890

Die Abietineen des Japanischen Roiches ------ 1890

548 iur.LiO(iUAi'HY.

Micliaux, K. A. liistoirc dcs Aibies Fore.stiersdel'Aiiu'nqu(' si'pti'jitiioiialc ISIO'

Miller, riiilip. Uictiomuy of Gardening', 8tli Edition - - - 1768

Murray, A. Edinlnu-oli ]S'ew Philosopliical Journal . - - - 1855

The' Pines and Firs of Japan ---..--- 1863

Lawson's Pinctuni Britannicinu (in part) ------ 1884

Nelson, J. E. (Senilis) Pinace?e. ; a Handl)ook of the Firs and Pines- 1866

Nrittali, T. Sylva of North America ------- 1849'

Parlatore, F. Coniferse in De Candolle's Prodronuis Systeniatis

Naturalis Regni Yegetabilis, A^ol. XYL- ----- 1868

Pallas, P. S. Flora Rossiea - - - - - - - - - 1784

Persoon, C. H. Synopsis Plantaruiu ------- 1805

Re^el, E. Bemerkungen ul)er die Arten der Gattinig Larix, Garten-

'^ flora, 20*™ Jahrgang - - - - - - - - - 1871

Richard, L. C. JNIemoires sur les Coniferes et les Cycadees - - 1826

Royle, J. F., Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains 1839*
Sargent, C. S. Forest Trees of North America, Tenth Census of the

United States, A'ol. IX. - - - - - - - - 1880

Garden and Forest ; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape, Art

and Forestry- .------- -1888 — 1897

The Silva of North America, Vols. X., XI. and XII. - -1896—1898

Schlechtendal, I). L. F. Yorlaufige Nachricht iiber die mexicanischen

Coniferen, Linnaea, Vol. XII. ------- 1838

Schlich, W. A Manual of Forestry, Vol. Y. - - - - - 1896

Sibthorp, John. Florae Grsecae Prodromus - - - - - - 1813.

Siebold, P. F., and Zuccarini, J. G. Flora japonica, sive Plantc-e

quas in imperio japonico coUegit, Yol. II. - - - - - 1842'

Spach, E. Histoire naturclle des Y^getaux iJianerogames, Yol. XL - 1842

Thunberg, C. P. Flora Japonica 1784

Torrey, John. New York Journal of Pharmacy, A^ol. II. - - - 1854

Report on Botany, Pacific Railway Survey - - - - - 1858

Wallich, N. Planti Asiaticai rariores, Yol. III. - - - - 1832'

Willdenow, C. L. Species Plantarum, Yol. lY. - - - - _ - 1805
Willkomm, jNIoritz. Forstliche Flora von Deiitschland uud Uesterreich,

2nd Edition - - - l^^I

INDEX I.

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

Al)ies bracteata at Eastnor
Castle, 496 ; A. concolor at
Highnam Court, 504 ; A.
firnia in Japan, 507 ; A.
magnifica at Murthly Castle,
518 ; A. Xordmanniana at
Castle wellan, 527 ; A. Pin-
(Irow at Monk Coniston, etc.

xVhietine -----

Abnormal growths in Taxads
and Conifers - - - -

Alerze Timlier - - - -

Amber -----

Araucaria at 1 )ropmore

In tlie Royal Gardens at Kew

Avenues. Abies noljilis atMadres-
tield Court, 525. Araucaria
at Bicton, Poltimore and
Murthly Castle, 300. Atlantic
Cedar at Madresfield Court,
410. Cryptomeria, near Lake
Hakone and Utsunomiya in
Japan, 265. Deodar Cedar at
Charleville, Poltimore, and
Killerton, 414. Douglas Fir
at Murthly Castle, 482.
Wellingtouia at Linton Park
and Orton Hall, 279. Yew

PAGE

533
95

51
257

95
296
299

Banks, Sir .lose})!!
Bentham, (George

138

316
202

PAGE

Biographical notices. Banks, Sir
Joseph, 316. Bentham, George,
202. Coulter, Thomas, 326.
Don, David, 255. Douglas,
David, 484. Engelmann, George,
432. Fortune, Robert, 113.
Eraser, John, 510; Griffith,
William, 397. Kfempfer, Engel-
bert, 406. Lambert, Aylmer
Bourke, 338. Lawson, Charles,
210. Lobb, William, 243. Lyall,
David, 400. Macnab, James, 214.
Mertens, Karl H., 472. Menzies,
Archibald, 454. Siel)old, Philip,
474. Smith, James Edward,
457. Thunberg, Carl Peter,
386. A^eitch, John Gould
Bordered pits in coniferous wood
Botanical Retrospect - - -
Bract and seed-scale - - -
Branchlet systems of the Cypress
Tribe . - - - -
Buds (Gemmation), 19. Arrange-
ment of, 19. Order of
development, 21. Bud-scales,
20. Removal of (deperulation)
Burr on Pine Trees -

Canada Balsam - - - 95 &
Californian coast region, climate of
Cedar of Goa at Kilmacurragh -

543
83

102
40

20
55

493
272
212

550

INDEX.

PAGE

Ci'ilius on ]\Iount LobaiKin, 418 ;
on the Cilifiau Taurus, 418 ;
at Carton, Kildarc and 8trath-
tieldsaye, Hants, 419; at
Enfield and Goodwood, 420.
Oldest in England, 421.
Properties of resinous secre-
tions - - - -

Chile, southern, climate of

Cone of Ahies pectinata with
analytical figures, 48. Pinus
pinea, longitudinal section of,
47. P. rigida, showing mode
of attachment

Coniferae, oldest vestiges of, 98.
Of the Coal Measures, 98.
(3f the Mesozoic or Inter-
mediate Life Division, 98. O
the Tertiary or Kecent Life
Division, 99. Existing Genera
and Species, 101. Enumeration
of-

Conifer Conference - - -

Coniferine ... -

Coniferous wood, 81. Anatomi-
cal structure of, 81. Durability,
87. Elasticity, SQ. Fragrance,
89. Strength, 85. Specific
gravity, 87. L^ses of, 89.
"Wood-pulp - - - -

Coniferous Forests, Minor pro-
ducts of ... -

Cotyledons of seedling Taxads
and Conifers, 5. I*^umber of,
in the different genera, 6.
Size and Form of -

Coulter, Thomas . . .

