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~ The Veterinary Obstetrical
Compendium

For the Farmer and Breeder of Live Stock.

A Practical Illustrated Treatise on the Delivery of Colts,
Calves, Lambs, Pigs and Dogs; Including the
Causes, Symptoms, Preventation aud Treatment
of the Diseases and Accidents Incidental to
the Generative Organs of the Female

Parent—also Diseases and Malfor-

. °
mations of the Young Animals.
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COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY

| v
WALES E. VAN AME,

FORT WAYNE, IND.

COPYRIGHTED.

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THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS,

Two Copies Received

MAR 2 1903
Maca ey l Aw

ot « XXe, No,

SOSb4

COPY B.

Entered according to the Act of Congress, ae }

in the year 1903, by
WALES E. VAN AME,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at
Washington, D. Cc

REMARKS

TO THE BREEDER OF DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS.

THE VETERINARY OBSTETRICAL COMPEN-
DIUM is not limited to labor and the act of deiivering of
the young—certainly one of the most important, and yet
difficult, of all animal functions; for it includes not only
rules which should be followed in order to remove or
remedy the material obstacles or accidents which may
hinder the accomplishment of that act, but likewise embraces
everything connected with the health and preservation of the
female parent and the young creature while they are in the
closest relations with each other before delivery, as well as
for some time after their disjunction.

The functions of the Generative System are intimately
related to and dependent upon each other—a failure or dex
fect in one disturbing their relationship, and leading to
sterility or barrenness or irregularity in reproduction.
Everything connected with this subject, as well as that which
terminates with natural or spontaneous labor has been in-
cluded in this treatise, also the difficulties attending labor
and delivery, whether they depend upon the mother, or the
young creature, or upon both, with the means for overcom-
ing them, and the accidents which may complicate difficult
labor and delivery. The maladies to which the parent is
most exposed after delivery, and their medical and surgical
treatment, as well as the condition, diseases, mialforma-
tions and treatment of the young anima! after birth and up
WY: to the time of weaning.

4 REMARKS.

ment and concern; while to assist creatures in the pangs of

piss

THE VETERINARY OBSTETRICAL COMPEN-
DIUM is illustrated throughout with lifelike illustrations,
and we consider this work of great practical value, as it is iu
written in the plainest language, devoid of all technical |
terms, so all who read can readily understand it. The nec-
essity for such a guid has been felt more particularly by the
Stock Raiser and Farmer; for only too frequently have they
had to rely upon their own resources, and to painfully ac-
quire, at their own expense, that knowledge on the subject
which is so thoroughly illustrated and explained in this
Veterinary Obstetrical Compendium. For a want of know-
ledge in giving the proper assistance to their live stock at
the critical time, the loss to the Stock Owner amounts to an
enormous sum annually.

We need not allude to the immense importance of this
branch of Veterinary Science from an economical point of
view. The ever-increasing value of nearly all the domes-
ticated animals, and the necessity for their multiplication ;
to supply the demands and meet the requirements of a wide- ~ ‘
ly extending and rapidly-progressive civilization, render — ; x
everything connected with their reproduction of great mo-

protracted and difficult labor and delivery, and to prevent or vi
abbreviate suffering—in all probability to preserve their life _ oe
—-previous to, during, or subsequent to the occurence of ily of
this physiological act, is no less a duty than it should be a Me
source of satisfaction to the Stock Raiser. mh

When we consider the vast and yearly increasing oo
amount of animal wealth we possess, the great skill, atten-
tion and expense bestowed on the perfecting of the most
important of the domesticated animals, which are daily be- tt)
coming more essential factors in our progressive waoiieae ;
tion, it might therefore be stated that everything relating
to the reproduction | and rearing of these creatures must be
of Sead interest not only to Breeder and Stock Raisers, rh

i put to the al Great loss may be, and far

too often is. quickly sustained among animals during the
period which the female who has conceived carries the
young in her womb up to the time of delivery, during de-
livery, and after delivery. A treatise which might aid, to
; however small extent, in pointing out how these losses may
_ be averted or remedied, must surely, then, prove a welcome
4 boon to those who are engaged in breeding and raising

animals,

Veterinary Obstetrical Compendium.

FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The genital organs of the female are much more com-
plicated than those of the male, because of the far greater
share they take in the process of generation. They are
usually described, according to their situation, as external
and internal.

These organs may be enumerated as follows: The ex-

ternal organs consist of the vulva and udder(mammae),
the internal organs of the vagina, womb, Fallopian tubes.
and ovaries. These organs will be described in the above
mentioned order.

EXTERNAL ORGANS OF GENERATION.
THE VULVA OF THE MARE.

THE VULVA is the external orifice of the generative
organs, which appears as a vertically elongated slit, situated ©
beneath the anus, and between the posterior margins of the

two hind quarters. It presents two thick lips (labia), and
two angles (Commissures), externally; and internally it

forms a cavity which is continuous with that of the vagina. oF

THE LIPS (labiae vulvae) are usually in contact, and . ee
they, with the opening which separates them (rimae vulva), ee n

ne |

_ vary in size according to age and condition.

“They. aré) ae

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OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 7

slightly prominent and thick, being composed of firm,
flexible, and elastic tissue, which is covered with a fine,
smooth skin destitute of hair. Internally, they are covered
by mucous membrane, a continuation of that lining the
vagina, and which is constantly lubricated by a greasy
mucus possessing a special odor, according to the species
of the animal; on the free border of the vulva this mem-
brane and the skin meet.

THE ANGLES situated at the junction of the lips

Bre ok.
THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MARE.

1, Body of the Womb; 2, 2, Horn of the Womb; 3, Vagina; 4,
Bladder; 5, Rectum; 6, Round Muscle of the Anus; 7, Constrictor
Muscle of the Vulva; 8, Bulb of Vagina; 9, Ovary and Fringe-like
prolongations (Fimbriae) of Fallopian Tube; 10, Fallopian Tube;
11, Kidney; 12, 12, Broad Ligament. |

above and below are the two angles. The upper angle
(superior commissure) is situated close to the anus, from
which it is only separated by a narrow space—the (per-
inaeum). It is very angular. The lower angle (inferior com-
missure) is obtuse, rounded and more voluminous; it

- 7

8 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

lodges the clitoris which is a small organ, from two to three -

inches in length; its free extremity is enveloped in a
mucous cap, which is plicated in different directions; and
towards the center of this organ is found a cavity con-
taining sebaceous matter, and which represents that in the
extremity of the male penis. In every respect the clitoris
resembles that organ, having a fibrous frame-work, erectile
tissue, vessels, and a pair of muscles, the (erectores clitoridis).
This organ is more especially the seat of venereal excitation
during sexual intercourse(coition). It is present in all the

domesticated female animals, and is frequently erected while

they are in “heat,” as well as when in the act of copulation.
It is abundantly supplied with nerves, which endow it with
most acute sensibility.

Toward the termination of pregnancy, the lips or labia
becomes tumified and soft, the lower angle descends, the
vulvar opening is enlarged, and from it is discharged a
quantity of tenacious stringy mucus. In ordinary circum-

stances the vulva is retracted, and with Mares which have |

foaled several times the lips usually exhibit as many wrinkles
or folds as parturition has been frequent.

" DIFFERENCES IN THE VULVA OF OTHER
ANIMALS.

COW.

In the Cow the lips of the vulva are larger, softer, and

thicker than in the Mare, and the lower angle which is pro-
longed into a curved peak, is furnished with a tuft of hair.

The clitoris is longer, and more tortuous and slender thanin _

the Mare. The same changes occur in the vulva of the Cow
as in the Mare during heat, and towards the termination of

pregnancy ; the mucus secretion of the vagina is more abund- | ‘te

ant i in the tol stern and persists loners: hat

- OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 9

SHEEP.

_In the Sheep which has not copulated, a filamentary
band, stretching across the constriction between the urinary-
genital canal and the vagina, represents the hymen. And
the clitoris protrudes immediately within the peak of the

~ - vulva.
. PIG.
In the Pig, the upper angle of the vulva is still more
acute and pointed than in the Cow and Ruminants in
general. The clitoris is comparatively small.

BITCH AND CAT.
In the Bitch the vulva is triangular, and the lower angle
is acute. The clitoris is a small tubercle. In the Cat a
small cartilage or bone exists in the clitoris; this is not found
in any of the other domesticated animals.

THE PERINAEUM.

THE PERINAEUM is the name given to the space be-
tween the upper angle of the vulva and the lower margin
of the anus. Its length varies in different species, and in
different sized animals of the same species ; but it is shorter
in creatures which have produced young than in those which
have not. Externally it presents a smooth, fine, and very

elastic skin, with the vertical prominent line passing down
" its middle—called the ‘raphe,’”’ beneath this are fatty tissue,
- yarious muscles, bloodvessels, and nerves.

THE BULB.

We ) which forms a marked prominence in early life, but. tends

met sca Sek Aeon for the passage of the young than the

i: ‘The internal limits of the vulva are defined by the bulb,

oi to disappear in relaxed folds after the animal has brought
_ forth young several times. The dimensions of this aperture. __

10 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

penis; though its narrowness is sometimes an obstacle to
the delivery of the young. The head, body or limbs of the
young are at times arrested at the upper angle, which they
so distend as to threaten laceration of the perinaeum. In
emaciated animals, and particularly Mares, the vulva is
deeply retracted, and consequently disposes them to be in-
jured in this region during copulation, by the accidental
introduction of the male organ into the anus—the mechan-
teal action of which damages, and may even rupture, the
rectum, which occurrence has terminated in the death of
Mares.

THE UDDER (MAMMZ&) OF THE MARE.

THE UDDER is composed of glands destined to secrete
~ the fluid—milk—which is to nourish the young animal for
“some time after birth. In early life the udder is rudimen-
tary, but becomes developed with age, and attains its full
dimension when the female is capable of reproduction; and
especially at the full period of gestation, when its function
is about to be carried on actively. After the delivery of the
young, the largest development of the udder is reached,
and when the young creature has completed its term of
sucking, the udder becomes inactive and diminishes consid-
erably in size. The Mare has two udders, which are placed
beside each other, about nine inches in front of the vulva,
where they take the place of the scrotum in the male. Ex-
ternally they appear as two hemispherical masses, separated
by a shallow furrow ; each has in its center a conical, slightly -
flattened prolongation named the teat or nipple, which is
perforated by several orifices from which the milk escapes, 4
and by which the young creature obtains that fluid by suc- - | g
tion. The glands of the udders are retained in their position Le em
by the fine, thin skin covering them, which is destitute of re

*»

Sf ‘

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 11

hair at the extremity of the teats, though elsewhere pro-
vided with a soft, short down.

The milk reservoirs (galactophorous sinuses) are situated
slightly above the base of the teat, and are generally two in
number—one in front, the other behind; though there are
sometimes three, and even four. These reservoirs nearly
always communicate with each other, and are prolonged into
the teat by a corresponding number of terminal and inde-
pendent excretory canals, whose orifices are always very nar-
row, and are seen at the free extremity of the teat, which is
obtuse and rounded. These excretory canals are much wider
at the base of the teat than at the extremity ; the orifices are
about a line apart, and the canal and orifices are lined by
a fine membrane which is continuous with the skin. The
length of the teats varies with use.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE UDDER AT PUBER-
TY AND BEFORE PARTURITION
IN THE MARE.

In the young and virgin Mare, the udders are hard and
can scarcely be perceived; and their dimensions are not
much increased in those which have had only one or two
foals, though the teats are usually larger than before.
When they have borne several foals, the udder continues
somewhat enlarged and pendulous. At the termination of
gestation, the udder is greatly increased in size, and instead
of its being soft to the touch it now feels firm. Shortly
before the delivery of the young (parturition) the secretion
of milk commences, and soon after that event the glandular

cavities become fully distended, and assume their maximum

dimensions, which are maintained, with slight variations,

during the entire period of lactation. When this period is
terminated, the secretion gradually ceases, and the gland

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Seve Se eee. atta ee ala evr

12 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

again assumes its quiescent condition, and nearly its ordin-
ary size.

DIFFERENCE IN OTHER ANIMALS.
COW.

In the Cow, as in the Mare, although developed in a
single fibrous capsule or sac, is made up of two quite dis-
tinct glands—or “quarters,” as they are generally termed—
and which can be seen, or felt, by a slight: depression.

Fig. 2.
SECTION OF UDDER OF COW.

a, Front Quarter; b, Back Quarter; g, Septum or Dividing
Line Between the Quarters; c, c, Section of the Milk Ducts; d, d,
Milk Cistern (Lactiferous Sinus); e, e, Orifice of the Teat; f,
Large Lymph Gland in the Back Quarter.

Each gland has its corresponding teat, much more devel-
oped than that of the Mare. The Cow really possesses
four udders and four teats. In the center and at the base

of each teat, there is a single large cavity, which is the gen-

eral confluent of all the milk ducts, and opens externally — |

through the teat by a single excretory canal. This canal is — we Me

See ery if? By dil WD

iter’

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 13

widest at its commencement, and narrow at its termination
at the end of the teat. The walls of the teats are very thick,
elastic, and retractile. Not.infrequently there are found be-
hind the four teats one or two rudimentary teats, which are
generally iniperforate; though in very rare instances they
have been observed to be perforated and to yield milk.

The teats of the Cow are generally two and a helf to
three and a half inches in length; this length varies accord-
ing as the animal has reared a large or small number of
calves. The two forward teats are generally the longest,
and the corresponding quarters furnish more milk than
the others. The muscle around the free extremity of the
teat, pevents the passive escape of the milk from the orifices
of the excretory ducts; for if a small cannula, scarcely
larger than one of these ducts, be inserted slightly beyond
the orifice, the milk immediately flows. And when the end

} of a teat has been wounded, or when the muscle of this
} part has been divided in the performance of some operation,
there is no longer any obstacle to the emission of the milk.
In the Cow, the secretion of milk can be excited and main-
tained by regular milking, the only suspension occurring be-

fore the birth of another calf.

SHEEP AND GOAT.

is In the Sheep and Goat there are only two udders, as in
the Mare and Ass, but the formation is on the same plan
as in the Cow. The udders are somewhat hemispherical
and voluminous, particularly in the Goat, and each udder is
provided with a single conical, well-detached teat. The

; D cavity or milk reservoir of each teat is very large, the walls.
of the teat being thin; the milk reservoir is in some in-
stances capable of containing nearly three ounces of milk.
TS : .

Os NES ie PIG.

---}-_In the Pig the udders are ten or twelve in number, dis-
posed by pairs in two parallel rows. They have not, as in

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een Sa Vl dee ln

14 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. .

the larger animals, any milk reservoirs, the milk canals of
each teat joining directly to form a variable number of ex-
cretory ducts, which open at the free extremity of the teat
by from five to ten orifices. The udders of the Pig are
scarcely perceptible while they are not active; but during
lactation they form two series of well-developed eminences.
divided on the middle line by a wide and deep furrow.

BITCH.
In the Bitch there are eight to ten udders, arranged as
in the Pig.

FUNCTIONS OF THE UDDER.

The secretion of milk is the special function of the ud-
der, and takes place in the caecal vesicles of the lobules
The milk is conveyed from these into the milk ducts and
milk reservoir, where it is stored until a certain period; this
retention after a time distends the glands very much, and
puts the elastic envelop greatly on the stretch; while the
teats also increase in size, length and firmness. When this
distention becomes excessive, it causes the animal uneasi-
ness and pain, and if not relieved by natural or artificial
means it may occasion mischief. °

INTERNAL ORGANS OF GENERATION.

The internal or formative organs of generation are

contained within the pelvis and abdomen, and comprise the

VAGINA, WOMB (UTERUS), FALLOPIAN TUBES,
and OVARIES.

THE VAGINA OF THE MARE.
THE VAGINA of the Mare is a canal which extends

almost horizontally within the pelvic cavity, from the vulva
to the womb. (Fig. 1, Sec. 3.) The dimensions of this

» SO

——— Fe?

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 15

ek |

Fig. 3.

GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MARE: ISOLATED AND
PARTLY OPENED.

1, 1, Ovaries; 2, 2, Fallopian Tubes; 3, Pavilion of the Tube,
External Face; 4, Inner Face of Pavilion of the Tube; 5, Liga-
ment of the Ovary; 6, Intact Horn of the Womb; 7, A Horn
opened; 8, Body of the Womb, Upper Face; 9, Broad Ligament;
10, Neck of Womb; 11, Cul-de-sac of the Vagina; 12, Interior of

the Vagina; 13, Opening of the Urethra (Urinary Meatus); 14,

Hey

16 OpsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Valve Closing over the Orifice of the Urethra; 15, a Vestige ot
the Hymen; 16, Interior of the Vulva; 17, Clitoris; 18, 18, Lips of
the Vulva.

canal varies, and the walls are thin. Located above the
vagina is the rectum (Fig. 1, Sec. 5), and below it is the
bladder (Fig. 1, Sec. 4); on each side are the ureters and the
walls of the pelvis, and back of it is found fatty and loose

connective tissue. Usually the walls or sides of the vagina

are in contact. Its length is variable, but in a full-sized
Mare is generally about a foot long. Internally it is lined
with a thin mucous membrane, which is always abundantly
covered with mucus, which is disposed in longitudinal
wrinkles or folds. These folds no doubt favor the dilitation

of the canal during copulation, or during the passage of

the young, and they are more conspicuous after several

births. Along the lower face of the vagina extends a tran-

sverse. ridge, which covers the orifice of the urethra
(meatus). The membrane lining the vagina usually has a
pale pink hue, but at the period of “‘heat’’ its color becomes
heightened to a bright red, and its secretion is considerably
increased. In youth the vagina is contracted. In old age it
is much diminished. After copulation its dimensions are
increased ; in the third or fourth months of gestation in the
larger animals, it becomts elongated from displacement of
of the womb, which is carried farther forward into the
abdominal cavity; toward the termination of gestation the

length of the vagina is diminished as the womb acquires ©
increased volume, and to such an extent does this occur, ©

that at the commencement of delivery or parturition, if the
young creature (foetus) is large, and especially if there be
two foetuses, the womb nearly or entirely fills the cavity
of the vagina, and even in some instances thrusts it pc

ihe lips of the vulva or beyond... ies 5

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17

DIFFERENCES IN THE VAGINA OF OTHER
ANIMALS.
THE COW, SHEEP, AND GOAT.

THE VAGINA in the Cow is longer and wider than in
the Mare; the membrane is thicker, and is disposed in
transverse folds, and at each side of the passage for a
short distance, between the mucous and muscular layers,
there exists a mucous canal that opens into the vulvar cavity,
in front of, and at the side of the urethral opening (meatus
urinarius). The uses of these canals or passages are un-
known, but probably have some function during (foetal)
unborn life. These canals are not present in the Sheep or
Goat, and rarely in the Mare, which are usually known as
the “canals of Gaertner.”

PIG.

In the Pig the “canals of Gaertner” are not present;
the folds of the membrane lining the vagina are longitud-
inal, and gradually subside towards the line of separation
between the vagina and vulva. The vagina is from eight
to ten inches long.

BLiCcH AND, CAT.

There are no “Gaertner canals” in the Bitch or Cat.
The vagina is of comparatively great length, and has longi-
tudinal folds, which are interrupted by transverse folds. In
both the Bitch and Cat the canal is wider towards the vulva
than towards the womb, and the walls of the vagina are
rendered very thick by white fibrous tissue.

THE WOMB, OR UTERUS.
THE WOMB OF THE MARE.
THE WOMB is an elongated muscular membranous

ay _ sac which receives the ovum, and constitutes the receptacle
) i . for a nutrition, eet and, finally, after a certain

4
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A A ‘5 OF asa

ash (he eee

18 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

period, the expulsion of the young (foetus). It is situated
in the sublumbar region of the abdomen, towards the inlet
of the pelvic cavity. (Fig. 1, Sec. 1, and Fig. 3, Sec. 8.)
The womb consists of a body, two horns or two cornua,
cervix or neck, cul-de-sac, broad or suspensory ligaments,

os uteri or mouth of womb.

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Fig. 4. 3

WOMB, FALLOPIAN TUBES, AND HORNS OF THE SHEEP.
a, Vagina; b, Mouth of the Womb; c, Body of Womb; €, e,.
Caruncles; f, Confluence of the Horns; g, Intact Horn; h, h,
Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts; i, i, Fringe-like End of Fallopian
Tube (Fimbriae); k, k, Ovaries; m, m, Broad Ligament; o, Horn

Opened.

THE BODY of the womb is situated horizontally be--
neath the rectum, which is in contact with it after passing
between the two horns; on each side of its upper external’

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19

face it receives the insertions of the wide ligaments ; and its
sides and front face are in contact with the intestines. Its
lower surface is in contact with the bladder and the colon;
while its anterior extremity is continuous with each horn,
and the posterior is separated from the vagina by the con-
striction named the cervix, or neck of the womb.

THE HORN OR CORNUA (Fig. 1, Sec. 2, and Fig. 3,
Sec. 6, 7) are cylindrical tubes, extending from the body
of the womb in two upward curves—a convex curve, which
is free, and a concave curve, to which the suspensory liga-
ment is attached. Each horn has also a base which is a
continuation of the body of the womb; and a summit,
rounded into a cul-de-sac, which is turned upwards, and has
at the bottom a small tubercle, the insertion of the oviduct.

THE BROAD OR SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
{Fig. 1, Sec. 12, 12, and Fig. 3, Sec. 9) are two menbran-
eous bands which suspend the womb from the sublumbar
region. These bands are larger in front than behind, and
in shape are irregularly triangular; behind they are close to
each other, but in front diverge like the sides of the letter
V. The suspensory ligaments descend from the lower
face of the lumbar region, and attach themselves, by their
lower border, to the sides of the upper surface of the body
and concave curve of the horn. Their front border is free
and sustains the oviducts and ovaries.

THE CAVITY of the body of the womb communicates
with the vagina by a narrow canal which traverses the neck
of the womb, and is designated the canal of the cervix, or
neck of the womb.

MOUTH OF THE WOMB (os uteri)—In the neck
-or cervix of the womb is the opening commonly termed the
mouth of the womb. This opening leads from the vagina
to the body of the womb. (Fig. 4, b.) |

RHE GLANDS located in the mucous membrane of the

Ae gage ; =
APS. ‘i. *

20 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

womb, called utricular glands, are cylindrical in shape, and
are situated very close to each other. They are long, slen-
der and tortuous, and divide repeatedly in the deeper part

of the mucous membrane. These glands do not exist at

birth, and it is probable that they are only fully developed

‘when sexual maturity is reached. At certain periods, as.

during “heat,” they throw out a large quantity of very vis-
cid, almost transparent, mucus. ‘These glands are secret-
ing structures, and during gestation play a most important
part, becoming largely developed, and furnishing a_ thin,
white, albuminous fluid, the so-called ‘uterine, or womb
milk.” This milky secretion comes more particular in con-
tact with certain portions of the Foetal Placenta, or after-
birth, in which are curious pockets that act as receptacles.
for this milk, which is absorbed by the vessels on their
walls.

DIFFERENCES IN THE WOMB OF OTHER
ANIMALS.
Cow.

THE WOMB of the Cow, with regard to its general
disposition in the pelvic and abdominal cavities, does not
offer any striking differences from that of the Mare, except
that the body is short, and its interior space is much less

than that of the Mare’s womb. The neck of the womb of ©

the Cow is from two and one-half to three and one-half
inches in length; it is narrow, almost as firm as car-
tilage in texture, and irregular in shape. At an
early age the neck is nearly circular in shape, and
the body of the womb is so smal! that the neck and
horns are close together, or joined to each other. To-
ward puberty, however, in all the larger domestic animals
it becomes spindle shaped, and shows two lips, about two

inches in length. These lips are composed of flattened, 4
dense, transverse fibers and are pulpy to the touch. — pAhes ee

+ Py.
: : ' ; a Ns in He
fi De aleurered\ Tue ie ia
a Me “ ! Di as Tae Ia ha OR IAM
S64 2 fe iL” ard As Per ke eee, eo Le A Pee a a i ALA Ti

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21.

mouth of the womb, (os uteri), is located between these
lips. A knowledge of the presence of the two lips of the
neck of the womb, and also their position, is useful when
explorations by hand are necessary in cases of inversion
of the womb. The utricular glands are wider than in the
Mare. The walls of the womb in the Cow are more dense
than in any of the domesticated creatures.

SHEEP AND GOAT.

In the Sheep and Goat the disposition of the womb

is similar to that of the Cow. The horns are relatively

longer, and more pendent, and expand more gradually from

the termination of the oviducts.

PIG.

In the Pig the horns of the womb are long, and float
among the intestines, which they resemble; the body of the
womb is very short. The mouth of the womb is marked by
a series of narrow, close-set, longitudinal surfaces, but
there is no lip projection into the vagina.

BITCH AND CAT.

In the Bitch and Cat the horns are very long and slen-
der. The mouth of the womb is a smooth, thick and even
prominence, larger almost than the body of the womb,
which is short. It projects very markedly into the vagina.

FALLOPIAN TUBES, OR OVIDUCTS.

MARE.
THE FALLOPIAN TUBES, or OVIDUCTS, of the

Mare (Fig. 1, Sec. to, and Fig. 3, Sec. 2, 2), are two small,
cylindrical, flexuous canals, about ten inches long, white in
appearance, one of which is lodged in each broad ligament,
% aN y _ between its serous. layers and near its front border. Each

tube ‘commences at ‘the extremity of the horn si the womb,
mda: ml ra oe!
y ? he 1 4 - .

22 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

and terminates upon the ovaries. The calibre of this canal

is small, and scarcely admits a thin straw at its middle por-
tion, and it is still smaller at the womb extremity; as it
approaches the ovary, it increases in width until it ends in
the pavilion. (Fig. 3, Sec. 3.) This pavilion is fixed to the
external side of the ovary, and its inner surface is marked
by numerous narrow, close-set, minutely folded flat surfaces.
while its circumference is irregularly disposed into a num-
ber of unequal, fringe-like prolongations (Fig. 1, Sec. 9),
which hang into the abdominal cavity.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE alee rhan
TUBES, or OVIDUCTS.—Their function is to convey the
formiative agents furnished by the male in generation to
the ovary in the first instance, and afterwards to transmit
the impregnated ovum of the female to the womb or its
horn; in this respect they are the excretory ducts of the
ovaries.

DIFFERENCES IN OTHER ANIMALS.

’ COW, SHEEP AND GOAT.

In the Cow, Sheep and Goat, the fringe-like extremity
of each tube is expanded (Fig. 4, i, i), and the duct itself
forms three or four wavy folds, and is then continued along

the walls of the wide ovarian capsule, or sac, to the ex- |

tremity of the horn of the womb, which makes an abrupt
curve to meet it.

BiG.

In the Pig the oviduct has few or no inflections, but its
length is proportionately greater than in the other species
The pavilion is wide and deep.

BITCH.
In the Bitch the tube is long and fine, passes in a wavy

course around the front of the ovary to the womb. The

ny
UN i
LN ae

vee TS
ge
1 Fy

OBSTETRICS-—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 23

length of the tube is two and a half to three and a half
inches.

THE OVARIES.
OVARIES OF THE MARE.

THE OVARIES (Fig. 3. Sec. 1, 1) are the essential
organs of generation in the female, and analogous to the tes-
ticles of the male. The ovaries are two elongated egg-
shaped bodies, loosely suspended in the sublumbar region,
behind the Fallopian tubes and the kidneys, among the con-
volutions of the intestines, though sometimes their position
is altered. The proper tissue or stroma of the ovary is solid

Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
OVARY OPENED VERTICALLY. PORTION OF OVARY OF A PIG.

a, a, b, b, Graafian Vesicles at different a, Point at which a ripe Ovum is about
stages of development. to escape; b, opening by which
an Ovuni has escaped.

and hard, and has a speckled-grey tint, and contains in its
substance the Graafian vesicles or follicles. These Graafian
vesicles (Fig. 5) are generally in various stages of develop-
ment; the smallest are situated near the surface, and they
increase in volume as they descend toward the deeper layer.
When they have reached their full growth, they are filled
with a transparent, citron-colored fluid, and form a more or
4 less prominence on the surface of theovary. The Graafian

‘ Sorheey Rn
: F es . 7 ane * “ he ‘ i
SERIE, ade POI H AIS US CE a ORY RD 1 2 LG NA po. hs

24 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

vesicles are composed of an envelop or sac, the contents of

less prominence on the surface of the ovary. The Graafian
comes reddened by an admixture of blood when the sac

ruptures. At the bottom of the sac, epithelium forms an
aggregation, in the center of which exists the ovum. When
the Graafian vesicle of the ovary ruptures and. expels the
ovum, the fringe-like ends of the Fallopian tube grasp the

‘ovary, and receive the ovum, which they carry to the ovarian

extremity of the canal.
THE OVUM, or Egg—Anatomists give the name ova to
round vesicles containing a humor similar to the yolk of

egg, which are situated in the ovaries of the female, and

when fecundated by the male germ of generation constitutes
the rudiments of the young (foetus). The ovum is a small

cell surrounded by a thick, white membrane (zona pellu-

cida); within this membrane is a granular layer, the yolk (or
vitellus), the larger granules of which are superficial and

compact, while internally it is a transparent albuminous

fluid, in which are but few granules. Enclosed in this yolk,
though nearer its circumference than center, is the nucleus—
the female generative germ (vesicle of Purkinje), the most
important portion of the ovum.

DIFFERENCES IN THE OVARIES OF OTHER
ANIMALS. ia

COW, SHEEP AND GOAT.

In the Cow the ovaries are relatively smaller than in

the Mare, but their form and structure are the same. The
same arrangement is observable in the Sheep and Goat.

PIG.

In the Pig the ovaries are comparatively large, with an
irregular aspect, due to the Graafian vesicles, which when

well developed, project beyond the surface of the ovary,

4 2) Ata Medal
ie ft Lid cenkr tra tE Boney

Dba pata ema s WOE RM FRE ns Sch a

Ma }
,
as

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25

instead of remaining within it, Each ovary is enclosed
within a sac. The back or posterior wall of this sac appears

to be formed by the wide and deep pavilion of the Fallop.an

tube.
BITCH AND CAT.

There is nothing particular to indicate in the ovaries
of the Bitch and Cat, except that the ligaments suspending
them to the spine are very short. . ,

DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVARIES AND OVA.
The development of the OVARIES and OVA is very

interesting. In the Mare the ovaries of the foetus are,

when compared with the womb, of an immense size, and at

six months are almost as large as in the adult. In aged

animals they become shriveled, and it is not unusual in old
Mares to find either one or both in an unhealthy condition.
Not infrequently they are enlarged, and their fibrous en-

velop and proper tissue are much thickened. Sometimes.

the vesicles are greatly enlarged, and converted into cysts
which contain a purulent fluid, secreted from their walls.
The Graafian vesicles are present in the ovary of the
foetus, but they do not attain their full development until
puberty; neither are they all present at birth, but are con-
tinually being developed. Until puberty there is no great
activity apparent in the Graafian vesicles; but at this time
the ovary becomes more vascular, and certain of these ves-

icles increase in volume. At the period of “rut” or “‘heat,’”

one or more of the Graafian vesicles, according to the species

of the animal, show evidence of increased vascularity and
become distended; the ovisac thins at the most prominent
part to which the ovum tends, and blood is extravasated
% _ into it; then, partly by absorption and partly by pressure, the
He _voverings § ae iio and the ovum States outwards, and

26 OPpSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

is either received into the Fallopian tube for conveyance to
the womb, or, which is very rare, fall into the cavity of the
abdomen. After the rupture of a Graafian vesicle and the
escape of the ovum, the cavity of the ovisac is filled with a
clot of blood, while its walls are thickened and altered in
color. In the Cow and Sheep the follicle has a brick-red
color, and in the Pig it is a yellowish-brown; but gradually
the clot of blood shrinks, loses its tint, and the cavity con-
tracts: at the same time the walls of the ovaries become en-
larged. By the time the succeeding ovisac with the ripening
ovum has begun to protrude from the surface of the ovary,
the old ovisac has lost its color, with much of its dimiensions,
and fallen inwards. This change, with collapse of the wall,
depresses the scar of the aperture; and these successive
shrinkings and scats (cicatrisations) of the ruptured ovisacs
give the ovary a pitted and furrowed appearance in ad-
vanced life.

If the expelled ovum be not impregnated with the male
germ of generation, the changes of the ovisac into the yel-
low convolute cavity, then into the depressed scar, occurs
somewhat rapidly; but if impregnation takes place, the ma-
turation of successional ova is delayed, and the first change
in the ruptured ovisac goes on to a greater extent, and it

rarely happens that the cavity is obliterated before full ges-

tation. In the Mare the cavity becomes obliterated more
rapidly than in the other domesticated animals, and it has
not that deep yellow color observed in the Cow; but is of a
darker, dull reddish-brown hue.

The number of ovisacs and ova which become matured
at each “rut’’ or ‘heat,’ depends upon the multiparity or uni”
parity of the species; in the Mare and Cow there is usually

only one, in the Sheep and Goat one or two ,in the Pig from

four to a dozen, and in the Bitch a variable number. ~

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27

OBSTETRICAL PHYSIOLOGY.
REPRODUCTION.

Having described the situation, structure, and peculiar-
ities of the external and internal organs of the female
domesticated animals, we have now to inquire into their
functions. Some of these functions have for their end the
conception, development, and preservation of the young
animal for a certain period, until it can maintain a more or
less independent existence, when others of them are brought
into play in order to place it in direct relation with the ex-
ternal world in the act of delivery (parturition), while
others cease. But in order that generation should take
place in the higher class of animals, it is necessary that the
two sexes be placed in favorable relations with each other,
as the essential of reproduction is the contact with, and
action of the male fecundating fluid on, the ovum of the
female.. Nature has ordained that this creative act should
be accomplished by engendering in these animals an in-
stinctive, copulative, and irresistible desire at a certain stage
of existence; which desire, continuing only for a_ brief
period, is renewed after particular intervals, until the faculty
of reproduction ultimately ceases.

The advent of the power of reproduction in the male
and female sex of animals is very unequal among the various
species, and is generally in relation to the duration of their
existence—the creatures which are short-lived being capable
of bringing forth young at an earlier period of life than
those which enjoy a longer term.

Out of many thousands of ova furnished by the most
prolific species, a comparatively limited number only find
all the conditions favorable for their development.

Pe, Srdbp et . ‘ M
ate Mw 0 ’ “ i ,
re WE neres: yal ws aon | deb Sha ate oak oe tome SE

28 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

GENERATION.

GENERATION is the act of procreating the species;
(breeding.) The processes by which generation is accom-
plished are four; these are: :

Copulation—Sexual intercourse. Carnal union of the
‘SEXES.

Fecundation—Act by which, in organized beings, the
‘material furnished by the generative organs of the female
‘nites with that prepared by those of the male, so that a
‘new being results.

Gestation.—The time during which a female who has
‘conceived carries the young (embryo) in her womb up to
the time of delivery. Pregnancy.

Parturition Delivery, labor, birth, bearing young; ex-
pulsion of young at term. Act of delivery of the young
(foetus) and its appendages; also the state during and im-
mediately after delivery.

But gestation only takes place on the attainment of a
certain age—that of puberty (the period. of life at which
animals become fitted to procreate)—that these sexual acts
are in activity, and they continue so for a variable period,
according to the species. During this time, ova from the
ovaries, fecundated by the male seminal fluid, are received
into the womb, and remain there for a regulated period,
until they have become transformed into young creatures
possessing certain physical attributes and resemblances to
-their parents. This is the gestation period, and is followed
‘by that of parturition, when the young is born.

PUBERTY.

The generative organs of the domesticated female ani-
‘mals are, like those of the human female, only in a gable i
of greatest activity during the prime of life; and the most | ba

notable characteristic of their functions is sca perio ge

sue!

OxssTETRICS—DoOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29

somewhat suddenly, certain very marked modifications occur
throughout the whole organism, but particularly in the gen-

erative organs of the male and female animals. In the male

the testicles become more voluminous, and in some species
they leave the abdominal cavity to be lodged in the scrotum;
they also begin to secrete an abundance of a special fluid,
called the “spermatic” or “seminal fluid,” in which appear
particles of a definite shape (spermatozoa) which are en-
dowed with motion. The organ for the conveyance of this
spermatic fluid to the female becomes more developed, and
is capable of complete and frequent erection. In the female
the udders enlarge, the ovaries are more vascular than before
and the Graafian vesicles are more or less developed. The
periodic escape of the ovum from the ovary then begins to
be carried on, with ali the distinctive peculiarities that at-
tend it, and which it is to bear during the prolific period of
life.

The age at which animals arrive at puberty or sexual
maturity, is not only different in different species, but is in-
fluenced to some extent by the rapidity of their growth and

_the duration of their life. And it may be said that puberty

is sooner attained in the female than in the male. It may
also be athrmed that in the male the periodicity of the pro-

creative manifestations is not so marked as in the female,

the generative functions of the male being always more or
less in activity. |

The aptitude to procreate, though generally admitted
as an indication of adult age, yet appears before ani-
mals have attained their full physical development, and is
present in some creatures at a comparatively early period

of life—depending upon climate, food, and other circum-
_ stances. The Pig may conceive when only four or five
_ months old, or earlier ; the Sheep and Goat at eight to twelve
nig months: the Bitch at seven to ten months; the Cat at from
ae ei eight months toa year, eaget it is usually in “heat” for

MO PE A hy ’ A ;
‘hay N “ie al ite ; . beta iy : :
AY , TY eke Om ‘1 A Mn AE ae? MY Ne

30 OxBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

about ten days before it is a year old; the Cow at twelve to
eighteen months, and the Mare at from twelve months to
two years.

With regard to the period when procreation ceases in
animals, there is not anv reliahle data on which to arrive
at a trustworthy conclusion. The Mare has not ceased to
breed after thirty years of age, and the Cow and Sheep have
bred beyond twenty years. There are notes of Mares pro-
ducing foals at twenty-eight, thirty-two, and thirty-eight
years of age.

HEAT—MENSTRUATION, or (GESTRUM.)

The rutting, heat, oestrum, or venereal oestrum of ani--

mals is analogous to “menstruation” in woman, and marks
the period of maturation in the ovarian ova or ovum, ac-
cording to the species. This condition is intermittent or

periodic, not continuous; it is characterized by a peculiar

systemic excitement that usually continues for a somewhat
definite period in the two sexes. In the male and female,

but especially the female, the generative organs become

more or less sensitive, and the secretions are increased. In
the female there is a determination of blood to the ovaries,
and changes take place in these which have already been de-

scribed. The excitement in the generative apparatus reacts.

on the whole system, and produces a kind of fever or irrita-
bility in the animal; its sensibility is increased; the appetite
is more or less in abeyance or capricious, and usually there
is thirst; if the secretion of milk has been active, it now
diminishes, and in the non-impregnated Bitch milk even

appears in the udder; restlessness is a notable feature, and

the movements betray the prevailing desire. There is an

uncontrollable tendency to seek the opposite sex; with some
animals the ordinary disposition becomes strangely per-.

OvsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, 31

verted ; and in others, again, certain physical changes accom-
pany the sexual perturbation. The Mare is generally irrit-
able or sluggish, and less able to sustain fatigue; the Cow
frequently bellows and mounts other Cows, and if at pasture
runs about with raised tail, and may even wander away in
search of the Bull; the Sheep are less excitable, though it
shows a change in its habits; the Sow grunts in a peculiar
manner and becomes torpid, and manifests its amorous de-
sires by mounting others; while the Bitch is still more
demonstrative, and frequently runs about accompanied by
a crowd of males, not returning home until her desires
have been gratified.

Attempts at urination in the female are frequent, but
only a small quantity of urine is passed, and with ani~
whose foot is not cloven there are oft-repeated movements
of the clitoris and vulva, and an opaque white secretion, or
even emissions of blood is ejected spasmodically by the
vulva. Well-marked symptoms of hysteria have been ob-
served in some Mares.

In other animals this ejection sometimes consists of a
viscid, red-tinted fluid. In all it has a special and powerful
odor, which attracts the males, and enables them to distin-
guish between the females which are in “rut” or “heat,” and
those which are not, as well as exciting in them the most
ardent amatory desires.

The menstrual flow appears two or three days after
the commencement of “rutting,’’ and when this is most in-
tense. The amount of blood does not exceed one or two
ounces, and the coagulated clot of blood remains in the
vagina until it is expelled with the urine. Not only is the
existence of a menstrual discharge in animals a well-ascer-
tained fact, but the ill effects of its retention have been
recorded as occurring in both the Mare and Cow.

Seasons at which “heat” takes place.—It has been ob-

served that “heat” usually takes place in the spring-time,

ri is : : -
te : " ay me : .
partes ated | TP MN 7 .' tN ys

{
32 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

when food becomes plentiful, especially with Herbivorous i
animals. The Carnivora are in heat during winter. The Mh
Mare is usually in heat from April to June, or later. With
the Cow who is kept for the milk she produces, the season,
of course, varies, as care is taken to induce conception again
as soon as the milk secretion begins to diminish; but it has
been observed that mid-summer is more particularly the
a ' rutting period of the Cow. The “heat” in Sheep, though
i naturally present in September, is usually only shown dur-
pia ing summer, because the Ewes are kept apart from the Ram
me) at the natural time; in order that the Lambs may be born
| at a favorable season-—the spring; and the period of suckling
Bt over (four or five week), that they may be weaned when
the herbage is tender and nutritious. When the animals are
bred for the butcher, the rut is induced sooner by putting
the Ewes in contact with the Ram at an earlier period, so
as to obtain two or three lambings in the year. The Bitch Ne
is in heat from December to February, or in the autumn and hi
spring-time. The Cat is in the state of heat in January and nt
February, and also in the spring and autumn: sometimes the
heat appears three or four times a vear, and the animal may vie
produce young as many times. The Pig manifests rutting in yi
October or November—at least that is the period when it is
usually put to the male; and it may be put a second time
f towards the end of spring, in order to have two mets within . BM
the twelve months. ae

The Frequency and Duration of the Period of “Rut-

Pica ting” or “Heat” depends upon age, species, and other cir-
A cumstances. One day is the shortest duration of heat, and FS

fifteen days the longest. The shortest period is witnessed =
: i in the Cow and Sheep, and the longest in the Bitch. With | ae

, impregnation it ordinarily ceases until after. parturition ; and apts.
Dh if impregnation does not occur, it gradually disappears until —
the next period, which is somewhat variable. Its reappear- a.
ry ance in the Cow has been noted every sabe or Nee, \ilgates ik ae if

OvsTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 33;

and sometimes at closer intervals. In the Sheep and Pig: it
lasts from one to two days, and again appears from the fft-
teenth to the thirtieth day, usually the thirtieth day. The
Mare manifests a desire for the Horse every three or four
weeks, which continues for from two to four days. Ordin-
arily the Bitch is in heat twice during the year; spring and
autumn. ‘The duration of this period in the Bitch is, usually
nine to ten days, but may exist fifteen days.
Ruttiug and impregnation may and does occur soom
after parturition. The Cow, Ass, and Sheep, and, it is hbe-
lieved, the Mare, will copulate with greater certainty of suc-
cess on the ninth day after easy labor and parturition than
at any other time. .
The persistence of the condition of heat for longer than
the natural period is a symptom of womb or’ ovarian de-
rangement, and therefore unfavorable. It renders Mares
and Cows less serviceable, and repeated intercourse with the
male will not always allay the abnormal condition, but fre-
quently aggravates it. Such animals will not breed, In ag-
‘gravated cases, removing the ovaries (Ovariotomy) has been
practiced, and in the Cow the operation is frequently fol-
_ lowed by subsidence of the troublesome symptoms for 2
. time; in the Mare it is much less successful.

ea FECUNDATION.
B _ The effective copulation of the male with the female is
followed by certain remarkable changes in the ovum
if and generative apparatus of the female, which, at
% first known as fecundation, ‘conception, or impregnation,
Be - ultimately results in the formation of a new creature pos-
oye, sessed, to a certain degree, of individual or independent
oh “life. The copulation to be effective, depends upon the pres-
ui “ence of a healthy ovum in the generative apparatus of the
i? - female; and the Beas into the apparatus of the sem-

34 OpsTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

fluid contains the male germ of generation (spermatozoa), |

which is composed of organic particles of a_ particular
shape, and endowed with motion. For conception, it is ab-
solutely necessary that the ovum of the female should be
brought into contact with these particles. By reason of the
movements of the male germ (spermatozoa), and also
doubtless through the aid they receive from the special mo-
tion of the hair-like cells covering certain portions of the
lining membrane of the womb, when the womb opening is
patent, are diffused soon after copulation to the most distant
parts of that cavity, and high up in the Fallopian tubes.

THEIWATERS—(LIQUOR AMNII.)

THE LIQUOR AMNII (Fig. 7, F and D) is an al-
buminous alkaline fluid contained in the sac, which envelops

the foetus during the whole period of gestation. It is tn |

greater or less quantity, according to the period of gestation.
This fluid is abundant and limpid at an early period; but
becomes scantier, viscid, and citron or reddish-tinted at an
advanced stage, when it is adhesive and agglutinates the
hair.

THE USES ofthis water, the LIOUOR AMNII, are
varied and important. It is not very probable that it serves

as nutriment for the foetus in, the early period of uterine

life or early gestation; though it has been found in the
stomach of young animals. “The waters” preserve an
. equable temperature for the young creature; maintains the
integrity of its exterior before the skin is covered by the
peculiar coating; it also favors the movements and deyelop-
ments of the young, by removing it from unequal pressure;

diminishes the chance of injury from sudden external move- |
ments and shocks, and allows the foetus to obey the laws —
of gravitation. It also protects the mother from injury by

the foetus, towards the termination of gestation. During me

4 4 Avg ; igre f
ly : y Os. Pace Ly ey -
& ‘ / 7 J he avn’ . daly ® oy iy

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 35

parturition, this water protrudes the membranes; is the
primary agent in dilating the mouth of the womb; it also
shields the foetus from the direct action of the contractions
of the womb, whose violence might compromise its exist-
ence; the waters renders the dilation of the mouth of the
womb easy and prompt; and, finally, by. lubricating the
vagina, causes the passage of the young creature through it

iy
" w
‘

Fig. 7.

FOETAL MEMBRANES OF THE COW AT MID-TERM.
WOMB OPENED ON ITS LEFT SIDE.

A, Neck of Womb; B, B, Maternal After-births; C, C, Foetal
After-births; D, D, F, F, Liquor Amnii “The Waters”; E, Bladder
of the Urachus; G, Naval String (Umbilical Cord); H, H, Inner
Lining (Allantois) of the Outer Water-sac (Chorion).

to be more gentle and expeditious than it would other-

;
1

wise be. . oe ;

é
oY tate <i’

3 ‘ME hats cane tet ts Pa hie? Sy. ~ we aa’ ai J 4

) / ¢
36 ORSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS.

AFTERBIRTH—(PLACENTA.)

THE AFTER-BIRTH, or PLACENTA (Fig. 7, 8
and g) is a soft, spongy, vascular body, adherent to the
womb, and connected to the foetus by the navel cord (um-
bilical cord). The after-birth is not in “existence during
the first period of gestation, but its formation commences

Fig. 8.
FOETAL MEMBRANES OF THE GOAT AT FULL TIMB: na bat
TWINS.

A, Neck of the Womb: B, Left Horn; C, Right Horn; D,In-
ner linning (Allantois) of the Outer Envelop or Sac (Chorion); — 49
E, The second complete Sac enveloping the Foetus; F, Portion
of the Wall of the Womb, where the Foetuses come in contact;
G, Union of the Two Outer Envelops (Chorion of the Foetuses). gs

f : Ye 1 ey, © ,
ns ¥ ® La
/ ty ~ ; 4s. ae bu " : 3 GR

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 37

perhaps with the arrival of the embryo in the womb. It is
generally considered to have two portions, one foetal and
the other maternal. The foetal portion consists of highly
vascular soft hairy filaments and tufts, containing the in-
osculating loops of the navel arteries and navel vein of the
foetus. The maternal portion consists essentially of a large
sac formed by the inner coat of the vascular system of the
mother, into which the maternal blood is poured by the
curling arteries of the womb, and from which it is returned
by the veins of the womb and after-birth. At an early stage
of gestation the after-birth consists of a temporary mass of
albuminoid substance accumulated around the ovum in the
womb. When gestation is terminated, the after-birtn be-
comes remarkably rigid, the vessels are obliterated and
transformed into fibrous tissue. The formation and lobes of
the after-birth varies in different species. In the Cow,
Sheep and Goat they are multiple ; there being from sixty to
eighty after-births of various sizes.

FUNCTIONS OF THE AFTER-BIRTH.

_ THE FUNCTIONS OF THE AFTER-BIRTH are
obvious: It is the nutrient and respiratory apparatus dur-
ing a portion of the foetal existence in the womb; and for
the accomplishment of these functions it must rely upon its
intimate and healthy relations with the surface of the womb.
The after-birth admits of the foetal blood being shown, as it
_were, to that of the mother and undergoing requisite changes,
therefore it serves. as the organ of circulation as weil as
respiration and nutrition of the foetus. The Horse, Pig,
Dog, and Cat have single after-births, while in the Cow,
Sheep and Goat they are multiple.

For Illustration See Following Page.)

Ph ¢ { ag Nr ee

38 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Fig. 9.
FOETUS OF MARE AND ITS ENVELOPS.

A, Outer Water-sac (Chorion); C. The Second Complete Sac -
withdrawn from the First, and opened to expose the Foetus; B,
Portion of the Navél Cord; D, Foetus.

. 4;
FS

hae
A; SOS hy as r mt

ne 1) yo & Mt AL yankee »\ os 7. y . A*% ie 5 a
EW Ti Ni ay sameness Aaa eh Ny Sook tit 8 we

ma) : f .

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 39

NAVEL STRING—(UMBILICAL CORD.)

THE NAVEL-STRING (Fig. 7, 9) is a collection of
vessels which form the means of communication between
the mother and the foetus during the existence of the foetus
in the womb, and which loses its functions when birth oc-
curs. The navel-string is visible at the earliest period of
pregnancy, and is formed by the vessels which convey the
blood between the foetus and its envelops, chiefly the after-
birth. Three vessels enter into the composition of the
navel-cord: two arteries and a vein, which are imbedded in
connective tissue, that make them appear more voluminous
than they really are. Besides the three blood vessels, the
cord contains the duct called the urachus, as well as the
extremity of the foetal intestine at an early period. The

urachus is an irregularly bulging canal, continued from

what is eventually the bottom or base of the bladder. After
birth it rapidly contracts, especially at the base of the blad-
der, until it is quite closed, and nothing it left but the folds
of the membrane that sustained it, and which now becomes
the middle ligament of the bladder. It sometimes happens
with the foal, but more frequent with the calf, that the
urachus duct does not close and the urine in this case escapes
by the navel. For treatment see Persistence of the Urachus.

PREGNANCY—GESTATION.

PREGNANCY, or GESTATION, comprises the per-
iod during which the female animal carries its young while
it is undergoing development. Its consideration is of much
moment.

With the development of the foetus, the womb under-
goes important changes with regard to volume. During and
after copulation the womb is congested, and when concep-

_ tion has taken place, the vessels, distended with blood, grad-
ually enlarge to a great size. | The same changes take place

rey : : Le Sa ae
¥ ; >’ 4 -
je ait ES « el, » -
#,-*s : Pw sve (Re ey 4 a 4
y : : EY) ae aL A , ane, *- Y
a : Jat ;

40 OBSTETRICS—LDOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

in the lymphatics and nerves, which were comparatively
small in the unimpregnated state. These changes add to
the thickness and density of the womb. As the womb in-
creases in volume, it becomes rounder, acquiring a greater
capacity, the neck becomes widened, and the proper struc-
ture is exaggerated to an extraordinary degree. With the
increase in volume, weight, and capacity, the womb likewise
acquires a higher degree of sensibility, doubtless from the
development of the nerves. So that between the neck, the
body, and the horn, there is established sympathetic relation
that is sometimes not advantageous; for irritation of the
neck of the womb, howsoever produced, may bring on vio-
lent contractions of the whole orgau, and lead to the pre-
mature expulsion of the foetus. This expulsion, as is well
known, sometimes follows copulation; though, as a rule,
animals usually do not seek to copulate during pregnancy if
left to their own natural instincts. This irritation may also
be a consequence of manipulation by the hand of the ex-
plorer.

The contractions of the womb are very powerful, and
are analogous to that of the investines—extending from the
extremity of the horn towards tue neck with worm-like mus-
cular contractions, particularly in these animals which, like
the Bitch and Pig, have very long horns, with the young
arranged one after another in them. (Fig. 10-A.) The
contractility of the womb, which signifies also its retractility,
enables it to contract on itself after delivery, and to nearly
obliterate its cavity. This rapid diminution in the capacity
of the organ closes the orifices of the vessels which open
on the internal surface of the womb during the act, and thus
prevents fatal haemorrhage.

The main functions of the powerful contractions of the ©
womb, however, appears to be concerned in the expulsion of |
the foetus, and then, as at other times, it is entirely inde-

pendent of the will. Besides, the intensity of the contrac-

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 41

Fig. 10.
THE PREGNANT WOMB OF A MULTIPLE-BEARING AND
SINGLE-BEARING ANIMAL.

A, Multiparous Womb; a, a, Ovaries; b, b, Fringe-like Pro-

_longation of the Fallopian Tubes; c, c, d, d, Horn of Womb—
‘that on the left contains four Embryos, on the right two, one of

which is exposed; e, Body of Womb; f, Vagina; g, g, Ligaments
of the Womb.

B, Uniparous Womb; ¢, c, Fallopian Tubes; e, Body of Womb,
containing early Ovum of Womb; A Vagina; g, Mouth of Womb.
©, Barly Ovum « of Womb. |

c , ; s A
Sears ax AB es fe fh f

1 -

42 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED _ ANIMALS.

tions is not always related to the strength of the animal ;
pain deadens and paralyzes the contractile force. When the
contractions have been vigorous, the womb rapidly dimin-
ishes ; but if they have been slow and weak, the organ slow-
ly contracts on itself. When the womb does not contract

quickly after delivery it is said to be inert, and the cause

is to be found in the expenditure of its contractile power,
either through excessive distention, a delivery too prompt or
too slow, or general weakness of the maternal system. By
prolonged exertion the muscles of the womb become weak-
ened; so that when the act of parturition has been pro-
tracted, the contractions of the organ become slow and
feeble, or cease altogether. Opiates and narcotics generally
produce the same effect, and are therefore successfully ad-
ministered when the contractions are too energetic or pain-
ful during delivery or before abortion. The contractions of
the womb are increased or stimulated by irritation of the
neck or body of the womb—such as is produced by retention
of the whole or a portion of the after-birth, tickling of the
neck of the womb by the finger, friction on the belly, the ap-
plication of cold to the belly, or the administration of ergot
of rye.

