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AMERICAN 
VETERINARY REVIEW 


EDITED BY 


PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. 


Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Honorary Fellow Royal College 
Foreign Corresponding Member Academy af Medicine 


Member 
Veterinary Surgeons (England). 
Bruxelles ( Belgique), 


AND 
Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S. 


WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 


Prof. W. J. Coates, M.D., D.V.S., New | J.F. a ele D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen 


tea xt 
es See 


York-American V eterinary College. 
OLAF SCHWARZKOPF, Veterinarian, 3d Cav., 

U.S. Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. 
Prof. W. L. WiILitams, V.S., New Y ork 

State Veterinary College, ‘Ithaca, Nek. 
Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas we? Veterinary 


Cc ollege, Kansas Oe, iB. 
M. H. MCcCKILLIpP V a. Fee 
B. F. 


Veterinary Collen 6 Ch ic 0,1 1. 
KAupp, Me. ‘ vs. Tiscali 
Pathologist, Chicago. il. 
Prof. M. H. REYNOLDs, paeremes of Minne- 
sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. 
Wo. 


H. DALRY MPLE, M. R. C.V.S., Veter- 
pom a Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton 


ese” ¥e Py aant, Vv . D.» oe, In- 
tor in Charge, B 5 Key kTOW 

A. TT.) INSLEY, M.Sc., Dv: Be Path. a: 

io Vv eterinary College, Kansas City, 


“iyseon, S.B., V.S., Prof. Comp. 
ok Ohio State U niversity, author of 
Sisson’s Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O. 
J.G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H. ALR. C.V.S., Ex- 
Veterinary Director-General and Live 

Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada. 


Prof. S 


And several others. art 


VOLUME XLII. 


NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 
509 WEST 152d STREET. 


| D. ARTHUR HUGHES 


Ph.D., D.V.M., Insp. 
ee Dept., U. 


| Joun R. MOHLER, V.M.D., Pres. American 
Moe rang 4 Medical Association, Wash- 
A, Meniuvar, Vadis 


e, Chicago, ll 
D.E. Pree hy D 
Veterinary School, 


yr nieseo Veterinary 


, Ex-Director of the 
Montevideo, Uru- 


Prof. Venawus A. Moore, Director, New 
one State Veterinary College, Ithaca, 


RICHARD P. LyMAN, Dean Vet. Div. Mich. 
Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. 

C.J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., Sec’y A. V. M. A.,, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

A. D. Metvin, M.D.C., Chief of B.A.L., 
Washington, D.C. 

Gero. H. GLover, M.S., D. V M. ag 
Div. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. Coll., 
Collins, Colo. 

S.A. GRUENER, M.V.S., Veterinary Inspec- 
tor, Kamtchatka, Russi ia. 

a je ~ 


Ss. Army, Chicago, 


Py. 


ioe mee, 


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grrtey mre @ ve Cen 77 / 
’ f © 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLII. 


Radial Paralysis and Its Treatment by Mechanical Fixation of Knee 
and Ankle— 
Iron Brace and Shoe for Knee and Ankle Fixation. (Berns.).... 
Iron Brace and Shoe Attached—Radial Paralysis. (Berns.)...... 
RACE PACINO (20.00 cade awe cas an cpenews sdwakes cosa eta eae 
Iron Brace Illustrated in Merillat’s Surgery...................... 
Veterinary Education Comes into Its Own in the West— 
ces Rees I. GARD en. vans cabs caw hb s gue wabsy. cece cee 
View of the front of the new veterinary buildings at lowa State 
SS Eee | ONE See OE Oe ee pe ee 
A view of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College from 
EE MEE ss di vc een widens nd ich ein kad des onnade eats 
Instrument room and dispensary of the veterinary buildings at 
ee CAE Js Lah nas beets atts Baas fas bee eee 


SEP EE EOE OCE PREC RET ee ee 
ee Sel bso nics donne non de dats dad cevatbtexanuetcre 
EE NE DOMME MMED go cada as os! edb due Ke nk Paes & cell beeen 
A Cheap but Durable Shaking Apparatus................0ccceeeeeees 


Silver “ar saga of Iowa Veterinary Association and Reunion at 
mes— 

International Champion Pen of Barrows, Ames, I9II.............. 
Victor—International Grand Champion, Ames, IQII.............. 
International Winner Used in Government Horse Breeding Work 
EN BE A PR meee ta a ae 
OS | MO 02 ss os s0ca'osuus SaRRMES ou oo Ch cEeR Ee ia eee een 
Margaret Hall, the Home of the Young Woman of the College.... 
NR. SE ER, 2 ah 
A Flock of Sheep on the College Campus, Ames................. 
Laeek tm Slore Jedaing at Ames.': ..i5 cig csc ads. tls Race se oa 


Pilaria‘ Immitis in the Dog............02.ceccsusees ‘Siied aide cue eee 


Intra-Bronchic and Intra-Pulmonary Injections—. 
Fig. 1. Lungs, showing penetration of colored liquid on the surface 
of the pulmonary tissue, in its thickness, in intertracheo- 


Dr..A. Joly, Live Stock Sanitary Commissioner, Augusta,“Me......... 


Fixed Hog Cholera Virus—Outline of Virus-Pen Inclostire.......... nade 


Knuckling as a Symptom of Spavin— 


Impaction of the Single Colon 


Photograph with Text siceecceecsdeiint Oe sean cheaeimmils dys amare i 


PAGE 


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INDEX TO AUTHORS. 


PAGE PAGE 
PS ) See eee ree sos |. Klein, L. Aw. isc. son fees eenien nis 25 
remnmare eA S, Cio ke es tee 404 | Knoll, Dr. ..........+..+-+++e0 218 
EE a en a eee Pe 70 | Le Fevre, D, D........-...++-+ 690 
SE EAS Vode Rk ees KON ee as 43 | Liautard, A., 96, 99, 223, 226, 342, 
ee SS A Pee eee 88 346, 452, 456, 568, 570 
Bell, Walter Lincoln......... 81, 446 
Bergman, H. D..........++++++: 654 | McDonough, James ...........- 622 . 
Berns, George H.............+- 34 | McGilvray, C. D.........2.0000. 301 
Biskery, Chester Lc. ..s...-s0. 6098 | McLaughlin, John A............ 523 
OO Se OB See ere. 99k f: Metinem “1. : . .s posaniesacneiaaes 710 
Bradley, Horace.’........:.. 217, 445 neato gre PL © 2) i) 
r erate C.- ic cenes, 300 sn eee 192 
Cambon, F. J... ---seeerereeeees 534 | Martin, W. j...........+++: 660, 686 
GOST OES E.On rar eee 25 Mase OE: So. cocked ee 589 
Oa Sy, CRA See eee Tee oe 435 | Meatet D1. oo).A5. i ee 449 
Christian, i 7oRad gr St eee ae Oe eee 681 Michael. L.B 576 
Cochtans David: Wis sens. anceene 308 Mohler John R Cpe iSO a 233, ‘400, 506 
Corlis, W. S.......2-0eeeeeeeees 211 Moore, R. SRR Pee hairs 203 ~~ 
Craig, (UE reer ee: ey ea 200 | Moore, Veranus A.........--.+- 167 
a! ba bf isl eas as 419, 450, 544 Morel, Jules F Tere eee eee ee 206 
ee ee ee 70 ‘ 
De Vine, John F............ 157, 353 Neth We Bos a Ws as tae ns oe 93 
BNE EON. Vad «0's thas Wachee uns 218 | O’Leary, John P........ 350, 572, 706 
Eichhorn, Adolph .2 0.0.02... 409 
Ellis, Robert W............ 696, 698 | Pope, George W........----++- 65 
Parter, Fred Wai is ossssensuss 04 
Petornat, A. To. sniees ceaeanes o% 220 
Flower, E. Pegram............-+ 4m} Reichel, Jobl 53% Sudeg <vaxtce ees 559 
PO, sey Behe iv gine taeee 176 | Reynolds,-M. H........ +15; 442, 640 
Giltner, Ward .............4-+- 145 Je 
ne an eee ee oe 676 tena a a sete eete rete este ees 399 
Glover, Geo. H.........+++++++- 360 mart A hee eee 325 
Grae: BSS sc Se | Sawer, BMC ree 273, 334 
Hadley, F. Bi... 1... cece eeeee 43 | Torrance, Fred.3.... <5 5<ssdome 284 
Hastings, E. G..........-.+++++ 384 | Towner, A. N............0005 9 
Healy, Daniel J..........-.+++- 184 Pe 32 
Heiny, Edgar ...... 693, 700, 702,704 | Van Allstyne, W. C...........25 40 
Higgins, Chas. H...........-+-- 76 tay - = 
DR 8 Vika bine bs SacAwanuce ess 450 | Wallace, Bruce M...... P 
Setinen 31 588 Wid oman “en rile 
gen, H. 0... 6-2 ssc eee eeees veh ae 
Judisch, George .........-++0++5 552 Weskek Alonzo, .. % 
Oe a 215 | Wills. J; Gi2. “See ; . 
ne ee, ae eee 234 | Winchester, John F.. sites isi 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE 


Abdominal Localization in Dis- 
temper ‘ 704 
Abdominal Surgery in the Horse. 224 
Abortion, Infectious, in Cattle... 145 
Abortion, Infectious, in Swine, 
Case Report 442 
About Stijfziekte and Lamziekte 137 
Abscess of the Stomach Wall and 
Oesophagus 
Abscess, Unusual in Abdominal 
WPMD as Sete n skew udpuensasade 
Abstracts from Exchanges, 96, 
_ _ 223, 342, 452, 568, 700 
Acetonaemia in Cattle.......... 708 
Acute Stomacal Dilatation in 
Dog 
Adenoma of the Prostate and 
Adeno-Carcinoma of the Liver 
in a Dog 
Adrenalin Therapy in Morbus 
Maculosis of the Horse, and in 
Parturient Paresis of Cattle, 
Concerning the............--- 
A Few Drugs and Their Practi- 
cal Application 
Again the Surgical Treatment of 
Roaring 
Alcoholic Acute Intoxication in 
CTE Grae 5200 caneunene sae 
American Veterinary Medical 
Association 
American Veterinary Medical 
‘Association, 1913. ............ 
American Veterinary Medical 
Association, Is the a National 
Organization in Fact as Well 
‘ee a Oe eee 
Anesthetic in Veterinary Practice, 
Hydrochloride of Urea and 
Quinine as Local 
Animal Breeding and Relation of 
Agriculture to Veterinary Med- 
icine 
An Interesting Case of Tympani- 
Pe ea odds cece t woes x 
Anthrax of Animals in Panama, 
with a Note on Its Probable 
Mode of Transmission by Buz- 
OSE Oe pe Ey Sone ee ee 70 
Afmirax. Vaccine ... 02.06.0002 0 yy 


ee 


ee ee 


376 


Pe 


ee 


Vii 


PAGE 


Anti-Cholera Serum, Efficiency 
of, as a Curative and Prevent- 


ive Agemt 2c. sccccceessccasses 200 
Anti-Hog Cholera Serum, My 

Experience with.............- 325 
Antiperiostin, Some Cases 


Treated with, Case Report.... 218 
Apoplexy, Parturient, Following 
Abortion 
Application of Pix Liquida for 
avel Disinfection 
Arecoline in Acute Pleurisy and 
Some Other Troubles, Some 
Cases Illustrating the Uses of. 690 
Army Veterinary Bill is Alive; it 
is on the Calendar of the 
House of Representatives.... 381 
Army Veterinary Bill, Present 
Status of 
Army Veterinary Bill, Status and 
Prospects OF scot hc oneswtieeess = 
Army Veterinary Bill Will Win: 
the Turn of the Tide for a 
Great Victory 
Army Veterinary Department... 105 
Army Veterinary Notes........ 
sy Cure, Contribution to 
tO ick 00 cs cele dan dueehnen 
Arsenico-Mercurial Medication 
in Veterinary Therapeutics... 616 
Arteriosclerosis Epidemic in 


eee e eee etree eee ee ee ee 


621 


105 


Sheep ...cpschhsck> cos sears 284 
Artificial Infections ............ 254 
Ascarides Suilloe in the Perito- 

neal Cavity .. «debe cssc«@hubee 570 
Ascites, Early Development of.. 698 
Atavism, an Example.......-.. 166 


Atony, Nervous and Intestinal, 
in Cattle from Uncertain 
Cause: ..s<cses+---: spe 

Attendance, Early in Three cases 
of Severe Traumatism ......2°45 

A. V. M. A/’s Strength—Mem- 
bership’s Loyalty .4....-.-..+4 


A 
res 


It 


Bacterial Necrosis of the Lungs. 
of a Horsésiis-8its & Goes 42 FOl 
Bacteridian Anthrax, Thermo-— 


precipitin in the Diagnosis of. I > 


eas 5 “AL 
> 


viii 


— 


PAGE , 


Ball, Gastrotomy with Removal 
ofa 
Better Organization for 


State 


Live .Stock Sanitary Control in a Cow: ..aicsep beaks. poere 349 
MRS oxen erty aa ee es 504 | Clinical Cases «2.0525 0.8-4-0e0s% 343 
Bibliography— Clinical Cases, Some...........- 342 
Animal Parasites and Parasitic Colon and Rectum, Separation of 
DHRPASES S/ccira ce ap kos a eeoaters 714 ine, Mate occ icckeWess co otee 97 
TIE, os aa vc wirnae ay sads 469  Colo-Rectal Invagination of the 
Pharmaceutical Bacteriology.. 470 | Dog .......-+...eeeeeseeeeees 572 
Principles of Economic Zoology 715 | Comminuted Fracture of a Rib in 
Principles of Microbiology ... 102 @ MERE. ci oss dc ste aet cuneuenee 100 
The Book of Live Stock Communicable Diseases, Some 
CHASOOIOUS “Sic nine so sence oeos 714 Important Factors in the Con- 
Veterinary Toxicology ....... 713 trol OF iss vess+deekeses er cake 167 
Pe eA hc ntanphassemreshas 34 Comparative Pathology Congress, 
Biological Products, Standard, Echoes Of: <0 c5.00s0 0 vaeene 487 
Pure and Potent’... sscess « 435 Concerning the Adrenalin Ther- 
Boric Acid, Toxicity of Pulver- apy in Morbus Maculosis of 
ized, as External Dressing.... 457. the Horse and in Parturient 
Borna Disease—Epizootic Equine | . Parésis of Cates ove on saeco 574 
Encephalomyelitis ...........- 99 Contagious Abortion of Cattle, 
Breeding, Important Question in. 256 Results with the Complement 
Breeding Problems ............ 353 Fixation Test in the Diagnosis 
Brief Report Concerning Panto- Of 5 6 Sey ond sa pee 43 
Oe COS PONE PRT TT eee 573 | Contribution to the Arsenical 
Buzzards, Anthrax of Animals Ll (CAL@ davies «ates sp Baas see 708 
in Panama, with a Note on Its | “Control and Eradication of Tu-_ 
Probable Mode of Transmis- berculosis,” Educating the Pub- 
PLO x pculiatasaernia eines hina 70 Tic Cay le as Ch aes a4 de ted 157 
_ Correspondence. 233, 360, 460, 576, 710 
Cabs, Hansom and Other Car- | Cow, Gore from in a Mare....:. 608 
riages Returning in New York. 8o | Cow, Dystokia in_a, from an Un- 
Calculi, Multiple Vesical, in Dog 452 | _ usual Cause, Case Report.... 221 
Ce PNRM i os sans cates 176 | Curious Pathological Case...... 702 
Cardiac Disease in the Horse... 343 | 
Cardiac Rupture in Anasarca.... 346 | Death of Mules Due to Parasites, 
Case, A Peculiar, Case Report.. 450 Case Resorts. sccsssevs sivenk 217 
Case, Curious Pathological ee 702 | Decision of the Royal English 
Case of Double Iliac Thrombosis. 568 | _ Commission on Tuberculosis.. 707 
Case of Early Maternity, Case 1. Diaphragmatic Hernia.......... 570 
POBOEE O55 0 sinicis 6a g dys a 0k «5% 95 Mer ably ss Rupture of.. .. 700 
Case of Lameness ......6s0s0505 453 | use Lipomatosis in a “Mule. . “455 
Cases, Reports of........ 93, 217 Digalen, a Specific in the Treat- 
334, 442, 564, 690 ment of Haemoglobinaemia of 
Cattle, Acetonaemia in......... 708 the Hors@isc. seogatucnaaas 573 
Cattle, New Nematod in........ 6 | Dilatation, Acute Stomacal in 
Cattle, Yew Poisoning in....... 701 OM: amaes s saree ge eek ven 
Cecal Calculus—Ruptured Aneu- Dilatation of the Stomach—Duo- 
rism of the Inferior Cecal Ar- denal Uleer :,.¢ (05 tecmnea dee 53 
tery—Intestinal Obstruction... 459 | Disease in India, Foot and 
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, For- Mouth ° 236245 eb sp ene ee st 570 
age- Poisoning, or...........: 506 | Diseases of Domestic Animals, gb 
Cesarian Section, Case Report.. 93 Special Pathology and ‘Thera- ; 
Cheap but Durable Shaking Ap- peutics of ‘the... 4.0.40. A. 238 
I re ee 215 | Distemper, Abdominal Localiza- 
Choke, Treatment of, in the tion iM. 1. io Sereda Bee owe 
Horse, Case Report........... 445 p 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


Cholesteatomas 


ee 


5  Chondroma, Large Ossified Cos-_ 


tal, Generalized to the Pleura 


Distemper, Equine. Bre 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. ix 


PAGE 
Divided Palate, Case Report.... 94 
Dr. Geo. M. Whitaker Dies Sud- 
SS NS ee eer” 42 
Pee EADOMIA, 09). Diao eis ooo we ode 349 
Dog with Tuberculosis of the 
PP OCATGIIM |. s's.5.4oi\0.nm viele 227 
Double -Fracture of the Pre- 
maxila ima Horse.:s........ 225 
Fee CRRA ona co Wieae ss a8 ere & 705 


Draft Horses, Good; in Demand I91 
Dura Mater, ‘Osteomas of the.. 458 
Dystokia in a Cow from an Un- 


usual Cause, Case Report.... 221 
Dystokia, Rare Case of in a 
Mare, 


Case: Repottsi.. ssc 449 


Early Attendance in Three Cases 
of Severe Traumatism...... 456 
Early Development of Ascites.. 608 
Early Maternity, a Case of, Case 
ade Ry aa ae 95 
Earnestness of Purpose and Pro- 
fessional Efficiency Recog- 
nized by Governor of Maine.. 558 
Echinococcus Cyst in the Brain 


COT ee ee eee 223 
Echoes of Comparative Pathol- 
TORE, 5.0% 50 cae banc cee 487 
EpItoRIAL— 
American Veterinary Medical 
ASSOCIATION, T1913. «cae .s0 143 


Army Veterinary Bill is Alive; 
it is on the Calendar of the 
| House of Representatives.. 381 
Hog Cholera Problem........ 271 
“Horse Plague” Subsides.... 143 
Better Organization for State 
Live Stock Sanitary Control 


VTS Bae Cee eA, eee 504 
Membership’s Loyalty—A. V. 

MuA.’s Strength jo... 2.6... 6% II 
Present Status of Army Vet- 

SUI ERIN iad s. «nla hs 0.8 621 


Silver Anniversary of Iowa 
‘Veterinary Association and 
Reunion at Ames........... 261 

The Kansas “Horse Plague” 13 

Turn of the Tide for a Great 
Victory; the Army Veteri- 
nary Bill Will Win........ 501 

Value of Physical Examination 
and Clinical Diagnosis in the 
Control of Tuberculosis in 


ESE Tee ee 498 


ducating the Public on the 
“ Control and Eradication of 
Tuberculosis ” 


PAGE 
Education, Veterinary, Comes 
into Its Own in the West..... 
Effect of Salvarsan on the Cause 
- of Infectious Abortion..:.... 352 
Efficiency of Anti-Cholera Serum 
as a Curative and Preventive 


Agent.) soins 5c nrg wes welelcemehaies 200 
Encephalitis from Unsuspected 
Stratigies .\.. i. 02 daleeeueean 703 


English Review, 
96, 223, 342. 452, 568, 700 
English Royal Commission on 
Tuberculosis, Decision of the. 707 
Enormous Renal Tumor of a 


HOV: .... <i. «vitinds « ceaes 568 
Epizootic Equine Encephalomy- 
elitis (Borna Disease)........ 399 


Epizootic in Kansas and Nebras- 

ka, Last Word from Washing- 

ton. om the. i. <2. cane oeeetese 230 
Equine Distemper.............. 81 
Equine Plague, New York’s.... 320 


EuROPEAN CHRONICLES— 

About Stijfziekte and Lamzi- 
CB disc oe ebb aus Fis eae’ 137 

Acknowledgments and Notices, 
II, 142, 259 

Again the Surgical Treatment 
of Reeritig ..2.<<civeseinee 370 

Arsenico-Mercurial Medication 
in Veterinary Therapeutics. 616 


Artificial Infections .......... 254 
Bibliography: icc. <' ese 9, 141, 238 
258, 379, 618 
Cholesteatomas 6 «520. a's teteies 
Echoes of Comparative Pa- 
thology Congress .......... 


General Paralysis in Animals. 133 
._ Hundred and Fiftieth Anni- 
versary of the Lyons Vet- 


erinary School.:2:>.5 ceee 371 
Important Question in Breed- 
ing ree eweewe ween wr ewer eee . 


Inflammatory Tuberculosis ... 614 
International Congress of 
Comparative Pathology . 
International Veterinary Con- 
BTOBSED * o's cosine Varn clade te 
Intrarachidian Puncture ..... 373 
Intra-Bronchic and Intra-Pul- 
monary Injections ......... 491 
Lactic Ferments in Compara-_ 
tive Pathology ......4......, 
Lipoids 3.2 22... aaa Ey eee 
Lympho-sarcomas ........... ay £! 
Museum of the Horse........ 
New Cestoda of Sheep........ ¢ 


x ; TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE 

EvrRopEAN CHRONICLES— 
New Nematod in Cattle...... 6 
Practical Treatise of Horse- 
{BSHOCINE = «iscdnwe sau 497 
Practical Warnings..........- 4 
Rabies). ik. Goa daes eee 480, 618 
Successful Surgical Operation 249 
Suppurative Keratitis ........ 495 


Thermoprecipitin in the Diag- 
nosis of Bacteridian Anthrax 1 
Tuberculosis: 


sip ane td aaa 490 
Wdeelnia’ 05: s unde cae aces 253 
Example of Atavism........... 166 


Exchanges, Abstracts from, 
96, 223, 342, 452, 568 


Fermentation Test, 
Dairy Inspectation 
Ferments, Lactic, in|) Comparative 
Pathology 
PEMORIMD Si ids diane coacgeneeds 
Fibro-Myoma of a Cow, Uterine x8 
Fibro-Sarcoma of the _ Face, 
Radical Operation of the..... 571 
Field Work Before Receiving 
Degree, Must Do............ 505 
Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting A. 
V. M.A 
Filaria Immitis in the Dog, van 
Re A ae a ae a 
Filly, Sinus in the Abdominal ” 
ES ENG Ee ee 226 
Fixed Hog Cholera Virus...... 55 
Fluid Medicaments; a Practical 
Method of Administering to 
ET NRE Saeeae 575 
Follicular Mange in Dog, Treat- 
ment of, With and Without 
Vaccine 
Foot and Mouth Disease in India 570 
Forage Poisoning or Cerebro- 
Spinal Meningitis............ 
Forage Poisoning or So-Called 


Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis of 
Horses 


Use of in 


Solitean Cases Treated with 
Phylacogens, Case Report.. 
Fracture, Comminuted, of a Rib 
me G- Mares os. 
Fracture of the Ospedis 
French Review 


334 


APs B 99, 226, 346 
; 456, 570, 702 
abil with Removal of a 

a 


kin iaih aca n'e' 9 wok ee 455 
a Dog 


PAGE 
Generalized Melanosis in Horse. 347 
Generalized Tuberculosis in a 
Calf |... cick Uivieieeeiee es Dee 
General Paralysis in Animals... 
German Review ...........: 350, 572 
Glandérs* ao) 3 es cee eee 
Glanders, Prevalence of, Com- 
mon Modes of Dissemination, 
Control and Eradication...... 51 
Glanders, Quarantine and Disin- 
fection in Connection with 
Outbreaks of 
Glanders: Vaccine. ::.000s swacken 
Gluteal Region, Peritonitis by 
Traumatic Suppuration of the. 467 


Good Breeding Pays........... 183 
Good Draft Horses in Demand. Ig1 
Gore from a Cow—in a Mare... 608 
Hackneys Holding Their Own in 
Bugle oy oun n'y axes pasenne 
Haemoglobinaemia of the Horse, 
Digalen, a Specific in the 
Treatment Of .3 .diwodeeeuee 573 


Hansom Cabs and Other Car- 
riages Returning in New York 80 
Heart Disease Causes Paralysis 


in a .Dog...s<.séschayneeee 96 
Helminthiasis, Pulmonary, in the 

ASE ns eciscendass cake 454 
Hemorrhagic Septicemia ....... 439 
Hernia, Diaphragmatic ......... 70 


Hernia, Recurrent Umbilical, 
with Chronic Pneumonia..... 97 
Hog Choleta ‘sis dic. saveeua 
Hog Cholera in Manitoba 
Hog Cholera Problem.......... 
Hog Cholera, Serum Therapy by 
the. Simultaneous Method for 
the Prevention of............ 
Hog Cholera’ Serum Work— 
With Especial Reference ie; 
Disappointments .. 
Hog Cholera Virus, Fixed..... 
Hog, Long Hair on in Hot Cli- 
mate—Hermaphrodite Heifer, 
Case Report (4,4. .ssies cu see dae 
Holding up a Circus........... 
Hordenine, Sulphate of, in. “Ge 
nine Enteritis ...........-. 704 — 
Horse, Abdominal Surgery in the 224. 
Horse, Cardiac Disease in the. . 
Horsemen and Veterinarians 
operate to Secure ade 
istration Law......... 
Horse, , ee of the . 


pe: oe 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. xi 


Horse, Piroplasmosis in the..... 
“Horse Plague” Subsides...... 
“Horse Plague,” The Kansas.. 13 
Horse, Poliomyelitis in the 
Horse? Case Report......... 564 
Horseshoeing, Practical Treatise 
DE Ce sede oo ah os tes oe wha cnad's 
Horses in the Tropics......... 
Human Health, Tuberculous 
Cow in Relation to...-........ 
Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver- 
sary of the Lyons Veterinary 
School 
Hydrochloride of Urea and Qui- 
nine as Local Anesthetic in 


Veterinary Practice .......... 454 
Hydrophobia: (Rabies)......... 534 
Hypertrophy, Prostatic, of Dog. 703 
Ileum, Volvulus of the........ 453 
Iliac Thrombosis, Case of Dou- 

eee aS ERE RARE SO Se .. 568 


Immitis, Filaria, in the Dog, Case 


FOCOOEE ik EX sivas thse gee eta 450 
Immobility, Two Cases of...... 458 
Immunization Against Hemor- 

Fhagic Septicemia ....s..0ss. 409 
Impaction of the Single Colon.. 693 
Important Question in Breeding. 256 


Infections, Artificial 
Infectious Abortion in Cattle... 
Infectious Abortion in Swine, 
Case Report 
Infectious Ostitis and Osteomy- 
elitis in Cattle and Horses, Ob- 
servations and Investigations 


ee 


COI pakis scnnce aver nes 574 
Inflammatory Tuberculosis ..... 614 
Ingestion of Tar Causes Ster- 

coral Obstruction ............ 229 


In Memoriam—Paul Caspar 
MS Sc. urn xas te othe wo-5.8 
Insects, Some of the More Im- 
.portant Affecting Our Farm 
Animals 
Insular Veterinary Service..... 
Interesting Fracture of the Os 
Coronae : 
Interesting Fracture of the Tibia 
in a 
International Congress of Com- 
parative Pathology .......... 
International Veterinary Con- 
gresses 
Interstate Live Stock Inspection 681 
Intestinal Obstruction — Cecal 
Calculus—Ruptured Aneurism 
of the Inferior Cecal Artery.. 459 


PAGE 


Intestinal Sarcoma and Endo- 
carditis in a Horse. 22.25...2% 455 

Intestine, Small, Sarcoma of the 98 

Intestines Overloaded—Colic of 
Exceptional Duration—Recov- 


ee 


* COW. .<% oc cnaw wea aruee eee I 
Intra-Bronchic and _ Intra-Pul- 

monary Injections ........... 491 
Intrarachidian Puncture........ 373 
Introduction of Air into the 

ere Perec 


Invagination, Colo-Rectal, of the 


ee ee ee 


ver Anniversary of and Re- 
Wiion at AMe8.«:....<csieeruss 
Is the American Veterinary 
Medical Association a National . 
Organization in Fact as Well 


PD Preece 464 
Italian Review ..5....ccccssesses 704 
Jugular, Introduction of Air into 

RUG Boh cca au tan's's vee eV ete hes 
Kansas “ Horse Plague,” The, 13, 360 
Keratitis, Suppurative ......... 495 
Knuckling as a Symptom of 

PO Perey epee 622 
Lactic Ferments in Comparative 

i ee eer 251 
Land Marks of Progress....... 686 
Lameness, Case of.........00: 453 
Latieness, SHflé. i... 7 5s eachnese 308 
Large Ossified Costal Chon- 

droma Generalized to the 


Pleura in a Cow... .cc.sss cee 340 
Last Word from Washington on 

the Epizootic in Kansas and 

Nebraska 
Legislative Topics : 
Lesions on Penis of Stallion.... 568 


Limitations of the Tuberculin 
Test i. .00s. swabsiex sup arenes 384 
Lipoids ....siss'scss » cae ainsic cere 613 


Lipoma in a Dog......-..++.++. 349 
Lipomatosis, Diffuse, in a Mule.. 455 
Liver, Adenoma of the Prostate 
and Adeno-Carcinoma of the _ 
in a Dog..:.'. -sn¢ i Keen's = tis swat 223 
Live Stock Inspection, Interstate 681 _ 
Long Hair on Hog in Hot Cli- 
mate—Hermaphrodite Heifer, z 
Case Report | 4..'ses »'0i2 ss". a pst OLS 
Lower Jaw, Suture of the in a 


Slat’ .:... gaa be eves Pesan ane Spee ae 


j 


xii 
PAGE | 
Lungs of a Horse, Bacterial 
INGCEOMIS GE? Lo 252Gs tices ede 701 | 
Lympho-Sarcomas ............. 135 


Lyons ‘Veterinary School, Hun- 
dred and Fiftieth Anniversary 


i aes oss ale ke aha ie «ieee ats 371 
Mallein Tests, The............. 192 
Mammae, Removal of. the, in a 

ee Pe es See aye 226 
Manitoba, Hog Cholera in...... 301 
-Mare, Echinococcus Cyst in the 

Ltn Meck wus naw isteee ee 223 
Materia Medica and Therapeu- 

tick Veterinarian’s Handbook 

See. ge sca lan teed taste 230 
Materia Medica—Problems and 

tn, ETRE EOP ORE Pee 552 
Mechanical Fixation of Knee and 

Ankle, Radial Paralysis and 

Its Treatment by............. 34 
Medical Men, Veterinarian As- 

sists, Reporting Important. 

AM AS Hike i hcle at oe ee eee 87 
Melano-Sarcoma, Generalized in 

BR er er oer 228 


Melanosis, Generalized in Horse 347 
Membership’s Loyalty—A. V. M. 


1 ly gh ee Il 
Metritis, Septic, Followed by 
Pe rere ee 569 
Metritis, Septic, in a Bitch.... 98 
Metro-Peritonitis in the Bitch, 
EO) CASOS Ole addye es 6 care 606 
REG a. ES: J), Soaks s «ace 0 etal 434 
Mules, Death of, Due to Para- 
sites, Case Report a nein eh diane 217 
Mules, Toxemia in from Weeds, 
Case pe POET e ee 220 


Multiple Vesical Calculi in Dog. 452 
Murrain, Salvarsan and Its Ad- 
ministration in, in the Russian 
Arm 
Museum of the Horse.......... 
’ Must Do Field Work Before Re- 
ceiving Degree 
My Experience with Anti-Hog 
Cholera Serum 


Natural and Acquired Qualifica- 
tions of a Surgeon........... 
Navel in the New Born, Puru- 
lent Infection of............. 676 
Nephro-Lithiasis of the Horse. ..705 
Nervous and Intestinal Atony in 
Cattle from Uncertain Cause.. 576 
New Cestoda of Sheep......... 617 


| New York’s Equine Plague..... 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE 


| New Field of Etiological Re- 


search Opened by Schmidt's 
Miraculous Treatment of Milk 


Fever in Gowssy :2.0 66.54.08 523 
New Nematod in Cattle........ 6 
News and Items............. 128, 366 


- el. 320 
Nitrate of Pilocarpine in Tetanus 101 


Normal Clinical Urinalysis of 
the Daity. Cow, 66. ga eusn ba ae 184 
Notes, Army Veterinary........ 107 
Notes on a Case of Tetanus.... 344 
OsiTUARY— 
Fielden Lett, Jr., M.D.C...... 505 
George B. Wells, D.V.M..... 231 
Mrs. Samuel Brenton........ 272 
Thomas Earle Budd, D.V.S.. 104 
Walter Amas,‘V.S...<. ites 231 
William Dougherty, V.S.,D.V.S. 471 
Willis Ward Curry, D.V.S... 471 
Obscure Cause of Death in a 
Pony’ ..:4.43 ss an vaseeee ee 
Observations and Investigations 
Concerning Infectious Ostitis 
and Osteomyelitis in Cattle and 
PIOMSES: 2.05. beet hed oe 574 
Omentum, Sarcoma of the in a 
ee ee 
Open Stifle Joint...........s:s0sns 342 
Os Coronoe, Interesting Fracture 
Of thé: . i nck sare ena cee 345 
Ospedis, Fracture of the........ 90 
Osteomas of the Dura Mater.... 458 
Osteomyelitis, Suppurative, of 
the Lower Jaw—Trephining— 
Recovery <3 eck... genase eee 
Overloaded Intestines—Colic of 
Exceptional Duration — Re- 
COVELY = si0.cs 02 und eke Deeeen rs 
Palate, a Divided, Case Report.. 94 
Pantopon, Brief Report Concern- 
AME st bois bt a ee ee ares! 573 
Paralysis, General, in Animals.. 133 


Paralysis, Heart Disease Causes 
in a Dog 
Paralysis, Two New Cases of 
General, in Dogs.............- 347 
Parturient Apoplexy Following 
Abortion. 329x480. sentee nas pan 
Pathology, Comparative, Inter- 
national Congress of.......... 
Pathological Case, Curious. . 702 
Paul Caspar Freer—In “Me- et 
moriam 
Peculiar Case, Case Repo 
Penis of Stallion, lL apens on. 


3 


WT, 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE 

Pericarditis in the Horse....... 99 
Pericarditis, Traumatic, Case Re- 

7 OOo ry eee 
Peritoneal Cavity, A scarides 

PEELE ATW ENG s wig sc wal ewisee Sie « 570 
Peritonitis by Traumatic Sup- 

puration of the Gluteal Region. 457 
Philippines, the Veterinary Serv- 

DMRS ROC aen so kadeet Tiss 315 


Photograph with Text.......... 7 


Pilocarpine, Nitrate of in Te- 
| eee ey ee ee te IOI 
Piroplasmosis in the Horse...... 229 
Pix Liquida, Application of for 
Navel Disinfection .......... 573 
Plague, Horse, Subsides......... 143 


Poisoning, Forage, or So-Called 
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis of 


PAGE 
Rabies ... 05.32. 2.4) ceekeeeee 4890 
Rabies... osc eee ee 618 


Rabies, Statistics Concerning In- 
oculations for the Cure of in 


the Pasteur Institute for 1911. 707 
Radial Paralysis and Its Treat- 
ment by Mechanical Fixation 
of Knee and Ankle........... 44 
Radical Operation of Fibro 
Sarcoma of the Face....... Perey f 
| Ranula, Sub-Lingual and Sub- 
Thyroidal, in a Dog.......... 227 


Rare Case of Dystokia in a Mare, 
Case Report 


| Reciprocity of Veterinary Medi- 


cal Boards on an Equal Basis. 206 


, Recurrent Umbilical Hernia with 


Remount Depot, Fort Keogh.... 