Cryptoineria japonica, proliferous
cones of-

Cupressus macrocarpa, old trees
of, near M(mterey, 216. C.
obtusa and C. pisifera, clipi^ed
trees of, near Tokio, 227. C.
torulosa in Kuuiaon

Cypress, Lawson's, at Castle-
wellan, 209 ; in the vicinity
of Port ( )rford, 208. McXab's
on the Red Mountain in
California, 214. Xootka Sinnul,
at Streatham Hall, Exeter, 219.
Roman, in the Convent of
till- Cliartivu^c at Konic 2:'>0 :

422
257

102

105

89
90

6
326

234

PAGE

at Montpi'lli(M' and at Somma

in Lomhardy - - - 230

Deciduous Cypress, Forest of,
in Florida, 284 ; Gigantic
specimens of, in Mexico, 281.
Knees of, 282 ; at Syon House

Diseases of Conifers, 55. Firs,
62. Larches, 66. Junipers, 69.
Pines, 57. Other Conifers -

Distribution and Census -

Don, David - - - -

Douglas, David

Douglas Firs at the Frythe,
Welwyn, 483 ; at Lynedoch
and Murthly Castle, 482 ; in
Oregon -----

Economic Products
Engelmann, George

Fertilisation of Taxads and
Conifers - - - -

Firs, Silver, at Carton, Curragli-
more, Dunkeld and Lynedoch

Flowers, position and arrange-
ment of, 40 ; colour, 41.
Staminate fiower of Abies
bracteata, 488. Abietia

Douglasii, 475. Dacrydium,
36. (Mnkgo, 36. Picea
Smithiana, 423. ]*inus Laricio,

38. Seipioia Wellingtonia, 39.
Tsuga IJrunoniana, 39. Saxe-
gothtPa, 159. Prumnopitys, 154.
Yew, 36. ( )vuliferous flower
of Pinus Laricio, 38. Saxe-
gothsea, 37. Tsuga Brunoniana,

39. W'Av . - - -
Foliation - - - - -
Eraser, John . - - -
Fortune, Robert . - -
Fructification - - - -

285

255

484

480

81
432

43
532

510

113

INDEX.

551

Fruits of the Abietiuese, 46.
Cupressinea?, 46. Juniper and
Thuia, 46. Ginkgo, Larch and
Cypress, 49. Taxacese, 45.
Taxodinese, 47. Periods of
maturation, 48. Size and
weight - - - - - 47

Cr.

Geological Record - - - 97
Gemmation; formation of winter

buds 19

Germination of the seeds of

Conifers . . - -

Ginkgo biloba at Kew - - 106

Glaucescence - - - - -32
Griffith, William - - - 397

Hemlock Firs on the Xikko
mountains, 468 ; in Canada,
465 ; in Sikkim . . - 463
Hybridisation among Conifers - 45
Himalaya, north-west, climate of 413
Himalayan Larch at Strete Ralegh 396

Inflorescence of Taxads and

Conifers - - - - 35

Insects injurious to Conifers, 71 ;
their number, 72. Larch-bug,
79. Larch-miner, 76. Pine-
beetle, 77. Pine-weeA*il, 74.
Pine-shoot moths, 76. .Saw-
fly, 75. Spruce gall Aphis, 78.
Wire worms - - - - 73

Japan, climate of - - - 267

Juniperus recurva in Sikkim

and Fota Island • - - 187

Kaempfer, Engelbert-
Kauri Gum

Lamljert, Aylmer Bourke
Larches at Dunkeld -
Lawson, Charles

PAGE

Leaves, adult, 2.3 : arningt-nicnt
of, 25 ; colour, 31 ; flbro-vas-
cular l)undles, 33 ; insertion,
27 ; minute structurt^ 32 ;
movements, 29 ; i>iimordial
or protomorphic, 22 ; resin
canals in, 33. Of Firs, 24 ;
Pines, 24 ; Cryptomeria and
Sequoia, 25 ; Taxads, 25 ;
Cypress tribe - - - 25

Lobb, William - - - - 243
Lyall, David - - - - 400

Macnab, James- - - - 214

Maidenhair Tree in the Royal

Gardens at Kew, 106 ; in the

Imperial Botanic Garden at

Vienna - - - - - 111

Morphology of the Taxacete

and Coniferse - - - 4

Mertens, Karl Heinrich - - 472
^lenzies, Archibald - - - 454

406
96

338
394
210

Ovules of Pinus Laricio -

Phylloid shoots of Sciadopitvs

and Phyllocladus - . ^ - 30
Picea ajanensis at Ochtertp'e - 426
Pine Barrens of the southern

United States - - - 352
Pine trees in the garden of the
monastery at Kinkakuja, 384 ;
at Karasaki, and at Xaniwaja,
Japan . - - - - 385
Pine, Wild, in Scotland - - 381
Pinus Ayacahuite at Westonbirt,
312. P. Bungeana at Peking,
317. P. Cembra in the Tal
Arola, 320. P. contorta on
the Paciflc coast, 324. P.
excelsa at The Frythe, 329.
P. Lambertiana on the Sierra
Xevada, 337. P. Montezumae
at Castlewellan and Fota
Island, 347. P. monticola in
Perthshire, 350. P. montana

552

INDEX.

on tli(? Tyrolose Al))s, 3-1:4.
P. pinea in the Royal Gardens
at KeAv, 360 ; in Trinity
College liotanio Garden, Dublin,
363; at Glentliorne, 362. P.
Pinaster in south-west France,
359. P. ponderosa ahove tlie
Yosemite valley

I'itch, prei3aration of

]^ollen of Taxads and Conifers,
dispersion of -

Pollen-grains, structure of -

Pruninopitys elegans at Eastnor
Castle

l^dvinii and their prolongations

Ramification of Taxads and

Conifers, 16. Habit modified

by, 17. Variation in

Red Snow . . - -

Redwood forests, destruction of

Resin ducts . . - .

Resinous secretions, 91. Resin

industry, seats of, 93. French

method of working it, 93.