Not infrequently, if not always, the cavity of the neck
of the womb is filled with a plug of thick, adherent, glutin-
ous matter, sometimes so abundant that it also occupies the
vagina, and forms an unpleasant obstacle to exploration,
though it does not interfere with parturition.

With regard to the DIRECTION of the WOMB, it is ~

to be noted that its horizontal position in the domesticated
animals obviates those lateral displacements which are so-
frequent in women. Its weight, and that of its contents,
maintaining, it in position, and in a line with the body of the
animal. - This direction rarely varies to any appreciable de-
gree, and.it-is’only in a case of hernia at the flank, which
is very uniéétimon, that it MA ats to one. pide. Le only:

aed
fi op

Bete
a ‘hu a
Wish

(ot VG

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 43

marked inclination is in Cows, whose abdomen is.very wide
and pendulous. Another change in the direction of the
womb, is the more or less complete rotation or twisting of
the womb on its axis. Numerous cases are recorded which
incontestably prove that, during pregnancy, the womb per-
forms a half, or even a complete revolution on itself, pro-
ducing tortion of the neck of the womb and the back part
of the vagina, and consequent strangulation of the womb
near the neck, by the suspensory ligaments; so that spon-
taneous delivery of the young animal by the natural passage
is impossible.

The alterations occurring in the womb necessarily bring
about others in the neighboring organs with which it has
mechanical relations. In the Mare and Cow the horn in
which the limbs of the foetus is lodged becomes extended
and displaces the intestines, pushes the stomach more to
the left, rests on the liver, and is an obstacle to the free
movements of the diaphragm. The pressure of the enlarged
womb exercises on the blood-vessels of the hind limbs and
the vulva and rectum, retards the venous and lymphatic
circulation ; so that towards the end of gestation, and espe-
cially in the Mare, there is often considerable dropsical-swell-
ings of these parts. This swelling is all the more marked,
in the Cow as well as in the Mare, when the compression
is greatest at the back part of the abdomen. The swelling
is always greatest in those cases, in which there is a giving-
way of the abdominal walls near the arch between the hind
legs and above one of the udders, when the womb forms a
hernia beneath the skin; then there is seen an enormotts
- swelling at the upper part of the limb.

The increase in volume and the various changes which
the pregnant womb undergoes, bring about alterations in,
and frequently derangement of, certain functions. Fortun-
ately these alterations are slow and gradual; so that the dif-
ferent organs concerned generally adapt themselves to their

44 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

changed condition without much inconvenience. The an:-
mal becomes lazy and slower in movement, and is incre
desirous of quiet and tranquility as gestation advances.

These indications are observed at an early period... At the

same time the abdomen enlarges and changes in shape; it
becomes rounded, and projects below and on each side;.
while the flanks become hollow, the croup and thighs wasted-
looking. In the domesticated animals there are ~ “ely ob-
served those disturbances in the digestive organs so marked

at the commencement of pregnancy in woman. On the con-

trary, immediately after conception, the appetite is increased,
digestion is usually easier, and all the formative phenomena

seem to acquire increased activity; more use appears to be

made of the food in the economy, and there is a notable
tendency to fatten. This fattening tendency has been taken
advantage of by breeders and feeders of animals which are
destined more for food than reproduction. In some cases,
however, and particularly with the Cow, the appetite be-

comes somewhat depraved, the animals eating soil, gnawing

the walls or woodwork of their stable, drinking foul water
-etc., and very exceptionally there may be vomiting.

With the increased bulk of the womb, as has been ob-

served, the abdominal and thoracic organs experience more

or less the effects of the compression it exercises on them.
The diaphgram is pushed forward, and diminishes the ca-

pacity of the thorax and the expansibility of the lungs; the

ribs, encumbered by the weight of the foetus, are raised with
difficulty by the muscles of inspiration, so that respiration is

frequent and shallow, and the creature is readily “blown’”

and fatigued. Digestion may be somewhat impaired and re-
tarded, and slight constipation is not rare. The strain in-
‘duced by the womb on the vagina, and indirectly on the

neck of the bladder, causes the attempts to void urine more

frequent ; while the compression on the liver, explains the

; ~
Thy

Or STELRICS—DOMEST ICATED ANIMALS. 45

mechanical obstruction to the circulation and subsequent
dropsical swellings, particularly in the Mare.

SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

The study of the SIGNS OF PREGNANCY 1s very
important. It is sometimes very difficult to speak positively
»as to the existence or absence of pregnancy. Especially is
this the case at the early stage. It has frequently happened
that animals whose condition was not at all certain have
brought forth young, and others have done the same with-
out giving rise to any suspicion that they were pregnant. In
order to study the signs.of pregnancy conveniently, they
have been classified as follows: 1. The rational signs; 2.

The material signs; 3. The sensible signs.

RATIONAL. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

Usually the first RATIONAI. SIGN OF PREG-
“NANCY to be observed, is the cessation of “heat” or “rut-
ting,” though it is not the most certain sign of gestation, and
may even lead to mistakes. The cessation of heat usually
manifests itself soon after conception has taken place (six
or eight days), by a decrease of the sexual excitement which
marks the period of heat; the animal becomes comparatively

- tranquil and does not exhibit any desire for the male, neither
does she rieigh, paw, or show any of the symptoms of heat.
If the male approaches, the sexual desires are not excited,
and in refusing him the female may even resort to aggres-~

‘sive movements. It has usually been held as a sign of con-
ception, if the female refuses the male soon after copula-.

tion, and particularly if a month or two has elapsed, and
the Mare is in good condition when well fed, But in some
cases the symptoms of “heat” persist for some time after
copulation, and the desire of the generative organs is not
-allayed, although in reality impregnation has taken place;
& and in very exceptional instances the “heat” will return

eae th ee NTE Be ee aN aay oat i ~~

ro Se Lok a OL Ot eS it te ed ee * a 7 ™ 7 ao ) ¥

46 OBSTET RICS—DOMESTIEATED ANIMALS.

after having disappeared for a certain time. Some Mares
which have been pregnant for two or three months, and
especially those which have been put to the Stallion early
in the year, will exhibit indications of “heat’’ when the
weather becomes warmer and the pastures afford more nutri-

ment. When in this state the female may again accept the

male, and it may even happen that a second fecundation
takes place at this time—thus occasioning those somewhat
unusual double conceptions; though if pregnancy is some-
what advanced it is dangerous, and may occasion abortion.

Stallions exclusively employed for breeding, frequent-
ly refuse to approach pregnant Mares in which the “heat’’
persists or reappears; though this is not always the case,
particularly with young Stallions. |

In the Cow, as in the Mare, heat may continue or reap-
pear after fecundation ; though as a rule the male refuses to
copulate again when the female is in a pregnant condition.
The pregnant Mare and the Sheep, as well as the pregnant
Cow, manifest signs of “heat’’; but the Bull knows the in-

dications of gestation, better than the Stallion or Ram, and

abstains from having intercourse with Cows which are in
this state. For cattle, therefore, it is an almost certain sign

of pregnancy when the Bull refuses the Cow, when she is

in heat.

It has been generally observed that a change takes
place in the character of the animal which has conceived,
and this sometimes almost immediately after conception.
Mares which were previously vicious, troublesome, or un-
steady when in “heat,” are nearly always gentle and tract-
able when in foal; the genital excitement, which caused this
viciousness, being allayed, they are no longer under its in-
fluence. This change, when occurring after copulation, is a
valuable sign of successful impregnation, and though it

sometimes may fail, yet when present it can scarcelv lead to —
a mistake, If, on the contrary, the animal has not been fecun- _

OrSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 47

dated after one or more coverings, if previously vicious its
vices become exaggerated when again put to the horse.

In the Cow similar symptoms may be remarked, though
it is not so frequent or marked as in the Mare.

The other animals are seldom so irritable in their dis-

position as to lead any one to notice a similar change in
them.

A tendency to fatten is such a notorious consequence of
impregnation that with the Cow and Sheep grazers usually
resort to it in order to get these animals in good condition
for the market, when they. are intended for slaughter. But
this aptitude is most marked in the early months of gesta-
tion; for in the Cow towards the last three months, and in
the Sheep and Pig at the last month, when the udder begins
to enlarge, there is a tendency to lose condition.

With the progress of gestation, those animals employed
in labor for speed or draught lose their vigor somewhat,
particularly towards the end of pregnancy; they become
“soft,’ and their paces slower and heavier—consequently
they require more urging to make them perform a certain
amount of work. Mares trot, gallop, and jump with more
fatigue, and yield themselves far less readily to inordinate
exercise than before, either because their temperament al-
ters, their instinct urges them to preserve their progeny, or
the foetus itself physically embarrasses them in their move-
ments. But this is not always a sure sign; for sometimes,
though rarely, Mares will perform their work with the
same energy and speed as before conception, even up to a
very brief period before parturition commences. Taken
with other signs, nevertheless, this may afford assistance in
giving an opinion on gestation. |

. During the period of pregnancy, Cattle and Sheep are
‘more tranquil, and rest much; as do also Pigs and Bitches.

f * oa) i :
it a Pa ares ty 7

ee
k ,

“43 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

MATERIAL SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

THE MATERIAL OR PHYSICAL signs are those
depending upon the changes in volume of the abdomen
and the udder.

The abdomen enlarges in every direction, and at the
same time changes its shape. As it becomes larger it de-
scends or drops; the flanks become hollow, and the spine ap-
pears more concave; while the latteral portions of the croup
‘sink to a noticeable extent. These changes are progressive-

ay developed as gestation approaches its term, when they

are very evident.

The enlargement of the udder is a sign which varies
_ considerably in different species. In the Mare and Cow,
they begin to increase soon after conception—towards the
second and third month. The udder is more prominent and
‘arm to the touch, loses its wrinkles, and the teats are more
‘visible. This appearance is generally only temporary and
partially disappears, to reappear again more markedly
after some weeks; then to subside and show itself several
times during the period of gestation. Besides this enlarge-
ment of the udder in the Mare and Cow, which may be
“accepted as a certain indication of pregnancy, these glands
furnish towards the last third of the period of gestation, a
yellow, viscid, transparent liquid similar to white of egg,
and which can be easily extracted from the teats by milk-
‘ing. %In those which have never conceived, manipulation
of the teat may furnish a drop or two of a watery-like fluid,
‘but in two or three months after gestation it becomes vis-
cid in consistency. In the last three weeks of pregnancy
‘this liquid sometimes becomes white and opaque, and 1s
then proper milk When the animals have been bred sev-
eral times, the increase in the size of the udder is only no-
ticed in the last days of gestation. In milch Cows, and
particularly in those which are not good “milkers,” another
sion is to be found in the diminution of the lacteal or milk

-secreticns, and the shrink mg of the eee sometime after
Spenjethehe twas

yA eee oe
Eta Se
ay Ss

Way Vie s

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 49

conception—usually about the twentieth day. In the preg-
nant Mare, which still has a Foal running with her, the
secretion of milk also ceases sometime before parturition ;
and the animal appears to be aware of this, for it weans the
Foal generally between the sixth and eighth month.

In the smaller animals the enlargement of the udder
and the appearance of the milk are usually remarked earlier,
and more regularly, than in the large creatures. In those
smaller animals which have borne voung, similar changes
‘take place as those observed in the Mare and Cow, but the
udder may be later in enlarging.

It may be noted as an additional aid in determining
“pregnancy, that with the progress of gestation the mem-
“brane lining the vulva and the vagina becomes swollen, and
assumes a red or bluish-red hue, instead of its usual pink
-color; and towards the termination of pregnancy, the vag-
inal secretion is greatly increased; particularly so in the
“Cow.

All these numerous signs are by no means to be im-
-plicitly relied upon, as they are not infallible in proving
‘the existence of pregnancy in every case. However, if all
“the above signs are manifest in an animal, they establish a
very strong presumption, though not an absolute certainty,
-as to its condition.

SENSIBLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

Towards the fourth month in the larger animals, the
young creature can move. The Sensible signs and indica-
-tions are obtainable by three manual explorations: the ab-
.dominal, rectal, and vaginal.

ABDOMINAL EXPLORATION.—The feel of the
‘abdomen does not yield equally certain results in all the do-
-mesticated animals. In those which are small, as the Bitch
and Cat, a little careful manipulation will render the pres-
ence of the foetus very evident towards the middle period
-of gestation; but in the Mare, Ass and Cow it is more dif-

- ¢ficult, and with these animals it is better to make the exam-

50 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ination when they are in a standing position, as the signs-
are not so perceptible when in a recumbent position. The
examiner stands on the right side of the Cow, the left of the
Mare, with his back towards the animal’s head, and applies.
the palm of his right or left hand against the abdomen, im-
mediately below the flank, about: eight or ten inches in
front of the stifle, and just above the udder, pressing mod-
erately, the other hand resting on the back. At this part of
the abdomen a hard voluminous mass can be felt in the
womb, while the movements of the foetus are perceptible
as it stirs at irregular intervals, and causes the jerks and
shock of its displacements to be communicated to the walls
of the abdomen... These movements are strongest in the
morning, and are more distinct if the mother is eating or
drinking, especially if the water is cold. The young crea-
ture can also be excited to movement by the spraying of
cold water against the belly, or by the application of the
cold wet hand. In the Cow, smart compression of the ab-
domen with the closed fist at the part just indicated, so as.
to push the womb upwards and allow it to return with a little
force, is also a good method of ascertaining the presence

of the foetus, and will prove successful when simple applica- -

tion of the flat hand will fail. This is most likely to be suc-

cessful when there is not much food in the stomach. At a
more advanced period of pregnancy, in the last two months,

the movements of the foetus can be easily observed as it
jumps about briskly, striking the interior of the abdomen at
brief intervals. This, with the other signs at this time,
leaves no doubt as to the existence of pregnancy. The
foetal movements are never more marked than immediately
hefore abortion, at a late period of gestation; they are then
energetic, and to all appearances conclusive. With the
smaller animals the same method of abdominal exploration
may be resorted to, and with the same, or even better re-
sults. The perceptible movements of the foetus, of course,

settle the question as to pregnancy and the vitality of the

OBSTErRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 5S!

young creature; but the absence of these movements is not
conclusive that pregnancy does not exist, for.it has fre-
quently happened that he foetus remained insensible to this
kind of excitation, and yet was alive at birth.

RECTAL EXPLORATION can only be successfully
carried out in the larger animals, because of the small
cimension of the passage in the Bitch and Cat. There is
but little danger to the larger animals so long as reason-
able precautions are taken not to produce injury; the foetus
has even been pushed gently about in the womb without
any accident to it or the parent.

TO EXAMINE the animal by the RECTUM it should
be standing, and if dangerous or irritable, the twitch may
be applied to the nose, or for safety to the operator the
hind limbs must be secured’; with the Cow, the nose seized
by one hand of an assistant and a horn by his other hand,
will be sufficient. By the hand the bowel should be emptied
of the dung it may contain, so as to allow the oiled hand
and arm of the explorer to be introduced and freely moved
about. When the abdomen is large and pendulous, it is
useful to place the animal higher before than behind, and
to have the lower part of the belly raised by assistants on
each side, by means of a sheet or sack, so as to throw the
womb backwards and upwards; though in the majority of
cases these measures are not necessary. After oiling the
arm and hard thoroughly with clean lard or with sweet
oil, pass the hand into the rectum (the last bowel), open
the hand, place the palm on the lower surface of the bowel
and gently press downward, towards the floor of the ab-
<lomen; when there will be felt, if the animal is pregnant, a
hard, irregular mass, more or iess voluminous, according
to the stage of gestation, and capable of being displaced to
a certain extent. If parturition is near, the head or other
parts of the foetus can be distinguished through its envelops
-andethe womb and bowel walls. But if pregnancy is not —

so advanced—say only at the sixth month—the foetus can- _

52 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

not be so readily felt, and it may happen that at this period.

it is situated low down in the abdomen, or well forward in
one of the horns of the womb and lying to one side (nearly
always to the right in the Cow); so that an inexperienced
or careless examiner might miss it altogether at the first
exploration. This error can be avoided by carefully movy-
ing the introduced hand to the right and left as far as the
bowel will permit. The foetus should be excited to move,
if possible, so as to guarantee its presence. The difficulties
are greater if it is desired to ascertain whether the foetus

is dead or alive. Sometimes we may at once perceive the

‘movements of the foetus in the womb; but at other times it
is motionless, and cannot. be made to exert itself except by
moving and pushing it several times. This, however, is
not commendable, unless performed with the greatest gen-
tleness and care, as serious complications, especially abor-

tion might be the result ; therefore, unless urgent, this should

be omitted.
VAGINAL EXPLORATIONS can only be practiced

on the larger animals, and even then it is not so valuable as .

the exploration by the rectum or bowel. The vaginal exam-
ination is made with the animal in the same position as for
the bowel examination, and the hand, well lubricated with
clean lard or sweet oil, is inserted into the vagina as far as

the neck of the womb. In the first months of gestation the

womb descends into the abdomen; consequently, the vagina

is longer and more inclined downwards in front; while the’

foetus is beyond reach of the hand. Towards the fifth or
sixth month, the womb, in expanding in every direction, ap-
proaches the vulva, and the canal of the vagina being
shortened, the womb can be perceived. The same manipu-
lations as were practiced’ in the bowel, may be employed
in the vagina at this time, but the results are far from be-

‘ing satisfactory ; the vaginal examination, should Tieretore,:

never be eres to that of the bowel.

} :
OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 53

DURATION OF PREGNANCY.

THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY varies consid-
erably in different species of domesticated animals; and
even in the same species there are individual variations
which, though not very great, are important; so that the
exact term cannot be rigorously fixed.

With regard to the breeds, it has been remarked that
the Hungarian Cow averages ten days more than the Dutch
Cow. With the male foetus, the duration of gestation is
longer than in the case of a female foetus. It has been ob-
served that the male parent has an influence on the duration
of pregnancy. For instance, a Mare which has copulated
with a thoroughbred Horse will be longer pregnant than
when impregnated by a common-bred Stallion; and the
Mare which has copulated with the Stallion Ass goes longer
than when impregnated by a Horse. The duration of preg-
nancy also depends upon the age of the female, and her
strength and condition; a weakly or much-worn animal does.
not go so long as one which is strong and well fed.

The differences in individuals of the same breed or
species may be partly accounted for by the fact, that im-
pregnation is possible at any time during heat; and if co-
pulation has taken place several times during this condi-

_ tion, it is impossible to predict when conception took place,
and even when copulation has only occurred once between
the male and female, fecundation does not necessarily coin-
cide with this intercourse; as the ovtim of the female may
meet the male generative germ (spermatozoa) in different
regions of the system of the womb, and may, therefore, only

be fertilized some days after copulation. The time required
for the ovum to pass through the Fallopian tube also varies
in different’ animals. In the Rabbit and Guinea-pig, for in-
stance, it takes three davs; in the Mare, Cow, and Sheep,

four to five days, and in the Bitch from eight to ten days.

nk Ny, Various circumstances may retard or accelerate the

> 4&T

I ae Ps ane? . as | wn” Mp Oa
' Nhe Wa ea PUTS papel
F . iff

54 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

development of the foetus. With some animals it may ap-

parently remain for a number of days in the womb after it
is ready for birth, without inconvenience to the mother or
itself, just as it may be born several days before the ordin-
ary period without compromising: its safety.

The Duration of pregnancy with the Mare is usually ©

eleven months, though it may vary between ten and twelve;
with the Cow nine months; Sheep and Goat five months;
the Pig is usually pregnant four months, or according to

some authorities three months, three weeks, and three days;

the Bitch is pregnant about two months, or from 58 to 65
days; the Cat is pregnant from 50 to 60, 62, or even 64
days.

MULTIPLE PREGNANCY.

The causes of multiparity are not well ascertained. It

may be due to simultaneous ripening of two or more Graaf-
ian vesicles, which, rupturing at the same time, allow the
escape of the ova they contain, and which may become im-
pregnated at a single copulation. Or a Graafian vesicle
may contain two or more ova, and these arriving together
in the womb, may be fecundated at one time. Or it may

be that the membrane surrounding the ovum contains two.

yolks, as sometimes occurs in the fowl’s egg.

Of all the domesticated animals, the Mare is the one

which least frequently brings forth more than a single
creature at a birth; and when more than one foetus is
present, they are usually born dead or die soon after birth.
~The female Ass more frequently brings forth twins than

the Mare; but even in the Ass twins are rare. Double and

triple births are not "nusual in the Cow, the former being
far from uncommon. With the Sheep, twins are a very

common occurrence; and it is a saying that in a good flock —

there should be as many-Lambs as Ewes, the double births

compensating for the losses. The Goat is generally con-_
sidered an uniparous animal, but it would appear that this

: # Adis \ re ea Me (NW Seale
BURR ORR ” ACN DS ral Oi cae 18 DE, RAHMAN Re Soh wets oh)

OpSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 55

is a mistake, as double and triple births may be said to be
the rule, and not at all infrequently four are produced. But
usually with three or four at a birth, one or more are feeble
or born dead.

A curious fact in connection with the production of
twin calves, is that when the young are of both sexes, the
female is generally unproductive. It is a fact known, that
when a Cow btings forth two calves, one of them a Bull-calf
‘and the other to appearance a Cow, that the Cow-calf is
unfit for propagation, but the Bull-calf grows into a very
proper Bull. Such a Cow-calf is called a Free-martin, and
is commonly as well known among the farmers as either
Cow or Bull. It has all the external marks of a Cow-calfi—
namely, the teats, ana the external female parts. The Free-
martin does not show the least inclination for the Bull, nor
does the Bull ever take the least notice of it. In form it
very much resembles the Ox or Spayed Heifer, being con-
siderably larger than either the Bull or the Cow, having
the horns very similar to the horns of the Ox.

POSITION OF THE FOETUS IN MULTIPLE PREG-
. NANCY.

The relative position of the young, when more than
one exists in the womb, is important to give some atten-
tion. With regard to each other, it may be said that they
occupy four different positions: 1. Each foetus may be
isolated and enveloped in its own proper membranes; 2.
If there are two foetuses they may have a common envelop,
and otherwise have a second separate sac; 3. Both may be
developed in the same cavity and the same amnii or waters,

_ their membranes being common, and no partition existing
between them: 4. One foetus may be contained within
the other by ‘‘inclusion,” as in monstrosities.

In the first above named variety of pregnancy, the en-

-yelops, where they are in contact, adhere together by.
_ means of fine connective tissue; the after-births are often

na ee x 7 - a * iw
» Pt p . fae se A > f
Pe Bi ae RE eee Nk art Meee Set : { ag

Sa ooh! Pe a ogy oe gene mi a c

56 OxssTETRICS—DOMESTICATED -ANIMALS.

confounded, or united by a kind of membraneous connec-
tion, though their circulation remains distinct. In such a
case the young may be expelled from the womb together ;
but more commonly, after the birth of the first foetus, the
womb contracts on itself, enclosing the remaining progeny,
which may not be born until some days after. This appar-
ently prolonged retention of the second foetus is generally
due to the fact that the first is expelled prematurely, be-
cause of the excessive distention experienced by the womb;

Lk \ \ M4

y) AWW Nae

Fig. 11.
TWIN PREGNANCY: COW.

the womb, having thus got rid of its embarrassment and
become relieved, can then maintain the second foetus until
the usual time expires. |

If one of the foetuses dies in the womb, the other,
being contained in a separate envelop, may continue ‘to _
live and grow. In somewhat rare cases, the dead foetus
remains in the womb, becomes desiccated, and is not ex- i
pelled until the birth of its aes at the usual period ;

z
y

‘Ta aT

i
7

4
a

OBSTETRICS—IDOMESTICATED ANIMALS. o7

or, which is more common, it acts in the womb as a for-

eign substance, the presence of which is irritating, and by,
inducing contractions of that organ it is extruded, while
the living foetus is retained and grows until the normal time
for delivery. Death of the foetus in these multiple cases ap-
pears to be due, either (1) to the stronger vitality of the
one which by attracting to itself a larger share of nutri-
ment, starves the other; (2) to the too considerable increase
in volume of one foetus, which compresses the other; (3) or
to the separation of the foetal from the maternal after-
birth, which, of course, causes an interruption to the circu-
lation of the young animal, and a suspension of nourish-
ment.

In this variety of pregnancy where the two foetuses
have one common envelop, there is only one after-birth; the
two having a circulation in common through their after-
birth and the navel vessels communicating by their vascular
ramifications. In this case the expulsion of one foetus nec-
essarily brings about. that of the other. These results may
be expected in the second and third variety, before men-
tioned.

In the fourth variety, as there are only two instances.

on record, it will be unnecessary to enter into farther de-
tail. .

HYGIENE OF PREGNANT ANIMALS.

The hygienic measures to be observed in the manage-
ment of animals during pregnancy are, in general, those
which should prevail always, irrespective of this condition.
But besides these there are a few particular precautions to
be attended to, in order that this period may be safely and
successfully passed through, and these precautions are all
the more necessary as the period of birth approaches.

When an animal is believed to be pregnant, it should

: not be allowed near the male again. With those animals.

pha
Lee ‘
Pets ¢ ;

58 (OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

which are employed in labor—as the Mare, and sometimes
the Cow—it is well not to work them severely nor fatigue
them much, and particularly as pregnancy is advanced;
and, on the other hand, absolute repose is not advisable.
Exercise is most beneficial, and the most difficult cases of
parturition occur among animals to which exercise is
denied. The pragnant Mare will accomplish ordinary and
acustomed work, particularly if it be slow, without any
harm, perhaps with benefit, until the seventh, eighth or
ninth month, when more care should be observed; but mod-.
erate exercise should always be allowed up to the period of
parturition. Harness is preferable to saddle work for preg-
nant Mares; and fast trotting, galloping, jumping, travel-
ing over broken ground, or severe and sudden exertion, in-
_ juries, or shocks of any kind, are to be avoided—in fact,
extremes should be guarded against. If the animal must
be employed for riding, the use of the spurs should be
abandoned, because of the sudden contraction of the mus-
cles which their application induces, which may lead toa
abortion. If the Cow is kept for milk production, the milk-
ing should cease about the seventh month; though with
well-fed Cows it is often prolonged until near parturition.

_ Nevertheless, there can be no doubt that this practice is det-

rimental to the foetus, by arresting or retarding its develop-
ment, through direvting into the udder the materials which
should be disposed of in the womb.

Unemployed animals ought to be regularly exercised
by hand. Exercise at pasture is beneficial to all animals;
even the Pig and Bitch are greatly benefited by movement.

. THE FOOD of pregnant animals is an important con-
sideration. Creatures in this condition should be well fed,
and especially if they have to accomplish a certain amount
of labor or yield milk. The appetite is generally increased,

and there is a tendency to fatten. This tendency should be — :
somewhat guarded against, as it may prove troublesome, —

BN AN oY
= f 44 Fy ge
A if ies

SOA -
a L
es Win - °, ~

~
Mov

Ti etae

a Sa wa
—— 2a

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 59

particularly if it is allowed to proceed to an extreme de-
gree; when it may retard the development of the foetus, in-
duce abortion, cause difficult parturition, or give rise to ser-
ious after-consequences. This precaution is more to be
observed in the second than the first half of pregnancy,
when the food should be plentiful, but not in excess, and
flesh more abundant in the animal than fat. Indigestion
should be carefully guarded against. The food should be
of good quality, very nutritious, easy of digestion, and not
likely to induce constipation. Grazing on pastures is favor-
able to the pregnant condition of herbivorous animals, and
especially if the land is not too broken, or sloping, and the
herbage is good; as they take their own exercise, and
breathe a purer atmosphere than that of the stables or
sheds. But it must be remembered that they should be pro-
tected from damp, fogs, cold rain, stormy weather, etc. If
the herbage is not sufficiently abundant and nutritive, an ad-
ditional allowance of other food will be necessary. It is
beneficial to add salt to the rations of the pregnant animal,
especially in those regions where inflammation of the joints
is prevalent among young animals. The phosphates so nec-
essary for the formation of certain tissues of the body, may
be deficient in the herbage; and this may be compensated for
by giving as a part of the rations, bran, meal, oil-cake, etc.,
and even properly prepared bone-dust.

THE WATER should be pure, and plentiful at all
times: as then the animal will drink only moderate quanti-
ties, and when necessary. A point to be particularly at-
tended to, is not allowing pregnant animals to dtink very
cold water, nor eat food at a low temperature. As has been

previously stated in this compendium, the foetus is ex-

tremely susceptible to the action of cold, and abortion is by
no means unusual through the careless administration of
cold water or cold food.

ea _ With regard to the DWELLINGS, cleanliness is, above

i . ‘

ft et : ‘ «
; ' +"

en eB

" > epee 2 ¥
. x ¥ F ‘ & > A -
Be ei CN eR SO, OS LEN ry wars’? PAT AV Hp”

60 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

all things, necessary to be observed. Near foaling time—
three weeks or a month—-the Mare should be kept apart in
a roomy loose-box, and when convenient, within sight of

the other Horses with which it has been accustomed to as- |

sociate. The Cow is usually allowed to remain in its ordin-
ary stall in the cow-shed; but overcrowding and want of
space should not be allowed, and every Cow, towards the
end of pregnancy, ought to have plenty of room in :ts-stall,
if a separate box cannot be allowed. With stalls the floor
should slope very little, if any, from before to behind ; for if
this inclination is at all marked, the weight of the womb is
thrown backwards, and this may lead to abortion, prolapsus
of the vagina, and even evefsion of the womb. The stall
should be well bedded, to prevent the animal’ from soiling
itself. Should a case of abortion occur in a stable or shed,
among pregnant Cows, the one which has aborted should

be removed at once, and the place it occupied thoroughly

cieansed and disinfected, and every trace of the accident
most scrupulously obliterated; as without observing theze

precautions, abortion may be induced in the other tsa

Cows which have indications of approaching abortion,
ought also to be removed from the vicinity of other preg-
nant animals, and kept apart from them so long as there is
any vaginal discharge; and the same precautions must be

adopted with regard to thorough disinfection and cleansing.
It is not advisable to have Cows bring forth among others |

whose period of gestation has not arrived.

Mental and physical TRANQUILITY are essential
conditions of successful pregnancy. Harsh or cruel treat-
ment on the part of grooms, cow-keepers, shepherds, and

others, should be sternly suppressed; and fear, generally ie
produced by young degs hunting the animals, and particu- —

larly pregnant sheep is to be averted if possible. It is ad-

visable not to have animals of other species in the same field _
or pasture with those that are pregnant, more sy eR )

’ toward the pet iod of. Dadi

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 61

Above all, it is necessary to guard against the use of
-drastic purgatives, or even laxatives, for the relief of con-
stipation, which may not exist; as with some animals these
‘medicines, by increasing the muscular action of the bowels,
indirectly excite contraction of the womb. If there is con-
stipation, suitable diet is a safer remedy than physics. . Pow-
erful narcotic, sedative, and other medicinal remedies. are
to be avoided; even if they do not injure the mother, they
may imperii the life of the foetus.

_STERILITY—BARRENNESS—INFECUNDITY.

The loss to farmers, as well as to owners of Stallions
and Bulls, on account of barrenness, is sometimes enormous.
Barrenness exists both in males and females. If a number
of females are bred to a certain male animal and fail to
conceive, there is something wrong with the male and he
is considered barren or sterile. Again, certain females may
be bred to a number of male animals, without conceiving,
‘then the fault is with the female, and she is considered bar-
_ ten. Barrenness, temporary or permanent, in the female, is
a common occurrence, and is sometimes serious. It is more
frequently met with in the Equine than other species. :

-BARRENNESS—STERILITY IN THE MALE.

CAUSES OF BARRENNESS IN THE MALE.—

In the male barrenness may be due to many causes, as hard-
ening of the testicles, the result of inflammation; softening
of the testicles from being pampered, and liberally fed upon
starchy food without sufficient exercise; imperfect develop-
‘ment of the testicles, as in the case of ridglings. Change
of climate has sometimes a marked influence on the genera-
‘ _ tive organs, at times only for a season, and again it ren-
_ ders the male animals incapable of impregnating females.
ete are also several diseases of the Sg ae organs, |

Py Mat hy tee eae foots Fs } Bike ge ,
\ ‘ , st ae Nd GD" Tt tees Mi Rica + ay

\.. bal fey .’ is
SR aE
\, ) oh te (es
‘ ONGAS ely
‘ >

62 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

which tend to produce barrenness, as inflammation of the
membrane covering the penis, ulcerations of the penis,
warts on the end of the penis, paralysis of the penis, tumors
affecting either the testicles or penis, tumors affecting the
excretory ducts of the testicles, enlarged prostrate gland,
injuries or disease of the back and loins rendering the male
animal unable to mount the female; serving too many
females within a few days, will sometimes render the male
sterile for the balance of the season. Or the fault may be
due to the absence of the male generative germs (sperma-
tazoa) in the seminal fluid. .

TREATMENT OF BARRENNESS IN THE
MALE.—AIl the foregoing causes 4nd conditions should be
carefully considered and given prompt attention, if the
owner wishes to use the animal for breeding purposes. If
the animal is barren from imperfect development of the tes-
ticles, as in ridgling, castrate at once and convert into a
good work horse. If the sterile animal is other than a Stal-
lion, fatten for the market, as the animal will never be of.
any use for breeding purposes. When there is softening of
the testicles from being too fat and fed upon starchy food,
give plenty of exercise, and avoid feeding corn, wheat, or
other starchy food, and feed oats, bran mash, cottonseed
cake, etc. When there is hardening of the testicles, grease
them with the following preparation:

ROGING: (shi Ss ete eease ee one-half ounce.
Alcoholic Extract Belladonna. ..one-fourth ounce.
Casiphor: /4 0. ian iets lee» _.one-fourth ounce.
Vaseline:or lara iagrop nie ob ois four ounces.

Mix thoroughly and apply gently. Where self-abuse
has been continued for a considerable length of time, cas-
tration is the most profitable method to pursue. Ulcerations _
of the penis, are best combatted by filling the ulcers with =
calomel, a few times. Warts should be extirpated with the =
knife and afterwards touched with lunar caustic or acetic a

f : : aye ‘ ian : i ki
pug’ 4 Shain. aot 3 ihe hs a a

OssTETRICS—DomM ESTICATED ANIMALS. 63

acid. Too much stress cannot be placed upon the evil of
serving too many females in a short space of time. One
service a day, is all that should be allowed during the sea-
son. Two services may be permitted in one day, by allow-
ing five or six hours to elapse between each service, but this
should not be continuéd daily. The indiscriminate and in-
judicious methods practiced by some owners of sires by
allowing four, five, and sometimes as high as eight services
in a single day, is very liable to cause a weakness of the
testicles, so that the fluid secreted thereafter for a consider-
able length of time, will be deficient in impregnating prop-
erties (spermatazoa), and although the animal may seem
vigorous and continue in service, the female will fail to
conceive, through no fault of her own.

BARRENNESS—STERILITY IN THE FEMALE.

CAUSES OF BARRENNESS IN THE FEMALE.
—Sterility in the female, has also a variety of causes. Pro-
longed continence and old age are not infrequent causes, as
is witnessed in Mares which have worked for many years
in towns, and then transferred for breeding purposes.
Change of climate has in many cases a marked influence on
sterility—sometimes rendering the animal sterile for only a
longer or shorter period, while at other times barrenness
becomés permanent. The generative organs may also be
impaired, and fecundity suspended temporarily or perma-
nently, by abuse of the generative functions, bad hygiene,
etc. The female may fail to conceive from premature or
tardy copulation when the generative organs are not in a
physiological condition for conception, or when they are in
an irritable, abnormal state; but this cannot be termed ‘ster-
lity. .

; Under-fed or over-fed animals se do not breed
so readily as those which are in moderate condition; fat

animals are especially unfruitful; as in these pampered,

| shighhy- fed. ia animals, there is generally found a fatty

. 64 + + OBSTEDRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

condition of the ovaries. Excitable, vicious females are less
likely to procreate than those which are of an equable and

gentle disposition. An animal with a mild disposition. is

often impregnated at one attempt; and it has been observed
that with Mares accustomed to work, active exertion, even
to produce fatigue, before being put to the horse, is favor-
able to conception. So it is that the Arab submits his Mare
to a severe gallop, and brings her almost breathless before
the Stallion, when, copulation being accomplished, he leaves
her quietly at rest for some hours. ‘
Barrenness may also be caused by disease or alterations
in the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, womb, or vagina; and if
any material obstacle to the contact of the spermatic or
seminal fluid of the male with the ovum of the female be
present in these parts, impregnation cannot take place.
Sometimes tumors of various kinds in this region cause

sterility. An imperforate, dense, and tough hymen may be

another cause. The male generative germs (spermatazoa)
may have their vitality destroyed by the acid or other se-
cretions they meet with, .when introduced into the female
genital canal; or the impregnated ovum of the female may
be unable to fix itself on the mucous membrane of the womb
because of inflammation existing there. Occlusion or clos-

ing of the mouth of the womb has been known as a cause’
of barrenness in the Mare and Cow from the earliest ‘times..
_ This closing of the mouth of the womb may be complete

during copulation, which will prove fatal to impregnation;
or it may be due merely to a spasmodic condition of the
muscles of the neck of the womb. Leucorrhoea or whites:

is a frequent cause of sterility.

TREATMENT OF BARRENNESS IN THE FE-

MALE.—AIl the causes should be considered and a care-_

ful examination made, as removal of the obstacle to gen-
eration may, in many instances, be quite within the scope

of surgical or medical measures. The oiled hand should |
be introduced into the vagina, and if the mouth of the womb

- *?.,
> a ~_

7 ~ F aaa,” ‘ y » et {
i i“? “hb ww tu ae de ae Pe, pe, ee ee | Finnie’ my a”

\V F aes oe : ave e
P "1 r : fh

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 65

- 1s found to be closed, smear the neck of the womb with ex-
tract of belladonna; within two hours’ time make another
examination and if the mouth of the womb still remains
closed, in many cases this closure can be remedied in the
very safe and simple manner following: The animal is se-
cured—if a Mare by the “side-line,” if a Cow by fastening
the two hind-legs together, though not too close—and the
oiled hand, in the form of a cone, passed up the vagina to
the neck of the womb in a half-rotary or screwing manner;
on reaching the mouth of the womb, the tips of the fingers
are to be gently inserted by the same movement into the
mouth and pushed on until the cavity of the womb is
reached; the animal should be put to the male,on the same
or the following day. This simple operation for the cure
of sterility has been very often practiced, and is well known
to the Arabs of the Sahara, who treated their barren Mares
In this manner, and in the majority of cases with success.
A simple sound, the size of an ordinary catheter, well
greased, may be employed with the same object as the fin-
gers, and appears to answer quite as well. Various instru-
ments have been devised to dilate the mouth and neck of
the womb, but nothing is equal to the fingers or the sound.

In the United States, Lyford’s method of ensuring im-
pregnation when the mouth and neck of the womb is at
fault, has ben extensively practised, with excellent results.
Use is made of what he terms impregnators and dilators.
~The impregnator consists of a hollow tube or cone, com-
posed of soft rubber of sufficient thickness and firmness to
retain its shape and resist the pressure of the neck of the
womb. Somewhat constricted at the disc portion, in order
that it may be self-retaining (Fig. 12, a), the posterior sur-
face of the disc is somewhat concave, to admit the urethra?

sinus of the penis ; while the canal in the body is sufficiently

wide to allow the semen or seminal fluid an easy passage

BY i through . shh, cas to the end (b), which garters inte ne

ith ‘ v
ry vn ;

hy MN ye j ,
\s MP ly in See \ 4 } F
are) AF eikt Nuvu eee a awe Sad ' if , \ ‘ P '
Bhi Nona ‘an ees he v Mi * 4 hee heaTt ae j
- er hal el ne OP eA: Ls 5 Sra a Tay Min Ye TM) i | in > Fave Wi) ier, RICE 8

66 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

womb. These impregnators are in three or four sizes, to fit —

differnt sized wombs; and to render them less objection-

able to both the male and female, the disc (Fig. 13, a), as

well as the bulb (b), is hollow and very elastic, so that con-
nection between male and female takes place almost as if no
foreign body intervened. The advantage claimed for these
articles are: Close approximation to the natural condition
of the neck of the womb during copulation, and so render-
ing the communication between the cavity of the womb
complete, thus assuring easy access for the semen; they
are easily inserted; are ready for immediate use; and they
are cheap and durable. The dilator (Fig. 14) greatly facili-
tates the introduction of the impregnator, by dilating the
mouth of the womb and displacing any obstruction that

Fig.. 12. Fig. 13.
IMPREGNATING TUBE. SECTION OF IMPREGNATING
TUBE.
a, Disc: b, Bulb. a, Disc; b, Bulb.

may exist, thus allowing the neck of the womb to envelop —

the impregnator easily and closely, as well as saving much
time in inserting it. This is accomplished*by the left hand
in the vagina placing the impregnator—in which is the dila-
tor—at the entrance of the mouth of the womb, while the
right hand makes the necessary pressure on the handle of the

dilator to push it into the canal of the womb; the left hand re-
- tains it there until the dilator is withdrawn. The Stallion is a:
then allowed access to the M are ‘and within five minutes after be
copulation the tube is extracted by means of a tape attached

A: vi
~ re
AYR tes -
f y o-2 : t TE fe aks, |
Als Teas. ol ‘ ; sire yey, Wet

4 Thef? fy a

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 67

to it, the end of which has a ring, and hangs outside the
vulva.

Moderate rigidity of the neck of the womb, which can-
not be overcome by prompt manipulation with the fingers
or tubes, may be combatted by means of sponge tents intro-
duced into the mouth of the womb. These are made by
soaking a sponge to which a long string has been securely

tied, in a strong solution of gum arabic; it is then closely

wound round with a thread, so as to form an elongated,

pointed mass four or five inches long. When dry the thread
is removed, and the sponge, being slightly smeared with
grease or glycerine, is passed into the mouth of the womb,
where it is left to soften and expand, in doing which tt
widens the canal: The operation of inserting the tent must
be performed quickly, either with the fingers or forceps,
before it absorbs mucus which will cause it to lose its rigid-
ity and make it difficult, if not impossible, to apply. In
some instances it may be necessary to make a few
incisions in the neck of the womb before an open-
ing can be forced; this can be accomplished with a thor-
oughly cleansed, small-bladed penknife; then force an
opening either with the fingers or the sound. But this cut-

ting operation should never be resorted to until the simpler

and safer means have failed.
When the womb is excitable and irritative, causing
straining and ejection of the seminal fluids or semen, it is

‘best to give the female a good run or a hard day’s work—

something to compel the animal to become fatigued, ther
breed immediately and she will likely conceive. If barren-
ness is due to a fatty condition of the ovaries, where the
animal is very fat and pampered up. place it to work and

~ work hard for a month or six weeks, feeding on a limited

quantity of oats and hay; but if from too low a condition.
and overwork. reverse the conditions. _Tf from leucorrhoea

or Mites, treat for this ailment. Es from diseased ovaries,

oe Dy has

i Le Leo
ee a Pe a ty a Mes aa oe Mot a
AT NS oe PRN EE Di cites Hee Colas ae rae) Rae hay So A ee

68 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the animal should be spayed. If only one ovary becomes ~
affected, that ovary should be taken away, when the animal

will possibly breed all right. When Mares become greatly ©

advanced in years, say seventeen to twenty, without ever
producing a colt, they should not be bred, as the pelvic bones
become solidified and difficult delivery is the result, prob-
ably ending in the loss of both Foal and Mare.

PATHOLOGY OF PREGNANCY.

In the PATHOLOGY of pregnancy will be included
influence of pregnancy on ordinary diseases, and the dis-
eases and accidents incidental to pregnancy.

PATHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES INCIDENTAL
LOPE REGNANCY:

Pregnancy in animals brings about certain modifica-
tions in the organism which may sometimes call for serious
notice, either when it leads to a morbid predisposition, or in
its influence on the progress of certain diseases already ex-
isting at the time of conception, or which have developed
during pregnancy. There are also maladies which are pecul-
iar to pregnancy, some of them of much importance.

INFLUENCE OF PREGNANCY ON ORDINARY
DISEASES.

The influence of pregnancy has often been productive
of marked effects on the course of ordinary diseases. And
these influences may have been due, directly or indirectly,
im some cases at least, to the condition of the blood in the
female, the red globules of the blood, also the albumin is

greatly decreased, while the serum of the blood is much | i
above the normal standard. Owing to this decrease in the —
solid portion of the blood, the blood of the pregnant female yas

contains more white, than red globules; therefore depletive ms

* rey.
aie al
Pat

*
, ~ 5 wake ite
ye Te We f yan Pe ae) Le bt OF 4) Bet eae Own CORRS

y a \, J 1
i : y

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 69

" measures should be carefully resorted to, or, better still, ab-

stained from. The mechanical effects of the foetus, and the
immense volume of the womb, must also produce disturbance
of most essential functions, and more especially those of the
abdominal and thoracic organs. Therefore it is, that during
pregnancy such affections as indigestion, colic, tymipanites,
or pneumonia, are so frequently followed by abortion and
slow convalescence, or death of the animal.

Chronic diseases have in general but little influence on
pregnancy. It has been thought by some that “broken
wind” in the Mare is much relieved during pregnancy; but

some observations would go to prove that it is rather ag-

gravated—though the troublesome cough does not appear
to prevent the foetus reaching its full period.

Acute diseases are more serious, and especially those of
an epizootic kind, which often cause abortion or induce pre-
mature labor. Influenza very often leads to abortion in

Mares, and the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle has.

frequently the same result, death being more frequent as
pregnancy is well advanced. Sheep-pox is also more serious
and more often fatal in pregnant sheep, and most frequent-
ly followed by abortion. Abortion has been a notorious se-
quel of “foot-and-mouth disease,” in which the losses from
this cause have sometimes amounted to fifty, and even more,

percent. Painful and nervous diseases are also more serious

during pregnancy than at other times.

DISEASES INCIDENTAL TO PREGNANCY.

The chief maladies or morbid conditions which have

been noted in animals are Pica, rickets, constipation, colic,

dropsical swellings, partial paralysis, cramps, congestion of

the brain, cough, inflammation of the udder, bloody serum |
or milk. ) } a

70 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Sas

PICA, OR LOSS OF APPETITE.

The appetite of pregnant animals is sometimes depraved,
and they will ingest foreign matters—such as plaster licked
from the walls, wood gnawn from their stable fittings, earth,
etc. This depraved appetite may be corrected by careful
attention to the quantity and quality of food, to which should
be added powdered extract of gentian.

DOSE.—Mare, one drachm; Cow, two drachms; Sheep
and Pig, twenty grains; Bitch, five grains. Give three
times a day, mixed in the food.

The Herbivora should be allowed common salt in their
food, or to lick.

RICKETS AND SOFTENING OF THE BONES.

Softening or fragility of the bones, has been frequently
observed in pregnant animals, and especially those which
are young. There is considerable increase in the organic ©.
matter of the bones, and a corresponding decrease in the
ormig-anicmatter,especially of calcium phospk ate; the lorg
bones are more particularly affected, though the whole skel-
eton may be involved. The bones become softened, are
often enlarged, and are friable and brittle; so that in ad-
vanced cases fractures occur readily, while deformity is.
not at all rare.

CAUSES.—It is generally due to the animal receiving -
insufficient food, or eating that which is deficient in mineral
matters—-such as lime and phosphorus—as well as nitrogen-
ous constituents. When pregnant animals are not well fed,
the foetus makes such demands upon the mother for growth
materials that she must suffer, and that aie ge in the
bone structure. |

SYMPTOMS.-—Usually the first symptom is loss of —
appetite, the animal instinctively seeking for lime salts. ree ; ».
reavently 1 the first indication of this condition is ee occur-

om 4 2 : 1G pf ¢
Aa Ss dle "hs Newoziy > 4 eS ie el

4 ¥. A . ‘ a ee ee,

Fe ror

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 71

rence of fracture of one of the limb or pelvic bones from
some slight cause—as getting up from the recumbent posi-
tion, slipping, or a blow. Sometimes before these fractures
occur, the anima! appears to be stiff, and walk as if suffering
from delibity, and the joints begin to swell; then the animal
lies down and remains in this position, unless strong per-
suasion is applied.

TREATMENT.—This condition is always more or less

serious. Prevention lies in giving pregnant animals good

food, keeping them in a healthy state, and not breeding from
them when too young.

The curative treatment is simple, and is mainly cen-
tered in offering nutritious food rich in lime salts—as
crushed oats and beans for Mares, and.oats and beans which
have been scalded or boiled, with green forage or good hay
for Cows. Precipitated Calcium Phosphate, may also be
administered in serious cases.

DOSE.—Mare, two drachms; Cow, one-half ounce;
Sheep and Pig, one drachm; Bitch, ten grains. Give three
times a day. |

CONSTIPATION.

Constipation during pregnancy is more frequently met
with in those animals which live on flesh—as the Bitch and
Cat—than those feeding on herbage.

TREATMENT.—In all animals it may be largely rem-
edied, or altogether removed, by suitable diet and exercise.
Purgatives should be avoided, if »ossible, and only mild lax-
atives resorted to if necessary. [or the Bitch and Cat cas-
tor-oil is preferable to other laxatives and raw linseed oil
for the larger animals. |

DOSE of castor-oil for Bitch and Cat, one ounce. If

the constipation is very obstinate and will not vield to the
_ Oil, give an injection of warm (not hot) soap suds. .

~ DOSE af raw anal oil.—Mare, one-half pint Cow,

e+ wl 7 a

72 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

one pint; Sheep and Pig, four ounces. The injection as di-
rected for the Bitch and Cat should not be resorted to with
the larger pregnant animals unless absolutely necessary, as
it might induce abortion.

COLIC.

Colic may appear in some instances during the early
months of pregnancy in the Mare, the attacks being general-
ly slight, and occurring at intervals.

TREATMENT.—-It is usually the result of indiges-
tion, and only requires simple treatment—as warm gruel,
friction to the abdomen, injections of warm. water, and laxa-
tive food, such as linseed mashes.

DROPSICAL SWELLING OF THE LEGS DUR-
ING PREGNANCY (CEDEMA.)

In some of the coarser breeds of animals and, occa-
sionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swellings ap-
pear around the udder, extending forward as far as the
breast and backward and upwards as high as the vulva. The
hind legs will begin swelling just above the hoof, and the
swelling will extend upward to the hocks or even to the
groin. These swellings are serous or watery in character,
diminish rapidly during exercise and increase upon rest.
The disease is not of much consequence, being caused by
deficient circulation occasioned by the pressure of the foetus
upon certain blood vessels, for explanation of (see altera-
tions in the womb under pregnancy). It is rarely seen in
the Cow, as the circulation of the glands of the udder is
_more complete than it is in the Mare. In Mares it some-
times appears three or four months previous to foaling;
but when at pasture where they can get regular exercise, it
rarely occurs. f Sma Ry.
TREATMENT.—As it depends very much upon the

_ conformation and temperament of the individual animal, as _
} ( aml | 4) . Y \ r Di 74 \ " Arpiheenern ¥

i y*

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 73

well as on season and hygienic management, no fear need
be entertained, as it disappears in a few days after foaling.
Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise, and
hand-rubbing with the following liniment:

Hort Soap ees soy) one and one-half ounces.
Rain’ Water /Q00Pa) i: 3. )s's: cs. Wa eek five ounces.
Coin «Campion tev. oy sl saanaahe one ounce.
Onl ‘of Turpentimemn tiie ess od thirteen ounces.

Mix the Soft Soap with two ounces of the Water; dis-
solve the Camphor in the Oil of Turpentine; gradually add
the Turpentine solution to the Soap solution, stirring con-
stantly until all has been added; then beat with an egg
beater until the mixture becomes a thick creamy emulsion;
lastly mix with sufficient boiled Rain Water to produce one
pint. }

EXCESSIVE WATERS (HYDROPS AMNII.)

When there is an unusual secretion of the waters of
the womb (fluid amnii), it constitutes what has been termed
“dropsy of the amnion.”

CAUSES.—It is most frequently met with in poor,
badly-fed animals—and particularly in Cows, in which im-
‘proper hygiene has produced a morbid excitement of the
generative organs. Animals which bring forth more than
one foetus are much more frequently affected than where
only one foetus is present, and it nearly always occurs during
the early months of pregnancy; the foetus is generally little
developed, and in the majority of instances is dead before
_ it is expelled. ;
SYMPTOMS.—It is not until the fifth or sixth month
of pregnancy, or even later, that indications of this condition
_ are evident. Then the abdomen rapidly enlarges, especially
to one side—generally the right; and in a short time it nas
acquired a greater volume than it has towards the end of
_ gestation. At this period the health becomes deranged, and

aoe | Ake

4 } a "Rt J
2 ae Lap a on Nagy | Ls . ri MAR

_ surrounding the foetus; this can be easily accomplished with oe

ot? ee
4 a

74 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. - ‘

colic, with or without wind dropsy (tympanites), is not in-
frequent. General debility is so marked that the animal can
scarcely, if at all, stand; the appetite is lost, rumination is
suspended, passing of the urine irregular, dropsical swell-
ings of the limbs and abdomen ensue, with difficult breath-
ing, which increases so quickly in intensity that suffocation
is often imminent. The muscular walls of the abdomen
have in some cases been ruptured, and the entire mass of the
womb, with its contents, has formed a hernia, or rupture.
The ordinary period of pregnancy may be completed; or
abortion may occur at the seventh or eighth month, when
all the indications of such an occurrence are present. The
act of parturition will he tedious and slow.
DIAGNOSIS.—The state of the abdomen might lead
tu the supposition that the case was one of wind dropsy
\tympanites), or twin pregnancy. But rectal examination
will reveal the immense size of the womb, which forms a
great globular mass in the abdominal cavity, and almost
completely fills the pelvis, though nothing of a foetus cam

be detected; while vaginal exploration discovers the neck —

of the womb cannot be distinguished, the mouth is closed,
and the back part of the womb projects more or less into

_ the vagina; pressure on this part of the womb proves that

it contains fiuid, though usually no foetus can be felt, as it is —
beyond the touch, and almost lost in the small ocean of fluid
surrounding it. It is in rare cases that the mouth of the
womb is dilated. . |
RESULTS.—The occurrence of excessive waters in
the womb is nearly always fatal to the foetus. About fifty
per cent. of the mothers survive ; although, as a rule, the re-
sult has been more favorable where assistance was Proce |
and early. :
TREATMENT. —The chief indication i is to remove at
least a portion of the fluid, by rupturing the membranes —

\ ™ ‘ ae | - a
+ / ’ iv Se 1 Ne i

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 75

the fingers if any of the membrane is protruding from the
mouth of ‘the womb into the vagina; if the membranes are
not in the vagina, and the mouth of the womb is sufficiently
dilated for the admission of the hand, they may be ruptured
in the womb; if the mouth of the womb is closed it should
be gently dilated, and the membranes punctured, if neces-
sary, by means of a trocar and cannula. As soon as the
membranes surrounding the foetus are pierced, a gush of
fluid takes place, the abdomen diminishes in volume, the
womb becomes retracted, and in this retraction the -foetus
and membranes are sometimes expelled. Should this expul-
sion not take place soon, they must be removed in the or-
dinary way. After this, the animal must have good care
an1 a generous amount of food. It must be remembered
that the foetus is always dead; and even if it were alive it
should be sacrificed, with the view of saving the life of the
mother. The chances of success are greater when interven-
tion takes place during the early stage of pregnancy, and
before the abdomen is excessively distended, therefore the
respiration is not seriously affected, and debility not great.