Chronic Pneumonia 


97 
662 


' Removal of the Mammae in a 


Rha yt. sos ames wane < 128 
Poliomyelitis in the Horse? 
SE CROEIONE, on. Soc ddhawactesns 564 
Pony, Obscure Cause of Death 
eee 96 
Practical Method of Administer- 
ing Fluid Medicaments to the - 
RE a ais Ts eie'gs war a.bhe- 575 
Practical Treatise of Horseshoe- 
ah akg 0 wa veeccesectencrs 497 
Practical Warnings ............ 4 
BRCICe CANINE «06 fu. cccchagees 176 
Premaxilla, Double Fracture of 
See Al at ROLES. oe ie cae ccee'e = 225 | 
Present Status of Army Veteri- 
ME 00s cdedb x stenaddohs I 


Prevalence of Glanders, Common 
Modes of Dissemination, Con- 
trol and Eradication.......... 51 

Problems and Progress in Ma- 


Sg eae es 552 
Problem, the Hog Cholera...... 271 
Professional Efficiency and 

Earnestness of Purpose Recog- 

nized by Governor of Maine.. 558 
Progress, Land Marks of....... 686 
Prostatic Hypertrophy of Dog.. 703 
Protective Vaccines ............ 24 
Publisher’s San 

132, 248, 368, 486, 610, 736 


Pulmonary Helminthiasis in the 


OU BS Be er ie ee 454 
Puncture, Intrarachidian ....... 373 
Purulent Infection of the Navel 

in the-New ‘Born....;........ 676 


Quarantine and Disinfection in 
Connection with Outbreaks of 
Glanders 


| 


MATE) sii onc ccna soe ecl eee 
mous 
Report of over Three Years’ a 
perience with the Shafer 
Phylacogens in the Treatment 
of Infections in Horses....... 


Reports of Cases, 
...93; 217, 334, 442, 564, 690 
Results with the Complement 
Fixation Test in the Diagnosis 
of Contagious Abortion of 
Cattle Weis jus < css kee ale 43 

Review, English, 
96, 223, 342, 452, 568, 700 

Review, French, 


99, 226, 346, 456, 570, 702 


Review German ........ 350, 572, 706 
Review, Italian .. is .is<e.5¢ eben 
Roaring, Again the Surgical 
Treatment of .. iésid, siccosms 376 
Rupture of the Diaphragm...... 700 


Rupture of the Spleen in a Horse 705 
Rupture of the Uterus in Slut— 
Peritoneal Resistance 


eee eww ee 


Salivary Calculus in Stenon’s 
Duct—Removal .............. 
Salvarsan and its Administration 
in Murrain in the Russian 
Army: ss i. ee 35 
Salvareil the Effect of on the | 
Cause oi Infectious Abortion... 352 
Sanitarian, the Veterinarian as a. 428 
Sarcoma, "Intestinal, and Endo- 
carditis in a Horse..........-. 455 
Sarcoma of the Small ‘Intestine. 98 


7O1 


xiv 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE 
Sarcoma of the Omentum in a 
OE ia 53 35 04 Gs pute cen nA on 
Schmidt’s Miraculous Treatment 
of Milk Fever in Cows, New 
Field of Etiological Research 
ened lei. ic ois eed eo te < 5 
Secretary of War Decides that 
Veterinarians Must Take the 


Annual Obstacle Ride........ 712 
Section, Cesarian, Case Report.. 93 
Separation of Colon and Rectum 

EO ee eee 97 
Septicemia, Hemorrhagic ....... 439 
Septicemia, Hemorrhagic, Im- 

munization Against .......... 409 
Septic Metritis Followed by 

ge eee 
Septic Metritis in a Bitch....... 
Serum Therapy by the Simul- 

taneous Method for the Pre- 

vention of Hog Cholera...... 331 
Serum Work, Hog Cholera— 

With Especial Reference to 

Disappointments ............. 15 
Shafer Phylacogens, a Report of 

over Three Years’ Experience 

with the, in the Treatment of 

Infectious Diseases in Horses. 273 
Shaking Apparatus, Cheap but 

TT ee Cees 215 
Sheep, Arteriosclerosis Epi- 

ER can deine sc ehabedes icy 
Sheep, New Cestoda of......... 617 
Silver Anniversary of Iowa Vet- 

erinary Association and Re- 

OE eee 261 
Single Colon, Impaction of...... 693 © 
Sinus in the Abdominal Wall of 

MER von oc bnatnval eel end ies 226 
en te oetine. 2 ae: 705 
Society MEetincs— 

Abstract from Address of 
President E. J. Walsh, De- 
livered before the North Da- 
kota Veterinary Medical As- 

A spe A ee eT 245 

American Veterinary Medi- 
cal Association ............ 108 

Central New York Veterinary 
Medical Association ........ 

Colorado Veterinary Medical 
PROWOCMINI a ole sods in ade 

Fifth Annual Conference for 
W etetimarsane oi. ocee 
ndiana_ Veterinary Medical 
Ansociation: ... .fisccces kook 603 


PAGE 
Society MEETINGS— 
Kansas Veterinary Medical 
Association ..2<.8 1s aacheee t 734 
Kentucky Veterinary 
Association ©0245 SocNee ses at 
Keystone Veterinary 
Association 
Louisiana Veterinary 
Association: §...::. 3... seeks 7h 
Maine Veterinary Medical As- 
sociation ...4Nas..saunees 364, 
Meeting and Session of the 
Permanent Commission of 
the International Congress of 
Veterinary Medicine ...... 
Mississippi State Veterinary 
Medical Association ........ 
Montana Veterinary Medical 
Associntion Casinos Stade 245 
National Council Alpha Psi 
Fraternity ...1s\.séianeheees 
Nebraska Veterinary Medical 
Association 
North Dakota Veterinary 
Medical Association ........ 
Northwestern Ohio Veterinary 
Medical Association 
Notes on the Recent Meeting 
of the United States Live 
Stock Sanitary Association 
at Chicago :.)./52 3. dass sone 
Notes on the Semi-Annual 
Meeting of the Missouri 
Valley Veterinary Associa- 
tion at Kansas City......... 
Notes on the Thirtieth Anni- 
versary of the Illinois Vet- 
erinary Medical Association. 479 
Resolutions adopted by the 
Iowa Veterinary Associa- 
tion, in Session at Ames, No- 
vember, 1918 «dns casein te « ote 
Society of American Bacteri- 
ologists Meet in New York. 608 
Society of Comparative Medi- — 
cine, New York State Vet- 
erinary College it? 
Veterinarian’s Medical Asso- 
ciation of New York City... 241° 
Veterinary Medical Associa- 
tion of New York City..... 
Veterinary Medical Associa- 
tion, New York City, Decem- 
ber : Meeting 4.43503 <05:;- 935 7590 
Veterinary Medical Associa- ~— 
tion, New York City, Janu- — a 


473 


717 


aty Meeting’. 075007 ca2kes 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


XV 


PAGE 
Society MEETINGS— 
Veterinary Medical Association 
or New Jersey...2.:. 2.5.60 
Virginia State Veterinary 
Medical Association 
Some Cases Illustrating the Uses 
of Arecoline in Acute Pleurisy 
and Some Other Troubles.. 
Some Cases Treated with Anti- 
periostin, Case Report........ 
Some Clinical Cases...... isd ware 
Some Important Factors in the 
Control of Communicable Dis- 
eases 
Some Indications for the Use of 
Validol, Case Report.......... 447 
Some of the More Important In- 
sects Affecting Our Farm Ani- 


Ns SU svincdtwiknededtedl 419, 
ae Knuckling as a pt sid 


Special ‘Pathology and Thera- 
peutics of the Diseases of Do- 


mestic Animals. ...........0.: 238 
Spleen, Rupture of in a Horse.. 705 
Stallion Registration Law, 

Horsemen and Veterinarians 

Co-operate to Secure......... 567 
Standard Pure and Patent Bio- 

Mobatal Products: :...isscsciave 435 


State Live Stock Sanitary Con- 
beat Work, Better Organization 
EE aids UE tee aud tend t Serkan 
Status and Prospects of the 
Army Veterinary Bill......... 
Statistics Concerning Inocula- 
tions for the Cure of Rabies in 
the Pasteur Institute for 1911. 
Stenon’s Duct—Removal, Sali- 
waty Calctine in:.ccc ccc ct ces 
Stercoral Obstruction, Ingestion 


105 


7097 


7Ol 


a gt ee ee 229 
Stiie” Jonit,; Opert... ois esses ses 342 
SD ee ee eee 308 
Stomach, Dilatation of the— 

Duodenal Ulcer .............. 453 
Stomach Wall and Oesophagus, 

PRIBGOSSGL (Es ich cen cele bs mee 344 
Stijfzietke and Lamzietke...... 137 
Strangles, Encephalitis from Un- 

DOGO RTEI cactus « o5x waka cd ela 703 


Sub-Lingual and Sub-Thyroidal 
Ranula°in'a Dog. . 24.0. 2.3060 

Successful Surgical Operation. . 

Sulphate of Hordenine in Canine 


ora 1: a aa oe SRS Eg 704 
Suprarenal Capsulae, Tubercu- 
losis of the in Bovines........ IOI 


eee 


Suppurative Keratitis........... 95 

Suppurative Osteomyelitis of the 
Lower Jaw—Trephining—Re- 
COVETY (002 one coduwemeost eee 346 


28 | Surgeon, Natural and Acquired 


Qualifications of a............ 293 
Surgical Operation, a Successful. 249 
Suture of. the Lower Jaw in a 


a ery re ee 571 
Weratoloey: a5. << ciiis eck ac on eee 224 
Tests, The Mallein............. 192 
Tetanus, Notes on a Case of.... 345 
Therapeutics .....-.-+++++eesees 654 


Thermoprecipitin in the Diag- 
nosis of Bacteridian Anthrax. 1 
Tibia, Interesting Fracture of the 
in a Mare 
To the Veterinary Profession of 


ASNETIORS iis sicicces GAN0 tee oe weed 233 
Topics, Legislative ............- 669 
Toxemia in Mules from Weeds. 

Case Report ....:.. sevnswenasse 220 


Toxicity of Pulverized Boric 


Acid as External Dressing.... 457 
Treatment of Choke in the 
Horse, Case Report.........-- 445 


Treatment of Follicular Mange 
in Dog With and Without Vac- 


CES. a hivniids «i och eee an 702 
Tropics, Horses in the.......... 460 
ogni Pericarditis, Case Re- as 

ts SLED 2 ht So ais ee Oa 5 
Tobercaiia Test, the Limitations 

OF acy iicwhhes sc tveubaereeaen 384 

THbercwlosit® ii)... 0is doses we mee 490 


Tuberculosis, Generalized in a 
Tuberculous Cow in Relation to 
Human Health 
Tuberculosis in Cattle, Value of 
Physical _ Examination and 
Clinical Diagnosis in the Con- 
trol of 
Tuberculosis, Inflammatory .... 
Tuberculosis of the Myocardium, 


498 


Dog with: . oss: /nis sagen 227 
Tuberculosis of the Suprarenal 
Capsulae in Bovines .......... IOI 


Turn of the Tide for a Great 
Victory; the Army Veterinary 


Bill Will) Win. « .6.d25s geeks . 501 
Two Cases of Immobility...... F 
Two New Cases of General — 


Paralysis in Dogs.. 
Two Cases of Metro-Peritonitis. “ 
in the Bitch......... bias es ee 


o a. eS ra - by - ¥ - 
: a) we en 
Lp ae aor ee Ae) ae 
, ae a Oh ae ane tite 
re ae ae oy 


xvi 


TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLII. 


PAGE © 
_ Veterinary Bill, Army, is Alive; 


Tympanitis, an Interesting Case 
i seca Meet ee. cae ees 700 


Unusual Abscess in Abdominal 
Wall 
Urinalysis, Normal Clinical, of 
ee ET EM. og wens dudes > 
Use of the Fermentation Test in 
Dawy idepection: ... 25.22... 65 25 
Uterine Fibromyoma of a Cow. 348 
Uterus, Rupture of the, in Slut— 


Peritoneal Resistance ........ 350 
Vaccine, Anthrax .....:.......: 76 
Vaccine, Glanders .............. 59 
Vaccines, Protective ........... 24 
WINE Sigkans cv ciabiowadav aes 253 
Validol—Some Indications for 

Its Use, Case Report......... 447 


Value of Physical Examination 
and Clinical Diagnosis in the 
Control of Tuberculosis in 
Cattle 

Veterinarian as a Sanitarian.... 428 

Veterinarian Assists Medical Men 
Reporting Important Cases... 87 

Veterinarian’s Handbook of Ma- 
teria Medica and Therapeutics. 239 

Veterinarians Must Take Annual 
Obstacle Ride, Secretary of 
War Decides 


PAGE. 


it is on the Calendar of the 


House of Representatives...... 381 
‘Veterinary Congress, Interna- 
tiosial + ..5\ . oeieeus ceaweeee 2 496 


Veterinary Department, Army.. 105 
Veterinary Education Comes 
Into Its Own in the West..... 88 
Veterinary Medical Association 
Meetings (Table), 
131, 247, 367, 485, 600, 735 
Veterinary Medical Boards, Re- 
ciprocity of on an Equal Basis. 206 


Veterinary Medicine, Animal 
Breeding and Relation of Agri- 
oe ee ayy eae 353 

Veterinary Profession of 
America, To: the... Sc :d0i edages 233 

Veterinary Service in the 


PRESSES 2055. ated ently 315 
Veterinary Service, the Insular.. 589 
Veterinary Therapeutics, Arseni- 

co-Mercurial Medication in... 616 


Volvulus of the Ileum.......... 453 

Warnings, Practical ............ 

Whitaker, Dr. Geo. M. Dies Sud-. 
Gaal)... on 5 state 42 


a 


nO 
aw 


on 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


OCTOBER, 1912. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 
Paris, August 15, 1912. 

THERMOPRECIPITIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIDIAN 
ANTHRAx.—Some short time ago we received from Adjunct 
Professor Pio Silva of the Institute of Internal Pathology, Hy- 
giene, Sanitary Medicine and Meat Inspection of the Veterinary 
School of Modena, of which Dr. Frederico Boschetti is Director, 
the following “Contribution to the Study of the Reaction of As- 
coli” (Thermoprecipitin) in the diagnosis of Bacteridian an- 
thrax. Peculiar circumstances have prevented its publication be- 
fore this. We regret the delay and hasten to repair it. 

“The analysis of the numerous works published until to- 
day on ‘ Thermoprecipitin’ Ascoli and Valenti (1), Valenti (2), 
Bierbaunn (3), Pfeiler (4), Roncaglio (5), Zibordi (6), Favero 
(7), De Gasperi (8), Granucci (9), Casalotti (10), Lebre (11), 
Negroni (12), Leoncini (13), Flori (14) has brought out its 
specificity with bacteridian anthrax. Examinations made on ma- 
terial made of meats, altered in various ways, or from healthy 
animals or from subjects affected with any disease and also the 
researches made with material from animals dead with simili- 
carbuncular diseases, have always given negative results.” 


* 
k ok 


“ The object of this study is to bring out the result of a new 
order of things relating to researches made with the 4scoli reac- 
1 


(o i 19)2—Mav 


as 


~ 


2 EDITORIAL. 


tion in applying it to the examination of sausages, made with 
meat from healthy pigs with that of cattle with anthrax. Be- 
sides, here are also recorded some controlling experiments made 
with material taken from animals dead with tympanitis, disease 
of youth, aviary pest, asphixy and upon sausages in advanced 
state of putrefaction, seized at the public abattoir of Modena. 

“The four samples of sausages examined first were made 
according to the ordinary manner of making the big Italian 
sausages called ‘ mortadelles.’ 

“Each of these samples contained 40 grams of healthy 
pork, 20 of healthy fat and 40 of muscles of anthrax beef, 
chopped and mixed together in small pieces. ‘To this mixture 
were added a small quantity of kitchen salt (2 grams), pepper 
(ogram. 4). Such mixture was then placed in a frying pan to 
dry them, during twenty-four hours, at a temperature gradually 
increasing, from 30° without going beyond 60°. The sausages 
can remain in this last temperature for about six hours. 

“These researches were made twice in the 15 to 30 days 
following the making of the sausages, with the object of seeing 
if such certain lapse of time had any influence on Ascoli reaction. 
The concentration of the extracts was always 1/25. The sera 
of Ascoli used were number 4, 8 and 20. 

“ These researches have shown that Ascoli reaction is positive 
even if the muscle has gone through some of the manipulations 
(salting, drying) necessary for the making of the ‘ mortadelles. 

“For me, this discovery has a very great importance, as it 
gives us the means to recognize if in the preparations of sausages 
there entered anthrax meat, a fact which as everyone knows is 
very difficult to establish with the usual ordinary means of re- 
searches. 

“ By opposition Ascoli reaction has always given a negative 
result when used: I. with the spleen and blood of a steer dead 
with tympanitis; 2. with those of a calf dead, asphyxiated; 3. on 
those of a dog dead with distemper; 4. on those of a chicken 
dead with pest; and 5. on putrefying sausage of Italy. 

“Tt is then permitted to conclude that Ascoli reaction is the 


- 


EDITORIAL. 3 


most powerful, the quickest and the surest means to diagnosticate 
bacteridian anthrax, and that particularly it can be resorted to in 
the research of the bacteridies in the species of preserved meats 
which have been salted or dried.” 


* 
KE * 


The contribution of Prof. Silva is closed with a complete 
bibliography on the subject: 

I. ASCOLI AND VALENTI. Societa Italiana di Scienze Natu- 
rali, seduta del 6 Marzo, 1910; Biochimica e Terapia Sperimen- 
tale, anno 11, fascicolo 3; La Clinica Veterinaria 1910; Zeitschrift 
fiir Infektionskrankheiten, parasitari Krankheiten und Hygiene 
der Haustiere, 1910, Heft 5, 6. 

2. A. Ascoxi. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 1; Comptes 
rendus de la Société de Biology, 14 of Feb., 1911; Centralblatt 
fir Bacteriologie, Parasitenkunde and Infektions; Krankheiten, 
Band 58, No. 2; Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 1911, No. 
8; La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 4; Pathologica la Clinica 
Veterinaria 1911, No. 9; Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale 
I9I1, farcicolo No. 2; Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, 
No. 22; Annales de Médécin Veterinaire 1911, No. 11; Zeit- 
schrift fur Immunitatsforschung und experimentelle Therapia 
1911, Heft 1; Il Coniere dei Macelli 1911, No. 9; Giornale R. 
Societa d’Igiene, 1911, No. 11. 

3. K. BrerBAum. Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, 
No. 12. 

4. W. PFEILER. Berliner tierarztliche Wochenschrift 1911, 
No. 13; Il Moderno Zooiatio 1911, No. 4. 

5. C. Roncacriio. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 10; 
Zeitschrift fiir Infektions Krankheiten, parasitare Krankheiten 
und Hygiene der Haustiere 1911, Heft 7; La Clinica Veterinaria 
1911, Nos. 20, 21; Zeitschrift flr Immunitatsforschung und Ex- 
perimentelle Therapia 1911, Band 12. 

6. D. Ziporpr. Il Nuovo Ercolani 1911, No. 16; Tierarzt- 
liche Zentralblatt 1911, No. 19. 


4 EDITORIAL. 


7. T. Favero. La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, No. 11; Folla 
Serologica, Vol. VII., No. 8. ot 
8. L. Granucci.’ La Clinica Veterinaria 1911, Nos@6sae 

g. P. DE GaspErI. Giornale R. Acad. Veterin. 1911, No. 
26; Revue Générale de Médécin Veterinaire 1911, No. 214. 

10. A. CaAsALoTTiI. Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale, 
1911, farcicolo 5. 

11. A. Lesre. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sci- 
ences naturelles t. v., No. 2; Zeitschrift fur Immunitatsforschung 
und Experimentelle Therapia 1911. 

12. P. Necroni. Biochimica e Terapia Sperimentale, anno 
111, fascicolo 7. 

13. IT. Leoncint. Giornale Internationale di Scienze me- 
diche 1911. 

14. G. Frorts. Jl Moderno Zooiatio 1911, No. 12. 


* 
* * 


PRACTICAL WARNINGS.—I. Cocaine and Its Dangers.—Any 
horse that presents no apparent lesions, no painful and tender 
spot in some region of the anterior leg can be, generally speaking, 
considered as having the lameness located in the foot or in the 
phalanges. A long time before the use of local anesthetics this 
was admitted by practitioners, and the fact of the usefulness of 
cocaine has proved that they were right. It may be consistent, 
then, to say that it is, in many instances, without necessity that 
injections of cocaine can be resorted to so as to locate the seat of 
lameness, and indeed the positive results are characteristic as, 
after all, if some are negative and may cause an error, it may be 
due to an imperfect application of the anesthetic, although there 
are cases where the injection is negative without a proper cause 
to explain it, and yet neurotomy will remove the lameness. But 
if in some instances the injection is sometimes deceitful and can 
be the cause of error in diagnosis, there are others where it be- 
comes a useless interference and often a dangerous one, and after 
all if it isa most elegant and demonstrative manner of-diagnosis, 
one must at the same time bear in mind that it is not without in- 
convenience nor without dangers. 


EDITORIAL, 5 


It is probable that these remarks will surprise many of those 
who have or are resorting to the injection of cocaine, perhaps in 
hundreds of cases, to detect or to confirm the diagnosis relating 
to the seat of lameness in an anterior extremity, but the warning 
was presented at a meeting of the Société des Sciences Veteri- 
naires of Lyon by Prof. Cadéac, who related three cases which, 
to say the least, showed a very great coincidence by the lesions 
presented by the animals to which injection of cocaine had been 
made. In the first case of a lame horse which was supposed by 
the owner to be lame in the shoulder, receives cocaine above the 
fetlock. The lameness is removed. The horse is about to be 
taken home to return later and be operated, when, after going on 
a walk 100 yards, he suddenly drops with a comminuted fracture 
of the first phalanx. 

In a second case the lameness was attributed to lesion of the 
elbow, cocaine is injected and the lameness is removed after wait- 
ing a few minutes. At the demand of the owner the test is re- 
newed, the animal is again free from lameness, but then after 
moving 50 yards on a walk, the fetlock suddenly drops and a 
fracture of the three phalanges is found at the post mortem. 

A third case presents the same history, lameness of the right 
anterior leg, disappearing with an injection of cocaine, followed 
after walking a short distance with comminuted fracture of the 
first phalanx. 

Three cases of osteitis, which might have ended by recovery, 
which had a fatal termination by the temporary removal of the 
pain which deceived the animal, made him put all his weight on 
his diseased phalanx with the fatal result, a crushing of the dis- 
eased bony tissue. 

Of course the three cases of Prof. Cadéac are probably ex- 
ceptional; I do not know if any similar ones have been recorded, 
but still the warning that they give is no less valuable. 

2. CHronic NEPHRITIS AND Its DANGERS.—On this disease, 
principally in dogs and cats, where it is more commonly observed 
amongst our domestic animals, and on the dangers of practicing 
surgical operations on “ Brightic” animals, the Annales de 


6 EDITORIAL. 


Bruxelles present an excellent article from Prof. Hebrant and his 
adjunct, Antoine. 

Bright’s disease, rarely observed in horses or bovines, is com- 
paratively common in dogs and cats—and probably more so in 
this last animal. Rarely is a veterinarian called to treat such 
patients except in cases of severe complications. Without enter- 
ing minutely in the description of nephritis, which is given by the 
writers who present the symptomatology and termination of the 
disease, the attention is called in a concise manner to five cases 
of animals which were submitted to surgical operations and died 
because of Bright’s disease while they were in the best condition 
for recovery. 

A dog had a cyst of the testicle. He is castrated. Forty- 
eight hours after he is found dead in his kennel. Post mortem 
showed lesions of chronic nephritis, no acute lesions of infection 
- existed. 


A cat is operated for a cyst of the mamme, no fever follows. 


Death the third day with chronic nephritis. 

Another cat had metritis. Hysterectomy is performed.- No 
fever for three days. Result hopeful. Death on the third day 
with chronic nephritis. No peritoneal infection. Wound of the 
operation was all closed. 

A dog is operated for perineal hernia. Three days after dog 
dies without fever by sclerotic nephritis. 

A mammary lipoma is removed from a slut. Death the fol- 
lowing day by nephritis. 

The warning is plain: never operate an adult animal within 
having beforehand made a chemical and microscopic examination 
of its urine. If albumin and casts are found, do not operate, 
or look for post-operating mischief. 


* 
* * 


New NEMAToD IN CATTLE.—Mr. M. Piettre has presented at 
the Académie des Sciences the relation of the observations’ he 
made in studying from the chemical and histological point of 
view the processes of calcification of the various lesions of bovines 


— 


Poa yh, 


EDITORIAL, 7 


and principally of the frequency of calcareous deposits round the 
femoro-tibio-patellar joint, where on both lateral articular sur- 
faces on the skinned cadaver, tracts are often observed, white yel- 
lowish in color, more or less irregular, and which after minute 
dissection are the invaded lateral and capsular ligaments. 

The non-tuberculous nature of these deposits being estab- 
lished and after decalcification with picric acid, it was observed 
that in the middle of the fibrous tissue, more or less modified, 
there were many small alveoli, of various forms, empty or again 
filled with fine membranes, of various aspects and coloring easily 
with hematime. In the centre of the tendinous not calcified struc- 
tures, Piettre has found a granulous tissue and besides those a 
fine kytinous membrane, and in one of the alveoli discovered a 
round worm, and in others in the middle of recent lesions, free 
embryos rolled upon themselves. 

Similar alterations were found in numerous cases of investi- 
gations, twenty-six times out of thirty the parasites being located 
only in the fibrous tissue and almost exclusively in the thickness 
of the ligaments of the stifle joint, the external being more fre- 
quently invaded than the internal, or again in the tendons and 
fibro-cartilages of the joint and also in the tibiotarsal ligament. 
The cervical ligament was always free. 

The lesions presented by the tissues involved assume three 
principal forms: 

I. Simple dissociations of the fibrous tissues, which are pale 
yellow in color. 

2. Small cavities hollowed in the thickness of the tendons 
with torn fibrous threads, some having yet their normal charac- 
ters and others swollen, soft and also yellow in color. 

_ 3. Nuclei of conjunctive tissue with inflammatory aspect, 
brownish or light chocolate in color, easily differentiated from 
the surrounding fatty deposits. 

In all these lesions parasites can be found in all stages of de- 
velopment, some alive, others dead. They are all surrounded 
with a cuticle impregnated with calcareous deposits. ) 

Raillet and Henry classify the parasite in the family of 


8 EDITORIAL. 


Filaridoe, gender Onchocerca. Piettre has proposed for it the 
name of Onchocerca Bovis. 

There is no doubt that from the pathological point of view, 
and bearing in mind the importance of the disorders the parasite 
produces in the articular structure, the observations of Piettre 
may be of great value. 

% 
*% % 

Tue MusEUM OF THE Horse.—tThe little town of Saumur, 
already known to veterinarians by its military school, has now a 
new attraction, the only one of its kind in the world, a museum 
of the horse. 

In the old historical castle of the city, after its having been 
used as an arsenal, a powder store house, then a jail, existing 
since the thirteenth century, repaired many times, and finally 
classified as an historical monument, a museum consecrated to the 
history and glory of the horse has recently been officially in- 
augurated. 

Prepared since several years by the initiative and perseverance 
of the learned chief of the Veterinary Department of the School 
of Cavalry, Veterinary Major Georges Joly, the museum is now 
open. 

It is divided in two sections, a chronologic and a specific. In 
the first are represented the ancestors of the horse, the hipparion, 
the horse of the tertiary ages and those of the polished stone, al- 
ready domesticated, the solutreans that were used as food, the 
magdaleans that were already represented in sculpture; speci- 
mens of the breeds in the bronze and iron periods; the Assyrians, 
Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Gallo-Romans. The horses of 
the Barbars, that of Attila, of Charlemagne, William the Con- 
queror, Duguesclin, Joan d’Arc. Finally the horses of modern 
times, foreigns, Arabs, Normans, Anglo-Arabs, etc., draught and 
saddle horses, thoroughbreds, Flying-Fox skeletons. 

In the specific group, numerous and rare collections are gath- 
ered. The complete history of shoeing, from the Solea ferrea of 
Romans, the many various hippo-sands of the Gallo-Romans, the 


EDITORIAL. 9 


undulated shoes of middle-ages down to those of recent and mod- 
ern times. Wooden and bronze bits, the Roman bridle and the 
many specimens used in the seventeenth century. Then the vari- 
ous harnesses, all richly mounted; those of the middle age, of the 
Renaissance, of the Cavalcadors, of the Musqueteers, of the Mex- 
icans, etc., etc. And again vehicles of all epochs from the prim- 
itive carts down to the most recent models of the day. 

A large and rich library of all kinds of works on Hippiatry 
completes this valuable museum. 

Historically especially the museum of the horse at Saumur 
presents an unusual interest and there can be no doubt that it will 
prove a great means of education to veterinarians for everything 
relating to the horse, and also a rich nest of information for all 
those who will visit it. 

as 

BrBLioGRAPHY.—If one should refer to the classical work on 
descriptive anatomy and look on that part of the circulatory ap- 
paratus which relates to the lymphatic system it will certainly ap- 
pear to him as one which, by the description and the illustrations 
that are given, is of comparatively no great importance. Indeed 
in One which is much used on both continents, the whole subject 
is treated just in three or four pages and these are considering 
the lymphatic apparatus of equines. For the other domestic ani- 
mals, the differential anatomy of the thoracic duct is given and 
that is all. 

Recently, however, and especially since inspection of meat 
has been more or less thoroughly organized and put in practice, 
and that researches of lymphatic lesions have gained in im- 
portance, the anatomy of the whole lymphatic organism of the 
lower class of domestic animals and specially the food-producing 
animals, has been the subject of laborious work and of good pub- 
lications which must be of great assistance to the sanitarian. The 
space that has been given to the illustrated articles of Godbille 
in Hygiene de la Viande et du Lait, to those of Lesbre and 
Panisset in the Bulletin des Sociétés Scientifiques V eterinaires 


10 EDITORIAL. 


of Lyon, and the more recent ones in the report of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, by Drs. Buckley and Th. Castor, are good evi- 
dences of the importance of the subject; and it is therefore with 
great satisfaction that we are able to welcome and announce the 
publication of a superior work which we dare say is the only one 
of its kind, viz.: Das Lymphgefissystem des Rindes (the 
lymphatic system of bovines), by Obermedizinalrat Dr. Herman 
Baum, professor of anatomy in the Higher Royal Veterinary 
School of Dresden, published by the Berlin house of August 
Hirschwald, N. W., Unter den Linden 68. 

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Ellenberger, the Rector of the 
Veterinary High School, the work is presented by a preface giv- 
ing in a concise manner the plan and object of its contents, fol- 
lowed by the consideration of the four chapters in which the en- 
tire work is divided. ; 

While in the first chapter generalities on the technique are 
given and followed by the preparations of the work and the dis- 
sections with remarks also on the terminology and generalities 
on the lymphatic glands and their vessels, afferent and efferent, in 
the others are separately considered the glands of the head, of 
the neck, of the upper part of the extremities, of the chest and its 
contents and finally of the abdomen and abdominal organs oc- 
cupying the entire second chapter. This is followed by the an- 
atomy of the thoracic duct and vessels, constituents and the 
lymphatics that belong to each gland. The entire description 
forms, of course, the essential part of the whole volume, which 
is composed of 165 pages and is illustrated by 78 figures pre- 
sented in 32 bautifully colored plates. 

German works on anatomy are always superior by their illus- 
trations and we have already had opportunities in these pages to 
allude to their correctness, their neatness and the artistic manner 
with which German works on anatomy have been published. Cer- 
tainly Das Lymphgefissystem des Rindes is fully as good as any 
that we have ever seen. The drawings are excellent and the col- 
oration of the glands and of the vessels is of great advantage 
for the students who read the text. The six figures illustrating the 


EDITORIAL. 11 


lymphatic system of the head, those of the neck, of the chest with 
the insertion of the thoracic duct, those of the extremities and 
the many given of the thoracic and abdominal cavities with their 
contents, those of the male and female genital organs, all in fact 
are so characteristic, well done and plain that one may readily 
make himself thoroughly acquainted with the entire subject by 
merely careful study of the illustrations. 

The work of Dr. Baum is certainly unique, and one of which 
it can be rightfully said, that it fills a need greatly wanted. But 
it can also be added that ‘it does it well and that it will prove of the 
greatest value to the student of anatomy, to the general prac- 
titioner and above all, to the specialist, veterinary sanitarian, the 
meat inspector. 


* 
cK * 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND Norices.—La Vie Agricole et 
Rurale (The Agricultural Life) is a new journal which by its 
editorial staff and by its contents has rapidly made its way as 
one of the principal publications in France. The last number is 
altogether devoted to the horse and equine subjects. 

The Cape Province Agricultural Journal for May has an in- 
teresting article on the Anglo-Norman horse. 

The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa con- 
tains the continuation of the article on the anatomy and physiol- 
ogy of the ostrich, by Prof. Duerden, and also from Dr. Theiler, 
that on facts and theories about “ Stijfziekte”’ and ‘“ Lamziete.” 

“The Question of Tick Eradication,” by Dr. Peter F. Bahn- 
sen of Atlanta, Ga., and “ The Diagnosis of Contagious Abortion 
in Cattle by Means of the Complement Fixation Test,” by F. B. 
Hadley and B. A. Beach, of the University of Wisconsin, have 
also been received. Ys Bale 


MEMBERSHIP’S LOYALTY—A. V. M. A.’S STRENGTH. 

The forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary 
Medical Association goes down into history as the most success- 
ful congress yet held by that organization. The fact that its 


12 EDITORIAL. 


power for good is constantly being more strongly felt, and that 
its growth is not merely in numerical strength, marks true prog- 
ress, and presages a steady and enduring uplift for the Amer- 
ican veterinary profession through its powerful and wholesome 
influences. This strength, out of proportion, it might almost be 
said, to its membership, is due to the harmonious manner. in 
which its members support its constitution and labor faithfully 
both as individuals and as a whole, for the accomplishment of 
the high ideals upon which the association has focused its aim. 

This good-fellowship is indigenous tothe organization; it has 
grown up with it and becomes more and more inseparable from 
it as time goes on. Little ripples appear on the surface at times, 
but they do not even vibrate the great body of the majestic ship 
as it continues on its straight and determined course. This fact 
was borne in upon the members, in the manner in which the ad- 
ministration was supported at the recent meeting, despite dis- 
senting sentiments that had been disseminated during the past 
year. 

Loyalty to the cause has always been an inspiring feature 
that has characterized the work of members and officers alike in 
this organization of professional men; and that in itself is suf- 
ficient to hold them together and to give to the association the 
dignity and strength it has displayed in the regulation of veter- 
inary educational institutions, and the influence it has exerted 
upon the ethical standing of the members of the veterinary pro- 
fession of America. 

We have just emerged from one of the most successful meet- 
ings in the history of the association, a meeting the character of 
which was in many respects unlike any former gatherings, and 
We are entering upon the work of preparing for the next con- 
vention of this mighty organization, of which the character will 
again be different from the last, and it will require the united 
effort of every individual member to carry it to the successful 
issue that the occasion merits. It is an occasion that must prompt 
an inspiration in the heart of every member, and make him feel 
like grasping the hand of the chief executive and assuring him 


EDITORIAL. 13 


of his hearty co-operation in the great work that the association 
has made him responsible for in electing him its president. With 
that spirit in the hearts of the members, and the excellent staff 
of officers elected to the various positions of responsibility, the 
preparation for the golden anniversary of the American Veter- 
inary Medical Association has begun under the most favorable 
auspices, and the success of the occasion is assured. 


SHE KANSAS “HORSE PLAGUE.” 

Up to the time of this writing we are not in possession of 
any authoritative report direct from any of the veterinarians or 
other scientists on the ground as to what the terrible “ plague”’ 
that has attacked the horses of Kansas and is killing them by the 
thousands, actually is; although indirect reports seem to indicate 
pretty clearly that it is of miasmatic origin, and is either 
“ Forage Poisoning,” ‘* Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis,” or ‘ Borna 
Sickness,” the gross symptoms of which simulate each other in 
a more or less degree. If it is the first named condition, we shall 
soon have reports to that effect, as the symptoms and pathology 
are familiar to American veterinarians, while the last one, so 
far as we have been able to learn, has not, up to the present, been 
recognized in this country. 

It is described by Friedberger and Frohner as a miasmatic 
infective disease, in which the contagium is not conveyed from 
one animal to another, but is taken up with the fodder and drink- 
ing water. It differs from cerebro-spinal meningitis, in that 
there is no inflammatory changes. It appears with greatest fre- 
quency in well fed horses. This malady has long been known 
in the kingdom of Saxony as an epizootic disease (Borna, 
Zwickenau, Plauen, Oelsnitz, Chemnitz). We feel quite confi- 
dent, however, that in the very near future, possibly before the 
last page of this number is printed, that the combined efforts and 
scientific knowledge of the veterinarians and other scientific 
workers from the Kansas Agricultural College and from the 
Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of 


14 EDITORIAL. 


Agriculture, working in co-operation with the state veterinarians 
and private practitioners, will not only result in a positive diag- 
nosis of the disease, but also in a solution of its control, in a 
manner characteristic of American expedition. That the condi- 
tion is a terrible one, we are well aware, but we believe that in 
the light of present-day knowledge, serumtherapy will proclaim 
another victory, both therapeutic and prophylactic, as soon as. 
the pathology of the disease has been determined ; and that in the 
meantime, the horse owners of Kansas and Nebraska will soon 
witness the checking of this scourge that is fast depleting their 
horse stock, through sanitary, and other preventive measures. 