American method, 94;

destruction caused by, 94 and

Roots of Taxads and Conifers, 7 ;

emitted from the loAvermost

branches of Cryptomeria,

Lawson's Cypress, J^inus ex-

celsa and the Connnon Spruce,

10. < »f I'inus Pinaster, 7; the

deciduous Cypress and the

Yew -----

i>90;

Sciad<)])itys in .Japan,

proliferous cone i>f -
Seeds of Taxads and Coinfer.s,

49 ; size and weight, 50 ;

dispersion of -
Seedling plants, polymorphism in

Of Cei)halotaxus drupacea, 8.

Cupressus sempervirens, 6.

Ginkgo biloba, 7. Libocedrus

decurrens, 23. Picea Glelmii,

5 ; and Piniis nniricata -

366
95

41
43

156

273

353

51
51

Sieljold, Philip Franz
Smith, James Ivlward
Spurs of the Cedar, Larch and
Ginkgo - - - - -
Stems of Taxads and Coriifers,

11 ; annual rings of, 14 ; age
of, 15 ; lieights attained by,

12 ; rate of growth of -
Spruce Deer and Gum, 440.

]\Iuskeag in ^Yisconsin -

Tar, preparation of -

Thuia gigantea at Linton Park,

242. Tsiiga ^lertensiana at

Eastnor Castle
Thunberg, Carl Peter
Topiary work at Elvaston Castle

and Levens Hall
Turpentine, composition of, 92 ;

paste, 95 ; supply of

Variegation in the foliage nf

Taxads and Conifers
A^eitch, .b>lin Gould -

Wellingtonia, age of, 278; height
attained by, 274; discovery (3f,
277 ; restricted habitat - - 278

Yew, the, association with
Englisli History, 135; jdaces
(if worship, 132; gardening and
arl)oriculture, 137; formation
of avenues and hedges - - 13!S

Yews, celebrated, ancient and
historic, 132 and 135; in
churchyards, 133. AtCherkeley
Court, 128; liuckland Church-
yard, 134; F(tuntains Abbev,
133; :\raynooth College, 132;
AVordsworth's" Fraternal Four"
at Korrowdale - - - 131

Ybav.s, AVestfelton, Irish and Hat-

to])p('d, nrigin i>f - - 1.38 — 141

I'AGE

474
157

•>'7

439

471

386

137
92

31
543

INDEX II.

(lEXERA AXD SPECIES

(Xoiuina systematica).

Names in. italirs are mjuoiiymf.

Abies, Link -

ajanensis:, Kent -
. alba, Michx.
Alberfiana, Muvr.
AlcocJiiana, Lindl.
auiabilis, Eorhes -
ApuUinia, Link -
bahorends, ^IcXal)
balsamea, Mill. -
balsamea, Torrey
ItaJsaiiu/eni, Miclix.
bicolor, ^Nlaxiui. -
bifida, Sieb. et Zucc.
bifulia, ^Nlurr.
b/richyphyUa, Maxim,
hracteata, Xutt. -
Bridgedi, Kellog.
Brunoniana, Lindl.
canadensis. Mill.
canadensis, Michx.
caroliniana, Cliapm.
Cednis, L. C. Rich,
cephalonica, Loud,
cilicica, Carr.
coinnndata, Gord.
concoldr, Lindl. •
DoiKjlasii, IJudl.
dumosa, Loud. -
Eichleri, Lauch. -
Ewielmanni, Parry
excelsa. Link
Finedonensis, Hort.
tirma, Sieb. et Zucc.

PAGE

486

Abies, Foiiunei, INlurr.

- 486

425

Eraseri, Lindl. -

- 509

428

GJehnii, Schmidt

- 438

460

Gordoniana, Carr.

- 511

429

grandis, Lindl. -

- 510

489

fjnmdis, Carr.

- 503

498

Harryana, McXab

- 513

529

hi rf ell a, Lindl. -

- 536

492

homolepis, Sieb. et Zucc

- 513

516

Hookeriana, ^lurr.

- 469

492

Jewensis, Lindl. -

- 486

429

jezoensis, vSieb. et Zucc.

- 425

507

Kd'iiipferi, Lindl.

- 405

516

Kludroir, -Loud. -

- 455

513

Larix, L. C. Rich.

- 391

493

lasiocarpa, X^utt. -

- 515

460

leptolepis, Sieb. et Zucc.

- 397

462

Loiciana, ^lurr. -

503

428

magnitica, ^lurr.

- 516

464

Mariana, Mill. -

- 439

467

^Nlariesii, Mast. -

- 520

416

Men:desii, Lindl.

- 453

498

Mertensiana, Gord.

- 460

500

microsperma, Lindl.

- 425

431

rnicrocarpa, Lamarck -

- 389

501

Morinda, Xelson

- 455

478

nephrolepis, ^Slaxim. -

- 542

462

niijra, Michx.

- 439

526

nobilis, Lindl.

- 521

431

X'ordmanniana, S}iach

- 526

432

numidica, De Lannoy -

- 529

434

ohorata. Loud. -

- 441

506

orientaJis, Poiret

- 443

554

INDEX.

PAGE

Abies, panarhaica, Heldr.

- 498

Paffoiiiaua, Waliouv

- 469

pcrtiuata, Dc Caiul.

- .530

jnchfa, Forbes -

- 540

Piiidrow, Spacli

- 533

Pinsapo, Boiss. ■

- 534

polita, Sieb. et Zucc. -

- 446

Retjince AmaJixe, Heldr.

- 498

religiosa, Schleclit.

- 536

rubra, Loud.

- 4.50

sachalinensis, Mast.

- 537

iSrhren/iia)ia, Gord.

- 451

shasfensis, Lemiii.

- 517

sibirica, Ledeb. -

- 539

Smith iana, Loud.

- 455

Kuhalpina, Engehn.

- 516

Tsur/a, Hort.

- 467

Tsut/a, 8ieb. et Zucc. -

- 473

wnbellafa, 'Shxyv -

- 507

Veitcliii, Lindl. -

- 541

renusfa, Koch

- 495

Webbiana, Liudl.

- 543

WilUamsonu, ;N"ewb. -

- 469

Abietia, Kent

- 474

i)ouglasii, Kent -

- 476

Fortunei, Kent -

- 485

Agathis, Salisl).