The excessive waters of the womb have been removed
through a puncture in the flank; but this method is not
advisable.

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS.
(PARAPLEGIA.)

During pregnancy the Cow is more frequently at-
tacked with paralysis of the hind quarters, than are the .
other domesticated animals; this usually occurs when near
parturition, and often even when that act has commenced;
generally, however, it appears six, eight, ten, or twenty
days, rarely a month or two, previous to parturition.

CAUSES.—The cause has been said to be the result of
the increased weight the creature is called upon to support.
It attacks animals which are well fed and tended, as wel

x ais og

76 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

as those which receive the opposite treatment. In a locality
we may, in certain years, meet with a number of cases; then
several consecutive vears may elapse without any being
noted.

SYMPTOMS.—-The paralysis of pregnancy generally
appears suddenly and without any premonitory symptoms,
manilesting itself with the same intensity at the outset as at
a later period: though in rare cases the animal shows a

eakness and unsteadiness of the back part of the body
and hind limbs for a short time before it drops, and the end
of the tail is remarkably flaccid. When paralysis has really
set in, the animal is forced to lie, but it does not appear to
suffer; the position is natural, the head carried as usual, the
eye bright and clear, the muffle damp and cool, and rum-
ination in the majority of instances is not suspended; the
pulse, respiration, and appetite are unaltered, and sensation
does not seem to be impaired, even in the hind limbs. Con-
stipation is frequently present. It is only when the animal
attempts to rise that its condition is evident; the fore limbs
and neck can be moved to accomplish this, but the hinder
extremities are powerless, or can only be raised to a slight
extent; though with help it may be lifted,up and can then
stand, but unsteady.

RESULT.—Ordinarily, the paralysis persists until par-
turition, when it disappears. Sometimes it continues until
the third day after parturition ; and occasionally the paralysis.
persists for a longer time, and either causes the death or
necessitates slaughter of the animal. When paralysis man-
ifests itself only a few days before parturition, the result is
usually favorable; but when it makes its appearance toward
the sevevth or eighth month of pregnancy, the prospéct of
recovery is not so favorable. If the animal is old or debili-

tated there is less hope for recovery. A day or two after: —
parturition, if the animal can move the hind limbs and’

'
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OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED “ANIMALS. 1)

change its position from one side to another, a favorable
issue may be predicted. |
This malady must not be confounded with “parturient
fever,” “milk fever,” or “parturient apoplexy,’ in which we
have paralysis, but from which it differs greatly, as the
symptoms and results show. |

TREATMENT.—It is advisable in most cases to get

the animal up, either with or without help; but if it cannot
stand, and slinging is not advisable, then it must be made
‘comfortable in the recumbent position, and turned over

frequently ; peat-moss makes the best bedding. In the ma-_

jority of cases and especially before parturition, little treat-
ment is necessary. The principal indication is to avert or
get rid of constipation by administering raw linseed oil in-
ternally, and giving soap suds injections when necessary,
and to feed hot mashes and easily digested nourishing food,
and keep the animal clean, and quiet. If the paralysis is
due to debility, then highly nutritious food with powdered
extract of gentian should be given. If the animal evinces

tenderness on pressure along the spinal cord, heat should be

applied to that region. Should the paralysis persist and the
time for parturition be some months distant, it may be nec-
essary to induce abortion, as the protracted recumbent posi-
tion generally produces external sores of large extent.
Should the paralysis continue for any length of time after
parturition, more energetic treatment will be necessary. In
these cases ,the hypodermic injection of strychnine beneath
the skin is nearly always attended with success.

DOSE of Strvychnine for hypodermic use.—Mare,

three-fourths of a grain; Cow, three-fourths of a grain; —

Sheep, one-sixth grain; Hog, one-twelfth grain; Dog, one-
one-hundred and thirty-third of a grain. Repeat the injec-
tion every four or five hours until relieved. )

DOSE of Powdered Extract Gentian.— Mare, oné
drachm ; Cow, two drachms ; Sheep and Pig, twenty grains ;

ee , ~
" A

ye er ae, Aye! 4 BAY) ies

18. +» OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Bitch and Cat, five grains. Give with the food three times
a day.

: DOSE of Raw Linseed Oil.—Mare, three-fourths
pint; Cow, one and one-half pint; Sheep and Pig, six
ounces; Bitch and Cat, one ounce. Repeat the dose every six
hours until the bowels move.

CRAMP.

By Cramp is meant an involuntary, and extremely
painful contraction of one or more of the muscles. It is
sometimes observed during the second half of gestation,
especially in the Mare and Cow; it chiefly involves the mus-
cles of the thigh, and the principal extensor muscle.

SYMPTOMS.—The animal either suddenly and rapid-
ly draws up and extends the limb—striking the ground hur-
riedly and energetically with the foot, as if a fly had settled
on the leg, or the whole limb is gradually and rigidly
elevated without flexure of the joints, except those of the
phalanges, which are half flexed, the front of the hoof being
directed towards the ground; at the same time the muscles
of the leg are hard, tense, and painful to manipulate, and
the animal betrays the torture it experiences by its expres-
sion and attiudes. This manifestation is increased if the
animal is compelled to walk, its first steps being extremely
difficult; while the Jimb is maintained in a perfectly rigid
condition. In a short time these symptoms disappear, and
movement is restored. The cramp may pass from one limb
to another alternately; it appears to be due to pressure on
the sciatic nerve.

TREATMENT.—Cramp is of no moment, and can be
relieved by walking the animal for a few paces, or by smart
friction. It disappears altogether after parturition. —

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 79

COUGH.

Cough is a marked symptom of “excessive waters of the
womb” (which see). But even when this kind of dropsy is
‘not present, breathing is frequently difficult during preg-
nancy. This difficult breathing is sometimes accompanied
by a very harrassing cough, which, in the larger animals,
and particularly the Mare, may lead to injury.

TREATMENT.—Cyanide of Potassium is recom-
mended for the relief of this cough.

DOSE of Cyanide of Potassium.—Mare and Cow, one
gtain; Sheep and Pig, one-fifth grain; Bitch and Cat, one-
renth grain. Give three times a day until the cough is re-
lieved.

EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF MILK BEFORE PAR-
TURITION.

This does not. demand any attention, unless the udder
1s large and hard, when it would be beneficial to draw the
milk frequently.

ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY.

Under this class will be found the following diseases
which occur before parturition, and are due to accidental
causes—Protrusion (Prolapsus) of the Vagina, Rupture of
the Womb, Hemorrhage of the Womb, Abnormal Retention
of the Foetus, and Abortion.

PROTRUSION (PROLAPSUS) OF THE VAG HES
BEFORE PARTURITION.

Protrusion of the vagina has been most frequently ob-
served in the Cow and Sheep ; rarely in the Mare and Bitch.
It consists in the protrusion, or pushing backwards, of the
vagina by the womb and its contents during pregnancy, the _

ef ae Oe . Ay

r . Te al ay

80 : OBSTETRICS-—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

tumor it forms appearing between, or external to the lips —

of the vulva. When the tumor is between the lips it is
called “incomplete protrusion”; but when it extends out be-
yond the lips of the vulva, it is termed “complete protru-
sion.” This must not be confounded with “prolapsus of the
vagina after parturition.”

CAUSES.—Protrusion of the vagina may occur in
well shaped animals, whose tissues, especially those of the

genital organs, are soft and relaxed, with a wide pelvis, good

milkers, and which are fed on an abundance of bulky, but
innutritious food. Keeping such animals on a floor sloping
too much to the rear, as well as falls, injuries of different
kinds, distention of the paunch, fatigue, etc., are all likely

to lead to this accident in animals during pregnancy. It

occurs most frequently after the third or fourth gestation,

although it has been present during the first gestation. The

period and duration of its appearance varies.

SYMPTOMS.—tThe occurrence of protrusion of the
vagina is made known by the appearance, at the vulva, of a
circular, bright red tumor, depressed in the center, and of
a variable, but increasing size as gestation advances—from
the volume of a fist to that of the head of a child, or even
larger. At first it is only visible when the animal is lying,
and disappears when it gets up; but when of considerable
volume it never entirely vanishes. If existing for some time,
inflammation may be the result, when a large and somewhat
dense tumor projects permanently outside the vulva. The
color now becomes a darker red, and even dark brown; the
tumor may be irritated on the surface from the rubbing of
the tail and contact with the dung and urine, while at its
upper part can be seen the neck of the womb. This does
not seem to incommode the animal, unless it be of an irrit-

able disposition, when straining may take place, and this

RA «

increasing in intensity, the neck, and even a portion of the

Hy ‘ 4 . } F , yaad
a gee” Hiiy aati 6 ann Y i Re op oe

~ ORSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 81

body of the womb, will follow the protruded vagina, and a
spontaneous reduction can no longer take place, while
manipulation increases the straining. This is in reality nuw
a case of “Prolapsus of the Womb,” and an examination of
the voluminous mass may lead to the detection of some
portion of the foetus in its midst. Frequently the bladder
‘becomes displaced, and when this is distended with urine it
will gravely complicate the case and render reduction more
difficult.

TREATMENT.-~After calving, the vaginal tumor dis-
appears without any treatment being required. But if
treatment is necessaty, and should the floor of the stall be
lower behind than in fiont, to level it is the first to be done;
this may be readily accomplished by means of the bedding.
‘The diet may also require attention, giving that which con-
tains sufficient nutriment in small bulk; constipation should

‘be guarded against, or, if present, remedied by the admin-
istration of raw linseed oil. This treatment will be suffh-

cient in the majority of cases.
In serious cases, when the tumor is large and the ani-

‘mal strains, and spontaneous restoration or replacement

does not occur when the animal is in a standing position,
the mass must be returned. This is readily enough accom-
plished; but it sometimes happens that restoration does not

“prevent a continuation of the straining, which will result
-again in the protrusion of the vagina. This is due to the
' membrane, which, not having been properly smoothed down
when replaced into the cavity, remains in rigid folds which
-give rise to an uncomfortable sensation, and induce expul-
sive efforts or-straining. In replacing the tumor, it is nec-
essary to cleanse it well with tepid water, and to smooth
out the folds of the membrane lining the vagina by gentle
pressure forward as far as the neck of the womb, in order —
“to efface these folds, which are a great source of annoyance.

{
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w 2 - : ‘ \ A a Vag

re od Pa) eRe i

82 OPpSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

After this a bandage may be applied with a view to keeping
the vulva closed, until its lips have retracted somewhat.
For illustration and description of the bandage (see Protru-,
sion or Inversion of the Womb, Figs. 67, 68).

In desperate cases, where there is complete protrusion
of the vagina, with partial protrusion of the womb, the
animal can only be saved by patience and tact of the opera-
tor. The animal must be made to stand, with the hind quar-
ters as high as possible (which may be arranged with
boards or litter), and to prevent straining the loins should
be pressed upon in a forcible manner, by means of a stick
placed transversely across the’loins, with a man at each end,
another holding the tongue and pinching the nose. The pro-
trusion having been cleansed with tepid water, the operator
replaces it during the intervals of straining. Having re-
turned the displaced organs into the pelvic cavity, the arm
and fist of the operator must follow them, and by pressing
on the neck of the womb, so act on the lining membrane of
the vagina as to leave no folds or ridges in it; when the
straining has ceased, which usually occurs very soon, the
arm may be withdrawn. The recurrence of the protrusion
must be avoided by the immediate introduction of a ball
pessary, for illustration and description of see (ball pessary,
Fig. 65). So long as the pessary is worn—and
it may be allowed to remain in the vagina for a considerable.
period—the vagina should be syringed daily with warm
water, to which has been added a very little alum. Death is :
often the result in those cases in which the animal continues
to strain and evert the vagina, notwithstanding bandages,
pessaries, and other means, and when grave consequences:
are likely to follow, artificial delivery should be effected’ with:
out delay; this can readily be accomplished by. carefully

and gently inserting the fingers into the mouth of the womb, _

and with the fingers rupture the foetal membranes. ePheres?

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OxsSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 83

is no difficulty during parturition as a rule; but care 1s neces-
sary for some days after to prevent protrusion.

DOSE of Raw Linseed Oil.—Mare, one-half pint ; Cow,
one pint; Sheep and Pig, four ounces; Bitch and Cat, six
drachms. Repeat the dose every six hours until the bowels
move.

————

RUPTURE OF THE WOMB BEFORE PARTURI-
TION. |

Ruptttre of the womb may happen before and during
parturition, or in attempts to replace the womb when pro-
trusion has occurred. It has been observed in the Cow,
Sheep, Goat, and Bitch; it is not very common before gesta-
tion has terminated.

CAUSES.—Thinning of the walls of the womb, dropsy
of the womb, and distention by the gas evolved from a
putrefying foetus. :

SYMPTOMS.—The symptoms of rupture of the womb
are not well defined. If the accident is due to external vio-
lence, the signs will be in accordance with its severity, and
the more serious indications may appear very soon after the
rupture, or not for a considerable time. After showing
symptoms of colic for a short time, the animal appears to be
quite well until parturition is due, when after manifesting
signs of parturition, the straining ceases, and the symptoms
change to those of inflammation of the bowels—hurried,
short and plaintive breathing, quickened pulse, loss of appe-
tite and suspension of rumination, insensibility of surround-
ings, coldness of body, looking around to sides, etc. Ex-
ploration of the vagina may reveal an empty womb, or only
a portion of the foetus in it, and the rupture itself may be
discovered. Or if the rupture has only ensued when par-
- turition is advanced, the foetus may be expelled in the usual
_ way, and the symptoms of the rupture only recognized when

‘

84 ORSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

the birth has been accomplished. The foregoing symptoms
refer to longitudinal rupture. Similar symptoms are ob-
served when transverse rupture of the womb has taker
place, except that, owing to the twisting of the womb, the
hand cannot explore the cavity; the walls of the vagina,.
however, are found very much relaxed, and the neck of the

womb extremely movable in every direction. If the animal.

survives, the straining soon passes off, the external genitals
resume their ordinary appearance, and every indication of
pregnancy disappears except the enlarged abdomen, on the
floor of which the foetus lies, and there it may become com-
pressed, or in the course of time be eliminated by an-ulcera-
tive process set up in the abdominal walls. The mother may
thrive, especially if the foetus does not cause any inconven-
ience or is expelled in some way ; and if only one horn of the
womb was involved in the rupture, she may again become
pregnant.

TREATMENT.---But little can be said as to this.
Looking at the serious nature of the accident, it must be a
question whether, if pregnancy is about complete and the
foetus is alive. To distinguish if there is life, refer to and

read (Sensible Signs of Pregnancy). If there is no chance |

of saving the life of the mother, and the time for parturi-
tion is at hand, or nearly so, and the foetus is found to be
alive, it is advisable to kill the mother and preserve the
young one. If there are any outward signs of abdominal
abscess, an incision should be made over the abscess for the
elimination of the dead foetus. This surgical interference
should be attempted on the chance of the mother surviv-
ing. |
Though the accident is generally of a most serious:
character, yet, remembering that the recovery does some-

times take place, there need not be undue haste in destroying:

the animal. gly Iam eAy Aa a

\ * A\ ies Se P i ise HA My JON iim *

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 85.

BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGE) FROM THE
WOMB BEFORE PARTURITION.

Bleeding from the womb during pregnancy, appears to
be somewhat rare in animals. It usually manifests itself
by a small discharge of blood from the vagina, particularly
during urination ; this usually results in the death of the foe-
tus. The blood sometimes remains in the womb, as a clotted
mass, to the amount of over four gallons. Bleeding from
the womb in the majority of cases would seem to be occa-
sioned by a sudden separation of the minute blood vessels of
the after-birth from the surface of the womb. This bleed-
ing has been observed in animals which showed signs of
“heat” during pregnarcy.

TREATMENT.—Applv cold water compresses over
the loins and allow to remain for two hours, and plug or
pack the vagina with septic cotton; if this is not convenient,
clean old linen will answer. If these applications are of no
avail. then artificial delivery should be attempted by insert-
ing the fingers into the mouth of the womb, and with the
fingers rupture the membrane; the same treatment should
be adopted as for bleeding (hemorrhage) after parturition
(which see). |

ABNORMAL RETENTIUN OF THE FCETUS.

When speaking of the normal period of gestation, it
was remarked. that this varied within considerable limits,
and that the foetus might remain in the womb for a com-
‘paratively long period: beyond the ordinary time, without
‘any serious inconvenience to itself or its bearer. But when,
from any special cause, delivery cannot take place, then very
erave results may, and, indeed, nearly always, follow. All
on Re domesticated animals may suffer from retention of the

it abt ‘ha, aS 4 NPT ROAR ES as Peal oe i ; As

oP EE OR AAS ae

86 OpsTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

foetus, but the Cow appears to be far more exposed to it
than any other.

CAUSES.—A diminution or loss of the contractile
power of the womb, making it incapable of expelling its
contents; adhesions of an unusual character between the
womb and after-birth; malpositions of the foetus; displace-
ment of the wom); deformed pelvis; spasmodic contrac-
tions of the neck of the womb; twisting of the womb, or
adhesions of its ligaments.

SYMPTOMS AND RESULTS.—Until the period of
normal parturition, or even during pregnancy, when abortion
is about to take place, there are nearly all the signs of par-
turition; enlarged udder, swollen vulva, pendulous abdomen,
restlessness, and anxiety. Then the straining begins, but
the mouth of the womb remains closed and no foetus ap-
pears. This condition may persist for only a brief period,
and be so little marked as to pass unobserved in some cases;
in others it may continue for two, three, or four days, the
straining or expulsive efforts diminishing in force and fre-
quency until they altogether disappear. The animal then
regains its ordinary state, and, if a Cow, the secretion of ©
milk goes on as if there were nothing the matter. Health
may never be impaired from this cause, and the condition —
of the animal may not be suspected until, if a Cow or a
Sheep, it has been fattened and slaughtered by the butcher
for food, when the foetus is discovered. After the perma-
nent retention of a foetus, it has been obsrved that “heat”
does not appear again in this animal, as a rule.

Sometimes, several months after the period of gesta-—
tion has been exceeded, signs of parturition are again man-
ifested, and delivery may then be safely accomplished, either _
without aid, which is rare, or by careful manipulation; the
young animal may even be born alive if too long a period —
has not intervened since the normal time of delivery. Par-

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 87

turition in these cases is generally difficult ; and the favorable
termination of such a condition is due to the foetal mem-
branes not being ruptured, and the mouth of the womb
sufficiently contracted to exclude the atmosphere. Even
under these circumstances, very often, after fruitless strain-
ing, the animal continues unwell; it has little or no appetite,
languishes, becomes feeble; hectic fever appears; the animal
fails in flesh and strength, and dies after a more or less
prolonged period of misery. 3

When at the usual time of parturition, the straining of
the animal has ruptured the foetal membranes and the
waters escape, air at the same time obtaining access to the
cavity of the womb, the case is in nearly every instance very
serious. The foetus soon perishes and begins to putrefy,
and in a short time the decomposing mass causes inflamma-
tion of the womb (metritis), accompanied by frequent and
exceedingly severe straining; low fever takes place; a foul-

. smelling putrid fluid escapes from the vagina, and the crea-
ture finally succumbs to inflammation of the womb and
putrid infection. In other instances the termination is not
so rapid. The animal remains unhealthy; the secretion of
milk is suspended; horribly bad-swelling discharges are
passed from the vagina, containing pus, broken-up decom-
‘posed tissue, and even bones of the foetus. These discharges
are increased by the straining which sometimes takes place
at intervals. In the meantime, the creature loses condition,
and death ensues from, debility and loss of strength. With
the Cow there may be a vaginal discharge, due to the pres-
ence of a putrefving foetus, and for a long time, without
any serious results. It is not the same with the Mare, as
death has been the usual termination; but the retention of
the foetus is very unusual in this animal. The period dur-
ing which a foetus may be retained in the womb varies from
a few months to five years. | ‘

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fos Os *, me A Oy ot 4‘ “ -

88 OBpsSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

In the case of twins, it sometimes happens that one of

them dies, and this occasions symptoms of abortion; but de-

livery of the dead foetus cannot be effected, owing to the
obstruction offered by the living one, which is born at the
usual time, the parent being in good health. But days,
weeks, or even months after, the remains of the dead foetus
may be passed, or have to be extracted from the womb.

TREATMENT.—tThe treatment of foetal retention
must greatly depend upon circumstances. When the owner,
discovers an animal that has reached the termination of
pregnancy and begins to be in labor, perceives that the
straining is weak and irregular, and not sustained, so that
birth does not take place after twenty-four, thirty-six, or
forty-eight hours, and even when the symptoms of colic are
slight, the attendance of an experienced operator should not
be delayed.

When some time—days for instance—has elapsed since
this stage in parturition was reached, and labor has com-
pletely subsided, the case is difficult. A rectal and vaginal
exploration should be made, and if it can be ascertained

that the foetal membranes are not ruptured, while there is no
straining and the condition of the animal is satisfactory,

then it will be advisable to wait until indications of labor
are once more manifested. If the state of the animal is not
so satisfactory and delivery is decided upon, and should the
mouth of the womb be impenetrable, or not sufficiently dilat-
ed to allow the passage of the foetus, then it must be opened
either by careful manipulation of the hand, sponge tents,
womb douches, or the womb dilating bag, which will be al-
luded to and illustrated under Mechanical Dilatation of the
Mouth of the Womb (which see). :

When a long period has intervened after an attempt at
parturition, and the general and local disturbance in the ani-
mal necessitates active interference on the part of the opera-

*OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 89.

tor, then, of course, the first and most urgent indication is
to remove the cause—the putrefying foetus—from the womb.
When the mouth of the womb is not sufficiently open to ad-
mit the hand and the withdrawal of the foetus, then the
case is one of difficult labor, complicated by the death of

‘the foetus and its state of decomposition. (For treatment .

and manipulation see Difficult Labor.) If the mouth of
the womb should chance to be contracted, it must be dilated
either by the aforementioned methods, or, if these do not
succeed (though they often do), then an incision must be
made in the neck of the womb. In very exceptional cases,
an operation must be performed on the womb through the
abdominal wall (gastro-hysterotomy), if the foetus or its
remains are to be got rid of; and in some instances, owing
to the air or gas contained in the foetus, its shape or size,
or deformity of the genital passage of the mother, it will be
necessary to divide the foetus into fragments, and extract it

_ by piecemeal (see Embryotomy). These operations should

be attempted only by the experienced Veterinary Surgeon,
and not by the Veterinary Practitioner.

When the womb is emptied of all the matters it con-
tains, solid and fluid, it should be thoroughly cleansed by
repeated injections or washings with tepid water, and finally
with a three per cent. solution of permanganate of potas-
sium, or a solution of carbolic acid (thirty drops of the acid
to one pint of tepid water). It is well to remember, that

before making explorations or performing operations, the
hands of the operator should be cleansed in one of the fore-
going. solutions.

General treatment of the animal may be necessary, and

this must be regulated according to the indications. In all |

the manipulative operations subsequent to delivery, it will
generally be found that care and patience, and, above all

_ things, an absence of undue haste, are commendable, and
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90 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

we find excellent practitioners recommending abstention, at
least for a few hours, according to the circumstances.

ABORTION — MISCARRIAGE.

When pregnancy is interrupted by the expulsion of the
ovum, or of the foetus at a stage when this has not attained
sufficient development to live external to its parent, Abor-
tion is said to occur; the young creature is either dead when
expelled from the womb, or dies immediately afterwards.
Abortion must not be confounded with premature birth
(which see).

There is not the same tendency or readiness in all the
domesticated animals to abort. The Bitch and Cat rarely
do so, even after serious injuries; and the Sow retains its

foetus almost as tenaciously; but the Sheep and Goat are

rather liable to this accident. The Cow and Mare, but more
especially the Cow, most frequently lose their foetus. Abor-
tion is much more frequent during the first than the second

-half of pregnancy. and especially is this the case with the
Mare. If abortion occurs at a very early period, the ovum

may escape intact ard unnoticed, without any disturbance
whatever of the health of the female. Abortion is more
serious when it happens at a late period; as it then not only
causes the loss of the young animal, but it may compromise
the value of the mother, or end her existence. The loss to
farmers and breeders through their animals aborting is enor-

‘mous, therefore some space will be given to this accident.

Abortion presents itself in two distinct forms, and for

the convenience of the reader, the two forms will be taken —

up and explained separately: 1. Sporadic, or Accidental]
Abortion; 2. Enzootic, Epizootic, or Infectious Abortion.

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 91

SPORADIC, OR ACCIDENTAL ABORTION.

When cases occur here and there on farms or breeding
establishments over a wide extent of country, without any
relationship as to causation, it is termed Sporadic, or Acci-
dental Abortion.

CAUSES.—The causes of sporadi¢ abortion are very
numerous, and will be arranged as: 1. External Causes; 2.
Internal Causes.

1. EXTERNAL CAUSES.—Atmospherical influences,

-bad weather, or irregular seasons, are predisposing to. or

cause abortion. There can be no doubt whatever that
cold, and especially when suddenly applied to the skin, may
produce abortion; and hence it is that the abrupt setting in
of cold weather is often marked by miscarriages among ani-
mals exposed to it. Many observers have noted that the
continued and severe cold of winter is far less frequently
productive of abortions than when cold, wet, or frosty nights
in autumn succeed fine warm days. Cold rain is sometimes
very damaging in this respect.

With regard to food and drink in general, we often
have an undoubted cause. Food of bad quality, indigestible,
or containing injurious ingredients, is well known to be dan-
gerous. After unfavorable seasons, when forage has not
been well dried and made, abortions are of more frequent
occurrence.. Indigestible food, or that which has a tendency
to collect or ferment in the stomach, may, by exerting pres-
sure on the womb, produce abortion. On the other hand,
too great an abundance of easily-digested and stimulating
food, by inducing a superabundance of blood and consequent
congestion of the womb and loosening of the after-birth, has
been set down as another cause. Frozen food or water, when
taken in immoderate quantity ; and especially if the stomach

is nearly empty, as well as forage or herbage covered with
snow or frost, are also injurious to the larger animals when

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92 OpstTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

pregnant, and abortion often immediately follows. Filthy,
putrid water frequently has a destructive influence on gesta-

tion. Some plants—such as horse-tails, sedges, etc., also the |

leaves of beetroot, readily induce abortion. Rue, savin, ergot
of rye, and other abortive remedies will have a tendency
to cause expulsion of the foetus more or less readily; and
poisonous substances, such as cantharides, which act upon

the womb, will do the same. Physics, especially those of —

a drastic kind, are a’ fertile cause; and opium, digitalis, and
some other drugs have to be administered with caution.

Ergotized grasses and grains have often produced wide-.

spread losses from abortion. _
Excessive muscular exertion and unusual traveling 1s
very likely to produce it, and especially if there are indica-

tions or a predisposition to abortion; if the exertion is sud-.

den and severe, or even moderate, but coming after a long
period of rest, it is all the more certain to produce abortion.

Wounds to the abdomen by kicks or falls, or squeezing —

through a narrow doorway or passage, railway or steam-
boat traveling, blows and shocks, keeping the animal in
stalls with floors that incline backward, are all causes. Ac-

cess of the male (copulation) not unfrequently produces a

miscarriage; and exploration of the vagina will also cause

muscular contractions of the womb, which results in the ex- |

pulsion of the foetus. Surgical operations performed on-
pregnant animals, bleeding, or throwing a pregnant animal

down to be operated upon, is dangerous. Carrying a rider,

in the case of the Mare, and especially if the spurs are used,

is attended with much risk. Excitement, fear, sudden sur-
prise, or anger, are also causes. Heavy thunder has some-

times been serious in this way; and the fear produced by

dogs leads sometimes to heavy losses among Sheep; fox —

hounds running near or among pregnant Cattle or Sheep

often cause considerable damage, especially among nervous.

.
animals. . ei

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OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 93

2, INTERNAL. CAUSES.—Badly-fed and neglected
animals sometimes abort, but not nearly so frequently, per-
haps, as those in the opposite condition, and extremely fat.
It is generally admitted that with some animals there is a
special disposition to abort, and sometimes without any no-
ticeable cause, or a very trifling cause, as previous abortions,
will induce abortion; while other animals never lose their
foetus, though exposed to the influence of apparently most
powerful causes. The disposition to abort sometimes disap-
pears as age advances.

A more constant and potent cause, is to be found i in the
presence of grave diseases, and especially those which affect
the system genrally, producing more or less derangement
of all the functions. The various serious epizootic maladies,
inflammation of the bowels, and all those abdominal disor-
ders which give rise to restlessness, bloating, cough, as well
as those diseases which induce cough—as bronchitis, pnet-
monia, asthma, etc.—pleurisy, and other affections, and in-
juries accompanied by great pain; as well as nervous or con-

‘wulsive derangements—such as lock-jaw, epilepsy, vertigo,

etc., are all set down as catises. Tn acute diseases of the
mother, which are attended by fever, the foetus may perish
from the abnormal accumulation of heat. Certain virulent

disorders, as foot-and-mouth disease, and tuberculosis, may

cause the death and expulsion of the foetus. Dropsy of the
head, dropsy of the abdomen, and general dropsy, may also
fead to the death of the foetus, and is almost a certain deter-

- mining cause of its exptlsion. Faulty formations or rela-
tions between the after-birth, malformations of the foetus,

malpositions, are other causes. The presence of several
foetuses often leads to abortion in the single bearing ani-

‘mals, as the Mare, Cow, and Sheep. Disease of the womb,
will be very likely to lead to the premature expulsion of the
ovum, or foetus. Inflammation of the womb, as well as new

‘ } aS

94 OustTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

formations, such as tumors and cancers, ‘also enormous
tumors in the abdomen, ovarian dropsy, etc., will predispose
to or excite abortion.

Abortion has not unfrequently been ascribed to some
defects or other influences in the miale, as debility arising
from too frequent usage, also poor health. There is abund:
ent evidence that a male enfeebled by too much use, is very
iikely to be a cause of abortion in the females to which he
is put. Abortion has also been said to frequently occur
when the male was larger and more powerful than the female.
Various injuries, as external violence, may not only injure
the womb, so as to produce abortion, but the foetus may sus-
tain bruises and damage. The foetus may be poisoned by
food or medicines which do not produce any noticeable
effect on the parent.

SYMPTOMS OF SPORADIC, OR ACCIDENTAL
ABORTION.—The symptoms of abortion are extremely
varied. Abortion may occur without any symptoms or
demonstrations so far as the female is concerned: while in
others the symptoms indicate a very serious condition. This
usually depends on the period of pregnancy at which the
accident occurs.

Generally, abortion takes place without any previous
indications, and the animal may be as well and lively as
usual up to the moment when the foetus is expelled: and the
expulsion itself is so sudden, so prompt, and accomplished
with so little visible effort or disturbance, that the accident
in most cases receives very little. if anv, notice. It frequently
occurs during the night, and wonder is often expressed at

finding in the morning the aborted foetus—generally con- .
tained in its intact envelops—lving behind an animal which.
on the previous evening looked perfectly well, and even now

is 50 cheerful and unaltered, .and its functions so “unim-

paired, that it can scarcely be believed that it has been the

er aes %
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AN gh ght

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 95

subject of such a mishap. Even the sentiment of maternity,

which is so strongly developed in animals, is not awakened

in favor of the expelled foetus, and the mother shows the
utmost indifference to it, even treading on it as if it were
in no way related to her.

When this simple abortion has taken place during the

. day, it has been noted that the flank falls in a little, the ab-

domen descends, the vulva and vagina slightly dilate, and
there escapes from them a glutinous (sometimes tinged
with blood) fluid, with which the foetus is passed almost
without effort. As before mentioned, the ovum or foetus
is generally expelled in its intact membranes; this more fre-
quently happens at an early stage of pregnancy. Some-
times, however, the water-bag ruptures at the commence-
ment of abortion, and the embryo or foetus escapes with a

‘small quantity of water, the envelops being rejected soon

after: or in some instances they may be retained in the
womb, and thus constitute a source of danger, the animal
not making any effort to get rid of them. The foregoing
are the symptoms of that which is termed SIMPLE ABOR-
TION, and which is most frequently witnessed during the
first half of pregnancy. So little disturbance does this kind
of abortion cause, that the animal: will not require treat-
ment, with the exception of a little care from exposure for
several davs.

In what is termed LABORIOUS, DIFFICULT, or

. COMPLICATED SPORADIC ABORTION, which is
often due to external causes, stich as injuries, the preceding —

symptoms are generally well marked, and vary somewhat,

- according as the foetus may be dead or alive. The animal

suddenly appears dull and peculiarly dejected; or it is rest-

less, uneasy, and continually moving about; if pregnancy

- is advanced and the foetus is alive and strong, on watching
the abder-en attenti
i ae it

- Si
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ne 0 EO es, a ene PS oy at

2 ¢

vely. the movements of the foetus will

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96 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

be perceived to be frequent, violent, and disordered, but
they soon become feeble and infrequent, and cease altogether
when the foetus has succumbed. The appetite is lost, a
plaintive neigh in the Mare, moan in the Cow, or bleat in
the Sheep, is emitted every now and again; the pulse is
quick, small, and hard as in haemorrhage; progression is

difficult and unsteady, the exppression is anxious, and respi- —

ation hurried. When the foetus is alive .there is less
prostration, and much abdominal pain. The animal often
looks anxiously towards the flanks, paws with its fore feet
and stamps with its hind ones, moves from side to side, per-
spires at the flank, breast, and elsewhere; lies down and

gets up again, whisks the tail incessantly, and exhibits every.

indication of increasing restlessness. At the same time the
abdomen loses its round shape, and drops; if the animal is in
milk, the udder becomes soft and diminished in size more
or less rapidly, while the milk secretions diminish ; but if the
animal is not yielding milk, then, on the contrary, the udders

enlarge and become swollen; the vulva is puffed and swol-:
len, and from it escapes a tenacious mucus, streaked with

blood, and if the foetus is dead this mucus has a more or
less foul odor, according to circumstances.. Then follow

symptoms analogous to those which characterize normal |

parturition—the womb begins to contract, and the expira
tory muscles act simultaneously with it; the expulsive ef
forts, or “labour pains,” acting more or less energetically
and continuously, according to the suddenness of the abor-
tion and the strength and health of the animal. The first
result of this straining is the evacuation of the rectum and

bladder; the next is the dilatation of the mouth of the womb

and protrusion of the foetal membranes into the vagina,
then through the vulva, where they appear externally as
the “water-bag”; this may rupture and the water escape,

and the pains becoming more powerful, the foetus is at last _
expelled, either nude, or covered by the membranes. This

4 UE Ny

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OBSTETRICS—DoMESTICATED ANIMALS. 97

act occupies a variable period—from a few to many hours, —
according to the strength of the animal; and it may even
require human intervention to bring it to a successful ter-
mination. In other instances, however, the foetus is not
expelled immediately after it is dead, but after many of the
preceding symptoms just described have been manifested;
with the cessation of the movements of the foetus the anima!
regains its ordinary tranquility, appetite, and liveliness, and
all the symptoms disappear for one or more days, when they
again set in, and the foetus may be rejected without any
apparent effort, or after much straining.

In the case of more than one foetus, it may happen that
the one nearest the mouth of the womb is dead, and is ex-
pelled, the others being alive are retained until pregnancy
is complete; or the contrary may occur, the living foetus
being next to the mouth of the womb, prevent the escape
of the dead one, and these being kept in the womb until the
delivery of the others takes place, become compressed, or
mummified. When abortion suddenly sets in, and nothing
is prepared for its being carried to a successful termination,
either on the part of the foetus or the mother, the mother
becomes exhausted by ineffectual efforts, and soon passes
into a critical condition.

Abortion differs from normal parturition chiefly in the
state of the neck of the womb. ‘Towards the termination of
pregnancy, this part of the womb becomes eradually
shortened and softer; but in abortion we do not have these
progressive changes which are so favorable to the passage
of the foetus from the cavity of the womb outwards. The
neck is long and rigid as in the non-pregnant condition,
and its dilatation is therefore slower, more difficult and more
_ incomplete than when gestation has reached its termination.
To counterbalance this, there is the small size of the foetus,
which does not require’so much space for its passage as if

i ' wie! 2
r

98 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

it were full grown; so that the difficulty is less on this ac-_
count, though the other difficulties we so often encounter 1n
parturition may all be present.

RESULTS OF SPORADIC, OR ACCIDENTAL
ABORTION.—Abortion is always a serious accident, if -
only from the loss of the foetus. It is frequently compli-
cated by bleeding (haemorrhage), which may have been the
first cause of the action of the womb; it may also result in
rupture of the womb, from the efforts the animal makes to
overcome the resistance offered by the neck of that organ;
indeed, we may have the usual complications that attend
parturition. But in many cases the complications are few
and trifling, the animal experiencing very little inconven-
ience. When the accident occurs in the Cow before the
fifth month, the secretion of milk is generally interrupted,
often for a year, as the udders have not had time to exper-
ience the reflex or sympathetic influence which stimulates
them into activity; when, however, it takes place in the last
half of pregnancy the secretion may be established, though
the yield is usually diminished, and the glands do not fur-
nish their usual quantity until the next pregnancy.

Abortion may produce protrusion or prolapsus of the
womb and vagina, and sometimes even of the rectum.

When abortion takes place during the latter half of
pregnancy, the foetal membranes are frequently retained,
wholly or partially, when the foetus comes awav; and ow-
ing to the condition of the neck of the womb and its rapid
contraction, they are included in the cavitv of the womb, |
and constitute what is termed “retention of the after-birth.”
This often is a serious complication in the Cow after the
first third of pregnancy, the membranes decomposing and
giving rise to putrid infection and other alarming condi-
tions. ’

_ In the simplest cases of abortion, “heat” appears in the = i |

{ Ti +

O#STETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 99

Cow in from one to two weeks after the miscarriage, and
conception may occur then; but frequently impregnation
does not take place until after several returns of “heat,” and
often a whole year elapses before impregnation. In other
instances, “heat” does not appear until the full interval of
regular pregnancy has elapsed, and then the animal con-
ceives almost as readily as before the mishap. Another very
common result is the tendency to abortion after every con-
ception; and with some animals there remains an almost
persistent state of “heat,” accompanied by barrenness.
DIAGNOSIS.—In the diagnosis we have to determine
if abortion is in progress. And to do this in time to pre-

vent it, is not so very easy, although it is very easy to dis-

tinguish during:or after the expulsion of the foetus. But
when abortion first manifests itself, the symptoms attending
it are very misleading and might be taken for those of slight
colic; many good practitioners have been deceived by the
signs and symptoms, and have diagnosticated the case either
indigxstion, inflammation of the bowels, or some other mal-
ady which disappears after the expulsion of the foetus.
Such a mistake is unfortunate for the reputation of the
practitioner, as well as for the owner of the animal, whose
interests suffer; for if a miscarriage had been diagnosticated
in proper time it might have been prevented and pregnancy
allowed to run its normal course. To prevent such an error,
it is well to know that a mistake is possible; so that if called
in to attend an animal offering some of the foregoing
symptoms, the first inquiry should be as to whether it is
pregnant ; then the external organs of generation—the vulva

and udder—ought to be examined with the greatest care,

‘and the actual symptoms thoroughly taken into considera-

tion. This being done, it will often be found that this is a
case of threatened abortion; and that, when taken in time,

_ the abortion can be averted by prompt and proper treat-

ment. : C.

100 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. iat

It may happen that information is required as to

whether abortion has occurred in the animal. In the absence

of the foetus or its envelops, such a question is not easily
answered ; and the difficulty is increased if the foetus is un-

developed, and a long interval has elapsed since the supposed —

date of the suspected abortion; and after the fifteenth day it
is almost impossible to assert with absolute certainty that
abortion has occurred, the generative organs having at that

date resumed their ordinary condition. Therefore, it is only

by an early inspection of these that we can enlighten our-
selves as to what may have taken place. In this inspection
is included that of the udders, which are always a little
swollen, hard, and painful, and often yield a small quantity
of milk after a recent abortion; the tail, the hair of which is
soiled and matted by blood, mucus, and the waters; the
vulva, which is swollen and dilated, and its membranes often
presents, in addition to its uniform and more or less deep-
red color, spots due to the rubbing or bruising it experiences
during the passage of the foetus. On carefully exploring

the vagina, if the neck of the womb is found to be softer |

than usual and the mouth of the womb partially open, and
better still, if the hand can be introduced without much
difficulty into the cavity of the womb, and a quantity of

bloody fluid, or fluid streaked with blood, or remains of —
foetal membranes, is discovered in the womb, it may be con- —

cluded that a foetus has been recently expelled.

TREATMENT IN SPORADIC, OR ACCIDENTAL

ABORTION.—With regard to preventive treatment, this

must mainly depend upon a knowledge of the causes which |
produce abortion (see causes of abortion, also hygiene of
pregnancy). With regard to animals which have a predis- ~
- position to abortion, they should not be bred from. But if ©
tt is desired to breed from them, if they are Cows, they must — }
not be put frequently to the male, and certainly not before. a

“ i fe ,
'* 4 , j Fy

nt tt eae
hth Sis Laon Mea ae SRO, Bee BNO Ty pic) 16 Lh Ligaen OK gah | ue Ree

OBSTETRICS —DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS. 101

eighteen months or two years have elapsed since the last
abortion. When pregnancy has again occurred, every pre-
caution should be observed to continue it to a successful
termination, by avoiding or removing those causes which
previously induced abortion in the animal, also the general
health should be attended to, therefore combating an over-
abundance of flesh and blood on one hand, or a debilitated
condition on the other; guarding agaist constipation by
giving proper food and administering mild physics, as
small doses of raw linseed oil; also guarding against irrita-
tion. Should there be slight irritations, or any indications
of abortion, whether general or of the womb, administer

laudanum by the rectum; and allow only gentle exercise

towards the end of pregnancy.

DOSE OF LAUDANUM.—Mare, one drachm; Cow,
two drachms; Sheep and Pig, ten drops. Mix the laudanum
with not more than a wine-glassful of warm water, and in-
ject into the rectum. Repeat the injection every two hours
if necessary, until three injections have been given. With
the Bitch, give three drops of laudanum by the mouth, every
two hours, if necessary, until three doses have been given.

When abortion appears to be close at hand, active and
prompt intervention generally becomes necessary in order
to avert it. Therefore it must be accurately distinguished

if the foetus is alive or dead. (To prepare yourself for this

difficulty, carefully read Signs of Pregnancy; especially the
Sensible Signs of Pregnancy, in another part of this treat-
ise.) If the foetus is found to be alive, and the membranes
are not ruptured, and labor pains have been few and not
severe, the abortion may be checked or prevented by keep-
ing the animal in the most perfect quiet possible—alone in
a darkened place, with doors and windows closed, if con-
venient, and the administration of narcotics. The narcotic

may, be laudanum, chloral hydrate, or chloroform. Lauda-
ei num is preferable and shouid be given as follows : |

I : \
hey ca Bate ii mata) hn ips +

oy ne WA Moi heey, o)
y ; P Alva Ae tt { Ph hie .o ‘ ps AG eas id
. Paw a $ Pa Se WR UF rae ah ares 8 2 PP), La “V 4ie°u

102 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

DOSE OF LAUDANUM.—Mare and Cow, one and
one-half drachms; Sheep and Pig, twenty drops. Mix in
_ not more than a wine-glassful of tepid water, and give by
the rectum in the form of an injection. Repeat the injec-
tion in half an hour, if necessary, and thereafter every hour
until the pain and straining have subsided.

Some authorities prefer chloroform and assert that it
has yielded extraordinary results in abortion cases, by sud-
denly arresting the straining.

DOSE OF CHLOROFORM TO PREVENT ABOR-
TION.—Mare and Cow, two drachms; Sheep and Pig,
twenty drops; Bitch, ten drops. As chloroform is very vol-

atile it will be necessary to mix it quickly with three or four

ounces of sweet oil and give at once by the mouth as a
draught. Repeat the dose in half an hour if necessary, and
every hour thereafter until the pain and straining subsides.

After the administration or either laudanum or chloro-
form, the abdomen should be gently rubbed for some time,
and the stall well bedded; and if the animal will eat and
drink, allow only small quantities of gruel for one or two
days, or until all danger has passed, when it may be grad-
ually put upon ordinary diet, and allowed to resume slow
and light occupation.

If the foetus is found to be dead, or if the foetus is
alive and the foetal membranes are ruptured, which is indi-
cated by the escape of the waters, abortion is inevitable, and
there are no means of preventing the expulsion of the foe-
tus; the object must then be to favor the expulsion of the
foils as speedily as possible, and remove the envelops,
should there be any likelihood of their being retained in the
womb. In the majority of cases, active intervention is of
but little value, and is only to be recommended when the
labour is slow and tedious, and the animal is becoming ex-
hausted by fruitless straining, or when labour is altogether

a's. ef Na ge he .

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 103

suspended after the escape of the “waters.” When interven-
tion is decided upon, oil the hand and with it remove all the
dung from the rectum; then cleanse the hand with tepid
water, and finally with a solution of carbolic acid (thirty
drops of the acid to one pint of water); now oil the hand
with clean oil—as sweet oil, or fresh lard—and carefully in-
troduce the oiled hand into the vagina, and if the mouth of
the womb is found to be contracted or not sufficiently open
to admit the hand, it must be gently dilated by the index or
other fingers, until the interior of the womb can be reached,
when the foetus is to be seized and removed in the usual
way; should it be in a wrong position, or should there be
any obstacles to its egress, then we must proceed according
to directions given in abnormal presentations of the foetus.
In abortion the foetus being small, we seldom encounter any
difficulties from this cause. ;

If it should happen that the neck of the. womb is con-
tracted, and shows no sign of yielding to gentle manipula-
tion of the fingers, then measures should be adopted to re-
lax it. For this purpose belladonna ointment will be found
to be very serviceable; take of the powdered extract of

belladonna one part, to four parts of lard; mix, and intro-

duce into the vagina, and with the hand apply around the
neck of the womb. Should this fail, other means must be
resorted to, as described under Mechanical Dilatation of the
Mouth of the Womb. If the passage has become dry after
the escape of the “waters,” injections of glycerine will be
found beneficial. Powdered extract of belladonna should
be administered internally, particularly if the animal is ex-
hausted.

.
» y/

104 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

DOSE OF POWDERED EXTRACT OF BELLA-

DONNA.—Mare and Cow, ten grains: Sheep and Pig, two
grains ;Bitch, one-eighth grain. Repeat the dose every six
hours until the animal is relieved. Gruel, beef-tea, milk, or
other strengthening fluids will also be required.

If the membranes come away with the foetus, there is

little more to be done; though in the contrary case, which

frequently occurs in abortion as well as premature birth, the
membranes are strongly adherent to the after-birth of the
womb, and their retention, particularly in Cattle, is often

troublesome. Some practitioners prefer to remove these —

membranes immediately by carefully separating them with
the hand; and this is easily accomplished so long as the
mouth of the womb is dilated, which it usually is for three
days after delivery. Other practitioners prefer to wait for
nature’s assistance, and only provide the following simple
precautions: When they find the membranes firmly adher-
ent, and their separation from the womb likely to be at-
tended with inconvenience, as weil as injury, they only par-
tially detach them, then collect and twist them into a rope-
like form, and leave the mass protruding through the mouth

of the womb, in the vagina; so that should the neck of the —

womb contract, this rope-like mass can be gently pulled,
which will not only assist in the expulsion of the mem-
branes, but will excite the muscles of the womb to action and
causing that organ to renew its efforts of expulsion. In a
short time the after-birth becomes loosened and is then
readily removed by gentle pulling of the rope mass. How-
ever, caution must be used in pulling this rope, or it will

tear and become severed from the main portion. (Also read
Retention of the Foetal Envelops or After-birth.) A few ex-

perienced practitioners rely on internal medicine for the sep-

aration of the after-birth and the membranes. One of them, |
has long and successfully administered the following:

OvsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 105

Powdered Laurel Berries, one and three-fourths ounce.
Eat PONAtG Of: pgm us bis. 6°. + yt eqns one ounce.
Mrcsion (of \Renmeniiiaa sae. 2 case ees half pint.

Mix and give as a drench at one dose to the Mare and
Cow ; give one-half as a dose to the Sheep and Pig, and one-
third to the Bitch and Cat. Repeat the dose three times a day
until the membranes pass away, which will usually take
place on the second or third day. Also give to the Mare
and Cow about eight or ten pints a day of a decoction of
the meal of linseed-cake until the membranes have passed.
Give proportionately to other animals.

An animal which has aborted requires attention after
the delivery of the foetus. It should be kept clean, fed on

' gruel and easily digested food, though not in excess; kept

from draughts of air, particularly in cold weather, and -

nursed for some days. The complications which sometimes

‘accompany this accident are the same as those of normal

parturition, and will be alluded to under that subject (which
see). The animal should not be allowed to become impreg-
nated at the next period of heat, and perhaps better if not at
the succeeding period.

EPIZOOTIC, BNABOTIC, OR, INFECTIOUS
ABORTION.

This differs from sporadic, or accidental abotion par-

ticularly from its attacking all, or nearly all, the pregnant

animals (especially the Cows) on a farm or pasture, over
a wide district, or even throughout an entire country, for
perhaps a succession of years—thus constituting itself a
veritable scourge to agriculture. In the United States, it

ee has proved a scourge in some of the horse producing re-

mn Sar
ie. Vite ON

gions, where it seems to have made its appearance in recent
oka It is only since 1866 that it has attracted attention
in the Mississippi Valley, and eadeatly, increasing i in | sever~

Ee , 4 V" A
Bi WF URE LP weet: NA hit ats GONE Tat Mt ea ane J n A bay 1 ET ag Pe

106 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ity, in 1889 and 1890 it caused great havoc—the losses
through Mares aborting amounting to as many as 75 per
cent. in some regions; in others, one-half of the Mares
aborted. The Horse-breeding areas in Illinois and adjoin-
ing states suffered most. In Kentucky in 1892, it was re-
ported that 75 per cent. of the brood Mares were either
barren or had lost their Foals that spring. And since that
date infectious abortion has given more or less trouble in
different sections of the United States.

CAUSES, OF : ERIZO@TIC, -ENZQOOTIC, “ORAIN-

FECTIOUS ABORTION.—So long ago as the end of the -

last century, contagion or infection was believed to play the
principal, if not the sole part in many outbreaks; for it was
observed that when a Cow aborted in a place where other
preghant Cows were kept, these would abort in succession
until all, or nearly all, had miscarried. Not only this, but
it has often happened that a newly purchased Cow-in-calf
has been introduced into a farm where the Cows had al-
ready calved favorably at the proper time; and when the
stranger has aborted, first one, then another, then a third,
and so on, of the others have experienced the same misfor-
tune, and the malady has persisted in the place for consecu-
tive years. Again, when pregnant Cows which were living
in a place where the disease had not existed, have been in-
troduced into a stable where it prevails, those that are at
the end of gestation calve regularly and normally; but if
they are a certain time in the infected stable before this per-
iod is reached, they abort like the others. The bad hygiene
of cowsheds and stables appear to have no influence on abor-
tion, as it appears quite as severely and readily in those

which are well ventilated and cleansed as in those in the op- »

posite conditions; in fact, nothing can so well explain the

eccurrence of particular outbreaks of epizootic or infectious .
abortion as the presence of a cei tie or’ miasmatic in-

fe ction. . ihe

Ms o7. r : f ae , F »
SE ig) Sr i r pie Se Bh hg Oe elm Pts ot

| OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED -ANIMALS. 107

It has been proven and established by microscopical in-
vestigation, that on the lining membrane of the vagina and
vulva there is constantly found a minute fungus mixed
with the mucus, which is a kind of bacilli or microbe. To-
wards the period of parturition these bodies become extra-
ordinarily abundant, and they seem to cause the decompo-
sition of the foetal membranes and their expulsion; when
the after-birth and membranes are retained and putrefy in
the womb, these microbes are extremely numerous. It has
been asserted that it is sufficient to introduce into the vagina
some of these microbes or bacteria, which will multiply
there, and penetrating to the womb, commence their work
of decomposition, to produce abortion. In cases where
these microbes were inocculated in Cows which were preg-
nant from five to seven months, in twelve, fourteen, and
twenty-one days after the inocculation they aborted. It has
also been shown that by smearing the canal of the vagina
of a pregnant animal to a certain depth with the matter
from the expelled membranes of one which has been de-
livered, abortion can be induced.

_ There is sufficient proof that infectious abortion is |
caused by a specific germ or microbe that, when transmitted
_ from an animal that has aborted, or from the aborted foetus
or its envelops, to another pregnant animal of the same
species, wili cause it to abort. The microbe may obtain in-
troduction to the genital passage through actual contact with
these matters, or the air may carry it to them when the dis-
charges have become dried.

In’ the animal which has aborted the previous year, and
is afterward barren, a mixed variety of microbes will be
found, while the matter obtained by scraping the lining
membrane of the womb gives a slightly acid reaction which
is undoubtedly the cause of the animal being incapable of
impregnation ; as the male generative germ (spermatozoa)
cannot retain vitality in other than an sscn tee medium.