[Addendum.] Since the above was put in type, we have re- 
ceived advices from the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, to the effect, that judging 
from the symptoms and post mortem lesions reported by the 
government veterinarians who are investigating the horse dis- 
ease in Kansas and Nebraska, the affection is forage poisoning 
or so-called cerebro-spinal meningitis. As a result of these re- 
ports from the veterinarians in the field, the “ Bureau ”’ has sent 
out a *circular letter, dealing with the cause of the disease, how 
it may be recognized and how it may be prevented and treated; 
the immediate result of which, has been a checking of the dis- 
ease where instructions as to change of feed have been followed. 
In the meantime, a complete investigation of the affection is 
being made, looking to the isolation of a specific organism or 
virus as the causative factor. | 


— 


; 


THE ACTUAL REGISTRATION AT INDIANAPOLIS was 797, be- 
ing made up as follows: Members 341, visitors (most of whom 
afterward became members) 277, ladies 179; but this figure of, 
practically 800 registered, does not represent the actual number in 
attendance, as it is known that a large number of all three classes 
did not avail themselves of the registration privilege, and there- 
fore the local committee was unable to account for them. : 


* Published on page 128 of this issue. 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK—WITH ESPECIAL REFER- 
ENCE TO DISAPPOINTMENTS.* 
By M. H. Reynotps, St. PAaut, MINN. 


I believe it quite safe to say that Dorset-Niles serum, pro- 
duced and tested according to standard and accepted methods, in 
proper dose and properly administered, is an established thing in 
veterinary medicine; that good serum properly used does give a 
practical protection from cholera. 

Abundance of statistics published by reliable men in widely 
separated portions of the country with different strains of hogs 
under all possible differing conditions of feed and care, seem to 
justify this statement. 

Our experience in Minnesota has evidently been about the 
same as that of cholera workers in other states—not invariably 
pleasant, and our results are not by any means invariably ideal. 
We meet strange experiences in this work, e. g., the same lot of 
tested serum and virus sent to two different men at about the 
same time, in different portions of the state, seems to give sur- 
prisingly different accounts of itself in actual use. One veteri- 
narian treats by the serum-virus method nearly a thousand 
healthy hogs for one man with less than two per cent. loss; the 
other man loses 76 per cent. of a treated herd. 

It is our constant policy to tell owners frankly that on a large 
average results by the serum-virus method are quite satisfactory 
and the loss small. We tell them the average loss is small, as 
compared with possible heavy losses from susceptible hogs in a 
cholera neighborhood; but we always go a little farther and tell 
the owner that in occasional cases, fortunately rare, the loss in an 
individual herd may be very heavy. We give him freely any in- 


*Presented to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical 
eezorintion at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


15 


16 '  M. H. BEYNOLDS. 


——_—_—_ 


formation he wants and then leave him to operate on his own 
judgment. 

Explanations for disappointments are usually not difficult to 
find if one can get full information concerning the production, 
test, and use of serum. In many cases unsatisfactory results fol- 
low when the use of serum has been delayed until the herd is 
generally infected. In such case the serum frequently serves to 
check the disease for a short time, but subsequent losses may be 
heavy. 

Bad results are liable to follow careless handling of the serum, 
particularly in case of bacterial contamination. A good serum may 
be shipped from the producing plant and be then kept for days 
or weeks in a warm express office or in ‘a warm office until it — 
undergone objectionable changes. 

Severe losses may be due to the use of poor, untested serum 
which should never have been sent out. We can only be sure of 
potency by careful production and conscientious test. 

Impotent serum in case of an outbreak may serve no useful 
purpose in checking the disease and the herd be worse for its use 
simply because of handling sick hogs. Infected hogs frequently 
die sooner after the catching and handling necessary for treat- 
ment than would have been the case had they been left alone. In 
such case death occasionally occurs within a few hours after the 
handling. Such losses would occur just the same whether the 
hogs were treated with serum or rain water, and would usually 
occur a few days later even without the handling; but the owner 
looks with grave suspicion on any such explanation. 

Or good, fresh serum may be handled and used by a careless 
or incompetent man in such a way as to give disastrous results 
when the trouble is all due to unclean surgical procedure. 7 

A year or so ago I had the opportunity to visit a large herd, 
fortunately in a neighboring state, where our serum had been © 
used and unsatisfactory results reported. At the time I saw this 
herd, the hogs—nearly all of them light shotes—were divided 
into three lots. The first lot of 45 had done well; there was ap- 
parently nothing wrong with them, with the exception of an oc- 


HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. 17 


casional small swelling at the point of treatment. The second 
lot of about the same size were unthrifty, some of the pigs were 
evidently badly out of condition; quite a number of them had 
marked swellings. The third lot was the most unthrifty—the 
worst looking lot of hogs I have ever seen. Practically every pig 
had a large swelling and quite a number had died. These three 
groups had been treated in the order as described. The work 
was done by a graduate veterinarian and the same serum was 
used throughout. I was unable to see the veterinarian. The 
manager of this farm, a very intelligent man, was present only 
during the treatment of the first lot and thought that the oper- 
ator had been reasonably thorough in his surgical cleanliness. 
After the first lot was treated the manager went into another de- 
partment and saw no more of the work. Information from other 
sources indicated that the operator had started out with clean 
instruments and had been careful in his skin disinfection, etc., 
and had grown progressively more careless and indifferent with 
each lot treated. 

About two years ago two young veterinarians, both well 
trained, treated by the serum-virus method about 320 hogs in 
300 minutes. These belonged to a city garbage feeder whose 
pens and yards were in the usual condition as we see it at these 
places. Some 50 pigs were lost out of the 320, to the owner’s 
great dissatisfaction. A careful study of this interesting experi- 
ence showed that the first lot treated numbered 45. These had 
been kept in a clean pen and fed cooked garbage. There had 
been no loss in this group and no unpleasant results of any kind. 
The remaining 275 pigs were taken from filthy yards, given 
treatment and put back into filthy yards. The same serum was 
used throughout, and further, this same serum was used about 
the same time on our University farm with the best of results. 
In addition to this, we have evidence of a very satisfactory serum 
test for this lot of serum. Autopsies at the garbage feeder’s place 
showed that some of the deaths had occurred as the result of 
septicemia, there was evidence that some had died from garbage 
poison, a few had evidently died from inoculation cholera. The 


18 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


larger portion of the loss was probably due to septic infection. 
Here we have one lot of serum giving first, a good test; second, 
satisfactory results when used in a careful way under favorable 
conditions on the University farm, and in the first lot of pigs 
treated for the garbage feeder. Later on the two young men 
were apparently getting tired and in a great hurry to finish. 

In another instance we sent serum to two different veterina- 
rians at about the same time. One man treated about 1,000 hogs 
for one man, using the serum-virus method, with less than 2 per 
cent. loss. The other veterinarian treated a small farm herd and 
lost, plainly from inoculation cholera, something over 79 per cent. 
of the herd, the same serum and the same virus being used in 
each case. 

Where hogs apparently well at the time of vaccination sicken 
with cholera in about two weeks, the trouble is due to the mistake 
of using poor serum with standard doses of virus or an insuffi- 
cient dose of good serum with a standard dose of virus. The 
herd merely develops cholera in two or three weeks in spite of 
insufficient or impotent serum. 

Some disappointments—possibly more than we have sup- 
posed—are due to the use of contaminated virus. 

Losses may occur as a result of careless work on the part of 
the veterinarian. A man may be careless about giving proper 
doses. He may attempt to economize by using smaller than the 
directed doses of serum. In other words, a man may -be incom- 
petent or careless in this work, just the same as in any other line 
of work. 

Unsatisfactory results come most frequently perhaps in the 
cases of farmers who wait too long. 

Dissatisfaction. for which the farmer himself is to blame 
comes when the farmer insists on treatment by the “ serum-only ” 
method of healthy, unexposed hogs after it has been explained 
to him, as every conscientious veterinarian must do, that “ serum- 
only’ treatment with healthy, unexposed hogs gives but very 
temporary protection. 

It should be made evident to owners and veterinarians just as 


HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. 19 


soon as possible that anti-hog cholera serum is not something 
which anybody and everybody can use blindly and have good re- 
sults. 

_ I should like to start some discussion of the general ques- 
tions as to who should be permitted to use hog cholera serum. 
We have settled on a clearly defined policy which we are follow- - 
ing very closely. Perhaps ours is not a wise policy. This may 
be a debatable question, particularly in western sections, where 
veterinarians are not so plentiful and where there are large 
stretches of country with plenty of hogs and serious hog cholera 
possibilities and few veterinarians. 


GENERAL POLICIES. 


It seems to me there is opportunity for discussion as to the 
best methods of distribution of serum, especially serum produced 
by a state institution. In some states serum is produced under 
state appropriations and distributed gratis to practically anybody 
who asks for it and to be used by anybody who may be able to 
get a syringe. Other state institutions have their work started 
by state appropriations and are maintaining it from the sale of 
serum, believing that this is a much more efficient method of dis- 
tributing than the other. As a basis of discussion on this point 
I will present our Minnesota method, not insisting at all that it 
is the correct method or the best available by any means. Our 
serum is produced by the State Agricultural Experiment Station. 
It was started by direct appropriations from the Legislature, for 
buildings, equipment, etc., and for research work. The routine 
serum production has since been supported by sales of serum. 
Our serum is sent out exclusively by express C. O. D. either to 
owners or veterinarians, but only for use by well-trained veteri- 
narians so far as we are able to know and control. During the 
present year we have restricted still further our distribution of 
serum for the serum-virus method, limiting it to veterinarians in 
state employ; i. ¢., either sanitary board or station. This has 
been .a difficult and embarrassing question for us. There are 
good arguments for and serious objections to this particular 


20 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


portion of our policy. There are of course plenty of well-trained 
veterinarians, careful men, to whom we would gladly send serum 
and virus if we were able to discriminate. But a serum produc- 
ing plant in a state institution like ours can not discriminate in 

any such way. If we send serum to be used with virus by care- 
- ful and competent Dr. A we must also send it to Dr. B who may 
be very careless and unsafe in his surgical method and not the 
man to be trusted with an agent with such possibilities of harm 
as virulent hog cholera serum. We adopted this policy only 
after careful consideration at a joint meeting of experiment sta- 
tion and sanitary board veterinarians. We realized at the time 
that we were on debatable ground, but the weight of reason 
seemed to be distinctly in favor of the method adopted. 

Bad results following use of serum which had stood perfect 
test; serum which had been used among University Farm hogs 
with results that were entirely satisfactory and used with good 
results by other practitioners in the state have seemed to force 
us into this position. On the other hand there may be many 
farmers having healthy herds in hog cholera neighborhoods. 
These farmers may be willing and even anxious to immunize 
their hogs and there may be no state man available for serum- 
virus work. Serum-only treatment for these healthy unexposed 
herds gives immunity that is evidently too brief to be practical 
and leads to useless expense and dissatisfaction in case of sub- 
sequent failure to protect. 

Such farmers who should have opportunity to have their 
hogs permanently protected are liable at any time to be deprived 
of that opportunity. If we refuse to send serum to an incom- 
petent non-graduate, there comes a fine opportunity for owners 
in general and friends of the non-graduate in particular to cry 
unfair discrimination, jobbery, graft. If the untrained veterina- 
rian is the only man available within a long distance and the state 
is unable to send a man, then farmers are not able to get even 
serum-only immunity for their hogs. 

The pros and cons of discussion on this point could be drawn 
out at very great length, but I trust that this will be sufficient 


HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK, 21 


to start a discussion that may clear the atmosphere and show 
who is right. Our station sends serum for use by trained veteri- 
narians only. Authorities in other states send it indiscriminately 
to any one who asks for it and has the price. Who is right? 
May one policy be right and best in one state and a reversal of 
this be best in another? 

Our general method of distribution is given fully in our 
Hog Cholera Serum Treatment Agreement which is signed by 
the owner and attendant veterinarian and another circular “ Con- 
ditions for Distribution of Hog Cholera Serum,” both of which 
are here submitted and read as follows: 


“HOG CHOLERA SERUM AGREEMENT. 


“The Veterinary Division of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment 
Station does not guarantee the protection of hogs against hog cholera or 
any other diseases. Inasmuch as the vaccine is produced as an accommo- 
dation to owners the Institution assumes no responsibility in vaccination, 
excepting as to care in preparing, testing, and distributing the serum. 

“Figures showing actual results of several years’ work are freely given 
to owners, who must then decide for themselves and assume their own respon- 
sibility for vaccination. We are glad to advise as to method, time, etc. 

“Excepting in cases which plainly call for unusual action, serum will 
not be furnished for the serum- virus (simultaneous vaccination method) ex- 
cept by veterinarians in state employ. 

“ Owners must understand that the serum- virus or double vaccination 
carries some risk, which, on a large average, is small when tested serum is 
used in full dose carefully administered and with proper dose of virus. In 
an occasional herd the loss may be considerable. 

“The use of ‘serum-only’ is safe, but should be restricted to recently 
infected herds and to hogs that will be given plenty of pen exposure at the 
time or very soon after treatment with serum. We do not under ordinary 
circumstances advise ‘serum-only’ treatment of unexposed hogs, because 
the duration of protection thus given is usually short. After a few weeks 
such hogs may take the disease and die. 

“This Institution assumes no responsibility beyond care in production, 
testing, and distribution of serum. 

“ Anyone wishing hogs treated with Station serum must agree to these 
conditions and sign this statement. 


ME SIOTICN CS CPe EN Et a ni tins Chie OM ae Dia ches baas 
oD EOS Coe oe eG eno en HE IGE ee 
Teen re nese ere he! oe Pore 
= Countersigned by the veterinarian treating the hogs. 
SUE E ON pe ee i eae eae ee 


“CONDITIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF HOG CHOLERA VACCINE. 


“Injections to be made in the axilla or on the inner and upper portion of 
the thigh, not in the groin. 

“Serum may be sent only by express C. O. D., or for cash in advance, 
for use by responsible veterinarians, on healthy hogs, in the early history 
of outbreaks. Serum cannot be accepted for credit on being returned. An 
order must constitute a sale under all ordinary conditions. 


22 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


_ “Veterinarians must agree to not use serum where the disease has pre- 
vailed for some time and the herd is already badyly infected. 
_». “The serum must be used in full dose as directed. Give full dose or none 
at all. Keep serum cool. 
“' “A report of vaccination must be made and signed. Blanks for such 
reports will be furnished. : 
-"“No vaccination should be done until the owner has first signed the 
blank (to be furnished), stating that he understands conditions and assumes 
responsibility. This (owner’s blank) is to be returned, together with the 
vaccination report to University Farm, Saint Paul, Minn.” 

Our schedule of doses is as follows, given in full on every bottle of serum 
sent out. 


Standard Dose of Serum. 


Upto 20 pounds 2022s. 10'ce.. | 100) to “150- pounds? see 30 c.c. 
20: tON50) PpOUNdS, ons ees ere 15 cc... .150.tO 200 pounds..22...ce- 35° C:c. 
Soto 375 “pounds... ssc. sees 20 cc. ‘Over 200 pounds.:; = 40 to 60 cc. 
TC RtOMmtOO sDOUNUS se emierion er 25IGc 


“In herds where cholera has made its appearance increase these doses 50 
per cent.; and for simultaneous treatment with virus for permanent im- 
munity, the above serum dose should be doubled. 


Virus Dose. 


Up ‘to: 20°pounds! st 0.5 cc): 1002to 200 pounds: se sere ES. 
20) £0 SOO) POUNGSasteremictcreate I ec Over 2oorpounds. 33-222 2. %Se 


Experience has taught us that the margin between serum test 
dose and the dose to be given in field work should be very wide. 
In brief our plan for testing serum is to mix all bleedings from 
a given hyperimmune and use two test pigs for each such mix- 
ture; 7. ¢., two test pigs for each hyper. Each receives full dose 
of tested virus. One test pig receives 75 per cent. of serum- 
only dose previously mentioned. The other pig receives full 
serum-only dose for weight. We ask our serum to protect in 
the three-quarter serum-only dose. This is practically our test 
dose. Up to date we have been directing that for field work 
serum-virus method serum should be administered in dose equal 
to one and one-half times the serum-only dose for weight; 1. e., 
50 per cent. increase over serum-only dose or double the three- 
quarter dose which we require shall fully protect the test pig 
before the serum is labelled potent. We are now getting out a 
new dose label and our advice for serum-virus method is use 
double the serum-only dose instead of one and one-half times 
the serum-only dose. For use in sick herds we advise an in- 
crease of 50 per cent. over the standard serum-only dose. 


HOG CHOLERA SERUM WORK. F 23 


NEEDED INFORMATION. 


Those of us who have been in the hog cholera serum work 
for several years are in a position to appreciate painfully at times 
the fact that there are many important problems still to be 
worked out. We need more information concerning conditions 
affecting potency of serum; information; e. g., concerning the 
effect of light, heat, presence of red blood cells, stronger pre- 
servative, etc. We would like very much to know just what part, 
if it has any, B. cholera suis plays in the etiology of hog cholera 
and in the efficiency of our serum. We need very much a labora- 
tory test for potency. If some one would only work out a reli- 
able laboratory test for potency of serum, he would have the 
immediate gratitude of all serum workers. Such a test would 
greatly economize time and expense of producing and do away 
with the uncertainties and variabilities of individual pigs used 
for serum test purposes. 


ECONOMY OF PRODUCTION. 


It would be very desirable, indeed, if we could greatly reduce 
cost of production. Formerly we used pigs raised and selected 
for us by several breeders with whom we have special arrange- 
ments. This has given us the color, type and weight that we 
prefer. It has given us pigs from dams that were quite cer- 
tainly susceptible, etc., but it has been expensive. In our later 
work we have economized very considerably by using stock 
yards’ pigs as virus producers, but continuing the especially se- 
lected pigs for test purposes. This gives us virus pigs at about 
one-half of what we have been previously paying. 

There is a great waste and one which would seem to be un- 
necessary in the common failure to utilize the carcasses of virus 
producers. Some serum plants are rendering virus producers 
and making tankage, but I think not many. We have found that 
these carcasses can be quite easily cooked by steam so that they 
may be crushed and mixed with meal feed. Our hyperimmunes 


and other hogs were extremely fond of the mixture and it is 


Pea, we" © 
~~ « 


presumably an extremely good feed for hyperimmunes. How- 


24 . M. H. REYNOLDS. 


ever, there appeared a difficulty which we have not yet overcome, 
that of stinking troughs in warm weather. If hogs could be 
so carefully fed that they would clean out their troughs thor- 
oughly and these troughs could then be sunned and dried or 
possibly washed out in warm weather, it would seem that this 
difficulty could be overcome. 


Dr. A. C. Armstronc, of New York City, died at the French 
Hospital, that city, as a result of blood poisoning, on Tuesday, 
September 24. The doctor had not been well for some time, and 
entered the hospital for treatment a week prior to his death. 


PROTECTIVE VACCINES is the caption of an article in the 
Baton Rouge, La., Country Review, by our esteemed collabo- 
rator, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, in which he sets forth the dangers 
resulting from relying completely upon these agents for the con- 
trol and eradication of diseases, and losing sight of the great 
necessity of sanitation in connection with their use. He cites an 
example of this oversight in the following paragraph: 

“When an outbreak of charbon or hog cholera takes place 
among a farmer’s stock, he loses no time in his effort to secure 
anthrax vaccine, or hog cholera serum, as the case may be, which, 
necessarily, is the proper thing to do. But what does he often 
do with the carcasses of the animals that, unfortunately, succumb 
to one or the other, or both, of these diseases? ‘The chances 
are, he may haul them off to some convenient spot where buz- 
zards, or other carrion feeders, can feast from off their germ- 
seething bodies and carry the infection far and wide. Or, he 
may dump them into some running stream so that his neigh- 
bors below may get a ‘ dose of the same medicine’ among their 
stock. We do not mean to presume, of course, that he intends 
it this way; but, nevertheless, infection is often spread in just 
such manner.” 

After a full and interesting discussion of the subject, the 
doctor concludes his article by saying: 

“ By all means protect the living animals, but don’t forget 
that the dead ones, and their surroundings, are what furnish much 
of the ‘seed’ for future infection.” 

It is these articles written directly to the animal owners that 
do so much toward building up the defenses and broadening the 
scope of sanitary science. 


USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. * 


By L. A. Kiern and H. C. CAMPBELL, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 


The different species of bacteria most commonly found in 
milk may be grouped according to the character of curd they 
produce when the milk is kept at a temperature of 37° to 38° C. 
Organisms that ferment the milk sugar and form lactic acid 
produce a solid, homogeneous, jelly-like curd, with little or no 
fluid. Another group of species, including the bacilli of the 
subtilis and mesentericus group, produce a rennet-like ferment 
that coagulates the casein and a proteolytic ferment that digests 
or peptonizes it. The different species in this group produce the 
two ferments in varying proportions. When the rennet-like 
ferment predominates the curd is hard, contracted, in one or 
several pieces, floating or suspended in more or less fluid, which 
is almost entirely clear but may have a greenish or whitish tinge; 
it is slowly digested. When the proteolytic ferment is dominant 
then the curd is soft, flocculent and “mushy” or coagulation 
does not occur at all, but peptonization is rapid. These are the 
so-called “ cheesy ” or “ peptonized ” curds. The staphylococcus 
pyogenes and the bacilli of the proteus group also produce a 
“peptonized”’ curd.1. The bacteria of the coli-areogenes group 
produce a jelly-like curd, permeated more or less with gas bub- 
bles, in one or more pieces, floating or suspended in a turbid 
fluid, which may also exhibit collections of gas bubbles. A 
“flaky” or granular curd, associated with fluid that is turbid 
and may be whitish, yellowish or otherwise discolored, is pro- 
duced by a species of yeast that ferments lactose. 

Species representing all of these groups will be found in any 
sample of milk. The time of curdling will’ depend upon 
the number of bacteria in the milk and the temperature at which 


*Presented at the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


25 


26 L. A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL. 


it is kept, but when the milk is kept at a temperature of 37° to 
38° C., the kind of bacteria present in greatest proportion will 
determine the type of the curd, except when the milk is very rich 
in bacteria. Then, according to O. Jensen, the lactic acid form- 
ing organisms are so numerous that they suppress the other 
species and a jelly-like curd is usually formed. ‘The character 
of the curd can therefore be taken as a criterion of the bacterio- 
logical properties of the milk under examination, and, further- 
more, as indicating the variety of fermentation or decomposi- 
tion the milk will undergo with age. 

Upon these principles was founded the fermentation test. 
This test, first proposed by Prof. J. Walter, of Switzerland, and 
subsequently improved by A. Peter and others, has been in use 
for years in cheese factories to detect milk unsuitable for cheese- 
making. 

It is very simple and does not require any special apparatus. 
In cheese factories large test tubes or bottles holding from 120 
to 140 c.c. or smaller test tubes of 40 to 50 c.c. capacity are used 
for the milk samples. They are closed with a rubber stopper 
and are held at the required temperature in a water bath. In 
our work we have used test tubes of 50 c.c. capacity closed with 
a cotton plug in the usual manner for bacteriological work. This 
size tube is to be preferred to that usually used for bacterio- 
logical cultures because with the greater quantity of milk that 
can be placed in the larger tube the test is more reliable and the 
result is easier determined.2, We have also used an ordinary 
incubator in place of a water bath. 

The test tubes are washed and cleansed in the usual manner, 
plugged with cotton and sterilized by heating in a hot air sterilzer 
for 2% hours at a temperature between 150° and 160° C. It 
is quite important that the tubes are sterile, as any organisms 
in the tube would develop in the milk and might influence the 
result. The tubes are numbered with a paraffine pencil to corre- 
spond with the sample of milk and are then filled to within a 
finger’s breadth of the bottom of the cotton plug, closed with 
the cotton plug and placed in the incubator. In transferring the 


: 


USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 27 


sample of milk from the vessel in which it was collected to the 
test tube the necessary precautions should be taken to prevent 
contamination. 

Twelve hours after being placed in the incubator the samples 
are examined. If the milk was fresh and normal there will be 
no change apparent except perhaps a clean, sour odor. “ When 
the cream layer is bulged upward, or there is a greenish layer 
beneath it, this is an indication of the beginning of fermentation 
or curdling.’’* If there is no change at this time, then the 
samples are to be replaced in the incubator and observed again 
in I2 hours, and subsequently at 12-hour periods, if necessary. 
When curdling does not occur after 12 hours then the reaction 
of the milk should be taken and preservatives tested for. If the 
milk is curdled then the character of the curd is to be noted. As 
was first pointed out by A. Peter,* the various curds may be 
classified into five types or classes, with three degrees or varia- 
tions for each type. He also proposed a system of symbols or 
abbreviations to be used in recording the results of tests. This 
classification and the symbols have been followed by us in the 
main. 

The types of curd and the symbols by which they are recorded 
are as follows: 

1. Jelly-like Curd. J.,—Solid, smooth, white, jelly-like curd, 
with no fluid. J..—Curd same but showing very few furrows 
or gas holes. J.,—Curd presents furrows, gas holes or cracks, 
with some fluid. 

This type of curd indicates that the lactic acid forming bac- 
teria predominate, and if it is present at the twelfth hour or be- 
fore indicates that the original contamination with this species 
was excessive or that the milk was old. According to O. Jensen, 
however, milk very rich in bacteria will always give this type 
of curd because in such milk the lactic acid formers are as a rule 
present in such large numbers that they repress the other species. 

2. Peptonized Curd. The curd may be hard, contracted and 
in one or several irregular pieces or soft, flocculent and mushy, 
with more or less fluid that is entirely clear but may have a 


28 L. A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL. 


greenish or whitish tinge. P.,;—The amount of fluid is small 
in proportion to size of curd. P.,—Increased amount of fluid. 
P.,—Amount of fluid large in proportion to the size of the curd. 

3. Gaseous Curd. A white, jelly-like curd, showing small 
holes due to gas formation and in the higher degree presenting 
a sponge-like appearance; may be torn and a portion driven to 
the top; more or less fluid present, which may also show collec- 
tions of gas bubbles. G.,—Gas holes in the cream layer or in 
the curd. G.,—Gas holes numerous in the cream and curd; 
gas bubbles may also be present in the fluid. G.,—Curd sponge- 
like, containing many gas holes; may be split and a portion 
driven to the top; gas bubbles in fluid. 

4. “Flaky” or Flocculent Curd. Curd in flakes, associated 
with a turbid fluid, which may be whitish, yellowish or other- 
wise discolored. Flc.,—Curd in fine flakes or partially homo- 
geneous. Flc.,—-Large flakes and considerable fluid. Flc.,— 
Large flakes, torn, with white or discolored fluid. 

Comparison of the sources of the several species of bacteria 
usually present in milk with the groups of species producing the 
different types of curd showed a striking parallel between the 
individual sources and the several types of curds. The lactic 
acid forming organisms which produce the jelly-like curd are 
found in greatest abundance in the milk vessels and apparatus. 
Of the peptonizing bacteria, the species most common in milk 
are those which inhabit the soil and which are brought into the 
stable in the dust on the dry fodder and straw and disseminated 
in the air of the stable when the fodder and straw is distributed. 
When a cow lies down upon dusty straw or upon a dusty place 
at pasture some of these organisms may also get into the folds 
and creases of the skin of the flanks and udder. The gas-form- 
ing organisms of the coli-areogenes group are normal inhabi- 
tants of the intestinal tract and are eliminated with the feces. 

In view of these facts we decided to use the fermentation 
test in our regular dairy inspection work to determine its value 
as a means of detecting the principal source of bacterial ‘con- 
tamination. Many regulations for milk control fix a maximum 


USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 29 


limit for bacteria and when this limit is exceeded the dairyman 
is merely notified or an inspector is sent to the farm to endeavor 
to discover the cause. A test that will point out the principal 
source of contamination in such cases would be of great assist- 
ance in improving the condition. 

In our work the method of counting bacteria, approved by 
the American Public Health Association, is one of the routine 
tests, but in order to obtain as much material as possible we did 
not confine our investigations in connection with the fermenta- 
tion test to those instances in which the bacterial standard had 
been exceeded, but made an inspection at the farm whenever 
the result of the fermentation test seemed to make it desirable 
for our purpose. The result of the laboratory tests and farm 
inspections are given below: 

Milk from Dairy Farm No, 1—Fermentation test: Gaseous 
curd showing some peptonization at the twelfth hour. Number 
of bacteria per c.c., 59,200. 

On a visit to this farm it was found that the cows were stand- 
ing in two rows, facing outward, with less than four feet space 
between the posterior ends of the animals. Almost every cow, 
in switching her tail, would strike the cow opposite her in the 
other row. When urine or soft manure was voided by a cow 
in one row it splashed upon the rear parts of the cow opposite 
in the other row and presumably, also, upon the milker and into 
the milk bucket if they happened to be present at the time. Mid- 
way along the length of the rows of cows, and in the middle of 
the alley between the two rows, an iron rod 4 feet long and bent 
at the lower end to form a hook, was attached by the opposite 
end to the ceiling in such a manner as to permit it to be let down 
when desired. One of the stable men said this was used to hang 
the filled milk pails on until they could be carried out of the 
stable to the milk room, but at the time of the visit three filled 
milk pails were standing on the floor of the alley between the 
cows. It was in June and the cows were very busy switching 
at flies, and the feces were soft and abundant. The conditions 
certainly favored foecal contamination of the milk. 


30 L. A, KLEIN AND H, C. CAMPBELL. 


ne 


Dairy Farm No. 2—The dealer receiving the milk from this 
farm has bacterial counts made in his own establishment. From 
September to December the counts ran from 4,000,000 to 
1,000,000, and the dealer requested an investigation. A sample 
of milk from the herd was examined in our laboratory in the 
latter part of December, with the following results: Fermenta- 
tiontest, Js, P.4: Number “of bacterna per ice., 22,a00: 

Inspection at the farm showed that the cows and stable were 
kept only fairly clean. It was also learned that the dry fodder 
was fed before milking and that straw was used for bedding. 
The milking was done with machines, but the last milk had to 
be removed by hand. During the milking of a cow it was not 
uncommon for one of the teat cups to fall off into the litter, the 
sucking action being continued while it lay there. In several 
instances it was also observed that soiled hairs on the udder had 
been drawn down into the mouth of the teat cup. The result 
of the curd test having indicated the predominance of the lactic 
acid forming bacteria, especial attention was given to the con- 
dition of the milk vessels and apparatus and the methods of 
cleaning them. Small particles of coagulated milk were found 
on the inner surface of the buckets of the milking machines. The 
interior of the tubes and cups of the machines could not be 
examined, but there was good reason to believe that a similar 
condition existed there. After each milking, it was the custom 
to wash the tubes and cups with hot water from the boiler in 
the milk room and then place them in lime water until the next 
milking. The buckets were also washed with hot water. The 
dairyman was advised to rinse out the apparatus and buckets 
with cold' water before washing with hot water, and also to feed 
the dry fodder after milking. There was no further complaint 
from the dealer regarding the milk. The conditions found con- 
firmed the result of the fermentation test. | 

Milk from Dairy Farm No. 3—Fermentation test, G.s, P.,. 
Number of bacteria per-c.c., 4,740. 

Inquiry developed that the men were late in getting to the 
barn in the morning and the stable and cows were not cleaned 


USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION. 31 


a sufficient time before milking to permit the dust to settle. This 
was in agreement with the indication of the fermentation test. 

Milk from Dairy Farm No. 4—Three samples of milk from 
this farm were examined at intervals of one week, with the fol- 
lowing results: 

First sample: Fermentation test, P.3, G.». Number batceria 
per c.c., 9,300, including many colonies of staphylococci. 

Second sample: Fermentation test, P.., G.,. Number bac- 
teria per c.c., 25,800, including many colonies of staphylococci. 
- . Third sample: Fermentation test, P.,, G... Number bacteria 
per €.c., 2,400. 

The farm was visited two days after the last sample was 
examined. It was learned that at the time the milk represented 
by the first sample was produced there were three cows in the 
milking line with a vaginal discharge, the result of a retained 
placenta. At about the same time some excessively acid ensilage 
was reached in the silo, and when this was fed to the cows it 
made many of them “ scour,” several so badly that they had to 
be treated for diarrhcea. This condition continued for some 
time. On the day of the visit no cows were scouring, but the 
stable still showed some evidence of the condition that had 
existed. There was also one cow with a slight vaginal dis- 
charge—one of the the three before referred to. 

Staphylococci produce a peptonized curd and it is probable 
that they were largely responsible for the peptonization shown 
in these tests, the milk being contaminated with the vaginal dis- 
charge. The loose condition of the bowels would favor the con- 
tamination of the milk with the coli and aerogenes species. The 
indications of the fermentation test can be regarded, therefore, 
as confirmed. 

_ Milk from Dairy Farm No. 5—Fermentation test, G.,, P.,. 
Number of bacteria per c.c., 361,400. Numerous colonies of 
streptococci on plates. 

When the farm was inspected the cows and stables were 
found to be soiled with manure. There were thirty-nine cows 
being milked and only one man to clean the stable and the cows, 


L, A, KLEIN AND H. C. CAMPBELL, 


Oo 
bo 


—— 


although he had the assistance of another man to milk. Three 
cows had alterations indicating catarrhal mastitis in the udder. 
The milk of one contained streptococci and leucocytes in large 
number, and in the milk of another numerous leucocytes were 
found. Neither streptococci nor an abnormal number of leuco- 
cytes were found in the milk of the other one. 

The condition of the stable and cows corresponded with the 
result of the fermentation test. 

Milk from Dary Farm No. 6—Fermentation test, J.., P.4. 
Number of bacteria per c.c., 179,000. ‘The number of bacteria 
per c.c. in the milk from this farm had been running below 10,000 
for more than a year and an investigation was therefore made 
to discover the cause of an increase. It was learned that during 
the colder parts of the year it is the custom at this place to store 
the milk over night in the milk house without ice, after it had 
run over the cooler and been bottled. In warm weather the 
milk is iced after being bottled. At the time the milk tested was 
bottled the weather turned suddenly warm in the evening but 
no ice was used. After that day the milk was iced and the bac- 
terial count returned to the usual number. No condition in the 
stable or in the cows and no defect in methods was discovered 
that would increase the bacteria in the milk. 

The condition on the farm therefore confirmed the fermenta- 
tion test. 

Milk from Dairy Farm No. 7—Fermentation test, P.., J.4. 
Number of bacteria per c.c., 34,600. The bacterial content of 
this milk is usually below 8,000. 

On the day the milk was produced from which the sample 
was taken, hay was being hauled to the barn and put into the loft 
above the cow stable. The unloading was done at one end of 
the barn where there were three doors opening into the stable, 
and was continued during the entire time the cows were milked 
in the afternoon. On this day the platforms were taken up in 
about one-half of the stalls in the stable and new ones put in. 

The indications of the fermentation test were also confirmed 
in this case. 


USE OF THE FERMENTATION TEST IN DAIRY INSPECTION, 33 


CONCLUSIONS. 


In all seven investigations the fermentation. test proved to 
be a correct criterion of the principal source of bacterial contami- 
nation and was of material assistance in discovering the cause. 
We are not unmindful of the fact that our cases were rather 
few in number and that it would be desirable to have a larger 
number, but we are of the opinion that the results obtained indi- 
cate that the fermentation test is likely to prove of great value 
for the purpose mentioned. 


REFERENCES. 


1. Weigman, H., Mykologie der Milch, pp. 58 to 66. : 

2. Barthel, Chr.. Die Methoden zur Unterschung von Milch und Molkereiprodukten, 
Zweite Auflage, p. 120. 

3. Gerber, N., Die Praktische Milch-Prifung, p. 84. 

4. Wyssmann and Peter, Milchwirtschaft, dritte auflage, 1907. 


WeppINGc Fottows CLosELty A. V. M. A. CONVENTION.— 
Dr. Horace Preston Hoskins, St. Paul, Minn., was married Sep- 
tember 2, 1912, to Miss Anna Mary Smith, in Christ Church, Se 
Paul. Dr. Hoskins’ friends who met him at Indianapolis little 
suspected the cause for his unusual happiness during the four 
days of the convention, which they now realize to have been 
pleasurable anticipation of meeting his bride after the convention 
was over. We congratulate the young couple and wish them all 
the joy and happiness that belong to the nuptial state. 


Motor Truck Causes PAINFUL AccIDENT—We were 
grieved to read in the New York World of September 7 of a 
painful accident to Mrs. Samuel W. Taylor, wife of the esteemed 
editor of the Rider and Driver. The newspaper report states 
that Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were in a break driving to the rail- 
road station, at their country home in Stamford, Conn., when a 
motor truck startled the horse, which was a spirited animal, and 
caused it to “bolt,” and on being pulled up by Mr. Taylor, lashed 
out with its hind feet, kicking Mrs. Taylor on both legs, shat- 
tering the knee cap of one of them. Mr. Taylor was about to 


start for Syracuse at the time, to manage the New York State 
Fair. 


RADIAL PARALYSIS, AND ITS TREATMENT BY MECHAN- 
ICAL FIXATION OF KNEE AND ANKLE.* 
By GeorcE H. Berns, D.V.S., Brooxtyn, N. Y. 


Attention was called to this striking and very peculiar form of 
lameness in horses, by Gtinther in his Myologie, as early as 1866. 
Moller in 1875 diagnosed it as paralysis of the radial nerve, and 
later on it was observed, and fully described by Frohner, Hess, 
Cadiot, Hell, and others. In fact, it is referred to in almost 
every recently published work on veterinary surgery. 