- 293

australis, Salisb. -

- 293

Araucaria, Juss. -

- 294

Bidwilli, Hook. -

- 302

bra.silieiisis, A. Kick. -

- 302

Cookii, R. Br.

- 303

Cunniughami, Lamb.

- 303

excelsa, R. Br. -

- 304

iuibricata, Pavou

- 297

Rul.-i, :\[uell. -

. 304

Athrotaxis, D<mi -

- 259

cupressoidcs, Don

- 261

Doniana, Hort. -

- 261

(hmniana, (lord.

- 262

iiiihrirata, Hort. -

- 262

la.xifolia, Hook. -

- 261

sclagiuoidcs, Don

- 262

Biota, Endl.

- 235

iiiel(lenxi>i, Carr. -

- 250

oriental ix, Kndl. -

- 249

pemJula, Endl. -

- 2.50

Calocednis marroJepii^, Kurz.

256

PAGE

CedruS, Loudon - - - 406

atlantica, Manc^tti - - 409

africana, Gord. - - - 409

Deodara, Loudon - - 411

Liltani, Loudon . - - 415

Cephalotaxus, Sieb. et Zucc. Ill

drupacea, 8ieb. et Zucc. - 112

Fortunei, Hook. - - - 113

pedunculata, tSiel). et Zucc. - 114

Chaniaecyparis, Spacli - - 199

Botir^ieri, Carr. - - - 206

breviramea, Maxim. - - 221

Lawsoniana, Pari. - - 206

nutliaensis, Spach - - 218

ohtusa, Endl. - - - 221

pendula, Maxim. - - 226

jn'sifera, Endl. - - - 225

spJueroidea, Spacli - - 231

tJnn-ifpra, Endl. - - - 231

Cryptomeria, Don - - 263

e/e<jan.'<, Carr. - . - 264

iaponica, Don - - - 263

'dMH, H(n-t. - - - 264

Cunninghamia, R. Br. - 291

lanrpulata. Hook. - - 292

sinensis, R. 15r. - - - 292

Oupressus, Linn. - - 199

ai'izonica, Greene- - - 201

atteituata, Gord. - - - 206

Benthamii, Endl. - - 201

caslimeriana, Royle - - 234

Corneyana, Pari. - - 234

ilidirlia, Linn. - - - 282

deyanx, Hort. - - - 202

fastii/iata, De Cand. - - 229

'funeims, Staunt. - - 203

(/lauca, Lnnvdvck - - - 211

Goveniana, Gord. - - 204

Hartirt'ijii, Carr. - - - 215

hori-iontalix, Mill. - - 229

Kiiii/htiaiia, Hort. - - 202

Lainlicrtiana, Carr. - 215

Lawsoniana, Mm-r. - - 205

LiwV>'iii^ Klotscli - - 202

lusitan'ica, .Mill. - - - 210

Macnabiana, Murr. - - 213

maerocarpa, Hartw. - - 215

nootkatensis, Don - - 217

obtusa, Koch - - - 220

INDEX.

555

PAGE

OupresSUS, pemlula, Lamb.

- 203

pisifera, Koch

- 224

seiupervirens, Linn.

- 228

tliurifera, H. B. K. -

- 230

tliyuides, Linn. -

- 231

torulosa, L^on

- 233

Whiftlei/aua, iUm\.

- 229

Dacrydium, SLiland.

- U4

cnpressinuni, Soland. -

- U5

Franklinii, Hook. f. -

- U6

tetrwjonum, Pari.

- 161

Damniava auffralif, Lanili.

- 293

Diselma, Hook. f.

- 196

Archer i, Hook. f.

- 197

Dombeya, Lamarck -

- 298

chUensis:, Lamarck

- 298

Fitzroya, Hook. f. -

- 196

Arclieri, Bentli. -

- 197

patagonica, Hook. f. -

- 198

Ginkgo, Linn.

- 107

biloba, Linn.

- 109

Glyptostrobus, Lndl. -

- 280

TieferojiJii/Ilus, Endl.

- 286

pemlufiis, Endl. -

- 282

Juniperus, Linn. -

- 16-t

andi/ta, Xntt.

- 178

barbadensis, Linn.

- 193

Bedfor'h'aiia, Hort.

- 193

berjnndiana, Linn.

- 166

brevifolia. Pari. -

- 180

californica, Carr.

- 167

ca)iade7isis, Gord.

- 171

Cedrus, Webb -

- 180

cliinensis, Linn. -

- 169

cinerea, Carr.

- 192

communis, Linn.

- 170

conferta, Pari.

- 188

davurica, Pall. -

- 185

dealhafa, Loud. -

- 178

dnipacea, Labill.

- 173

echinofurmis, Hort.

- 172

ericoides, Hort. -

- 231

excelsa, Bieli.

- 17-t

flaccida, Schlecht.

- 177

t!a</eIliforiJUf, Hort.

- 169

foetidis.^^ima, Wild.

- 176

heiaispluerka, Presl. -

- 172

PAGE

Juniperus hispanira, Mill. - 192

Japuin'ca, Can: - - - 170

Lt/ria, Linn. - - - 182

macrocarpa, Sibtli. - - 181

macropoda, Bois.s. - - 176

mexicana, Schleclit. - - 168

monosperma, Sargent - -179

)2a7ia, Willd. - - - 172

ob/otiija, Bii'b. - - - 172

occidentalis, Hook. - - 178

Oxycodru-s Linn. - 179

pacliypliloea, Torr. - - 181

])lioenicea, Linn. - - - 182

procera, Hoclist. - - - 177

procuinhens, Kent - - 183

prorun>be?iS, Sieb. et Zucc. - 170

prostrata, Pers. - - - 183

P.seudo-Sabina, Fiscli. - - 184

pyriforuiis, Lindl. - - 168

reliijiosa, Carr. - - - 175

reliijiosa, Roylc - - - 186

repens, Xutt. - - - 183

riifescens, Link - - - 179

recurva, Don - - - 185

rigida, Sieb. et Zucc. - - 188

Sabina, Linn. - - - 189

sahinoides, Griseb. - 192

Scopiilorum, Sargent - - 195

sphferica, Lindl. - - - 190

squaiiiata, Hamilt. - - 186

taxifolia, Hook, et Arno - 191

tetragona, Schlecht. - - 179

tliurifera, Linn. - - - 191

utahensis, Lennnon - - 168

virginiana, Linn. - - 192

Wal/irhiar/a, Brandis - - 184

Ketcleeria Forfuuei, Carr. - - 486

Laricopsis, Kent - - - 403

Kffimpferi, Kent - - 404

Larix, Salisb. - - - - 387

americana, Michx. - - 389

Cednis, Salisb. - - - 416

dahurica, Turcz. - - - 390

deridua, :Mill. - - - 391

europppa, De Cand. - 391

Griffithii, Hook. f. - - 395

Japonic a, Carr. - - - 397

Kce)tipferi, Carr. - - - 404

JairiJensis, ^layr - - - 390

larkina, Koch - - - 389

556

INDEX.