“wag i “>; f
ai | ag Ae ie Wo ad & ie Ss ep t. es

q 108 |. \OspsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

SYMPTOMS OF .EPIZOOTIC,. ENZOOTIC, OR
. INFECTIOUS ABORTION.—It is rare that this kind of ©
abortion occurs before the first third of pregnancy has pass-
ed; more frequently it occurs during the second half of
pregnancy. There are no premonitory symptoms, except
5 perhaps a trifling uneasiness for a few hours previous,
with sinking of the flanks and descent of the abdomen; the
animal ‘generally looks well and hearty, and yields its sup-
ply of milk as usual; and soon after the foetus is expelled,
apparently without any effort or inconvenience, and along
| with its membranes, if these are not ruptured, with or with-
4 out them when they are ruptured. It is rare, however,
| that the ruptured membraies are rejected immediately after
the foetus; as a rule they are nearly always retained, par-
ticularly when pregnancy is advanced; when they are re-
tained they putrefy in the womb, being got rid of only in sf
shreds at intervals. When attempts are made to remove them
by hand, this is found much more difficult than after ordinary
parturition; owing to the membranes being very adherent.
ya: When the membranes come away slowly, the animal general-
ly loses in appetite and condition, goes off its milk, and
sometimes perishes. If the animal recovers, “heat” appears - if
- unnaturally frequent, though conception is infrequent and
barrenness common; and on the other hand, there are some
* animals which expel the membranes quickly, conceive soon
after, but again abort as readily—perhaps bate: times in the
course of a year.
The foetus is usually dead, though when it is expelled

: during the second half of pregnancy it may be alive; but it
is weakly and soon dies, even when born near the termina- a :
i tion of pregnancy. These newly born animals make a rat- oA
; - tling noise when breathing, accompanied by the discharge ye:

as of a rusty-colored mticilaginous fluid from the nostrils ; they
Rain are attacked by diarrhoea, and are always emaciated and
i ma the gums. and Aas ae sie
SAS aS rs

\ he Pee:
; ; \ nos ‘ / ¥ ! ( »N , rh 4 SS eee
2 WET MT a 4 \ ARV, (5 Ely S we ee Vat BaP LAL eet aN, Ta eAlia Mae oh ek

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 109

As has been stated, all the animals on a pasture or in a
shed where the disease prevails, do not abort at the same
time, but at intervals. When one aborts, another appears
to prepare for the event, which may occur in about eight
days; then some days after this it is the turn of another,

and so on until two-thirds, or perhaps even all, of the preg-
nant animals beyond the first third of gestation have abort-

ed. It has also been mentioned that it is only: after being
some time in sheds in which the disease is present, that
newly purchased animals are attacked; those which are
nearing parturition escape abortion. There are instances
recorded in which a pregnant Cow, leaving a shed in which
abortion prevailed, and transferred to another where the
accident had not been seen, would remain all right for some
time, then suddenly miscarry, and in the course of about fif-
teen days other abortions would occur in this shed—there-
fore the danger of keeping pregnant animals in contact with
or in proximity to those which have miscarried in this wav.
Tt has also been stated that an animal whch aborts either re-

mains barren, or has always a tendency to abort again. But

it has been observed, especially in cows, that if they are
well fed, the period that elapses after each abortion is often
longer; so that if a Cow aborts the first time at six months,
it will do so the second time at the seventh month, and the
third time a little before the ninth month, reaching its full
period in three pregnancies.

One of the peculiarities of infectious. abortion in the
Mare which is not so perceptible in the other domesticated
animals is, that very often nothing at all is noticed, the ani-
mal appearing in as good health as usual; in other instances
there is uneasiness, which might pass without attracting

~ much attention. Very often the first indication observed i is

the return of “heat” in Mares supposed to be some months
‘pregnant; and the animals being at pasture, the expelled

ren ‘ eee OY EY dl ee eo be ¥
et aCe Oy ae Se. Le PY ‘ 1
id x t ‘ ve ul *!~
we yy M 7 Tar,

ye aS

110 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

foetus escapes detection, until in some of the Mares preg-

nancy has considerably adyanced, when the size of the abor-
tions lead to the discovery that the disease is rife. The Foals
that live for a short time have inflammation of the joints,
- which often run on to suppuration.

TREATMENT FOR EPIZOOTIC, ENZOOTIC, OR
INFECTIOUS ABORTION.—If the malady is suspected
to be due to any one particular cause, or if there exists pre-
disposing causes, then the indications for the prevention or
cure of this accident are obvious. In the debilitated state
which seems to favor the occurrence of infectious abortion
in or after certain rainy seasons, should be remedied by good

food and tonics, especially is copperas (ferri sulphate) a ser-

viceable tonic in a debilitated state as well as when abortion
is due to ergotized food.

DOSE OF COPPERAS.—Mare, one drachm; Cow,
two drachms; Sheep and Pig, twenty grains; Bitch and Cat,
one grain. To be given three times a day mixed with the
food.

In cattle-sheds where Cows aborted year after year,

Brauer has employed carbolic acid with the most marked s

success. He gave it to Cows which were from five to seven
months pregnant, by subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
in the neighborhood of the flank, the dose being two Pravaz
syringefuls of a two per cent. solution of the acid.

If. however, abortion is due to the presence of microbes
transferred from an infected animal, or from something
which has belonged to an affected animal—then the first
and fundamental indication is to remove or isolate the

source of the mischief. When, therefore, abortion occurs, ©

and there is reason to believe that this accident is in its
nature infectious, the foetus and all pertaining to it should
be removed as promptly and completely as possible from the
shed or place in which the abortion has occurred. The ani-.

f 30%; ae Nee =
ihe ty a Ae eS N " f

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 111

mal itself should also be removed—or, better still, the other
pregnant animals in the same barn or shed should be moved
away to another building—and either kept altogether isolat-
ed, or at least away from all other pregnant animals. The
animal which has aborted should have a special attendant:

this attendant should not go near the unaffected pregnant

animals, and the excretions from this animal should be
carefully kept out of the way of the other animals. The
place in which the abortion has occurred, and especially if
it contains more pregnant animals, ought to be immediately
cleared of all manure and other matters of an objectionable
kind, the drains and the floor—particularly that of the stall
which has been occupied by the animal which has aborted—
being thoroughly swilled with water, and sprinkled with
lime and sulphur, to which has been added a very small
quantity of carbolic acid; the walls should also be lime-
washed ; a good layer of straw may then be laid down, and
the animals replaced. The stables should be kept clean
and well ventilated for a number of davs, and the drains well |
flushed and disinfected with lime and carbolic acid.
The animal which has aborted must also at once be at-
tended to. If the membranes have not been discharged, they
should be removed as early as possible, and not allowed to
putrefy; their removal should be effected by the hand, the
same as in sporadic abortion (which see). After the removal
of the membranes inject the following solution into the
vagina and womb: |
Carbolic’ Acid: @aewiess......:<ctharty drops.

Water’: (-Wartneratmetcters a ss seo cacigave one pint.

And with a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid sponge
thoroughly about the vulva, over the tail and down the back

part of the thighs. The membranes themselves must be de-

stroyed or buried, and the animal should not be allowed to
go near others which are pregnant so long as there is any
me ne” | ms ft . : / hy hi

. ; ae
ra

dj r 4

112 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

discharge from the vulva; for safety, the period of isolation _

should extend at least to from eight to fifteen days. The

-animal may require good nursing in the meantime; and it

should not be put to the male until every trace of irritation
in the generative organs has disappeared. If animals show
any symptoms of impending abortion ,they ought to be

promptly removed from the vicinity of others which are

pregnant.

The following precautionary treatment, wherever

_ adopted, has been found exceedingly successful, in stables

where abortion among animals is frequent: I. Once a week
the stables are to be well cleansed, particularly behind the
animals, and then sprinkled with a strong solution of sul-
phate of copper, or of carbolic acid—one part to fifty of
water, 2. The tail, anus, vulva, and thence downwards to
the hocfs of the hind limbs of every animal inhabiting these
infected stables, to be sponged with the following prepara-
tion:

Disteted or, JRain Weer. 2.6/0 Bs sen two gallons.

Hydrochloric Acid..... two and one-half ounces.

Corrosive Sublimate...two and one-half drachms.

These ingredients to be thoroughly mixed; and as the

preparation is poisonous to mian and beast, care must be - |

taken.

Foals affected with joint-disease (this being considered |

of the same nature as that which leads to abortion, and cap-
able of producing that accident) should be destroyed and
their bodies burnt: if, however, the foal is suffered to live,
it should be separated from pregnant Mares before the
swellings have suppurated or become sores. All Mares

dams of Foals with affected joints, should be subjected to

the same antiseptic treatment as if they had aborted.

a
. estes Adee Gy
NF 4 a ris OTM a PO. lam DIE a 2a)

ah
Should abortion be traced to the food—ergotized or im
otherwise dam7ged fodder, or water, of course the use of ©”

‘

OpstTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 113

‘this must, if possible, be prohibited, and a change resorted
to. If the: pasture grasses are ergotized, then the pregnant.
animals, as a matter of precaution, should be removed from
them, and placed in more favorable conditions with regard
to food. It may be remarked ergotized or mouldy dry for-
age may be rendered safe for consumption by scalding it
with boiling water or steam, or pickling it in salt.

It should not be forgotten that, whether abortion be due
to casual causes or to a virulent microbe, and whenever or
wherever the accident, occurs—whether at pasture, in
strawyard, shed, or stable—the greatest possible care should
be taken to isolate the animal, if it is with pregnant animals
of the same species, and to bury everything—tfoetus, mem-
branes, etc., as well as to destroy all traces of discharges

NORMAL PARTURITION—NATURAL BIRTH—
‘NATURAL LABOR ORNATURAL
DELIVERY.

NORMAL, NATURAL PARTURITION, or BIRTH
is the expulsion of the foetus from the womb through the
maternal passages, by natural forces, when it is sufficiently
developed to live external to its parent. ‘This act is des-
ignated “‘foaling’’ when occuring in the Mare, “calving” in
the Cow, “lambing” in the Sheep, “pupping”’ in the Bitch,
etc. It receives the designation of “normal,” “natural,”
when it is accomplished in a manner favorable to the par-.
ent and offspring by natural forces alone, without foreign
assistance. Parturition even when natural, is accompanied |
by pain, general disturbance and uneasiness, and violent
efforts. And during birth nature does not appear to obey

those immutable laws so strictly as in the accomplishment
of other physiological acts, but makes frequent and wide
deviations ; though these do. not often compromise the final

eye

Ps I
oop aws

foyer

114 OpSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

result. We never find two births exactly alike, but each
offers something peculiar when attentively observed.

CAUSES OF PARTURITION.—Though parturition
only occurs at the end of pregnancy, nevertheless this act
is being prepared for from an early period in the develop-
ment of the ovum. During the evolution and development
of the ovum, the womb increases in a corresponding man-
ner, and its muscular structure is proportionately augment-
ed. When, towards the termination of pregnancy, the ovum
has reached maturity, and the organs necessary for the in-
dependent existence of the foetus are completely developed,
certain alterations occur, both in the womb and the foetal
connections with it, which bring about the expulsion of the
young creature.

These alterations would appear to consist in a grad-
ually increasing fatty degeneration of the membranes,
which are gradually destroyed by a regressive process in
the cells lying between them; while the blood which was

sent to the womb is now diverted towards the udder, for

the secretion of milk. The exchange of materials between
the womb and foetus is lessened; the foetus is always more
or less of a parasite, but with its greatly augmented
weight and volume it becomes like a foreign body in the
cavity of the womb, which aids in the change. At all the
places where the cell degeneration has reached a certain
stage, the termination of the nerves are irritated. But to
obtain a reflex action, and consequent contraction of the
muscles of the womb, a certain amount of continuous irri-
tation is necessary. This sum once obtained, a reflex action
fakes place in the form of a contraction, which, however, is
slight at the beginning. Then a pause follows, until the

sum of the irritation is again sufficient to cause a contrac-_

tion. By the increase in intensity of the contractions the

wall of the womb is removed from the foetal envelops or

”
\

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 115

membranes, and this separation becomes a new source of
irritation to the nerve-fibers of the womb. The reflex action,
in the form of labor-pains, becomes more and more power-
ful, until these follow at last in rapid succession and com-
plete the expulsion of the young creature.

EXPELLING POWERS IN NATURAL PARTUR-
ITION, OR LABOUR—The expulsive force by which
parturition is effected resides in the muscular fibers of the
womb: these cause the womb to contract in a rhythmical

and involuntary manner, the contraction of the abdominal
muscles being merely auxiliary. Expulsion is not effected
by one contraction, but by a series of contractions, vibe
are accompanied by pain and designated “labour pains’
between each of these there is an interval of apparent ~e-
pose, during which the womb seems to be gathering
strength for a new effort. At the commencement, corre-
sponding to the slight irritation, the contraction is feeble
and short, and the time required to obtain the necessary
sum. of irritation for a new reflex action is comparatively
long; though the walls of the womb are not relaxed on their
contents. As parturition progresses, and the separation
between the womb and foetus increases, the irritation be-
comes stronger and the intervals between the contractions
shorter, while the labour pains become more intense and of
Ionger duration.

At the first, and second stage of parturition, the whole
of the womb contracts during each regular pain. The horns
of the womb likewise contract; they are twisted on them-
selves, are shortened through the action of the muscles, and
are brought nearer the body of the womb, which is also
shortened; and as this shortening is always taking place in
the direction of the neck of the womb, it is here that the
sum total of the expelling force is centered; and it is this
. force, pommmen rns to erate at Be body of the womb, and

116 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

exerted on the “water bag,’ which gradually opens the
mouth of the womb for the extrusion or thrusting out of the
toetus. The foetus with its envelops, first acts as a stimu-
Ius to the womb, but they soon begin to play quite a me-
chanical part in the dilatation of the already greatly short-
ened neck of the womb, which becomes thinner as the con-
tractions force the bag of waters against it; so that the
mouth of the womb is gradually widened, and the neck
really becomes a part of the womb cavity. As soon as the
mouth of the womb is slightly opened, the bag of waters

enters it and acts as a mechanical dilator; then the lower.

parts of the fore limbs, succeeded by the head of the foetus,
are introduced, and from their combined shape act like a
wedge, until, by the irregular pressure, the chest is passed in.
and the neck of the womb being drawn over the presenting
parts, the mouth of the womb is of the same diameter as the

vagina, which then, with the womb, constitutes one com- .

mon cavity.

If the womb of single bearing animals contain two
foetuses, the two horns of the womb are about the same
size, each having a foetus in the same position as if there
were only one in the cavity of the womb. In general, the
two foetuses present the fore limbs, although it sometimes

happens that the second or the first, or even both, present

posteriorly; frequently the second foetus makes a mal-pre-

sentation. In twin births, parturition is more difficult and

slower than when there is only one; another feature in twin
pregnancies is that parturition often occurs before the or-
dinary time; and even when this has been reached, usually
one or both foetuses are smaller and weaker than when

there is only a single foetus. When twin parturition sets in,

the womb contraction commences almost simultaneously in
both horns; but as the two foetuses cannot be born together,
-that which is most advanced is delivered first, the other,,

which is behind it, mechanically aiding in its expulsion. eet aa

OBSTETRICS—LDOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 117

the Mare the interval between the birth of twins is rarely
more than ten minutes; with the Cow it may be one or two
hours; and with the Ewe half an hour. When the position
of the second foetus is favorable, it is usually expelled more
rapidly and easily than the first. When the number of
foetuses are greater than two, they are also expelled at in-
tervals.

With the small multiparous animals, in which the foe-
tuses are expelled one after another, each fraction of the
womb coresponding to a foetus contracts in turn—at first

the segment of one of the horns nearest the neck of the

womb, then the next segment, and so on until the one in
the region of the ovary is reached, so as to get rid of all
successively; although the contractions of the womb are
general, they are more energetic at the portions intermediate
to the foetuses.

Fig. 14.
DILATOR OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB.

The contractions of the womb are very powerful. They
are always more continuous and energetic in the Mare than
in the Cow. Frequently they are more powerful in weak-
looking animals than in those which are robust and vigorous ;
their energy depending upon the muscular structure of the
womb.

After the complete dilatation of the mouth of the womb,
the third stage of delivery begins; the resistance is no longer
at the neck of the womb, but in the womb itself, and now
the muscles of that organ come into action, in order to
diminish the cavity of the womb and quite expel its con-
tents. In this they are greatly aided by the abdominal mus-

cles, which until now could assist but little; the animal
strains, as. in voiding. dung or urine, but with all its force;

-
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ey hak

AUN toe Sy} : te yy PAA 5 , . “ ‘
Lay actin, Yee ee f ae ly a ite an TP Phy PO eee |

118 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

and these efforts in which nearly all the muscles of the
trunk share, soon bring labour to a termination.

SIGNS AND COURSE OF NORMAL PARTURITION,
OR LABOUR.

For convenience and facility of description and study,
the entire period of labour will be divided into four stages,
or periods: 1. Preliminary Stage; 2. Dilatation of the Mouth
of the Womb; 3. Expulsion of the Foetus; 4. Expulsion of
the Membranes.

Fig. 15.

NORMAL POSITION OF THE FOETUS IN THE MARE AT
THE FIRST STAGE OF PARTURITION.

1. SIGNS AND COURSE OF THE PRELIMIN-:
ARY STAGE OF NORMAL LABOUR.—One of the:
most important signs is the enlargement and increased sen-.
sibility of the udders to which the excess of blood no longer
required in the womb is directed. These glands become vol-
uminous, hard and tender; and these signs are more re-
markable in those animals whose milk is not utilized after.
the young have been weaned. In the Mare and Ewe, the’ e

7
} eh at? whose Xi 4
. ) “i , ;
bs - \ a 4 ‘ rete ) ee

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS. 119

udders, ordinarily small and scarcely perceptible, before
“parturition they become so remarkably developed as to
cause alarm in people who do not understand the cause.
With the Mare especially, the development of the udder is
sometimes so great, that the enlargement extends along the
surface of the belly and has the appearance of a watery
swelling; or it ascends between the thighs as high as the
vulva as a prominent ridge, while the skin in the region
generally looks reddened. -At a later period, the teat yields
a watery fluid or pressure, which afterwards becomes the
“colostrum” or first milk.
Another preliminary sign is the increase of space be-
tween the lips of the vulva, which become soft and flabby,
while their lining membrane is reddened, and a glairy mu-
cus covers it. This mucus soon becomes.so abundant that
it is discharged in long, thread-like streams, particularly in
the Cow, and soils the tail and hocks; it is destined to lubri-
cate the genital passages, and facilitate the extrusion of the
foetus. With these changes the abdomen falls, or rather,
becomes more pendent; the croup and flanks look hollow.
due to the relaxation of the broad ligaments. The spine
the lumbar region inclines downward, as if yielding to the
weight of the abdomen. The haunches-appear to be wider
apart. The animal walks sluggishly and unwillingly, and
if grazing with others does not appear to care about fol-
lowing them. Sonietimes there is swelling of the limbs,
particularly the hind ones. If very careful exploration or
examination of the vagina be made at this time, it will be
found that the neck of the womb has become a part of
the womb cavity, being reduced to merely a thin circular
ring; it is soft to the touch, and the mouth of the womb is
slightly open in. those animals which have previously had
young. i Pati test

As parturition draws nearer, these signs are more
marked. The animal also begins to be restless, and con-

‘ : Hy ~ ‘

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120 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

tinually agitated; if feeding it stops for some moments, as
if listening to some sound only audible to itself, or as if ex-
periencing some strange internal sensation for the first time,
which undoubtedly is the commencing contractions of the
womb. Frequently the animal lies down and gets up again,
as if suffering from colic. Some are quite mute, though
anxious and uneasy; while others, in addition to exhibiting
restlessness and distress, utter a half-stifled cry \of pain.
The Mare whisks its tail, the Cow beliows, the Ewe bleats,
the Bitch often whines, and the Cat emits a low cry as if in

suffering. If the animal is at liberty it seeks a remote quiet

place in which to bring forth its young, and the Bitch, Cat,
Sow, and Rabbit prepare a special nest.

SECOND STAGE OF NATURAL LABOR; DILA-
TATION OF THE MOUTH OF THE WOMB.—This

is marked by increasing uneasiness of the animal; pawing,

lying down and rising frequently in a kind of aimless —

fashion, while the expression of the face betrays suffering.
When the contractions of the womb really commence, the

creature suddenly stops, as if surprised by pain; its eye
looks animated and expresses anguish; the skin is hot, pulse

quickened, the abdominal walls are rigid and contractea,
the flank is tense, and very frequently dung or urine are
voided. During pain at this period, if the neck of the womb
is examined, it will be found that its border has a tendency
to become hard and prominent. When the pain has passed,
calm succeeds; the neck of the womb becomes thick and
elastic, and the mouth of the womb is markedly enlarged.
Each pain lasts for some seconds to two or three minutes,
the interval of quiet continuing to about fifteen minutes at

first; though the interval diminishes when the contractions

become more frequent, energetic, and prolonged. Then the

foetal membranes begin to be detached from the inner sur-
face of the womb and enter the mouth, whence they pass — ;
into the vagina and between the lips of the vulva, where

\ 3 . ‘a b ot

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 121

they appear externally as the “water-bag.” In the meantime,
the fore limbs and the nose and head of the foetus enter the
mouth of th womb, and dilate it to its fullest etxent, when
the caviy of the womb forms a canal continuous with the
vagina.

THIRD STAGE OF NATURAL LABOR: EXPUL-
SION OF THE FOETUS.—tThe pains become more se-
vere, frequent and sustained, and to the muscular contrac-
tions of the womb are added those of the abdominal and

Fig. 16.

NORMAL POSITION OF THE FOETUS IN THE MARE AT THE
SECOND STAGE OF PARTURITION.

a, First or Outer Water-bag (Allantois); b, Second Water-
bag (Amnion).
other muscles. If the animal is standing, it brings all its
limbs under the body, arches the back, elevates the tail,
slightly flexes the hocks, takes a deep breath, and by a
powerful contraction of all the muscles of the trunk, it
brings such an amount of pressure to bear on the foetus
as to propel it into the pelvic. cavity. , The “water-bag”
which protrudes beyond the vulva, increases in volume at

a ok
4

122 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

each contraction of the womb. The size of the “water:

bag” varies in different animals; being in the Cow about

as large as the bladder of a Pig, and in the Bitch the size
of the carp’s swimming bladder. The “water-bag”’ is much
slower to rupture in the Mare than in the Cow, and it fre-

quently happens that the Foal is born in the “bag” without |

rupture taking place. When the rupture takes place late it is
more favorable than when it occurs early. When rupture
occurs too early, and before the foetus has been sufficiently
* expelled, the parts become dry, and labour is always longer

SS =
LLL:

| ty Foy

NORMAL POSITION OF THE FOETUS IN THE MARE AT THE

THIRD STAGE OF PARTURITION.

and more painful and difficult for the mother, while it is
often fatal to the foetus. When the “water-bag” ruptures,
its contents partly escape—that behind the chest of the foe-
tus being retained, and voided only in small quantity as the
womb contracts. When the membranes are weaker and

thinner than usual, they may rupture before the mouth of ~

the womb is completely dilated, and then the fluid escapes

in a small quantity at a time; this frequently happens with

“yy 2 , v d s

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ~ 123

the first birth, though it is sometimes observed in pro-
tracted labour, which is the most painful. Generally,

harm results from this premature rupture if parturition is
not too long delayed; indeed, in some cases it may be use-
ful, as when the womb is over-distended with fluid. in
other instances the membranes may be remarkably strong,
and artificial rupture may even be required. The contrac-
tions are most energetic and rapid, and every time they are
made the waters flow in small quantity, moistening and re-

he
bls —

\ ats YA +

Ne a e: ig,

@
_ ‘Fig. 18.
POSTERIOR POSITION OF THE FORTUS AT THE THIRD
STAGE OF NORMAL PARTURITION.

laxing the parts; the foetus passes on until the fore feet
and muzzle, forming a kind of cone, appear at the vulva,
the orifice of which is opened by them. When the head has
cleared the vulva, there is usually a short pause, as if to al-
iow the muscles of this region to become accustomed to the
distention, and to prepare them for the still greater strain,

\ Ssh » ep ayarh \ ’ f

~ SARA S prerits TT eS oe. A 1 6 Ae rw

124 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. |

the passing of the shoulders and chest of the foetus, which
have now arrived at the inlet of the pelvis, and as they form.
the deepest and most difficult part of the young creature’s
body, the contractions for its expulsion, though most pow-
erful and continuous, only impel it slowly towards the out-
let, on arriving at which a more energetic and painful effort
than all the others pushes it through. The act may now be
said to have terminated; as to expel the croup requires only
a few comparatively weak throes, and the weight of the
anterior part of the body of the foetus, hanging beyond
the vulva, greatly aids them. It is rare, indeed, that the
croup offers a serious obstacle to expulsion. )

Cae

Fig. 19. ;
STANDING POSITION OF COW, IN THE ACT OF PARTURI-
TION. *

After the young animal is expelled, the navel cord is
torn, and the waters remaining in the womb escape, accom-
panied or followed by a little blood, resulting from! the sud-
den separation of the after-birth.

THE POSITION assumed by animals during parturi-
tion is somewhat variable. The larger animals which us-
ually only bring forth one at a birth, such as the Mare, Cow,
"and Sheep, generally do so standing; the young creature,

being sustained by the navel cord when it has cleared theca

yh A AMMA ri aS ST deena it

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 125

vulva, glides gently on the half-flexed hocks of the parent,
and so reaches the ground without injury (Fig. 19). The
standing position, however, is not constant with these ani-
mals; and frequently they bring forth in a reclining posi-
tion (Fig. 20), maintained from the very commencement of
the act, and only rising when birth is completed. It is rare,
indeed, that these animals lie full length on one side of the
hody during parturition, and when it does occur it nearly
always indicates a long, difficult, and exhausting labour.
Multiparous animals—as the Bitch, Cat, and Sow—al-
‘ways assume the recumbent position, and lie reclining on

Fig. 20.

RECUMBENT POSITION OF MARE IN THE ACT OF
PARTURITION.

one side, with the body disposed in a semi-circular fashion, —

the head towards the tail. For in this position, as each
foetus issues from the vulva it is within reach of the
mother’s mouth; so it can remove the membranes from the
foetus, divide the navel cord, clean it with its tongue, put
it in a proper position, and even direct its head towards the
teat, in order to soothe it while another is born. With the
Sow, the young creature is expelled with such force from
the vulva that it often turns a somersault. It may also be

i observed that, with the small multiparous animals the

yee a ns 4 \ 5 ar DERE ayy WR Die 475 { Pay j
- . yh.) Ub eh eer Lee ‘ Voy: Phe ™

126 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

“water-bag’”’ usually only appears with the first of the lit-
ter, the other being preceded or followed by their ruptured
membranes.

The total DURATION OF DELIVERY is extremely
variable, not only in the different species, but even in the :
same animal at different births. With the Mare it is usually
brief, and is generally accomplished in about ten minutes,
sometimes in five minutes, though it may extend
to a quarter or half hour, rarely more. This rap-
idity appears to be due to the fact that the afterbirth
is detached from the womb during the early pains,
and consequently the foetus cannot live long after this
occurs—three hours being supposed to be the limit. The
duration of delivery in the Cow is, on the average, one to -
two hours; though it may only be a few minutes to half an
hour, or be-extended without injury to the calf, to one or two
‘days. With the Sheep the period is very brief, being about
fifteen minutes. If there are several Lambs, there is usually
an interval of fifteen minutes to two hours between them.
With multiparous animals—Sow, Bitch, and Cat—there is
ordinarily a period of ten or fifteen minutes, and sometimes
half an hour, an hour, or even more, betwen each birth.
Frequently the Sow will bring forth ten young ones within
the course of an hour. Bat’,

With those animals which are delivered in the standing i
position, the navel cord is torn when the young creature
reaches the ground, and usually close to the belly. If the
mother is recumbent when the offspring is born, the cord is
torn as she gets up, which is usually immediately after par-
turition. Sometimes, however, the cord is sufficiently strong |
and elastic to resist spontaneous rupture, and the young
creature is born with the membranes attached to it by
means of this bond of union. The mother then, by a re-
markable instinct, in cleansing the young creature with her~
tongue, gnaws through the cord and sets free her progeny. .

gly pepe fs

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 127

The Mare and Cow have been known to do this at times ;
otherwise it is usual with the carnivora. But it sometimes
happens that it is necessary for the attendant to divide the
cord; this division should be made at a short distance from
the navel, by scraping or cutting direct through the navel
cord. Usually there is nothing to be feared from bleeding ;
but should this take place, for treatment see (Bleeding from
the Navel).

FOURTH STAGE OF NATURAL LABOR: EX-
PULSION OF THE MEMBRANES.—The expulsion of
the foetal membranes, or “after-birth,’ may occur at birth,
- immediately after birth, or be delayed for a variable period.
- Immediately after the foetus is expelled, the womb contracts
and retracts energetically on itself, and its internal capacity
rapidly diminishes; consequently the after-birth is ulti-
mately. separated from the wall of the womb. The same
contractions which loosened it also forces it through the
mouth of the womb into the vagina; and the muscles again
being stimulated by its presence here, as they were by the
head of the foetus, add their powerful contractions; so that
these new pains, aided by the appended navel cord, soon
bring the whole mass away.

With the Mare, owing to the slight adherence of the
after-birth, the separation of the membranes take place rap-
idly ; and if the Foal is not born in the intact envelops, gen-
erally only a few minutes elapse before the after-birth is de-
tached. Retention of the after-birth is exceedingly rare in
the Mare, though it is very dangerous; as in attempting to
remove it there is great risk of haemorrhage. With the
Cow, the adhesion between the womb and foetal membranes
is very intimate. The Calf is never born in its intact en-
velops, and the after-birth is only slowly and tardily ex-
pelled—two, four, or more hours, or even days being re-
quired; and frequently when retention of the after-birth oc-
curs in the Cow, it will be found necessary to remove it

128 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

artificially. Multiparous animals get rid of the membranes
as they expel the foetuses, the birth of the first being fol-
lowed in a very short time by its membranes; after which
comes the second foetus, then its membranes, and so on; so

that only those of the last foetus may be retained—an acci-.

* dent which sometimes occurs.

When the young creature is born in its intact envelops,
the mother, if at large, frees it from them by gnawing them
through; it is seldom that the progeny releases itself by its
own efforts. If the mother should chance to be tied up, as
in a stall, assistance may be required to cut the navel cord
and extract the young animal from its imprisoning mem-
branes, else it may suffocate. (See Attention to the Off-
spring When Delivery Has Taken Place.)

NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION,
OR NATURAL LABOUR.—Although as a rule, parttiri-

tion is generally effected in animals without the interven-_

tion of man, vet from the nature of this act and the un-
favorable consequences which are sometimes noted, certain

attentions and precautions should be observed. These at~—

tentions and precautions should be entrusted to a competent

person; as it is seldom that the Veterinary Obstetrist is call-_

ed in unless something serious has occurred. The mother,
as well as the offspring, require watching, and more or less
nursing. Therefore the owner of, or attendant on, an ani-
mal which is about to bring forth voung, should be able to
ascertain the position of the foetus, and decide as to whether

parturition may termmate in a natural manner, or if the ex-
isting obstacles are easy to overcome. If they are not, he

certainly should not venture to attempt delivering the ani-
mal himself, or to pull about the mother or foetus in those
cases which will require the aid of the surgeon’s knife to a

great and dangerous extent; as this may only tend to ag- "

gravate the trouble, and render relief more difficult. The

Veterinary Obstetrist should be sent for, as his knowledge |

4 , j : A
eh

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, Peek tah 8, oe
a. "A ie

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 129

and practiced manipulative and surgical aid will, in the ma-
jority of cases, if his assistance is obtained in due time,
bring the most complicated labour to a prompt and happy
termination—preserving the mother, and often the progeny.

ATTENTION TO THE MOTHER DURING THE
FIRST TWO STAGES OF NATURAL LABOUR.—
When animals are about to deliver their young, they should
have suitable places provided for them. As the act of de-
livery is performed with a certain amount of pain and un-
easiness, the Cow and Mare should be left untied, and pro=
vided with a large, comfortable box stall, containing a suf-
ficient amount of bedding to prevent slipping and injuries;
or if in proper season, they will do better if placed alone ina
pasture field. The Sow should have a separate sty, and

even the Sheep may need a separate allotment. If animals

are kept in stables, the temperature should be comfortable
and the ventilation good.

When normal parturition commences, it is rare, indeed,
that anything requires to be done during the first two stages
of labor. Therefore the animal should be allowed perfect
quietude ; and if the light in the stable is too bright, it may
be partially excluded. A trustworthy person should remain
with the animal, in order to avert accidents; but he should
keep himself out of sight, and meddle with the animal as
little as possible. In the case of the Mare it has heen rec-
ommended to empty the rectum either with the oiled hand
or by means of raw linseed oil injections, if the dung is
hard, in order to avert rupture of the intestines or bowels.
The labour-pains should be normal, and the act should
neither be hurried nor abrupt, nor yet too slow; and the
mother should not exhibit any constitutional weakness or

_ physical debility. During the second or third stage of labour

an examination should be made (to make successful exam-
inations, see Sensible Signs of Pregnancy, and How to
Make Successful Examinations in Difficult Parturition), to

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130 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

see if the little animal is started right—that is with the two
front feet first, the head resting upon and _ between
the legs, the upper part of the head and backbone
resting against the mother’s backbone (Fig. 17); or

if the hind feet start first (Fig. 18), .it will be *

delivered in that position; but see that its backbone
rests against the mother’s backbone. If the act of parturi-
tion is not sufficiently advanced, and the soft parts through
which the foetus has to pass are not enough dilated, time
ought to be allowed for this to take place, unless something
irregular or abnormal occurs. As a rule, there should be no
hurry to interfere with the progress of the case, as a some-
what long period is often required for preparation; and if
this is accelerated, accidents are more likely to occur than
if the labour"had been long and protracted. Therefore, if
the foetus lies in either of the aforesaid positions, do not
meddle too much, but allow some time to elapse before aid
is rendered, except it be a Mare, then do not delay too long,
for if the Colt is not delivered voluntarily within an hour
from the time of commencement of the first expulsive ef-
forts, aid should be rendered immediately or the little ani-
mal may be lost. ahs,
The irregularities during the first and second stage of
Natural Labour, are few in number; the principal being
Hurried (Tumultuous) Labour, and Protracted Labour.
HURRIED (TUMULTUOUS) LABOUR DURING
FIRST AND SECOND STAGE OF NORMAL PAR-
TURITION.---In this kind of labour the act of parturition
is irregular and precipitate; and though the pains are ex-
cessive and frequent, yet no progress appears to be made,
the parts not being prepared, while the neck of the-womb is.

often in a state of spasmodic contraction, rigid, and pafnful.
This condition is most frequently observed in young, well- |
fed, vigorous, irritable animals, and especially when bring- Dh

ing forth the first a tes they become excited and trou- -

4 |

“ahs

ORSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 131

bled at the first pains, and give themselves up to violent ex-
pulsive efforts that hinder the natural course of parturition.
Usually in such cases, the mouth of the womb has not dilat-
ed sufficiently to allow the foetus to start, or the other sur-
rounding tissues have not sufficiently relaxed.
TREATMENT OF HURRIED, OR TUMULTU-

_OUS LABOUR.—In the majority of cases, amendment is

ensured by diverting the animal’s attention, walking it about
for a short time, whisking the belly gently, and keeping it
in a quiet, dark place. If, however, the pains are violent,
and the agitation great and persistent, give to the Mare and
Cow half ounce doses of chloral hydrate and repeat the
dose in half an hour if necessary. The chloral hydrate may
be given in draught, or as rectal injection—the injection is
generally preferable. Blankets wrung from hot water
should be applied to the loins and belly. Frequently good
results are produced by injecting tepid water into the va-

gina. Hf the mouth and neck of the womb are in a state

of contraction, by placing a little extract of belladonna—
about one drachm—on these parts will cause them to open
rapidly. With small animals, a few drops of laudanum,
either in draught or rectal injection, is usually sufficient.
Quiet, soothing, and simple treatment will generally bring
about a normal state of affairs; the agitation and irregular
straining subside. and easy delivery will occur in six,
twelve, or twenty-four hours.

PROTRACTED LABOUR DURING THE FIRST
TWO STAGES OF NORMAI. PARTURITION.—This

is due solely to the inability of the womb to expel its con-

tents. This most frequently occurs when the membranes
have ruptured, the waters have entirely escaped, and the
womb is in a state of general contraction, making no effort
to expel the foetus. This usually happens when the foetus -

is dead. Protracted Labour may also be due to constitu-
tional weakness. It is observed in emaciated, puny, and

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132 OxsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

frequently old animals, which are debilitated from lack of
sufficient good food, prolonged secretion of milk, over-
work, or worn by chronic wasting diseases.

SYMPTOMS.—In the Mare and Cow the breathing is
comparatively shallow and repeated; feeble and unfrequent
straining, weak pulse, restlessness and indications of suf-
fering, extremely slow progress in birth—parturition in the
Cow being extended to twenty-four, and even forty-eight
hours, though the foetus may be in a good position, of or-
dinary size, and the passage clear. If the hand is introduced
into the vagina, it will be discovered that the contractions
of the womb are weak. There is no urgent danger to the
mother in this condition; though the life of the foetus is
often imperilled.

TREATMENT.—An examination is necessary, in or-
der to ascertain whether there is any obstacle to parturition.
Should such not be found, then the mouth of the womb
should be gently and carefully dilated with the fingers, untit
it is wide enough for the hand to pass into the womb. Mod-
erate and judicious drawing on the parts of the foetus which
present, when the mother makes expulsive efforts, will bring
the foetus into the pelvic cavity and through the vulva.

DEATH OF THE FOETUS.—When parturition is
retarded it is often a question whether the foetus is dead or
alive, and to answer it correctly is sometirhes difficult. Foul
odor from the waters which escape has been held to prove
the death of the foetus; although it is a good sign, yet it is

not infallible. On introducing the hand into the womb, if

decomposition is well advanced, the hair can easily be re-
moved from the foetus; then there can be no doubt as to its:
being dead. Should the presentation be that of the head,

then passing the fingers into its mouth and titilating the ton-

gue of the foetus will prove a test of its vitality, as the

jaws and tongue are almost certain to move if it lives; —

though the absence of movement will not be decisive. If the

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 133

navel cord can be reached and seized between the thumb
and index finger, slight compression will discover whether
or not the arteries pulsate. The absence of pulsation affords
a strong, but not in every case a sure, presumption that the
foetus is dead. For other indications, as well as proper ex-
aminations (see Sensible Signs of Pregnancy; also, How to
Make Successful Examinations in Difficult Parturition).
CAUSES OF DEATH OF FOETUS.—They are not
numerous, and may be enumerated as follows: 1. KNOTS
on the navel cord; 2. TWISTS of the cord around the
body, neck, or limbs of the foetus, which may be sufficiently
tight to interrupt the circulation in the navel vessels; 3.
PROLONGED COMPRESSION OF THE NAVEL
CORD, due to the foetus remaining a long time in the pas-
sage of the womb and vagina, whereby the circulation of
blood is checked; 4. PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE
MEMBRANES and escape of the whole of “the waters,”
which, if parturition is not soon completed, exposes the foe-
tus to great danger from immediate pressure of the womb
upon it; 5. DISUNION, more or less complete and exten-
sive, between the womb and the foetal membranes, through
which the foetus receives its nourishment and supply of air;
when this vital connection between the mother and foetus is
interrupted, if the foetus is not quickly expelled it must die
from suffocation. Owing to the difference in the after-
birth of the various animals, this foetal suffocation is not
equally common in all. Many veterinarians, and among
them Saint-Cyr, have been struck by the fact, that no mat-
ter how soon they were called into a case of difficult partur-
ition in the Mare, nor how trifling the difficultv might be,
and rapid the delivery, the living foal was never produced ;
while in cases in Cows, though parturition was decidedly
more difficult, and requiring manipulation for more than an
hour, living calves were the rule. So common is this ex-
perience, that a very distinguished French veterinary obstet-

134 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, .

rist—Donnarieix—has laid it down as a maxim that the Foal
does not live more than three hours, often less, in the womb
after the first expulsive efforts or straining; while the Calf
in the same condition can live much longer, sometimes for
several days, after the first expulsive efforts of labour. The
foetus may also perish when force is used in its delivery.

ATTENTION TO THE MOTHER DURING THE
THIRD STAGE OF NATURAL LABOUR.—This is the
expulsive stage, and during this period there are two im-
portant matters to be cbserved: 1. Rupture of the water-
bag ;.2. When to use traction on the foetus.

1. RUPTURE OF THE WATER-BAG.—This should
not be artificially ruptured too early; and in the Cow it
should never, as a rule, be opened artificially, as it is al-
Ways spontaneously ruptured at the proper time, and not in-
frequently sooner than it should be. With the Mare, how-
ever, matters are different. In this animal the foetal mem-
branes are thick, firm, and feebly adherent to the womb; so
that the Foal is sometimes born completely enveloped in
them. Therefore, in the Mare it is well to rupture the water-
bag when it appears as a large tumor beyond the vulva;
until this happens nothing should be done, unless the mouth
of the womb is completely dilated, and the head and feet
of the foetus are well in it. The membranes may be torn
by the fingers, or cut by scissors or knife, care being taken
not to injure the Foal. As has been said, when the water-
bag is ruptured too early, the womb contracts on the foe-
tus; this is opposed to birth. Besides, the genital passage
becomes dry and adherent, and this is an additional ob-
stacle. which can only be remedied by injecting into the va-
gina flaxseed tea, milk, glycerine and water, oil, or even
simple tepid water.

2. TRACTION OF, OR DRAWING, ON THE

_ FOETUS.—When the water-bag is once ruptured, the

natural expulsion of the foetus should be waited for. In

“a

OBSTETRICS-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 135

some instances, however, this expulsion may be convenient-

_ lv assisted by judicious drawing on the foetus. (See Trac-

tion.)

If the foetus presents the fore feet and head (Fig. 17),
as soon as these parts have cleared the womb, take hold of
the pastern of each fore leg and draw steadily during each
labour pain of the mother. This traction or drawing should
be towards the hocks of the mother, so as to allow the body
of the foetus to follow the curve of the pelvis; drawing a
little to the right and left, will also aid in passing the
shoulders and afterwards the haunches. When the head
and neck are clear of the vulva, they should be sinported.

If the foetus presents posteriorly, that is, when the hind
feet come first (Fig. 18). This position will be recognized
by the pasterns bending upwards instead of downwards,

also by the feel of the hocks, which is vastly different from

the knee. In this position, the two limbs are to be seized at
the pastern, and drawing exercised at first slightly upwards,

“in order to carry ‘the stifles over the brim of the pelvis,

which sometimes checks them; then downwards, to bring
the croup below the sacrum; and lastly, an alternate move-
ment from right to left and left to right, to free the
haunces, one after the other. Immediately after delivery,

seize the young animal by the hind legs and raise it clear

from the ground, with the head hanging downwards, so that
any fluids remaining in the nostrils and wind pipe, will
escape. Many Foals and Calves are lost annually, through |
neglect to empty the fluids from the windpipe; the lungs are
too weak to force air in through these fluids. When the
foetus is born head first, these fluids escape, as the head
hangs down during delivery. It is weil to see that the tail
of the foetus is in the right direction before traction has
been practiced to any great extent.

136 OBRSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

TRACTION OF THE FOETUSES IN TWIN
PREGNANCY.—Usually twin pregnancy is not recog-
nized until birth takes place. The escape of only a small
quantity of “the waters,” and the small size of the creature
first delivered, when compared with the size of the mother’s
abdomen, are indications that more young will be produced.
In case there is another foetus, soon another water-bag ap-
pears, and another foetus presents at the vulva. Frequent-
ly when the position of the two foetuses is natural, they are
brought forth one after the other successsively, and without
any assistance being required. This is the case more par-
ticularly with the Sheep and Goat. But sometimes, and es-
pecially with the Mare and Cow, the two foetuses present —
themselves simultaneously at the pelvic inlet, and neither
can pass through. In such a case it is necessary to push
back the one least favorably presenting, and to keep it away
until the fore limbs of the other are in the passage. If the
two foetuses chance to be in an unfavorable position, the
fore legs of one should be sought for (recognized by the
knees, and to a certain extent by the pasterns), or the hind
limbs (recognized by the pasterns and hocks), if they are
convenient for the purpose, then traction or drawing should
be exercised, as in the case of a single foetus, and according
to the directions given above. taking care to keep the other
foetus out of the way. Should it not be possible to extract
this foetus, it may be that certain parts of the other stop
its progress, or that the expulsive forces are expended on
the other foetus, although it is farthest from the mouth of
the womb. It is then necessary to push back and turn the
former foetus, and endeavor to extract it by the extremity
opposite to that which was first tried. But if the fore limbs
and head have been got into the passage, the position need
not be changed, the procedure then being the same as for a
foetus disproportionately large. |

OBSTErRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 137

CAUTION TO THE OPERATOR.—In exploring or
examining the genital canals of the female, gentleness and
tact should be scrupulously observed, and the hand and arm
ought to be well oiled with sweet oil or clean lard; the nails
of the fingers being cut at least moderately short. Also
read examinations under Sensible Signs of Pregnancy, and
How to Make Successful Examinations in Difficult Partur-
ition. The time chosen for exploration should be the inter-
val between the labour pains, and care must be taken not to
rupture the water-bag, if it has not been previously rup-
tured. The examination may be made while the animal is
standing or lying, though the standing position is Seer
preferable.

It must not be forgotten that, when traction or draw- |
ing is required, this should be slow and moderate, and only
applied when the animal itself makes expulsive efforts. Vio-
lent and sudden drawing is to be avoided, as it may inflict
serious injury, while doing little, if anything, in aiding de-
livery ; and even should this be effected, the contractile pow-
ers of the womb will be deranged, when the contents of that
organ are suddenly and forcibly removed. The simplest
and safest traction is that made by the hands of the opera-
tor—for both hands may, in some cases, be introduced into
the vagina. Should he not have sufficient strength or pur-
chase, an assitant may clasp him around the chest and pull
at and with him—gradually and steadily during the labour
pains. :
ATTENTION TO THE OFF-SPRING IMME-
DIATELY AFTER NATURAL DELIVERY HAS
TAKEN PLACE.—No special rules can be laid down for
the management of new-born animals, as this may vary
_ more or less, according to the species. However, there are
some general rules which may be well to observe.

With regard to the Foal or other creature which may
- be born in the foetal membranes, it is evident that it must

138 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

be freed from them immediately, or it will perish from suf-
focation. If the navel cord is not torn, it may be double-
tied about two inches from the navel, and then divided be-
tween the tied places, either with a clean knife or scissors.
Care must be exercised in not bruising or injuring the navel,

or allowing this part to become irritated either by the lit-

ter, manure, or urine, as serious complications, such as in-
flammation of the navel and cord may result. (See Inflam-
mation of the Navel Cord.) ,
Immediately after delivery, remove the mucus, which
sometimes clogs the mouth and nostrils of the new-born
(this process is explained under Suffocation, Asphyxia of
the New-Born, which see), and hinders its respiration or
breathing. As soon as this has been accomplished, the
young animal should be examined to ascertain whether it be
strong or weak, whether all the natural apertures exist—
such as the eyes, mouth, anus, vulva, uretha—and if any of
them chance to be absent, to make artificial ones soon, if

possible, by a kind of puncture, enlarging afterwards by the

knife and sound, and preventing union by pledgets of lint,
etc:

SUSPENDED ANIMATION, SUSPENDED LIFE
OF THE NEW-BORN.— Whenever the connection
with the mother is interrupted, the young creature
must breathe, and respiration must now be carried

on by the lungs, through the nostrils. The estab- .

lishment of this is purely a reflex act. The foetus
hitherto maintained at a certain and always uniform degree
of warmth in its liquid-bed in the womb, is suddenly ushered
into the cold and dry air of the outer world; and this transi-
tion operates chiefly on the skin, proucing a peculiar im-
pression—such as we ourselves experience in being sud-
denly immersed in cold water; this impression is at once

transmitted to the brain and spinal center, whence the reflex _
influence of the spinal cord is called into play, and the re-

the

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OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 139

spiratory muscles are excited to movement by the nerves.
All these muscles contract simultaneously, the chest is dilat-
ed, and the air rushes into the air-passages and lungs, dis-
tending the air-cells in the lungs, and instituting the process
of respiration. This reflex act may also be produced by
pressure on the navel cord. It sometimes happens that the

_young creature is in a state of unconsciousness when born,

or very soon after, and gives no sign of life. Sometimes
this unconscious state is from weakness, in which the ani-

‘mal is cold and does not breathe, the mucous membranes

being pale and the body flaccid; or if it is the result of an
over-abundance of blood, then the mucous membranes are
of a livid blue tint, the lips and tone swollen, and the
eyes red.

TREATMENT.—If the young animal is in a state of
unconsciousness when born, attempts should be made to re-
vive it by pouring cold water on the head, beating the body
with a cloth dipped in cold’ water—particularly should this
beating be exercised about the face and chest. Dry rubbing
the limbs, tickling the nostrils with a feather, puffing to-
bacco-smoke into the nostrils, imitating the respiratory
movements, and inflating the lungs by means of a pair of
bellows, acting through the nostrils. So long as the heart
pulsates there is a probability of restoration to life.

If unconsciousness is the result of an over-abundance
of blood, allowing a little blood, from eight to fourteen
ounces from the Foal or Calf, to flow from the navel cord,
and even cutting this or fomenting it with hot water to in-
duce bleeding, is very useful, in conjunction with cold water
to the head and cold water injections into the rectum. But
as a rule, death is always imminent in these cases.

GENERAL CARE OF THE YOUNG AFTER DE-
LIVERY HAS TAKEN PLACE.—With the larger ani-
mals, the newly-born creature should be placed before the
ee ite it is mea near her ; and it generally follows nee

WN RAE Dh) vy Nog F CORT Rae as
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140 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

she instinctively licks off the viscid matter which covers its
skin ; and in doing this the circulation of the skin is excited,
and, by sympathy, the other organs of the young animal.
Consequently, it becomes revived, soon endeavors to get up,
and though it may fall a few times, yet it generally quickly
succeeds in maintaining itself on its limbs, and instinctively
seeks the maternal teat. There are exceptional cases, where
the mother does not attempt to cleanse her young; this is
most frequently observed when bringing forth the first
progeny, and when the labour has been long and painful:
But it will generally be found that sprinkling the young
animal with a little flour, bran, or salt will excite the atten-
tion of the mother and induce the cleaning process. Should
it not do so, then the creature must be well dried and rubbed
with a sponge, hay-wisp, or a cloth, and kept warm. Some
mothers become quite savage after parturition, and will not
allow their progeny to come near them, and will even kill
their voung; though this most frequently happens when
they-are tormented by spectators. When this occurs, it is
well to leave the mother and her young quietly together
for some time.

As the Foal, Calf, and Lamb alwas suckle in a stand-
ing posture, if they are weak and cannot reach the teat
within half an hour or so after birth, it will be found nec-
essary to give some assistance in bringing them to their
mother, and applying the teat to the mouth of the young
animal, at the same time caressing and soothing the parent
if disinclined to its young either by temper or by painful-
ness of the udder. This coaxing and handling should be
performed by some one accustomed to the animal.

Sometimes from weakness or inexperience of the Foal,

‘and temper of the Mare, the Foal runs the risk-of perishin;

from starvation. In such cases the Mare should be safely
secured, and two persons ought then to push and support the |
young animal behind by joining a hand of each, while the

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 141

other hands are employed in directing it towards the teat,
which it should be allowed to use for two or three minutes.
After one or two attempts of this kind, the Foal begins to
find its way to the udder by itself, while the Mare becomes
more reconciled to it. In assisting the youngster to nurse,
do not place the hand under the breast bone; as it is quite
soft and yielding, you may do considerable harm, even

‘causing quite a lively Colt to become sick and die. Many

Colts are lost in this way, the owner considering that he was
doing an act of kindness. When it is necessary to hold
them up to nurse, catch one arm around the forelegs and
breast, and the other arm around its haunches, and you will |
not injure the Colt in the least. When the Foal exhibits
great debility, it may be preferable to feed it for a day or
two with the milk of the Mare, which has been drawn by
hand.

With the Cow, these difficulties are seldom present, and
if an animal will not take to its Calf, the Calf is generally
transferred to another Cow, or it is artificially reared. The
Foal may even be reared in this manner, though not so
easily as the Calf. The milk of the Cow or Goat will suf-
fice, and there is generally little difficulty in teaching it to
drink it, by at first pouring a little into the mouth, while
the finger is inserted therein; or a piece of cloth steeped in
milk, or even a bottle and tube may be used. Calves in-
tended for slaughter may be artificially fed, and especially
if nutritive substances are added to the milk; but for those
intended to be reared, it is a mistake to separate them from
the Cow during the early davs of their existence.

Lambs, when able to stand, and if they do not readily
find their way to the teat, should have a little milk from
it pressed into their mouth. With twin Lambs, if the Ewe
is in good condition, the udder well filled, and the weather
and pasture favorable, both may be suckled; in the opposite

conditions it may be necessary to remove one. If the Ewe

Bet Wee aa y

142 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

does not yield sufficient milk, this may be largely remedied
by giving a liberal supply of good food.

The Bitch, Sow,and Cat, usually lie when suckling their
young; so that there is seldom any difficulty with them; the
only care generally required in the case of young Pigs, is to
prevent their being crushed by the Sow in the act of lying
down or moving. If the litter is large plenty of good food
is necessary. It is also quite necessary that he Sow should
be supplied with a pail full of good, warm, nourishing slop
as soon as she has delivered her young, as this will appease
her ravenous appetite, and will restrain her from devouring
her young. Sows usually eat their progeny to satisfy the
uncontrollable hunger, which they experience during and
immediately after parturition. If the Sow has more young
in the litter than teats, unless watched the weakest Pigs
will die of starvation. Each young pig has its own partic-
ular teat, to which it is persistently attached; and if one of
the little Pigs becomes sick and unable to suck, the teat it
has been nursing will soon cease secreting milk. In general
a Sow should not be allowed to rear more than ten in a
litter. Cleanliness and warmth are required for young
Pigs. :

Puppies and Kittens do not require any special care
beyond a warm, clean, and dry abode.

With all newly-born animals, after the first milk has
been taken, there is usually an abundant evacuation of “ack |
resinous matter (meconium) from the bowels of the yo.:ng
animal, caused by the “colostrum,” as the first milk is usual-
ly called; and it is well to notice if this evacuation occurs,
as when it does not, serious constipation may ensue. In
such cases, a mild laxative—such as castor oil—should be
administered to obviate this condition. (See Constipation.)

Gentle exercise is as necessary for the Foal and Calf, a
few days after birth, as it is for their parents. Therefore, 4 |
a meadow is preferable to a stable for rearing the young. —

It is not rare to find newly-born animals, particularly -

" sy 5 : Ms J hie s
4 U : é

ORSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 143

° . . . . oy
when parturition has been laborious, injured more or less,
from the manipulation of the obstetrist during birth. The

.most frequent injuries are those due to the use of instru-

ments and appliances. The injuries may be dressed with
cold water, to which has been added a very little alcohol,
or with arnica. Abrasions which are only superficial, may
be treated with the following solution: Water, four ounces ;
glycerine, one ounce; carbolic acid, twenty drops. Sprains
should be treated by friction with soap liniment. (See for-
mula for making Soap Liniment under Dropsical Swellings
of the Legs.) Wounds and lacerations, if very severe, must
have appropriate surgical treatment. Other accidents and
diseases which young animals are subject to, will be allud-
ed to and classified in another part of this book, which has
been set apart for the Diseases and Abnormalities of the

Young Animal.