In Dollar’s translation of Cadiot’s “ Clinical Veterinary Med- 
icine and Surgery,” an entire lecture is devoted to the subject. 
In it he presented a beautiful clinical picture of the disease and 
its symptoms, and mentions external violence or mechanical in- 
juries to the radial nerve and the structures it supplies as its 
chief cause. 

Moller, according to Cadiot, divides his cases into three 
groups, viz.: complete, incomplete, and partial, and the symp- 
toms vary according to the degree and extent of the injury and 
resulting paralysis. 

’ The symptoms are minutely and most accurately described by 
Cadiot, and I cannot do better than to use his own words: 

“In complete paralysis the joints of the affected limb, with 
the exception of the shoulder, are usually flexed when the horse 
is resting. In consequence of loss of power in the triceps and 
anterior brachial muscles, the arm is extended and straightened 
on the shoulder, the scapulo-humeral angle is open, and the elbow 
depressed. ‘The forearm is flexed on the arm by the contraction 
of the coraco-radialis, while the metacarpus and phalanges are 
bent by the action of the posterior anti-brachial muscles. The 
knee is carried in advance, level with, or in front of, a vertical 


*Read before the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, Ig912. 


34 


RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT, ® 35 


line dropped from the point of the shoulder. The hoof is usually 
rested on the toe, but when advanced beyond the above mentioned 
vertical line it may be placed flat on the ground, the joints then 
being less markedly bent. When the limb as a whole is flexed, 
it may be brought into normal position by thrusting back the 
knee with sufficient force to counteract the action of the flexor 
muscles. 

“In walking, the shoulder and arm are more or less ‘ carried,’ 
the lame limb being moved as a whole; but as the lower portions 
of the limb are insufficiently extended, the stride is much short- 
ened. The least attempt at placing weight on the leg causes all 
the joints to become flexed and the shoulder and arm to sud- 
denly drop; the animal, feeling itself falling, instantly transfers 
weight to the other limb. Ata more rapid pace the animal goes 
on three legs, as though suffering from some exceedingly painful 
condition. 

“Incomplete paralysis may either constitute a stage in recov- 
ery from complete paralysis, or an independent condition. At 
rest the limb is held as in the preceding form, but the entire 
plantar surface of the hoof more frequently comes in contact 
with the ground. In moving, lameness is less marked, and in- 
stead of occurring at every step may only appear at intervals, 
varying in length with the degree of paralysis, rapidity of move- 
ment, and smooth or rough character of the ground. The limb 
is slowly advanced, the stride shortened, and the hoof carried or 
dragged along the ground. The animal stumbles over the small- 
est obstacle, the limb immediately becoming flexed. 

“In partial paralysis most of the muscles supplied by the 
radial retain their function, and disturbance is much less marked. 
As a rule, the position of the limb at rest is normal. During 
movement it is fully extended, the stride is of ordinary length, 
and the joints do not collapse when weight is placed on the fimb. 
Slight lameness is visible at a trot, the shoulder and arm being 
more or less markedly carried forward, without, however, roll- 
ing outwards, as in paralysis of the suprascapular nerve.” 

According to European writers, the disease is self-limiting, 


36 GEORGE H. BERNS. 2 


and in all cases, except those complicated with fracture of the 
first rib, the prognosis is comparatively favorable, and no special 
line of treatment is indicated further than rest in slings in severe 
cases, massage, cold douches, light blisters, and, when con- 
valescing, gentle exercise on level ground. 

While this condition is by no means of frequent occurrence, 
I venture the opinion that a large number of the gentlemen pres- 
ent have seen cases of it. 

When we first began to use an operating table for operations 
upon the feet, we used the McGee-Hodgson table, which has a 
very large and perfectly square top, and in order to bring the 
affected foot within comfortable reach of the operator it was 
necessary to fasten it close to the front edge of the table, extend- 
ing it probably twenty-four or thirty-six inches in advance of its 
fellow, which was secured in a natural vertical position. 

In this position all the flexors of the limb, and more particu- 
larly the triceps and anterior brachial muscles, were greatly dis- 
tended, and if our operation were prolonged or the animal 
struggled a great deal, it frequently happened that he would come 
off the table suffering from a mild form of radial paralysis. In 
casting horses with the English hopples, and keeping them in 
lateral recumbency for a long time, or horses cast in a stall, and 
unable to rise without assistance, the same thing would occa- 
sionally occur. 

We attributed this condition to functional disturbances of the 
muscles probably from over-distention, or a disturbed circulation 
from the awkward position of the limb, or prolonged inordinate 
pressure. We paid but little attention to them, and they all got 
well in time, varying from a few hours to one or two days. Since 
our operating table has been altered, and this extension of the 
limb is no longer practiced, we have no more cases of os 
paralysis from table restraint. 

In the winter of 1897 and 18098 four severe cases of radial 
paralysis were brought to my notice. 

Case No. 1—A large truck horse, owned by Mr. J. A. P., 
while backing a heavy load, slipped and fell. When again on 


RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 37 


his feet, he was unable to place any weight upon the off front 
leg. He was carted home in an ambulance and I saw him shortly 
after the accident, when he showed all the symptoms of an aggra- 
vated case of radial paralysis. He was standing in a single 
stall, and we found it impossible to back him out, for the mo- 
ment he attempted to place weight upon the affected limb the 
entire leg would collapse, the elbow dropping to within twelve to 
eighteen inches of the floor, the body descending, and only by 
instantaneous shifting of the body weight upon the sound limb 
would he save himself from falling. He was placed in slings, 
treated as outlined above, but showed no improvement during 
the first two months. Then he was fired and blistered over the 
triceps muscles, which showed marked atrophy. In ten days he 
began to show a little improvement, was placed in a large box 
stall, and allowed to lie down. Fortunately he got up without 
assistance, and he was left alone for the rest of the winter, turned 
out to pasture in the spring, and finally recovered in seven or 
eight months. 

Case No. 2 was seen in consultation with the late Dr. R. R. 
Bell, about three weeks after I had placed the J. A. P. horse 
under treatment. 

His case was almost a fac-simile of mine. It was treated 
with hypodermic injections of strychnine in addition to the local 
_ treatment, and I saw him in a pasture field six months later much 
improved, but still lame. 

Case No. 3 was another consultation; call this time with Dr. 
Elisha Hanshew, on his own driving horse. He slipped and 
fell, sustained radial paralysis, and was treated for several months 
and finally disposed of as practically incurable. 

Case No. 4 occurred in my own practice. A heavy draft 
horse, examined by me for soundness in January, 1898, developed 
a radial paralysis in February as a result of a runaway accident. 
This, like the preceding three cases, was also an aggravated form 
of complete paralysis. He was treated for six weeks at the 
owner’s stables without apparent results, and the owner then 
decided to have him destroyed. but finally consented to have him 


38 GEORGE H,. BERNS. 


sent to our hospital in an ambulance for experimental treatment 
at our own expense. : 

Having noticed the dropping of the elbow, and the enormous 
elongation and stretching of all the muscles situated in the 
scapulo-humeral angle in all these cases, it occurred to me that 
some benefit might be derived if these muscles could be placed 
in a state of rest. With this object in view, and after consider- 
able experimentation, I succeeded in devising the iron knee and 
ankle brace here illustrated. 

I invited Drs. R. R. Bell and Elisha Hanshew to see it tried 
on Case No. 4, which had arrived and was occupying a large 
box stall. With great difficulty the horse was brought out upon 
the operating floor, a distance of probably twenty feet. The 
entire limb was carefully wrapped in cotton, and a large pack 
placed in the posterior radial region; the bar shoe with the ex- 
tension spur was applied, and with the assistance of two strong 
men, one pulling the knee and the other pushing it in a backward 
direction, we succeeded in placing the limb in a perpendicular 
position, slipped the brace into its proper place, and with the aid 
of a stout strap placed in front of the knee, and over the brace 


behind the knee buckled tightly, retained the brace in position’ 


until it had been securely bandaged to the limb, from the fetlock 
to the elbow. 

The animal immediately seemed to realize the great support 
and comfort the brace afforded by placing his weight upon the 
paralyzed limb, and with a little assistance by pulling the leg 
forward and outward, he soon learned to walk into a single stall, 


a distance of forty or fifty feet, where a sling was placed under 


him. 

The patient, as well as his brace and bandages, was carefully 
watched, but as no swelling, restlessness or symptoms of dis- 
comfort appeared, he was left undisturbed for eight days, when 
Drs. Bell and Hanshew were invited to see the brace removed. 

The animal was backed out of his stall without any trouble, 
walked to the operating floor with no assistance, and when the 
brace was taken off, to our great astonishment and gratification, 


RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 39 


he walked a distance of at least ten feet without showing the 
slightest sign of weakness. The leg then began to tremble and 
would have probably collapsed if the brace had been leit off, but 
after a good hand rubbing it was re-applied. The following 
week the brace was removed every second day, the leg massaged, 
and a little exercise on perfectly level ground allowed. After 
that the shoe was removed, the brace taken off, and the patient 
allowed to lie down in a box stall. He was regularly exercised, 
and two weeks later, four weeks from the date the brace was 
first applied, he was sent home and did excellent service for his 
owner for years after. 

Fourteen years have passed since we first used this knee and 
ankle brace, and we have employed it in probably twenty-five or 
thirty cases, all of which have made satisfactory recoveries in 
from one to three weeks; but it is only fair to add that possibly 
one-half of this number would have recovered without the brace. 
However, we made it a rule to use it in all cases of two days’ 
standing. It is also very probable that none of these cases was 
complicated with a fracture of the first rib or severe injuries to 
the brachial plexus. 

Now a few words as to the brace itself, its object, and mode 
of application. 

It was designed to fix the limb in a perpendicular position 
and to place the paralyzed muscles in a state of rest, without 
causing undue pressure upon any part. If properly applied. a 
space of an inch or more is left between the brace and the leg 
from the foot all the way to the centre of the forearm, where 
the brace is slightly curved in a backward direction and rests 
upon the fleshy bellies of the flexor muscles, which should be 
well padded with small cushions or pillows made of aseptic wool, 
and changed frequently during hot weather to prevent macera- 
tion of the skin from perspiration. 

As the connection between the extension spur of the shoe and 
the brace proper admits of a limited amount of motion, the 
patient soon learns to secure comfort by placing the limb in ad- 
vance of its fellow, partly turning in the toe, resting on the spur 


40 GEORGE H. BERNS. 


of the shoe, and releasing all pressure from the posterior radial 
region. Straps and buckles attached to the brace would improve 
its appearance and probably simplify its application, but fear of 
severe pressure and troublesome sloughs prompt me to use ordi- 
nary roller bandages, which enables me to exert an equal amount 
of pressure upon the leg from the foot up to and including the 
forearm, and thus the danger of pressure necrosis is reduced to 
a minimum. 


Iron Brace and Shoe for Knee Iron Brace and Shoe for Iron Brace and Shoe 
and Ankle Fixation (Berns). Knee and Ankle Fixation Attached — Radial 
(Berns). Paralysis (Berns). 


Now, the interesting question arises—Why is this simple 
treatment so effectual ? 

It is a well-established clinical fact that over-distention of 
muscular tissue produces temporary paralysis. When we con- 
sider that the mild forms of radial paralysis above mentioned 
as having been produced while animals were kept under restraint 
upon the operating table, with elbow extended but slightly—and 
the severe cases with the enormous extension and stretching of 
all the muscles attached to the olecranen and situated in the 
scapulo-humeral angle, which takes place every time the patient 


RADIAL PARALYSIS AND ITS TREATMENT. 41 


attempts to place weight upon the affected limb—is it not reason- 
able to suppose that the very violent and often repeated and con- 
tinued over-distention of these muscles is largely responsible for 
this persistent lameness? 

I am of the opinion that in the milder forms of this disease 
the trunk of the radial nerve is rarely involved, and that the 
symptoms are due to an obstructed circulation from pressure or 
functional disturbances of the muscles from over-distention. In 
the severe forms, I have no doubt but that the nerve itself is 


Merillat Method. Tron Brace Illustrated 


in Merillat’s Sur- 
gery. 


primarly involved, and perhaps from over-distention or pressure 
due to accidental causes, has temporarily lost its function, pro- 
ducing paralysis of all the muscles it supplies; but I am con- 
vinced that the muscles while in a state of complete paralysis are 
subjected to enormous strains, frequently repeated, which tem- 
porarily destroy the contractile power of their fibres and cause 
persistent paralysis, secondary to and entirely independent of 
the primary injury to the nerve. Upon this theory the value of 
the brace as a remedial agent is readily explained. 


42 GEORGE H. BERNS. 


I also believe that a somewhat similar condition exists in 
cases of so-called femoral paralysis and dropping of the stifle, 
following recovered cases of azoturia, and if a brace or some 
other apparatus could be devised which would keep the stifle in 
its place and rest the muscles in the anterior femoral region, 
satisfactory results would probably follow and shorten the period 
of convalescence. 

Dr. Merillat, in describing his treatment of brachial paralysis, 
evidently recognizes the advantages of mechanically placing the 
affected limb in a vertical position. He shows a very neat-fitting 
iron brace, which is made to follow the curves of the leg. It is 
equipped with buckles and straps and is applied close to the limb. 
He also illustrates another very simple and original method of 
fixing the knee in brachial paralysis by the use of an ordinary 
saddle, back strap, crupper and breeching, and the knee of the 
affected leg is secured to the breeching and in this way kept 
in a proper vertical position. 

This method looks practical and seems to possess many ad- 
vantages over a brace, if it will keep the limb in the desired posi- 
tion in severe cases. I have not had a bad case since I saw the 
illustration, but shall certainly give it a trial at first chance. 


Dr. Geo. M. Wuitaker Dies SupDENLY.—Dr. George 
Mason Whitaker, late of Washington, D. C., an associate editor 
of Hoard’s Dairyman, died August 29 after an illness of but a 
few hours. At the time of his death, Dr. Whitaker was presi- 
dent of the Farmer’s National Congress, and secretary of the 
National Dairy Union. He was for several years attached to 
the Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture in Wash- 
ington. He was a man of unusual culture. For fifteen years he 
was editor of the New England Farmer, and president, secretary, 
treasurer and trustee of more associations, agricultural boards 
and clubs than our limited space will permit us to enumerate. He 
was buried at his old home, Southbridge, Mass., where he was 
born in 1851. He was active mentally and physically up to the 
time of his death, and the sudden cutting off of his useful life, 
was a great wrench to his family and associates. 


RESULTS WITH THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE 
DIAGNOSIS OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION OF CATTLE. * 


F. B. Haptey, D.V.M. and B. A. Beacu, D.V.M., UNiversity oF WISCONSIN, 
Maptison. 


Since the perfection of the complement fixation test for the 
diagnosis of syphilis and glanders, many other diseases have 
been made the subject of investigation by using the blood serum 
as a basis. Among these, perhaps none has a wider field of use- 
fulness than the application of the test to the diagnosis of 
contagious or infectious abortion of cattle. This statement 
is made advisedly and with a full realization that excep- 
tions may be taken. However, when the prevalence of the 
malady and the great number of animals that are subject to it 
are considered the above statement has more weight. 

Contagious abortion is generally prevalent in all sections 
where dairying is engaged in, and has caused tremendous losses 
in certain pure bred herds in which conditions were favorable to 
the dissemination of the infection. 

The disease is most frequently seen in the bovine species. It 
is caused by a specific microorganism which finds the pregnant 
uterus a particularly favorable location for growth; and is usually 
characterized by the expulsion of the fetus before the period of 
gestation has been completed. 

The causal agent is known under various names. Of these 
bacillus abortus (Bang) seems to be the most universally ac- 
cepted. The organism is a cocco-bacillus 0.8 to 2 microns long 
by 0.5 to 0.7 wide, stains with aniline dyes, and is Gram negative. 

In growing the abortion bacilli blood-serum-agar has been 
found eminently satisfactory for a nutrient medium. A rarefied 
atmosphere has given better results than ordinary incubator air. 
The colonies are small, round, slightly convex, and smooth, simu- 


*Read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Indianapolis, August, 
IgI2. 


43 


44 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. 


lating a honey-or-dew-drop. A characteristic bluish cast is ob- 
served by transmitted light. 

The pregnant uterus is a particularly favorable location for 
the growth of the abortion bacilli. When present in large num- 
bers they set up an inflammation which is perhaps most noticeable 
at the cotyledons. Finally the natural exchange of gases and 
nutrients between the mother and fetus can no longer take place, 
with the result that abortion or premature expulsion of the fetus 
occurs. 

It does not appear necessary to enter into an exhaustive dis- 
cussion of contagious abortion from the clinical viewpoint, con- 
sequently many interesting points to the practitioner will needs 
be omitted. Of particular interest may be mentioned the belief 
that occasionally infected cows may act as carriers of the abor- 
tion bacilli for many months after the last abortion, as do the 
so-called typhoid fever carriers of the human race. 

Our work with this diagnostic method as applied to the dis- 
ease under consideration was started in June, 1911, since which 
time a large number of animals from different parts of the state 
of Wisconsin have been tested. 

For a full description of the technique of manipulation and 
components used in the complement fixation test reference may 
be had to Research Bulletin No. 24 of the Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station of the University of Wisconsin by the writers. 

The test is strictly a laboratory procedure and is based upon 
the presence of certain specific antibodies or immune bodies which 
circulate in the blood of infected animals. These substances vary 
in quantity and quality, depending upon the period of infection. 
Their presence is determined by using guinea pig complement, a 
constituent of fresh blood, as an indicator. If the blood-serum 
sample under test is from an animal harboring the abortion 
bacilli a fixation of the complement takes place, leading to a 
definite and easily recognized test tube reaction. On the other 
hand, if no infection is present in the animal whose serum is be- 
ing tested the complement will remain free to act in the dissolu- 
tion of the red blood corpuscles. 


a ret 


COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN CONTAGIOUS ABORTION OF CATTLE. 45 


Because it is impracticable in a paper of this kind to take up 
the different steps in the performance of the test, it will be as- 
sumed that most of you are familiar with them. We will there- 
fore immediately proceed to the interpretation of the reaction, 
which may be summarized as follows: 

1. Cattle in which the serum shows a complete fixation of the 
complement in quantities of 0.01 c.c. and 0.02 c.c. are or have 
been infected with abortion bacilli 

2. Cattle in which the serum gives a complete complement 
fixation in the quantity of 0.02 c.c. and an incomplete fixation 
in the 0.01 c.c. amount also are or have been infected with the 
abortion bacilli. 

3. Cattle in the serum of which no binding is noted in the 
0.OI c.c. amount and an incomplete binding in the larger amount 
should be considered questionable reactors and retested after 
four or five weeks. 

4. Cattle in which the serum shows no power of fixing the 
complement in either amount should be considered free from the 
infection. 

A positive reaction, obtained in testing the serum from a 
pregnant cow or heifer, does not necessarily mean that the ani- 
mal will abort. We have shown that abortion is simply inci- 
dental to infection. All animals have a certain amount of non- 
specific physiological resistance, while many members of infected 
herds show an acquired active immunity which they have gained 
either from an attack of the disease or by a casual vaccination. 

It must be understood that there may be a considerable varia- 
tion in sera from different sources. In some the antibodies are 
not present in sufficient quantity to bind the complement, indi- 
cating that the animal in question has become infected recently, 
or that she is just recovering from the infection. In such a case 
a retest must be made in four to six weeks to determine positively 
what condition actually exists. 

In order that a comparison might be made between the ag- 
glutination and the complement fixation tests when used as diag- 
nostic agents for contagious abortion, a series of parallel tests 


46 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. 


was carried out as per Table I, a glance at which reveals some 
discrepancy between the two methods of diagnosis : 

Table I. Comparison of the Agglutination and Complement 
Fixation Tests. 


Number Complement 
of Abortion Record. Agglutination Fixation 
Animal. Test. Test. 

I Never aborted sis sdciccG Sale cys sores sie siale sleloleteiete ee Ge —_— == 
2 Never -abortedis jis rae. «cutie ey onoveveleleverel oterenererelereuston eieks _— = 
3 Never aADOrted : oyicctec cia ote dial ovataiegenetedeyemele eters e momstelt = — 
4 Never: aborted enc. cocina ters sstsretalessteieieveie sie ets oreieaicrareienciexs + = 
5 INiev er. ‘Alb OT CG siisyepa tera sues suas cocoa eneweteveumcen bere er scot overt re — = 
6 Nievere abontedine sitisiectercys straits elehevettreroe tern ckeraiereateeiere _ = 
GF INEVET SADOTTEA 2: Herd ays, erencte wrcysnes 8 helene /ouoiw eh eeiel See eis chet —_— — 
8 Never “aborted crvcaed ciate nad xeesmeeiers a nctres clyen & + —= 
INIEVEI' AD OLTE GS a crs aue-visteralors he hetevaievonel derstelereioieie cet ore — = 
10 Never (aborted s,s c:octa. tis store teil occvarlevt a ole yeltota store alte. ovsheres — — 
ite INGVer ADOTES GS rcgsce svete airaiecce sedate tue etetetonslavere ws tevekenerauetexe —_— = 
12 Never) ‘aborted ’s Sardis case weclewiog os stakes ta bone wares —_— = 
13 Nevers aborted: wjeucie oe rporche tel avausieretetoverslousrever: ienene elo verons — = 
14 Never maborted es pincsiaccictee ein tom cirsteteus cre pe elena ener — = 
15 INeVvier = 'abOrtedharaisctavecstiasetousite (sce tousvenc ts elacelateusksicuspeleys isis — = 
16 Never) iabonted s:. ois) .icsesfcpe visvaye/srers,lvsiclersicligve eters velleters -- _— 
17 INSVER NM ADORLE Ga. tavananstairicr sierereatcgsioter horns terenovouetcere aisle —- — 
18 Niewier SabOrtedinrs.« sreisversveva saeterslaroiacyatoiciononecetereroleusuctorete — —_— 
19 Nievier “ab ortediicts.s acim: sosraeterers aio eiereteoresron tt Rude ievetens ~- ? 
20 Never, @DOrted so 6 eis: 120)s) syste Gisnevartie are) .ssepereie tone iois eleleks + se 
21 NGVers AD Orte ds nce cies aye sieve one sie aveletovers erarcienele sisyeiqeiecs ~- —_ 
22 INGVET AD OGLE caee errors ve lstee,cigete is Bies chietaus ences leteie evento totals + ar 
23 INS VETS Tal DORE Me rareralctotst sy cle) «ct alalraeuatel s vholetohaneyeueestetorelel cits + + 
24 Nevers aborted. rarct-sepatarelciersperreisheeenclereteceterctene erstenevells — = 
2 Wndoubtedly: vinfectad!! Vic: cleiscie elerel iste eistenelereteleleeicjele + + 
26 IAPOnted, iEWAny sCAlVieSs sein ororcncie ors eke rorelerekenalererecneneseushs — — 
27 Wiaceimated! Sheihery ccc cmter ls cneteneieveisyeue eroketeisterstmclevavece + ar 
28 Waceinated ihertetjays scr ceicterarercincte steusicrerereiciotaterenale erate + ae 
29 Waceiniated) sheikerrarysyets tetas hele letele ssetarodsde ucteys caer sie ielaiaie + + 
30 Waccinated! Uneidientirrcio.c versions ern cco eis rsueneieitcnsietete tens + ? 
31 Aborted. December 2) TO Ie srcie ie olenepercistensielerae ievalelone + te 
2 Aborted AupusthT,) Dortesat so nce ctetaiaia's eralccs:ty cle oe ~ ~ 
33 Probablyaaborted Ati ouSty rome crscideitersininersterrsistela ? + 
34 Never aborted i:\cccvarestsicvsocshetetel cholo tse vfetods, weave sole accvetoheroee + af 
a5 ANd) IMMERY AoE, NOS adoogdo To AocodonEGRgDONnGS + + 
36 Vaccinated hetier: Wer ris cis cle sie ee ss te elene tote eine apaveneiave + + 
37 GCalirott INOSRS Arnie rte clersis sfayelcievetel scksker sielenetene + + 
38 aborted Neb riratayes OM wei’ Kie oie, s/ellsiellelsteteveisie cveiatele: _— + 
Bow TBAT eats sere oeevoys alle tehere (orsle) olay. eusisvelatevelioveyerstnrs ele enmiarete ? + 


(— sign indicates negative reaction; + sign indicates positive reaction; ? signifies an 
atypical reaction.) 


It is interesting to note No. 26, a young cow that aborted 
twin calves at the fifth month of gestation. Both tests gave nega- 
tive results, indicating other cause than infection for the abor- 
tion; three months later another complement fixation test also re- 
sulted negatively. Nos. 28, 29, 30 and 36 are experimental heif- 
ers under process of immunization by vaccination with attenuated 
cultures of abortion bacilli. They all gave evidence of the pres- 
ence of the organisms by the tests, although they had never been 
bred. No. 37 is the calf of No. 34; at the age of 25 days and 
again at three months its serum showed evidence of the presence 


COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN CONTAGIOUS ABORTICN OF CATTLE. 47 


ee ee eee 
of the specific immune bodies and agglutinins, a point of especial 
importance when considering the matter of inherited immunity. 
The dam harbored the abortion bacilli at parturition, as we dem- 
onstrated by recovering the organisms from portions of the 
placental cotyledons. More conclusive evidence was established 
by preparing, from the growths, an antigen which gave a typical 
binding when titrated against the serum from a known positive 
reactor. The bull, No. 39, had been used for service in an in- 
fected herd for some time, which accounts for the positive re- 
sults with his serum. 

These and other comparative tests in which clinical history 
has been much more closely corroborated by the complement 
binding reaction than by the agglutination test lead us to regard 
the former as greatly superior to the latter as a diagnostic means 
for contagious abortion. However, the additional evidence which 
the agglutination test brings to bear upon suspicious or atypical 
reactors is usually sufficient so that a definite diagnosis may be 
made. Accordingly, it is recommended in such cases for use in 
conjunction with the complement fixation method. When both 
tests give positive results we are safe in concluding that the ani- 
mal is or has recently been infected. Other investigators report 
results which are in accord with the above statements. 

Among other things, it is, of course, of utmost importance 
to know if this new complement fixation test is accurate when 
applied to the same animal at stated intervals. To establish this 
point, consecutive tests were made on a herd of infected cattle 
belonging to the Wisconsin Experiment Station. The animals 
were of various ages and breeds and were representative of a 
good dairy herd. The results of these tests are given in Table IT, 
and are interesting, as a number of hitherto undemonstrated and 
important points relative to this disease are brought out, viz.: 

I. The persistence of the immune bodies for more than a 
year after abortion occurred, e. g., No. 3. 

2. The fact that No. 5, a calf, did not show evidence of the 
immune bodies up to a year old, although she was dropped pre- 
maturely and was in constant association with infected animals. 


48 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. 


3. Evidence that these bodies appear gradually, indicating 
that a certain degree of immunity results from infection and that 
there is a decided probability of artificially increasing the immu- 
nity by the administration of vaccines and bacterins. 


Table II. Summary of Consecutive Tests in an Infected Herd. 


' 


IQII IQII IQII 1912 1912 1912 1912 
July ct. Dec. jae March April uly 

No. Abortion History Test Test ‘Test est Test Test est 

x iCalves\ April 205. 190i ce « cee + Sp SS = 

2 Aborted August 1, IgI1I..... + + + + + ~ + 

3 Aborted February 19, 1911... + + + ate a + _-—— 

4 Aborted May 29, 1g911....... —_ —_— ? + + + SP 

5 *Dropped March 1o, 1911..... — -- -- — ? — + 

6 Calved February 19, 1912.... — r ? + + ay + 

7 Aborted December 21, 1911... — ? + “- + + + 

8 Probably aborted August, 1911 + + + + + + —_—— 

9 Aborted years ago.......... + _ + - Hee 

Oi ESI ratere cue ateiaeetateinieye(atetnie aictace -——_-  — — + + —_—— + 


re) 


*Injected with abortus vaccine in April, May and June, 1912. 
(— sign indicates negative reaction; + sign indicates positive reaction; ? denotes 
atypical reaction.) 


The practical value of this new diagnostic method may be best 
brought out by giving a synopsis of the results obtained in the 
field. Samples of blood from various herds, whose owners wished 
to know definitely whether or not the contagious form of abortion 
existed, have been forwarded to our laboratory for examination. 
Sometimes full details concerning the history of each animal ac- 
companied the samples. At other times absolutely no informa- 
tion was given. One veterinarian stated that he purposely omitted 
such assistance so as to avoid the possibility of influencing us by 
suggestions. When convenient, we have gone into the field our- 
selves to collect the serum samples, as by so doing we felt that 
more reliable data could be gathered. We realized that in new 
work of this nature too much care could not be observed if the 
results and conclusions were to be of scientific value. 


Table III. Summary of Results with the Complement Finis 
Test in Infected Herds.* 


Reaction 
No. of Posi- Nega- Atyp- % % 
Abortion History Animals tive tive ical Positive Negative Atypical 
No history of abortion....... 350 69 267 14 19.7 76.3 4-0 _ 
Kerio wn -aborters’ \<cic'sisic seis ss 118 99 17 2’ 83.9 14.4 1.7 
Herd? pulls. conte rewiiete eterersie 12 3 9 te) 25.0 75.0 0.0 


“OCALA! 7 aaieivians «(a's aimee 480 171 293 16 35.6 61.1 3.3 


*A very few of these animals came from herds where no infection existed. 


COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN CONTAGIOUS ABORTION OF CATTLE, 49 


Of the 480 animals represented in Table III, 350 had no his- 
tory of abortion, while 118 were known to have aborted, and the 
balance were herd bulls. Of the animals in these infected herds 
69 or 19.7 per cent. showed evidence of abortion infection, al- 
though they had never aborted. Included in this number are 
certain cows whose history is unknown, and which undoubtedly 
had aborted some time in the past. But 83.9 per cent. of the 
cows which had been known to abort gave positive reactions. This 
apparent discrepancy is explained when attention is drawn to the 
fact that many of these animals aborted more than a year before 
the test was applied. It is assumed that the negative reactors in 
this group have lost whatever immunity they may have gained 
or their abortions were due to mechanical causes. The signifi- 
cance of the large number of negative reactions given by herd 
bulls should not be overlooked. Summarizing we find that out 
of the total 480 animals tested 171, or 35.6 per cent., gave evi- 
dences of infection and 293, or 61.1 per cent., were free from it. 

When it is understood that practically all the animals repre- 
sented in the above figures came from infected herds the percent- 
age is not larger than should reasonably be expected., 

Experiments in attempting to eradicate contagious abortion 
from infected herds by using the complement fixation test as a 
means of detecting infected animals are well under way. Al- 
though not yet completed, the results so far obtained are very 
encouraging and indicate that this may result in an effective 
means of controlling contagious abortion. In one herd where 
the positive and negative reactors were separated and placed in 
different quarters with special attendants, after a period of four 
months no abortions had occurred among the first group of cows, 
while two premature births and four healthy calves had been 
dropped by the second group. 

The question of immunity may be studied to the best advan- 
tage by the use of the complement binding reaction as a means 
of checking up results. Our attention was first directed toward 
the importance of this when large herds of cattle in which con- 
tagious abortion was known to exist were tested. It was ob- 


50 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A, BEACH. 


served that a number of animals which had never aborted gave 
positive reaction. Some of these undoubtedly had become in- 
fected quite recently and even aborted subsequently. Others, how- 
ever, were actively immune to abortion infection, although they 
had never aborted. 

We are not yet fully prepared to state how effective is the 
immunity possessed by cows which have never aborted, but which 
give a positive reaction. Experiments now under way will ma- 
terially assist in solving this very important and extremely prac- 
tical problem. 

This brings up the matter of actively immunizing cattle 
against contagious abortion by the administration of a vaccine or 
bacterin. So far, nothing at all reliable has been advanced as a 
treatment and the prospects of discovering a curative agent ap- 
pear to be as remote as ever. Consequently, our aim must be to 
find an effective preventive. Vaccination may be the solution. 

In conclusion, it may be said that the complement fixation as 
applied to contagious abortion is a delicate, specific reaction, 
which is as accurate as any biological test. It provides a trusty 
means by which infected animals may be detected, afterward 
proper methods of segregation may be carried out and the disease 
brought under control. 

The test does not distinguish between animals which are har- 
boring the active organisms and those which are immune. Prac- 
tically this makes but little difference, for the infectious and im- 
mune animals can be isolated together with impunity. 

Before closing, we desire to acknowledge the assistance given 
in the technique of manipulation by Dr. W. P. Larson, formerly 
associated with us, but now of the University of Minnesota. 
Through the kindness of Dr. Holth of the Royal Veterinary 
Laboratory at Copenhagen, who was one of the original workers 
in this field, Dr. Larson became familiar with the test. Further, 
we are indebted to the owners of the various dairy herds whose 
hearty cooperation has made this work possible. 


The receipts and disbursements of the A. V. M. A. have 
reached the sum of $8,000 a year. 


PREVALENCE OF GLANDERS, COMMON MODES OF 
DISSEMINATION, CONTROL AND ERADICATION. * 
By J. G. Wits, B.S.A., D.V.M., AtBany, N. Y. 


Glanders or farcy is one of the most important infectious 
diseases of horses with which live-stock authorities have to con- 
tend at the present time. It has appeared in practically every 
portion of the civilized world, inhabited by the equine race. 
The disease is widely distributed upon the American continent, 
and at the present time there is no considerable section of the 
country where horses are found entirely free from occasional 
cases. The possible transmission of the disease to man adds to 
its importance from the standpoint of human as well as veteri- 
nary medicine. 

The spread of glanders has been aided by promiscuous traffic 
in horses and mules, by the assemblances of large numbers of 
these animals in the execution of public enterprises, such as canal 
and highway building, by the collection of cavalry horses at 
army manoeuvres and similar gatherings, and in fact by the inter- 
mingling in various ways of infected animals with others capable 
of acquiring the disease. We are told by the older writers upon 
this subject that glanders has been noticed to have increased in 
prevalence after the close of the great wars, this being especially 
noted after our own Civil War, when it was carried to many 
districts previously free from it, by infected horses and mules 
from the armies of the North and South. Likewise the Mexican 
and Spanish-American wars aided in introducing the disease 
into Mexico, Cuba and adjacent islands. 

Glanders is said to be unknown in some of the isolated coun- 
tries, especially where efforts have been made to prevent its en- 
trance; among the most notable examples of which are the islands 
of Australia, Iceland and New Zealand, the disease having been 


*Presented to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Med- 
ical Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


51 


By J. G. WILLS. 


kept from gaining admittance by rigid quarantine, and careful 
veterinary inspection of all imported solipeds. In western United 
States and Canada the disease is more or less prevalent, but ap- 
parently not as much so as in the larger cities, and more thickly 
populated districts of the East, where conditions present more 
favorable opportunities for its spread. 

The means by which glanders is distributed were until recent 
years little understood, and even at the present time there is a 
wide difference of opinion among scientific men in relation to 
many of these questions. It was formerly believed that the 
disease was disseminated directly from the infected to the healthy 
animal, later it was found that it followed contact of susceptible 
animals with contaminated objects occurring in stables in which 
glandered animals had been kept, and where disinfection had not 
been thorough. In this way the public watering trough, black- 
smith shop, hitching stables and similar agencies have come to 
be considered as important communicating channels in localities 
where glanders is prevalent. Irresponsible horse dealers are also 
important mediums for the distribution of infected horses, and 
the wandering gypsy horse trader has always been credited, 
sometimes unjustly, with having carried the disease to localities 
where it was seldom, if ever, known previous to his visit. Owing 
to the character of the malady, the most careful physical exami- 
nation by a skilled veterinarian does not prove of any great value 
in protecting against purchasing infected animals. 

Veterinarians are also in some parts of the country to be held 
responsible to some extent for the increase in prevalence of the 
disease. This may sometimes be due to ignorance, or a positive 
indifference as professional men, to the welfare of the public. 
The fear of financial loss because of decrease in patronage may 
cause the unscrupulous practitioner to conceal from his client the 
true nature of the ailment, and may lead to the suggestion that 
the owner dispose of the diseased horse, which results in the 
infection being scattered and perpetuated. Treatment is some- 
times suggested by such men in order to obtain the fee, when 
a more careful consideration of the case would show that such 


PREVALENCE OF GLANDERS. 53 


a procedure was not only useless but dangerous. The conceal- 
ment or disposal of known glandered animals by veterinarians 
and others, so that they may not come to the attention of proper 
health or sanitary officials, is a custom productive of many bad 
results and cannot be too severely censured. 

The theory, formerly quite generally accepted, that only 
visibly glandered animals are dangerous is now doubted, 
although this is a much disputed question. It is possible, and 
indeed probable, that cases of pulmonary glanders and other in- 
ternal forms of the disease could exist in such a stage of develop- 
ment as to allow the infecting virus to escape from the body of 
the host, and yet the animal be apparently healthy as far as 
physical appearance would indicate. 

The investigations that have so far been made tend to show 
that glanders is most often contracted by the entrance of the or- 
ganism into the alimentary tract of the healthy animal. Infec- 
tion through the broken skin or respiratory mucous membrane 
is by no means unimportant, the latter being more common if 
there is exposure to particles upon which the germ might be 
carried. Inoculation through the skin or membranes other than 
those mentioned is comparatively uncommon and therefore not 
as important. 