pagp:

Larix Ledehouri, Gord. -

- 402

leptdlepis, CJdi'd. -

- 397

Lyalli, I^irl.

- 399

inicivrcD-pa, Eoi-Ik-s

- 389

occidentalis, Xutt.

- 400

pendula, 8alis1). -

- 389

.sibirica, Ltnlel). -

- 402

tenuifoUa, Salisl).

- 389

Libocedrus, Kn<ll. -

- 251

cliilciisis, Kudl. -

- 252

dcciineiis, Turr. -

- 253

Doiiiana, Eiidl. -

- 254

niacrolepis, Boiitb.

- 255

tctraLfoiia, Kiidl. -

- 256

Microcachrys, Hook. f. - 160

tc'teigona, Hodk. f. - - 161

Nageia, Gaevt. - - - - 152

japoiiica, (Taert. - - - 152

Phyllocladus, L. C. Rich. - 121

alpinus, Hook. f. - 122

axjjIenifoJ iiix, Kook, f.- - 123

glaucus, CaiT. - - - 122

rliomboidalis, L. C. Rich. - 123

tricliomanoides, Don - - 124

frichoiucutoiilps, Viwl. - - 123

Picea, Link - - - - 422

ajancnsis, Fiscli. - - - 425

alha, Link - - - - 427

Alcockiana, Garr. - - 429

(iiiialnlix, LoiuL - - - 489

Apollitm, Lawson - - 498

hal)<a)iiea, Loud. - - - 492

hicolui; Mayr - - - 429

hrachypliijUa, Gord. - - 513

hradeafa, Lond. - - - 495

Breweriana, Watson - - 430

'■ajiaffenxix, Link - - 464

'■anailenxi'i, Sargent - - 428

ri'jihalonira, Loud. - - 498

cilicira, (4ord. - - - 500

roluiiihiana, Lennn. - - 431

ronirmifafn, Hort. • - 448

coivolor, Gord. - - - 502

l)(nt(jl(mi, Link - - - 478 !

llngi'hnanni, Kngehu. • - 431

exeelsa, Link - - - 432

jirina, (iiml. - - - 507

Fraseri, Loud. - - - 509

i/nmfli.-<, Loud. - - - 511

I'AGE

Picea (deluiii, .Mast. - - 437

hoiKloemix, ]\[ayr - - 425

je?:oensb, Carr. - - - 425

Loiriana, Gord. - - - '^02>

iiHKjnilica, Gord. - - - 5 1 7

Mariaim, Sargent - - 439

Menrdesii, Carr. - - - 453

rnicrospemia, Carr. - - 425

Morinda, Link - - - 455

nigra, Link - - . 438

nohilis, Loud. - - - 522
Nordmanniana, l^oud.- - 526

numidka, Gord. - - - 529

ol)ovata, Ledeh. - - - 441

< )niorica, Pancic - - - 442

orientaHs, Carr. - - - 443

Pairijana, Sargent - - 448

ParsonxUuui, Hort. - - 503

ppctinata, Loud. - - - 530

jnclifa, Loud - - - 540

Pindroii\ Loud. - - - 533

Pinsapo, Loud. - - - 534

polita, Car)-. - . - 446

pungens, Engehn. - - 448

reJigiosa - - - - 536

nihem, Sargent - - - 450

rubra, Link - - - 450
Schrenkiana, Fischer - - 451

sitehensis, Carr. - - . 452

Smithiana, Boiss. - . 454

Vi'ifchii, (tohI. - - - 542

]\'''/J>i(0/a, Lou(b - - 544

PinUS, Linn. - - - . :i06

A /j it's, Duroi - - - 530

Abies, Linn. - - - 433

Ahies, Pallas - - - 526

a/ha, Land). - - - 428

albieanHs, Kugehn. - - 310

A/roi/uiana, Pari. - - 429

aiiiahilis, Dougl. - - - 490

arisfafa, Kngclui. - 314

aflanfira, Kudl. - - - 409

atti'tmata, Leunii. - - 387

austral ix, Michx. - - 352

aitsfriara, Hoss - - - .339

Ayaeuhuitc. Lliicidi. - - 311

lialfouriana, .Murr. - - 313

Hanksiana, Lamb. - - 315

l>aha)iipa. Land). - - 492

lieardslpi/i, Murr. - - 364

licnflmiiiiana, Hartw. - - 364

INDEX.

557

PA(iE

Pinus lidlcDKleri, I'miI. - '.Vl\

Bourxieri, C'arr. - - - 3:24:

bracliiiphylla, Pari. - - 513

l>rarhiipfera, Eu<.;vliii. - - 364

hrarff^afa, Don - - - 49.'>

Bruiioniana, AVall. - - 4G2

Brufia, Tenori' - - - 368

]>ungeana, Zucc. - - - 316

canadensis, Linn. - - 464

carica, Don - - - 368

Oedrus, Linn. - - 416

Cembra, Linn. - - - 317

oembroides, Zucc. - - 321

cephalonira, ImicU. - - 498

ciUcira, Kotschy - - 500

commutata, Pari. - - 431

concolor, Pari. - - - 502

oontorta, Dougi. - - - 323

Coulteri, Don - - - 325

tlensiflora, Sieb. et Zucc. - 326

Deodara, \jm\\h. - - - 411

Deronicma, Lindl. - - 345

dirarirafa, Sargent - 315

Don Pedri, Roezl. - - 311

Douijlasil, Don - - - 478

du/iiosa, Lanib. - - - 462

ediinata, Mill. - - - 342

Ed(/ariana, Hartw. - - 351

I'duli.s, Eugebn. - - - 322

Ewjel III aunt, Torrey - - 364

escarena, Ri.^so. - - - 358

excelsa, Wallicb. - - 328

Fendii, Antoinc - - - 339

fiirna, luidl. ... .'i07

fiexilis, JauK^s - - . 330

Forfunei, Pari. - - - 486

Fraseri, Lamb. - - - 509

Fremontiana, Endl. - - 322

Gerardiana, Wallich. - - 331

1 1 rand is, Dougl. - - - 511

'Griffifliii, Pari. - - - 395

lialepensis, Mill. - - - 332

Hartwegii, Lindl. - - 348

Jiisjxmica, ^Viddv. - • 368

honwlepis, Endl. - - - 513

hudsonica, Pari. - - - 315

Jminilis, Link - - - 343

inops, Soland. .. - - .333

insignis, Loud. - - - 370

Jeffreiji, Balfour - - - 364

K(empferi, Pari. - - - 405

Khnfvoir, Royle - - - 455

PAGE

Pinus kdiaii'iisis, Si.-b. et Zucc. 334

Lanibcrtiana, DdUgl. - - 336

lanreolnfa, Lamb. - - 292

laricina, Duroi ■ - - 389

Laricio, Poiret - - - 338

Lari.f, Liini. - - - 391

/asiocarpa, H(jok. - - 516

Ledebouri, Endl.- - - 402

Leinoniana, Carr. - - 358

lepdolepis, Endl. - - - 397

Jeur.odermis, Ant. - - 339

LindJeyana, Gord. - - 345

Hareana, Schlcclit. - - 321

Loisleuriana, Carr. - - 368

longifolia, Roxl).- - - 341

Jophosperma, Lindl. - - 348

Loud oni ana, Gord. - - 311

Lyalli, Pari. - - - 400

inacrocarpa, Lindl. - - 325

macroj)hy//a, Lindl. - - 345

mandschurica, Murr. - - 318

marifima, Lamarck. - - 358

Massoniana, Endl. - - 383

Menziesii, Dougl. - 453

Mertensiana, Pari. - - 460

Merfpnsiana, Bong. - - 469

micwcarjm, Land). - - 389

mitis, Michx. - - - 342

mono})liylla, Torrey. - - 322

montana, JNlill. - - 343

jMontezumae, Land>. - - 345

monticola, Don - - - 349

Muijlms, AVilld. - - - 343

nmricata, Don - - - 350

Murrayana, Balfour - - 324

nigra, Lamlj. - - - 439

nohifis, Dougl. - - - 522

Nonlmmmiana, Steven - 526

NidtaUi, Pari. - - - 401

ohorata, Pari. - - - 441

oocarpa, Scliiedc - - - 348

orienfalw, Linn. - - - 44:3

osteuspervia, Engelm. - - 321

PaUasiana, Lamb. - - 339

palustris, ]\lill. - - - 352

paroliniana, ^Vebb - - 368

Parryana, Engelm. - - 323

Parryana, Gord.- - - 364

parviflora, Sieb. et Zucc. - 353

Paftoniana, Pari. - - 469

patula, Scliiede - - - 355

pendula, Landi. - - - 389

558

INDEX.

PAGE

PinuS iK'ntai>liyll;i, Mayr - - 356

Peuke, Grisel). - - - 357

Picea, Duroi - - - 433

Firm, Linn. - - - 530

pirhta, Endl. - . 540

Pinaster, Solaiid. - - 358

pinea, Linn. - - . 360

Pinclrov, Roylc - - - 533

PhisajM), Endl. - - - 534

polita, Endl. - - - 446

jjonderosa, Dougl. - - 363

2iorphyrorarpa, Miirr. - 349

prohiberam, Gord. - - 345

pumiJa, ]\layi' - - - 318

PumiJio, Haenke - - 343

pun<^ens, Michx. - - 367

pyrenaica, Lapeyr. - - 368

pijrejmica, Gord. - 339

qnadrifolia, Sudw. - - 323

radiata, Don - - . 370

reliiiiosa, H. P>. K. - - 536

resinosa, Soland. - - - 372

rigida, Mill. - . - 373

rubra, Lanil?. - - - 450

rubra, Miclix. - - - 373

rtijjesfris, Michx. - - 315

RusselUa7ia, Lindl. - - 345

Sabiniana, Dougl. - - 375

Sclininkiana, Endl. - - 451

serotina, ]\Iiclix. - - - 374

selenolep)is, Pari. - - - 542

■^ibirim, l^irl. - - - 540

x/'frhenKi's, Pong. - - - 453

.^p'Wab/7/x, Lamb. - - 544

Siiiifliiaiia, AVall. - - 455
strobiforniis, Engelm. - - 313

Strobus, Linn. - - - 377

sylvestris, Linn. - - . 379

Tpeda, Limi. - - . :582

taxifolia, Laml). - - .478

Teocok', 8cldc'clit. - - 356

Tlunibcrgii, I'arl. - 383

Torr(>yana, Pariy - . 348

Tiiuija, Kndl. - - . 47.3

tul)('rculata, Gord. - - 386

unrinata, Rainnnd. - . 343

rariabilix, Lunil). - . 342

rcnuxfa, Dong. - - . 495

vin/iniana, ^li]\. - - . 334

Winrpxti'i-iaiia, Gurd. - - 345

W'-bb/a/ia, Wall. - . 544

Podocaipus, L'Herit - - I47

PAGE

PodocarpuS alpiims, K. Pi

. - 148

an'/iim-", Poppig -

- 157

chilinu8, L. C. Rich. -

- 148

dacrydioides, A. Rich.-

- 149

errugineus, Don

- 150

koraieiisis, Hort. -

- 115

- niacrophyllns, Don

- 150

^ageia, R. Pr. -

- 151

neriifolius, Don -

- 152

nubigenus, Lindl.

- 153

i^picatus, R. Pr. -

- 157

Totara, Don

- 153

mviicefoJiu.'^, A. Rich. -

- 293

Prumnopitys, Philiiipi -

- 154

clcgans, Philippi

- 155

spioata, Mast.