ATTENTION TO THE MOTHER AFTER NOR-
MAL LABOUR.—When labour has been natural, and the
animal is vigorous and not much fatigued, simple hygienic
measures are all that is necessary. The animal should be
kept comfortable, with plenty of pure air, but away from
draughts. If it has been perspiring, the body, and particu-
larly the belly, should be well wisped if it is a large animal:
indeed, this friction is always to be recommended, as it

often allays the restlessness which sometimes persists after

delivery; it also regulates the circulation, and appears to
hasten the retraction of the womb. It may be necessary to
cover the body with a blanket, as the animal is very, sus-
ceptible to cold at this period. A _ gallon or so
of nourishing, tepid gruel, or ever soup, may be
given; after which the diet should be moderate and
easily digested. Clean, dry litter should be plenti-

fully supplied, and the animal left alone for half an

hour or so, after which it may be visited and offered more

gruel. From five to eight, or even fifteen days’ rest should

be allowed, according to circumstances.
i - ’ \ r ;

; My :

eS ra opan ; if

144 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

When parturition has been protracted, and the animal
has suffered much, and especially if the generative organs
have been bruised and lacerated, nursing should be con-
tinued longer, and greater precautions adopted. In these
cases every care should be taken to prevent inflammation of
the womb; and with this object in view, wash out the va-
gina by injections of a tepid, three per cent. solution of per-
manganate of potassium; apply warm cloths to the loins,
allow light diet, with small doses of sulphate of magnesia,
and keep clean in a good stable, and in a pure atmosphere.

DOSE OF EPSOM SALT (SULPHATE OF MAG- -

NESIA).—Mare, two ounces; Cow, three ounces; Sheep
and Pig, four drachms; Bitch and Cat, one drachm. Mix
with water and give as a drench. Repeat the dose nights
and mornings unless the movements of the bowels should
become too active, at which time discontinue. With the
Bitch and Cat, epsom salt sometimes produces vomiting.
Therefore, half ounce doses of castor oil is preferable for
these animals.

Sometimes the debility is so extreme that the animal
scarcely gives any indication of life. There is then all the
more need for careful nursing and quietude. Friction to

the surface of the body, clothing, and a good bed are par- _

ticularly necessary; and as the secretion of milk is usually
difficult in these cases, this must be attended to (see Ab-
sence of Milk). It must be borne in mind that cold and
damp are dangerous immediately, and even for some time
after, parturition. Therefore, when turned out to pasture
care should be taken to afford protection in bad weather,
and damp, cold localities should be avoided. With regard
tc Ewes and Goats, if the weather is mild and the situa-

tion favorable, protection is not required; but if cold winds

and wet prevail, then shelter is necessary. When more than
one Lamb is likely to be produced, the first should be kept
warm and receive a little Cow’s milk diluted with water,

until the Ewe has finished Lambing. The Sow generally —

¥, +

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 145

suffers from weakness and prostration after parturition, and
requires plenty of nourishing and easily digested food
When this is given there is less likelihood of the animal de-
vouring its young, and all the more so if not irritated by
the presence of people.

DISORDERS OF THE MOTHER AFTER DELIVERY.

Under this subject will be included After-pains, Lochia,
Milk-fever. Secreting of Milk(Lactation), and Contraction
of the Womb.

1. AFTER-PAINS.—These are the painful sensa-
tions in the abdomen, which persist after the expulsion of
the foetus. They are due to the contractions of the womb,
that go on for some time, and eventually reduce the womb
to its ordinary size. After an easy labour, there are gen-
erally fewer or no symptoms of these pains; and when
they are present the only indications are whisking of the
tail, at which time the walls of the abdomen appear to be
harder. They seldom continue longer than twelve or twenty-
four hours in these cases, and do not require special treat-
ment.

In other cases, and particularly when birth has been
very sudden and rapid, they persist longer and are more
severe. The animal paws and exhibits suffering; it also
stretches as if trying to urinate, arches the back, contracts
the abdominal muscles, and strains. When these pains are
continued beyond twenty-four hours, we may apprehend the
retention of a portion of the foetal membranes (for treat-
ment see Contraction of the Womb; also, Retention of the
Foetal Envelops). Or it may be due to commencing Inver-
sion of the Womb (which see). It will be necessary to
make an examination in order to discover the cause. |

2, LOCHIA.—The term LOCHIA has been given to
the bloody-streaked, purulent mucus, and, finally, mucus
evacuations from the vagina occurring after delivery, and
generally persisting until the womb has regained its nat-
ural size and condition. This discharge accumulates in the

)

*)
a
1

146 ORSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

womb, and usually only escapes when the animal undergoes
exertion, and during urination, and voiding the dung. It
sometimes accumulates about the thighs and tail, as well
as on the litter; and when the animal has been lying, it
forms small pools on the ground. This discharge does not
have a bad odor, unless the womb or vagina is the seat
of some pathological process, or a portion of the after-birth
is retained. The average duration of this discharge is from
five days to two weeks; and should this discharge cease be-
fore the proper time, it will produce dullness, indifference
of the mother to its progeny and surroundings, poor appe-
tite, suppression of milk, slight fever, with dry erect coat,
and constipation.

TO PREVENT: FAE- UNTIMELY: CESSATION
OF THE LOCHIA.—Before and after parturition the food
should be sound and nutritive, but moderate in quantity,
and such as will not predispose to an over-abundance of
blood; not to travel or fatigue the animals towards the end
of pregnancy; to shelter them at this period; not to hurry
labour, and only to render assistance when necessary; and

after the delivery to attend to the removal of the after-*

births which are sometimes retained in the Cow for an ab-

normal period, but should not be allowed to remain longer

than four or five davs. For the removal of the after-birth
(see Retention of the Foetal Envelops).

3. MILK-FEVER.—(See Milk-fever or Parturient
Apoplexy.) |

4. LACTATION.—Before parturition, preparation for
the secretion of milk is already being made in the glands
of the udders, and immediately preceding that event a thin
serous, or milky fluid can often be expressed from the teat.
The first milk or “colostrum,” secreted after delivery is a

‘viscid, dirty-white, or yellowish fluid, sweet, though un-

pleasant to the taste, and of a greater density than that of

ordinary milk. It is this first milk or “colostrum” which —

‘

™

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 147

acts as a laxative, and is so necessary to the new-born ani-
mal. Towards the fifth or sixth day, or even longer, after
parturition in the Mare and Cow, earlier with some of the
other animals, the colostrum disappears, and then we have
the ordinary milk.

In some instances, the secretion of milk may become a
source of annoyance, or even of danger, when it is too
abundant or is not withdrawn when secreted. This happens
more particular when the animal is deprived of its young
by death, or for special reason. For other causes, symp- —
torns and treatment (see Inflammation of the Udder—Mam- .
mitis). :
5s, CONTRACTION OF THE WOMB AFTER
NORMAL PARTURITION.—After gestation and partur-
ition have been completed, it is necessary that the genital
organs should return to their natural size and condition,
which is generally the case after labour, when everything
occurs regularly. But it sometimes happens that the .nus-
cular layer of the womb appears to be struck with paralysis
soon, or even immediately after delivery; so that it re-
mains distended, and its cavity is so large that the arm
can easily be introduced into it. When this condition ex-
ists, the mouth of the womb being always more or less
open, the air obtains admission, putrefaction or decay com-
mences, and grave results may follow. An examination wil!
discover a_ variable quantity of bloody, or more or less
- foul-smelling, matter in the cavity of the womb; and untif
this is removed, and the organ made to contract on itself,
danger may be apprehended. The treatment should be the
same as that in the Retention of the Foetal Envelops
(which see).

;

148 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

DIFFICULT LABOR—BIRTH—PARTURITION.
( Dystokia.)

HOW TO MAKE SUCCESSFUL EXAMINATIONS
IN DIFFICULT PARTURITION FOR THE DIF-
FERENT PRESENTATIONS OF, THE: BOETUS
AND OTHER RESISTANCE WHICH MAY BE
PRESENT.

The mode of procedure to be adopted in internal ex-
aminations and explorations have already been described,
to a certain extent, under Sensible Signs of Pregnancy, and
(Caution to the Operator) under Traction or Drawing of
the Foetus, which should be referred to, and carefully read
before the reading of this article. It is, because of the
importance of these examinations that we again notice
them, and will endeavor to explain the most useful points.

If possible the Mare and Cow should be examined in |

the standing position, as this is the best. If, however, the
animal is lying, and from exhaustion or paralysis it cannot
get up, then, of course, the examination must be made in
the recumbent position.

When standing, the animal should be approached
gently and coaxingly, and rigorous restraint is seldom nec-
essary. With the Mare it generally suffices to have one of
the fore-feet held up by an assistant, while the examination
is made; if young and dangerous, it may be necessary to
employ a side-line on a hind pastern, or hobbles on both
hind pasterns, and perhaps a twitch on the nose. With the
Cow, a strong man holding the animal’s head is sufficient
to make it stand quiet. When the animal is in the stand-
ing position, the operator must be on his guard against the
anima! suddenly dropping, which would expose him to ser-

ious injury. When the floor inclines from the tail towards

the head of the animal it is most favorable for an examina-

tion, thereby throwing the intestines forward, so that they

do not press on the womb.

a Fone es ee

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 149

When the examination is made in the lying position,
it is much more fatiguing and difficult. In this position it
is still more necessary that the croup should be higher than
the fore part of the body. Also the spine should be higher
than the limbs; and the more an animal is raised above the
ground when it is lying, the easier is the manipulation. The
Sheep, Sow, and Goat may be raised on several bundles of
straw; the Bitch and Cat on a table covered with straw or
cloth.

The shirt-sleeve must be rolled as high as the shoulder ;
although it is preferable to remove the shirt, and wear only
a vest during the examination. The hands and arms should
be well smeared with clean oil or orease, to render their in-
troduction into the genital passage more easy, and less ir-
ritating to the lining membranes, also to some extent to
protect the operator against infection. Rings should not be
worn on the fingers. Before commencing the examination,
empty the rectum, and, if possible, the bladder.

Now the fingers should be gathered together in a cone-
like form, the hand—which should not be cold—is inserted
carefully and steadily into the vagina at a moment when
the animal is not straining—the outer margin (little finger)
being downwards, thumb upwards, and pushed gently in-
wards by a slight rotatory movement; but the advance of
the hand must be momentarily checked if the straining is at
ali severe, or until the animal. if irritable, has become re-
conciled to it. When once through the vulva, more room is
fotind in the vagina, and the hand and arm can then pene-
trate with ease as far as the neck of the womb. The opera-
tor has first to satisfy himself whether the vagina is empty,
or if it already contains some portion of the foetus or its
membranes, and what these are; and if any tumors exist,
either within or external to the canal, and if possible their
nature. If soft and fluctuating, carefully push to one side
and away from the passage of the foetus. He has also to
satisfy himself that the pelvis has the proper dimensions.

150 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

With this object in view, he closes his hand to try if he can
move his shut fist about in every direction, and with ease.
Then stretching out the thumb, he can approximately judge

“the distance which intervenes between opposite points of

the pelvic circumference, and in this way ascertain if a
moderate sized foetus could pass through. The following
figure and table of measurements will be found conven-
ient:

Fig. 21,

DIAMETERS OF THE PELVIS.

a b, Superior-inferior Diameter; ec d, Superior Diameter; e
f. Inferior Diameter; e i, f h, Oblique Diameters; J. K. Middle

Diameter.

NATURAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE PELVIS.

SPECIES | DIAMETERS MEASURES DIAMETERS MEASURES

Mare Supero-inferior 8 to 9 inches Transverse | 7% to 9 inches
Ass : oh 8 inches es 4% inches -
Cow aS oe 8% inches re 7 inches
Sheep a A: 434 inches . 3 inches

Goat a $F 434 inches ee 3% inches

Pig by ‘ 4 inches 4° 3%, inches
Bitch a 4 2 to 2% inches af 1% to 2 inches
Cat bi) wn | 2% inches ie 17; inches

The above measurements are for ‘medium sized ani-
mals, with the exception of the Mare and Bitch, which are

given for the large and small sized animals. After dadsene

}
:

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 151

the above measurements, it can readily be understood that
the head of the calf, which measures from 7 to 10 in. by 4
to 5 in., cannot pass through the pelvis of a Cow which

‘measures four or five inches, and in such cases force should

not be attempted, as the foetus cannot be brought through,
and must be delivered in pieces. (See Embryotomy.)

The soft parts will also engage his attention, and he
must learn whether the canal of the vagina is dry, or if it
livery; if it is found to be dry it should at once have oil or
contains sufficient mucus to facilitate manipulation or de- -
flaxseed tea introduced into it. Now the fingers are again
brought together, and their extremity pushed as far as the
neck of the womb; here the chief points to be noted are:
Whether the neck of the womb still projects into the vagina,
or if it is Completely effaced: whether the womb has de-

- scended on the floor of the abdomen, or is yet in its ordin- —

ary position ; whether the texture of the neck of-the womb
is soft, or if hard and in a state of spasm. (For treatment
see, Hurried, Tumultuous Labour in Normal Parturition. )
Whether the mouth of the womb is open or closed; if
closed, or not sufficiently open to admit of the hand, it

must be carefully and gently dilated with the fingers until

the hand can be passed ‘nto the cavity of the womb. Here
the operator will meet with the “water-bag,” if it is not al-
ready ruptured, and the foetus, if he has not already en-
countered it; at the same time the energy and frequency of
the labour pains can be ascertained. (For indications and
treatment see, Hurried—Tumultuous Labour, and Pro-
tracted Labour in Normal Parturition.) If the “water-
bag” is ruptured, the hand must be passed into it in order
to discover the situation of the foetus—the kind of presen-
tation and position, (see Diffcult Labour from Malpresenta-
tions of the Foetus), the manner in which the limbs are
disposed, and any complication which may be present. If
the “water-bag” is not ruptured, the hand may be passed
between it and the womb, the palm being towards the foe-

ati te i "hy ca ‘ Wy
hee tt any Wea) Sea ae y : Ma Me

152 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

tus, if it is necessary to explore deeply. When labour is
advanced, the pains being well marked, the mouth of the
womb dilated, and the water-bag in the vagina, it is usually
preferable to rupture the water-bag; which is readily ac-
complished by seizing a portion of it between the thumb
and first finger, and pressing the nail of the finger against
the thumb. Sometimes the fingers alone are not sufficient,
as when the envelops contain but little fluid; then a pair of
scissors, a small trocar, or even an ordinary pen, will effect
this object. ;

In examining for presentation and position, each re-
gion of the body of the foetus should be familiar to the
touch, as it can be distinguished by its own proper char-
acters. If the presentation and position is natural, the hand

of the operator will first come in contact with either the

fore or hind limbs. To distinguish the fore from the hind
limbs, the shape of the joints and their mode of flexion
must be taken into account—the fetlock and knee of the

fore limbs bend in the same direction, while in the hind

limbs the fetlock and hock flex in opposite directions; the

knee, in addition, is large, round, and rather flattened in

front, while the hock is flattened on each side, and offers

the calcis as an unmistakable guide. There is also a dif-_

ference in the shape of the feet. (See Normal Parturition,
also Figs. 17 and 18.) In difficult parturition the foetus
may present in a variety of positions, in which hind and
fore limbs may offer first, either alone or together (see Figs.
under Difficult Parturition from Malpresentations of the
Foetus); if the presentation is anterior, the head will be
met with, and this is distinguished by the presence of the
mouth, eyes, and ears; if it is a posterior presentation, then
we have the rounded croup, tail, hocks, and external geni-
tal organs. In other presentations, the neck is recognized
by the mane, if it be a Foal, or by its shape, whether Foal
or Calf; the shoulders by the acromion processes and with-

ers; the chest by the ribs; and so on. In addition to all —

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 153

this, the operator should judge as to the volume of the foe-
tus ,and its proportions.

It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the mind of
the reader, the necessity of a thorough knowledge of Normal
Parturition, before entering into the subject of Difficult
Parturition. And of the necessity of the examination being
so complete as to furnish all the requirements of a sound
decision ; then he must decide on his mode of procedure, in
oder to pune the young creature into one of the best posi-
tions for delivery—either natural or artificial—so that this
may be effected with certainty and rapidity. The required
assistants should be selected, and to each should be alloted
his share in the operation, in which he ought to be instructed
briefly and clearly; the instruments, cords, and other ap-
paratus ought next to be placed in readiness; and then the
task may be begun. Whatever is necessary to be done
should be accomplished without delay, so as to spare the
animal pain and exhaustion.

DIFFICULT PARTURITION FROM MALPRESEN-
TATIONS OR MALPOSITIONS OF
THE PCETUS.
Considering the frequency of Malpresentations or Mal-

positions being the cause of difficult parturition or deliv-
ery, and their often-times serious character, they deserve

the most careful study in order that they may be successfully

overcome. It is very necessary that Normal Parturition,
also How to Hake Successful Examinations in Difficult
Parturition be thoroughly and carefully read before reading
the following Malpresentations.

NATURAL--ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

In this presentation the extended head and the out-
stretched forelimbs are toward the genital canal. As this

_ presentation has been thoroughly explained and illustrated

154 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

under Normal Parturition, the reader will be referred to
that subject.

DEVIATION OF THE HIND-LIMBS IN THE
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

In this presentation the operator will either find the
thighs of the foetus turned outward from its flanks, or the
hind legs flexed forward, underneath the belly of the foe-
tus, and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of the
pelvis at the inlet, so that delivery by force, would cause
the hind feet to penetrate into the abdominal cavity of the

Site 22.

DEVIATION OF THE HIND-LIMBS IN THE ANTERIOR
PRESENTATION.

mother, and this might cause the death of the mother and
off-spring.

TREATMENT.—In nearly every case the preserva- %

tion of the mother is the object to be attained. A safe de-

livery can be effected only by the proper adjustment of the

hind legs. This is all the more difficult, when the foetus is
well advanced in the passage and much traction has been
employed. If upon examination, the thighs are extended —
outward from the flanks of the foetus, it should be forced —

iy ~

Aer.

;

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Loo

back within the womb and the limbs drawn as closely to-
gether as possible, with the hand. If this cannot be done
with the hands, take a well greased half-inch rope, and
fasten it around the body of the foetus with a running
noose. (See Fig. 42.) Then the operator should work
the rope just beyond the rump of the foetus, or midway
between the rump and hocks. He must hold it there,
while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and forces the
thighs together. Then, with the proper traction the delivery
can be completed. (See Traction.) If, however, the foe-
tus cannot be forced back into the womb to adjust the
thigh, cut the foetus off close up to the mother (see Em-
bryotomy) ; then force the remainder back within the womb
and deliver the hind feet first. If upon examination, the
hind feet or fetlocks are found to be caught below the brim
of the pelvis at the inlet, pass the hand between the belly
of the foetus and the genital canal, until you come in con-
tact with the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the palm of the
hand against the feet or fetlocks, and extend it backward
and inward as far as-‘the arm will reach, when traction may
be applied to the foetus and delivery completed. (See
Traction. )

FORE-LIMBS CROSSED OVER THE NECK IN ©
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

It is not uncommon to find Foals and Calves in this
position, and unless due assistance is given, the mother
usually is more or less lacerated. When the limbs are
crossed at the poll, the feet are pushed against the roof of
the vagina, causing laceration of that part. Sometimes
they are pushed through the roof of the vagina into the rec- .
tum, producing rupture of the perincum. This position,
which always retards delivery, is frequently recognized be-
fore an examination is made. If the fore feet are seen
pressing against the roof of the vagina, at the outlet, the
probabilities are that both legs are crossed over the neck.

156 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

If only one foot is seen pressing the roof of the vagina, or
if both feet are observed on one side of the head, the one leg
shorter than the other, only one leg is crossed. With these
indications, no time should be lost in making an examina-
tion to ascertain the true position.

TREATMENT.—When only one limb is crossed, re-
duction is not difficult. The leg is seized a little above the
fetlock, raised, drawn to its proper side, and extended into
the genital canal, Delivery may then take place without
help, or gentle traction on the head and limbs may be nec-
essary.

Fig. 23.
FORE-LIMBS CROSSED OVER THE NECK IN THE
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

When both fore-limbs are crossed, and the foetus is
not too far advanced in the pelvis, well greased half-inch
cords should be fixed to each pastern (see Fig. 44), and
then force the foetus back into the womb by pressing upon
the head. Then the operator should place the feet on their
proper sides, if possible. If he canot do this, bring the
ropes to their proper sides, and, while the operator holds
the head back firmly, let an assistant pull the rope on one

side until that limb is brought into position. Then take

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 157

hold of the other rope and fetch that into position. Ther
place the head straight in a line above and between the
limbs (as in Fig. 17), and delivery will be effected with
but little traction.

If the foetus ig so firmly fixed in the pelvis that it is
impossible to force it back into the womb, then the limbs of
the foetus must be amputated. (See Embryotomy.) How-
ever, this is a very exceptional occurrence.

FORE-LIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES.

vin NN YY Wer

DD) Whbply

Fig. 24.

FORE-LIMBS. FLEXED AT THE KNEES IN THE ANTERIOR.
PRESENTATION.

One or both of the fore-limbs may be flexed at the
knee. This is a frequent and often troublesome complica-
tion. If an examination is made before labour has pro-
gressed any length of time, the nose and knees will be felt
at the same time. But if labour has progressed any length
of time, the operator will first come in cotnact with the

: -

158 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

head, for sometimes it is advanced in the passage even as
far as the outlet.

TREATMENT.—If the head has made but little pro-
gress, the operator will have but little difficulty. While as-

certaining the position of the legs, it is almost always
found that one has greater liberty than the other, and, if
seized by the fetlock, can he thrown easily into its natural
position. Then seize the other leg just below the knee,
raise with the lower part of the hand (see Fig. 25), while
pressing backward with the upper part of the hand, and
that leg can be brought easily into position. Use the right

Fig. 25.

EXTENDING THE FORE-LIMBS IN THE ANTERIOR
PRESENTATION.

hand to handle the left foreleg, and the left hand for the
right foreleg.
If the head has been well forced into the passage or

‘presented beyond the outlet, the case will have to be

handled differently. First secure the head with a well-
greased half-inch rope head collar (see Figs. 43 and 44),
then grasp the head, and, during the intervals between the
labour pains, force it back into the womb; then grasp the
legs separately below the knees and raise them up, pressing
backward at he knee and forward further down the leg,
and in this way bring them into position one at a time. The
operator must take hold of the knee and force it back into
the womb, while an assistant draws on the rope. In this

manner the leg will be forced upward and outward, into

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 159

the proper position. Then fetch the other limb up in the
same manner.

REVERSED POSITION.—If the young animal is
lying upon its back, with the legs turned upward within the
womb, it will be impossible to extract it in that position. It
must be turned, which is a difficult task.

In this, as in all manipulations of the mother if in a
lying position, the hind parts should be raised higher than
the fore quarters. Seize the foetus and fasten a small,
greased rope around each fore fetlock, and another around
the jaws. Then, if the foetus is slightly turned to the left,
let the operator pass his right hand under the left shoulder.
Have the rope attached to the right leg, pass out on the

left side of the head. Then, at each labour pain, draw.

tightly upon the rope, and with the hand under the shoul-
der, raise up with a rotary movement. In the course of
time the little creature will be completely turned around |
to the proper position. Proceed in a manner precisely the
reverse, if the foetus is turned to the right. When the |
proper position is gained, delivery will be easy. If the
mother can be kept in a standing position, the foetus can
be much more easily handled.

FORE-LIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED.

The complete retention of one or both of the fore-legs
of the foetus within the womb, with head presentation, is
often met with. With the Mare, the Foal usually dies be-
fore delivery is completed. With the Cow, the danger to
the Calf is not so great. The Foal or Calf may be born
with the fore-limbs retained, and without injury to the
mother or off-spring. But this only occurs when the foetus
is small, and the maternal pelvis roomy. However, with
the multiparous animals this might almost be designated a
normal presentation.

On examination, the operator’s hand will first come

tn contact with the head of the foetus, if both limbs are

( ; ; '
‘ % re eo f ' ' '

160 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

completely retained (Fig. 27); the head may be forced well
into the vagina, even. to the vulva, at each labour pain, but
retracting immediately after each pain ceases. Sometimes
it is with the greatest difficulty that the fore-legs are reached,
owing to the vast dimensions of the womb. When the
fore-limbs of the foetus can be felt, they are usually lying
either immediately under its abdomen, or beside the chest
and flanks. In some cases the head is also in an abnormal
position. If only.one limb is completely retained, the other

Fig. 26.

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: ONE FORE-LIMB COMPLETE-
LY RETAINED. (CALF).

will be in a normal position—alongside or under the head.
(Fig. 26.)

TREATMENT.—Reach the limb or limbs with the
hand. In order to do this it may be necessary to force the
head back within the womb. If so, first place a rope
around the neck and another around the lower jaw, then

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 161

force it back within the womb during the intervals between
the labour pains, then pass another rope around the fore-
arm of the foetus, pushing it well down toward the knez,
and use gentle traction until the knee is brought up to ttle
passage. Then fasten the rope to the fetlock, and have an
assistant to use traction upward and outward, while the
operator grasps the knee and forces it upward and back-
ward into the womb. Next bring the other leg into posi-

: My yy ! yo ; I.
uly yw) Ai) a

—

Y ff

Hig 27.
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: BOTH FORE-LIMBS
COMPLETELY RETAINED. (CALF).

tion, in the same way. Now having the limbs in the proper
position, next find the head and place the hand under the
nose and lower jaw, and have an assistant pull upon the
rope which was fixed to the jaw. until the head is brougnt
into position; only moderate traction will be required after
this to complete delivery. (See Traction.)

If the head presents as far as the vulva and the foetus

”

f e » i *
} "

162 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

is dead, peel the skin back from the head to the neck, al-
lowing the skin to remain intact ; then remove the head at the
first or second joint of the spine, taking care that the end
of the bones are covered with. the skin of the head. (This
; will prevent laceration.) Then fasten a well greased rope to
this part, and push back within the womb, the limbs can then
Pehl t be extended, and extraction may be effected. Should de-

livery still be impossible, then the foetus must be extracted.
_by piecemeal. (See Embrvotomy.)

In the Sheep, Goat,.Sow, Bitch, and Cat, forced ex- |

nA traction is usually practiced with success. (See Traction.)

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF
THE HEAD. (FOAL).

Se | DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD,
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

| The deviation may be slight (Fig. 28), or it may be
or) . , great, which is termed extreme downward deviation of the
SAD head (Fig. 29). This presentation occurs most frequently —
oy when the foetal membranes are prematurely ruptured. .
| On making an examination, the hand of the operator .—
ER will come in contact first with the feet, and next with the ;
top of the head, which will be recognized by the ears, eyes, hy

e . ° ~ , J vie} fi
paite ¢, hee % y . . bas) . ah wae hae ate
th oN iy 4 - ‘e* eh 4 ‘ ve, e, 7 i . y y= >} Ws = ® - @ . t ra i> al) ry ey %

OsSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 163

nape of the neck, and if a Foal by the forelock and mane.
The upper ridge of the neck is always a safe guide to fol-
low in discovering the direction of the head.
TREATMENT.—When the deviation is slight
the operator should, during the intervals of straining,
press backward and upward against the top of the head;
then pass the hand down under the nose, seize the lower
jaw and raise upward and outward, bringing the head into

tata oe

Nv i \\ Y
! 1

! pi

Fig. 29.

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: EXTREME DOWNWARD
DEVIATION OF THE HBAD. (CALF).

the natural position (See Fig. 17). Now bring the head

into the passage and complete delivery in the usual way.
However, if necessary, a rope may be applied to the upper
jaw as described in Extreme Deviation of the Head, which
will soon be alluded to. . ad
The same procedure is necessary with the Sheep and

“~

164 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Goat; while with the Bitch and Cat delivery must be ef-
fected by means of forceps.. .

In Extreme Deviation, with the head bent under the
body, the case is most difficult, and especially when there
has been delay or much traction on the foetus in attempting
to deliver it.

The contractions of the closely applied womb render

attempt at delivery almost impossible, by their paralyzing —

the hand and arm. Large quantities of warm flaxseed tea
or warm raw linseed oil must be injected into the vagina.
With a crutch or repeller (Figs. 51 and 52) placed at each
shoulder of the foetus, push it back within the womb, and
pass the running noose (Fig. 42) of a well greased rope

around the upper jaw, and while an assistant pulls at this, the —

operator, by pressing strongly against the top of the head,
may bring the nose into the normal position (Fig. 17).
Should this fail, then the animal should be thrown on its
back; the success which has attended this change of attitude
in so many recorded instances, should induce the obstetrist
to adopt it without much delay. Very often the altered
position of the mother at once disengages the head of the

foetus; if this does not happen, then undoubtedly embryo-

tomy will be necessary. (See Embryotomy.) Indeed, it
should be resorted to early if the foetus is dead, which ‘is

nearly always the case in the Mare. Place a rope around.
the bend in the neck, and amputate the fore-limbs first, as

in many cases the removal of one fore-limb will permit de-
livery ; but it is generally necessary to puil on the rope that
was placed around the neck. Sometimes it will be found
necessary to amputate both fore-limbs, also the head
These operations are throuoghly explained under Embryo-
tomy (which see).

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 165

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE
pee OR LEE.

This is a very serious obstacle to birth, and is fre-
quently one of the most difficult to overcome. It is also one
of the most frequent deviations. It is due to precipitate or
tumultuous labour, with the mouth of the womb either im-

perfectly or not at all dilated. The contractions of the
womb propel the head of the foetus towards the pelvis; but

Fig. 30.
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: LATERAL DEVIATION OF
THE HEAD TOWARDS THE SHOULDER. (CALF).

as the mouth of the womb is not open, and as the impelling

‘force continues, the body pushes the nose against the occlud-
ed mouth of the womb, and turns it to one side; then the
deviation becomes increased with every contraction. Pre-
a mature escape of the “waters,” spasms of the neck of the
womb, and torsion of the womb may also cause it. In some
instances there can scercely be any doubt that the deviation

fe > t

166 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

has taken place some time before gestation is completed, as
in many Foals at birth the neck cannot be straightened,
and the head is distorted.

On examination it is not difficult, as a rule, to distin-
guish lateral deviation. Usually both fore-feet are in the
genital canal, but birth does not progress. An important
fact to remember is that one limb—that belonging to the
side to which the head is bent—seems to be shorter, or less

“RL LN

si)

Wa anibul hwy UD } 1) a ul Yip

‘Fig. 31.

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: LATHRAL DEVIATION OF
THE HEAD TOWARDS THE ABDOMEN. (CALF).

advanced, than the other. The hand on being passed be-
yond these toward the inlet, comes in contact with a convex
mass, which renders access to the cavity of the womb dif-
ficult. Patient exploration discovers this mass to be the
bent neck; and if it is a Calf, owing to the shortness of the
neck, the head is soon found, and recognized by the ears,
eyes, and often the muffle turned toward the shoulder.

Yaw}

1 " )
+ * min '

tht Ae ‘
- i sat < iM, :
. f a ’ “e aE
/ ; AS oh
y ; A ol ae ‘ ty ae . Pema E nD wii Vii ne «

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 167

With the foal the neck being longer, makes it much more
difficult to reach the head. This diticuity is greatly in-
creased if the abdomen of the mother is very pendulous.

TREATMENT.—If the head can be felt by the hana,
catch hold of the cheeks, by slipping the fingers into the
mouth, and raise the head into position. If it cannot be
brought into position in this way, then slip a well greased,
running noose (Fig. 42) around the lower jaw, secure the
fore-limbs with ropes and push the foetus back into the
womb. Then have an assistant pull on the rope which is
attached to the jaw, while the operator pushes inward on
the neck just at the bend. Bring the head into the vaginal
passage, draw up the feet and complete delivery.

In case the feet present and the head cannot be reached
by the operator, it will be necessary to fasten small greased

- ropes to the fore fetlocks; then return the fore-limbs to the

womb, pressing them to the opposite side from that to
which the head is bent. Then ii the head is turned to the
right, press against the left shoulder; if to the left, press

' against the right shoulder. With the hand or a crutch,

fasten a rope around the neck, and pass the rope along the
neck until as near the head as possible; then twist the rope
until it presses deeply into the flesh of the neck, care being
taken not to entangle the membranes in the rope. Now
press inward on the shoulder and draw outwards and side-
ways on the rope which is around the neck, and the head
will be drawn backward toward the natural position. Con-
tinue in this until the head is reached, when a rope should
be fastened to the head or lower jaw, after which it can

. easily be brought into position. Then draw up the feet and

complete delivery.

When it is found impossible, or not advisable, to at-

tempt adjustment of the head and neck, then recourse must

» be that of Embryotomy (which see).

With the Sheep and Goat, this deviation must be rem-

a _edied nk aceree extraction with the short blunt hook OF

1).
Wa

a Bal:
mi is j
Wines oF |

168 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

finger-hook (Figs. 53 and 54), the fore-limb of the foetus
being manipulated so as to push away the unencumbered
shoulder into the womb. The smiallness of the genital pas-
sages in these animals is an obstacle to manipulation, but an
intelligent boy with a small hand may be of much service |
when acting under the direction of the obstetrist.

With the Bitch and Sow these deviations are extreme-
ly rare. When they do occur it will be found that the for-
ceps will generally effect forced extraction; or a piece of
strong catgut} or brass or copper wire, may be passed around

the bend of the neck. Traction on this will either remove
the foetus, or by cutting through the neck permit it to be —
extracted by the forceps. (See Forceps.)

by eon

ADDN iN Ny ye

eh eae
DW DLL IN

Fig. 32.

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION: DEVIATION OF THE HEAD
UPWARDS AND BACKWARDS. se

a ~

—

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ' ANIMALS. » 169

DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND
BACKWARD.

In this position, the head will be found more or less
extended along the back, or slightly deviated to one side,
with the lower jaw resting against the mothers back. This
position may lead to rupture of the womb and rectum, and
the delivery of the foetus by the rectum.

On exploration, the fore-limbs may be found more or
less advanced in the vagina. On deeper exploration, the
hand meets the chest, while above it is the front part of the
neck, with the wind-pipe leading upwards to the head.

TREATMENT.—It is necessary to force the foetus
back within the womb by pressing the chest downward.
Should the head not drop down into the natural position, it
will be necessary to seize the head by the mouth or lower
jaw and bring towards the mouth of the womb, by carrying
it downwards and a little to one side if necessary, by a
slightly screwing motion. If the head cannot be brought
forward with the hand, place a small rope around the lower
jaw and have an assistant pull, while the operator guides the
head with his hand until it is brought into the natural pas-
sage, when delivery will be completed easily. This is not a

difficult position and can be rectified with ease and safety.

Embryotomy is rarely necessary.

In the smaller animals—at least in the Bitch—delivery
has been effected without bringing the foetus to the natural
position. |

HEAD RETAINED, AND WITH IT ONE OR
BOTH OF THE FORE-LIMBS.

These complicated cases are seldom met with. But
when they do occur, it is usually preferable to adjust. the
limbs first, then the head; but it sometimes happens that it
is more advantageous to begin with the head—for instance,

when it is much forward in the womb. But it is really of |

: ’

t
ie Bren eee) Crete. eeY if cae uae Bilt, + 7 as i e . o et ) See ie Pir se 43

170 . OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

no great moment which part is first dealt with, so long as
the precaution is taken first to cord those which are de-
viated.. Then the procedure will be the same as described
under the deviation of that part. |

NORMAL POSTERIOR PRESENTATION.

In this position the hind-limbs are fully extended
backwards, and are the first to enter the genital canal. This
presentation has been explained and illustrated under Nor-
mal Parturition (which see).

HOCK* PRESENTATION.

This presentation usually results when there is a pos-
terior presentation, and the womb contractions force the
foetus towards the neck of the womb, before the hind-limbs.

Fig. 33.
POSTERIOR PRESENTATION: HOCK. (CALF).

are completely extended. (Fig. 33.) As labour advances.
the croup has a tendency to descend, and with the points.

~ of the hocks, to advance through the mouth of the womb.

The double legs and croup, jammed in the inlet, form far: “|

f
) : / } ei j
¥ if t é \y
q ; ‘A 3 s f ‘ ’ x PI

4 Dry '
CA Cera

ref at T=

CPV | or

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 171

too large a mass to advance further. Labour is, therefore, |
suspended, and the animal becomes exhausted with futile
straining. |

On making an examination, the point of the hock is
always the first part the hand of the operator encounters ;
but it may be found at various depths. Sometimes the
hocks alone are in the canal, the body of the foetus being
still in the womb: while in other cases both the hocks and
the croup are wedged in the passage.

TREATMENT.—With the larger animals at their
full period of pregnancy, birth cannot take place, as a rule
until the malpresentation has been rectified; and to attempt
delivery before this has been done is to expose the Cow or
Mare—particularly the Mare—to great danger. With the
Sheep, Goat, Sow, and Bitch, the foetus can be, and often
is, extracted in this malposition by forced extraction. With
the Mare and Cow it is necessary to give the hind-limbs a
favorable direction, by extending them into the genital

canal. In adjusting the hind-limbs, it will be necessary to

push the foetus as far as possible into the womb. This can
be effected without difficulty—even in the Mare—at the
commencement of parturition, when the foetus has not yet
entered the pelvic inlet, or, at most, the points of the hocks
are only engaged. But when labour is more advanced, and

‘the hocks with the croup is wedged in the passage, the dif-

ficulty is greatly increased in the Cow, and even in the
Mare it may be impossible to push the foetus back into the
womb. However, it should always be attempted. This is
best accomplished by raising the hind-quarters of the
mother as much as possible; then the hand should be ap-
plied to the buttock of the young creature, the thumb on one
hip, the fingers on the other, and immediately below the

ie tail? FE the repeller or crutch (Figs. 51 and 52) is used
(and it is very convenient in these cases), it should be

'
a

placed across the thighs. The foetus should be steadily

_ forced back in the intervals between the labour-pains; this:

A adn
OF Wer haa taza ts Re : pil

‘ > ye 4 -
; ‘ pelo hte yh : ; 4 Yn
Oty Le es) ree oe Oe eS he 6 Loe. aad BR Wh “| Ned DMaNY oe F xy

bes ‘ob ‘ 5 “ \

172 -OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

force should be directed slightly upward, so as to raise the
croup. At first the resistance seems to be insurmountable,
but gradually the foetus begins to move, and finally is forced
sufficiently into the womb, to allow the hind-limbs to be

seized; the hand may then fasten a small, greased rope on

each pastern (by means of the porte-cord (Fig. 49), if nec-
essary). Next flex one limb as completely as_ possible,
commencing with the lower leg and lifting it well up
against the thigh, then the hock is bent; the limb is now
seized at the lower end of the cannon-bone, or even at the
fetlock, and is then lifted into the vagina. The same pro-
cedure is carried out with the other leg. With the Foal it
sometimes happens that, owing to the length of the limbs,
the foot of the foetus jams on the pubis of the mother. In
such cases the cord attached to the pastern is most useful,
as the operator may allow the foot to pass from his hand,.
and press the point of the hock towards the womb; while

an assistant pulls at the cord at stich times, and with the

amount of force, as the obstetrist may order.
It frequently happens that the foetus cannot be forced

back into the womb.- When this occurs with the Mare, it

may be presumed that the foetus no longer lives, or that

it will perish before delivery is completed. There can be no

objection, then, in resorting to Embryotomy (which see),
so as to relieve the Mare as quickly as possible.

With the Cow, the Calf is very frequently alive, and :

an important consideration is how to deliver it in this con-
dition. Should it be impossible to force the Calf back into:
the womb, forced extraction in this malposition should be
attempted (See Traction); it has often proved successful,
and particularly when only one limb was retained. To ef-
fect forced extraction with one limb alone flexed, the leg

extended in the vagina should be corded at the pastern, or

‘above the hock if this can be reached. A cord is then to be:
_ passed around the bent hock by means of the porte-cord’

( fig. 49); and traction exercised sbuab the labour-pains. 4

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 173

When both legs are flexed at the hocks, a cord must be
passed around each, as in Fig. 34. The necessary force can
then be exercised. Should forced extraction not succeed,
the limbs may be amputated, as with the Mare. (See Em-
bryotomy.)

In the posterior malpositions, it is well to ascertain
the direction of the tail; as it is sometimes thrown back

Fig. 34,
HOCK PRESENTATION: HOCK CORDED. (CALF).

over the croup (as in Fig. 34), and may thus increase the
difficulty. It may readily be brought back to its natural
position by passing the hand from the root to its extremity,
and bringing it intc the vagina by withdrawing the arm. In
some instances it may be necessary to force the foetus into
the womb before the tail can be adjusted.

With the Sheep and Goat the same procedure is ap-

~ >
ie

i <4 i
Me 2 hy : é aoe
> i te! ee ue ew he

174 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

plicable, but the Bitch, Sow, and Cat, generally does not
experience any difficulty in expelling the foetus when in this
position. Therefore, they do not require any especial at-
tention.

THIGH, AND. GRGDR, PRESENTATION.

The cause of this mal]position is the same as that operat-
ing in hock presentation. Authorities are generally unan-
imous in asserting that this is one of the most difficult mal-

jiubil:sdua

Fig. $9. i
° THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. (CALF).

positions the obstetrist can encounter. Very frequently the
| mother perishes without being delivered; and though some-
BN times a live Calf may be extracted, it is rare that a living
Foal is obtained. | A Mm

On examination, the tail and buttocks of the foetus _
are the first. parts that the hand encounters; then the ‘croup irs
-) ‘and hhaunches, and below, beneath the pubis, are found the _ ‘a
aN Oe Vig EO A ‘ " ay Se Tic Bok Rae tae G7 IRA SY Me or

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 175

hocks; though, when the limbs are fully extended under
the body, they are beyond reach. .

TREATMENT.—The first rational indication is to ex-
tend the limbs of the foetus backward. This is often most
difficult to fulfill, though it is possible when labour is not
too far advanced, and when the foetus can be pushed suf-

ficiently from the inlet to allow one limb to be seized above

the hock, and the thigh and leg flexed as completely as cir-
cumstances” will permit. Still pushing the foetus off by

means of the repeller (Figs. 51 and 52), the hand is passed

down to the foot, until the toe and front part rest in the
palm of the hand; by adopting this precaution, danger of
injury to the womb or vagina is averted. Then the foot is

brought into the vagina by flexing all the joints on each

other. Again pushing the foetus forward, the same
manoeuvre is repeated with the other limb, if necessary ;
forced extraction has succeeded with only one leg in the pas-
sage, and sometimes with little difficulty. But forced ex-
traction of the foetus, without adjustment of one leg, is

very serious, and is most always fatal to the mother, as well

as the offspring. 7
If the examination is delayed until parturition is some-

what advanced, the operator may find the croup well

wedged in the pelvic canal and the thighs to have cleared
the inlet. When this occurs +t is often impossible to force
the foetus back within the womb. Throwing the mother on
the back or side may effect a change for the better in the
position of the foetiis; or, if lying, then raise the hind-
quarters. Should this fail, there are but two courses open—
forced-extraction of the foetus in this abnormal position, or

_ removing it by embryotomy.

y ; * “f . ite 4 i DA a BAG. uy,
¥ 4) la } 4 f , yee
WA a we el heed tro Vt é na

Lecoq’s method of forced extraction consists in passing

- the hand, furnished with a rope, between the pelvic wall of

the mother and the body of the foetus, as far as the thigh
of the foetus; the rope is then pushed beneath the thigh as

_ far as possible: and left there, while the hand is passed

Wy . ‘
Fa tele yy dFY , .
- ara ana Le "yb
y sa) I , We ge : A

176 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

above—between the leg and body, so as to bring the end of
the rope up around the stifle and back through the vagina.
In this way the thigh is encircled by a loop, as in Fig. 306.
The other thigh should be secured in the same way by an-
other rope. The ends of the ropes being joined together
outside, assistants, under the direction of the operator, pull
with the necessary amount of force (See Traction) ; while
the hand of the operator assists in the vagina, either in
guiding the foetus, seizing on and pulling at any part that ;
may offer, or smoothing down the folds of the lining mem-
brane in the canai, which might otherwise increase tl:e ob-

Fig. 36.

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION: THIGH CORDED.
(FOAL).

stacie. The foetus has been extracted alive by this preced-
ure, but this is a rare occurrence; and more frequently the
foetus, or mother and foetus, perish. Therefore, embry-
otomy is usually resorted to in preference to forced extrac- .
tion. (See Embrvotomy.)

; The Bitch, Sow, and Ewe, may be delivered by the
forceps (Fig. 56), small crochet (Figs. 53 and 55), or the

—tube-noose (Figs. 47-48), which are described under their —

_ various headings. EN Woy 2 Sate | aegis a

OrsTETRIGS—DOMESTICATED AN TDSLS: 177

-TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION.

The foetus is in a transverse position, when, upon ex-
amination, the hand of the operator first encounters the

_ shoulders, withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins, back,

breast, belly, or all of the limbs collected together.
BACK, LOIN, AND SHOULDER PRESENTATION.

The withers are recognized by the prominences which
the spinous processes form at this part; the thin, wedge-
shaped outline of the part. The region of the loin may be
distinguished by the large and almost level surface it offers;
the hollow of the flank leading to the thigh and stifle. The
back is discovered by the arches of the ribs springing from

Fig. 37.
TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION. (FOAL).

each side. After determining which part presents, it is
necessary to ascertain the direction in which the head lies,
before attempting to rectify the position.
TREATMENT.—If the “waters”? have escaped and
the wo:nb and vagina are dry, inject warm flaxseed tea into
them. Now the principal object is to turn the foetus, and
convert the transverse position into either an anterior or a
posterior presentation, for only in this way can delivery be
effected. If the position of the foetus is such, that the fore-

- limbs are most convenient, and can with the least difficulty

. ¥,
ae ‘ ' F ‘ acts ; UY
1 ty! _ * oh v
oy Fe he ee Pre weed ~ 4 4 ry

178 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

be brought into the pelvic inlet, the position should be con-
verted into an anterior presentation. If the hind-limbs are
more accessible and can be brought into the inlet with less
difficulty, convert the position into a posterior presentation.
The flaxseed injections into the womb, together with the con-
tractions of the womb, and the operator forcing
the foetus forward within the womb in an_ oblique
direction, opposite that of the part which is to be
brought into the inlet, will, in many cases, cause,

Fig. 38.
TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION WITH SHOULDER AND LOIN
PRESENTED. (FOAL).

the body of the foetus to glide around the inner
surface of the womb, until a convenient part presents.
Now the operator must ascertain if the limbs, and if anterior
presentation, the limbs and head, are in the proper post

tion (See Figs. 17 and 18), before bringing them into the

passage. If they are not, adjust them and bring into the

passage by means of the hand, or if much traction is nec-

essary, a rope may be used with advantage. Put in either
\ : 5 he . | v4 wie

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMAL®, 179

case it will be necessary to guide the foetus with the hand.
‘The Ewe and Goat will require the same matipulation as
the Mare and Cow. With the Bitch and Cat the foetus will
be more successfully turned into a normal presentation bv
neans of the forceps and external abdominal manipvla-
tions.

BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION:

In this position the foetus is placed horizontally across
tl:e wornb, the legs flexed or extended toward the inle<.
On examination, as the operator passes the hand to

Fig. 39.

TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION: SHOULDER AND LOIN
PRESENTED. (FOAL.)

explore the parts, it first encounters the feet—usually all
four of them. They may be in the womb doubled against

the body of the foetus, or they may be in the genital canal,

and even protrude from the vulva. In the majority oi
cases, either the hind-quarters or the fore-quarters are near
the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of that part
being further advanced than those of the other. The direc-

‘ tion of the head must be ascertained, which is readily de-

}
RA i ae Nad for’ Pa Ie et A ‘iy pte
WEAN AES Chainer a ; ‘; r : .

Pela ve Ne ct ee al SONY ef mid? or Sees
PR Ry oe OME 8c AN | rn Rees Rog Three Ree | "Ss ig Pe ff } + Nie vy) - he, Rapes ay ‘

180 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

termined if the head can be felt. If this is impossible, then
a careful examination of the limbs will be necessary. To
distinguish between the hind-limbs and the fore-limbs,
read the paragraph explaining this, under How to Make
Successful Examinations in Difficult Parturition. It must
be remembered that in this presentation, the fore-limbs and
hind-limbs are across each other, when engaged in the gen-
ital passage. The hind-limbs, crossing the fore-limbs, are
pointing towards the head or anterior part of the body of
the foetus; while the fore-limbs, crossing the hind-limbs,

{ff
ye

Fig. 40.

TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION: BREAST AND ABDOMEN
PRESENTED, HEAD AND FEET ENGAGED. (FOAL).

point toward the posterior part of the foetus. As a rule,
this is not a very serious presentation. The gravity of the
case depends somewhat upon the length of time labour has:

been in progress. It is impossible for birth to occur while |

the foetus is in this position, and if the mother does not

receive the necessary aid in due time, her straining may —

not only cause the death of the foetus, but the mother will
likewise perish from prostration.

” >»

*» « “_ Te |

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 18tf

TREATMENT.—Generally the operator will find it
advantageous to convert the position into a posterior presen-
tation and deliver the hind feet first. Fasten well greased
ropes around the limbs which are to be extracted first. If
only one hind-foot and one fore-foot are engaged in the pas-

sage, fasten a rope around one hind foot and search for the

other one: secure it, and bring it into the passage. Now re-
turn the presenting fore-limb to the womb, forcing it as far

Fig. 41.

“TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION: BREAST AND ABDOMEN

PRESENTED, HIND-LIMBS MOST ADVANCED, HEAD
RETAINED. (CALF).

in as possible, apply traction and deliver.

If all four feet are presented in the passage, fasten
ropes to the hind feet; then return the fore-feet as far as
possible within the womb. Sometimes this is more easily

- accomplished by flexing the fore-limbs at the knee, until

ay na te . vey
P n ‘ 4
s/h ve hig "i. \« Hie kom \

bal

182 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

the foot rests against the elbow; then force it within the

womb in a downward direction, while the assistant draws
upon the hina-feet. With this manipulation the foetus will
generally straighten out, and with slight traction birth will
soon be completed. But when the hind-legs, croup, and

hips have been delivered, the operator should pass his hand >

between the belly of the foetus and the floor of the genital
canal, to ascertain if the fore-limbs have become cramped
or fastened within the inlet. If so, straighten them by
pushing them inward, for if not straightened, serious results
might follow. Even if the head is engaged along with all
four limbs in the passage, it is preferable to return it to
the womb in a downward direction along with the fore-
limbs, and that delivery be made with the hind-feet first.
It is well that he operator bear in mind the necessity
of the back of the foetus being placed against the back of the
mother, before attempting delivery, whatever the presenta-
tion may be. ;
In those cases in which the foetus has the limbs
doubled against he body, and can only be touched with the
tips of the fingers of the operator, the hind-quarters of the
mother should be lowered by placing her on a sloping floor
—-on the back if necessary; an assistant then manipulates

the foetus through the abdominal wall, so as to move it.

toward the inlet, where one or more of its limbs may be
secured by the operator. The procedure will then be the
same as the above. |

In the breast and abdominal presentation, if it is found
impossible to force the foetus back into the womb and the
foetus is dead, there should be no hesitation about resort-
ing to embryotomy (which see). |

The foregoing indications and treatment are applicable
to the Sheep and Goat, as well as the Mare and Cow. With

the Bitch and Cat, the foetus can be more successfully
turned or converted into a normal presentation, by means —

t .

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. r wy o\ Jas BP Pere

OBSFETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 183
Fe

_ of the forceps (Fig. 56), and external abdominal manipu-
lation.

MALPRESENTATIONS OF TWIN. FOETUSES.

Difficult parturition is sometimes present during the
delivery of twin foetuses. This is usually due either to one
or both presenting in a malposition, or both presenting at
the inlet together. As they cannot pass through the canal
together, hence the difficulty. For illustration of Twin
Foetuses in the Normal Position, see Fig. 11.

On examination, it is sometimes found that the limbs

of the twins are so interlaced that they are separated only

with the greatest difficulty. But they must be separated ;
and then the operator has to determine which one presents
the most favorably. If assistance is not afforded before
both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet, the opera-
tor will experience great difficulty in adjusting them. But
if distinguished before entering the inlet, but little trouble
need be arfticipated.

TREATMENT.—After untangling and selecting the
_ foetus which presents the most favorably, fasten ropes to
the head and fore-limbs or to the hind-limbs, as the presen-
tation may be, and arrange them in a direction proper for
delivery. Then an assistant by means of the ropes, draws
the foetus toward the outlet, while the operator pushes the
other foetus back into the womb. After delivering the first
one, search for the other, which probably will be in a mal-
- position, requiring adjustment before it can be born. The
procedure in this case will be the same as if only a single
foetus had been delivered.

184 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

MECHANICAL MEANS AND INSTRUMENTS
USED FOR THE EXTRACTION OF
THE: PCETUS:

MECHANICAL DILATATION OF THE MOUTH OF
THE WOMB.

If the fingers and hand are to afford the means for dila-

tation of the mouth of the womb, they must be well oiled,

-or smeared with extract of belladonna, and introduced in
the form of a cone, towards the mouth; if they cannot he
passed into the canal in this shape, then the insertion of one

Fig. X.
WOMB DILATOR.

finger may be attempted, followed by a second, and so on
until the hand has been pushed through. Very frequently
this cannot be accomplished at the first trial, nor yet at the
second: but with patience and judgment it rarely fails, and
if conducted with the care and gentleness which all opera-

tions of this kind should receive, such manipulation may be

attempted without the least danger at intervals of a few
hours, until crowned with success. The condition of the

mouth of the womb should be ascertained, after a certain

period has elapsed since the last attempt, every precaution

dl " rd \ } is ? AaB Ady eee 6 Xe

‘ i
ong

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 185

being adopted to prevent injury ; and an entrance to it ought
only to be effected when the resistance has greatly dimin-
ished, and can easily be overcome.

Mechanical dilatation of the mouth of the womb by
means of the sponge tent has been much and successfully
employed. The tent can usually be purchased at the drug-
gist’s, but if not it is easily made as described in the treat--
ment of sterility (which see). Of course, the size of the
tent varies according to the size of the animal. The sponge-
tent is especially indicated when the object is to induce la-
bour.

The womb dilator (Fig. X) is very useful, as it dilates
the mouth of the womb in the same manner as the natural
“water-bag.”’ The bag (A) when in an empty condition, is
introduced into the mouth of the womb by means of a
whalebone sound or director (B), which fits into a small
pocket (C) at the side; it is pushed through the canal until
the pocket end projects into the womb; then warm water is
steadily injected into it by means of the tube and bulb (D)
attached to the other end. When filled with water the bag
remains in the mouth of the womb, in consequence of the
middle portion being narrower than the two ends. A sim-
pler, and perhaps as useful, a contrivance, can be construct-
ed from the fresh bladder of an animal securely tied to a
bulb syringe and used in the same manner as Fig. X. Also
see treatment for Hurried Labour in Normal Parturition.

CORDS—ROPES—BANDS.