Since the bacterium mallei is strictly a parasitic organism, 
having no known habitat, except in the tissues of the infected 
host, it is evident that could the escape of the virus be prevented, 
the disease would disappear upon the death and proper disposal 
of the individuals now infected. While this is an attainment to 
be earnestly sought, its accomplishment presents almost insur- 
mountable difficulties in glanders as in many other diseases. We 
are, therefore, confronted with the problem of determining when 
the virus escapes from an infected animal, and the means by 
which it reaches the tissues of the succeeding host. While there 
are many obscure carriers of the germ, it is quite obvious that 
the danger of infection is in quite direct proportion to the prox- 
imity of the susceptible animal to the spreader, whether it be by 
direct contact or through inanimate objects, such as water, foed, 


o4 J. Ga Waluls: 


utensils or surfaces where the virus has been recently deposited. 
One of our greatest difficulties, therefore, is to determine when 
glandered animals become capable of distributing the infection, 
and how to detect the approach of that stage of disease. Al- 
though there are at the present time several specific procedures 
for the detection of glanders there seems to be none that can be 
entirely relied upon, or that is accepted as meeting all require- 
ments. Of the common methods, mallein, the agglutination and 
complement-fixation tests seem to be the most satisfactory, al- 
though each has its advantages and limitations. No test seems 
to have yet been devised indicating in any positive way the ex- 
tent of development of the disease in the living animal. 

The control of glanders presents one of the most compli- 
cated problems with which the veterinarian has to deal. The 
greater prevalence of the disease in the city brings into considera- 
tion difficulties not encountered in the country. Among these 
may be mentioned closer contact on the streets, more crowded 
stables, undesirable sanitary conditions, animals handled by un- 
skilled persons, having no pecuniary interest in the animal and 
many other conditions. On the other hand, more satisfactory 
methods of inspection and supervision can be put into effect in 
districts where horses are stabled in large numbers than where 
they are running at large upon the range, or kept upon widely 
separated farms where it is not possible or practicable to make as 
frequent examinations, and where veterinary assistance is not 
always easily available. Eradication of this disease where a 
large number of animals have been exposed, or may be infected, 
becomes from an economic point of view a matter of great dif- 
ficulty, and the attitude of the owner of the animals must be 
considered when devising any method of control. In many 
instances, more satisfactory arrangements for supervision or 
control can be made with those who own large numbers of ani- 
mals than is the case with the person who has only a small finan- 
cial interest in live-stock and is disposed to resist interference. 

In the control of glanders, one of the most perplexing ques- 
tions is in reference to disposition of occult cases,—those ani- 


PREVALENCE OF GLANDERS. 55 


mals in which diagnostic agents have indicated glanders. The 
fact that we are unable to determine how soon such animals 
become “ spreaders,” or what percentage of such cases will re- 
cover, leaves a most important problem unsolved. The large 
number of reacting, but apparently sound equines which would 
be found if all horses in certain districts were tested, makes it 
impracticable to destroy all such animals, as appropriations for 
the payment of indemnities to owners cannot in most states be 
obtained, and the confiscation and destruction of live-stock with- 
out payment of some compensation while it may be theoretically 
proper, in practice only results in dissatisfaction and opposition. 
Where but a small percentage of animals are found glandered, 
a radical method is to be advised, but the depletion of the equine 
population would be so great if such a plan were put in effect 
in our large cities that it is very doubtful if public sentiment 
would allow such a method to be carried to a successful con- 
clusion, even if sufficient funds for so doing could be obtained. 
The reports of certain veterinary practitioners indicating that 
only a small percentage of occult glandered animals develop into 
clinical cases of the disease would, if correct, tend to show that 
proper supervision of such cases would be sufficient, and that 
slaughter would not be necessary, except in such as develop 
physical evidence of the disease. 

Prognosis in reference to animals suffering from occult gian- 
ders is dependent upon so many influences, both internal and 
external, that accurate prediction as to the outcome in individual 
cases is impossible. 

In some of our larger stables careful attention by a competent 
veterinarian, with the immediate destruction of all clinical cases 
of the disease, has apparently controlled the outbreak. It is 
probable, however, that by this method infected animals are still 
left in the stable and some of such arrested cases, if subjected 
to unfavorable conditions, might again develop active glanders 
and become sources of danger. 

The possibility of successfully treating glanders has been 
widely discussed. There is no doubt that many horses become 


’ 


56 J. G. WILLS. 


infected, but never develop external evidence of the disease, or 
become dangerous to others. Some such cases apparently remain 
in the quiescent stage for years, but the lesions may become 
active should the vitality of the animal be lowered by other dis- 
eases, Overexertion, unsanitary surroundings or any other debili- 
tating influence. In other animals, because of the resistent forces 
in the body of the host or because of the virus being attenuated, 
the disease is confined to a small area and becomes sufficiently 
incapsulated to effectually prevent further increase of glander- 
ous tissue, unless affected anew. 

Our lack of experimental data as to what proportion of in- 
fected animals recover or progress to advanced glanders, makes 
it impossible at the present time to suggest any definite method 
in relation to the control of the disease. While we all have cer- 
tain theories and opinions in relation to these points, yet when 
we attempt to prove our contention, we find that there is prac- 
tically no authoritative data upon which to base our conclusions. 

The tendency to consider animals as cured or healed when 
the disease is only arrested has resulted in much discussion and 
dissension among veterinarians and others who have studied this 
disease. It is very doubtful if an animal which has well devel- 
oped glanderous lesions in its body can ever be considered per- 
manently cured, in the strict sense of the term. If clinical evi- 
dence of the disease is ever shown, we believe that such animals 
should thereafter be considered as a menace to all susceptible 
species, and absolutely segregated or destroyed. 

Glanders vaccine as a prophylactic and curative measure has 
been quite widely advocated. The results obtained have been, 
as far as we are able to learn, indefinite. The use of vaccine 
has contributed to the existing confusion in relation to glanders 
and because of its indiscriminate use often by incompetent men, 
and under unfavorable conditions, has been productive of more 
harm than good. The use of such products before their value 
has been determined by proper scientific experiments only tends 
to complicate the situation. Since the administration of glan- 
ders vaccine interferes more or less with the various tests for 


Ss ae 


Yrs 


— 


PREVALENCE OF GLANDERS. 57 


glanders, its use should be prohibited, except under proper super- 
vision, until such time as its value can be with certainty deter- 
mined. It is desirable that we minimize as far as possible the 


opportunities for complications and mistakes by preventing the 


use of biologic products by the unskilled men. The development 
of modern methods of diagnosing glanders has placed in the 
hands of unscrupulous persons a means of detecting many oc- 
cult cases of this disease, enabling such persons to arrange for 
disposition of suspicious animals, if they are so inclined. 

All animals showing suspicious evidence of glanders should 
be brought to the attention of the proper health and sanitary 
officials, so that they may be kept under proper observation. 
The disposal of suspicious animals should be prohibited and a 
heavy penalty inflicted upon violators of such orders. The in- 
spection of all equines passing from one state or province to an- 
other will evidently have to be required, and the movement of 
such animals, except when accompanied by certificate of health, 
prohibited. Thorough disinfection of premises where known 
glandered animals have been kept or harbored is essential, and 
neglect of this precaution has been a prolific means of infection 
in the past. 

Our lack of scientific knowledge in relation to many of the 
points which have been touched upon here would seem to neces- 
sitate further investigation before we can determine upon a 
method of control of this disease that will be effective. Further- 


more, it is very evident that a uniform scheme applicable to all 


conditions and to all sections of the country can hardly be pos- 
sible, owing to the varying circumstances under which animals 
are stabled or harbored, the difference in climatic conditions 
and many other influences beyond the control of man. 

There are in our opinion four important questions to be con- 
sidered and at least partially solved before we can expect to 
make any great advances in the control or eradication of 
glanders: 

1st—The development of an accurate method of diagnosis 
adapted to general use. 


58 J. Go Wills: 


2nd—Some positive knowledge as to the relative danger 
from occult, but known glandered animals, as compared with 
those showing physical evidences of the disease. 

3rd—More definite information as to the efficiency of glan- 
ders vaccine, which is credited by some with having certain im- 
munizing or curative properties. 

4th—More conscientious and better trained veterinarians, 
who will more carefully consider the interests of their clients, 
and by so doing assist in protecting against losses from infec- 
tious diseases. 

In the foregoing paper we have endeavored to point out some 
of the difficulties which have seemed most important, and have 
refrained from attempting to suggest definite methods of control 
of glanders. By referring to a few phases of the subject, we 
hope to have prepared the way for a further consideration of 
the disease by the experts here assembled, believing that more 
knowledge will be gained in discussing the situation than is pos- 
sible by placing before you the opinions and views of one 
observer. 


Tue Laxe Erte VETERINARY MeEpicaL Association will 
hold its next regular business meeting at Lorain, Ohio, October 
8, and Secretary Fulstow desires to see a full attendance. 


A FAvoRABLE COMPARISON OF STATISTICS.—There are to- 
day about 800,000 automobile registrations in this country, of 
which about 20,000 relate to trucks and delivery wagons. 
Against these totals it is recalled that there are approximately 
21,000,000 horses in the United States, that about 7,000,000 
horse-drawn vehicles are in daily use and that American manu- 
facturers are still producing yearly some 1,750,000 more. 


In view of these facts it cannot be said that the horse is as - 


yet “passed.” It is also a fact that while the cost of horses and 
horse feed has been constantly advancing the prices of automo- 
biles and motor vehicles, gasoline and electricity have been stead- 
ily on the decline * * *—(Extract from Rider and Driver). 


oR, | 


. 


GLANDERS VACCINE.* 
By Ropert S. MAcKELLAR, V.S., NEw York, N. Y. 


The use of glanders vaccine as an immunizing agent was 
first begun in New York City during the summer of 1907. 

In a paper entitled “The Diagnosis of Glanders in the 
Human Subject from the Viewpoint of a Veterinarian,” by 
Dr. A. Silkman, Veterinarian, New York City Department of . 
Health, read at the February meeting of the Veterinary Medical 
Association of New York City and subsequently published in the 
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW of June, 1907, also in the 
Medical Record of October 5, 1907, Dr. Silkman advocates 
that a special preparation-of mallein might be of assistance in 
combating the dread scourge of glanders. 

Working along these lines, with the assistance of the Re- 
search Laboratory, Department of Health, New York City, a 
glanders vaccine was prepared in the following way: 

Bacillus mallei is inoculated upon 3 glycerin potato agar 
tubes, and allowed to grow at incubator temperature (37° C.) 
for 24 hours. To each tube is then added 2 c.c. of sterile, phys- 
iological salt solution, and the surface growth is made into a 
suspension by rubbing up with the salt solution by means of a 
strong platinum wire. The suspension from the three tubes is 
added to a flask containing 500 c.c. of sterile nutrient broth. 
The inoculated flask is incubated for 72 hours. At the end of 
this time the flask is removed from the incubator and the cul- 
ture is tested for purity. If a pure culture, the flask is placed 
in a water bath and gradually brought up to 70° C., and held 
at that temperature for two hours. After the heating is com- 


pleted and the material is tested for sterility by making inocula- 


tions upon glycerin potato agar, and incubating at 37° C. for 
about 48 hours. If sterile, add 50 c.c. of a 5 per cent. solution 


*Presented to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


59 


60 ROBERT S. MACKELLAR, 


of carbolic acid to the 500 c.c. of the vaccine to prevent infec- 
tion. Then the vaccine is ready for bottling. The bacterial 
count is 100,000,000 bacteria per c.c. 

This vaccine is inoculated subcutaneously in three separated 
doses, a week apart, under aseptic precautions, viz.: clipping 
the hair and washing point of inoculation with a 5 per cent. 
carbolic or a I-1,000 bichloride solution. 

The first injection consists of I c.c., the second 2% c.c., and 
the third 5 c.c. of the vaccine. 

In some animals a marked thermic and local reaction occurs, 
lasting for several days. The local reaction in these cases is 
usually a large edematous swelling, which in a few instances 
has exuded a serious exudate. These cases however are rare, 
and it has been our experience that not over I or 2 per cent. 
of the animals inoculated are incapacitated for continuing their 
regular work. ; 

The first stable in which we applied the vaccine was one 
containing 150 head of draught animals. Glanders developed 
in this stable and fourteen head were condemned and destroyed 
on physical symptoms and the mallein test. 

The agglutination test of the remaining 136 head resulted 
in 77, showing a reading of 1,000 and up to 10,000. 

The vaccine was then administered with the result that two 
or three animals very soon, after the first injection, developed 
a negative phase, and presented physical symptoms of glanders 
and were destroyed. We find that where the glanders lesions 
are in an advanced stage the use of the vaccine will produce 
negative phase, followed quickly by development of physical 
symptoms. 

The animals remaining in this stable were subjected to the 
vaccine treatment six months later, and again in six months 
from the second treatment. None of these animals treated in 
this manner have developed glanders up to the present time. 

A gray gelding recently purchased from another firm in 
June of this year (1912) developed a clinical case of glanders 
and was destroyed. The owners of this establishment were so 


GLANDERS VACCINE, 61 


favorably impressed with the previous result of the vaccine 
treatment that they requested it be used again. 

This was immediately done during the month of July and 
up to the present time no further cases have developed. In 
another large brewery stable fourteen head of horses were de-— 
stroyed on physical symptoms, and the mallein test during the 
winter of 1907-1908. Eighty-one horses were subjected to the 
agglutination test and forty-nine gave a reading of 1,000 and 
up to 10,000. 

At this time the proprietors requested that a consultation 
be held, which was done, and consisted of the attending veteri- 
narians, the Department of Health veterinarian and two promi- 
nent practitioners of New York City. Each and every animal 
was given a rigid physical examination and at the suggestion 
of the consulting veterinarians a few showing slight physical 
symptoms were quarantined in a small stable set aside for that 
purpose. All of the animals were given the vaccine as in the 
first stable mentioned above, with results very similar. Three 
“breaking down”’ after the first or second injection of the vac- 
cine. 

Among those quarantined a pair of roan geldings proved to 
be very interesting cases. On physical examination the sub- 
maxillary glands were found to be very much enlarged, and 
several of the lymphatics prominent and carrying a temperature 
prohibitive of the mallein test. The agglutination reading of 
each was 10,000. These animals were carefully watched and 
in addition to their regular doses of vaccine were given seven 
additional doses of 5 c.c. at regular intervals. Their tempera~ 
ture ranged from 100° to 106° F. for over three months, when 
it finally became normal. 

They were kept in quarantine for about eight months, at 
the end of which time all symptoms having abated they were 
rettirned to the main stable. These two geldings are alive and 
performing their regular work at the present time, after a period 
-of four years. — | 

This stable was also re-inoculated six months later, and the 


62 ROBERT S. MACKELLAR. 


results have been very satisfactory. Not a single case has de- 
veloped since. In another stable of seventy head an outbreak 
occurred which resulted in the loss of several animals and worse 
than all the death of the veterinarian who was there in attend- 
ance and contracted the disease. 

The same methods were pursued in this stable as in the two 
previously mentioned, with a result that not a case has developed 
in nearly four years. 

This course has been pursued in a large number of other 
stables, and in nearly all instances with gratifying results. The 
above cited cases will tend to give an idea of the method of 
procedure. 

In animals giving a pronounced thermic and local reaction 
we have found it advisable to make a few additional injections 
of the vaccine until a permanent positive phase has been 
established. 

The general improvement in the physical condition of ani- 
mals after the vaccine treatment is decidedly marked. The coat 
becomes smooth, and they as a rule gain in weight. One owner 
remarked “that it acted better than any tonic powder he had 
ever used. 

It is undoubtedly true that a horse may give a positive ag- 
eglutination reading and still not give a mallein reaction. We 
believe this also to be true of the complement fixation test. This 
seems to be due to the fact that the glanders bacilli is present 
in the system but no active lesions. The question now comes 
up, “Has the horse enough natural immunity to overcome the 
infection?” By the use of the glanders vaccine the opsinins 
are increased and aided in overcoming the infection. Just what 
action the vaccine has on the blood is not known except that 
it increases the opsinins and anti-bodies. 

Mallein itself will give a small amount of immunization but 
nothing to compare with the vaccine containing the dead 
organisms. 

The question has been raised, viz.: “If a horse was vac- 
cinated with glanders vaccine in New York City and said horse 


; 


GLANDERS VACCINE, 63 


be shipped to Philadelphia, and should there show symptoms 
of glanders, and the owner would send a sample of the blood 
to any laboratory to be tested by the agglutination method or 
the complement fixation test, what would happen?” 

In answer to this, we quote Dr. A. Silkman who states that: 
“Personally I would say that a certificate should go with the 
horse stating that he had been vaccinated, the date, and by 
whom. The vaccine will undoubtedly interfere with either of 
the above tests. The mallein test would be the only one to rely 
on. Some claim that a horse will give a mallein reaction after 
the use of vaccine. This has not been my experience. The horse 
having received as high as 30 c.c. of glanders vaccine, as a 
dose, did not give any mallein reaction.” 

The post mortem findings in horses following the use of 
vaccine are quite interesting. There is quite a marked change 
in the appearance of the lesions and it also appeared that they 
were becoming encapsulated. 

Quoting from the last report of the New York State Veteri- 
nary College in reference to glanders it is stated that “ this 
disease seems to be spreading quite rapidly in the state. The 
steady increase in the spread of glanders should be a warning 
to all veterinarians who should be constantly on their guard 
for this most serious of diseases of the horse kind.” 

This indicates that the methods of control and eradication, 
which now obtain, are insufficient to even prevent the spread 
of the disease, far less its extermination. It would therefore 
appear that some measures such as have been recited in this 
article may and probably without any doubt would help to 
change this to be regretted condition. 

During February, 1911, Dr. A. Silkman under the direc- 
tion of Dr. William H. Park, Director of Research Laboratory, 
New York City, started a horse on glanders vaccine in an effort 
to produce a highly immunizing serum. The results up to the 
present time have been highly gratifying. 

Any veterinarian desiring the vaccine to give it a trial can 
have it by sending his name and address to Dr. W. H. Park, 


64 ROBERT S. MACKELLAR. 


Director of Laboratories, Department of Health, New York 
City (foot of East 16th street). 

It may not be within the province of this article to suggest 
any other methods for the control of glanders, but we cannot 
refrain from expressing the opinion that if a more extended 
inspection of all stables, especially those in the large cities, were 
made, all diseased animals promptly destroyed, quarantine sta- 
bles established where those of a doubtful nature could be safely 
kept, and all others minimized by the use of glanders vaccine, 
it would soon result in the control and ultimate eradication of 
this scourge. 


THe HuMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS is taught by Ed- 


ward H. Packard of Massachusetts by a moving picture cam- 


paign. Mr. Packard has accumulated a number of pictures 
showing needless suffering of animals, which he is placing in the 
moving picture houses throughout the state. Mr. Packard is 
the field agent of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention 
of Cruelty to Animals. 


Tue Horse Breepine INDustry IN NEw York STATE has 
been receiving considerable attention from Commissioner Huson 
during the past year, and we are looking forward to a marked 
improvement in that direction in the near future. The commis- 
sioner fully appreciates the dearth of suitable horses in that 
state, for farm work and other business purposes, and he also 
fully appreciates the fact that New York State is eminently suit- 
able for the production of that class of horses, just as much so, 


as for the production of the trotting horse, for which it has long’ 
been famous; he has been investigating the matter of horse breed-. 
ing pretty thoroughly, and has no doubt formulated plans for the. 


economical improvement and production of the work horse in 
that state, which will prove of great value to those engaged in 
agricultural pursuits. 


QUARANTINE AND DISINFECTION IN CONNECTION WITH 


Wr Minsmw oe 


OUTBREAKS OF GLANDERS.* 
By Georce W. Pore, D.V.S., WaAsHincton, D. C. 


The necessity for imposing a lengthy quarantine upon stables 
in which the infection of glanders has appeared has of late years 
been obviated as a result of modern methods for diagnosing the 
disease. 

Some of the older members of our profession will remember 
when we were handicapped in this respect. For instance, in the 
State of Illinois some twenty years ago the appearance of glan- 
ders in a stable resulted in the slaughter of animals exhibiting 
clinical evidence of the disease and the establishment of a ninety 
days’ quarantine, with frequent inspections of all horse stock 
in the stable during such period. 

Such prolonged quarantine and repeated inspection was 
annoying to the owner and, while at that time the best known 
method of handling the disease, served but poorly for the eradi- 
cation of same from an infected stable. 

Later came the mallein test, not an infallible method of diag- 
nosis, but one which enabled the practitioner to remove many 
affected animals which would not be discovered by physical exam- 
ination. 

Following was the application of the serum agglutination 
and precipitation reactions and still more recently we have been 
favored with the adaptation of the complement fixation test in 
the diagnosis of this disease, this probably being the best method 
for the determination of the presence of glanders which we have 
at our command at the present time. 

Thus with our present methods of diagnosis a long and tire- 
some quarantine is not required. 

However, the establishment of a quarantine and the question 


*Presented_to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


65 


66 GEORGE W. POPE. 


of the same being close or modified will depend largely upon the 
authority vested in the sanitary officer by law. . 

In view of the ready means now at hand for determining the 
presence of the disease, it is doubtful if other than a provisional 
quarantine is necessary in these cases, and while it is not possible 
to prescribe any hard and fast rule which will govern in all in- 
stances, much depending upon circumstances and extent of 
authority, the following is suggested as a method that can be 
very generally adopted and which, while imposing upon the 
owner the least possible inconvenience, should yield satisfactory 
results in the eradication of the disease. 

Such methods consists in the establishment of a provisional 
quarantine either prior or subsequent to the removal of all ani- 
mals which upon physical examination have been condemned as | 
affected with the disease. 

The owner need not be prohibited from using the remaining 
animals provided they are entirely free from any evidence of the 
affection. 

Certain restrictions, however, should be imposed including 
the closing of the stable water trough and the providing of a 
water bucket for each individual horse, the same to be used both 
in the stable and on the road. 

Brushes and curry combs should either be immediately de- 
stroyed or thoroughly disinfected. The stalls vacated by con- 
demned horses should be closed. Outside horse stock should not 
be permitted to enter the stable and the provisionally quarantined 
animals should likewise be prohibited from entering any stable 
other than their own, to feed at any public rack or drink from 
any watering trough whatsoever. 

Having established such precautionary quarantine, immedi- 
ate measures should be taken to secure blood samples from all 
horses in the infected stable for the purpose of submitting the 
same to the complement-fixation test. 

The taking of blood and test of same will consume but a 
few days, this, however, depending somewhat upon distance 
from the laboratory to which the material is forwarded. 


QUARANTINE AND DISINFECTION IN OUTBREAKS OF GLANDERS. 67 


After removing and destroying all animals proven by such 
test to be affected, the stable, together with utensils, harness, etc., 
should be thoroughly disinfected. 

Three weeks from the date of above test, blood samples 
should be taken and a second test made in order to determine 
whether or not any of the remaining animals have developed the 
disease during the interval between tests, this being a possibility 
in certain cases as a result of previous heavy exposure. 

Should there be no reactions to such test the quarantine may 
be raised. Likewise should one or more horses prove infected 
as a result of this second test it will probably be evident upon 
post mortem that the disease was of very recent origin, and 
under such circumstances it will not be necessary to give the 
entire stable a second disinfection but that immediate portion of 
the building which has been occupied by the reacting horses 
should be thoroughly disinfected, after which the stable may be 
given a clean bill of health. 

DISINFECTION, 

In connection with the work of disinfecting a contaminated 
stable there are three essentials: 

First—A_ preparation of the building that will facilitate 
reaching the organisms of disease. 

Second—A disinfectant which upon contact can be depended 
upon to destroy such organisms. 

Third—A method of applying the disinfectant that will 
assure the most thorough contact with the bacteria. 

Before beginning the use of a disinfectant it is essential that 
certain preliminary work be done in and about the stable that is 
to be treated. The various surfaces, such as ceiling, walls, par- 
titions, floors, etc., should be swept until free from cobwebs and 
dust. Any accumulation of filth should be removed by scraping 
and scrubbing with hot water and washing soda. In some cases 
the woodwork may have become softened and so porous as to 
be a good medium for the absorption of disease germs. Such 
woodwork should be removed, burned, and replaced with new 
material. 


68 GEORGE W. POPE. 


All refuse, manure, etc., from stable and stable yard should 
be removed to a place inaccessible to live stock and, if possible, 
be burned or thoroughly mixed with a solution of chloride of 
lime in the proportion of six ounces to one gallon of water. If 
the floor is of earth, it will doubtless have become stained with 
urine and contaminated to a depth of several inches. In such 
cases four inches or more of the surface soil should be removed 
and treated as above suggested for refuse and excreta. All earth 
removed should be replaced with soil from an uncontaminated 
source, or, better, a new floor of concrete may be laid, this being 
the most durable and sanitary material for the purpose. 

Having made ready the field of operation, the next considera- 
tion should be the selection and preparation of the disinfectant. 

The fact must not be overlooked that many agents used for 
the destruction of bacteria are likewise poisonous to animals and 
man. In fact, some drugs, although powerful as germicides, are 
sO poisonous as to preclude their general use in the work of dis- 
infection. Among such is bichloride of mercury, which posseses 
the power of destroying not only bacteria, but spores as well. 

But while possessing great germicidal power in a solution of 
I to 500 or I to 1,000 and having the advantage of low cost and 
of leaving no odor in the stable, bichloride of mercury has the 
disadvantages of being a violent poison, of corroding metals and 
of uniting with albuminous substances, such as excreta, blood, 
etc., and thus forming inert compounds. 

Thus care should be exercised in the selection of the disinfec- 


tant, and an agent should be selected having a known germicidal _ 


strength, properties of solubility, and at the same time possessing 
a reasonable degree of safety to animals and man. 

All things considered, it is probable that some of the coal-tar 
products best fulfill these requirements. In this class is the com- 
pound solution of cresol, a preparation recognized by the United 
States Pharmacopeia and known as liquor cresolis compositus 
(U. S. P.).. This preparation mixes readily with water and 
will prove a very efficient disinfectant. It should be used in the 
proportion of four or five ounces to each gallon of water. 


«¥ 


QUARANTINE AND DISINFECTION IN OUTBREAKS OF GLANDERS. 69 


Another favorable agent is cresol (commercially known as 
liquid carbolic acid). It is not as soluble as liquor cresolis com- 


_positus and should be thoroughly stirred during the process of 


mixing, which will be facilitated by using hot water. It is ad- 
visable to secure a grade of drug with a guaranty of 95 per cent. 
pure, and such should be used in the proportion of two or three 
ounces to a gallon of water. 

As an accessory preparation and for use after the application 
of the disinfectant it may be advisable to make ready a lime 
wash to each gallon of which there has been added four ounces 
of chloride of lime, or, if it appears desirable to use the disin- 
fectant and lime wash at one application, the following method 
may be followed in preparing five gallons: 

Slake seven and one-half pounds of lime, using hot water if 
necessary to start action. Mix it to a creamy consistency with 
water. Stir in 15 fluid ounces of cresol (commercially known 
as liquid carbolic acid) at least 95 per cent. pure, and make up 
to 5 gallons by adding water. In case compound solution of 
cresol (liquor cresolis compositus) is used, add 30 fluid ounces 
instead of 15 as in the case of cresol (liquid carbolic acid). Stir 
thoroughly. If to be applied through a spray nozzle, strain 
through a wire sieve. Stir frequently when applying and keep 
covered when not in use. 

The entire interior of the stable should be saturated with the 
disinfectant and special attention should be given to the feeding 
troughs and drains. 

If a good spray pump is used and the operator uses care to 
cover the entire surface and drive the disinfectant into every 


crack and crevice, he may be reasonably certain that he has de- 


stroyed any organisms of glanders which may have been present. 


Dr. JAMES T. SHANNON, junior member of the firm of 
Bryan and Shannon, Lexington, Ky., has retired from the firm, 
but will continue to practise veterinary medicine. : 


ANTHRAX OF ANIMALS IN PANAMA, WITH A NOTE 
ON ITS PROBABLE MODE OF TRANS- 
MISSION BY BUZZARDS.* 


By Drs. S. T. DaAruinGc and L. B. BATEs. 


In presenting these notes, we are pleased to be able to state 
that very few cases of anthrax in animals have been brought to 
our attention during the past seven years. One was a cow from 
a dairy at Empire, C. Z., and the other a hog from the Panama 
abattoir. 

On account of the infrequency with which anthrax has been 
encountered here we believe that the } territory from which Pan- 
ama obtains cattle and hogs is almost entirely free from anthrax. 
It is understood that there is no importation of cattle into the 
Republic at present and this no doubt favors the relative im- 
munity from disease among the herds nearby. 

From conversations with local cattle men it would appear 
that anthrax has been rife in the Republic in the past, and pas- 
tures on the Sabanas just outside the city of Panama have been 
infected with the disease. Not only so, but occasionally the sick 
cattle were hurriedly butchered and the meat sold at reduced 
prices to the very poor by whom it was consumed. 

Meat inspection at the Panama abattoir at the present time 
is a satisfactory one, for the local inspector is a veterinarian, and 
in addition to his familiarity with diseases of cattle, he takes ad- 
vantage of the facilities offered by our laboratory for the bac- 
teriological and histological examination of material from sus- 
pected animals, and we are indebted to him for the material ob- 
tained from the case of anthrax of the hog reported here. 

On April 1, 1911, an autopsy was held by one of us on a cow 
that had died at Empire at one of the dairies. 


*Read before the Canal Zone Medical Association, August 14, 1912. From the 
Board of Health Laboratory, Ancon Hsnital, Ancon, Canal Zone. 

+The beef slaughtered in the local abattoirs is used almost exclusively by the native 
and West Indian nopulation. Commission employees are supplied with cold storage beef 
from the United States. 


70 


ANTHRAX OF ANIMALS IN PANAMA, 71 


The cow had been milked in the morning and was being 
driven along a path to the pasture when she fell. She was helped 
up, walked a few feet further and then fell again. Respirations 
became labored and the animal died in a few minutes. 

The autopsy was held four and one-half hours after death. 
The udder contained milk and appeared normal. There were a 
few patches of broncho-pneumonia along the margins of the left 
lung. The heart contained a few epicardial petechiz, but the 
muscle appeared normal. Cultures were taken from the left ven- 
tricle. The spleen was greatly enlarged and weighed about ten 
pounds. There were no capsular hemorrhages, but the pulp was 
tremendously diffluent and bulged above the cut surface. The 
liver was very moist on section. The borders were a brown 
color, and the branches of the portal vein were surrounded by 
parenchyma of a dirty light gray color, marking out a peculiar 
arborescence of necrosis. The mesenteric and post-peritoneal 
lymph nodes were enlarged and blood-stained. The gall bladder 
was full of pale clear fluid bile. The kidneys and bladder ap- 
peared normal. 

Smears from the liver and spleen contained myriads of large 
Gram-positive bacilli, resembling anthrax bacilli. The Léffler’s 
stained preparations presented a slight halo or capsule around 
each bacillus. The Hasting’s preparations stained diffusely dark 
purple. No spores were detected in the smears from tissue. Cul- 
tures from Heart’s blood into broth, blood serum and agar gave 
a pure culture of B. anthracis, which when placed out and sub- 
inoculated into media and guinea pigs, presented all the charac- 
teristics of this organism. 

Sections of tissue from spleen, liver, udder and a lymph node 
contained enormous numbers of anthrax bacilli. 

At the conclusion of the autopsy the carcass was covered with 
coal tar disinfectant and immediately burned. 

Before the autopsy was begun, buzzards had appeared on the 
scene and had partly torn out the eyes. 

The sale of milk was interdicted, the herd was visited at fre- 
quent intervals and temperatures of a number of the animals 


S. T. DARLING AND L. B. BATES, 


nec] 
bo 


taken, but no secondary cases were detected in the herd. It is 
believed that the infected cow was one that had been recently 
added to the herd from a neighboring village in the neighborhood 
of Chorrera, where it is known anthrax had made its appearance 
in the past. 

The local abattoir at Empire has been very carefully and reg- 
ularly inspected, but nothing suggestive of anthrax has been de- 
tected among any of the animals slaughtered there. 

The case of anthrax of the hog is of unusual interest, for in 
the first place it is an example of this disease in an animal rela- 
tively insusceptible to it, in which the cervical lymph nodes alone 
were involved, and secondly, it affords what appears to be an ex- 
cellent illustration of true bacterial symbiosis. According to 
Friedberger and Frohner (Friedberger and Frohner, Veterinary 
Pathology, Oth Edition, Hurst & Blackett, London, 1908, Vol. 
IT., page 560) “‘ cases of spontaneous anthrax in pigs are rare 
at Gi pigs are more or less immune to anthrax which can be 
transmitted to them only with great difficulty.” The inoculation 
experiments of many investigators have been followed by nega- 
tive results. The literature on this subject would indicate that 
the commonest form of anthrax among hogs is the result of their 
eating infected flesh, and the disease presents itself as an angina 
characterized by edema and hemorrhagic necrosis and infiltration 
of the pharynx. Associated with this is hemorrhagic necrosis of 
cervical lymph nodes. ‘“McFadyean has reported an outbreak of 
anthrax in which about 14 pigs were attacked with anthrax, 
probably from eating the flesh of an anthrax-stricken heifer. In 
all of these pigs the most prominent symptom was swelling in the 
region of the throat. McFadyean states that swelling of the 
throat in the course of an attack of acute illness is in the pig al- 
most pathognomic of anthrax.” 

On February 5, 1912, Dr. Bosch, Inspector of Abattoir, City 
of Panama, brought to the laboratory a mass of encapsulated 
glands taken from the anterior aspect of a hog’s neck. This hog 
was one of a herd brought from the interior of the Republic and 
one or two others had the same lesion similarly located. Dr. 


ANTHRAX OF ANIMALS IN PANAMA. ‘ts 


Clark made smears from the cut surface of the glands and found 
them to contain an abundance of micrococci occurring in clusters 
and a few large square-ended Gram-positive bacilli which stained 
interruptedly and presented a halo resembling a capsule. The 
cut surface resembles a lymph node with interlacing lines of 
diffuse hemorrhage and caseous necrosis. 

In frozen and paraffine sections, the tissue was seen to be 
made up of lymph nodes, the seat of extensive hemorrhagic 
edema, necrosis and leucocytic infiltration involving the nodes 
and surrounding tissue. Many anthrax bacilli were detected in 
the sections, particularly in the loose lymphoid tissue, while in 
the areas of necrosis enormous numbers of micrococci were as- 
sociated with them. 

Smears from one of the glands taken from bacteriological ex- 
amination contained many small Gram-positive diplococci and oc- 
casionally large square-ended Gram-positive bacilli, a few of 
which contained equatorial spores. The bacillus presented the 
cultural characteristics of B. anthracis, and was pathogenic to 
guinea pigs. The diplococcus measured about one mu. in diam- 
eter. It stained readily with the anilin dyes and was Gram posi- 
tive. No capsule could be detected. It was nonmotile. Gelatin 
stab cultures were not liquefied and the growth was filiform. On 
agar plates the colonies were punctiform, convex, and the in- 
ternal structure was grumose in the centre and strongly refrac- 
tive. The edges were entire and the optical character might be 
classified as sebaceous. The growth on potato was invisible at 
the end of 18 hours, and on agar slants the colonies were round 
and tiny like a streptococcus. There was no apparent growth in 
broth, but milk was decolorized in 18 hours, became strongly 
acid in 72 hours and was coagulated on the fourth day. Gelatin 
was not liquefied. In dextrose, lactose, saccharose, galactose, 
mannite, and dextrine semi-solid, acid was formed, but no gas. 
In dulcite semi-solid there was neither gas nor acid. The micro- 
organism did not survive but a few days on media and it was not 
pathogenic for guinea pigs. 

Taking into consideration the insusceptibility of hogs to an- 


74 S. T. DARLING AND L. B. BATES. 


thrax, together with an examination of the lymph nodes in our 
case, we are of the opinion that the infected glands illustrate bac- 
terial symbiosis, and that in all likelihood the diplococcus which 
was present in by far the greater numbers prepared the field in 
the lymph nodes for the limited activities of the anthrax bacilli. 

Our observation that buzzards had flocked to the carcass of 
the cow and that they had begun to feed upon it led to further 
observations on the habits of these birds when eating carrion. 
They congregate about a dying animal, plucking out the eyes and 
tearing off soft parts even before death. Thus they pick away 
the mucosa of the anterior nares, pluck out the eyes and the soft 
parts around the anus and sheath. As decomposition advances 
and the tissues soften, the birds crowd into and upon the carcass, 
literally smearing the decomposed material over their plumage. 
In the case of an animal dying of anthrax, the tissues contain 
enormous numbers of bacilli. These in contact with air on the 
plumage of the bird go into spore formation, and buzzards most 
certainly act as carriers of infection, by transporting anthrax ba- 
cilli and spores from one place to another in this way. Some 
personal (immediate) contact with animals or pastures would be 
necessary in this case for infection. If, however, the spores of 
anthrax bacilli pass intact through the intestinal tract of buz- 
zards, pastures might be infected from the droppings of birds 
that had fed on animals dying of anthrax. 