- 157

Pseudo-larix, Gord. -

- 405

Krempferi, Gord.

- 405

Pseudotsnga, Carr.

- 474

Dou(jkmi, Carr. -

- 478

macrocarpa, Mayr

- 478

magnifica, McXab

- 517

mua-onata, Sargent

- 478

7iobiIig, McNal)"^ -

- 522

8alisl)uria, Smith

- 109

wJiaiififulia, Smith

- 109

Saxegothaea, Lindl.

- 1 58

• •iiiispicua, Lindl.

- 158

Sciadopitys, Sicb. et Zucc.

- 286

verticillata, Sieb. et Zucc.

- 287

Retinispora, Sieb. et Zucc. -

- 199

ihibia, Carr.

- 247

rr/roido!, Hort. -

- 231

Jiliroidex, Go)'d. -

- 221

filifera, Gord.

- 226

Jmiipewides, Carr.

- 249

Icpforlada, Hort,

- 232

h/'-opodioides, Gord.

- 222

Jiir/de>ixi!<, Hort. -

- 250

ohfuaa, Siel). et Zucc. -

- 221

pisi/cra, Sieb. et Zucc.

- 225

ptluiiio.<a, Gord. -

- 227

■•<gitan-ii.-<a, Sieb. et Zucc.

- 227

Scliubertia, Miibel. -

- 280

diWir-ha, Mirbel. -

- 282

Sequoia, Kndl.

- 269

•jiijanh'a, Dccaisne

- 275

'ji<l(intf(t, Endl. -

- 277

INDEX.

559

PAGE

Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.

- 270

A\^'llingtonia, Seeinann

- 274

Ta.xodium, L. C. Rich. -

- 280

(listichuni, L. C. Rich.

- 281

heteruphylhiiii, Brong.

- 286

inicrophylluin, Brong. -

- 282

Moiitezmme, Decaisne -

- 281

sempenirens, Lamb. -

- 271

)<inen-i:e, Gord.

- 282

Taxus, Linn. -

- 124

(clpressa, Gord. -

- 126

Ijaccata, Linn.

- 126

brevifoHa, Xutt. -

- 142

Boursieri, Carr. -

- 142

canaden.sis, Willd.

- 143

cuspidata, Sieb. et Zucc.

- 143

Doradonii, Hort.

- 127

epacrioides, Hort.

- 127

ericoides, Hort. -

- 127

fasfi<jiafa, Hort. -

- 127

iloridana, Chapni.

- 144

Harrimjtonicma, Forbes

- 114

liibeniica, Hort. -

- 127

Japo7iica, Hort. -

- 115

Lindleijana, Miur.

- 142

macrophylla, Thunb. -

- 151

mieifem, Linn. -

- 119

tardiva, Pari.

- 126

verficiUafa, Tliunb.

- 289

Thuia, Linn. -

- 235

aurea, Hort.

- 249

ehilejisis, Don

- 252

Craigiana, ]\lurr.

- 253

dolabrata, Linn. -

- 236

Doniana, Hook. -

- 255

filifonnix, Lindl.

- 250

(jigcmfea, Carr.

- 253

gigantea, Nutt. -

- 239

japonica, ]Maxim.

- 244

Lohbii, Hort.

- 240

Menziesii, Dong. -

- 240

ohtusa, Mast.

- 221

I'AGE

Thuia occidentalis, Linn.

- 245

orientalis, Linn. -

- 248

pisifem, isia.st. -

- 225

p)€ndula, Lanilj. -

- 250

pJkata^ Don.

- 239

plicata, Pari.

- 247

xplw' raided is, L. C. Rich.

- 231

spliwroidea, Maconn -

- 231

Sfandishii, Carr.-

- 245

tetraijona, Hook.-

- 256

Wareana, Hort. -

- 248

Thnjopsis, 8ieb. et Zuce.

- 235

boreaJis, Fisch. -

- 218

dolabrafa, Sieb. et Zuec.

- 237

hderirens, Lindl.

- 237

Stcvtdishii, Hort.

- 245

Torreya, Arnott

116

ealifornica, Torrey

- 117

myristica, Hook.

- 118

nucifera, Sieb. et Zncc.

- 119

taxifolia, Arnott -

119

Tsuga, Carr. -

- 457

.Vlbertiana, Kent

- 459

Ararciiii, Sargent

- 473

Brnnoniana, Carr.

- 462

canadensis, Carr.

- 163

caroliniana, Engelni.

- 466

diversifolia, ]\Iaxini.

- 467

Douf/iasii, Carr. -

- 478

heferophylla, Sargent -

- 460

HooLeriana, Carr.

- 469

Mertensiana, Sargent -

- 468

Mertensiana, Carr.

- 460

Pattoniana, Engelm. -

- 469

Sieboldii, Carr. -

- 472

Tumion, Ratinsq.

- 116

califomicum, Greene -

- 118

faxifoJium, (Treene

- 120

"WelHngtonia, Lindl. -

qiqantea, Lindl. -

- 275

INDEX iir.

YERNACULAK AND COMi\I()N NAMES

(Xdiiiiiia trivialia).

PAGE

Ai'l:)oi

Yitae, ChiHan -

252

Fir

Algerian

- 529

„ Chinese -

249

Balm of Gilead -

- 492

„ Jai)anese -

245

))

llalsam

- 492

„ LoblVs

240

Black Sj)nice

439

„ Standish's

245

Blue Sjiruce

- 448

„ Western -

246

]5ristle-coned

- 495

„ Whipcord {iJendula)
Arceiitlios, The - - - -

250
174

Cilician
Clanl^razil's

- 500
51 & 433

Ayacahuite

311

))

Colorado Silver -

- 502

Bxmy.

i-Bunya

302

Colorado Spruce -
Common Silver -

- 448

- 530

Californian Nutiiieff -

118

■n

Common Spruce -

- 433

Cedar

, African -

409

Double Balsam -

- 509

Bastard -

253

Douglas

- 478

))