Ropes and bands are, of all mechanical means, the
most useful in veterinary obstetricy. They vary in thick-
ness and length; they are usually about five or six feet in
length, and if spun rope, from a quarter to half an inch or
more thick. At one end may be a loop (Fig. 42), or iron
ring (Fig. 50), by which to form a running noose (Fig.
42). Ifa somewhat stiff loop is required, it is very useful

Diy 2 ; ; i p ; # \ 4 e 4

186 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

to have a long piece of. copper wire twined in the cord.
Ropes should be thoroughly cleansed and greased before
using. As ropes readily absorb germs and septic matter,
it is never safe to use the same rope a second time. Some
practitioners are very careless about this, and the result is
usually unsatisfactory. -

For the jaw the cord should be rather thin and soft,
but strong. To render a hard cord softer, it may be par-
tially untwisted at the part intended to go around a portion
of the foetus.

Wihen running knots or loops are made, these should
be so tied that there is no chance of their becoming untied
through slipping, when they come in contact with lubricat-

Fig. 42-A.

TRACTION CORD AND BAND. TRACTION CORD.

“THE MANNER OF APPLYING THEM.

ing fluids and are strained. Whatever is used for this pur-

pose should be very pliable, and yet sufficiently strong to ©

withstand energetic pulling.

A very good traction cord is made as illustrated in

Fig. 42-B. This is merely a cord with a running noose at ‘ig

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 187

one end, and a small piece of round wood at the other, to
give the assistant a better hold, and enable him to use more
force. This is applied in the same manner as Fig. 42-A.
Either mode, Fig. 42-A or B, will be found very simple and
convenient to apply, especially to the limbs.

MANNER OF APPLYING, FIG. 42-A and B.—
Gather the fingers together so as to form a kind of cone, on
which the running noose of the cord is placed, as in Fig.
42-A. The noose is kept in its place on the fingers, in
tightening the cord, by the free portion which passes along
the under side of the hand and arm; unless this precaution
is adopted, the noose will be pushed back over the hand
when introduced into the vagina. The hand and cord being
oiled, are introduced into the passage, and when the foot
is reached it is seized in the fingers; these are then suddenly
bent, so as to shorten the cone and*cause the noose to run
onto the pastern by a gentle pull of the cord, which can then
be tightened and given to an assistant. The neck of the
lower jaw is “corded” in a similar manner ; the mouth of
the foetus being opened, the noose is passed around the
neck of the lower jaw, and the knot or loop placed beneath
the chin.

Cords are very useful and can be applied to any por-
tion of the body. When long cords are used, and energetic
traction is likely to be employed, knots should be tied at
intervals, to prevent the hands of the assistant slipping.

HEAD-COLLAR, HEAD-CORD, OR HALTER.

As before mentioned, the interdental space, or “neck’”
of the iaw is convenient for the attachment of the cord; but
it will be found in practice, that if the noose does not slip
off the iaw, which is often the case, should the traction be
at all energetic, the bones will probably be smashed, the foe-
tus, if alive, irreparably damaged. It is, therefore, very
Wy important that the head-collar be placed on the foetus

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188 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

whenever it will accomplish the desired effect, in preference :

to the cording of the jaws.

The Head-collar illustrated in Fig. 43 is one of the
best patterns, is simple and easily constructed, and can be
adjusted to any sized head. It is made from a long piece
of cord with a loop or eyelet at one end, and at a certain
distance from this—from fourteen to sixteen inches—a sec-
ond loop. The other end of the cord is passed through the
first loop, so as to make a noose which goes round the neck

Fig. 43.
HEAD COLLAR.

of the foetus; then through the second loop which goes
round the lower part of the head, and may be made large

or small. The remaining portion is used for traction. This _

head-collar is held at its upper part by the index-finger and
thumb, passed into the genital canal or womb, where it is
placed on the head of the foetus and the sides applied to the
cheeks; the lower portion, which was open, is now closed

by running the end of the cord through the second loop,

Wik.

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OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 189

by which the head is firmly secured, as in Fig. 43. (Also
see Fig. 44, which is constructed with a metal runner.) lt
is now ready for traction.

Fig. 44.

HEAD COLLAR PLACED ON CALF’S HEAD, THE RIGHT
FORE-PASTERN BEING ALSO CORDED.

WIRE EXTRACTOR FOR THE SMALL ANIMALS.

With the Sow, Bitch, Cat, and sometimes the Ewe,
cords cannot be passed around the head of the foetus, be-
cause of the want of space; and on the same grounds for-
ceps are objectionable. With these animals it is essential
that the traction force should be applied behind the head.
Therefore the wire extractor will be a very useful appara-
tus for this purpose. It consists merely of two very pliable
copper or brass wires—twisted picture-frame wire has
been found to answer admirably—but remember any kind
of wire must be thoroughly cleansed before used—about
sixteen inches in length, and looped in the middle, so as to
-be applied to the foetus in the following manner: The first
finger of the left hand being passed into the vagina, serves
to guide one of the loops towards the summit of and behind

190 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

}

the foetal head; and it then conducts the loop of the other
wire beneath the head behind the jaw. This done, the two
wires on each side are twisted by a little machine (Fig. 45)
composed of a thin rod in a handle, the other end of which
is thickened and pierced by holes running nearly parallel to
the stalk. Into these holes the two wires of one side are

Fig. 45.
WIRE-EXTRACTOR.

passed, then the two on the other side into the other ma-
chine; the machine on each side is pulled up as close as
possible to the head of the foetus, and then, each being
turned round three or four times, the neck is enclosed in a
kind of noose or collar formed by the two wires (Fig. 46).
The rods are now withdrawn from the wires and the foetus

Fig. 46.
WIRE-EXTRACTOR APPLIED.

can be extracted by exercising traction (see Traction) on
the ends of the four wires outside the vulva. By this con-
trivance, delivery is effected without injury to the mother,
and, unless it is much decomposed, without separating the
head of the foetus. | |

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 191

TUBE AND NOOSE.

A much simpler and readier apparatus, than the wire
extractor, is the tube and noose. In some cases it can be
successfully employed with Sows, Ewes, and Goats; but it
is especially adapted to the small Bitch and Cat.

The tube consists of a tubular piece of round wood,
from four to six inches long, and half an inch thick. The

Fig. 47.
TUBE AND NOOSE.

noose consists of catgut or wire, either of copper, brass, or
iron (catgut is preferable), about sixteen inches long; this
is doubled, passed through the tube to a certain extent, so as
to form a loop or noose at the end (Fig. 47). When it is
to be used, the first finger of the left hand carries the loop
into the vagina of the mother, and slips it behind the head
of the foetus; then the two ends of the wire are passed
through the tube, and this is pushed into the vagina under

Fig. 48. .
NOOS FIXED ON THE FOETUS.

the chin of the foetus; the operator now tightef&s and se-
cures the wire, by giving it a turn around the first finger
of his right hand, placing his thumb at the end of the tube
(Fig. 48). A little traction then extracts the foetus, and
without doing it or the mother the ieast damage. Even the
tiniest toy terriers have been extracted alive in this manner,

when aid was giyen in time.

eye Re Sabie aatwh
Won eter at yee WR LS 4

aiid Far

192 OnSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

PORTE-CORD OR PASS.

The arm of the operator may not be sufficiently long

to pass cords to the region where they might be most effec-

tively fixed, or the contractions of the womb paralyze the
hand of the operator. In such circumstances the porte-cord,

or pass-cord is of great service. The instrument is of two —

shapes, straight and curved.
The Straight Porte-cord is usually a rod of three-eighth
inch iron, furnished with a wooden handle at one end, and an

Fig. 49.
DARREAU’S REPELLER, ARMED WITH A RUNNING NOOSE.

eyelet or double opening at the other to receive the cord.

It is used to pass the traction cord around the limbs, or the.

neck of the lower jaw. After fixing the traction cord to the
part, the porte-cord may be removed. And if it is con-

structed as in Fig. 49, if not removed from the traction cord,

it may also be most serviceable as a repeller in pushing the
foetus forward in the womb. Two of these may be used
at the same time, on two limbs. ; |

The Curved Porte-cord has its uses in certain cases

when the straight one cannot be serviceable—as in passing’

a cord round the head or bent neck, thighs, or loins.

Fig. 50.

GUNTHER’S CURVED PORTE-CORD AND BLUNT CROCHET
ARMED WITH A CCRD AND RING.

The curved porte-cord (Fig. 50) is constructed from a

rod of three-eighth inch iron. One end is curved and furnish-

with an eyelet through which the traction cord is threaded.

The other end is provided with a wooden handle. The trac-

—

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x ote Be ge : ! vi ata ce

OBSTETFRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 193

tion cord to be introduced by the curved porte-cord, has
only a loop or ring—no noose—at the end of it. The
curved portion is pushed around the part of the foetus to be
secured, and the hand, leaving it, is passed to the opposite
side of the part, where it searches for the loop or ring,
which, when found, is drawn into the genital canal. The
porte-cord is then withdrawn, the traction cord remaining
around the part; the free end of the cord is passed through
the loop or ing, and being pulled at, the limb, neck, body,
or whatever it may be, is secured in the noose so formed,
and traction can be directly exerted upon it.

REPERRER. OR CRUTCH:

When it is necessary to repel or force the foetus farther
into the womb, away from the inlet, it must not be forgot-
ten that the hand and arm are the safest and most perfect of
instruments, and should always be preferred—at least at
_first—to the repeller or crutch. For the hand feels the
_ parts on which it is placed; it adapts itself more exactly to
the surfaces with which it comes in contact; it perceives
the resistance they offer, and warns the operator as to the
amount of force necessary to effect a certain object; where-
as the presence of a hard and rigid instrument increases the
contractions of the womb, and however well applied it may
be, it may suddenly glide off rounded and slippery surfaces
and cause serious injury.

Nevertheless, there may be and often are, occasions
when the hand cannot accomplish what is necessary in the
way of retropulsion, and it is then that the repeller is most
useful; an assistant can maintain the body of the foetus
some distance from the pelvis by this instrument, while the
hand of the operator is making the necessary rectifications ;
the operator is therefore much relieved, and to some extent

he is also exempted from the difficulty and fatigue caused .

by. the contractions of the womb.

The repeller or crutch is see es ok oy iron, and is
eae Rs te is au iM

194 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. |

between two and three feet in length; it has a handle at one
end, and a concave transverse piece, like the head of a
crutch at the other. This piece may be either solid or joint- wenitul
ed. The jointed repeller (Figs. 51 and 52) is preferable, as —
it can be closed, making it safer and easier to introduce into |
the vagina and womb. The crutch end being carefully
carried by one hand through the genital canal, towards the

BM Bcc Nae ! Beis
JOINT REPELLER CLOSED.

foetus, is applied to the most convenient part of the a is

foetus; while the handle is seized in the other hand, and

force can be effected either by this hand, the breast of the —
operator, or an assistant. (For Repeller armed with a ee
tion cord, see Fig. 49.) aa
Retropulsion, or the forcing of the foetus away frond
the inlet or mouth of the womb, should only be effected in ine
the intervals between straining “labour pains”; during these vay |

Fig. 52.
JOINT REPELLER OPEN.

“pains” the foetus should simply be held firmly in ee
therefore resisting the expulsive efforts.

operator must guide and ieapowin it See the. foetus, t
; prevent it slipping and injuring the maternal organs.

ah eee so tf is Heatly always necessa
igs Hi

Onsrerrics—DomesticaTen ts: 195

may be readily seized again and brought into the pelvic
‘ cavity. Again the attention of the operator is called to
ae the fact, that, retropulsion must be effected in the interval
between the labour pains; while traction must be effected
during the labour pains.

CROTCHETS OR HOOKS.

-. Crotchets or hooks are iron or steel instruments of varia- i
ble dimensions, more or less curved at one end—which is

Hig, (da:
ence SHORT BLUNT CROCHET.

blunt, sharp, or pointed—the other end having a ring, or
eyelet if short, a handle if long. The long crotchet (Figs.
bri 50 and 55) is from thirty to thirty-six inches in length, and hii
tae acts directly on the foetus without any other appliance ithe ay re
hg _ tervening ; while the short hooks (Figs. 53 and 5A) have

‘cords attached to them, or they may fit on the finger of the

’)

rie BLUNT FINGER ¢ CROTCHET.

int : operator by means ‘of a ring (Fie. 54). When using the
be long or short sharp pointed crotchets, the hand must act as
is a, or shield to ng the — oa aves the ‘

196 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ed to be implanted in the foetus, this shield may be removed
from the point, and withdrawn from the genital organs_
by pulling at the end of the twine outside the vulva. The
curve of the sharp crotchet should not be very wide; it
should not be greater than the hand can cover, as it then
can be held in a manner that will obviate injury to the op-
erator as well as to the mother. The curve of the blunt
crotchet should not be over four inches wide

The blunt crotchets are more particularly resorted to
when the fogtus is alive, and it is hoped to extract it be-
fore it is dead. The finger crotchet may be usefully em-
ployed when the hand is fatigued or paralyzed by the con-
tractions of the womb. Blunt crotchets of a much. smaller
size than those required for the larger animals can be most
successfully employed in delivering the Sow, Ewe, Goat.
Bitch, or:Cat:

Hie, 55.
LONG POINTED CROCHET.

The crotchet affords a simple means of getting hold
of the foetus in regions of its body which the hand cannot
possibly reach, or if it did, where it could do very little ser-
vice either from the shape of the part, its slipperiness, or the
paralyzing effect of the contractions of the womb on the
hand and arm of the operator. When it is necessary to
implant this instrument into the muscular tissue, the sharp

pointed crotchet is usually resorted to. When blunt

crotchets are employed in this manner, except in cavities,
it will be necessary to make an incision through the skin

before they can be inserted. Crotchets may be implanted in
the muscular tissues of the croup, thighs, loins, and neck, . ‘i
as the skin offers a good amount of resistance. But from")
the fragile and yielding nature of the textures, it must be

Yi ,

borne in mind that the hand of the operator should nev np oa

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 197

leave the crotchet while traction is made on it, and that its
position must be most attentively noted, in order to guard
against accidents arising from its tearing away. For should
the tissues suddenly give way and the crotchet slip into the
maternal organs, serious, if not fatal, injuries may be in-
flicted ; or the hand or arm of the operator may be the part
to suffer. Therefore the necessity that the hand of the op-
erator diligently guide the crotchet, and note its effects and
movements; while, at the same time, he must vigilantly ex-
ercise his judgment in directing his assistants as to the

amount and direction of the force they are to use, so as to.

proportion it according to the resistance of the tissues in
which the crotchet is fixed, and to desist from traction as
soon as there is a likelihood of the instrument breaking
away or slipping.

The cavity of the eye affords a good point for implant-
ing the blunt crotchet, especially if the foetus is dead, as
does also the angle of the lower jaw, and the ear, on par-
ticular occasions. But in this, as when implanted into the
muscular tissue, the crotchet must be carefully watched,
avoiding the tearing of the tissues of these parts.

Tt is astonishing how quickly wounds will heal that
have been effected in the live foetus by the implanting of
the crotchet. When the foetus is dead, and especially if
very much decayed, it is advisab!e to implant the crotchet at
a point where it will become fixed beneath some of the
bones, as this will prevent it from tearing out so easily.

BORCEDPS,

The Forceps have not yielded much service to the vet-
erinary obstetrist, except with the smaller animals. The
Bitch forceps (Fig. 56) has in some cases proved service-
able with the Ewe, Goat, Sow, Bitch, and Cat. The forceps
are held in position by one eal while the other hand or a

finger of the other hand (according to the size of the ani-

ir roduces. and guides ie gh tee and at Ws ms
5 sat sl Ap NEN Hey 3 ig ee i ~ ay tom f., Wf fi

198 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS,

part of the foetus to be seized to be reached by the opera-
tor, either with the view of extracting the young creature
or changing its position, acording to indications. An essen-
tial which should not be lost sight of-in the forceps for —
such small animals as the Bitch and Cat, is that the blades
should be sufficiently long to seize not only the head, but
much, if not all the body of the foetus. For as the neck
of the foetus in these animals is almost as thick as its head,
unless the blades of the forceps are sufficiently long to
grasp a portion of its body, the head will slip from between
the blades. |

With the small animals the head of the foetus is only — aa

Fig. 56.
BITCH FORCEPS.

a trifle less than the diameter of the pelvis. Therefore, it

can be readily seen, that when the blades of the forceps are
passed on the head of the foetus, the head and the forceps
combined constitute a mass greater than the pelvic cavity
will permit to pass through it; so that delivery becomes im-
possible. Especially is this the case with the smail Bitch |
and Cat, and for this reason recourse to the forceps is sel-
dom indicated; and if delivery is to be effected, a means —
must be substituted which presents less inconvenience.

Therefore it is that the Wire Extractor (Figs. 45 and 46) jee
or the Tube and Noose (Figs. 47 and 48) are to be pecferiag a

- OpstETRICS—DomEsTICATED ANIMALS. 199

-TRACTION—THE EMPLOYMENT OF FORCE IN
YO DERE PRTURITION:

An important question to be considered is the employ-
ment of force in the artificial extraction of the foetus. For,
as has been shown, more or less energetic traction is very
frequently needed to remove it from its parent ; and those

who are inexperienced in animal obstetrics, are sometimes
astonished on hearing of the amount of pulling which the
foetus has to undergo, and the parent sustain, before deliv-
ery can be effected in some cases. It is a subject well de-
serving the attention of the obstetrist, and especially the
junior practitioner. The indications for traction have been
given in the preceding subjects, and will not be alluded to
again.

When traction is required, if the patient be a Mare or
‘Cow, the operator should be supplied with from six to ten
assistants: one to be placed at the head of the animal, an-
other holding the rope which confines the limbs of the ani-

“mal and prevents it doing damage,.a third to hold the tail,

a fourth to assist the operator, and the other two or six (ac-

cording to the amount of traction to be employed) to pull

at the foetus when necessary.

In the Mare and Cow, moderate traction consists of the
combined streneth of two or three strong men _ pulling
steadily together with all their force. Energetic traction
consists of the combined strength of from three to six
strong men pulling in the same manner. Moderate traction

usually is sufficient, if well managed. Energetic traction is

always dangerous and should not be resorted to unless ab-
an) SOlitely necessary.
‘ The operator’s assistants should be strong, and have
4 has had some experience in handling animals. Precautions
should be adopted to prevent accidents—especially to the

ae j assistants—from the struggles or defensive movements of
3 animal ; and: when t traction is employed, Ry is great

200 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

danger of dragging the animal backward and causing ser-
ious injury. Therefore, it is obvious that it is necessary to
render the creature immovable by passing cords, bands, or @
sack behind the thighs and above the hocks, bringing the
ends against the animal’s shoulders, and maintaining them
there by attaching them to the manger or any other part
sufficiently strong. A wooden bar placed behind the thighs
and secured to the stall-posts, is also serviceable; as is like-
wise an ordinary harness breeching, the front parts being
secured to rings in the wall or manger. When the operator
gives the signal, the assistants should pull together without
jerking, in a steady and energetic manner, in a straight
line behind the animal. The direction of the tractton may, |
however, be a little downward in the anterior presentation,
until the withers have passed the inlet. The operator
stands behind the mother, his hands on the sides of the
vulva, which he depresses with the border of one hand,
while with the back of it he separates the lips of the vulva
and prevents their being abraded by the traction cord. It
| is better to engage only one shoulder of the foetus at a time,
ge if possible ; and when the breast and one shoulder have been
carried into the passage, then the other shoulder is brought
forward by directing the assitants to pull a trifle to the op-
a posite side. By acting in this way with care, and by slow, +
cy though continued efforts while the parent is straining, de-
livery will be effected, if this be possible bv traction. The
operator must not act huriedly or bruesquely, and his hand
i should carefully attend the advance of the foetus ;. facilitat-
ing its passage, and aiding the progress of the haunches
by passing his open hand between them and the maternal
pelvis. |
In the: posterior presentation, when at least one ee Mae
ant must be told off to each cord, the traction should be a |
moderate, or even gentle at first, until the operator’s hand © a
has adjusted the foetus as much as possible. In addition, i iis
the operator, besides directing his assistants, must frequent= a4

—_— >

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OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 201

ly himself guide the traction by the disengaged hand, and
personally exert himself in the extraction of the young crea-
ture—separating the lips of the vulva, and pressing them
towards the pelvis, when they are pushed outwards by the
advancing foetus; lubricating the foetus and genital canal
when necessary, with flaxseed tea, etc.

; When powerful traction is required, great attention
' is necessary in guiding the foetus through the genital canal,
so as to prevent injury to the parent. The traction should

cease in the intervals between the labour pains, and the ef-
forts ought not to be continuous; the animal should be al-
lowed intervals of rest, and time be given the genital canal
to dilate and adapt itself to the passage of the foetus.
Severe and injudicious traction may be productive of the
most serious results. Even when the operation is nearly
terminated, care will be required in order to prevent inver-
sion of the womb. This accident may be obviated by care-
ful manipulation, and abundant injection of emollient
fluids, as flaxseed tea, or linseed jelly.

When energetic traction is required, and it is impos-
sible to obtain the proper amount of reliable assistants,
hitching the Horse or Ox to the foetus has been resorted
to, but this is barbarous and cruel and should never be prac-
ticed, as it is impossible to obtain the even traction which
is desired (without jerks) with the power of the Horse or
Ox; the young creature being simply torn through the ma-
ternal passage; therefore the obstetric machine (Fig. 57)
will be of the greatest utility, and operators need not hesi-
tate to employ it, as this machine has been tested and re-
ceives the highest praise. Not only can a greater tractile
force be developed by it, but this force may be diminished
or increased at will, and as gradually as circumstances may
require, and without the jerks which are sometimes so

__ troublesome and disastrous, when it is impossible to per-
3 suade five or six men to pull evenly together. ‘The obstet-
esses against the hind-quarters of the Ppar-

Ye Fala gen

of the animal, the space for the passage of the foetus bein

202 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

turient animal, and owing to its construction it cannot only
develop a very energetic extractive force in the gentlest and
most inoffensive way possible, but itself produces the coun-
ter-extention in an exactly proportionate degree. 3
The principal parts of the machine are: A kind of
horse-collar (Fig. 57, A) with three stalks (B, C, D) in-
termediate between this collar, and a broad, fixed, female
screw (E), which receives a movable screw rod (H), that |
bears a revolving hook and chain (K) at one end; the other

ANS Wo
“asa 7.

Fig. 57.
OBSTETRIC MACHINE. Zz
¥:

end of the chain has also a hook to which the cord or cords. —
fixed on the foetus are attached. The collar (A) is made ; oo
of several pieces of light wood superposed, and bound to- |

gether by an iron band applied to the opposite surface of
that which is to be applied to the animal. This band is per-
forated by three screw holes placed in a triangular posi- as
tion, and which receive the iron stalks. The inner face of |

the collar is so fashioned as to fit closely on the hind parts — nee

easy
A) Pearse Bate
oe ee rr y
Bey rs

Pe Sols

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 203

about twenty inches in diameter. The intermediate stalks
(B, C, D) serve to transmit to the collar the pressure ex-
ercised by the female screw ; they are about forty inches long,
and each is composed of two pieces, one of these being
hollow (4, 5, 6), the other solid (1, 2, 3); consequently, one
fits into the other, and the end opposite the collar enters
one of the openings in the flange of the female screw (E);
. a small thumb-screw (7, 8, 9) secures the two portions of
the stalk. The female screw (E) is of iron or copper, the
flange being of wood, and its circumference provided with
two handles to hold it firmly when the machine is in use.
The male screw (H) is of iron, and screwed to the right;
one extremity articulates with the turning-hook (I); it is
screwed in the contrary direction to the principal portion,
‘so as not to become unscrewed during the operation; the
other end has a four-branched windlass (L), which can be
removed at will. |
To use the machine, the animal is made to lie; the
cords are attached to the foetus in the usual manner; the
windlass handle is put on its place; the screwed stalk (H)
is introduced into the female screw to about as far as J;
the collar is applied to the animal’s croup, and the three
long stalks are fixed—one end in the collar, the other in the
flange of the female screw. An assistant keeps the machine
in equilibrium by placing one of his hands on one of the
forked handles (F, G) of the flange, while the other hand
rests firmly on the ground. Another assitant, the cord at-
tached to the foetus being fixed in the hook at the end of
the chain (K), slowly turns the windlass in such a direc-
tion as will bring the extremity of the stalk (1) towards the
flange, while the operator superintends the extraction in the
| same manner as when manual power is employed. Giving

the same attention and observing the same precautions. If _
it is desired to slightly change the direction of traction, as is
- recommended in some of the presentations, it can be easily
ih : varied upwards, downwards, or to one side or the other,

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ch tae ul { wey j ; 2 Pe ‘
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dy Meu. y Mh . Ae tle aS Me , OT eee SLs eet owe rie
Ona) se hed ee: xa “oan pee * ST i Atte, bee a9 AUR) os ee 5 “at
b, wih Olah int, sth iv ‘ Ole aye! Ng Al
a f , y vf Nes Wilh ee dar NEG oe eee’ CS te WA 1S Deen)

pe
hi
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204 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

by having an assistant press against the cord or cords, so as
to give these the necessary direction.

With the Ewe, Goat, Sow, Bitch, and Cat, the operator
himself applies the needed force, though an assistant is us-
ually necessary to hold the creature. Generally, very little
traction can be made because of the danger of tearing the
foetus in pieces, and what is employed should be gentle and
sustained ; indeed, the foetus should be held steady, traction
only made during the expulsive efforts of the mother, and
then lightly and steadily. |

EMBRYOTOMY.

EMBRYOTOMY, is the name given to every opera-
tion which has for its object the reduction in volume of the
foetus at parturition, by mutilating or dividing it; so as to
allow it to be extracted by portions when it cannot be deliv-
ered whole. }

The fact that only one hand can be employed in the
womb, that this organ is applied close.to the foetus when
the “waters” have escaped for some time, that the mem-_
branes are adhesive and cling to the fingers, and that the
flaccid tissues of the young creature glide away from the cut-
ting instrument—-as they can only be rendered tense in cer-
tain circumstances by the cords or crotchets—and as the
operation must be effected either in the genital canal or in —

iat the cavity of the womb, the manipulation of cutting instru-

ments in such a confined space by one hand, under all the
disadvantages of distance from the operator, the struggles

and paralyzing straining of the mother, and without the aid

of vision to guide and direct, renders the task peculiarly —

ia difficult and dangerous. It is sometimes difficult

oe to distinguish what belongs to the foetus and what

) to the mother. Such cases should only be attempted by an
experienced operator; the amateur should never attempt BA
embryotomy unless he is sure of the part he is about to re 53

a
,

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 205

move, as a mistake would undoubtedly prove fatal to the
miother.

Embryotomy may be practiced on the head, limbs, or
body; but the instruments which are recommended for per-
forming this operation must be noticed first, as well as the
preliminary arrangements.

EMBRYOTOMY, INSTRUMENTS.

The straight embryotome (Fig. 58) and the curved em-
bryotome (Fig. 59) are good and convenient instruments.
The hole at the opposite end of the blade in Fig. 59 is ad-

Fig. 58.
STRAIGHT EMBRYOTOME.

Fig. 59.
CURVED EMBRYOTOME.

vantageous; as a cord or tape can be passed through the
hole and tied around the wrist, to prevent the knife slipping
from the finger and falling into the cavity of the womb.
Indeed, this is a wise precaution with all short instruments
introduced into the genital organs, as the contractions of the

womb, struggles of the animal, and the position of the hand, —
as well as the slipperiness caused by the presence of mucus, |

etc., often render the hold of the instrument very insecure.

_ The middle finger of the operating hand is passed through
the ring and the other fingers enclose the blade, which is

\ 1

ee :
2 iy Ee “
Soe Sie ae

206 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. f

® i

in this way safely conveyed to the part of the foetus which 1 is

- to be incised. The finger knife is the most useful instru-
ment in embryotomy.

After an incision has been made in the skin, the spat-
ula is used to separate it from the textures beneath. Usual-
ly this can be accomplished with the fingers, but if the fin- |
gers become fatigued the spatula will be of much service.

The section of bones, though not frequently, is some-
times required; for this purpose chisels, and saws are em-
ployed. The sharp or cutting edges of these must be

Fig. 60.

een. Fig. 61.
BONE-CHISEL.

‘i Fig. 62.
a BONE SAW. _ Xt

| guarded or shielded by the hand when introducing them
ee into the genital canal and womb.

PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR
EMBRYOTOMY.

Being satisfied that nothing remains to be done to pre-
serve the life of the parent but removing the foetus piece- — |
meal, the operator has to decide, from the nature of the ~ i
case, how this is to be affected; that is, under the circiime: uly
stances, which part of the foetus is to be removed first. te Ca

The se eaal tt MSE be detached oe the dinate es,

A
,

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 207

tion being! the one best suited for such an operation; or it
may be tied by the head to a stake, by a rather long heada-
rope. A rug or blanket should be passed round the hind-
quarters, a little above the hocks, the ends being held by
assistants standing towards the shoulders of the animal.
This precaution is required to steady the creature, to keep
it in a standing position, and to assist it in resisting the
traction generally employed in removing the foetus. It may
be necessary if the animal is much exhausted, to adminis-
er several quarts of meal or flour gruel as a stimulant be-
fore commencing embryotomy. If the animal is suffering
much pain, administer a dose of hydrate of chloral about
ten or fifteen minutes before commencing the operation.

DOSE.—Hydrate of Chloral-— Mare and Cow, one

ounce; Ewe and Sow, one drachm; Bitch and Cat, five

grains. Dissolve in water and give as a drench.

PUNCTURE OF THE CRANIUM, OR SKULL.

It is sometimes necessary to puncture the cranium in
order to allow the escape of fluids. Especially is this neces-
sary when the head is enlarged from an excessive accumu-
lation of water or fluid. The puncture may be made by the
finger-knife, or even the finger in certain cases. The fluid
having escaped, the thin fragile bones of the cranium read-
ily collapse from the pressure they undergo in the pelvic
cavity; so that the head and body can be removed by trac-
tion.

AMPUTATION OF THE HEAD. (DECAPITATION.)

Is an operation which consists in separating the nead

completely from the body, so as to allow these parts to be

removed one after the other, is not very often required;
and fortunately so, as it is not without great danger to the
parent. ‘More be ee the head is only partially re-

moved.

When se eo in er eee: passage, the head may

208 OvsSTETRICS—--DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

prove a troublesome obstacle to the performance of those
mianeuvers necessary for the reduction or adjustment of
the other parts; as it may not be possible either to advance
or repel it, nor yet to pass the hand between it and the pel-
vic walls to search for a deviated limb, for example, or to
bring that limb into a proper position. The passage must,
therefore, be freed from the obstacle, and this can be ac-
complished in the following manner: The. fore-limbs, if
present, are corded (Figs. 42, 44), and pushed as far to-_
wards the womb as possible: then the head is secured by ;
cording the lower jaw, a pointed crotchet fixed into the cay-
ity of each eye, or a head-collar (Figs. 43, 44) over the head
if it can be placed. Four or five assistants now pull at the
head by these appliances, so as to bring it as near the vulva
as circumstances will permit; while another assistant keeps
the lips of the vulva apart, in order to expose as much of
the head as.he can, and prevent injury to the organs of the
parent. The operator, with a convenient knife (Fig. 59 is
at this time very useftl), incises the skin around the neck—
first one side, then the other—close to the head, passes his
fingers between the skin and the muscles beneath, and
pushes the skin well back on the neck—the assistant pull-
ing at the head at the same time, facilitates this separation.
A few cuts now divides the soft tissues down to the spinal
bone, and nothing more remains to be done than to pro-
- duce disarticulation by vigorous traction and a_ twisting
Ni - movement of the head at the same time; the ligaments grad-
ually yield and tear, the head extends and at last comes

tations, and delivery completed; it is very important that
especial care be taken to cover the exposed bones of thei tag

‘a away, and the body of the foetus recedes more or less sud-
b " denly. If the limbs have been previously secured with cords, :
a. they are brought into the passage by the cords attached to
" . them; or if they are not so accessible, they must be sought
me for in the way already indicated under the different presen-

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 209

neck by the surplus skin, while the foetus is being brought
through the passage.

It is always preferable, if possible, to remove one of
the fore-limbs, as it is easier, quicker, and less danger-
ous. But decapitation must sometimes be performed, and
then the above instructions will be found useful.

AMPUTATION OF THE LIMBS.

When the limbs are so deviated that they cannot be
straightened, or when by their presence in the genital pas-
sage they prevent the necessary manoeuvres for the adjust-
ment of other parts of the foetus, then it may be necessary
to amputate or disarticulate one or more of the extrem-
ities.

AMPUTATION OF THE FORE-LIMBS.

In order to amputate a fore-limb, it must be more or
less advanced in the vagina, or partially beyond the vulva.
So that if it is still in the womb, it must be brought into the
canal. If both limbs are to be removed, they must be se-
cured by cords around the pastern in the ordinary manner
(See Fig. 44), the cord of the one which is to be first am-

putated being pulled at by two, three, or four assistants, so |

as to draw it as near, or as much beyond, the vulva as pos-
sible. Another assistant then keeps the lips of the vulva
wide apart, in order to allow the operator more room. A
circular incision is made above the fetlock—or, better still,
the knee, taking care not to go deeper than the skin. From
this incision, gliding his hand into the vagina, along the
outer side of the limb, the operator makes a longitudinal
incision, extending Lean up as the leg becomes elongated
by the traction.

This longitudinal incision being made, the skin i is sep-_

arated from the muscles beneath, either by means of the
fingers or the spatula (Fig. 60)—pushing the skin up to-
wards the shoulder as it is detached, until at length, as the

210 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. j

leg becomes more stretched, the incision and the detached —
skin are as high as the shoulder. The dissection being then -

deemed sufficient, and the limb being only retained by the

muscles which attach it to the chest, the operator, either by

his hand or the crutch (Fig. 51, 52), makes pressure on
the foetus, while the assistants are ordered to pull ener-
getically at the cord on the pastern, and in a kind of jerking
manner. Soon slight cracking sounds are heard, the mus-
cles are rupturing and giving wav, and in a very ehort
time the entire limb-—shoulder-blade and all—is removed.
The removal of one limb usually leaves a considezable

space in the genital canal, and this allows delivery to be

completed. Sometimes, however, and particularly when

necessary to remove the other iimb; and this, when effected,

permits the head to be sought for and rectified, etc., accord- gas

ing to the requirements of the case.

With the Sheep and Goat, amputation of the foie limbs _
of the foetus are very rarely required, though, if necessary, ©
it can be effected. The same remark applies to the Bitch |

and Cat.
AMPUTATION OF THE HIND-LIMBS.

When the foetus makes a posterior presentation (Fig. —
18), and a hind-limb appears at the vulva, it may be nec-
essary to amputate this limb; or with the hind-limbs flexed

at the hocks (Fig. 33), and so firmly wedged in the canal

that they cannot be extended backwards, nor yet sufficiently —
bent to permit delivery—which frequently occurs in the

Mare—these joints must be disarticulated.

‘When they are flexed at he hocks, amputation is ac- s
complished by passing a running noose (Fig. 42-A, B)
round each leg, above the hock, and tying it firmly there. |
Powerful traction ees ae made on One the 4

the head of the foetus is deviated towards the flank, it is , x

OBRSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 211

‘an assistant, whilé the operator divides the back tendons
and side ligaments of the joint, so as to produce complete
disarticulation. The lower leg is then pushed into the va-
gina, the other limb is amputated in the same way, and
birth is accomplished by pulling at both cords, which re-
main attached to the lower end of the leg bone.

When the limbs are completely retained in the poster-
ior presentation (Fig. 35), a long incision is made through
the skin and muscles behind the hip-joint; the hand re-
moves all the muscles around the upper part of the thigh-
bone, round which a cord is then fixed (Fig. 36) and pulled
by two assistants, while the operator cuts through the at-
taching muscles and ligaments. In this way the joint ts
disarticulated, and a circular incision through the skin com-
pletes the task. as traction will remove the limb. It is to be

remembered that it is always more difficult to amputate a

hind-limb than a fore-limb.

DIVISION OF THE BODY OF THE PORA US:
(DETRUNCATION.)

When one-half of the body of the foetus has more or
less passed through the pelvic canal, and the other half is
retained, so that it is impossible to extract or return it, it is
recommended to cut the trunk in two.

If the hind-parts are retained, and the head and fore-
limbs are not much beyond the vulva—if so far—cords
should be placed on each pastern ( Fig. 42, 44), and a head-
stall (Fig. 43) on the head, and slow, gradual, but strong
- traction exerted on them, so as to expose as much of the
body of the young creature as possible. This done, the op-

erator, with a sharp embryotome (Fig. 58), incises the body

in a circular manner as close to the vulva of the mother as
is convenient (the lips of the vulva being kept well away
by an assistant)—the incision commencing below, which al-

| ~ lows the elongation of the spine ; then the skin and mius-

_ cles on the sides are

“-

divided. When the bones of the spine

212 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

are reached, the embryotome is passed between them, and as

close to the loins as possible; slight pulling and twisting
will then complete the division.

It is a good plan to incise the skin at some distance
in front of the place where it is intended to divide the spine
or any bone, and to separate and push it back over the por-
tion of the trunk in, the genital canal. When the division

is effected, this superfluous skin is pulled over the remaining —

part and sewn together, so as to enclose the exposed bones
completely, thus preventing injury to the parent. Then vig-
orous pressure is applied to the divided end of the spine of
the remaining part, forcing it back within the womb. Now
the operator can sectire the hind-pasterns with cords, and
delivery can be easily effected.

REDUCTION OF THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN.

If the obstacle to delivery is an enlarged chest or ab-

domen, these parts can be reduced by opening them and re-

“moving the internal organs or viscera.

ARTIFICIAL PREMATURE BIRTH.

This is, birth effected, when the foetus has attained Sach
a stage of development as to be capable of living, but before

the period of normal parturition has been reached. Such a

procedure may be necessary when there is deformity of the
maternal pelvis, or tumors thereon or therein, or when the
mother is becoming exhausted from sustaining too many
foetuses.

It is estimated that the foetus would be capable of liv-
ing, and yet notably less in size and weight than when born
at full term, if removed from the Mare 20 to 40 days be-

fore that period; from the Cow 15 to 30 Sts and igs the —

Bitch 10 to 15 days.

OPERATION. —The operator has sete to dilate v

the neck of the womb, which has already been described

‘

ORSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 213

in treating of sterility, and rigidity of spasm of the neck of
the womb, also mechanical dilatation of the womb (which
see) ; then the “water-bag” is extruded, the womb com-
mences to contract, the animal also begins to strain, and
the foetus is expelled. With the smaller animals the sponge
tent, or a long probe is preferable for dilating the neck of

the womb.

ATTENTION TO THE MOTHER AND OFF-SPRING
AFTER DIFFICULT PARTURITION.

The mother and off-spring should receive the same at-
tention after difficult parturition as they would after nor-
mal parturition (which see).

With regard to the young animal, it sometimes receives
slight wounds which soon heal; but fractures of bones are

more serious, and generally necessitate slaughter of the ani-

mal. If looking healthy, yet cannot get up or stand when
lifted up, this is in all probability owing, to the strain of
the limbs, and passes off in the course of a few days.
When apparently dead, though the heart is contracting rap-
idly and violently, place near the open door, and adminis-
ter a small quantity of brandy, and respiration will soon
be established. Sometimes there is much swelling of the
head, especially of the tongue, which projects from: the
mouth, making respiration very difficult. Scarification of
the tongue when in this condition, or leeches applied to it,
with turpentine or mustard rubbed on the limbs, soon bring
relief.

RETENTION OF THE FOETAL MEMBRANES OR
ENVELOPS AFTER ABORTION, NORMAL, AND
DIFFICULT PARTURITION—RETENTION
OF THE AFTER-BIRTH.

The retention of the foetal envelops, or ea Nery *
beyond a certain time after the expulsion of the foetus

from the womb, must be looked upon as serious and re-

quires attention.

i aa ae
eo a ed , es
ee a ~~ r

214 OnsSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

When parturition has been normal, when the animal
does not appear to suffer pain or inconvenience, when the
“straining” is unfrequent and slight, the appetite good and
the secretion of milk éstablished, and particularly when,
during a low or moderate temperature a portion of the mem-
branes protrude beyond the vulva, then there is no great
reason for interference until a week, or even more, has
elapsed. But if, on the contrary, the external temperature
is high, if the labour has been difficult, the genital organs
irritated or abraded, and if fever, restlessness, and suffer-
ing are noted, with strong and frequent straining, espectal-
ly if there are foul-smelling discharges from the vagina,
then treatment is called for, no matter whether the time
which has elapsed since delivery is long or short. “
TREATMENT.—Manual Traction may be cniploned ys
Be i. when a portion of the membranes are visible or hanging
i from the vulva. This is seized either by the hands, or by
of means of a-towel, or “whisp of hay or straw, and gently :
pulled at—particularly when the animal strains—twisting _
RY it at the same time, until the whole mass is removed from _
Be, the cavity of the womb. This traction is not likely to be.
productive of much injury to the Mare, Sow, Bitch, or of
_ Cat, as the adhesion of the after-birth is not great, and is i
Be usually limited to a few points. With the Cow, Ewe, and
t Goat, however, it is not so, owing to the numerous and |
ey often strong attachments of the after-birth, and its fragile 8
it : texture, which renders it easily torn if too much force be i
his, employed; if it does not give way, and the traction is ener- :
os | getic, then there is risk of irritating the womb, and produc-_
ing partial or complete inversion of the horn of the womb,
ra or even of the entire womb. Should the after-birth be torn — i
; in two by immoderate traction, this may lead to greater
difficulty in removing what is left of it in the womb. For

OBpSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 215

branes not very adherent to the interior of the womb, and
a good part of them beyond the mouth of womb, the opera-
tion is quite justifiable and will be successful. When, how-
ever, the resistance is marked, or the membranes begin to
tear, it is better to desist, and resort to the same manipula
tion as recommended when the after-birth is completely re-
tained.

COMPLETE RETENTION OF THE AFTER-
BIRTH.—After the birth of the foetus, if nothing what-
ever is discernible externally, there is reason to surmise
that the after-birth is completely retained. In this case it
is advisable, in order to prevent imprisonment for some
time, through the closure of the mouth of the womb, to in-
troduce the hand into the womb, and if the after-birth is al-
ready partially detached, to extract it. If it remains firmly
adherent, however, it is better to gather as much as can be
seized into a single mass, carry it through the mouth of the
womb into the vagina, and tying it there by a long piece of
cord, to leave the latter hanging outside the vulva. This
prevents the mouth of the womb closing, while the cord will
assist in effecting artificial removal at a later period, should

such be required. However, by giving the following re- —

cipe, manipulation will seldom be required:
Laurel Berries..... three and two-thirds drachms.
Aniseed .).\..j.'e.y2h © one and two-thirds drachms.
Bicarbonate of Soda, three and two-thirds drachms.
Make an infusion by pouring two quarts of boiling
water over these and stirring occasionally until cooled.
DOSE.—Mare and Cow, one-half of the infusion ; Ewe
and Sow, one-quarter; Bitch and Cat, one-sixth. Repeat
the dose in six hours, also on the following day, if neces-
sary ; but, as a rule, the membranes are expelled within

ita twenty-four hours after the last dose has been given. This
infusion should always be given before resorting to manip-

as rendered excellent service, suc-

f cases O

ae)

owt

f retention, and is general-
Oey Bete St Pa Lean a La “ie

216 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ly administered in preference to the recipe that has already
been alluded to in treatment of Sporadic Abortion. How-
ever, should the above remedy fail, then direct extraction —
will be necessary.

Wihen direct extraction should take place will depend
upon circumstances previously alluded to, as well as the
species of animal. With the Mare—an animal peculiarly
liable to septic infection—direct extraction of the aftex-
birth is indicated within two or three hours after delivery,
if it has not been expelled up to this time. The injection
of warm water will materially facilitate the operation. With
the Sow, Bitch, and Cat, it is preferable to await the re-
sult of the second dose of the foregoing recipe, before re-
sorting to direct extraction of the after-birth. With the

“hay Cow, Ewe, and Goat, it will generally be found that direct —

: extraction oH not be successful before the third day, as in
these animals the after-births are too closely and firmly at-
tached to allow their disunion without injurious force, which
may bring about inversion of the womb, or haemorrhage.
About the third day (if in the meantime the infusion has
failed) is generally a favorable period, as the neck of the
womb is still sufficiently relaxed to pass the hand through

the mouth of the womb, into the womb without difficulty.

During the operation of direct extraction of the after- ~

birth, an assistant holds the tail of the animal to one side, ©
while the well oiled hand and arm of the operator are
passed into the vagina; if a portion of the membranes is in >
the canal, then the operation will not be so difficult, as the
mouth of the womb will be more or less relaxed, while the
membranes will serve as a guide for the hand. When, :
however, nothing of the envelops is to be found outside the
mouth of the womb, and that opening is firmly closed—as
happens four or six days after delivery—then it may be
verv difficult to reach the interior of the womb. To be en- aa
abled to accomplish this (see Mechanical Means for Dilat- eee

' ing the Mouth of the Womb). ‘ _ When the hand reaches the pe

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 217

interior of the womb, it is pressed forward between the
membrane iining the womb and the outer envelop (chorion)
of the after-birth---the palm towards the after-birth—sep-
arating them as it advances. This is not so very difficult
in the Mare, but with the Ewe, Cow, and Goat, the tedious-
ness of the operation will be inferred when it is known that
in these animals there are sometimes more than a hun-
dred after-births (cotyledons) to be detached. (See Figs.
7,8 and g, and observe difference in formation.) The hand
must pass from one to another, effecting disunion as rapidly,
yet carefully, as possible. Some of these—the maternal
after-births—may be detached from the membranes, while
others are still imbedded in them, as it were, through their
foetal after-births. These foetal after-births have to be
enucleated; and to effect this, the after-birth is gently
pressed at its base between the thumb and index finger, and,
if necessary, the fingers are moved over each other, as if
removing a button from its buttonhole. At times an after-
birth will be met with which adhers so firmly that it cannot
be detached in the way just mentioned. Then the nail of
the thumb or other finger must be gently insinuated at the
‘border, so as to gradually raise it, and pass the finger over
the entire surface. The operator is oftentimes so greatly
fatigued, that the right and left hand have to be employed
alternately. When a certain number of after-births are de-
tached, the portion of envelops so released is carried into
the vagina and beyond the vulva, where the other hand, or
an assistant, seizes and pulls gently on it. As the bulk of

this increases by the detachment of more after-births, the

pulling may cease, and the mass will require to be support-
ed so as to prevent tearing the membranes, or painful drag-
ging on the body of the womb. As the hand reaches the
horn of the womb (Figs. 3 and 4) the after-births increase,
and it becomes difficult to reach them, because of the insufh-

2) clent length of the arm. Moderate traction, however, on
the part just detached will bring the others nearer, and facil-

ACE) ARO SMG Meas Ne i

a" yt Bat ‘ :
POT Maly § i Dl Mew Bt ie tet Ly aS 4 , RN
NANCE Lid LEAT mA TA tae een tae Rar Bae ae TO

218 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

itate the task; but the traction must be judiciously man- _
aged, so as to avoid tearing the membranes. If there is any
likelihood of the membranes tearing, tie them near the vulva
and cut away the parts beyond, and be content to await
their natural separation, generally occurring in from two
to five days. After the removal, or direct extraction of the
after-birth from any of the domesticated animals, wash out
the interior of the womb with tepid water, and inject the
following solution:
Wreetetn NV ASI ei Cig cise wire ere ia one pint.
GissFi nie htcuaee de a URotNN aN Nyse Cor aarianmaae gully ET ws thirty drops. |
Keeping the the animal in well-lighted and properly —
ventilated quarters, with a blanket over the body if the tem-
perature is low; a raw linseed oil injection into the rectum, Holy
if constipation threatens; and a light laxative diet, with be, ;
bran, oatmeal, or linseed gruel, are usually all that Bue ne
essary. fa
When the after-birth has putrefied in the womb, hate ‘
delay in removing it, and an abundant and foul cmellina at
discharge flows from the vulva, then the case is serious and ii
requires instant attention. The womb must be cleared
without delay. from its contents, and in order to accom-
plish this the hand must be passed into the womb, and eae
everything removed which it can possibly seize. Before do» Ax
ing this, however, the hand and arm should be well and fre- -.

quently smeared with carbolized lard, to prevent septic in-— ae
fection in the operator; if there are wounds or abrasions on
the hand or arm, the greatest care should be taken in this). on

respect—indeed, it is questionable whether they should be
introduced at all if the skin is not intact. ae A

When everything has been taken away which the hand
can remove, then the interior of the womb should be thor- —
oughly cleansed by the continuous injection of tepid water i
from a large bulb syringe (if the tube of the syringe is not —
of sufficient length, fasten a rubber tube around the noz- —
zie), until the aoe comes Baile! perfectly clear, th ineu4

¥ wry at d
j re , Ee. | 1 ES at Be ay Nt; 4 eta of
by Ary 1 a we ey Sane eae LON AAD BAND Re A te oe ry "

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 219

ject a three per cent. solution of permanganate of potash.
Should the discharge continue, this treatment should be re-
peated daily until it ceases; also give small doses of carbolic
acid.

DOSE.—CARBOLIC ACID. — Mare and Cow, 15
erains; Ewe and Sow, 5 grains; Bitch, half grain. Dissolve

_ and dilute in water and give as a drench twice daily as long

as necessary.

The hands and arms of the operator should be thor-
oughly washed as soon as possible after the womb has beet
emptied; for this purpose nothing is better than carbolized
soap. On the slightest sensation of uneasiness in the arm,
advice should be taken in regard to it, as a breaking out of
the skin from this cause is often a serious affair, and has
necessitated the amputation of fingers, and even the greater

‘portion of the arm.

FLOODING “AFTER: DELIVERY: OR. AFTER
ABORTION. POST PARTUM
HEMORRHAGE.
‘The symptoms of haemorrhage after abortion or after
delivery are, as a rule, not very well marked unless the
blood passes away in fluid or clots, which is not always the
case. The general symptoms are: The quick, weak, run-

- ning-down pulse, which becomes imperceptible as death ap-

proaches, and the throbbing, irregular pulsations of the
heart; rapidly increasing prostration of the animal, with
the unsteady staggering gait on movement; haggard expres-

sion; with chilliness of the surface, cold clammy perspira-_
tion breaking out over the body; and, finally, the recumbent

position, convulsions, and death.
TREATMENT.—If the after-birth has not been ex-

* - pelled, it mtist be removed without delay—yet as gently
oa as possible (see Retention of the After-birth)—after which

he womb will generally contract. oF a after- birth has

Baki k

¢
me A t fis RP) Ss
PU TAC RBVAR TYG LW os WONT ES AUT AN

220 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

been expelled, then with the hand clear the womb of the
clots of blood, wash the interior of the womb with cold
water injections, and, if necessary, introduce a large sponge
or towel (to which has been tied a long cord, the end of
which is to remain outside the vulva), saturated with vin-
egar-and-water, or a 15 percent. solution of perchloride of
iron, into the vagina, or even into the womb, and allow to.
remain for two or three hours. Should the haemorrhage
persist, apply mustard plasters to the chest, neck, and limbs |
and give internally the tincture of perchloride of iron. eer
DOSE.—TINCTURE PERCHLORIDE OF IRON. |
Mare and Cow, one and one-half ounces; Ewe and Sow,
twenty drops; Bitch, ten drops; Cat, five drops. Dilute in —
water and give as a drench. Se

INVERSION—PROLAPSUS OF THE vONes
AFTER PARTURITION. | i x

A displacement or kind of hernia of the womb, which
is partially or completely turned insidé out. When the in- a
version is partial, nothing whatever is seen externally, and
an exploration alone reveals the existence of the accident;
| | if more developed, the womb appears as a round tumor be-
tween the lips of the vulva when the animal is lying. When ~ i
inversion is complete, the womb has the form of an enor- say
Wy mous pear-shaped tumor hanging between the hind-limbs,
m and sometimes as low as the hocks. At the very commence- ©
ii ment of this grave accident, the animal is uneasy and anx- _
ious-looking ; it paws with the fore or stamps with the hind-

o ;
Bs . feet; switches the tail as if driving off insects; lies down
ie and gets up frequently, finding no ease in either attitude;
4 and strains more or less energetically, thus adding to the
“haa extruded mass. At first there is no perceptible fever, and

By the animal may even eat. This state is not of long dur
ie tion; for soon after inversion is complete, indications
Be eevee becomes manifest-—ahickened. pe. and -Tespi

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. } 221

and an expression of pain. The straining becomes more
frequent and energetic; the animal maintains the recum-
bent position and soon succumbs.

TREATMENT.—The animal is made to stand if this
is possible, and the hind-quarters should be raised. If the
accident is recent—of an hour or two—the womb may be re-
turned at once; but should a longer interval have elapsed, it
_ is well to empty the rectum and bladder if they are filled or
distended.. Should the foetal membranes still be adherent
to the surface of the womb—wholly or partially—they must
be carefully removed. Also torn or gangrenous portions of
mucous membrane are to be removed with the knife or scis-
sors. This done, the womb should be cleansed from mat-
ters adhering to its surface—such as litter, mud, dirt, filth,
or blood—by placing it into a large vessel of cold water, to
which has been added a tablespoonful of boric acid, allowing
the organ to remain in it as long as ten minutes. This will
also help to diminish its size.

When complete inversion has taken place, one assist-
ant should be placed at the head of the animal, another at
each side to steady it. The womb must be placed on a
cloth or sheet in two or three folds and well mioistened, the
ends being held by two assistants at the croup, so that the
organ may be lifted as high as the vulva. Should the ani-
mal strain very severely and continuously, it is useful to con-

strain the chest as much as possible by a girth. It mav

even be necessarv to give a draught of chloral.
DOSE OF CHLORAL.—Mare and Cow, one ounce;
Ewe and Sow, one drachm; Bitch and Cat, five grains.
Now, the best method undoubtedly is, to return first

_ the parts of the organ nearest the vulva, and not act direct- |

ly on the body of the womb until the greater portion has
been replaced in the pelvis. To accomplish this, the opera-
tor gently presses with open hands at each side on the parts

Be i close to Ee pat opening, in order to force them gradual-

nachos in this way with care and ease

‘the next part to be returned. At this time the pad or the

222 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

and preventing, as well as he can, the expulsion of those
portions he has already reduced, the womb by degrees be-
comes diminished. After two-thirds or three-fourths of the
total mass has been carried into the pelvic cavity; for it is
then more .expeditious, and quite as safe, to proceed in the |
same manner as if only partial inversion had occurred; that _
is, to apply the closed fist to the extremity of the womb, or
tumor, as it is more properly called, and push it directly in-

to the vagina and abdomen. In some instances. it will be
found that, towards the termination of reduction, the orgat
itself returns to its normal position, and often quite sud- ase
denly, as if it had been thrown forward by a spring. Some- _
times it is most useful to have an assistant pressing on the
extremity of the womb, while the operator manipulates near
the vulva. : 3
At all times great care is necessary in exerting the Se

‘ pressure, which should not be applied while the animal is
straining. During expulsive efforts the operator must be — it y

content to wait, merely keeping the parts where he has care
ried them, until the straining has ceased. The pressure —

must be steady and well directed, so as not to bruise or lac- Pe
erate the womb. When a portion is got within the vulva,

it is held there by one hand, while the other manipulates

the round end is applied to the body of the womb, and pres- Di »
sure is made at the other end of the instrument by he: te
chest or abdomen of the operator, whose hands are thus at,
liberty to direct the expelled parts into the vagina. Whee
the womb has been returned to the abdominal cavity, should
straining continue, it is then essential that the hand of the —

cup-shaped pessary (Figs. 63, 64) will aid the operator ne owe
oe

sometimes happens that one of the horns remains turned |
itself to a certain extent, causing renewed straining, and

i LM probability bring about, reinversion. ks
re to keep the hand i tt: the. womb fo

Wali

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 223

the’ womb begins to contract freely; if this is not done, the
organ may again be come inverted.