The following experiments were carried out to determine the 
likelihood of that possibility. Three turkey buzzards were se- 
lected from a lot supplied through the kindness of the Health Of- 
ficer, Panama, and the Sanitary Inspector at Empire. The buz- 
zards were kept in an isolated room and were given a plentiful 
supply of drinking water and chopped meat. This meat was 
thoroughly soaked and mixed with a saline emulsion of anthrax 
bacilli and spores grown on agar plates. On account of the filthy 
habits of the birds, it was impracticable to obtain specimens of 
feces in which food contamination could be ruled out except by 
holding the birds and inserting a swab or catheter into the cloaca. 
Abundant material was obtained in this way. Specimens were 


=~] 
ol 


ANTHRAX OF ANIMALS IN PANAMA. 


taken at approximately 12, 36, 60 and 84 hours after feeding. 
Numerous agar plates were immediately made, but in none was 
the anthrax bacillus present. 

In order to introduce a maximum number of the bacilli, the 
experiment was repeated with the following variation: Instead 
of mixing food and cultures a rubber catheter was introduced 
into the gullet of the buzzard and about 20 c.c. of a very heavy 
saline emulsion of anthrax bacilli and spores were injected 
through a catheter into the stomach by a Luer syringe. The buz- 
zards were watched to see that they did not regurgitate or other- 
wise unlawfully dispose of the dose. Agar plates were made as 
before, and anthrax bacilli were found to be absent. Shortly 
after these experiments were completed the birds were killed and 
cultures taken from various portions of the intestinal tract. An- 
thrax bacilli were absent. 

We conclude from this experiment that pastures and other 
locations cannot be infected by buzzards through the agency of 
droppings, but require more intimate contact. 

The experiment just outlined illustrates the very powerful 
digestive mechanism of buzzards for bacteria, and when we con- 
sider that the food of carrion birds is sometimes almost wholly 
bacteria and bacterial products, we are not surprised at the facil- 
ity with which they appear to destroy all bacterial species. On 
the other hand they do not appear to be proof against Thallo- 
phytes, for most of the buzzards retained under observation and 
not used in the above experiment died of intestinal and peritoneal 
aspergillosis. 


Dr. Frep F. BusHNELL, formerly of Middletown, Connecti- 
cut, moved to Harvard, IIl., in the early part of the past summer. 


Looxinc Forwarp For Eacu New Issure.—Dr. George A. 
Scott, Waterloo, Iowa, says in renewing his subscription to the 
Review: “I cannot be without it; after reading it for more 
than fifteen years, it seems like an old companion, and I am 
always looking forward for each new issue.” 


ANTHRAX VACCINE.* 


By Cuas. H. Hicerns, B.S., D.V.S., F.R.M.S., PatHotocist Dominion DeE- 
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA, CAN, 


The use of anthrax vaccine has been attended with varying 
results, some of which have been of a very unenviable character. 
Since the first demonstration by Pasteur in 1881 and 1882 the 
vaccine prepared at the Pasteur Institute in Paris has given 
universal satisfaction, and untoward results have been practi- 
cally nil when their instructions have been followed to the letter. 

My interest in anthrax vaccine has extended over a period 
of twelve years and at the outset was very discouraging. Using 
commercial vaccine Dr. Hargrave of Medicine Hat, Alberta, and 
myself had the misfortune to see five hundred sheep in a band 
of fifteen hundred fat wethers develop the disease and die after 
ordinary precautions had resulted in the checking of losses from 
the naturally contracted disease on an infected range. Subse- 
quently it was found that this vaccine was contaminated as well 
as being of too high a virulence. 

Others here present have probably experienced some diff- 
culty with this vaccine or have learned of serious losses directly 
attributable to the vaccine and it is my endeavor to throw some 
light on points relative to its preparation and use which will 
tend to reduce these undesirable factors to the minimum. 

The original vaccine of Pasteur was put up in liquid form 
and if we can give credence to some of the tradition surround- 
ing its preparation it was purposely contaminated with the bacil- 
lus subtilis or the Hay bacillus in order to disguise its true char- 
acter and render futile attempts to cultivate it from the original. 
Both organisms, being spore bearing, could live almost indefi- 
nitely side by side, yet would puzzle the bacteriologist attempt- 
ing to grow the vaccine, particularly at that time, owing to the 
fact that solid media were not then in general use. To Koch 


*Presented to the forty-ninth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


76 


- Pree a 


-I 


-I 


ANTHRAX VACCINE, 


I believe belongs the credit of using a solid medium for the 
growth of this vaccine as originally prepared. He was also able 
to suggest that the bacillus subtilis was added in an endeavor to 
baffie the true nature of the virus. 

There are various factors which may occasion untoward re- 
sults when using a liquid anthrax vaccine. We may have a pure 
culture of too high a virulence—the first vaccine may not offer 
protection sufficient for the second; there may be a contamination 
or, the methods of administration may be faulty and introduce 
with the vaccine an infecting agent which so lowers the natural 
resistance of the animal that the vaccine increases in virulence at 
the site of inoculation, leading to an infection and a subsequent 
outbreak. The latter lies wholly within the province of the ad- 
ministrator of the vaccine and should be guarded against by him 
at the time of vaccination. The use of culture having too high a 
virulence or a first vaccine which is greatly attenuated are con- 
trolled by the man who prepares the vaccine. He is responsible 
for such errors and should so arrange his system as to make them 
practically impossible. 

There is an error for which he is not responsible, however, 
and this may occur at any time with the liquid vaccines as placed 
on the market. This is the settling of the bacilli to some de- 
pendent point in the tube owing to the fact that the anthrax 
spores are of a greater specific gravity than the liquid in which 
they are dispensed. JI have had tubes in which the bacilli would 
settle to some point and it would be impossible to get them into 
suspension. This is particularly the case when sealed glass am- 
pules are used and the gravitation has taken place to the pointed 
end. In such cases, unless great care is taken the potent portion 
of the vaccine is broken off with the end of the ampoule and your 
animal gets the culture fluid with little or no vaccine. 

When the foregoing accident happens with the first vaccine 
it is easily seen that we have not introduced a sufficient amount 
to protect the animal against the second or stronger vaccine. If 
the first is properly administered and the accident happens with 
the second vaccine we have an incomplete protection and a false 


CHAS. H, HIGGINS. 


=~] 
04 


sense of security that our operations will be effective in protecting 
the animals concerned. 

Another feature in connection with the liquid vaccine which 
concerns the laboratory worker only, is, the difficulty in prepara- 
tion and meeting emergencies when a large amount of vaccine is 
required. Where liquid vaccines are dispensed by the laboratory 
it is necessary to have cultures of the first and second vaccines 
not over a week old. Older cultures may give satisfactory re- 
sults, but, with the danger of contamination existing and the pos- 
sibility of varying factors or accidents increasing the virulence 
of the attenuation, there is a constant risk in such methods. 
Liquid vaccines cannot be tested except bacteriologically, for 
every disbursement, hence, there is this constant uncertainty. 
When cultures must be prepared every week the detail is usually 
delegated to some laboratory subordinate who should never be 
trusted with such work. 

Having had experience with the various features connected 
with the use in the field of anthrax vaccine and later being 
charged with the responsibility of maintaining the potency of the 
anthrax vaccine disbursed by the Dominion Government, I con- 
ducted various experiments to determine the possibility of using 
some method other than the liquid culture for the attenuated 
virus. The preliminary experiments which extended over a period 
of a year were successful and resulted in the use of a package 
previously designed for the disbursement of black-leg vaccine. 

Properly attenuated organisms were dried on braided silk 
and experiments conducted to determine their protective power. 
For this work sheep were used. The sheep were tagged and the 
first vaccine administered. Twelve days were allowed to lapse 
between the administration of the first and the second vaccines, 
and a further period of twelve days was allowed between the 
time of administration of the second vaccine and virulent anthrax. 
To a “control” sheep inoculation with a thread of virulent an- 
thrax resulted in death within forty-eight hours, while all vacci- 
nated sheep remained healthy. In these experiments it was de- 
termined that the size of the dose of vaccine does not bear a direct 


ANTHRAX VACCINE. 79 


relationship to protection. The administration of a single thread 
of each vaccine gave an efficient protection against a thread im- 
pregnated with virulent anthrax. Six threads of each also con- 
ferred an immunity, yet did not result in a severe systemic dis- 
turbance. 

Anthrax vaccine has been disbursed by us on a dry silk cord 
for a period of five years, and has been used on horses, cattle and 
sheep without the single report of an accident following its use. 
During the past year one of my assistants, Dr. Evans, had the 
opportunity to use this vaccine on some experimental sheep 
among which anthrax had appeared, with the result that 247 
sheep weighed 23,927 pounds immediately prior to the adminis- 
tration of the first vaccine, and two days after the administration 
of the second vaccine weighed 25,115 pounds. This gain in 
weight (2,673 pounds) was similar to that shown throughout 
the experiment for which they were being used. . 

There are many features in favor of the use of properly at- 
tenuated cultures dried on threads which do not hold for a vac- 
cine disbursed in liquid form. Our experiments show that vac- 
cine prepared in this manner is still potent after a period of six 
years. It may be prepared in large quantities by a properly quali- 
fied technical officer in amounts sufficient to meet all require- 
ments. 

The advantage to the user is that he has a vaccine ready for 
use without the necessity for laborious shaking and he is certain 
that with the introduction of the thread beneath the skin the en- 
tire dose is given to the animal and no animal is given too large 
or too small a dose: Protection is thus assured against the ad- 
ministration of the second vaccine, and with the administration 
of the second vaccine, protection afforded against virulent an- 
thrax. 

The laboratory worker can produce sufficient at one time to 
warrant elaborate testing out on sheep or cattle which would be 
impossible with a liquid vaccine fresh grown every week. 

In closing my remarks on anthrax vaccine I may state that I 
have purposely omitted mentioning killed cultures of the anthrax 


SO CHAS. H. HIGGINS. 


organism. I believe that if we are going to destroy the vitality 
of our cultures before vaccinating we might just as well use some 
innocuous germ which we know will afford protection against 
anthrax for a varying period. Other points of interest have not 
been dealt with as the time at my disposal is limited and pub- 
lished data is available for those who care to go more fully into 
the subject. 


Hansom Caps AND OTHER CARRIAGES RETURNING IN NEW 
YorxK.—The following clipping from the New York Evening 
World and comment upon it, was extracted from a recent issue 
of the Rider and Driver; and, as it contains plain statements 
of facts, should be interesting and encouraging to veterinarians: 

“In Fifth avenue and on Riverside drive, too, was a queer 
reversion to type. It was the return of the hansom cab. 

‘“ Nobody knows from where the old two-wheelers came. But 
it is true that there were more two-wheelers than taxis in the 


main up-and-down streets and the Riverside drive yesterday 


from noon until the yellow-and-wet dust simoon began.—Even- 
ing World’s Report of a Sunday Parade. 

“As our readers have been informed, the hansom cab has 
“come back’ for every day use both as a private and a public 
vehicle and is especially popular ‘by the hour’ for shopping 
and calling within limited zones. It is comfortable, airy and a 
pleasurable lookout. Now, not only the hansom, but all horse- 

-drawn vehicles, are returning to the streets in daily increasing 
number. A few months ago gigs, broughams, phaetons, run- 
abouts and similar traps were a drug in the market; at the Dur- 
land sale last spring they went off ‘like hot cakes’ at surprising 
high figures, which were in excess of more than half their original 
value. For example, Mrs. Bowen’s miniature coach was sold 
to Mr. H. C. Jackson for $1,300. A lady’s park phaeton brought 
$560, a gig $205, a runabout $215 and a top buggy $260. Car- 
riage builders and dealers like Studebaker, Fiss, Doerr & Carroll 
and Van Tassell & Kearney report equally good prices and a 
demand greater than the supply * * *.” 


Dr. R. C. Loncrettow, Toledo, paid us a flying visit on his 
return from Washington, D. C., the last week in September, 
and brought greetings from our brothers in the Buckeye state. 


a so 


ey 


fin =%e 


EQUINE DISTEMPER. 


By ‘WALTER LIncoLN BELL, D.V.S., Brookiyn, N. Y. 


This disease, though known under many different names, as 
Influenza, Shipping Fever, Green Sickness, Stock-yard Fever, 
Pink Eye, etc., could very appropriately be termed. as ‘‘ Horse 
Plague,” as it is in reality, the most serious factor to be consid- 
ered in relation to the production and sale of horses. It has been 
known from the earliest times and veterinary literature contains 
many writings of this disease, though nowhere that I can find 
is the important fact considered that this, as “La Grippe”’ in 
humans, is but a primary condition and is in itself rarely fatal, 
but so debilitates the system that a secondary invader obtains a 
strong hold and in the case of full blooded plethoric horses, fed 
up for market, the tissues are in a very receptive condition for 
the rapid development of these secondary conditions, also if the 
history of the method, by which a horse finally reaches the mar- 
ket, is considered, it is as follows: 

Purchased from the farmer, transferred to a feeding point, 
kept confined and heavily fed on easily assimilated fat-producing 
food, then shipped to a near market; so far passing through two 
centers of infection, from which the horse is shipped to a mar- © 
ket farther East, and may in fact go through three or four of 
these sales before reaching the sales stable where purchased for 
use. 

Each one of these markets is an active source of infection as 
well as each step of railroad transportation. 

The development of fever at any point is temporarily com- 
batted by means of strong febrifuges and the animal sent on to 
receive the same treatment as necessary. The result is that when 
the horse reaches the final market, he is not only well advanced 
in the basic original disease of distemper, but through excitement 
and exposure of transportation offers a fertile field for rapid 
development of any of the secondary invaders which may vary 

81 


82 WALTER LINCOLN BELL. 


in successive years, also the virulency of these invaders varies 


with different shipping seasons, which virulency has tended to 
be greater each successive fall, winter and spring, for the past 
three or four years, until the season just passed has probably 
seen a greater loss from distemper and its sequel than for many 
years. This can be accounted for in several ways, one is that 
draught and delivery horses are bought from raiser at a younger 
and more susceptible age; as before mentioned sent through sev- 
eral markets before received by final dealers, and also to the in- 
discriminate injection of experimental preventive serums, etc., 
and lastly to the fact that as in all contagious or infective condi- 
tions, the tendency is for successive outbreaks to assume a more 
severe type until the virus is attenuated, after which the cases 
become milder for a period, then again more severe. 

As I before pointed out, distemper itself is rarely fatal, but 
the initial debility and depression caused is so intense that a sec- 
ondary invader is readily received, tissues saturated, and unless 
animal has an individual immunity or great resistance, results 
are apt to be fatal. These facts being true, the real success is 
therefore in producing an immunity not only to distemper, but to 
the secondary micro-organisms. The difficulty heretofore has 
been that until now the organism causing distemper has never 
before been isolated and known. 

January, 1911, Professor Wm. Lintz, M.D., Long Island City 
Hospital, N. Y., became interested from a bacteriological stand- 
point in an outbreak of distemper among horses of what was then 
Squadron “ C” (now 2d Cavalry Regiment, N. G.), which mani- 
fested itself shortly after return of tour of duty at Pine Camp, 
N. Y., and which was causing us a very severe loss, as our 
mounts are purchased and fed privately without assistance from 
State or National Government. This outbreak commenced Sep- 
tember, 1910, with three light cases followed at short intervals 
by more and more aggravated cases until the total number of 
afflicted animals was thirty, of which fourteen died, though all 
indicated forms of medicinal treatment were thoroughly tried, 
and the advice of Professor V. A. Moore, Cornell University, 


a> ol 


EQUINE DISTEMPER. 83 


Dr. Frank H. Miller, New York City, as well as several labora- 
tories locally; but we received no material assistance until Dr. 
Lintz became interested in the outbreak, solely from a scientific 
standpoint. 

From Lieder Krantz, a morgan stallion, used for our Re- 
mount Stud, Dr. Lintz isolated a bacilli (since called Bacilli 
Lintz) of the colon group that proved the specific cause as well 
as pneumococci, which he found was the secondary invader and 
cause of mortality. 

This vaccine was used on three typical cases, one in the pri- 
mary phase of distemper (Wright horse), one in secondary phase 
or pneumococcic infection, well advanced (Backhouse horse), 
and one in the third, and what had been always fatal phase in 
this outbreak (Painter horse). 

The Wright horse received one vaccination of the vaccine. 
This with mild stimulant was only treatment administered. 

The Backhouse horse had several complications, most serious 
of which was nephritis, Hexamethylenamine (Urotropine) was 
given for several days. This horse received four vaccinations 
in a period of about fourteen days, after which time the tempera- 
ture had returned to normal and general condition so improved 
that no further medication was administered. 

The Painter horse showed all indications of all the tissues 
being seriously invaded; temperature. The improvement noted 
in these three cases was so marked that we were positive that 
the specific organism has been isolated and in accordance Dr. 
Lintz prepared an immunizing vaccine of a reduced number of 
Bacilli Lintz. Ten horses were of different physical condition, 
temperature and pulse every four hours were taken, one day after 
which we inoculated them with above vaccine. The reactions 
were very similar to that of mallein and three of the horses 
showed considerable systemic disturbance, temperature rising to 
105 and 106, increased pulsation, depression and anorexia, and 
in general typical characteristics of the disease, two of the react- 
ors returned to normal condition in two days, and the third one 
received a curative inoculation the ‘third, and was normal the 


84 WALTER LINCOLN BELL. 


sixth, subsequent to the original immunizing. These results be- 
ing so marked, we decided to immunize the balance of our 
mounts, about 82, and accordingly they received the same inocu- 
lation as the ten test horses; showing quite some reaction of 
about eight per cent. of the horses. The balance was very slight, 
if any at all. These reactors were given mild stimulants and all 
returned to normal within a few days after passing through a 
mild typical course of the disease. This absolutely checked this 
outbreak, and there were no more cases. 

Eleven months after (December, 1911), a new outbreak 
started amongst some of the horses that had not been in the 
armory during the original trouble, and many of these horses 
were attacked very severely. These were immediately inoculated 
with the curative dose, and though there was a total of 35 cases, 
we had no fatalities, as before all other horses were immunized, 
and though the outbreak started about December 7, Ig1I, every 
case was successfully terminated, all other animals being im- 
munized, and we were entirely through with this outbreak De- 
cember 28, 1911, and every animal in good condition. No other 
treatment was used, aside from intestinal antiseptics and mild 
heart stimulants in the more severe cases. 

Upon finding that we were contending with a form of dis- 
temper or shipping fever, I furnished some vaccine to Dr. Frank 
H. Wright for use in cases of usual form of distemper occurring 
in “ Green Horses.”’ The results were so satisfactory that he im- 
mediately adopted the procedure of treating all horses green 
purchased, by his clients, immunizing those not showing fever, 
and treating with curative vaccine the ones showing infection. 
His results were as follows: 

In fifty cases occurring during November and December, 
IQII, in one stable, not treated with Vaccine Equina-Lintz, four- 
teen died. In forty-eight cases in the same stable during March 
and April, 1912, with Vaccine Equina-Lintz, one died, which 
through carelessness became exposed to cold and died of enteritis, 
as all these ninety-eight occurred in one stable, the test seemed 
conclusive. 


— 


EQUINE DISTEMPER. SS 


Dr. Philip Weaver, Glen Cove, L. I., was supplied with this 
vaccine to treat a carload of horses, of which all were sick, hay- 
ing several dead in transit. His conclusions were that it was 
absolutely specific for distemper in its various phases. Though 
having given up general practice to specialize the treatment of 
pets, the success of our treatment of horses at our Armory be- 
came known, and I[ have been called upon several times to inves- 
tigate and treat distemper in some of the large stables locally, of 
which an outbreak occurring in the horses of the Borough De- 
velopment Company, January, 1911, was very interesting. There 
were seventy-two horses in the stables, one horse having died the 
day I made the original investigation. Four cases had already 
resulted fatally. Dr. Lintz naturally being interested in the 
case directed the autopsy, and took necessary material for cul- 
ture and examination. His results were that the identical or- 
ganism was easily recovered and pneumococcus here also proved 
the secondary invader and cause of fatality. They were of an 
exceptionally fine type of heavy draught horses. I treated four- 
teen cases, most of them of very serious phase, immunized the 
others and terminated the outbreak in about three weeks with no 
deaths and every horse ready for service. 

One of the largest contracting concerns purchased eighty 
horses this spring. These horses approximated $500 each and 
were the pick of the market. Twenty had already died when I 
was called on, one of which died the following day, and from 
this autopsy Dr. Lintz recovered the original bacilli (Lintz) as 
well as pneumo and streptococci, and accordingly prepared an 
autogenous vaccine which was used after the third day. The 
initial vaccinations having been made with organisms from orig- 
inal outbreaks which have been kept growing and of full potency 
by passing through laboratory animals. Two were dying and 
there was a total of thirty severe cases for treatment. The two 
died the following day. One was so intensely saturated that I 
only injected very small numbers of organisms each day and 
though the animal showed considerable improvement, he died the 
sixth day. The remaining thirty horses were successfully treated 
and all horses returned to normal in nine days. 


S6 WALTER LINCOLN BELL. 


One of the local sales stables became interested in the vaccine 
during May of this year, and the results were so conclusive that 
they adopted it as their standard treatment, having lost but one 
horse, which, during convalescence, was put in a draughty place 
_and a severe congestive condition developed, and the animal died 
the following day from intense endocarditis. Since initial use 
in May, 1912, this stable has treated a large number of cases. 
Many were severe and this was the only death. The results have 
been practically the same in one of the largest as well as the 
majority of smaller sales stables in New York City, and also in 
the practice of many of the veterinarians in the Greater City. 

There can be no doubt as to the fact that Dr. Lintz has suc- 
ceeded in isolating the specific organism causing equine distem- 
per ; not only are the above facts conclusive, but complete research 
work has been done and the following are the results: Aggluti- 
nation reactions with the serum of sick as well as those that had 
recovered were positive; agglutination was still present in a dilu- 
tion of 1-200. It is pathogenic for mice, rats, rabbits and guinea- 
pigs. Upon autopsy these animals showed marked parenchy- 
matous degeneration of all the viscera, and the same organism 
was isolated. It is not pathogenic for dogs. 

A horse was secured and this organism was inoculated both 
subcutaneously and intravenously. This horse was under the 
constant observation of Dr. Tiersen, a former Veterinary Captain 
of the French Army. Twenty-four hours after the intravenous 
inoculation of a saline emulsion of six agar culture tubes, which 
tubes had been inoculated with the Bacilli Lintz and incubated for 
eighteen hours, the horse’s temperature rose abruptly to 105. 
He refused all nourishment and exhibited signs of marked weak- 
ness and constipation. The temperature for the next three days 
fluctuated between 103 and 106, gradually returning to normal 
at the end of five days. The cardinal symptoms of the disease, 
namely, hyperpyrexia, slow pulse, anorexia, weakness and con- 
stipation, were reproduced in the experimental animal. 

Further proof is also found in the fact that we have also 
been able to control and stop severe outbreaks in stables contain- 


EQUINE DISTEMPER. 


194) 
=I 


ing a large number of horses. In these instances a vaccine of 
Bacilli Lintz only was used, and such immunization held 
perfectly. 

It would be unnecessary to go into a lengthy description ot 
symptoms etc., of this condition, as we are all familiar enough 
with it in its various manifestations, but the cardinal symptoms 
as I have observed them in two years’ experimental work, cover- 
ing many cases, are, first, high temperature with little pneu- 
monitory symptoms; second, anorexia, often complete, constipa- 
tion third; intense depression and weakness fourth; and to my 
mind an important feature is that the temperature may be as 
high as 107 degrees Fahrenheit, yet the pulse will be only about 
60 and strong. This covers the primary phase or distemper 
proper, and lasts from three to five days, gradually subsiding 
to normal for one to three days when the animal becomes again 
very sick, temperature high, then fluctuating, showing septic in- 
vasion, pulse higher and weaker, breathing indicates lung involve- 
ment, weakness exaggerated, anorexia complete and unless ani- 
mal possesses strong immunity and resistance, death occurs. This 
is due to the secondary invader, which is pneumococci in the 
majority of cases, but may also be complicated with streptococci. 


VETERINARIAN Assists MepicaL MEN ReEpPorTING IMPOR- 
TANT CAsEes.—We have had the privilege of perusing the 
Australasian Medical Gazette for April, 1910, and also for April, 
IgiI, and we find in the former a report of a case of “ Bilateral 
Tubal Pregnancy with Rupture on Either Side,” by T. G. Wilson, 
M.D., Gynecologist to Adelaide Hospital, in which Veterinary 
Surgeon Desmond, of Adelaide, prepared the specimens and 
microscopic sections, photographs of which, and of the two preg- 
nant tubes, taken by Desmond, are used to illustrate the article. 
In the 1911 number, we find a most interesting report of a very 
unusual condition (to the veterinary mind at least) of a tumor 
at the base of the brain in a woman, causing Acromegally. This 
case, in which Veterinary Surgeon Desmond photographed sec- 
tions of the brain that are used to illustrate the article, presents 
such interesting symptoms that we shall reproduce it in whole or 
in part in a future issue. It is men like Desmond that do much 
to amalgamate the two branches of medicine and surgery. 


VETERINARY EDUCATION COMES INTO ITS OWN IN THE 
WESI.* 


By F. W. Beckman, Ames, I. 


Veterinary education is coming into its own in the mid-west 
with the completion of the new $200,000 set of buildings for the 
veterinary school at Iowa State College at Ames. When Dean 
C. H. Stange and his associates open the fall term’s work in the 
new structure, they will be housed in the largest and most com- 
plete institution of its kind in this country or any other. 


Dr. Charles H. Stange, 
Dean of the Veterinary Medical School. 


A good many new ideas have been worked out 1n the arrange- 
ment of the lowa veterinary buildings. Each of the departments 
has been given a separate building so that its work may go on 
without interference from other departments. Yet they are 
brought closely together by a covered passageway that connects 
all of the buildings, both main floors and basements. With this 
arrangement, the head of each department can be fixed definitely 
with responsibility for what goes on in his department, thus 
facilitating administration. The buildings with their connecting 


*This story is furnished with the compliments of Iowa State College. 


88 


; 
‘ 
8 
Z 


eS Se oe 


a a a. ee oe 


VETERINARY EDUCATION IN THE WEST. 89 


passageways surround a large inner court which makes possible 
perfect lighting and ventilation, always so important in veterinary 
college buildings. Every structure is lighted from all four sides 
and laboratories and dissecting rooms have an abundance of light 
and fresh air. The whole set of buildings occupies a space 339 
feet by 256 feet in size, the equivalent of a full city block. 
There are five buildings in the entire group, three at the front 
and two at the rear. Sometime later a sixth building will be 
added at the rear to house the research and experimental work 
of the college. When this extra wing is completed, another 
$40,000 will have been invested by the state At the center of the 


A view of the front of the new veterinary buildings at Iowa State College showing the 
administration building at the center and the pathology and bacteriology laboratory 
at the farther side and physiology laboratory at the near side. 


three buildings in front is the administration building, which 
contains the general offices, the library, an assembly room that 
seats 200, a large general museum and faculty rooms. On one 
side of this central building is the pathology and bacteriology 
building, and, on the other, a building devoted to the physiology 
laboratories and the pharmacy class rooms. The laboratories in 
both structures have complete and modern equipment. In this 
respect they rival the best of college laboratories in the country. 
Especially interesting is the animal physiology laboratory. It is 
the most complete to be found in a veterinary college in this coun- 
try. It represents the last word in this branch of veterinary sci- 


90 F. W, BECKMAN. 


ence, which is only now getting its rightful recognition as a part 
of veterinary education. 

At the rear stands the large clinic and hospital building, 163 
feet by 61 feet, and the anatomy building. In the hospital build- 
ing there is capacity for 70 patients, including kennels for 22 
dogs and other small animals. There is, also, an isolation ward 
for the treatment of contagious diseases. Throughout, this hos- 
pital building is constructed of brick, cement and steel, and every 
nook and corner of it may be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. 


A view of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College from the south side showing 
the inner court and the connecting corridors. 


Every stall is equipped with slings. There are three operating 
rooms in this structure. The largest, 65 feet by 30 feet, opens 
into the inner court. This is used for the examination of ani- 
mals as they are admitted and for minor operations and treat- 
ments. Adjoining it is a clinical amphitheatre and next to that 
is the third operating room for large animals, equipped with a 
hydraulic operating table. Near by is a dispensary and instru- 
ment room and off of that the office and living apartments of the 
house surgeon. Throughout this hospital building is equipped 
with white enamel and glass instrument cases, operating tables 


VETERINARY EDUCATION IN THE WEST. 91 


and basins, while the small animal operating room looks for all 
the world like an operating room for humans. 

The anatomy building contains perhaps the best lighted and 
the most complete animal dissecting room in the country, besides 
an unusually large amphitheatre class room where animal car- 
casses may be brought for special dissection. The dissecting 
room is as far different from the usual veterinary dissection room 


Instrument room and dispensary of the veterinary buildings at Iowa State College. 


as may be imagined. Not many medical colleges can boast better 
facilities for their work. 

Iowa has been generous with its veterinary school for several 
reasons, chiefly perhaps because Iowa is a great live stock state. 
Dean Stange estimates that the value of all kinds of animals in 
Iowa at the present time is not less than $450,000,000. He esti- 
mates, further, that there is an annual loss of live stock from 
preventable disease amounting to $10,000,000 at least. These 
facts are responsible for the building of a school to train veteri- 


92 F. W. BECKMAN. 


nary doctors that measures up to the need. Dean Stange had 
another purpose in securing a building that some visitors say 1s 
good enough for the care and treatment of human beings. That 
purpose was to give the young men who attend lowa’s veterinary 
school a proper idea of the dignity and importance of their work. 
Unconsciously, the splendid building, with its fine equipment and 
its strict cleanliness, must teach veterinary students that their 
work is worth while, that its standards should be high, that it 
should be dignified, that it should command the best kind of men 
and that it should get the very best service from them. 

Many veterinarians have visited the new buildings and they 
are unanimous in their praise of it. Dr. A. M. Farrington, as- 
sistant chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, 
said that he thought that the building stood for the very best 
ideals in medicine. He added that if lowa did not graduate a 
new and better type of veterinarians, he would be much disap- 
pointed. 


A CorRRECTION AND A ReQuest.—Under the caption, “ THE 
VETERINARIAN IN RELATION TO PuBLic HEALTH,” a paper was 
presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey 
in July, 1912, by Percival K. Nichols (veterinarian to the New 
York City Board of Health for the Borough of Richmond, and 
also to the New York State Department of Agriculture in Rich- 
mond County), and was published in the September number of 
the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEw, beginning page 682, giv- 
ing as its author, Harold E. Stearns, Arlington, N. J. This 
error occurred through Dr. Nichols’ paper being received with- 
out bearing his name on any part of it, and the fact that Dr. 
Stearns also presented a paper at the same meeting bearing the 
same title; so in looking over the program to find an author to 
fit the title of Dr. Nichols’ paper, Dr. Stearns’ name was erron- 
eously appended. We therefore ask each individual reader to 
make the correction in his September number by drawing a line 
through Dr. Stearns’ name and address and supplying that of 
Percival K. Nichols, D. V. S., Port Richmond, N. Y. Kindly 
do this now, lest you forget. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


CESARIAN SECTION. 
By W. E. Net, D.V.S., Kirksville, Mo. 


On the tenth of June I was called to see a Boston bull terrier 
that was due to whelp. I was told by the owner that she had 
taken sick the day before. She was laboring, but the pains were 
of short duration, and far between. There was no delivery yet 
made. But on examination, I was able to feel the top of the head 
of one puppy; and by manipulation, the head was raised, and in 
a few minutes there was a delivery. So I left the patient in the 
care of the owner, and told him, I thought that she might give 
birth to the remainder without assistance. But at two o’clock I 
was called, and found there was no progress made. Upon ex- 
amination I found there two puppies presented as far as the ilium 
of the mother would permit. These puppies had their heads 
hooked over each other’s neck, and when she would labor they 


would both present at the same time. So I was unable to get 
them separated, she being too small to use instruments, as this 
was her first time to whelp. So about 6 p. m. I prepared to 
operate. She was placed on the operating table, the field for 
operation was shaved and cleansed, and she was given ether until 


93 


94 REPORTS OF CASES. 


completely anesthetized. A bold incision was made in her left 
side, absorbent cotton was placed around the opening, the horns 
of the uterus containing the foetuses were brought out and laid on 
the absorbent cotton, an incision was made in the horn, on the 
upper side extending to the body of the uterus. The foetuses 
were removed from both horns by the same opening. There were 
eight alive and one dead. After removing the contents of the 
uterus, the opening was sutured up with sterile catgut, turning 
the serous surfaces together, making the Lembert stitch. The 
organ was then replaced and the abdominal peritoneum sutured 
with catgut, the muscular structures and skin with linen tape. 
The parts were dressed with iodoform, flexible collodion, the parts 
covered with absorbent cotton, and a many-tailed bandage ap- 
plied. She came from under the anesthetic in about thirty min- 
utes, was given strong coffee in small quantities every hour dur- 
ing the night. Was irrigated the following day with a 5 per cent. 
-boracic acid solution, and was given liquid food. for a few days. 
She made a nice recovery, and six of the puppies are still living, 
but three died for lack of nourishment. The mother and puppies 
are healthy, as you can see by the picture. There was no sup- 
puration and the stitches were removed in four days and left 
scarcely a mark or scar. 


A DIVIDED PALATE. 
By Frep W. Porter, D.V.M., Tampa, Fla. 


I am inclosing a photo print of a calf’s head that was recently 
delivered by me. I have the original preserved in formaline. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 95 


It is a complete specimen of divided palate (palatognathus). The 
print shows the view, looking directly into the mouth. The fig. 
1 is the tongue; fig. 2, the turbinates; fig. 3, the nostrils, six 
inches apart; fig. 4, eyes, lids formed but not opened. 

Cow had been in labor some hours when I was called. Ex- 
amination showed a cross presentation with all four feet at the 
inner os. Tried to deliver by head and fore feet, but of course 
was unsuccessful; I could feel something that felt like a nose but 
incomplete. Turned foetus and made a breech presentation with- 
out serious difficulty. Had an astonished owner when that head 
came in sight. Think it unusual enough to send you a report 
of it. 


A. CASE.OF BARLY MATERNITY. 
3y A. N. Towner, D.V.S., Brewster, N. Y. 

The accompanying picture, is of a heifer that gave birth to a 
live calf (calf is still living and doing well) when she was but one 
year and three days old. To me this was rather unusual, as | 
had never seen or heard of one “ coming in” so young. 


This calf was kept in a pen all winter with three or four 
others and fed milk. This spring she was turned out and ina 
short time showed that she was “ making bag.’ The owner did 
not think anything of this until one morning on going to the 
pasture to salt the dry stock, he found the heifer with a calf at 
her side. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. LiAuTAarp, M.D., V.M. 


OBSCURE CAUSE OF DEATH IN A Pony [Thos. A. Huband, 
F.R.C.V.S.|.—Pedigree yearling pony showed symptoms of sub- 
acute abdominal pains and treated accordingly; castor oil, colo- 
dyne in warm milk. The pains were relieved, but death took 
place within 35 hours. At post mortem no abnormal conditions 
were found except that the mucous membrane of the colon was 
ulcerated. The lesions were in outline somewhat ovoid, varying 
from one-third to one-twelfth of an inch in size. No perfora- 
tion could be found. This condition was considered as due to 
bacillus necrosis.—(Vet. Record.) 


FRACTURE OF THE Ospepts [J. F. Macdonald, M.R.C.V.S.]. 
—Roan van mare, six years of age, makes a false step while at 
work and is lame on the near hind leg. The next morning she is 
in great pain and unable to carry weight on that leg. The foot 
examined revealed tenderness about one inch in front of the point 
of the frog. One or two days later pus is found, followed by 
sloughing of sensitive lamine. The discharge lasted for some 
time, but-had odor of caries. Eventually the animal got well ex- 
cept being lame with low ring bone. Left at rest the mare was, 
after three months, able to do her work. She died six months 
later from rupture of the heart. The photo which illustrates the 
record shows that the fracture extended from one of the articular 
glenoidal cavity of the upper face of the ospedis and extended all 
through the thickness to the inferior face-—(Vlet. Rec.) 


Heart DiseEAsE Causes PaRALysis iN A Doc [J. R. Hodg- 
kins, Capt. A.V.C.|.—Ten-year-old terrier has just left his owner 
well and bright and an hour and half after he is sick, unable to 
stand and drags his hind quarters. A purge is given. The author 
sees him three days later and finds him completely paralyzed from 
the 11th dorsal vertebra back. Pulse is slow and regular. Tem- 
perature 101°F. Urine drips slow and easily evacuated by 
pressure. The dog is destroyed. Heart, spinal cord and prostate 

96 


P 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 9T 


gland are the only seats of lesions; pericardium normal; left 
myocardium showed light buff colored spot which extends 
through the thickness of the ventricle. Mitral valves inflamed, 
thickened and with granulations, one is as large as a horse bean. 
Tricuspid valve also diseased, but more extensively. The aortic 
valves are only inflamed. Spinal cord had its vessels extremely 
injected. The cord was soft and pulpy, the posterior part almost 
creamy in consistency. Portion of the lumbar cord was con- 
siderably inflamed. The prostate gland was enlarged.—(JIet. 
Record.) 