Deodar -

411

Engelmann's Spruce

- 431

Ground -

171

Eraser's

- 509

of Goa -

211

( Ireek -

- 498

J J

Incense -

253

Hendock Spruce -

- 464

Indian

411

Himalayan Hemlock

- 462

Japanese ■
of Lel)anon

264
416

Himalayan Spruce
Indian Hemlock -

- 455

- 462

))

Prickly -

179

Indian Silver

- 544

))

Red

193

Indian Spruce

- 455

White - 231,

246 (fc

253

Japanese Hendock

- 467

Cypress, Bald

„ Deciduous -

282

55
55

Japanese Silver -
Larch

- 507

- 522

Japanese
Laniljcrt's -

221
215

55
55

Loverly

Menzies' S2)ruce ■

- 490

- 453

))

LaAvson's

206

Norway Spruce -

- 433

Monterey

215

Nikko Silver

- 513

Nootka Sound

218

Noble

- 522

IVa-fniited -

225

Nordmann's

- 526

Port Orford -

206

Oriental Spruce -

- 443

Roman
Sitka -

229
218

55
55

Prickly

Prince Albert's -

- 446

- 460

Yellow

218

Red of Califoi'uia

- 517

Swamp

282

Red of Oregon -

- 522

INDEX.

561

PAGE

Fir, Red Spruce

- 450

„ Rocky Mountains Spruct

- 431

,, Sacred

- 536

,, Saghalien -

- 538

,, Santa Lucia

- 495

„ Scotch

- 379

,, Siberian Silver -

- 540

„ Siberian Spruce -

- 441

,, Spanish

- 534

„ Servian Spruce -

- 442

„ Tall Silver -

- 511

„ Tideland Spruce -

- 453

,, Tiger's Tail Spruce

- 446

„ Veitch's Silver -

- 542

,, Western Hemlock

- 460

,, White of N. W. America,

490 & 502

,, White of Oregon -

- 511

,, White Spruce

- 428

,, Yesso - - - -

- 425

Hackmatack

- 389

Juniper, Bermiida

- 166

„ Califoruian -

- 167

,, Chinese

- 169

„ Common

- 171

,, Greek -

- 175

„ Incense

- 192

,, Mexican

- 168

„ Phoenician -

- 182

„ Prickly

- 179

„ Savin -

- 189

„ Spanish

- 192

„ Swedish

- 171

Syrian -

- 174

„ Tall - - -

- 175

Kahikatea-

- 149

I^arch; American

- 389

Black -

- 389

,, Chinese -

- 405

,, Common

- 391

., European

- 391

,, (jolden -

- 405

„ Himalayan

- 395

„ Japanese

- 397

„ Red

- 389

,, Western -

- 401

Maidenhair Tree

- 109

Maki . - - -

- 151

Matai . . . -

- 157

Mammoth Tree -

- 275

Miro, The - - - -

- 150

Monkey Puzzle -

Nagi

Oyamel

Pine

, Adventure Bay -

))

Austrian -

))

Awned

Bishops' -

))

Black of N.Z. -

))

Bull

Canadian -

))

Celery-topped -

Cembra -

Chile

))

Chinese Water -

Corean

Cluster

Corsican -

Crimean -

Digger -

))

Fox-tail -

Frankincense -

»)

Grey

))

Heavy-wooded -

Hickory -

))

Japanese Black -

Japanese Red -

Knob-cone

))

Huon

Jack

Kauri

>»

Larch

Loblolly -

))

Long-leaved

Monterey -

))

Mountain -

))

New Jersey

Nut -

Old Field -

Pinaster -

Pitch

Prickle coned

»J

Red of Amer. -

))

Red of N.Z. -

))

Scots

Scrub

Short-leaved Am

Short-leaved Jap

Soft-leaved

Small-flowered -

Southern Pitch -

Spruce

364 &

315 &

PAGE

298

152

536

123
339
314
351
157
376
373
123
318
298
286
335
358
338
339
376
314
382
315
364
367
383
327
387
146
315
293
338
382
352
370
343
334
376
382
358
374
351
373
145
379
334
342
354
342
354
352
342

562

INDEX.

PAGE

PiiH-

Strobiis, JajKUif'sc

- 356

Tamarack -

))

Stone

- 360

Tai!e

kalia -

)»

Sugar

- 336

Toat

))

Swiss Stone

- 318

M(>u!ilai!i

Tahle iNlountaiii

- 367

Toi'reya, .lapai!e.se

))

Tartarian -

- 339

Tota

•a

Torcl!
lh!!brella -

- 382

- 289

Western Pitch -

- 364

Wellingtouia

))

^^^eymouth

- 377

))

'\\niite, An!('ricai!

- 377

Po(lo

Wild

Yellow - -- 342
•arp, Al^jine
, Chilian
, Large-leaved
, Oleander-leaved -

- 379
Sc 364

- 148

- 150

- 152

California!!
Canadia!! -
Fetid

Florence Court
Golden
Irish

Retinispora, Fern-like

- 221

Japanese -

„ Golden -

- 221

Prince Allx'rt's

,, Pea-fruited

- 225

Weeping -

„ Slender-lirai

iclied

- 226

Wester!! -

Kinn

- 145

Westfelto!!

Kcd \V( lod, California!!

- 271

Y('ll()W-l>c!'iicd

122 S:

PAGE

389
124
122
122
119
154

275

126
142
143
116
127
126
127
144
158
129
142
127
127

CORRIGENDA.

46 In lino 14 from bottom — For Figs. 30 and 31, read Fi^s. 32 and 33.

143 ,, 17 from top j For Wildenow,

172 ,, 13 from top - read

343 ,, 12 from bottom,! Willdennw.

275 ,, 23 from bottom — For Seeman read Seemanu.

42o „ 24 from top — For Fisher, read Fischer.

H M. POLLETT & Co., Ltd., Horticultural Piinters, Faun Street, Aldersgate Street, E.C.

Old

t^k

^ DATE DUE

■1-' [(a-^^ Lk

: - FORESTI^V .

m^sm'

X
ll— '

l-'-.'l
:r

■x

. ... ,r-nglTV OF

FDR

AGRIOULTUHE
LIBRARY

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Full text of "Veitch's manual of the coniferae : containing a general review of the order, a synopsis of the species cultivated in Great Britain, their botanical history, economic properties, place and use in arboriculture, etc"

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