With the smaller animals, replacing the womb is ren-
dered difficult because of the pelvis not admitting the hand ;
and with some of them, and particularly the Sow, replacing
of the prolapsed horn of the womb is often a serious mat-
ter. The horn must be replaced in the manner already in-
dicated, the finger, or even a tallow candle, being employed
to adjust them; then the body of the womb should follow;
a small pessary with a handle may be used to complete the
operation. (See pessaries).

It should be observed that replacement of the womb

has been effected in large and small animals by elevating the

hind-quarters until they are almost vertical, the weight of

the womb, with careful manipulation on the part of the’
operator, carrying it down to its normal situation.

MECHANICAL MEANS FOR THE RETENTION

Ec OE THE WOMB AFTER IT HAS BEEN REPLACED.
_—After the womb has been properly replaced in the ab-
_ dominal cavity, it will be quite necessary to apply some

means to retain it in position, thereby avoiding reinversion

of the organ. This precaution must be observed, no matter

how quickly the animal manifests improvement.
"After slight or PARTIAL INVERSION of the

- WOMB, the pessary is usually all that will be required.
mlitherof, che following described pessaries will be very
beneficial for this purpose. The dimensions given will be
_ for the Mare and Cow; for the smaller animals they must
be made in proportion to their size.

PAD PESSARY (Fig. 63) is a round piece of wed

_ from twenty to twenty-five inches in length, with a hole in

i end, a: ae Cy a loop of Hi lee cord six to

224 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

stalk by a piece of twine fixed in a small circular grove
therein. In using this pessary, the pad is placed in oil or
melted lard until it becomes thoroughly saturated; it is then

Fig. 63. DS

PAD PESSARY.

carefully introduced into the vagina, placed against the

neck of the womb, and cords from each side of the loop at
the other end, attached to a surcingle round the chest, Keen
it firmly in its place.

RING PESSARY (Fig. 64) is composed of a wooden ¢

or iron ring, about two and one-half inches in diameter, and

of a strong wooden stem about twenty inches in length,

cleft in two as far as the middle, where it is tied by a piece
cf twine. The ends of the two, branches are firmly tenoned
in the mortises of the ring; and the other end of the stalk
(B) is flat, and passes through the central opening of a
transverse piece (T T), which is about eight inches long,

AP Ain

MA teal

+ elop

and has at each end a small block (O O), to prevent the f" ‘

cords from, slipping off. When required for use, the ring : a
wrapped in a narrow piece of fine linen, which is rolled |

round it in a uniform manner, so that it may not irritate
the neck of the womb, with which it has to come in contact.

This part is well oiled, and being passed through the va-

£-%

gina, is so placed against the womb that the neck of the is

womb will be in the middle of the ring. It is secured by 2 ne
means s of cords or ae at the end ae ee transverse por-. we

225

Wig. 64.
' RING PESSARY.

CUP-AND-BALL PESSARY (Fig. 65) is composed

of a round iron or steel ring (A.A), about two and one-—

half inches i in diameter ; from this arise three stalks(B B Bye

= 2
pre a Sass

poles

rs
pe

eS oh Oa

SF ae

rt BL eda, Hod And eas o

{

226 Onsrereics—DostesricateD Awniats.

Pe instrument hae acquired a sufficient sable ‘ae ihe Bf
‘hae of the ring is reduced to about one and one-half inches. f
prevents it injuring the genital organs, when it is to be ap-
plied exactly in the same maner as the preceding pessary— .
the neck of the one bene in the center of the is 2

f
or

Cc S aT ie

MA MPLLEL Dp le

{ ope

mie. 65 eS A Me
CUP-AND-BALL PESSARY. ea

trusses are ieaaer ‘of light rope « or - thie
pone like a a: about eee feet lon

- OBSTErRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 227

. back, behind the withers, so that each portion may fall be-
hind the shoulders, to be passed under the chest. In front
of the chest, the two portions are crossed, the left passing
to the right and the right to the left. Each side is carried

Fig. 65.
‘LOOP OF ROPE TRUSS WHICH EXTENDS AROUND THE
VULVA. |

through the collar, and back over the front of the shoulder,
at the top of which both are tied in a simple knot, so as to
be easily untied when required. At ten or twelve inches

Fig. 67.
ROPE TRUSS APPLIED. ;

E eS eg a Se ke ~

_ from this, a firmer knot is tied, then several others beyond
it towards the loins—according to the length of the animal

i? es ca &, re. S »
pate ee

228 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

—and at nearly equal distances as far as the root of the.
tail, where a simple knot is tied. The cords are then united
by a loop in such a manner that an oval space (a, Fig. 66)
sufficient to admit the vulva, and compress it laterally, is
formed—the lower angle of the vulva being left free, to
allow the escape of urine, and discharges from the womb,
should there be any. The loop should be wrapped in tow
or cloth, to prevent chafing to the parts under the tail. The
cords are now carried between the hind-legs, brought up by |
the flank towards the loins on each side, and tied over the
back to one of the loops there, as shown in Fig. 67. This_
truss can be made as easy or tight as necessary. The sim-
plicity and usefulness of this truss are to be recommended.

Pie 68. ee a

LEATHER TRUSS’ APPLIED. RES ae

LEATHER TRUSS.—A - very efficient and useful

truss is that made of a piece of stout leather, with a round
opening in it above, corresponding with the anus, and. an

oblong opening beneath this, through which the vulva

passes. The leather is so shaped as to embrace and lie ess ‘

close to the root of the tail and between the buttocks, ex= 5 2)

tending for some distance below the vulva, as in Fig. 68.

It is maintained in position by four long leather straps—twi

we >)

above and two below—which pass on beck: side to a Sung

ah
ey,

(which see).

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 229

around the chest, which may again be attached to a collar
or breast strap, should the straining be violent.

AFTER TREATMENT.—The animal should stand
with the hind parts well raised, and it ought not to be al-
lowed to lie down for a day or so. A weak solution of boric
acid should be injected into the cavity of the womb once a
day for two or three days. Great attention should be paid
to the diet: For the first day, only oatmeal gruel with bar-
ley water—both tepid—should be allowed in small, but fre-
quent quantities. For some days, easily-digested sloppy
food should be given, though the quantity should not be
large at any time until all danger is passed. Should there
‘be a tendency to constipation, soap-and-water injections
may be administered. /

FALL OR INVERSION OF THE VAGINA AFTER
PARTURITION.

Inversion, Prolapsus, or Fall of the Vagina, is a hernia
of this part through the vulvar opening, analogous to in-

version of the womb, and with which it may be complicated.

SYMPTOMS.—The chief symptoms of this accident
is the presence of a tumor protruding from between the
lips of the vulva, and which may hang for some distance
below that opening. In this respect it resembles inversion
of the womb, though the differences are otherwise very
marked. In the majority of cases the tumor is most vol-

-uminous when the animal is lving, and can then be best

examined. It is circular in outli1e, varies in size from that
of an apple to the dimensions of a large melon, and is not
unlike a sausage in shape; the surface is smooth.

parts in the cavity, mechanical appliances, and care of the

animal is the same as that for inversion’ of the womb

vee =>
ar

i
ce

speedily as possible, and with every care, in order to pre-

Pr ie ng ee ee Oe
Sy Say ly oe

Se? 2
teas
“es

es, Be Ohl gern
a 2 ;

pee ies

230 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, _ re

RUPTURE OF THE WOMB AFTER PARTU-
RITION.

It is somewhat remarkable that ideraviod or rupture
of the womb at this time is far from being serious.

TREATMENT.—Beyond the cleansing of the lacerat-
ed part with a three per cent. solution of permanganate of
potassium, little more has to be observed. Some author-
ities have closed the rent by stitches; but very many have
not, and the termination has been as favorable in the one

series of cases as the other. Unless the rupture is on the
lower wall of the womb, stitches are at least superfluous.

RUPTURE OF THE VAGINA. ee

THE SYMPTOMS of in jury to the vagina and neigh- —

boring organs will vary with their nature and extent. Much ~ i
constitutional disturbance is generally only manifested

Pry:

when the rupture is serious, or when poisonous infection —
has taken place. Then acute fever, infiltration, ls other
giave symptoms may supervene.

TREATMENT.—-When rupture of the vagina is recs ee

ognized during parturition, delivery should be effected as

vent the laceration extending and the foetus or some part of a se :
the foetus, passing into it, which undoubtedly would result =

_in injury to the adjoining organs. The foetal membranes
should also be extracted as soon as possible. If there oo |

haemorrhage or bleeding from the vagina, this may be pis

pressed by injections of cold water; should this fail to stop

the bleeding, then a sponge or a cloth soaked in cold water,
to which has been added a small portion of perchloride ot

of the bladder or intestines, these must be replaced at once,
In all cases of wounds, sige ee or eas of the

| ad should be placed in the canal. Should there be sea ee

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 231

greaicst cleanliness must be observed, all decomposing mat- :
ters, or those likely to decompose, should, if possible, be
scrupulously removed, and injections or “swabbings” of a

three per cent. solution of permanganate of potassium should

be administered. A solution of carbolic acid (20 drops of

the acid to one pint of water) will be as serviceable.

‘ /

RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM.

This accident is usually caused by malposition of the
foetus. The laceration sometimes extends from the upper
angle of the vulva to the anus, in which case the poor ani- ‘
mal often presents a painful and repulsive spectacle; the ‘
ad dung and flatus escape involuntarily.
TREATMENT.—If the bleeding is slight, cold water
may check it; but if severe, the water must have perchloride
of iron added to it. The lacerated margins, if much torn,
must be freed from shreds which are likely to lose, or have |
already lost their vitality. They must then be brought to-
gether by stitches—either of metal, carbolized silk, or cat-
_ gut. Cold-water dressings may then be applied; or carbol-
ized glycerine may be emploved. The parts must be kept
as clean as possible, and the animal not disturbed or al-
lowed to lie down until union has been effected. With this
object a narrow stall is to be preferred. Raw linseed oil
sp should be injected into the rectum twice daily to keep the
dung soft. Sloppy food should be given as oie

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA.

When this inflammation takes place after parturition
_ it is generally due to protracted and laborious delivery. In
very exceptional instances, it may be due to the action of |
ore on the s skin, or Scone of very eee ‘water. he thay

has been he the eatte ai seas

aoe OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

SYMPTOMS.—The lips of the vulva and the lining
membrane of the vagina are more or less swollen, the latter
being of a bright-red, brown, or livid hue; urination is gen-

‘erally painful and difficult, constipation is often present, and

there is sometimes much itching in the region of the vulva,
which is indicated by the continued attempts the animal.
makes to rub that part. When the inflammation has exist-
ed for one or two days, the mucus secreted by the mem-
branes is greatly increased in quantity; it is at first a limpid
fluid, sometimes streaked with blood; then it gradually be-
comes thicker and purulent, soiling the tail, thighs, and
hocks, sometimes causing removal of the hair and irritat-
ing the skin of those. parts. 3 ;
TREATMENT.—Cleanliness, attention to diet, and,
injections of cold or tepid water into the vagina, generally
succeed in subduing the inflammation; if the injections in-_

duce straining they should only be administered in small

quantity. When, however, there is any tendency to ulcera- —

_ tion, or even abrasions, carbolic acid should be added to the

injection in the proportion of 20 drops of the acid to a pint —
of water.

WHITES (LEUCORRHOEA.)

Leucorrhoea is chronic inflammation of the vagina.
When this disease is present there is a loss of condition and a
appetite. There is a white, glutinous discharge, which may
be odorless or it may be very foul-smelling. Fecundation
does not take place so readily, and if it does occur, the
chances are that the full period of pregnancy will not be
reached. BE

TREATMENT.—tThe treatment tt consist of injec- ee ? :
tions, the same as recommended in Inflammation of the Va- Pi
gina (which see). In addition to this it will be necessary
to tone the condition of the animal with good food, to whi h

empties sage : < oe
ae: rea My a) a it a Oe

: Bets i
Liha aint bees ined 5) Pe)
I Tove at MASE PTS eT a ae aa

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 233

Viti OC Silaaemeie ss ao ane two ounces.
Nitrate or Poriesmint Ok ee two ounces.
Foehusteck emus 05/6000) two ounces.
Armenian Bole ho. LR one ounce.
POWeredy SME Ret a... 5 0's Banh w ohe one ounce.
Cent UO ae NE sw. sce Shobeeels half ounce.
GINGer on) pean ss. dined eae half ounce.

Mix thoroughly, and give once daily mixed in the food
the following dose: Mare and Cow, one ounce; Sheep and
Sow, two drachms; Bitch. half drachm.

If the discharge continues after two or three weeks’

treatment, it may be found useful to apply a blister to the
loins, croup, or thighs.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB (Metritis),
: AND PARTURIENT FEVER.

Inflammation of the womb, with, or without blood-
poisoning (parturient septicaemia), may ensue very soon
after deliverv—rarely before the second day with the Cow
and Ewe, and seldom beyond the eighth day. With the
Mare, Bitch, Goat, Sow, and Cat it may appear later.

SYMPTOMS.—Immediately after parturition the ani-
mal may appear to have quite recovered from the effects of
that act. When simple inflammation of the womb com-

_._mences to take place, the vulva becomes swollen, with heat
and redness of the vagina, fever, straining, difficulty in
urination, diminution or suppression of the milk secretion,
poor appetite and dullness. With, and sometimes without,
treatment, this condition passes off in a few days.

i Should the inflammation increase, which it frequently
_ does, and especially if the womb has received any wounds,
the same symptoms are observable, but more marked. The
animal grinds its teeth, and betrays the existence of colicky
- Pains by lying down and getting up, stamping, striking at
and t rning the head ie ii the flanks, and mak-

pe eg ee
Pe oe oe ee

ie.

a
ia

wo =
ne ie

eer
aa
et ae
Sn ee

234 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. :

ing more or less energetic expulsive efforts. Signs of pain
or lameness in the hind-limbs become apparent. When thea
By womb is more inflamed the larger animals do not lie down, ee ES
a because of the increased pain produced by pressure on the a
abdomen, only lying down as death approaches, or when is
the hind-quarters become paralyzed. The smaller ani aa + if
however, maintain the récumbent position. At first, the - q
discharge from the vagina is thin; then it becomes etaatan a he
ly thicker and more abundant. Examination of the vagina — i
discovers it to be very hot and sensitive, particularly towards —
the neck of the womb. A very marked symptom is swell- i
ing of the vulva, the lips of which are separated. ¢
This is a serious disease and frequently terminates in mo
anh in from two. to six oo Pheretone, it should seciket :

vagina any a matters iisy may contain ; then ae gen-

‘ital canal should be thoroughly cleansed by injections of.
warm water (80°.to 100° Fahr.), and the Soy a dressed cian
with the following solution: ‘

Bh Salveilic "Atid?. aah ueen 08 .ss+2.0ne ounce.
nai \ EPIFIts Ot MEME | Peeters 25. Bran anit A one pint.
i Warm Water ............ one and one-half se oe

two ae of warm wee to ii has ee added three
drachms of carbolic acid should be administered every day
and the wounds, if accessible, dressed at the same time wit
the aa solution of salycilic acid. | yan

| on animals may have linseed-meal
Nicunubanne acid |

i ee

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED' ANIMALS. 235 ess

tralize the action of the poisonous matters in the blood and roe.

tissues. |

DOSE.—Salvcilic’ Acid. Mare and Cow, 2 drachms; “

Ewe, 1 drachm; sow, one-half drachm; Bitch and Cat, 5

grains. To be given in water every four hours. The food |

should be of a laxative and sloppy nature. ee

| The bowels must be kept free by the administration we

~ of raw linseed oil, either internally or by injection, or both

if necessary. When recovery is taking place, good food es

and a good tonic must be allowed. (For tonic see Leucorr- | a

. hoea, or Whites.) - alt

No person who has ben handling a creature suffering |

from inflammation of the womb or any decomposing ani-

mal matter, should be allowed to assist animals in parturi-

tion; and the same rule ought to be observed with regard

a to instruments and obstetrical appliances, unless they have

been thoroughly cleansed. When a case of this inflam-

mation occurs where there are other pregnant animals, or

animals which have quite recently brought forth, these
should be immediately removed.

MILK FEVER (PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.)

This disease is seen in all breeds of cattle and generat-
ly attacks Cows which give large quantities of rich milk,
It is seldom seen during the fist, second, or third calving |
period, but usually from that time on, and almost always in
cows that are highly fed and in good flesh. It usually oc-
es curs within three days after calving, and is very fatal— .
fully one-half of those attacked die. If recovery does re-
— sult great care should be taken at the next time of calving, |
MG as a recurrence oF the attack at that time frequently and

236 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS,

o1 only a slight flow of milk present; the Cow walks as if
ae weak across the back, staggers around shaking her: head;
as the disease advances she falls to the ground, unable to
rise again. She may rest in a recumbent position with her ~
head carried around to her side, or she may lie stretched out
-upon her side, with her head lying upon the ground. Some- —
a times the head is shaken viciously from side to side, en-

i dangering those about her and being liable to break off her

: horns. Occasionally, but not often, a few kicks with the

De feet are given. The eyes become glassy and staring, soon

‘ growing insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Some-

times the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time. The —
Beer) pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower and

7 feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible. The
breathing, at first almost normal, becomes generally slower,
prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rattling sound is ue
heard within the wind-pipe. At the commencement of the be |
attack, the temperature will range from 103 to 104 degrees ia
Fahr., and as the disease progresses will gradually sink to. i
Re 3 or 4 degrees below normal. At first the bowels may ap- ahs
a pear loose, but soon become constipated, and the urine is.
| usually retained within the bladder. ce
Se TREATMENT.—_It is the desire to impress upon the

quaits; but if the pulse is weak and the animal down, with |
the eyes insensible to light, do not bleed. As soon as possible pe
give the following physic: —

ti | reader’s mind that to be successful in the treatment of partur- _ E :
es ient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until death
is u actually occurs. There have been cases, where the owner con- : ‘
¥ f sy _sidered treatment useless and momentarily looked for death,
a make complete recovery. If the patient is seen when the ae
4 pulse is still full and strong, bleed to the amount of six __

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 237
Epsonvomalh igen. 3’. sctoa ree twenty ounces. a
alone! Oo Waa s,s wie o cede waa one drachm.

, GCrotem@uilmarrmee.. es aise twenty drops.
Watt ireeiemrtacicn: «58.0 see ..one-half gallon.
Mix.

If the animal has become unconscious, give very slow-

ly, as it is liable to run down the wind-pipe. Then draw
» away the urine by means of a catheter, or by slipping the
finger, well oiled, into the neck of the bladder, the urine will
frequently be passed. Give injections of warm water every
hour. Constantly apply cloths wrung out of hot water
over the loins and apply ice-cold water or ice bags to the .
head, as the brain is badly congested. Frequently draw ts.
away the milk and keep the body and limbs warm, by fric- Be
tion and blankets; keep the animal in a position as nearly ig
erect as possible, and give the proper amount of the follow- 4
ing recipe every two hours until recovery begins, when the Sec
time should be letigthened: a

| Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia...... eight ounces. ae
eu Spirits Nitrous Ether...... ee: four ounces. Sete

| Tincture Nux Vomiiear sees two ounces.

aS ‘Tincttire (aentiatiiiee sec 5's sk oes eka te six ounces.

; Mix.

3 Give four ounces in a quart of warm beer or water, or © dl
a half pint of hot whisky every two hours. This may scem aes
like heavy dosing with stimulants, but it is the proper thing a

to do. Should the physic operate and the animal begin to

si appear conscious of her surroundings, feed on soft and

__. sloppy diet, until convalescence has been established. Pre-

, vention is the best and safest treatment for parturient apo:
- plexy. When the animal is known to be a heavy milker and ‘s
is fleshy or plethoric in condition, she should be fed pre- } .
vious to calving, on a laxative diet—as linseed cake, bran a
mash, etc.—and but sparingly. The milk should be drawi —
ay for ten days previous to calving ; immediately after
the Orne. drench:

Epsom vee ea Sie aaa MENA fg

Graaber’s Salt cs tise sour Raat ee ...SiX ounces.

MAeT / eR ioe a ty RR one-half ounce.
Hoentugteck) jie ors et. . NUR OReNary ounce.

Water Siar ch alice <eu+...., One-half: caller’) aaaaas
Mix. eee Se

If the above directions are followed parturient apoplexy ay 7
will be prevented. Pete

INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. ae

_ The animal does not at first appear to be much af "
fected, and the swollen gland or glands are evidently not —
very painful. The skin is tense and shining, though ner- —
haps not reddened; the teat is greatly enlarged, hard, and
sometimes somewhat sensitive to manipulation. The deep
er tissue of the gland is found to be somewhat harder, a

es huge the teat rather ny With careful and cus

covery may take a taed in three or four aus ie meglecte
howevet1, or mismanaged i in’ treatment, the inflammation m
become more serious and attack the milk vesicles. Th
the secretion of milk is greatly diminished in the gland, a
ae omhet ’ is seep i contains mucus, pus, ne oe pe mis

bag form within the tidder death may result cal fe anes baw
tion of this poison into the blood or from gangrene. ay
ita TREATMENT.—However slight the attack ORs
the form of inflammation of the udder may be, in
the serious consequences which it may entail, t
should be ‘prompt and eee: as in two eh

Tee

a4
\

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 239

at once, and it may be necessary to milk the animal severa!
times during the day—five or six times. When this causes
pain, the milking should be performed gently; and if pres-
sure on the teat causes.so much disturbance that the :nilk

‘cannot be withdrawn by hand, then the teat syphon oe

69), will oiled, should be passed into the milk-duct (se

Fig. 2); should it be necessary to retain it there, this can a
effected by a cord or tape being passed through the rings
and tied over the animal’s loins. In all cases in which hand
milking causes pain, and is likely to increase the evil it is
intended to avert, the teat syphon should be resorted to.

, Fie. 69.
RING TEAT-SYPHON.

'. The progeny should only be allowed access to the healthy
quarters of the udder. Applications of Vinegar to the ud-

der is highly recommended to allay the pain. When the
pain has diminished, it is generally advisable to allow the
progeny to withdraw the milk. The animal should not. be
exposed to cold or draughts.

If lumps or coagula be detected, they must be removed,
by moving the lumps up and down, when possible, by care-
ful and gentle pressure. When they can be easily displaced,
they may then be pushed down to the end of the teat, and

i pressed through. A lump as large as a nut has deen ex-
tracted from the Cow in this manner, Should the lump
prove to be too large to remove in this way, it may. Dex:

necessary to introduce a sound carefully into the canal, in

vt order to break it up. When the mass is very large and
” dense it may be necessary to incise the teat before it can be
oi Sees can Avene the success of the ey heng

Ay 240 - QOBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

a should be applied to the udder as soon as there are any in-
dications of inflammation of that organ. Although it will’
7 be very beneficial if applied any time before the inflamma- |
tion has attained its greatest intensity: Pasa i

oa Potash) \jwiacic ce ep apaemtias Ole (ONE Olitiee.
“ah Wate ic Uee see Cen DR. SR area two ounces. ‘
Oltves Oily Way Gamer, soe dei five ounces. ie

| These are to be well mixed, and then four or five ounces — eee
Bi : more water are to be added. Often, after five or six hours, __
Ne during which nothing could be drawn from the teat except
mi a small quantity of thin, curdled milk, there is obtained a A
wiiitish-yellow fluid, more like pus than milk, which is a
favorable sign. Should abscesses form they must be opened
in the usual manner. Retention of the milk is sometimes ay
due to obliteration of the milk canal (which see). Ne

As a preventive measure when infection, is appre- :
hended—as in retention of the after-birth, etc—it is advise a
able to inject a two and one-half per cent. solution of car-
bolic acid up the teat by means of a glass syringe, always |
after milking; the solution should be at a temperature: of | i met
95 degrees Fahr. ! ey

ABSENCE OF MILK. (AGALACTIA.)

Absence of milk is mose frequently met with in the
Mare and Cow. In some instances the milk eradually ap:
pears some time after parturition, but in the majority of -
cases it is either not produced at all, or only in very small ur
quantity. This condition is very unfortunate for the prog- Y

-eny,. ieee will suffer from hunger if not observed, and

‘.

: mE he suckled. ‘ a ial
Pea alge —This may be dire to some chronic disea :

‘OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 241

during or ‘immediately after pregnant: natural debility,
emaciation, etc.

TREATMENT. —The treatment of this condition fre-
quently proves unsuccessful. It must chiefly consist in giv-
ing good food to which has been added the proper quantity

of the following recipe:

Powdered Gentian... ./0 aoe bee one pound.

Powdered Aniseed Be. Sa ae oe one pound.

Mix thoroughly. -

DOSE.—Mare and Cow, two ounces; Ewe and Sow,
two drachms; Bitch and Cat, ten grains. Give in the food
three times a day, or mix with water and give as a drench.

It is well to remember that aniseed or fennel-seed is a great

stimulant to the secretory functions of the udder.

The teats should be frequently stripped and the udder
rubbed with brandy. In a serious case in which the ‘udder
was rubbed with brandy, friction applied to the abdomen,
and warm milk and fennel-seeds administered internally, in
two days the milk began to appear.

DOSE.—Fennel-seeds.—Mare and Cow, one: and one-

half ounces; Ewe and Sow, two drachms; Bitch, fifteen

grains; Cat, ten grains.
CRACKS OR FISSURES IN THE TEATS.

' These should not be neglected, however slight they may

appear to be.
TREATMENT. —_There is nothing better fant clean-

linress and the application of carbolized glycerine (1 to 20)

for this trouble. The progeny must not be allowed access

to the teat until it is thoroughly healed.

OBLITERATION OF THE MILK DUCT.

If the udder becomes. distended immediately before or

after parturition, but no milk issues from the teat or teats,

n pachcation of obliteration or obstruction of the milk

STP ae Ra. Cy

242 OpsTeTRics—DoMESTICATED ANIMALS.
: ; f Yo fr TAB cot
TREATMENT.—If the obstruction is due merely t ‘tc
the formation of skin over the opening, a small incisi see
should be made in two directions in the skin where the
opening should be, with a sharp pointed knife or lancet. Te
prevent the wound closing, a small bougie i is introduced into.
the canal for four or five days until the wound has healed ;.
it should only be taken out at milking-time. If the obstruc-
tion is immediately within the opening, a fine trocar or
‘stocking-needle, previously cleaned in boiling water an
dipped in carbolic acid solution, must be passed into it and
through the obstruction, when the milk will flow. If th
canal is only partly obstructed, and particularly if a wa
is the cause of the obstruction, Fig. 70 will be very bene
ficial in removing the obstruction. This sound is an ir
_ wire, having a ring at one end, and at the other a steel ec

‘Fig. 70.
PERFORATING SOUND.
lanes the | Natural Size.

_serewed onto it, ay his cone “has a vey ‘sharp se | a

ide" Ae no es binsion: is felt.
the bougie or annie Gig. 6), « or a piece cof
_ introduced. poe aye ; bee i
In all cutting operations: on the teat, ‘every eo
fi must be adopted for the prevention of inflamn
: he this ees racnaeay in oe all sm: in

CPE KS

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 243 nah:

4 ri
|
‘Diseases Me Abnormaliti @5 of the
‘ata Young Animal. 3
fe - _ SUFFOCATION (ASPHYXIA) OF THE NEW- BORN i
a cy Vi ee eee MAL. 2. 2 hee

(See Suspended Animation.)

_ BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL. (UMBILICAL
ae AEMORRHAGE. ya

ae 1S copious Ss continuous, active and prompt treatment
ms 03 eNom at

the 2 eaea will oy away in fous or five days. aes ap 4
g the ligature, the operator : must be careful not to ite
a pores of E the intestine within it, and Oy squeezing

244 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

‘FLOW OF URINE FROM THE NAVEL—PER-
SISTENCE OF THE URACHUS. see

The Urachus is a canal which passes through the um- Be

bilical or navelring, and during foetal life communicates with

Ri the bladder, from which it conveys the urine into the allan-
toid sac (Fig. 7, Also read Navel Cord). After birth this —
is canal is obliterated, its walls become a thin cord, and the
th bladder is retracted within the pelvic cavity, the urine thc a
passing through the urethra. ee

. oie

a : TREATMENT.—In some cases scarcely any treatment oe
ip eS
ee is neecssary, the escape of urine ceasing in a few days after ae
We birth; and when treatment is demanded, a cure can gen- 2

erally be effected in a short time. a eae

When the urachus protrudes sufficiently from the um=- a 4
bilical ring, a ligature may be fastened securely around it.
If it is too short to be tied by a ligature, it must be secure
by a curved needle. The animal is thrown on its left side,
and the operator, holding the threaded needle in his right
hand, seizes the urachus—which is covered by the skin— _ ee ° 3
between the thumb and index-finger of the left hand, and | *
pulls it outwards; the needle is then passed through behing Bay
the canal, including as little of the skin as possible, and the
ends tied. However, before adopting remedial measures, it: :
is best to ascertain if the urethra is open. If it is not, an
| opening must be made before the urachus is closed or death
ae will result in a few days from retention of the urine. oy
3 In those cases in which the urachus cannot be secured
by the needle, aplications of sulphate of copper may be suc-
cessfully employed. In very obstinate cases the actual
cautery must be employed. , |

‘NAVEL sell Mache ws TER

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 245

or even larger. The size also varies in the same individual
at different times, according as the digestive organs are
full or empty, the attitude standing or recumbent, or the
duration of the hernia—the older it is the larger the tumor.
It is usually soft, fluctuating, easily depressed by the fin-
ger, and as readily resuming its ordinary size and shape;
at first, however, it is often tense and not depressible.

. Sometimes is has a doughy feel and fluctuates much, and at
other times it is flaccid, according as the portion of intes-
tines which it contains is empty or filled. On applying the
open hand against the tumor, the worm-like movements of
the intestines can be ascertained.

sc Hig. 71:

a. TRUSS APPLIED FOR NAVEL (UMBILICAL) HERNIA.
ou TREATMENT.—Hernia in young animals often dis-
appears spontaneously. Especially, does this frequently oc-

cur, soon after the young animal has been weaned, and its

diet changed from milk to other food. This is due to the
- natural changes which take place in the aipeotive apparatus
at this time.

| If the hernia is rapidly increasing or becoming trouble- -
some in any way whatever, it is not advisable to wait until
| weaning time, as by that time the hernia might prove to be
; _ very serious. Therefore it is always advisable, in a case of
i hernia, fo Teas a truss LEG Sepia eations are manifest.

246 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED. ANIMALS.

structed and applied. It is constructed of two girths—one vgs
of which is of canvas webbing, and passes around the ee
| chest ; the other, of India-rubber webbing, goes around the a
: ; Belly at which point it is wider—and maintains a pad — i We
against the navel. ‘This pad is a wide, but not very thick,
cushion, stuffed with horsehair. The girth passing around
the belly is kept in position by the longitudinal bands pass-
ing from it to the chest girth. Another strap passes from
around the tail over the back, through the belly girth, to the
chest girth, where it is attached. The straps and girths
should be arranged with buckle fastenings so as to al
of their being shortened or lengthened to fit the animal. |
Before the truss is applied, it is necessary to place th

Fig. 72.
NAVEL ( UMBILICAL) CLAM.

adjust the bileawe of the fruss as pr ss aipeces |
truss should be drawn rather tight, and allowed to rer
on the animal for about dors months.

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 247

drawn together by the fingers in a flat fold, corresponding
with the centtai longitudinal line through the abdomen
(linea alba), and elevated from the parts beneath. The

clam is then put over the skin, as close to the abdomen as
possible, and the screws at the end of the clam tighten-

ed. The pressure must not be too severe, or the parts will

drop off too soon, and possibly the intestines may escape.
_ The operation, therefore, requires to be carefully watched.

_ When the hernia cannot be reduced, or if strangulation
has taken place, then it will be necessary to carefully open
the sac. Should adhesion have taken place between the sac
and the intestines, this must be broken up; if the navel ring

» has to be incised in order to return the membranes, this
may be effected by a blunt pointed knife. The incision
should be no longer than is absolutely requisite.

- With regard to the diet: Easily digested food, in small
quantity and frequently, should be given until the cure is

effected.

-DROPSICAL SWELLING AROUND THE NAVEL.

-. (@DEMA OF THE UMBILICUS.)
This is usually produced by laceration of the part dur-

_ing birth, though it may also be caused by one young crea-

ture sucking and pulling at the remains of the navel cord

of another. It may also be due to chronic inflammation of

The accident is readily recognized; the swelling, is

— very considerable, and always cold to the touch. Th
often persists a long time in calves, and constitutes a grave
d net in young bulls, which it mechanically prevents from

.* . N

‘TREATMENT es old applications and compresses,

een recommended in in ore Wee fie eae as eal as

is generally better to resort to scarifications or leeches at —
once, to be succeeded by hot fomentations. When the
swelling is chronic and due to a blood clot, open it ae re- z
move the clot of blood. ae

INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL (UMBILICAL) |
CORD (OMPHALITIS.)

INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL (the so-called —
“navel-ill’”’ of shepherds), is a serious accident, and often’
terminates fatally. It consists essentially in inflammation ‘4
of the umbilical vein, which sooner or later involves the adyue
joining tissues, and is often followed by suppuration and
purulent infection (pyaemia), which causes the death ol
the young creature.

SYMPTOMS.—The inflammation commences sox

easy a

— ae

—
> rea <a

=
~

sii ee fluid that soils the voundiae aaa’ The pect al
PhD appearance of i navel carn its gee oe i

of t the pat cord. Sur f |

A probe can be readily passed into the umbilical vel
which remains open to a considerable: extent. —
rele sp are often overlooked at is eee T

i bay are eae siatteaste arched back,

the teat and to surrounding objects, persister
fever, and hurried panting respiration when
, tion takes place, and coagulation | i

indifl

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 249

manifest; there is swelling at the navel, and intense pain on
_ manipulation of that region; the eyes are dull and red, the
ie mouth very hot and dry; the pulse is so small and quick as
| to be scarcely perceptible; the bowels may be constipated
and the dung scanty, or obstinate diarrhoea may supervene;
the urine is greatly diminished in quantity; the mucous
membranes frequently assume a yellowish tint; soft, fluc-
© tuating swellings, containing a yellow gelatinous fluid, often
re appear on various parts of the body; the creature refuses to
suck; indications of, colic or inflammation of the bowels are
sometimes manifested. After this occurence, in the ma-
jority of cases, death rapidly ensues.

Not infrequently the inflamation of the inner membrane
of the vein is most intense near the navel opening, and the
ss pus, instead of freely escaping, accumulates in the canal to

such a degree as to form a large swelling at the navel ring,
which might be mistaken at the first glance for a hernia.
When this swelling has been opened, about half a pint of
pus escapes in some instances.

When a fatal termination does not quickly follow after
the serious symptoms are manifested, we may have chronic
morbid conditions of a purulent character set up, which are

characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes in
various parts of the body, and particularly of the joints.
Indeed, it is now recognized by the highest Continental vet-
erinarians, that the destructive arthritis, or “joint disease”
_ of Foals, Calves, and Lambs is attributable to internal in-
‘ a Raining of the navel cord. Inflammation of the joints—
especially of the hocks—has often been produced by the in-
Ps BS agit excited through ligaturing the navel cora.
CAUSES.—The causes are numerous, and may be
; : Peenerated as follows: The admission of air or foreign mat-
ters to the interior of the navel vessels; bruises or injury to
t navel, either during birth or afterwards; irritation of
3 either ae the litter, manure, or urine ; the habit

2
i> <”
>

250

progeny, or of young creatures to suck ay remains of tl tt
navel cord of each other; rupture of the cord close to,
within the abdomen; meee food given to the mother:

navel a

Another principal cause is infection. The pee:
from one diseased navel may afford sufficient material
‘infect a great many newly-born animals. Not only m é y
ponteraina tion take foe Peoush actual contact with °

a ean the air itself, or flies, may pr D
medium for its conveyance to the navel.

dried and shriveled, Gal eation is very seldom, if
witnessed. La ; 4
TREATMENT. —PREVENTIVE TREATME
most important in this malady. Therefore it is well t
serve the following precautions: Cleanliness is’ abso
, necessary; and the young creature should be protected 1
every possible source of poisonous (septic) infection. -
Cae will be greatly ae if the Nee of the 9 ¢

ie Lo shtivels up the cord itself. “Tt all cases aun
fee served in een the acid: it is sto be peti

Onsrerercs—Dom est CATED ANIMALS. 251

Porn URAC EEN E TREATMEN T.—At the commence- ~
of ment it should be chiefly local, and the application most
likely to prove beneficial is a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic
acid. If the fever runs high, a 5 pér cent. solution of sal
icylic acid is preferable. These to be applied twice or

_ thrice daily for the first few days. If the umbilical vein
is readily accessible, by placing the animal on its back,

+ either of the above lotions may be introduced into it (the
distance of nearly ten inches in the Foal or Calf; other ani-
mals according to the proportionate length of this vessel.) ;

- with a fine probe wrapped round with lint. The syringe
used by some practitioners is not generally approved of, be- _
cause of the danger of injuring the portal vein. :
When the inflammation is very intense, tartarized anti-
“mony ointment should be applied. The ointment is pre- Pe:
pared as the following: | oe
. PPA TATICERG oe shatPems en sos og ee one-half ounce. ie
PDS SO. eaeMnem GS sis aa six ounces. | My
Mix thoroughly dud apply sufficient quantity.

_ When there is danger of general infection, or this has
is “already occurred, then the internal administration of the
a salicylate of soda must be resorted to.

2 | DOSE—SALICYLATE OF SODA.—Foal and Calf, °, %
oo grains Troy; Lamb, 7 grains; Pig, 4 grains; Puppy and — Rh
Kitten, one-half each Dissolve in water and Es every: >) is

ee ould be Deca ntiy dgeected in the same :
ded i in Enzootic Abortion (which sa Se enka

252 OpsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ARTHRITIS—JOINT DISEASE—JOINT ILL.

Disease of the joints of young animals, occurring soon
after birth, has been for a long time recorded in districts ie
where breeding is largely carried on. In some years it pre-_
vails very extensively, and appears to be almost enzootic. _

CAUSES.—Some practitioners persist in their belief
that joint disease is ai to the insufficiency of haioa' in-

lous attention paid to that of infants, which is severed :
bandaged immediately after birth; while the young
mals have to lie in all kinds of filth, and are thus re:

which cannot be excluded even from stables built a l
for the purpose, and wie eigges clea

joints. Ieee ; iM
ie aig contests the influence of food in the vr

attacked ; it Ae appears Meee é every, kind of diet is
to the parent.

SYMPTOMS.—The principal symptom of t
of joint disease, is the extreme difficulty in mo
movements are painfully and reluctantly perf
that the fOnnS. creature Asien eee: in

‘OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 253

animals; and they are rendered more marked by the least
movement, the lameness being then extremely great; gener-
ally all the joints are involved. The fever is extreme, the
- respiration hurried, and the visible lining membranes highly
injected with blood; sometimes, and especially with Lambs,
the thirst is intense, and the suffering creature will often
Be observed dragging itself along the ground to reach water
_* or the teat of its mother. Frequently there is diarrhoea
or dysentery, and sometimes a purulent discharge from the
bi nose. ‘
ae The progress of this disease varies. It sometimes is
-—s-very rapid, death occuring in twenty-four or forty-eight
hours, while in other instances the animal may live twenty or
thirty days, or even longer. Recovery is rare, and death is
usually the temination. The malady usually ends in suppura-
tion, which nearly always becomes general, numerous ab-
ae scesses forming around the joints, which contains pus; there
sare also purulent deposits in other regions of the body. Gen-
ae after the fourth day, when the joints are greatly swol-
len, the hair falls off these parts, and a yellowish or citron-
colored fluid, then pus, begins to exude through the skin,
which sloughs away; the ligaments are also involved in this
sloughing process, and at last, in some cases, the limb is
only retained by remains of tendons, the bones being ex-
posed, and the odor almost insupportable.
TREATMENT.—As it may be considered that this
disease is always caused by inflammation of the navel, the
- PREVENTIVE TREATMENT will, therefore, be the
game as for that disease. (See Inflammation of the Navel.)
~ CURATIVE TREATMENT.—The treatment, under
most favorable circumstances, is very unsatisfactory

t t should be the same as that for inflammation of the
which see). _ Before the suppuration period, the

ess it is adopted at the very commencement. This treat-

applied t to the onc y je is esis ‘ as

Ca ek yee
ont Ae ot pee Sa oe ee
Se Re yl oe SA es ee el eee

. hs
ates a
pak i a A wy |

iy ot,

Sp ee =

254 - OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

opened as soon as it is soft to the touch. If much pain is
evinced, give small doses of Dover’s powder.
DOSE.—Dover’s Powder.—Calf and Foal, 20 grains;
Lamb, 5 grains.
The following lotion applied to the inflamed parts will
also allay the pain.
Plus Baxtract or Acowere cc... ibaa 40 parts.
Chiorotorm ‘Lianiment ogee... eee 60 parts.

Apply externally over the seat of pain. Care must be
exercised to prevent undue absorption and poisoning.

The salicylate of soda should be given the same as in
inflammation of the navel. In addition to this, administer
cod-liver-oil three times a day in the following doses:

DOSE.—Cod-liver-oil—Foal and Calf, 2: deachmss
Lamb, one-half drachm.

It is to be remembered that the mortality of this dis-
ease is as high as 90 per cent., and even when the life of
the creature affected with joint disease is preserved, only
too frequently its health and condition are irretrievably
impaired. It is also well to remember, that joint disease
is of the same nature as that which leads to abortion, and is
capable of producing that. accident. Therefore, owing to
the above reasons, it is advisable when a young animal is
born with joint disease, to destroy it and burn the body, or
cover with lime and bury deep. If, however, the young ani-
mal is suffered -to live, it should be separated from preg-
nant animals before the swellings suppurate or become
sores. The stables and sheds in which this disease has been
present should be disinfected the same as recommended in
Enzootic Abortion (which see).

INDIGESTION IN YOUNG ANIMALS.

This is most frequently observed in Calves, especially
high-bred Calves. The principal cause would appear to be

too rich milk, or even milk difficult of digestion from its

- Onstetaics—DomesmicareD ANIMALS.

_ poorness, or ‘it may be due to the allowance of an over-
— quantity of milk.

SYMPTOMS. —T he young animal looks dull and de-
jected, and evinces uneasiness or suffering ; the movements
are torpid; the coat dry and staring; it yawns now and
again, and there are sharp gaseous eructations which cause
it to elevate its head. Soon it refuses to suck or partake
a its food; there may be vomiting of coagulated milk; the
breath has an acid odor, and the tongue is coated with a
white or greyish fur; the abdomen is swollen, and pressure
‘made towards the upper part of the right side causes pain;
and at this period symptoms of colic are often noted. Con-

_ stipation or diarrhoea may be present. If diarrhoea is not
persistent, it is a better indication than when constipation
exists. Indigestion runs its course rapidly in the young
-animal—in the majority of cases only occupying two, three,
or four days. It may be considered a serious condition, as

_ death often occurs.
TREATMENT. —PREV ENTIVE TREATMENT. aoe

er-repletion with milk should be guarded against, and if
he animal is being reared artificially, great care must be <
paid to its diet. If at the teat, the food and water of the
is mother should be attended to, and if the milk is too rich,
this may be remedied by giving less stimulating food to thie h
_ mother. ‘With Mares which are worked during the suck- vu
ing period, the milk is often retained for a long time in the
udder, and becomes altered ; the Foal is ravenously hun-—
riven the pppor ay over-gorges — bee

OrsTETRICS—DOMESTICATED —

CURATIVE TREATMENT.—In mild cases, a Sao
ful of rennet is all that will be required to effect a speed
cure. ;
When the indigestion is due to acidity of the stomach
administer baking soda ee nate of soda) in the follow:

ing dose:
DOSE.—Baking | Soda.—Foal aa Calf, one-half

drachm ; situ and Pig, 4 grains; Puppy and Kitten,
grain. | |
The Soda is to be followed with a mild purgative-
such as castor oil—even when diarrhoea has set in. If co
stipation persists, an injection of soap and water will b

beneficial. .
Much success has attended the administration, to

Galt and* Foal) or ia spoonful of finely-powdered veget
charcoal, given twice a day, mixed with water, in which
egg has been beaten up.. ie

DIARRHCGEA—DYSENTERY IN YOUNG M
MALS. Jeo > aaa \ NEONATORENEY

beyond the fourth sae it is. much iene Pe: ta son
stances the young creatures are affected before they
sucked; so that the milk could not have had.any in:
in its production, which is evidence of its infectious 1 at
SYMPTOMS.—This_ disease fealty are

an extremely bad ate “With ihe Calf t tl
is ee white, oe very often str

OxsTETRICS—DomesticaTED ANIMALS. 257 Taba

tense; exhaustion is rapid and the creature cannot rise. To-
ward the end the creature lies immovable, and dies without ia
. i a struggle in from one to three days; though in some casts.) Ga
death may ensue in a few hours. a
_ With allusion to its fatality, it may be said, that from (eee
50 to 100 per cent. die from this destructive disease. Espe- as
cially is this the percentage with the Calf, and in many out- er
_ breaks it kills all the ‘Calves in an establishment; if ‘any
chance to survive an n attack, they are sickly and feeble for a :
. long time. | Re:
TREATMENT. ttn with every other animal malady, ov
| PREVENTIVE TREATMENT is the most important
4 with regard to this dy sentery of young animals. Attention
_ to hygiene is very necessary at all timés, and more so when >
; the disease has shown itself 1 in a stable or shed. It is much
‘ the ‘safer plan, however, to remove all pregnant animals
from the dwelling in which it has appeared, and the longer
Dy, pac interval which elapses between their removal and the

ficic progeny escaping. at moved in three to six cae ns |
4 before parturition, their safety may be fairly assured. The —
ey stable or shed in which the malady has occurred should be
well, disinfected, the same as after Enzootic APO he

3 be,
+ grating season.
CURATIVE TREATMENT.—This disease has gen- |
i erally: been considered incurable. But if the medical treat- be

ment is conmmehiced with a slight laxative—such as ae Be ;

beets fifteen. grains. f
Nameat arain

258 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

repeated in twelve hours if necessary. To the Lamb give
one-third and to the Pig one-sixth of the above dose, and
repeat in the same manner. Also inject into the rectum
from three to six drachms (according to the size of the ani-
mal) of tepid water, to which has been added one grain of
permanganate of potassium to each drachm of water.
If the animal can take food it should be given in small
quantities, and each meal of milk is to be diluted with about
one-fourth of lime-water, to prevent the formation of card
in the stomach. In more serious cases, milk should be wita-
held, and instead of it may be substituted well-boiled gruel '
made with wheaten flour, or even eggs and beef-tea may be
administered. The patient should be kept warm and com-
_fortable; warm baths have sometimes proved useful.

CONSTIPATION—RETENTION OF MECONIUM.
The contents of the intestines—the meconium—are
generally expelled immediately after birth, when the navel
(umbilical) circulation is first interrupted. When the
meconium is retained much longer it is abnormal; and
this, perhaps, occurs more frequently with the Foal than
other creatures. iy.
The prolonged retention of the meconium gives rise to —
constipation, and this is often a serious condition. The ani-
mals in which it occurs are Saray weakly, and not well |
developed. :
CAUSES.—Retention of the meconium is usually ob-
served in animals which aré born in February or March,
and whose dams have been fed exclusively on dry fodder
during the winter; as this renders the milk deficient in those
purgative qualities which are so necessary for the new-born
animal.;
SYMPTOMS.—One or two mee after birth the young —

animal appears to be uneasy, refuses to suck, has spasms, «=

makes efforts to expel dung, exhibits symptoms of ‘colic, ,

Mar INE FEUD oN by

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 259

rolls on the ground, and often looks towards the abdomen;
the back is arched, urination is suspended, pulse and respir-
ation are frequent, the eyes are injected with blood, and
there is grinding of the teeth. Inflammation of the bowels
sets in, and death takes place in struggles and convulsions.

TREATMENT.—THE PREVENTIVE TREAT-
MENT consists in attending to the feeding and condition
of the pregnant animal some time before parturition. The
young creature should be fed on the first milk its parent
yields; if this cannot be given, then the animal should have
a dose of castor-oil. —

DOSE—CASTOR-OIL. Tol and Calf, one ounce;
Lamb and Pig, one drachm; Puppy and Kitten, twenty
dreps.

THE CURATIVE TREATMENT must be directed
- towards removing the meconium from the intestines. This
may be effected by a soap or oil injection, or previously re-.
moving as much as is acessible to a well-oiled finger. That _
which is beyond reach of the finger can be brought away
by means of a flexible, but not too weak, noose of wire
(Fig. 47). The mother should have an abundance of fluid
to drink, to which should be added the following dose of
sulphate of soda:

DOSE.—Sulphate of Soda (Glauber’s Salt).—Cow,
one pound; Mare, three ounces; Sheep and Pig, two ounces.

If the constipation persists in the young animal, ad- —
minister castor-oil. If there is much pain, give the follow-
ing dose of chlorodyne in a little water:

DOSE.—Chlorodyne.—Foal and Calf, fifteen drops:
Lamb, eight drops; Pig, five drops; Puppy and Kitten, two -
drops.

. The above treatment will be equally beneficial when-
ever constipation manifests itself in the young animal up to
the time of weaning. |

260 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

ECLAMPSIA IN YOUNG ANIMALS.

This nervous affection has been observed in the Calf,
Pig, and Dog within a variable period after birth.

SYMPTOMS.—The animal appears dull and unsteady
on its limbs, when soon after it is suddenly and violently
seized with spasms; all the limbs become rigid, the jaws are
convulsively champed, and foam flows from the mouth;
in a few minutes the creature begins to cry loudly and re-
peatedly, and to perform strange antics—jumping forward,
and heedless of injury. The eye looks haggard and wild, _
and the respiration is hurried. The animal may die from _
the first or second attack—rarely it survives more than two:
and if it does, it lies in a state of extreme lassitude for a
long time; then it gradually regains its faculties, and in the
course of some days is well again; but for some months ©
it does not look thriving, and not infrequently there is a
renewal of the attacks. 2

TREATMENT.—Little can be done ‘for this disease in
such young animals, beyond attention to the diet of both
mother and off-spring, and if constipation is present it _
may be combatted by the means already mentioned. (See \
Constipation in Young Animals.) |

—— — ——— --

SPASMS. (TETANUS AGNORUM.) His
Spasms are frequently witnessed in Lambs, and some-
times is so prevalent that it is regarded as enzootic. It
most frequently affects Lambs of the finer breeds, and us- ie
ually during the first two or three weeks after birth. rai

CAUSES.—In many outbreaks, the Lambs are predis- |
posed to the disease through the improper feeding and
management of the Ewes.

SYMPTOMS.-—The earliest symptoms are Cid Ns
loss of vivacity, and diminished appetite ; the limbs become ae
stiff and the gait stilty, the back is arched, and the neck
and legs undergo convulsive contortions, so that there is | i “a
yet ld oF } ; Mis?) 2 i a an

a \ ‘ ' .
oti i? :
‘ Y : PMNS a

OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 261

One difficulty in rising or walking. The cramps extend grad-
ually to other parts of the body, until at last the animal can-
not move, and to obtain food it has to be carried to the
mother’s teat, where it needs to be supported. Generally,
if the animal does not receive attention, it will succumb in
-about eight or ten days. The fatal termination is some-
times preceded by grirding of the teeth, diarrhoea, convul-
sions and complete paralysis.
TREATMENT. "=2) PRVENTIVE TREATMENT
must be directed to keeping the Ewes in a healthy condi-
_tion by proper feeding, and sheltering them from the
weather if this be severe at lambing time. The Lambs
should also be kept from cold winds and wet.

CURATIVE TREATMENT.—A dose of castor-oil
should be given at the onset of the disease, and especially
if there is any reason to apprehend that the meconium is
retained in the intestines (see Constipation in Young Ani-
mals). Chlorodyne may be given in five drop doses every

— four hours in a little water. Friction should be applied to
the limbs, either with or without whisky.

IMPERFORATE ANUS.
This condition is very serious unless surgical aid is
BY quickly afforded, and even then the young creatures are not
always saved.
We .'. o0T his occlusion or imperforation may exist in various
degree: There may be merely a membrane covering and
_ occluding the anal opening; the borders of the anus may be
adherent to a greater or less extent; the rectum may be more
or less absent or incomplete; or it may open into the gen-
_. ito-urinary passages instead of the anus. _ ,
ea SYMPTOMS.—When no dung can be expelled, us-
’ Ae, ually towards the second or third day after birth, uneasi-
% "i “ness and symptoms of acute colic are manifested; the ani-
nie “mal: does not suck, the abdomen becomes distended,

ST as

”

262 OBSTETRICS—-DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

expulsive efforts and pawing are observed, yet nothing
passed. The animal shows signs of great pain and misery,
and if help is not afforded it dies in agony.
TREATMENT.—If the obstruction is other ake a
simple membrane occluding the anus, but little can be done.
But when this membrane, which is really the skin, projects
like a large vesicle, owing to the pressure made upon it by
the dung, is the chstacle, all that has to be done is to incise
the mebrane both vertically and transverse; care being
taken not to allow the knife to pass too deep. No sooner is
this incision made than the meconium escapes; then the
pointed ends of the membrane may be clipped off with a
pair of sharp scissors. The index finger should be intrv-
duced as far as possible into the intestine, to make certain

that all is right there. The lips of the wound should be lu-

bricated by a little carbolized vaseline. Should the open-

ing have a tendency to grow together, a tent may be intro-
duced into the rectum, and withdrawn every now and again ~

in order to allow the dung to be expelled.