SEPARATION OF COLON AND RECTUM IN A Mare [Mr. C. G. 
Hill, M.R.C.V.S.|.—This case was reported at the Veterinary 
Association of South Durham and North Yorkshire. 

The mare foals and seemed all right until the next day, when 
she showed little pain. She had not passed feces and except a 
small tear on the vagina she seemed all right. ‘* On passing his 
hand into the rectum the writer entered a large sac and it was 
with much difficulty that he found the entrance of the floating 
colon. When he had passed his hand through the opeiing it 
closed upon it, and in withdrawing his arm the bowel closed 
tightly round his wrist and was drawn out through the anus”’ 
when it was liberated back. The mucous coat of the bowel was 
deep purple in colour. The mare lived for a week, had no great 
pain, ate some mash and grass. At the post mortem all the organs 
were found healthy except the colon and rectum were separated 
from each other; the ends of the bowels were gangrenous. It was 
thought that the mare when straining at the time of foaling had 
caused an intussusception and as time had gone on sloughing had 
taken place at that part—(Veter. Record. ) 


RECURRENT UMBILICAL HERNIA WITH CHRONIC PNEU- 
monia [J. J. O’Connor, M.R.C.V.S.|].—Eighteen-months-old 
thoroughbred colt had congenital umbilical hernia, for which he 
was operated by Degive’s method. Through neglect from the 
owner in following advice about diet and hygiene of the colt, the 
hernia returned and then the ring was large enough to admit the 
insertion of both hands. Treatment: Anesthesia, aseptic and an- 
tiseptic precautions taken, hernial sac is open, the left hand in 
the abdomen keeps bowels in, insertion of Halstead’s sutures 
through the edges of the ring with pledgets of gauze to prevent 
great tension on the sutures, another series of same sutures insert- 
ed through the neck of the sac, iodoform and bandage dressing 


OS ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


round the body. For the first 13 days temperature of the colt 
varied between 104° and 105° F. On the 19th day appearance of 
improvement. Temperature 103°. On the 21st day it went up 
again and then varied up to the time of death, which occurred 
some two weeks later. 

At the post mortem typical lesions of chronic pneumonia was 
revealed with local peritonitis having caused adhesion of the 
ccecum to the abdominal wall and to a portion of the ileum. — 
(Vet. Journal. ) 


INTRODUCTION OF AIR INTO THE JUGULAR [Frank Chambers, 
M.R.C.V.S.].—Record of three experiments made by the author 
upon three head of cattle, which were diseased with East Coast 
fever. The first received a first intravenous injection of air, 100 
c.c. when the respirations increased from 38 to 58 a minute and to 
61 after injections of 400 c.c. This cow received 2346 c.c. of 
air and died in 12 minutes. 

In the second case 100 c.c. increased the respiration to 58 and 
afterwards receiving 500 c.c., they run up to 105. It took 
2500 c.c. of air over a period of four and a half minutes to 
cause death. 

The third animal was a cow, in which the injection was ad- 
ministered quickly and where death required 3000 c.c. of air be- 
fore 1t occurred.—(Vet. Journ.) 


Septic Merritis IN A Bitcu [R. Branford, Punjab Vet. 
College |.—Bitch is in a state of collapse. She had four puppies 
seventeen days before and a fifth had to be taken away from her. 
She had appeared well ever since, but was suddenly taken sick 
and rapidly grew worse until she is in the state mentioned. 
Uterus is washed and relieved of all its infecting contents and 
repeated injections of chinosol are prescribed. The body is 
wrapped in flannel wrung out with hot water. The temperature 
which had been up to 109° 4F, dropped the next day to 107°, to 
102°, to 101° and finally, with quinine, little beef extract, milk, 
the animal recovered. The interest of the case rests on the sud- 
den onset of the symptoms of intoxication so late after pupping 
and the very high temperature —(Vet. Journ. ) 


SARCOMA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE [F. Clwe Webb, 
F.R.CV.S., Captain A.V.C.].—TVhis grey mare, aged 7 years, 
has for the last six months, up to the date of death, been suffering 
with frequent attacks of colics. She was very poor in condition 


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feat + EL oF * 


PHN twee 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 


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and her appetite capricious. Her abdominal pains were sub- 
acute and dull, being manifested by constant lying down, pawing, 
etc. Constipation was not a marked feature, and towards the 
end the colics had become more violent. Rectal examinations, 
renewed several times, revealed nothing which could help in mak- 
ing a diagnosis. Tuberculine test was also negative. At the post 
mortem, the body was found extremely emaciated and on open- 
ing the abdomen a large solid tumor was detected “ incorporated 
with the bowel wall about the junction of the gejunum and ileum. 
On section, it was found that the lumen of the bowel actually 
penetrated the centre of the solid-looking fibrous mass, which 
was the size of a cocoanut.” Examined with the microscope, it 
Was pronounced round-celled sarcoma. 

There was also a stricture of the small intestine, not suffi- 
cient enough, however, to interfere with the passage of its con- 
tents.— (Vet. News.) 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
3y Prof. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M. 


PERICARDITIS IN THE Horse [Mr. Bouquet].—Cryptorchid, 
this horse is operated. One testicle only is apparent, and re- 
moved by covered operation. The other is deep in the inguinal 
region and is taken off with the emasculator, after catgut ligature 
of the cord. Slight hemorrhage takes place the next day and is 
easily controlled. The horse is doing well and ten days after is 
moved to another stable, where he is alone. Three days after he 
roars a little, refuses his food and has spells of dyspnea. His 
temperature is 39° 5C, respiration 32. There is a slight puffing 
of the head about the supra orbital depressions. Sore throat is 
diagnosed and proper treatment prescribed. The next day the 
animal is much worse and dies before the writer gets there. Post 
mortem made immediately shows that the operation of castration 
has nothing to do as cause of death. The thorax open, explained 
it. The pericardium contains about 15 litres of serosity, and 
while its internal face is covered with ecchymoses, there is ad- 
herence of its external face with the left pleurea. This is quite 
. Strong and formed of fibrous tissue slightly gelatinous and easily 
torn. The trouble was probably of old standing and possibly 
might have been relieved, if diagnosed—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) 


Acute StomacaL DitataTion 1n Doc [Mr. L. Naudin].— 
Concise note to call the attention to a lesion generally overlooked 


100 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 


and noted by the author only twice at post mortem of adult dogs. 
In both cases the conditions were exactly alike. Dog in perfect 
health is taken, shortly after meal, with sudden illness, shortness 
of actions, arrest, suffocation, death—all in about 10 minutes— 
nothing can be attributed as the cause of this rapid fatal ending. 
Post mortem made a few hours after death shows excessive swell- 
ing of the whole cadaver, thoracic visceras show all the lesions 
of asphyxia, heart in diastole is filled with black, unclotted blood. 
Opening of the abdomen exhibits a pushing forward of the 
diaphragm muscle by the stomach, enormously distended by 
gases. The duodenum is filled also. There is no displacement 
of organ nor any strangulation anywhere. Nothing, in fact, ex- 
cept an acute, idiopathic dilatation of the stomach, very different 
from the torsion of that organ.—(ev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) 


ALCOHOLIC ACUTE INTOXICATION IN A Cow [Mr. Leduc].— 
The cow is lying down in an abnormal attitude. She moves 
about in an automatic manner every two minutes and moaning 
in a peculiar manner, and these correspond to jerky expirations. 
The respiration is accelerated and interrupted now and then. The 
pulse is irregular, the eyes twisted in the orbits, there is no 
defecation nor micturation. The temperature is normal. It is 
completely impossible to make the animal get up. In the pres- 
ence of such severe symptoms and fearing an encephalic or 
meningeal affection the owner has the cow slaughtered. At the 
autopsy were found congestion of both lungs, with apoplectic 
spots in some lobules. The liver and spleen are enormous and 
when cut through leave escape to very red serosity. Rumen and 
other stomachs contain food having a very strong alcoholic odor. 
The small intestine has the same odor. A careful inquiry gives 
the information that, left loose in a farm yard, the cow had drunk 
from a barrel about 12 litres of the distillation of cider recently 
made.—(La Presse Veter.) 


COMMINUTED FRACTURE OF A Rip in A Mare [Mr. Vignard, 
Army Veterinarian |.—Surprised stealing oats after getting loose 
from her stall, the mare runs through a door and receives a deep 
wound by a hook, about its middle of the right costal region. 


The skin is torn, about 40 centimeters in length, and the pannicu- ° 


lus, serratus magnus and external intercostal muscles are involved 
in the tear. The roth, 11th, 12th and 13th ribs are exposed and 
from the 12th a splinter is torn from the outer surface, measur- 
ing 12 centimeters in length. The spongy substance is exposed 


. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 101 


and yet there is no transversal solution of continuity. The 
pleural cavity remains protected only by the thin layer of the 
intercostal muscles. After, as thorough disinfection as possible 
and removal of some loose splinters of bones and of the loose soft 
tissues, the wound was closed with stitches, except over the cen- 
tral portion to leave the 12th rib exposed. Boric acid dressings 
were prescribed and with antiseptic injections; the wound grad- 
ually healed in due time, the mare resuming work after a month. 
—(Rev. Veter.) 


NITRATE OF PILOCARPINE IN TETANUS [WM. Remond and 
Aouizerate |.— Record of two cases which were treated with suc- 
cess after other treatment seemed to fail and fatal end looked for. 

The first case was in an eight-year-old horse which, after a 
superficial wound of the croup, showed marked symptoms of 
tetanus. These progressed rapidly and the owner was consider- 
ing the propriety of killing him when injections of nitrate of 
pilocarpine were suggested. During four days the animal was 
kept in a dark stable and received repeated injections of pilocar- 
pine. Improvement soon was manifested and after a long con- 
valescence the horse resumed work. 

The second case was more severe in its development. Follow- 
ing a suppurative arthritis of the left stifle joint, he was submitted 
first to injections of tetanic serum, but as this did not seem to 
arrest the disease, sub-cutaneous injections of pilocarpine was re- 
sorted to and after eight days of treatment the animal was con- 
sidered out of danger.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SUPERRENAL CAPSULAE IN BOVINES 
[Mr. P. Chaussée, Vet. Inspect.|.—Similar cases are very excep- 
tionally observed. A cow six years old, very thin, without mus- 
cular atrophy, presented lesions of tuberculosis of its lungs well 
marked and hematogenous ones in small numbers. The renal 
regions were covered with abundant vegetations and one of the 
suprarenal capsule, weighing 25 grams, contained a big caseous 


tubercle. The other capsule was more diseased, weighed 160 


grams, and was also caseous. 
Again, in a five-year-old steer, having generalized tubercu- 


losis, without peritoneal lesions, there was on the left gland two 


caseous tubercles, entirely similar to those of the other tissues, 
developed in the medullary substance of the gland, while the 


‘cortical portion was free —( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY. 


PRINCIPLES OF MicropioLtocy. A Treatise on Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoa 
Pathogenic for Domesticated Animals, by Veranus Alva Moore, B.S., 
M.D., V.M.D., Professor of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and 
Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell Uni- 
versity, and Director of the College. Over 500 pages and tor illustra- 
tions. 1912. Ithaca, N. Y., Carpenter and Company. 

This work is the outgrowth of a lecture course by the author 
to his student body, which has accompanied the laboratory work 
in bacteriology and protozoology, and has been prepared as a 
textbook for veterinary students beginning the study of micro- 
biology; whose purpose has been to point out the role of micro- 
organisms in nature; to give the methods of their study and iden- 
tification; to indicate the relation of certain species to animal 
diseases; to give a description of the more important species 
pathogenic for animals; and to discuss briefly the reaction of the 
tissues to microbian invasion and the theories of immunity. It 
is not exhaustive, but rather elementary in character. Being a 
teacher, the author has realized the fact that the undergraduate 
can only familiarize himself with a few of the essential facts 
and principles, and so has only given the essential principles and 
theories of infection; and in order that the volume may be of 
further aid as a key to the entire subject, numerous references 
to the literature are given, where the student can obtain at first 
hand the results of original research; and further, a list of text 
and reference books are appended. Chapter I is an Historical 
Sketch, which is extremely interesting and instructive; Chapter 
II deals with Bacteria and Their Place in Nature. Chapter III, 
Morphology of Bacteria. Chapter IV, Classification of Bacteria 
and the Identification of Species. Chapter V, Bacteriological Ap- 
paratus, and so on throughout the work, the subjects of Steriliza- 
tion and Disinfection, the Preparation of Media for the Culti- 
vation of Bacteria, the Isolation and Cultivation of Bacteria, the 
Examination of Cultures, the Microscopic Examination of Bac- 
teria and Stains Employed, Vital Activities of Bacteria, the Use 
of Animals in Bacteriological Examinations and Investigations, 
the Bacteriology of Water and Milk, the Genus Streptococcus 
and its Species Pathogenic for Animals, Genus Micrococcus and 


102 


_ BIBLIOGRAPHY. 108 


the Genus Bacterium in the same sense; a Few Species of the 
Genus Bacterium which Are Commonly Not Pathogenic, the 
Genus Bacillus and its Species Pathogenic for Animals, the 
Genus Pseudomonas, Migula, Higher Bacteria and Fungi Patho- 
genic for Animals, Protozoa, their Classification and Species 
Pathogenic for Animals, Epizootic Diseases of Undetermined 
Etiology (Filterable Viruses), Specific Bacterial Products, Tis- 
sue Reactions and Immunity, Serum Diagnosis and Immunity 
and Vaccine Therapy are all respectively dealt with in the re- 
maining twenty chapters. The author’s clear and concise man- 
ner of expression and the many illustrations make the study of 
microbiology fascinating and its principles easily mastered. Mal- 
lein, vaccine, tuberculin, etc., are all discussed, both as to their 
preparation and use, also the agglutination test. So that 
Moore’s Principles of Microbiology is an indispensible volume 
to the veterinary students and to the older practitioner who would 
be in possession of the present-day knowledge of this important 
subject. 


THe New York VETERINARY SCHOOLS OpEN.—The New 
York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, opened September 23, 
and the New York-American Veterinary College in New York 
City opened September 26 with excellent prospects for the 1912- 
a ceri. 


RENEWED ENERGY IN THE LIVE Stock JOURNAL.—This 
enterprising stock paper, edited and published by Mr. T.-Butter- 
worth, Chicago, has always been a live one, and has always had 
up-to-date views on all matters pertaining to live stock, inspir- 
ing an increasing interest in draft horse breeding by constantly 
sustaining that branch of live stock industry. But in the last few 
months it has taken on a new dress, coming out in pale green 
covers, and has in other ways exhibited evidences of new life gen- 
erally, which have not escaped the notice of the REvIEW any 
more than that of its many readers who look to it for advice in 
the many breeding problems which they encounter daily. 


Be | 
OBITUARY. 


THOMAS -EARLED BUDD, D.Vzs: 


Dr. T. Earle Budd died at the Orange Memorial Hospital, 
Orange, N. J., at 4 a. m. September 13, 1912, as a result of blood 
poisoning; he having become infected while performing an 
autopsy on a cow, supposedly suffering from anthrax. The doc- 
tor was taken to the hospital three days prior to his death, and 
appeared to be improving up to the morning of his death, when 
he changed for the worse, and the end came rapidly. 

Doctor Budd was 52 years old, having been born in Pember- 
ton, N. J., in 1860. He was graduated from the University of 
Pennsylvania, and studied veterinary medicine at the American 
Veterinary College in New York City; from which institution 
he received his veterinary degree in 1892; when he at once began 
to practise his profession at Woodbury, N. J. After a short 
time, however, ill-health demanded a change of residence, and 
he moved to Orange, N. J., where he enjoyed a lucrative prac- 
tice up to the time of his death. He was deeply interested in 
state affairs, especially when in connection with his profession. 
He has filled the following official positions: Member of the 
Army Legislative Committee, A. V. M. A., Member of Live 
Stock Commission of New Jersey, Treasurer of the New Jersey 
State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, Veterinarian to 
the Essex County Park Commission, Veterinarian to the Essex 
Troop, N. G. S. N. J., Inspector of Tuberculosis of the State 
of New Jersey. Has always been an active member of the Vet- 
erinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and has been presi- 
dent of that organization and has also occupied the executive 
office of the Alumni Association of the New York-American Vet- 
erinary College. 

A few years ago Dr. Budd was sent by the State of New 
Jersey to Scotland to purchase Clydesdale stallions for the im- 
provement of the draft and work-horses in that state. He oc- 
cupied a high social position in his community and was highly 
respected and esteemed by his fellow townsmen for the upright 
and honorable life that he had lived amongst them; and his sudden 
and untimely demise has been a great shock to them. His do- 
mestic lifé was beautiful. He is survived by a widow and one 
daughter, Mrs. Victor Schwartz, to whom the hearts of the en- 
tire community turn in their sad bereavement. 


[oaks far so scans Pa | 
104 


ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF THE ARMY 
VETERINARY BILL. 


“ H. R. 16843, a Bill to consolidate the veterinary service, U. 
S. Army, and to increase its efficiency,” has not passed Congress 
during the session just ended. 

The Bill had been favorably reported by the Committee on 
Military Affairs of the House of Representatives on April 26, 
Ig12. There were hopes entertained by the chairman of the 
legislative committee, A. V. M. A., and by many of his support- 
ers, that the Bill might be passed by the House of Representa- 
tives, and that, perhaps also, it might be favorably reported be- 
fore adjournment of Congress, by the Committee on Military 
Affairs of the Senate. 

But the Army Service papers do not report any further prog- 


. tess of the Bill, so that the net result accomplished so far re- 


mains the favorable recommendation of the Bill by the Commit- 
tee on Military Affairs of the House of Representatives. 

Small as this result may appear to the pessimists, always 
with us, it is yet of the first magnitude. It constitutes the driv- 
ing cone for the future onward march of the Bill. Several times 
the Senate did pass our former army veterinary bills, but they 
were always blocked in the Military Committee of the House. 
It was, therefore, a good strategical move of Chairman Hoskins 
to commence his labors with that latter committee, and the suc- 
cess he attained there gives him a sure foundation by having 
Overcome the most difficult part of the work first. The House 
would have undoubtedly passed the Bill on the favorable recom- 
mendation of its Military Committee, but the turmoil of the clos- 
ing days of Congress undoubtedly prevented it from being taken 
up.on the floor of the House. ~ 

- This is the present status of the Bill. It is not known what 
plans have been made by the chairman of the legislative com- 
mittee, A. V. M. A., for the fight in behalf-of the Bill, during 
the next: session of Congress reconvening on December 4, I912. 
He has the situation well in hand, to use a phrase. Not his 

105 


106 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


phrase, but one just given to the writer by mail by one of his 
staunchest supporters in the campaign just ended. ‘This letter 
also brought the news that Dr. Hoskins had consented to remain 
on the legislative committee, A. V. M. A., which was doubtful. 
This is as it ought to be, because he is not only thoroughly ac- 
quainted with the situation in and around Congress, but he has 
also thoroughly canvassed both branches of Congress, and, above 
all, he has a bunch of promises of support in his hands that 
nobody else could make proper use of in guiding the Bill towards 
its’ passage. 

What we need now to do is to strengthen the hands of Dr. 
tloskins in making careful plans for the finishing campaign of 
the Bill during the next session of Congress. Such plans, to be 
transmitted into action, need the continued enthusiastic support 
of the entire American veterinary profession. The fight fought 
so far, has shown our colleagues all over the country united in 
effort, so full of unity, strength and will as was never witnessed 
before in any of our former legislative attempts. If this proof 
of good will and united effort is continued for just a fraction of 
another year, a great, general victory will be won during the next 
session of Congress. It is not only that the Army Veterinary 
Bill is at stake, but the reputation and standing of the whole 
of our profession, which does no more than ask for its legitimate’ 
right to practise our science in an intelligent manner in the 
United States Army. As we are right, we must win out some 
time, and the chances are good, in fact better than ever before, 
that we shall carry our point during the winter session of Ig12- 
1913. 

This is the way the situation looks to the writer. He is not 
unmindful of the tremendous amount of earnest work that lies 
before us in trying to accomplish this work, nor does he under- 
estimate the tenacity that will be needed to overcome certain ob- 
structions that lie now, as ever before, in the way of this little 
Army Veterinary Bill. Their nature is well known to those who 
are initiated into the mysteries of the game of politics, and who 
understand the sentiment and established power of opposing 
forces. 

But with all these things, and the persons representing these 
things, facing us, we are justified in looking at the situation with 
hopeful optimism. With apologies for the pessimists: Here is 
to the victory of the Army Veterinary Bill during the next ses- 
sion of Congress. And I shall drink to this toast, at the proper 
time, in genuine beer in old Germany. OSs 


ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 107 


ARMY VETERINARY NOTES. 


Veterinarians Walter R. Grutzman, 15th Cavalry, and Olaf 
Schwartzkopf, 3d Cavalry, have each been granted leave for four 
months, with permission to go beyond the sea, to take effect in 
October. Their itinerary includes visits to the Army Veterinary 
Schools at Aldershot, England; Saumur, France, and Berlin, 
Germany, and to several of the renowned European veterinary 
colleges. Mrs. Schwartzkopf will accompany her husband. 

Veterinarian Henry W. Peters, 14th Cavalry, was granted a 
leave of two months at his return from the Philippine service, 
and is now enjoying with Mrs. Peters a well earned vacation 
at his home state. 

Recently it was decided by War Department order that vet- 
erinarians and chaplains of Cavalry and Field Artillery need not 
take the obstacle rides prescribed for officers of the mounted 
service. This is the second time that army veterinarians have been 
exempted from proficiency tests in riding, and it is greatly to be 
regretted that this was done on the request of some of our col- 
leagues. We have to give instruction to officers in hippology, 
and are almost daily consulted on questions of conformation and 
capacity of horses as officers‘ mounts. An army veterinarian 
who can only teach the theories of hippology and who has never 
himself practised these theories by personal application, can only 
be a poor teacher and judge on these questions, and really ought 
not to be in the army service in mounted regiments. If we want 
to make for advance in the army veterinary service and become 
officers of an army veterinary corps, we must cease to consider 
ourselves qualified by just applying a little salve here, a liniment 
there and occasionally a hypodermic injection, as do mere medi- 
cine men. We must become military horsemen, which the field 
service demands of us by its very nature. The veterinary officers 
of all European armies are required to be expert riders, because 
their position requires the knowledge and practise of skilled and 
fearless riders. The time is at hand when we must be in the same 
class. 

The case of the chaplains is entirely different. No knowl- 
edge of horses is required of them, and their dignity suffers 
nothing by making poor figures on horseback if they accompany 
mounted troops. It is a pity that by the leniency of the War 
Department we are put in the category of chaplains in this 
respect. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


At the conclusion of a night letter sent from Indianapolis to 
fill a space left vacant in our editorial pages to receive a few 
advance words on the 1912 meeting from the convention city, 
we stated that a detailed account of the Indianapolis meeting 
would be published in our next issue. In addition to these few 
advance words editorially, we also gave our readers, in the Sep- 
tember REvIEw, a little over five pages of notes on the meeting 
—the essence of what transpired in brief—including the resolu- 
tions presented and adopted. It now, therefore, but remains for 
us to round out our report in the present number, giving it the 
fullness that neither time would permit nor our remaining space 
accommodate in the September issue. President Brenton, after 
formally declaring the forty-ninth annual meeting in session, 1n- 
troduced the Hon. Charles Bookwalter, ex-Mayor of Indianapo- 
lis, who welcomed the association to his city in the following ap- 
propriate and pleasing words: 

Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel as though 
this will be a memorable day in my life. First, because I am 
permitted to stand in a position which should have been occupied 
by the distinguished ex-Vice-President of the United States, a 
resident of our good city, who unfortunately has been called 
out of town. I feel that first of all it is essential that I should 
apologize to you for the great descent which naturally comes 
from the ex-vice-president down to the ex-mayor. The chasm 
is so broad that it will not take the fervid imagination of a 
“horse-doctor ” to conceive of my performing the function this 
morning. However, I can only do the best possible under the 
circumstances. 

Secondly, it is a memorable day to me because I have been 
asked to address this morning this distinguished gathering of 
not less than five hundred representatives of your profession from 
all sections of the country, and because I have been initiated, at 
least in the first degree, into the presence of so many surgical 
instruments, which to me is an education in itself, and modesty 
compels me to confess that the only one, the use of which J thor- 
oughly understand, was the one with which I was presented. It 


108 


>. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109 


is a very useful instrument, in the use of which all of us have 
been educated, and which many of you recognize has a very broad 
application. For the benefit of the members of the press who 
are present, I would say that I was informed that it was a bottle- 
opener. (Laughter.) I presume that is not the proper name 
for it. I presume its. use is not confined to any one particular 
kind of bottles, but you know how it is, somehow or other the 
Hoosier mind always associates a thing of that sort with that 
particular brand. I have been educated in the use of this deli-_ 
cate little instrument, which is so convenient at times, and the 
absence of which is so embarrassing whenever an emergency 
presents itself. 

As I look out at this audience before me, I am ready to real- 
ize what a far reaching step forward has been taken since the 
days of my boyhood; and when I compare the personnel of this 
with the old-fashioned “ horse-doctor,” who used to visit. my 
father’s farm. He generally took care of the horses on our place 
when he was not otherwise occupied in treating the “ stalls,’”’ and 
he seemed to be generally recognized in the community as a sort 
of one-day stall himself. When I come here to-day, and find 
gathered in Indianapolis this great body of hundreds of men, 
who have dedicated their lives to this science, I am indeed forced 
to the conclusion that the world is progressing along other lines 
than those referred to by the political speakers of the present day. 
Indianapolis is so much accustomed to entertaining conventions 
that it requires one of unusual character to break a ripple on the 
surface, but I must admit to you that when there is gathered in 
our capital city this magnificent representation of this new pro- 
fession, it is indeed an eye-opener to all of us. 

When we were informed some few months ago that this 
national association was to hold its meeting here, the scope and 
magnitude of the gathering did not at any time impress itself 
upon our minds, but since we have seen the things which we 
have to-day, and heard the remarkable statements which have been 
made as to the progress of your great profession, we are forced 
to a realization of the importance of this great profession, and 
it becomes indeed a pleasure and delight to the people of the 
Hoosier capital, not only to welcome you here, but to know that 
you have selected our home town as the place for your gather- 
ing. A veterinary surgeon, in my mind, occupies a rather unique 
position before the American people. Some eight or nine years 
ago a mechanical genius of our land invented a horseless vehicle, 
and then arose up prophets upon all sides, none of whom have 


110 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


proven themselves to have been a seventh son, or to have been 
born with a veil, gentlemen who said that the day of the horse 
had ceased, and that it would only be a limited number of years 
before vehicles propelled by horses would be such a scarcity as 
the automobile was when it started to run through the streets of 
this city, along in 1898 and 1899, but in spite of these direful 
prophecies, the use of the horse remains with us to-day, and I 
imagine will continue to remain with us as long as these great 
American people continue to be an agricultural people, because 
agriculture is the very basis of the prosperity of our land, and 
agriculture without the use of the horse could scarcely be carried 
on; consequently, the veterinary surgeon will remain with us as 
long as the draft horse is a necessity in our commercial life, and 
as long as the pet is to be found about the household. I well 
understand and know how serious a matter it has become where 
the household has become wedded to a particular pet, and I also 
well understand and appreciate how serious a matter it is in a 
case where the household has become wedded to a household 
pet, and we wake up some morning and find there is something 
the matter with that particular pet, which requires the attention 
of a veterinarian. If that pet is sick, it is almost a dead race 
to see how quickly we can get to the telephone to summon this 
professional man or that man to alleviate the sufferings of that 
pet, which means so much to the household. I am not compar- 
ing a household pet of that kind to the partner of my sorrows, 
but the household pet in the sense of importance, and it is only 
given as a relative illustration to demonstrate to you that so long 
as the American people continue to be a people who have some 
natural and wholesome impulses manifested in the love of dogs 
and ponies, and our other domestic animals which we have about 
the household, just so long will there be a demand for men of this 
profession. 

Any following in life of importance, and any profession has 
a commercial side represented by the manufacturing side, and 
that in your case shows a great amount of inventive genius, skill 
and brains given to the careful manufacture of these beautiful 
instruments, such as I have seen down stairs this morning. 
These alone are evidences, not only that the profession has come 
to stay, but has come to be developed into a calling which knows 
the needs of the live stock interests of this country, and demands 
the respect of the people of this country. 

I am glad indeed to know that you have come to Indianapo- 
lis. It is a beautiful city. I trust that you all may have an op- 


SOCIETY MEETINGS, ga le | 


portunity to visit its beauties while you are present with us here 
during the coming week, and I want you to feel that the hearts 
and homes of our people are open to you, and we extend to you 
in the broadest sense a true, genuine and hearty Hoosier wel- 
come. I thank you. 

After the hearty applause brought forth by Mr. Bookwalter’s 
remarks had subsided, President Brenton requested Dr. John G. 
Rutherford to respond in behalf of the association, which he did 
in true Rutherfordian form, as follows: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It certainly gives 
me a great deal of pleasure to have an opportunity on this pleas- 
ant occasion to reply to so genial an address as that which we 
have just heard this morning from Mr. Bookwalter. I came all 
the way down here from Calgary, Alberta, at the base of the 
Rocky Mountains, on purpose to reply to the address of wel- 
come, which was to have been delivered on this occasion by ex- 
Vice-President Fairbanks of the United States, and I had heard 
one or two expressions of regret during the last few hours on 
account of the fact that the distinguished ex-Vice-President of 
the United States was not able to be with us, but I am sure that 
if any member of this body had any regret at his absence, that 
regret has been completely obliterated by the exceeding geniality 
and cordiality of this address, to which we have all listened, 
from Mr. Bookwalter this morning. I feel sure that if the dis- 
tinguished statesman had been here he could hardly have made a 
speech which makes us feel so thoroughly at home as the gentle- 
man who took his place this morning. After all, that is the most 
important purpose and object of an address of welcome,—to 
make people feel at home in the city in which they happen to be 
for the time being, and I am sure we have no reason to regret, 
but rather every reason to congratulate ourselves upon our good 
fortune in the selection of the ex-Mayor to deliver the address 
of welcome to us this morning. We reciprocate very much in- 
deed the friendly and cordial remarks of Mr. Bookwalter. 

T could not help but think as he spoke of the partner of his 
sorrows that if we are to be looked upon as judges, and that if 
his speech to us this morning is any sample of his usual manner 
of address, that the other would be much more appropriate to 
the partner of his joys, but I am satisfied that Mr. Bookwalter 
has much more joy than sorrow in the relation to which he re- 
ferred. If that were not the case, he certainly would not have 
been able to have delivered so genial and appropriate a talk as 
he has given to us this morning. He spoke of the progress of the 


112 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


veterinary profession, and in a few brief words contrasted the 
difference between the old “ horse doctor’ and the modern vet- 
erinarian. In fact he appealed to my personal memories in this 
great state of Indiana, because some thirty-two years ago I wan- 
dered down here from the wilds of Canada into the state of In- 
diana and commenced the practice of my profession in what is 
now one of the most prominent cities of the Hoosier State. I 
can fully substantiate Mr. Bookwalter’s memories because I think 
the facts to which he refers were going on quite extensively at 
about the same time as my own experience in this state. When 
I came to Indiana, although, of course, I owned and used the 
title of “ Veterinary Surgeon,” I found that nobody knew what 
it meant. (Laughter.) There was in the town in which I was 
located at that time, a gentleman who had a sign on his place of 
business. He was one of the old-fashioned type of “ horse doc- 
tors ’’ to which the Mayor referred. I need not tell you that I 
had rather a hard time. I was a bit of a curiosity in that Indiana 
town because I had a hat the style of which was not generally 
known in the town which I was located in, and which caused me 
to be looked upon with considerable curiosity in that particular 
part of the state. I think I had the only one of that style in the 
State of Indiana at that time. That was not the only peculiarity 
which I had. I had several other peculiarities. I remember that 
was only one. I used to use a tight cord to hold my unmention- 
ables together, and I was a bit of a curiosity on that account. 
When I used to walk about the street, the girls of the town used 
to stand and look at me. I am afraid I was considerable in ad- 
vance of my time in that place. (Laughter. ) 

One day there was an old chap, who was rather a dignified 
man, and who always wore a top hat and Prince Albert coat. 
He had once been in the East, and I suspect got his notions of 
dress from that quarter. He was in my office one day, and he 
says to me, “Doc, where did you come from, anyway?” 
“Well,” I says, “I came from Canada.” “ Well,” hesaysje tues 
is not much of a place, anyhow.” (Laughter.) He says, “I 
was down in Niagara Falls once on an excursion, and I saw a 
place across the bridge, and I said to somebody, ‘“‘ What place is 
that?’”’ They said it was Canada. So I went over and walked 
all over the dog-goned place, but there was not much to it, and 
it did not amount to anything, anyway.” (Laughter.) 

I came from Canada, and, as you can see, the old fel- 
low’s opinion of the place from which I immigrated was not very 
favorable. Between his opinion and the opinion of the towns- 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113 


people, whom I have strongly suspected of looking upon me as 
something of a freak, I can quite strongly substantiate what Mr. 
Bookwalter has said this morning about the profession in his 
early days, and I rather think from his description of the gentle- 
man who came to his father’s farm, he was rather superior to 
the general run of veterinarians in that day. We have pro- 
gressed. We have gone along until we are at the present time 
a very substantial, a very reputable and respectable profession. 
We are improving. Another thing, we are able to corroborate 
the statement which the Mayor made this morning as to the fact 
that we are not going out of existence for quite a while yet, and 
that most of us that are in the profession to-day will probably 
die in it, unless we make a mistake and get into politics, either 
municipal or federal, in which case the end can readily be fore- 
seen. (Laughter. ) 

There is, of course, a phase of the veterinary business which 
Mr. Bookwalter did not touch upon, and to which he did not 
allude, namely, that of veterinary sanitation. That particular 
phase of our work, as you all know, is coming to play a very 
great part in the practice of veterinary medicine. We all appre- 
ciate very much indeed the kindly remarks of Mr. Bookwalter 


' with reference to the household pet. We hope that the domestic 


pet will be a long time in dying out of the hearts of the American 
people. We fully realize the serious responsibility of being wed- 
ded to one woman, and, as the Mayor has very artfully intimated, 
it is serious (Laughter) because, as we know, no one man can 
very well serve two masters. I know a fellow that tried it once, 
and he is now serving a term for bigamy (Laughter), and I feel, 
as I said before, that in the matter of Mr. Bookwalter, while he 
made the serious step of being wedded to the woman who was 
invited to wed him, I am sure that he certainly felt that she was 
not suffering any grievance on account of being wedded to only 
one man. (Laughter. ) 

I was greatly impressed with Mr. Bookwalter’s reference to 
the little souvenir which he received down stairs this morning, 
and I felt when he told of the various uses to which that little 
implement could be put, that perhaps I ought to give him a word 
of warning, and as I was not quite sure that I would have the 
opportunity of giving it to him privately, I may be justified to 
take this big audience into my confidence, and give it to him in 
this public manner. I want him to avoid, if possible, the unfor- 
tunate mistake which a fellow made who was on a trip away from 
home. When he came home, his wife said to him, “ John, did 


114 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


you enjoy your trip?” “Oh,” he says, “it was rather of a long 
trip all together, but that would not have been so bad, if I had 
not lost my luggage.” ‘ Lost your luggage? But how did that 


happen?” she said. ‘Oh, the cork got loose, that’s all.’” 


(Laughter. ) 

Now then, ladies and gentlemen, we certainly appreciate to 
the very full the very kindly and hearty welcome which we have 
had this morning. I have had in common with a good many of 
you the opportunity of listening to a good many addresses of wel- 
come in various parts of this continent. We have had them of 
all kinds. They have all been nice and friendly, and they have all 
been appreciated by the members of the American Veterinary 
Medical Association, but I have no hesitation in saying that the 
address that Mr. Bookwalter has given to us this morning will 
stand out even among the considerable number of eloquent, 
friendly and kindly addresses to which we have listened in dif- 
ferent places in which our conventions have been held,—it will 
stand out by itself, as one of the best, if not the very best, to 
which we have ever listened. (Applause. ) 

On behalf of this association, Mr. Bookwalter, I desire to con- 
vey to you, and through you to your fellow citizens of the City 


of Indianapolis, our sincere appreciation of the cordial and fra- — 


ternal welcome which you have accorded to us, and to express 
the hope that the cordial relations between this association and 
the people of Indianapolis, so happily begun, will always remain 
as friendly as they are at the present moment.” 

To say Dr. Rutherford’s remarks delighted his audience, 
would be putting it mildly; as was attested by the rousing ap- 
plause that followed; after which the president delivered one 
of the most wholesome and helpful addresses that the members 
have listened to in some time, and it is to be hoped that the 
younger members to whom he delivered some sound advice, will 
realize the importance of his remarks. The older members 
showed that they fully shared his views by their conduct at the 
several executive sessions. 