IMPERFORATE VULVA.

This is frequently observed in new-born animals, and
is serious, as the urine cannot escape unless it is expelled
through the urachus by navel opening.

TREATMENT.—-The lips of the vulva are to be sep-
arated vertically with a knife, using the same precautions,
and after treatment as in imperforate anus (which see).

IMPERFORATE PREPUCE OF PENIS.

This is of unusual occurrence, but does sometimes occur
in the Foal, causing an obstruction to the Dashes e of urine,
which is very serious.

TREATMENT.—4An artificial opening is to be made et
in the prepuce, where the natural aperture should be; the
Ars

Pp ar \ ets ‘ es tec)

7. <=

OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 263

lips of the wound should be kept apart and the precautions
and treatment the same as in Imperforate Anus (which
see).

This operation is successful only when the urethral
canal is open throughout its length; when it is occluded also,
the operation will no longer be attended with benefit, and
the operator must then endeavor to discover where the ob-
struction is, and either overcome it, or make an opening
somewhere for the escape of the urine. The point of ob-
struction can be easily discovered by introducing into the
penis a very small sound or catheter. On reaching the point
of obstruction with the instrument, gentle force will usually
overcome it. The catheter must be well oiled and allowed
to remain in the canal of the penis for several days, to pre-
vent the reuniting of the broken tissues.

OCCLUSION OF THE EYELIDS.

Occlusion of th eyelids has been witnessed in Foals,

‘Calves, and other young animals. Of course, the follow-

ing treatment is not to be applied in the natural occlusion of

the eyelids of Puppies, Kittens, and young Rabbits. Acci-

dental occlusion of the eyelids presents itself in two forms ;

in one, the margins of the upper and lower eyelids are only

adherent; and in the other the eyelids are, in addition, ad-

herent to the eye itself throughout the entire surface.

TREATMENT.—tThe first mentioned variety is alone
curable, and in order to disunite the eyelids, the operator,
after producing local insensibility by the application of co-
caine, proceeds as follows: Securing the head of the creature
in the hands of an assistant, the upper eyelid is elevated by
another assistant by means of a pair of forceps. The oper-
ator himself seizes the lower lid with a forceps, and pulls
it is far as possible from the eyeball beneath ; then, taking a
small, sharp pair of scissors in his right hand, a small punc-
ture or notch is to be made between the margins of the eye-

264 OBSTETRICS—DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

. ‘ ‘
lids, in such a manner as not to injure either lid, if possible, —

and much less to wound the eye. The scissors is now pass-
ed along to separate the lids as far as the inner corner of the

eye, and then to'the outer’corner. All that is required after
the operation, is to apply a -very little lard to the borders of

the lids, using care not to gét any into the eye, as it mee

cause inflammation of that organ.

OCCLUSION OF THE EAR.

When this condition exists, deafness is the consequence,
as well as dumbness. It is the dumb condition which most

frequently attracts attention, and leads to the discovery that fh

the real defect is deafness. ‘s
TREATMENT.—A small prominent tumor is detected
in the place of the ear, or where the external auditory canal

should be. This tumor is rather soft, and.can be readily

seized by forceps, when it may be punctured by a sharp-
pointed knife, and a vertical, as well as a transverse, incision
made through it. When the membrane is opened, a quan-
tity of grey cerumen is found obstructing the canal; this _

canbe extrtided by pressure, injections of tepid water, or.a ~

small scoop. To prevent the closure to the canal, a little
morsel of lint or fine tow is placed in the ear, and.retained —
there by a bandage round the ‘head. :

If both ears are affected, ane only should be operated |
upon at a time; and, as a rule, it is better to wait until the et

slight inflammation which follows the operation subsides, niet

before the other ear undergoes the same treatment. a

Ms TA id TONGUE-TIE.
The fraenum linguae isa triangular formed mucous
membrane of the mouth, and situated between the lower

part of that cavity and. the lower surface of the tongue.

When the fraenum is too narrow from above to below,

or if it extends as far forward as the extremity of the ton- a

‘ ie te Wa ¥

. coe Seek My Fa wi
i hk on ii ah ee

vot

} ie eyes. The teat is eed with aichcaley, te the tongue
‘is so limited in its movements that it cannot be protruded
ee HCl the nostrils. ‘The defect 1 is often reat and,

( eventually succumbs. : ae ik i

- TREATMENT. = Bhe treatment. ig? very simple. tA os
eis merely in dividing the fraenum to such an extent
that, the organ ‘may recover its liberty of movement. ia Se
iy mediately after the operation, the creature protrudes its ton-

gue to lick the blood: which escapes from the i incision ; it can

‘i hari

st now drink with ease, and the wound will heal in a fewdays

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig. Page.
1. The Generative Organs of the Mare.................... 7
9.) Section or Udder of Cowsmi . 3. che eae ae 12
3. Generative Organs of the Mare: Isolated and Partly
OBEN EG eos eek ww CS SPR R a 15
4. Womb, Fallopian Tubes, and Horns of the Sheep........ 13 34
5.) Ovary Opened. Vertical en...) ao ed a a Se he ee 23
6. PP Ortion ‘OL: OVALy CL aie oo I Sk go hae a tee wal healed 23
7. Foetal Membranes oi Cow at Mid-term. Womb opened on
lis) Jere side, 07) wae Sa Ce oe 35.
8. Foetal Membranes of the Goat at Full Time: Twins...... 36 08
9. Foetus of Mare and its Envelops...... Ce stale ia Wits © ete eee 38
10. Pregnant Womb of a Multiple-bearing and Single-bearing
PET TVTEL3.os Ceo chr CUMRT EER by cs «os See eat epee a tne <a eee '
110 Twin’ Precnancy- (Cow coi co Seek ee eae ee 5%
we. Impregnatine -Tube nt Waren 6... 2s we Se ee Ee ee 66 4
18. Section of Impregnating Tube ........... aie p ME chk te . 66
14°; Dilator of Néeck‘of the Womb: .... 6.20 oe cee ee pi ty
15. Normal Position of the Foetus in the Mare at the First
Stace of Parturition i... ae Sek eee 118
16. Normal Position of the Foetus in the Mare at the Second ~ ;
Stase) of Parturitidn. ees «6. OE see ee 1265405
17. Normal Position of the Foetus in the Mare at the Third is
Stage of Parturition ..... REPL Cee eee 12245). 4
18. Posterior Position of the Foetus at the Third Stage of “:
Normal: Parturition: ) 5 .)¢ fai oF a ee was
19. Standing Position of the Cow, in the Act of Parturition..124
2 Recumbent Position of the Mare, in the Act of Parturi- — al
LOR Go ee eas reea ole iae Led pits «aM esate aitoet Ake ee ae pe DSS caren
21. “Diameters of the ‘Pelvis: i) iyo. ido ajc ss seis ek ie 160" «reg
22. Deviation of the Hind-limbs in the Anterior Presentation.154
23. Fore-limbs Crossed over the Neck in the Anterior Pre
BOMEALION 5 6 4 cial Fed seb, ISON a ees 156252055
24, Fore-limbs Flexed at the Knees in the Anterior Presenta- =
HOM. oy ones dhe aelilia GV @lacheaes Netra ck
K' Hee . ay uh i

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 267
Fig. Page.
25. Extending the Fore-limbs in the Anterior Presentation...158
26. Anterior Presentation: One Fore-limb Completely Re:
AAAES Lp Steeda ct OREN RVI e a’ «oo, <. o, Rsden ip aiahe Rica Did) MRR hee Week Whe 160
27. Anterior Presentation: Both Fore-limbs Completely Re-
je N00 Y=: 19 eR UNaP Ret att), "at PUI ANIA We SVP ah 8 os et 161
28. Anterier Presentation: Downward Deviation of the Head.16z
29. Anterior Presentation:Extreme Downward Deviation of
145 (oY Oe C6 Rae "ye RL Se Re Paeal, laoreet Oe 163
30. Anterior Presentation: Lateral Deviation of the Head
taward:. the), Sigmider: . .6 bse oo ea oa ee 165
31. Anterior Presentation: Lateral Deviation of the Head to-
ward the A bedGnveitess ':... . 5.668 Wehale teveolape ieicie ba creehe a 166
32. Anterior Presentation: Deviation of the Head Upward
ARG BACK Wate Fite. oss. sock Fale aS haeae ewe cae 168
oo, Fosterior:.Presentations.Hock: .. ower Ie eS 170
aa. Hock Presentation: Hoek Corded inca oie IN lay ee 173
ay. Thich and Oroup Presentation © ...\..00 62 2 Gee ee a 174
36.. Thigh and Croup Presentation: Thigh Corded........... 176
Gin StANAV CFSE: TP TESEN TAGE ek. i). 62k. occ ceding. die aie peraetleew Cee 177
38. Transverse Presentation: Shoulder and Loin Presented. .178
39. Transverse Presentation: Shoulder and Loin Presented. .179
40. Transverse Presentation: Brest and Abdomen Presented,
Head “and. Pectemusaseed |... i ire eae ge any 180
41. Transverse Presentation: Breast and Abdomen Presented,
Hind-limbs most advanced, Head retained .......... 181
eine ON De TT LALOL: (5) REESE <r... 5 gs siete eo Xe CO tee Rae SRE 184
42-A. Traction Cord and Band, and the Manner of Applying
TNE OS ie ove GRE She a 0 a's ohare aide whe aia ah Ona ea 186
Pee LaCRLO ON immo. sc. ws Skibo elahc we niabalg 4 tea eee 186
ee ERO RIOD Va ia MM ania, wo cco’ wap hen slave ahs we ahapbiar Wise eee 188
44. Head Collar placed on Calt’s Head, the right Fore-pastern
POT COR ey ee ea 8 ke uct nbaae agen, Detlets 189
IEG NG 6 UR Ge pis a 0 ee at Se ar Dera Sb oy Raw eats .190
aq. Wire Wxtractarr ApUlen sie.) oc... cheek ea Soe Oe 190
Sia <2) BANC MR Othe BE elo aes Cock, wc atte ote bles else cate eran hae 191
amy. Noose’ Fixed Om ther ROeLus 0000. 2 ek. be lk a 191
49. Darreau’s Repeller, Armed with a Running Noose ....... 192
50. Gunther’s Curved Porte-Cord and.Blunt Crotchet Armed
WHtIP A Meee cA etn 6 ole Gockel whee Shore nw cole Wate a ola 192
Pae uMennt.- ROPCHIGE ClasGdi 2s so. '.o ess hice ey coer or Oak hoe ee 194
fa wont Repeller: Open iit ob. i OLE edits bs oh ail dla ch aoe ke ante 194
bat snort, Blunt Crotchet. OF OOK 9.008 ne bs de cle eles . 195
eee) Blunt yanger Crotchet}or Hook: i026... yk See Pe at 195
asain ae :
Paha if Ys . e Hen cine 4 “ 7
PE Prat A bm Tayo Tike to aaa aay th th ¥

268 TABLE oF ILLUSTRATIONS.

5h. Lene Pointed ‘Crotchet \or, FIOOk ti) 00. te Lea ees Le eee
FG in ECC PHOT CE DS ae Sel ale OO) MACROS OM 0 a
bt... Opstetric. “Machine i 5. 205 whe cnibiea ¥ ec eee biee EOE ee nee
bs, Straleht Wmbryotoame 05 ere A Ye ON eS
bo GUrved HM DrOyVOLOMe) vitae Zee. sea cabana Ln ere eh
CS UMNG LS 028 80 Le Rane ar a Us Pa ee EN NE A
Be oOne-CHIGE Wes Eee aM Ss ore ake elie a pet eels eh ebm
Beara st ESOT GH SSRN he a eae ON eda ie hay Ct AC RI I Th SIPS a RC el
ACTORS fof? C6 RRM fod co - 112 9 on “gan ay Lm SOS 4) ST ERD AUR CR A
OA RAIS PASSAT Y ial drs) wie eck KRM EE lass ba Maile Minheos ait plier wn eters Gea
66; Oup-and-Ball) (PeSSary ysis ici ute tee o's 6 RM alent a eu RN ain
66. Loop of Rope Truss which extends around the vulva....
676s ROpe rss Applied Guy: Pine. 24 Soke Atevele ohtaleca ne pee evetes
hou) leather. /Truss | Applied \ivaiiewics. « - \gacka Sema nl tiles ela Baa
BOs Ine TL Cat- SY ORO, 1s Wii es ois «5 bm Dus reBotelahata teehee as ale enaealty
0c POTIOLAURE SOUL )i 5s hears <6; «sis gale Outs eae Ewan packe hi
71. Truss Applied for Navel (Umbilical) Hernia ...........
lone NAV ed € Danbilical): Clare sig inilacte abe sibnete ih 5 saute .

INDEX.

A. ' Page.
Abdominal explorations or examination ........0........0005 49
ADnormal: rentention; ofthe foetus sl ea ae eae ee 85
UROL UOT! Ac SNe seree Os. ess Oe = ss bs a ite Meg ar eatiapla tag Neraltoela, penne ariate 90
PECORT LEDS (ACCHLETRUAD, $s Pariah orig. o's: c's = od cease ee RDA ES AR See 91
ABOLLIGH) |: CPIZOOLIG OL). GIAIMOEIG 665.75 6 OIE SS ah 105
PADOTEIGH: | GDOBAGRE | Nina rare ea’ 5 5.02 Reale aaa Neen Rl Cane 91
Abortion, flooding (haemorrhage) after ..................4.. 219
Abortion, retention of the after-birth after .................. 213
VEVISCUCO WE OTTDE g ikie ABW CL. ka ate: poale sala ro a tabereiene ret okee Puna tank 240
ASCIOGRLS: DE DrefBanCye ite)... . CORR ee es 79
SA TEP SILER ics Av lds che RM eee oo Kicks: oC SRE ERY Sac eon eR 36
Ad ber-birth) TUnCUOHS Bugis’ se so Re Se en aae 37
MATLOr-biTth: TetenGon eee elses ow os 8 eI I a Ae OS
PLOT -POANS S:, 7.0.0, 8 Ms ores os ed Sa RR eR as . 145
mesiaetia, AlSence OL Mrs) ols MOR ie ea Oh ae lene . .240
Amputation of the fore-limbs of the foetus .................. 209
Amputation othe headver the foetus aici PAP ee 207
Amputation of the hind-limbs of the foetus .................. 210
Amputation of) the limbs ef the foetus’ oo... ae ae 209
Wuries OL. te. Vulva ce ewe eo.) awe ERGOR SAAS Cg Aan Pree
PUI tH GEL ORALE Amn Emote sob. wt nm Baatehee Rokk ove edo oe taraie Baal ci tied 261
SEPANG J Nigh) SR A TPES A a PCy CALE Ya NAVY Ae A I ‘6 202
ATICIAL DECIOMRECMOLELE (fs 6 csaha wale ata lorote od Menclne raed ale EVER 212
Attention to the mother after normal parturition ........... 143
Attention to the mother after difficult parturition ............ 213
Attention to the mother during the first two stages of natural
ERTS OEE oo ee ie HAUS CRS oa dea BG UM CUTS Ve wiR Eb lu ether alata! cokers seek ae
_ Attention to the mother during the third stage of natural —
APD OUT | ieee atiTe Wpneebanes Vente soe Wl pr ctoia Marea cies ale . 134
Attention to the off-spring immediately after natural delivery
Pema baicent plbcds salar wuts ia tnt ewan ee oles sheen Ay ied37,
_ Attention he the off-spring after difficult parturition S$) 2eon 213

;

en
270 INDEX.
B. |
Page. ‘
BANGOR OES.” ATUBSSES olyiiils igie tavern! ia Wine ah y's EOL al tatiel aera aera Leh 223, 245 Ove
ETL 6 FIER TU A Py hai oa Ena gare Pal) Sei aman PEE Dee G tar Sela AICS 185
PRATT OTANI! 8 i NS a eats Leh ots DIR DS: lala bella oobi ta Vane ato) eo Oe 61
Barrenness in the female .......... A oe Sw big atta laud sass ETDS fel ea 63
Rarrenness in) the) Male ois oni waes «ee ee eee eae 61
Birth: premature artificial... aia... 5 Ne eaten ns cee 212
Bleeding (haemorrhage) from the womb before parturition... 85
Body of foetus; AIVISION OE ig AiR ss 5 sia iiwte le ele te een eae ae Z11 “6
Breast and abdominal presentation ................005 seees LTD
Broad ligaments 2) ie aes I ABOARD RD Rect ene AD ea
TAUB EG apis scion, he vse ce AG SMM So RR RC Le ae y s
C.
Caisés:of death: of foetus, sagie . oc c Sue Wome Oe nade lee 13d ho
Gases of parturition), uate. 66.0 eT Ore 114 oa
Cafition \to the (operator .HeMae i... ci wa vas ee ae aati 13e. ia
Chest of foetus, reduction of ........... Pees Sa aay oe rial FBG 5 1 112 :
Colic during Presnancy LANCE gen... so. Perea k enn aed 72° ate
Constipation during pregnancy .................600. Sk A 71 Nia
Constipation: in’ young) animales. ......0. 005.25 see ee 258.0 e ie
Contraction of the womb after normal parturition ........... LATA ae
PSCC) Meat Rats ich cele p WTR Eo ie as oc ELA AA Oh Nea aie 28 em
Cords, TOPS PANGS oo 5. 13s Saas m5 6 <3 5 nlatat ohaietd teteita o/h anan aa 135. 7 ee
ETAL IA ot el ie BONG oe a SW oe Oe ee ete 19 2S
Coven Guring -Presnancy ss neces. « co soe ee ic amaina Aenea 79 ya
Ospg2(0) “tte ha REN 6 Copa oo: ca AED ICI, <P MRR Pe ns Ne SA Nae 3 241 i) eee
Cramp) VUrINne PTESNAN CMe: 5" OAR es. .!. + yous Bo ET Ra 187) ign
RBLCH ene isi sa chil y cent ema DC. cs srt ee IIA eters 198 yates
BEART Ae IAP cos Ste ct gue mk Bir al ORAM Sas one 'n ‘hive POs 0 Bu hull bad He) cece RIE 193 Aaa
Oup-and-ball\ pestarye <6. p+. di wegen |. os a Wie oe od nei ee ag 225) ton
; D. : F B ; 7
MV GHE ON VLOCEIIA My satay aro tk iis mee oa | ve a gale a ae 133):
Decapitation. s.r eee AN A EO Le Meee hd Wa Mle, PE di LOT. w i ry i
Delivery, dificult, 22.00 00, 22, SORRY NO Me es PR A dB 5 ee ae CN
Delivery difficult, attention to the mother and off-spring after. 213 ‘ e
Delivery difficult. from malpresentations or malpositions of the pa
BOGAN aE situ eeatath carer pray gente St em Ae aeaoker Brine eh Rani ht te bike
Delivery difficult, how to make examinations in’ al ie
Delivery difficult, retention of after-birth after ..... opin ie
Delivery, disorders of the mother after ...... i MRL e ele 5, 2
Delivery, flooding (haemorrhage) after ..............
: Vis
feet ; ne aN

Page.
Delivery, duration of ........ 0... eee e cece e renee neces . 126
Delivery, natural! cc spjew oe. ce hk cw ete aie tarele se se He oles 113
Delivery natural, attention to the mother after ............-> 143
Delivery natural, attention to the off-spring BELOR lad a ce. « o.9 5 137
Delivery natural, how to make examinations in (see examina-
tions.)
Delivery natural, necessary aid in .............:e esses eeeeee 128);
Delivery natural, signs and course Of .......-.-+++++seeceers 118
Delivery, position assumed during.........---+++eeseeeeeees 124
PetrunGAation 2. LN vc Dae ie «oo 6 sions w ipinle a iaielas Ble are) plaice oj ouatmiornys 211
Development of ovaries and OVA .....-.-- sere erence eeeeeee P45)
Deviation of the head upwards and backwards ............-.. 169
Deviation of the hind-limbs in the anterior presentation...... 154
Division of the body of the foteus ........-.-. 5s sere ere eeees 211
Diarrhoea in young animals ...........-.0sseeeee ee eeeeeees 258
Difficult labor, birth, parturition .............-..eeeee ee eeee .148
Diseases incidental to PregMancy ..........- secre eee eeerenes 69
Disorders of the mother after delivery .......-...-+++seeee> 145
Downward deviation of the head, anterior presentation ... .162
Dropsical swelling around the navel (umbilical) cord ........ 247
Dropsical swellings of the legs during pregnancy .........--. 72
Duration of delivery ..........- es cc cece e rere rece teeneeenes 126
Duration of pregmancy ........---- sees eee eceee BENG hal phate cl 52
Dysentery in young animals .........+seeseeeeeeecees eee years 256
Tey stokiae 063. RE is ie sel eats are Sala chagails sina 148
E.
Bar, occlusion Of ........- 00. eee eee ee eens og ote ol Ona oR ieralogs eee
Eclampsia in young animals .........-sseseeeeeeeeeeeeees 260
PmbryotomMy. 2. eee cette cee te tenes sess ceeles 204
Embryotomy instruments ........-- 52: ss eee eee ee tee ee eeees 205.
Embryotomy, preliminary arrangements for .........-+++-++-: 206
Enzootic, Epizootic abortion ..-.....-.--+ seer eee e eee eeeeee 105
Examination, exploration abdominal .........-.-+++++eeeeees 49
Examination, exploration rectal .....-.--.-+eseeeeeeeeees Sater
Examination, exploration vaginal ........-+---seeseeeetecees 52
Examinations, how to make successfully eer aee 49, 51, 52, “137, 148
Excessive amount of milk before parturition .............-. 79
Excessive waters (hydrops amnii) .........-. sees ee eee eens 13
‘Bxternal organs of generation ...........+.+.. raha: AT Se eave Lea sh
‘Extractor wire, for small animals ............ Roh wi @uatcceihe 189
Byelids, occlusion CAE ER Ce ate ot oR wedi A tenge cman de sialoik ones
' }

rs f ey i Reis ; {
272 INDEX. | | BY ae
F. 4]
Page.
Fait of vagnia before parturition 20.04)... as ie URES: 7 im
Fall or inversion of the vagina after Parturition ys i ae 229
HUTT TUDES aes oe Ney ks elo URE os, Sa pea Cen 21
Fallopian tubes, functions of ......... 1 RTE TA: cE a i na Phe
Mecundation. jalan ke ae a RSE, OUGR OSES ALO (RS nae eee |
female cenerative organs O24 t i Aaieee) . 2 oe hae Mes AMS 6 ie
Fissures in the teats .......... RRR LN ETA QSAR a he MSG To 240 yn
Flooding (haemorrhage) after abortion .................... SQLS) ere
Flooding (haemorrhage) after delivery ..............0.-0005 Pa ih),
Foetal- membranes, retention Of. 6205)... ou See eas 213 y
Foetus, abnormal retention of ......../..0.0..0.00. Se eae Ut Br 85 Nes
Foetus, cause of deathof i203. 20220... SI i at dhe SO See LIS hes
Poetwus): dSath OL se ae ee RRR SRO RL BO hl bua eareel 132.) scan
Foetus, mal-presentation or Mal-position of ................: 153 a
Woétis) traction: of,’ or drawine on)... eee ee TBA wet 13
MoStus, fraction »of in twin \presmancy 6.!\500 ila. Vile, ee 136! exces
Foetuses twin, mal-presentations and positions of ........... P88. Cog he
Pood for prepnant/ animals Wea yo vane ede oe eat BB o nic ueate
HOTCCA Cxtrachion (Orrihe: TOCTMB ay. i. sins a ee aa ae ie cal a 199 sit ye ‘
Force employment of, in difficult parturition—traction .-....199_ Ch
Nig C15) 6. hee een Une ara.) a ri PRE Meer ny LYONS 197 aie
Fore-limbs of foetus, atneitarienl BES ce Pw eette PPR Aion See ten ape gs 209 Ret
Fore-limbs completely retained, anterior presentation ....... 1595 VN
Fore-limbs crossed over the neck, anterior presentation .....155 yy ee
Fore-limbs flexed at the knees, anterior presentation ........ 157 4 af Site
Bunetions: of the iaiter-birth: we oe. so) Ogee hy eee BY Pape eated
G. 4
General ‘eare..of the young) after delivery .o4a% Woven eos
WOOT ATIOU ia eee Sa AICS LP VS SN Ca ee
Generptive organs, external!’ o.\ owes Oe ee ane name
) ONOCTRLIVE OTRANS: Lemale yay.) un alas ii is hk kate Raa Re
Generative, organs, Internado cet eee hs, can lah cea he th Aono
PARAL LOI tae UUM el CRU a ik OU rina we ltte fel da eta Reel cy Aare pM Ue 28, 39 |
eb
PRTANOT ci CEA PR eee TR IDINhe ra) Sic tah ae
Head-collar i. )0u lect? AR ott POE Ube lg mS bac ua cia aes A BB ed
PMeAl-cord st: Mac. oy int Reale Rove nee ey siciahg OO TS
Head of foetus, amputation OB sig cad es i RAN es) Lacy NH

Head retained, and with it one or both of the forelimbs.
‘Heat —

Oa TOR ore AW uae \ |

eS ae INDEX. — 273

Bind-linibs: of. foetus Kampulation/Ob oe ee ia ls a laa 210
MIRE DT OSCULALIONE 6 otecahe ae y's a5 5 trun aretha sha! SMAI aa Res ote at 8 170
"OA E68 REINO TEODOR Kb 81 CSS RR RN vA Ae A UR 198
TESS COL OV CORIIDY ae Re Wg cae 0 oy nhc ama Neda ets (at ae ND CEM Ua Uap 19
How to make successful examinations in difficult parturition. .148
Hurried (tumultuous) labour in normal parturition .......... 130. t
Mycicie/ of pregnant: AMiIMaAls |... vss ee we ees eas 57 .

IREMICTILOVAMS ANU OO: MumeR ai Ls Sky Ma IO een ge yen wont nt naan 261
ict PmMperforate: PrepuGe™ OF | MCMAS 6... es See dae SR catalase Cla Uh hee a 262
RED ETIOTALCs VULVA. 2s routers >. -- 5 sistgnaen cla OM atrgaran a LA Liga ss ata 262
PE OSLO 83) Wachee SCENES 6, a ol'c “cl ath MN ante Ce Ne Ob ee Ste Ral aang 254 lg ht
ANCCCTIOUS, AHOTTION: “C crsieraieien s. «. « . le drdegighehe fat ares Oh eames dun a Sova 105 :
PLOT Lys cy ose Ae Sa NAS Ce 61 ae
Inflammation of the navel (umbilical) COPE ch, Maloun ae cls eee 248
... ‘Inflammation of the udder ...................005. ha Fina ae a 238
Mao indiammation of the: vagina! sic.) 6.06. oj. ea asl lean eons = 231
Inflammation of the womb: (metritis) .... )... 270.00. aes 233
Influence of pregnancy on ordinary diseases ................ CSo 5. 4
Instruments, embryotomy .....- 1 Sar PLAS OE a ne 205
Instruments for the extraction of the foetus ................. 184
foe veimternal organs of generation)... 0... 0000. a eis a 14
Inversion of the vagina . TL RR (aren omanse Nyt Ah Ge ;
Tigers of the. wri Ae mein ics 6. le sche cigtelene Bea ND ya ee 220

emecrg ONL hisease 0051... Memento Ns of. abe a ae aa gc ae B52 ee!
(CDCR NT CE Bay BP iis aro td lt RS RO MG, 2 A ele gamba inal Me aA 252 Buia?

7 GOMER ELT oS TUSCUAY TAL we TUT EUR cot costes bao, Ms clugled, oe Be ates 9 Mal Mwy atte mp thiw wihatiealte tah aians 113 \G
_. |aabour natural, attention to the mother during the first two aR
ees pet SRAM Ese Te ara ks om ace aS Sa esk ea IK ante wraca tale Wvs eta Weste, Cee 129 Bete ehh’
Pe ebour, difficult Aoife. bie. eevee ees ene ale ear hou 148 Bris Sst
Br er - Labour difficult, how to make SRA MIN BET IN o) eia) aera 148 at ae gets
os Labour, hurried (tumultuous) in normal parturition Preah Hy vat h 130 mL a
Bee: ee Labour, natural, normals... 025. . , RUE SNE 113 Vy
WAS Labour natural, attention to the mother disiie the first two . NOS
fas Prmteees of WS Soya Oe eat Wea ee a ate ata hase si aap eee RAN
_ °- Labour natural, attention to the mother during the third stage134 Digi Bh
ae Labour natural, expelling powers ............-...:. Hoda ee cf gee Nei
_ ‘Labour natural, necessary 2 Ca ge SR ee a rae a sey es AVY) seg baat ye Rel PN eA

» ie) vies 4 5 Ge ae at a Leh ‘ mit, Mlle fT SOR 4
nay Pp on ¥ di an yrasts a Bs “i 2 t hie Pm Mn faethe Sa ‘urpace ay ¥ 4 ate et if) age
a a4 ap ve ey Capi yee at J ge ee eR AN se Aides Seas a Br eee ae ed | ‘
cert i peat {i Katt he rite FS oeeetia) @ik ge Bee Neen 2) SDE
if he PORT ")% rye A Vie ERAS fas * pay, rm ale a A i \ Uh! oe) Ba UX a fe) oe Chet AN AB ae Ht

ne
274 . INDEX.
Page. ¥f
Labour natural, signs and course Of ..........0+-46. aie = 5a «ll
Labour natural, signs and course of preliminary stage ....... 118
Labour natural, signs and course of second stage ........... 120
Labour natural, signs and course of third Stage ............ 121
Labour natural signs and course of the fourth stage ......... 127
Tzavour, POLTACte 4 Lac aie! ales RM a «+ 0; af'e nt alls Ve eyedel SANA eile: oka a Ti
MAAC LALGION eh cid, Sicilia telce erates: teuhere AGING, 'o'\e. brs dita SS Mate Sisal dete seh) Gakeees Sam 146.
Lateral deviation of head of foetus to right or left .......... 165
MIGRATE EO URB iF eGo eous ates ote, the he cRMRERLLG ¢u,.' «) o-0l%iohin a INGO RRR Be TS gaa 228.
TAU COLPTH OCR 11 Mu ow CS IIIA e 0'n ws Reavetetaire gs (0 eet ae ae Se 232°
Limbs’of foetus, amputation. Of/70 4)... 0s ent ee oo se Glee w vases .. 209°
SS Ot WE as Coe oe eA eR cd sc Rae Sa eaen ad ee ftians 6
PAQUOF SADR 8 320 04 ho yc Sa eS = lhe ta BONY el aera ena a 34.
ee i eres ke b fe eth YR. Caen a iN alec) Sa man Ae ee! Se 145
Lochia, to prevent the untimely cessation of ............... 146. :
ESOSS .OLVADOLIEO aii ellie oc ia eep let AM Glen. «0: oy Nay wlan! ere cell cet hele iene 70:
M. ;
Malpresentations and malpositions of the foetus ............ 1538. 1
Malpresentation of twin foetuses .....0........ cece wee ewes 183 .
UTNE) Fe OSE 8 ee a eile OR EME 2/0. «Ns ins «uy ah MER ate ial waren ot ai ee i Lory,
Material signs (Of) pregnancy voy .. 6. ya WAR s Wh eae 47
Mechanical dilatation of the mouth of the womb ............ 1a4°'s
Mechanical means and instruments employed in the extraction
Of ithe: foetus) +... icv cl”. s,s aig cand aaa eg cr 1842) 0
Mechanical means for the retention of the womb after inver-
BRECKER I af aisles ede shmyeod Bi ee RRMA CE a Tossa 0's) CIN Te ke TO Siar gee 223 ‘
Meconinum..; retention Ob oi. 5.6 are es, OR WS hee Sis Se 258. :
IPERS UT AIA a a ook ee RRS aes) oe) Seat th otte: tie: Sista ariel teenie 30.
MVGCA NEUES 8 aos Ges A RI bases) oy aatactease ie Saati PN fee 233
Malic VADBENCO OR. oli dee Rees ie caret Serer oie Wea /aee ae een 240.
MK duct, sOpTIteration WE) 2 pe iis Os. lednd Bete ene ld Wi a ea 241
Milk, excessive amount of before parturition ................ 79)
METIS FAW dt ei SA otek We aea AOE Rosacea Blac swiss fw mens Bea “ss 2/0 46; a
WAN CATP ER Oe ii aia RU rae eo ole eal gab Pegs h to te eal ooh anh Sitter 90.
Mother, attention to after difficult parturition .............. ate".
Mother, attention to after normal] parturition .............. 1.143
Mother, attention to during the first two stages of natural
LRROT ole esha Sills pigipeiein eel see teta nIae waiet bys wie daa ee sae ble wale» 129 |
Mother, attention to during the third stage of natural labour. .134 fe 3s
Mother, attention to immediately after delivery ...... De aa 130) eae
Mother, disorders of after delivery ........ rane ie Maes Seid 4 7 ore g « AAO
Mouth lofty the womb. 0) de eeu ke eee ee ral Fg Paste ere AO
Multiple pregnancy eden tte e teen tee erence eee ee es Rieti,”
| : ye Bee it!

INDEX. 275

N.
ty) Page
Natural birth, delivery, labour, parturition .............-.686. 113
Natural measurements of the pelvis .......0.....0e eee ee ees 150
Natural parturition, expelling powers) wis. bos... Jeoeke cee wes LES
Natural presentation of foetus, anterior ..................... 153
Natural presentation of foetus, posterior ................... 170
Mavel:.COrd. THTAMIMAGION, OF. (5). oi. Were eiciale ds ers & gta 248
Navel: dropsical ‘Swelling | ArOUNG: (ss) o i sinha! a te alana hom aneeeaag 247
Navel, rupture (hernia) of ......... AES hia) Se plnnelae elated daar naan 244
mavel-strine (nmbilicalneard) osc. hte tre ao, 6s Dey sree 39
Necessary aid in normal parturition ............0..0.-ee eens 128
USS AM EMD Gilet ier Re ise «000 cach Efe WBS tetas bee a2 pe corns ain 191
Noose running, and manner of applying ...................%. 186
PEOCIAL, DAL Litetlonoo sce Putemtere ©... < ore giichee app mle” e le babavay a ntteka wre a etape 113

O.
Spl teration Of Le mile igs .! si... ojeca5 2 SOD) care A 241
PROStELTIGHT, DNV SIO Gtx ciety on.+ ss eos + ert hehe oo els eee ba ed oa 27
CCIUSION OF* TRG CAL bi aram ees oc. 65.0 bc eldleaca eae cd ami ae Rete wees 264
Wechipion Of. the, Gy Slide ls... o). scoala oldie, women Beate 263
Medemaot the: Unabilictisteeras . ss... oes ot peteaie mere aioe 247
Off-spring, attention to immediately after natural birth ...... 137
Off-spring, attention to immediately after difficult birth ...... zis
MEA PHALICIS ) - ce. i ae Lk ona (a. 5 ON RRERERGN TCeE wea 3 N ag at 248
Pgeraror the) Caution’ Comme. so so. 5. Cele Ihe pest iia beitetaghess 137
Oe AIAN 82/4), 25), eR «ses + = 5 afapMeuglt y yalhce aaa c a lepee ads 23
varies, ANG OVA, CEVElOMMENL, Of "ss. eta d eke ate tectte biatamapen ote 25
“oy ta hh apn at Saag AIR SR cS a Pg ey SRR oe ee MLA” 74 21
Sig) Ey yas pees DS GL a ae pe |! sa RP ce Ee peo SEN ONS A 24

oe =F
PEL AICS SELEY. yeh 2 0 vol RUM aE ohn, cp! a vee dle peal da awe Le ele sine meat hueags o 223
MTS APC A NARI! oc g's che eh alee Mant aun ewe Sera 145
Paralysis of the hind-quarters (paraplegia) ................. 75
PETC OL Id 1 + A DODGE Rye Wiss cicce Cita le te a ps ott pln a empnitie moe € ws 146, 235
PAP tUuriGie: LOVEE Were ted culsat S8 Fg aud cage. bem oe OEE Oe PRR apart ay Pt” 233
SSPE ICIOUS his ek eA = ao cite SMM egal alae diaadia atttongva Shr ben 28
MALLUTILION, “ANLIICIAL PrOmMALnre: ii eis! yiiataltce sake. nk Se ap are 212
Pee LOrTtidtis DLAC oats eke ok rs ht aL ao wR org fd Nealon 148
Parturition difficult, atcention to the mother after .......... 213
_ Parturition difficult, attention to the off-spring after ......... 213
_ Parturition difficult, flooding (haemorrhage) after ........ pie A
Parturition difficult, forced extraction in ....................199

Parturition difficult, how to make successful examinations in.148
j / ? ;

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276 INDEX.
Page.
Parturition difficult, retention of the after-birth after..... ep aa yb
Parturition difficult, twin foetuses in .......6....... 02. ee eae 1838
Parturition, disorders of the mother after ................. . -145-
PRELULELION, CULACIONY OL ii iesecs is ccs Rees © Shared ele te Geel sak Deena . 126
Parturition, fall or inversion of the vagina after ........... 229
Parturition, inversion or prolapsus of the womb after ....... 220
Parttrition nahiral: normal osicaue.: .. Ko Oe hee ae 17S":
Parturition normal, attention to the mother after............ 143
Parturition normal, attention to the mother during first two
SECS OME yal lari Wh hs Caliolletoduls, SURMUMIEIED 6c. wo LectePRe Ria y Iatwttlaa abate tea tan he cede doe
Parturition normal, attention to the off-spring immediately
BEES lcs heniooultnccetlarce, ciate iat oes ata co fc « LAUR VIAN Eile rca iaoe hs eae a 137
Parturition nommal,’ expelling Gowers. .)00 5 Dae sae tele weiss 115,
Parturition normal, flooding (haemorrhage) after .......... ay at
Parturition normal, how to make examinations in ........... 148
Parturition normal, hurried (tumultuous) labour during ..... 130
Parturition normal) NECeSSaryiea iD vor Ae ey Meo eee 128
Parturition normal, retention of the after-birth after ........ 213
Parturition normal, signs and course of ............ BRIAR er." 118
Parturition normal, signs and course of preliminary stage....118
Parturition normal, signs and course of second stage
Parturition normal, signs and course of third stage
Parturition normal, signs and course of fourth stage
Parturition, position assumed during ..................:00-
Parturition, rupture of the womb after .....................
PFS oi le unieite Saher Fas a oleae Mie HAR AROATN A «5 'e o''s shoe fella to Bi er Mama Reais Ray she Rare
/ Pathological disturbances incidental to pregnancy ..........
Parnolocy, of Preenancy 2k sees ost. <6 EGE ee ee scans Anan
Pelvis, natural measurements of ................. Art) dite aera ici
Penis) tmperforate “prepuce! Oh ais so... eae ke Wik bee el ee
PSPIDACUI: MNO eS arte. elle eR elmer GA wg eennl eeeelaa ey peti ae eae
POrinaeunn: | TMDEUTE VOLT Gees eee eS Ted ae PS SH es ei crcl
Persistance of the UPACHUS eeu Se gle ING LS. .aaoy ae
Pessary CUP AOA ie ite ete eR Sno ete ee Roemer | 4
Pomsary! Dad ) 24! edi By le OT Oe EG Se ica ee
[Se 1 ER ARR NE MAD RACAL GST REL AID grt ARR aimee Dn gage
PHYSIOlOZY OVSTOET CAL 5.5. Vi) nl sense cael A Bie a awiete plane yang
_ Picea, loss of appetite... .:.,. PON OE rie Binet Wael cee: ee) ve
PAPI eonta ie sua tine ithe 9 RES Ne Came Rie CSN SL Gs ae ea
Position assumed during delivery ..-.......0. 52. ¢0hen eee
Position of foetuses in multiple pregnancy ...... fre Saar
(tPost. partum ‘haemorrhage |) ooo) ig ie shes as Pah sas aaa
Porte-cord!)./f./ 0 noo PRE PM epee h, xe fede ire Oa ae

INDEX. 277

Page

PEE Veh gee ERS aE NOR RR RD RIND Tine cela Oe ee MLS) AME 1 me ZO .28, 39
Pree NAaNne ys ACCIGCHES © Ob (el cu Pe tie osk me cain kee a eran ee a ee ah ald 79
Pregnancy, diseases incidental LO I a are gS Sig 69
Pregnancy, dropsical swellings of the legs during .......... TZ
PTEENRARECY,) GULACIGH “Ome wie. 5.5 Re tel eG CEL ni gate: fea, A 52,
Pregnancy, influence of on ordinary diseases ................ 68
Pregnancy, TACOKIAY SHEA OT oo Ui wis toacal aia teel Sie excel 47
PPECNANCY, | TAUIELDIG Vo tions 6a od oe SA Lk TSS ae ay elie hin eiinliate 54
Pregnancy multiple, position of foetuses in ...........--++ee- Dd
PECCNANCY. PALNOIOLY Cerne fe. UN RO SUN re eS dele means 68
Pregnancy, pathological disturbances incidental to .......... 68
Perecnancy, TAUONAl SESH fof. 55.3 oo ea eb eden elk odin re ah 45
Presnancy , Sensible) SigmanOia . 6... eae Sa ee ea etd ave ee 49
Precnancy, Sifhs) Ole ame: o 6. ORAS ea toa, lee eras 45
TOS NANGY.” Was oy an meets 5. < Sno o's 1H duet ate aeldel ateel paers ark laawhae 54
Presnan; ‘animals;dwellingsiror. - .. ....UcsAn ae Ae ea 59
Presnant: aninials)) food) Tope... 504)<. baba ster. Wes Se iets aus 58
iPrecnant: animals, DYLICMEGOL . .. 2. oN Pe beet ie Gatien es 57
Presnant animals: tranquility of... . one Sa ee ae ae se 60
Precnant animals, water LOR wu... on. eee ee anes eee lewae 59
Preliminary arrangements for embryotomy ..............++.. 206

Presentation anterior, deviation of the head upward and back-

WO ee Lieto RUG te CMM IRSTO O, Sv aie we, 0 ot Gia, SAGN Bel Ae aii etlORDM Dy Wag lin apse “ar a 169
Presentation anterior, deviation of the hind-limbs........... 154
Presentation anterior, downward deviation of the head ...... 162
Presentation anterior, fore-limbs completely retained ........ 159
- Presentation anterior, fore-limbs crossed over the neck ..... 155
Presentation anterior, forelimbs flexed at the knees ........ 157

- Presentation anterior, head retained and with it one or both of

IG) STOPES PERTE ED SU cee) re ROREMC SD. ica's piles ABA GUA A vive, Pel Qo pteaa mee ae Re es Hoy
Presentation anterior, lateral deviation of the head to the
gl eeal TARY 1) so C2) epee ay cP BOM BM nD cee i anc tps A 165
_ Presentation anterior, natural .......--+ + see eee e ee eee eee eee 153
Presentation pd C1 0 5, Oa Se a CaP PRR OR CARA To oe 170
Presentation posterior, natural ....... 2... 6. cece eee ee eens 170
Presentation posterior, thigh and croup ...........-....e008s 174
Presentation, tramSVerTSe 2.2.0... . 2 cece cece eee reer e eee e nes 177

‘Presentation, transverse back, loin and shoulder presented...177

Presentation transverse, breast and adominal
_ Prolapsus of the vagina before parturition
_ Prolapsus of the womb after parturition
protracted labour during the first two stages of normal par-

aes MAN Gerais eas 179

AT EMIOERS | oie ha, heey ML Bata Me aiataiy BI ataee, fee hh wale Sao REO
\
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an Lea) 4 ‘
{ ‘ if Wi " » Mag ¢ vie A 4
Suet hie ew ele § f } oh ge °
rte Seas eevee ok a Mes) ss
Wet ae Oh Ae NA ae 2, Bad ge \ yh ; ; if :
Vea és. A ae” (Ve ya’ a eee: ? Cat | = “a yet ®. 7 he

A | B 7 ia
\ MT I . 0
~ st ye Rp
278 INDEX. _ Bri
Page
Portrusion of the vagina before parturition .........:.....:. 79
APM R BY es 1 ake ills wayete pause te ana al eed tag he Caen ane rah clea A es
Puncture of the cranium or skull of foetus ................. 207
R,
Rational ‘signs Of; PrEZNaNnecy. wees ee SUR, eee 45
Reduction of the abdomen of, the foetus ................00. 212
Reduction of the chest’ of ‘the foetus ©.) 2... wai eie we Ls See eee 212
Rectal examinations or -CXploravlom sr... ih eidia e's Wisbee svete 59 Maga
Repeller Or icruten a kup tes ooo tea eRe ey dei ea a 198 \or.a0
FUE DIOGMCETO MI iii ie eR WA ee 5 se ta vei acetate, A aaa Mt 27 oe
Retention of the after-birth after abortion .................. 213 0. eae
Retention of the after-birth after parturition ............... 213
Retention of the foetal membranes, or envelops............. 1s a
Reveation,ot’ thei MeCONIUM eue cies «.. «seu sig’ se big es san Sik ere a
Rickets and Softening Of Jhe Dames... . te.) tutes Ge oi aie) tam at yale 4 70 ‘
Rite) pessaby oo lls ae ee. tea er ee eden 224 ;
Ropes---Coras os wei k Xk We CE ie RRR ED Ne OP ga eee ak, AL Mee (ee Bey :
BODE, GSES sais wh Ct Ute SIE TG ate Aer ea 226). Giae
RuAnine noose sand mannervoriapplying eK ese ae ee 186.0
Rupture of the navel ...... “5 SAR RR ey TAL Nha 244 a
Rupture of tre perinacnm wees... s. Ghd ea eran ae)
Riuptore Of tie wacing | tees Oat IR re ee 930.) ana
Rupture ‘of ihe water-basi. Vue ns .5 asl Ro Meas eo ee oe 184. oe
Rupture of the womb before parturition t Siatosati ee algo otaLa Wake he aaa sept ey :
Rupture of the womb before parturition ................... 83 OR
BRU eet oe 5 bso a CACO he cL REMC, so 8 Suan Ae MMM aes Ge eRe 30 4 ath
Ss. | "
Sensible ‘signs; of: pregnancy cena rev. . seedy sho bus te etels enna 49 Be:
Sisns ‘and course, Of NEPMAl Parturition °.-.1 NOL! sb Aun Na Bo Es i
Signs and course of the preliminary stage of normal parturi- Ale
Hon ach ras GaN UMM RR in , Pet e a beasts Se
Signs and course of second stage of normal parturition ‘fi
Signs and course of third stage of normal parturition ........
Signs and course of forth stage of normal athe ta sip ds tetera
SLES OF! DFOSMENCY! OW. Salat sisinccti PR's one tte tote sine ete be Neh theres cee
Skull (Of COStHS DUNCTUTE (OR cc Ae Oe eae its 03 ae
Sottenine of. the BOne ss 20a is ie ies ees AEE es yehae aly s - ore
Spasms in! youn canininiss i. Behe. ok sae eae aye) Ae 7
SPOLTACIC. “A DEMLIGI ao cee iy GIP O ket ae, aoe ee ree Nee hea al a toeyetaameess
RAPIER Op aon Wah gion RD corr wah RP see
Srerility ‘in the female oo Soho ees Ppa ye sean 5 Ta hae J
| Sterility in the male ........ soak sa 1 a i AS i LA
Suspended animation in the new-born animal ..... Pest vik 5k a oe 13 g a ¥
: | ’ |
es : ‘ ; ee oh Rata ; rey
Nak WAS FA, ee vig: wipe

INDEX. 279
Page
Suspended life in the new-born animal...................05. 138
MME PONSOLY. “LISAMONGS an ie ko so ee nite dette age oso He NCAAd we wheal wares i
Te
Preacs:. CrACKS (and ‘Tissurer IN... s6iS fen eeu s swe Nuelalele ats 241
Teats, obstruction of (obliteration of the milk duct) ........ 241
SUMMED ULELS POSE TROREEREND: iinet o cccthetU tala vei's'o'e s Scccralyetahe alg Be anes adel Wikis ww) Seaneretansve ss DOU
wermieh’ 6nd Croup: PrOKGBLALION. .. ./s:./5 7s. heey Po Sa Oe ees 174
SISO URE FE ian ois a ligt ews Jo: 3 5 ake relia: Sate aTlRRia UP Suwa ON adh yak ah onaS 264
Traction cords, ropes, and bands .................. 185, 186, 188
Traction—employment of force in parturition ............... 199
Traction of, or drawing on the foetus ......00. 2.0.0... cece 134
- Traction of the foetus in twin pregnancy ...............00e0. 136
Prarnguility -of preenant armmals. . 0c sce sy oc wale Obi oc whe nee 60
PE TANEVOTHC -DTOSCBUALION ei © s ~ 6 «sic poo Side iad wierd ee Ole Be Maen uy Er
RTE LOSE IL OR (20 2nd. bi SOMMER a ‘=. Fosuellvita to tel aint ah okatete fas unease dapleree 228
BEES Sy TOMS 28 5 Cok “eal en RMMERCe So»! » iiicNG, 2 Netae aon re ahs telah aie s, os 226
Sry CR RECS FOSS NS SN eats ig o's cide id so meal es be oe eae st 191
Twin foetuses, malpresentation of ............... cece eee 183
EPPO EL OPTI CULL CY 155 eva) «a sca ReTOaeRahaho Be 0.3, vs, oe atipliel ol eral’ wleya auSmmetee © wltuene 54
Twin pregnancy, natural position of foetuses in ............. 55
Twin pregnancy, traction of the foetus in ..............000-- 136
Ss
POE fc CHIE os pkc aa Get AOR ENE oie oss ccote ue Clee COMI Oak As Lan RBI DREN capes 10
Prager functions Oboe. o.. e . saR eee eS So EE 14
EV eneo s. BIA eT TION OL ena. goo 3. 5 gin lore whats a pee bingele ale ae eae 238
Udder, modifications of at puberty and before parturition .... 11
DET Aa A OE a ec oo OR da oa ohn ore Me aa nua wa ejee elevate cabanas 3Y¥
AT Ca PBL does, ete es, a os os oad ek oPine ale AR bas a eopreerane 244
APO IMCUAS I HIAIMMALION SOE! t) oo horeletee Gi ea oe al Sg Merle tel tea 248
PP RCHUS,). DOTSISTCU CO Ooi o.ai6ilis, ote aco) oe oyae ein a oye ateire inlaid a argo nae ANG 244
APO ROS Ses ee os SRS GE ea) Goelevets, 5.00 Mega pioed. oh eodberrenale Rrace suite. eiaieas 17
iiteiculan Couenda ore. es us OP aie el Sal ee ae 19
V.
Vaginal examinations or explorations ...............0eeeees 52
Vagina, fall or inversion of after parturition ................ 229
Poaaeriria:. Lat riser: Gira 3), i.e wis Shao Sas o wlegbel afore le cane Shae Rae we roumts 231
Vagina, protrusion (prolapsus) of before parturition ........ To:
RPRaeMELSL | TUMPOUEU ER CRE okie Ge ae LC x ope ile Guetta vrarehalena cis cate! pie saver an olathe 230
te, CHG ag cits ihe tent ey cra feeera NT et ghee RS all oie orale euctomels 14
WV cae ec 1 eee es SNES Ry Te SN aot 8 aires Ghee State Ran 6
Mul Veen AIM PErLOTAte. picks sn). ie eioa gels Steines wah ORE ree er sh 262
Ww.
NEC MERIT) OE Oras 8c PL eAL Adal eR Aoi be ag eiceh ms ba nek Sy ssh ea a 134
A \ 4
ea Pt r ay" ve - fi ;

\ My id ny ‘
: Saal
280 INDEX. sae
Page i
Waters, excessive ............ te MON OSCE FE i 73/2)
Waters, the liquor: amnil) warts Ketoree 6S oie meoae 6 aire facta cae 34
WVIRADER a i Cine sai Pion, wauyiatete | BR Pera, OSE Na es 937) 4) Me
Wire extractor for small animals ........ PF ae Ree Se oe 189
PERM CDS cece rau ye hie whe Mia er reRMeR a) 2! Tale UR EM LS 1b Ce Dy Gy
PAOD, DOUG OL ee Waa: etal a mE ST yg Wg i eval Bee emer i Ny |
VATIED | CAVA OE i uPA da seas eteca atta aT RR Sc SLUR eT cle Om) As 1D een
Womb, contraction of after delivery ....... PSEA Seen tte ADE eS, L472
Womb, bleeding (haemorrhage) from after parturition ...... 219 |
Womb, bleeding (haemorrhage) from before parturition ..... 85 vat
Womb, inflammation of .......... Bes, A aT), ac ae 238-4) wel
Womb, inversion or prelapsus of after parturition ........... 220) oe aa
POTENT 5 EVEL OME Ris a, Ce: ME MM A cs, Sparen nal iW iBy Seuss. Cone 19 ar
Womb, rupture during and after parturition ................ 230°) ae
Womb, rupture of before parturition ................. pace 8825s
Young animal, attention to after difficult delivery .......... 213 \ wee
Young animal, attention to immediately after natural delivery. 137 _ heres
Means animal axthri cis vin Cie et. ies SRO aa ek ea 252 SH Wi
Young animal, ASphy aia VOR i ore i eee PSE De 248 e
Young animal, constipation in the................ Naya een ome oad 258 bay
Young animal, death of, before delivery .................... es all a
Young animal, diarrhoea, dysentery in the .................. 256) ee
Young animal, diseases and abnormalities of the............. 248 Mae
Younz; animal, ‘eclampsia! in ‘sme ny... A es BALL ADE 260 Lita
Young animal, imperforate anus in the ..................... 261 “he aa
Young animal, imperforate prepuce of penis in the ........ 262. os ets
Young animal, imperforate vulva in the .............. is a SR Ge
Young animal, indigestion in the ................ (Saks, SIiibed Set hd Be re Bae a"
Young animal, joint disease, joint ill in the ..............:...252 pin any
Young animal, navel-bleeding (haemorrhage) from .......... 243 pee is
Young animal, navel-dropsical swelling around .............. AT COE oe
Young animal, navel flow of urine: from) yi) bb ws a Jae) He;
Young animal, navel-inflammation of .............. (ering aia PEN samy ae x
Young animal, navel-rupture, hernia of ..).0. 60 ..0.404...048 ro Se
Young animal, navel-string of the ......... Ko 'seil > brid od ih ke en
Young animal, occlusion of the ear .......... i Shep ets a by OS OR ‘ae
Young animal, occlusion of the eyelids of the ......... eatin 8 OG8<) San Re
- Young animal, retention of the meconium in the ............258 © Riot,
Young animal, spasms in the ..............., 2 the PB! 5 258 | mK
Young animal, suffocation of the ........... PEA CSE Soke 243 ae
Young animal. suspended life—suspended animation inthe. 138 Ma bh)
“Young animal, tongueytte in the Dette tet att ee eee eens at ee 264 Mig
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