PRESIDENT BRENTON’S ADDRESS. 


Fellow. Members of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- 
ciation, Visitors, and the Ladies: In again acknowledging my 
appreciation of the great honor done me a year ago at Toronto 
in electing me to the highest office in the gift of the profession 
in America, I do so with a full sense of the responsibility which 
goes with that honor. -I wish to emphasize what was said a year 
ago that the appreciation is all the greater on account of the 


i = es ee Se a 


een ——— 


TD ee eh) * 


SOCIETY MEETINGS, 115 


honor coming upon the anniversary of my majority, on the 
threshold of my Alma Mater, in the land of my birth, and largely 
by the assistance of my associate residents in the land of my 
adoption. 

Ever since the Toronto meeting I have been trying to figure 
out why such an honor should be bestowed upon a humble mem- 
ber in the ranks, as it were, and long ago I came to the conclu- 
sion that it was not from any personal worth or any accomplish- 
ment of my own, but as a compliment to the Michigan State As- 
sociation, as well as a tribute to the practising veterinarians, from 
whose ranks a presiding officer had not been chosen for a num- 
ber of years. 

I have thought, too, that it might be for the purpose of get- 
ting rid of me by putting me on the shelf, as so many of the ex- 
presidents have dropped out of service as soon as their term of 
office had expired. But I want to give you a fair warning right 
now that something else will have to be done to prevent me from 
meeting my associates at each anniversary, and returning the 
hearty hand-clasp, and hearing the kindly expressions which make 
life so much worth the living. At each anniversary some fa- 
miliar face will be missed, for the Grim Reaper will exact his 
toll, and although the ranks will be filled by others, there are 
those who have so endeared themselves to us that their memories 
should ever be kept green by some permanent memorial. The 
Committee on Necrology will take proper notice of those who 
have departed this life during the past year. 

This association is nearing its fiftieth milestone, and how best 
to commemorate that event has been the study of several of the 
members from the East, and it seems but proper the anniversary 
should be celebrated at the birthplace of the U. S. V. M. A., now 
the A. V. M. A. The question now is, how can we make the 
meeting most memorable? One way is by increasing the member- 
ship, which should be doubled in the next year, and that could 
easily be done if each one would constitute himself a committee 
of one and send in to the secretary at least one new name, and as 
many more as possible of his worthy associates. In that way we 
would be able to celebrate our golden anniversary with a mem- 
bership of not less than 2,500. Let us all do our part, and even 
the officers, each, will have to get a hustle on to entertain the 
hordes which will be with them in 1913. The 1913 committee 
in their report will tell you how to do the rest. 

The forty-ninth anniversary of this association has opened 


. so auspiciously that I am led to believe that a wise selection as to 


116 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


the location was made by the Executive Committee in choosing 
Indianapolis for 1912, it being near the center of population and 
easy of access from every quarter. With what is perhaps the 
greatest number ever assembled on the opening day, and with a 
real Hoosier welcome which had been promised us by the local 
committee a month ago, and emphasized by the kindly and earnest 
words of the speaker this morning, | am sure we can already an- 
ticipate a very pleasant time and a profitable meeting. We have 
had a gradual increase in the number of applications during the 
past few years. In looking over the report of the meeting of the 
U.S. V. M. A. for 1891, the secretary’s salary, which was one 
hundred dollars per year, was increased to two hundred dollars. 
The income at that time was from seven hundred and fifty to 
eight hundred dollars, there being less than three hundred mem- 
bers. Dr. Hoskins, who was secretary at that time, spent con- 
siderable more than his salary attending different meetings in the 
interests of the parent association. He also sent out over five 
thousand communications of different kinds and nine hundred 
and fifty notices of the meeting. Then we were satisfied if the 
secretary's expenses did not exceed four or five hundred dollars 
so that there would be a balance of two or three hundred dollars 
in the treasury. At the present time we have a membership of 
approximately fourteen hundred, and the work of our secretary 
had been advancing during the past year and as proof of it just 
scan the program which has been prepared with its feast of good 
things for your entertainment and instruction, and a consequent 
increase in the duties of the secretary, and | would recommend 
in view of the greater importance of the coming meeting that the 
secretary's salary be increased to a sufficient amount to allow him 
to employ a permanent stenographer or assistant in the work of 
the office so that the same can be attended to promptly. We have 
an income of about $6,000 with fees and dues. 

The President, Dr. Huidkoper, at the time I have referred 
to, recommended that applicants for membership should be fixed 
members of their County or State Association, which is now 
being done, and I believe it is a wise move. 

r wish now to publicly thank all the officers of this associa- 
tion forthe many courtesies extended, and to express my appre- 
ciation of the work done by the members of the various commit- 
tees with whom my associations have been so pleasant during the 
past year. The Legislative Committee came under the direction 
of the able and energétic chairman, Dr. Hoskins, and has waged 


such a campaign at’ Washington in the interests of army legisla- _ 


> Sole gy 


verge 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. a ts b's 


tion that they are still in hope that the bill giving rank and recog- 
nition to the Army Veterinarian may become a law in the near 


future. 

That Dr. Hoskins has found out to his satisfaction where the 
opposition to our bill has been coming from for the past twenty 
years or more, and he has succeeded in smoking out the Military 
Department. If ever a committee’s work deserved success, the 
Legislative Committee does this year, and recognition in some 
substantial manner should be given Dr. Hoskins for his unselfish 
work on that committee and for the time and money expended. 

The Publication Committee deserve great credit for their 
work in getting out their reports in record breaking time. 

The special committee on college investigation have accom- 
plished a great deal with the small amount of money appro- 
priated, and I am very glad to state that they are ready to report 
a steady improvement along this line. 

I do not know whether the Committee on Veterinary Ana- 
tomical Nomenclature are ready to report, as the Chairman, Dr. 
Sisson, is in Europe, but I believe that an appropriation will be 
necessary to aid them in their work for the coming year. 

That serum therapy does now and will in the future play a 
very important part in the prevention and eradication of disease 


I am satisfied, and that its use with the aid of Sanitary science 


will within a few years’ time be the means of controlling many 
of the infectious diseases, but greater care should be exercised in 
the manufacture and distribution of the same. 

_ Among some of the later serum or vaccine used, I might men- 
tion that for the treatment of distemper in dogs, which is a boon 
to both the owner of our most faithful friend and the veterinarian 
who may have the treatment in hand. You will probably hear 
more later regarding the treatment of same from Dr. Ferry, who 


‘succeeded in isolating the germ of that fatal malady, canine 


distemper. 
~ The Phylacogen, or modified vaccine, which is being used very 
extensively by the medical profession in the treatment of various 


‘diseases with very satisfactory results, is being introduced into 


veterinary practice, and I must say that the reports from some 
of our associates in the treatment of pneumonia and influenza 


and even in infected wounds have been quite remarkable. 


_T am very glad to note that through the work of one of our 
older members that the profession in England as well as Con- 
tinental Europe are awaking to the fact that something may be 
learned even from the Americans. T am speaking now of Brother 


11s SOCIETY MEETINGS, 


Williams’ operation for roaring, which he introduced into Eng- 
land and which is being practised so largely by Prof. Hobday, 
whom many of you met in Toronto last year, and has been taken 
up by the profession in Italy as well as the other countries of the 
old world; and I noticed lately in some report that the Russian 
government had sent some valuable stallions to Prof. Hobday to 
be operated upon. 

That the profession in England have a more friendly feeling 
toward the profession in this country is evidenced by the reports 
received from over the water, and in this connection I might men- 
tion that in a letter received only yesterday from Prof. Hobday 
he expresses the hope that we may have a very successful meet- 
ing, and he would like very much to be with us, and he wishes 
me at the same time to call your attention to the International 
Veterinary Congress in 1914 to be held in London, and hopes 
that a large delegation from this association may attend that great 
_ meeting. I sincerely hope that a good number of us may be privi- 
leged to go to London at that time. 

The meetings of the A. V. M. A. in the various states where 
they have been held, as a rule, have been productive of much 
good, and I have every reason to believe that the Indiana Vet- 
erinary Medical Association will have no cause to regret the great 
effort they have made in order to properly entertain this immense 
gathering, and I sincerely hope that the profession in Indiana will 
feel that having this meeting of the A. V. M. A. within their 
border has benefited the profession in their state. 

I know that the profession in Michigan was greatly strength- 
ened by your meeting in 1900, and we will be glad to try and en- 
tertain you when you feel that you can again meet in the City of 
the Straits. 

Our association had a period when an unseemly struggle for 
official places, both elective and appointive, characterized our an- 
nual meeting. The getting of office for themselves or friends en- 
gaged time and thoughts of members to such an extent that the 
usefulness of this association as a scientific organization became 
of secondary consideration to many. So obnoxious had the po- 
litical methods employed become, and so great was the perversion 
of the time of the meeting in the scramble for office, that our 
association ceased to attract new members or to hold the respect 
and co-operation of those who had joined for purely professional 
purposes. 

So serious was the disruption of the legitimate work of the 
association through political methods of selecting officers that 


SOCIETY MEETINGS, 119 


this association framed into its organic law a provision making 
its ex-presidents, who are no longer eligible for elective office, a 
permanent committee on nomination, and by resolution expressly 
forbid nominating speeches. 

Many of the newer members have no personal knowledge of 
the struggles to secure important places by ambitious individuals 
—to the very great scandal of this scientific body, and do not 
realize the beneficent influence of the present plan of nomination. 
It is very apparent to those who have long acquaintance with as- 
sociation affairs that our nominating committee has without prej- 
udice endeavored to serve the very best interests of the associa- 
tion in its selections, and I commend a very careful study of the 
excellence of this plan of selecting nominees for office to those 
who have become members in recent years, before they shall en- 
ter into what seems to be a growing discontent with the present 
method because of the agitation of a few who are ambitious and 
seek to control through political methods, regardless of the bale- 
ful influence of such methods. I sincerely hope that the younger 
membership will take counsel of their elders in this organization, 
that we may go on with the better and more amicable methods 
of selecting officers. 

Before closing, I wish to pay a compliment to the ladies, who 
have done so much, not only to increase membership in the asso- 
ciation, but who have made our meetings better in many ways. 
I am glad to see so many of them present with us to-day. 
(Applause. ) 

The conclusion of President Brenton’s address brought to a 
close the morning session, the first session of the forty-ninth 
annual meeting. The ladies having been present at this session, 
lunched with the gentlemen in the café of the German House, 
after which they took themselves off pleasure seeking, while the 
men sought out for themselves the particular one of the three 
Sections in session, that appealed to their needs or desires; as at 
that time First Vice-President Moore was presiding over the sec- 


tion on Practice of Veterinary Medicine in Room A, under the 


directorship of Dr. H. D. Gill, Second Vice-President Van Es 
was presiding over the section on Surgery, in Room B, under the 
directorship of Dr. W. L. Williams, and Third Vice-President 
Jensen was presiding over the section on Sanitary. Science and 
Police, in Room C, under the directorship of Dr. Charles H. 
Higgins. The section on practice had five excellent papers that 
were comfortably read and properly discussed; the section on 


Surgery had three papers, and the section on sanitary science 


120 SOCIETY MEETINGS, 


had six papers, making a total of fourteen papers that were read 
and intelligently discussed during a half day session; a 
condition only made possible by the section system, and 
proved the efficiency of that system where the pro- 
gram is carefully arranged, and the sections properly 
handled. ‘Tuesday evening offered two attractions, a reception 
at the Claypool Hotel and a general session in the auditorium of 
the German House, where the president listened to the reports 
of the executive committee, to the several officers’ reports (secre- 
tary, treasurer and librarian), to the report of the committee on 
diseases, and of the delegates from the state and other local as- 
sociations. A surgical clinic was on each morning, beginning 
Wednesday, from 9 to 12, while papers were being presented 
to each of the sections each morning from 10 to 12, so that those 
who did not want to give all their morning to the clinic could 
attend the clinic for an hour and then attend the section they 
chose for the next two hours. Each afternoon, beginning 
Wednesday, was given to a general session, which all attended 
together in the auditorium. There was also a general session on 
Wednesday evening which all attended, at which time election 
of officers took place. This session lasted until eleven o’clock in 
the evening, and was followed by a Dutch lunch and vaudeville 
in the Palm Garden of the German House. Thursday evening 
was devoted to the annual banquet. Friday with an all-day clinic, 
section work in the forenoon, and a general session in the after- 
noon, which was concluded by the installation of the officers for 
the coming year, brought to a close the most successful meeting 
in the history of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 


THE CLintc 


After the afternoon session on surgery in room B on Tuesday, 
27th, the further work of that section was conducted at the In- 
diana Veterinary College in the form of a surgical clinic, which 
began at g a. m. on Wednesday, 28th, presided over by Fifth 
Vice-President Roberts, and under the directorship of Dr. J. W. 
Klotz. The amphitheatre furnished ample seating room, and 
with a large and small operating room, each provided with an 
operating table and plenty of floor room where horses could 
be operated upon thrown, a tremendous amount of clinical ma- 
terial was used to advantage. Another very helpful feature of 
the clinic was the lectures that were given by the operators, be-_ 
fore, during and after an operation. Before the operation the 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121 


indications for its performance, the dangers and complications 
to be encountered and avoided, and the probable results to be 
expected; during the operation the operators stopped at the var- 
ious steps in the operation, explaining what had been done up 
to that time and what the next step would be, etc.; after the 
operation an explanation as to what had been finally accomplished 
during the several steps, all of which was extremely interesting 
and instructive. 

Case I.—Bay gelding; malignant tumor; operator, Dr. W. L. 
Williams, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Williams explained that the subject 
was about 10 years old, and that for about 12 weeks it had been 
noted that he had had some difficulty in respiration, enough, in 
fact, to make an operation necessary. Besides, he could swallow 
neither food nor water with any degree of comfort. Examination 
revealed a new growth in the throat about the size of a finger, 
situated between the epiglottis and the tongue. The animal was 
destroyed, a longitudinal section of the head made, exposing 
the tumor and confirming the diagnosis. Dr. Williams pro- 
nounced the tumor malignant, probably carcinomatous. 

Case II.—Bay mare; fistulous tract in withers; operator, Dr. 
W. A. Axby, Harrison, Ohio. Dr. Axby explained upon exam- 
ining the case that it was a chronic condition, which had never 
been operated upon. but that caustic had been applied at various 
times. Upon further examination it was shown that the tract 
extended down an inch and a half behind the scapula. After 
laying the tracts open they were packed with gauze, with the 
recommendation that the parts be kept clean with an ordinary 
salt solution, and that bacterins be given in increasing doses 
every four or five days. 

Case IJ].—Light sorrel gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. J. H. 
Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio. The animal was cast and put under 
general anaesthesia; the throat shaved and washed, and tincture 
of iodine applied. Dr. Blattenberg then proceeded to perform 
the Williams’ operation, using the Blattenberg burr. Dr. Blat- 
tenberg said he was frequently asked about stitching after the 
mucosa had been taken out, and said, “I do not stitch.” 

Case IV.—Four-months-old colt; operation for knuckling; 
operator, Dr. John W. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa. After an ex- 
tremely interesting discourse on the condition and the indications 
for the operation, its probable results, choice of instruments em- 
ployed, etc., the colt was secured in hobbles and laid on its side, 
and tenotomy performed, with result that the little animal put 
the foot flat on the ground on being released. 


LZ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Case V.—Bay mare; roarer; operator, Dr. W. L. Williams. 
After an interesting talk on the operation, Dr. Williams operated 
on the left side, as the right side appeared to be all right, he 
explained. The mucosa was removed with the burr. 

Case VI.—Bay stallion; scrotal hernia; operator, Dr. J. H. 
Blattenberg. Case explained and a talk on the condition and the 
operative procedures contemplated, by Dr. W. A. Axby. The 
horse, which had been under a general anaesthetic, revived within 
three minutes after ammonia had been placed to the nostrils, and 
walked to his stall. 

Case VII.—Bay gelding; quittor; operator, Dr. W. L. Wil- 
liams. Who, after explaining that he had been asked only that 
morning to operate, and the foot was not as clean as he would 
like to have it, so he would have to operate under antiseptic in- 
stead of aseptic conditions, proceeded to perform the Baer opera- 
tion. In removing the horn over the lateral cartilages. it was 
found that the laminae were badly diseased, and over a large area 
were absolutely destroyed, the coronary band was so badly dis- 
eased it had to be cut away in order to get the part clean, and the 
lateral cartilages had nearly all disappeared, due to necrosis. At 
the completion of the operation, Dr. Williams stated that the case 
gave promise of a fair recovery, but that the coronary band 
would be considerably blemished. 

Case VIII.—Sorrel gelding; necrosis of ligamentum nuche; 
operator, Dr. W. A. Axby. The necrotic tissue was removed and 
the wound packed and sutured and the animal released appar- 
parently suffering no discomfort. 

Case [X.—Bay stallion; cryptorchid; operator, Dr. J. H. Blat- 
tenberg. The animal for this operation was placed in the centre 
of the floor of the amphitheatre, where the operation was per- 
formed by Dr. Blattenberg in a manner that proclaimed him a 
past-master at the work. 

Case X.—Black mare; shortened tendon; operator, Dr. L. A. 
Merillat, Chicago. Ill. Dr. Merillat explained that this condi- 
tion was due to inflammation of the carpal joint. The pain of 
synovial inflammation, or of ligamentous inflammation, had 
caused the joint to be held in a state of flexion, and to accommo- 
date the new position, the tendinous structure is shortened. ‘‘ The 
operation we are going to perform to correct this condition is 
known as carpal tenotomy,” he said. After the operation, Dr. 
Merillat called attention to the fact that the leg had taken a pretty 
normal position. “It is a better leg than the opposite one,” he 
said, “ but you will notice half an hour from now, in the stall, 


_? 


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E 
! 
3 
: 
h 


‘. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1238 


that the animal will find the same old position, and the application 
of a brace will be necessary to effect a cure.” 

Case XI.—Bay gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. L. A. Merillat. 
“ Here is a horse that will probably not be cured by the opera- 
tion,” Dr. Merillat said, explaining that roaring in this case was 
due more to damage to the trachea, than to the larynx. ‘“ This is 
more of a clinical case than a practical case. Having the horse 
under anaesthesia, we can observe this condition.” The Wil- 
liams’ operation was performed. 

Case XII.—Bay gelding; operation for kick wound on inner 
aspect of tibia; operator, Dr. W. L. Williams. The operator 
stated that he understood that the animal had been kicked, and 
that it had been followed by necrosis with a sequestration of bone 
imbedded in the tibia. Proceeding with the operation, Dr. Wil- 
liams found a fistula running behind the tibia, there was some 
necrotic tissue. After the operation, the wound was packed with 
jodoform. Dr. Williams stated that he had gotten to the bottom 
of the fistula, and consequently the case should do well. 

Case XIJI.—Bay gelding; nail puncture that had infected the 
foot ; operation, resection of flexor-pedis tendon; operators, Drs. 
W. A. Axby and J. H. Blattenberg. Dr. Axby gave a grave 
diagnosis, explaining that the operation should be performed 
earlier, before septic changes have become so far advanced. The 
doctor had very little hope during the operation from the ad- 
vanced necrotic condition, but upon completing it, stated there 
might be a chance. It was an excellent case for demonstration 
of tissue destruction from a nail puncture. 

Case XIV.—Bay mare; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. Fuls- 
tow, Norwalk, Ohio. The doctor performed vaginal ovariotomy 
on a five-year-old mare, with colt, the mare being a nympho- 
maniac. She was high spirited and difficult to control, but the 
operation was finally performed satisfactorily. 

Case XV .—Bay mare; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. Fuls- 
tow. The doctor found some difficulty to get one of the ovaries, 
as the mare was high-strung and the ovary was enveloped in the 
peritoneum. , Dr. Fulstow explained that the ovaries were very 
cystic. This mare was also a nymphomaniac. 

Case XV I.—Bay gelding; hydrocele; operator, Dr. George R. 
White, Nashville, Tenn. Dr. White said, ‘““This horse was sent 
here for operation for scortal hernia, but it is nothing more than 
an ordinary water sac, or water bag. It is one of the frequent 
sequelae to castration of the horse, but it is a very frequent sequel 
to castration in the mule. The presence of a water sac after cas- 


124 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


tration, however, reflects as much on the veterinarian’s ability as 
any one operation he can do.” The operation completed, the 
horse (which had been cast with the old Conkey casting harness, 
27 years old) was released and immediately got up and walked 
to his stall. 

Case XV IJ.—Light sorrel gelding; quittor; operator, Dr. R. 
C. Moore, Kansas City, Mo., assisted by Dr. Geo. H. Roberts, 
Indianapolis, Ind. This was an exaggerated case of quittor; the 
operation was performed on an operating table in one of the 
smaller operating rooms of the college; the animal having been 
given two drachms of cannabis Indica in the jugular vein a short 
time before the operation. The operation was successfully per- 
formed and the horse seemed more comfortable after it. 

Case XVIII.—Bay gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. J. N. 
Frost. Animal was cast upon the floor of the amphitheatre, and 
the Williams’ method followed. 

Case XIX.—Bay mule; arthritis; operator, Dr. W. J. Mc- 
Kinney, Brooklyn, N. Y. This operation for arthritis in the 
shoulder joint was done by puncturing to the condyle of the 
humerus. Drainage was established and the arthritis reduced 
successfully. 

Case XX.—Bay mule; fibroid tumor; operator, Dr. Geo. R. 
White. This tumor was situated above the sternum in an aged 
mule. Two drachms of cannabis Indica was injected into the 
jugular vein, and the animal placed on an operating table. Two 
lateral incisions were made close to the base of the tumor, the 
adhesions divided, and the tumor, which weighed between 15 and 
20 pounds, successfully removed, but the animal died before he 
could be placed on his feet, which was the only death that oc- 
curred during the entire clinic, which extended over several 
days. 

Case XXIJI.—Heifer; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. John W. 
Jameson, Paris, Ky. The heifer was in calf; the operation was 
successfully performed. 

Case XXII.—Heifer; ovariotomy; operator, Dr. H. M. 
Manly, Dayton, Ohio. This operation differed in interest from 
the last one only in the demonstration of the x-stitch by Dr. J. W. 
Klotz. 

Case XXIIJ.—Bay gelding; handling of float; operator, Dr. 
C. C. Brown, Memphis, Tenn. Dr. Brown gave a demonstration 
on handling a float in the mouth of a horse, also in making 
an examination of a horse’s mouth. The doctor came upon a 
split molar on the right side, sticking out into the mouth, which 


ea OS tied 1 hse ee) tee ah “so 


1e™ 


pees 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 125 


he proceeded to remove successfully with a pair of forceps—not 
using any speculum. 

Case XXIV.—Dapple-gray gelding; roarer; operator, Dr. 
John W. Adams. A tracheotomy tube had been inserted in this 
horse’s trachea about two weeks previously. Horse was cast 


and chloroform administered, and the roaring operation per- 
formed. 


Case XXV’.—Bay gelding; median neurotomy ; operator, Dr. 
John W. Klotz, Noblesville, Ind. This operation for lameness 
in the knee joint was quickly and successfully performed. 


Case XXVJ.—Bay gelding; fistula of poll; operator, Dr. J. 
H. Blattenberg. This operation was performed with the horse 
standing on the floor of the amphitheatre, an incision being 
made, and drainage provided for. After the pus had been 
drained out, peroxide was applied and the wound packed with 
sterilized gauze and sutured. 

Case XXVII.—Bay mule; hernia; operator, Dr. J. H. Blat- 
tenberg. Animal was cast on the floor of the amphitheatre ; there 
were no adhesions, so that the operation was a simple one, and 
was quickly and successfully performed. 

There were also a number of minor operations and procedures 
on horses’ mouths and on small animals, without lectures, making 
56 operations in all. And, besides, there were a number of cases 
that were not reached, which Dr. Klotz operated upon the fol- 
lowing Monday. Altogether, it was the most instructive clinic 
that has ever been held in connection with the A. V. M. A., and 
we believe in connection with amy association. 

The great success of the Indianapolis meeting was due as 
much to the organized system of conducting its affairs as to any 
other one factor, and the officers of the association and members 
of the local committee cannot receive too much praise for the 
formation of so excellent a program as was presented, and the 
orderly and systematic manner in which it was carried out. The 
disappointment of not being able to discuss the papers, which 
was experienced with the large program presented last year, was, 
so far as we know, entirely eliminated this year. The evening 


Sessions on two evenings materially assisting in getting off much 


of the routine business. 

The ladies were well entertained and share with the men the 
opinion that a Hoosier welcome is one of the most whole-souled 
and heartiest they have experienced, and one that will linger 
pleasantly in their memories for a long time to come. 


126 F SOCIETY MEETINGS, 


COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT MOHLER FOR IQI2-I3. 
GENERAL COMMITTEES. 


Executive—A. D. Melvin, Chairman; Sesco Stewart, Joseph 
Pucies, P. Lorrance, H. D. Gill, D. Fe vox 

Intelligence and Education—E. A. A. Grange, Chairman; 
Pierre Fish, C. H. Stange, W.-B. Craig, R. A. Archibald. 

Diseases—V. A. Moore, Chairman; L. Van Es, A. T. Kins- 
ley, K. F. Meyer, C. M. Haring. 

Legislation—W. Horace Hoskins, Chairman; W. G. Hol- 
lingworth, J. P. Turner, James Robertson, F. A. Bolser. 

Finance—Thomas A. Sigler, Chairman; H. Preston Hoskins, 
A. S. Cooley. 

Publication—R. P. Lyman, Chairman; R. W. Ellis, George 
H. Hart, J. H. Blattenburg, Ward Giltner. 

Necrology—O. L. Boor, Chairman; S. Brenton, J. G. Wills, 
A. H. Baker, A. Bostrom. 

Resolutions—W. H. Dalrymple, Chairman; E. H. Shepard, 
George A. Johnson, S. H. Ward, George B. McKillip. 


SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 
S. Sisson, 


Revision of Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 
Chairman; I. E. Newsom, S. L. Stewart. 

Veterinary College Investigation—Tait Butler, Chairman; 
M. H. Reynolds, George W. Dunphy. 

Agricultural College Education—A. M. Farrington, Chair- 
man; Paul Fischer, James B. Paige. 

Advertisements of Veterinary Remedies—N. S. Mayo, Chair- 
man; C. A. Cary, S. B. Nelson. 

Directors of Section Meetings—George H. Glover, Section on 
Medicine; L. A. Merillat, Section on Surgery; Chas. H. Higgins, 
Section on Sanitary Science and Police. 


MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


This association convened at the A. and M. College, Agri- 


cultural College, Miss., September 6, 1912, this being the sixth 
annual meeting of the association. Though the session covered 
but one day, it was of unusual interest because of the interesting 
demonstration and the tubercular specimens and hog cholera 
serum prepared at the college. The morning was devoted to a 


~* 


a ee ee ee ee ee 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127 


paper from Dr. J. A. Beavers on hog cholera and the results of 
serum treatment. 

Dr. E. M. Ranck, State Veterinarian, gave a public demon- 
stration of the simultaneous method of immunization of hogs 
against cholera. Drs. Oliver, Beavers and Ewing reported their 
good results with the use of this method. 

The afternoon part of the session was called at 1.30 o’clock, 
after which followed the reading and discussion of a paper by 
Dr. B. M. Leigh on milk and dairy inspection. It was discussed 
by Drs. Oliver, Ranck, Ewing, Beavers, Edwards and Ferguson. 

Dr. E. I. Keller then read a very instructive paper on gastric 
flatulence. This was discussed by Drs. Norton, Beavers, Oliver, 
Ranck and Roberts. 

Many addresses were made complimentary to the President 
of the College, G. R. Hightower, and the Live Stock Board of 
this State upon the biological work along veterinary lines made 
possible by urgent and persistent efforts of the Board of Live 
Stock Commissioners and the State Veterinarian, Dr. E. M. 
Ranck. 

Three new members were elected and received into the asso- 
ciation: Dr. E. I. Keller, Okolona; Dr. J. A. Barger, Greenville ; 
Dr. G. F. Smith, Macon. 

Officers elected for the coming year: President, Dr. O. M. 
Norton, Greenville, Miss.; Vice-President, Dr. B. M. Leigh, 
Meridian, Miss.; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. W. P. Ferguson, 
Grenada, Miss. 

The next meeting will be held at the Agricultural and Me-— 
chanical College, Agricultural College, Miss., in September, 
1913. 


W. P. FEercuson, Secretary. 


Dr. J. C. McNett DisLocatEs SHOULDER.—We read in the 
Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph, of September 23 that Veteri- 
narian J. C. McNeil, superintendent of the food inspection bu- 
reau of that city, slipped and fell down several steps, dislocating 
his left shoulder. We extend our sincere sympathy to the doc- 
tor, and hope to report him recovered in our next issue. 


Dr. J. J. CRANWELL, Clarksburg, W. Va., writes in renewing 
his subscription: “ I could not think of getting along without the 
Review! Yours for a successful year.” 


NEWS AND ITEMS. 


ForRAGE POISONING OR SO-CALLED CEREBRO-SPINAL MENIN- 
GITIS OF HorsEs.* 


Tue Cause or THE DisEAsSE.—During the last five months 
numerous reports have been received by the Bureau of Animal 
Industry relative to the existence of forage poisoning in various 
sections of the United States, particularly in Louisiana, West 
Virginia, Kansas, and Nebraska. It has usually occurred when 
a hot, dry period has been followed by rains, or during wet sea- 
sons, especially those which are characterized by frequent rains 
alternating with hot sunshine, producing a damp sultry atmos- 
phere. Such conditions are most favorable to the production of 
molds, and all outbreaks that have been investigated by the 
Bureau have been traced to the ingestion of unsound or moldy 
forage or feed, or to the drinking of water from wells or pools 
containing surface water drained through decomposed and moldy 
vegetation. The disease has been shown to be due to eating 
damaged ensilage, hay, corn, brewers’ grains, oats, etc. Horses 
and mules at pasture may contract the disease when the growth 
of grass is so profuse that it mats together and the lower part 
dies and ferments or becomes moldy. No specific organism or 
virus has yet been found which can be considered as the cause of 
this disease. 

How THE Dieas—E May BE ReEcoGNnizep.—The so-called 


cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses being an entirely different . 


disease from that which occurs in man, the symptoms as well as 
the cause are distinctly different. In the most rapidly fatal at- 
tacks death takes place in from 5 to 48 hours. Such cases begin 
with violent trembling or stupor and extreme weakness, or with 
staggering gait, partial or total inability to swallow, impairment 
of eyesight, followed by partial or complete paralysis, inability 
to stand, with marked delirium, during which the animal lying 
flat on its side becomes violent and knocks and bruises its head. 
In the second form of the disease the same line of symptoms 
may be noticed in a milder degree. Difficulty in swallowing, 
slowness in chewing the food and inability to switch the tail are 
observed. Breathing becomes heavy and noisy, and delirium may 
develop with stiffness of the spinal muscles or partial cramp of 
the neck and jaws. Death occurs in from 6 to 10 days. In the 


* Circular letter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal 
Industry, Washington, D 


128 


a he) 


RO 


NEWS AND ITEMS. _ 129 


last or mildest form the lack of voluntary control of the limbs 
becomes but slightly marked, the power of swallowing never en- 
tirely lost, and the animal has no fever, pain, or unconscious 
movements. In those cases which get well the animal generally 
begins to improve about the fourth day and goes on to recovery. 
One attack does not protect against a second attack, as horses 
and mules have been known to have the disease two or three 
times. 

How tHe DiseAsE May BE PREVENTED AND TREATED.—The 
first principle in the treatment of this disease consists in a total 
change of feed and forage. Horses kept in the stable should be 
fed with sound forage and grain from an uncontaminated source, 
even if such feed has to be brought from a distance. . Horses 
that have become affected while at pasture should be removed 
from the field in which they have been running. The animals 
should be brought to the barn or corral and fed on wholesome 
and clean feed and forage. The water, unless from an unpol- 
luted source, should likewise be changed. 

At present this preventive treatment is the only satisfactory 
method known for checking the disease, as all medicinal remedies 
used have been unsatisfactory in the vast majority of cases. The 
first indication is to empty the bowels and remove the poisonous 
products, but on account of the difficulty in swallowing, an aloes 
ball or Glauber’s salt is hard to give. In fact no remedy should 


be given by the mouth if the throat is paralyzed, as pneumonia 


ere 


is liable to-result. Fifteen grains of barium. chlorid injected 
into the jugular vein, or 2 grains of eserin under the skin, if the 
animal is not too greatly depressed, will usually act promptly. 
Intestinal disinfectants such as calomel, salicylic acid, and creolin 
are also used. If much weakness is shown and the temperature 
is below normal give aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, alco- 
hol, ether, or camphor. Rectal injections of warm water are 
good, and warm blankets wrung out of hot water may also be 
applied to the body. Subsequent treatment should consist of 
2-grain doses of strychnin twice daily, or a mixture of 2 drams 
tincture nux vomica and one-half ounce of Fowler’s solution 
given at one dose, and repeated three times daily, to combat the 
effect of the poison upon the nervous system. 


Report oN Horse PLracure In NEBRASKA, FROM Dr. A. Bos- 
TROM, STATE VETERINARIAN. 

From Secretary Ferguson, of the United States Live Stock 

Sanitary Association, we received the following; including State 


130. NEWS AND ITEMS. 


Veterinarian Bostrom’s report to him, which Prof. Ferguson has 
issued in the form of a bulletin, to the members of the U. 5. L. 
Se Oe: 

BULLETIN. 

“The following letter from Dr. A. Bostrom, State Vetert- 
narian of Nebraska, gives the most definite information we have 
been able to secure regarding the disease affecting horses im 
Nebraska and Kansas. 

Lincoln, Nebr., Sept. 18, 1912. 
“ Prof. J. J. FERGUSON, 
Chicago, Lil. 

‘ DEAR Str—The epizootic disease among horses in Nebraska 
extends over two-thirds of the state. Horses take the disease in 
the sand hills and dry sections as well as in the low and damp 
sections. I know of a few cases which have been kept in the 
barn on dry feed for three weeks, but I know of no livery horses 
affected as yet, and very few horses in the large cities are af- 
fected. We know absolutely nothing concerning the nature, 
cause, treatment or prevention of this disease. 

“ The disease is very fatal, not more than 5% recover, and 
these few recoveries, in my opinion, could not be claimed to be 
due to any treatment. It attacks horses of all ages, but mostly 
young horses between two and six years old. Most of the horses 


die within 48 hours, a few linger for a week or more, and some 


die in about 12 hours. 

“ Derangement of the central nervous system is shown in 
the earliest stage, such as somnolence, stupidity, muscular tremors 
of the face and neck, grinding of the teeth, paralysis of the 
muscles of deglutition, and generally of one side of the head and 
neck, later muscular inco-ordination of the limbs, falling down 
and generally remaining flat on the side without showing any 
evidence of pain. Some exhibit rabiform symptoms. The 
visible mucous membranes are congested with petechia, espe- 
cially on the membrane nictitans. Temperature in the early stage 
is generally between 103 and 106, respiration and pulse nearly 
normal. Later temperature goes down, respirations increased 
and abnormal, pulse decreasing and at last imperceptible. 

“Post mortem lesions show evidence of inflammation of the 
brain, spinal cord and also of the meninges, hemorrhagic in- 
farcts in the lungs and petechial hemorrhage in the spleen, yel- 
lowish infiltration of the connective and fat tissues of the body. 

“ Hoping that this will give you the desired information, I 
remain, 

“Yours truly (signed) A. Bostrom.” 


re 


y 


Sy 


oe Ee ETN Ce aed: 


Beg 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


NOVEMBER, 1912. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 
Paris, September 15, 1912. 


GENERAL PARALYSIS IN ANIMALS.—At any rate “ our 
researches in the domain of comparative pathology demonstrate 
that in one animal another virus besides the syphilitic can, by 
its localization on the nervous centers, promote a series of lesions 
and of symptoms identical to those characteristic of general 
paralysis in man.” 

Those were the conclusions of a communication made by 
Prof. G. Petit, of Alfort, before the Société de Pathologie Com- 
parée, after relating some of the results he had obtained and of 
the observations he had made in his researches on the Compara- 
tive Pathology of the nervous system and principally in dogs 
affected with distemper, in which the virus localizes itself fre- 
quently on the important organs that compose it, the nervous 
symptoms presented by the animals thus affected varying natur- 
ally according to the importance and the seat of the lesions and 
resulting from the localization of the virus, which like that of 
rabies has, though to a lesser degree, the property of fixing itself 
upon the nervous centers. And it is thus that are observed in 
different subjects chorea, paralysis, epilepsy, etc., or even true 
dementia, with or without auto-mutilation, which is general 
paralysis and which must be understood in the same sense as it 
is in man, viz.: general paralysis of intellectual functions. 

133 ¢ 


134 EDITORIAL, 


What a progress! When up to this day this disease was ex- 
clusively belonging to human species, here it is met with in an 
animal, in dog. 

The demonstration of the existence of the disease in dogs is 
based by Professor Petit on the very careful study of the symp- 
toms and of that of the lesions which as in man are those of 
diffused sub-acute meningo-encephalitis. 

The predominating symptom of this affection, that which 
veterinary clinicians have, it seems, so far not recognized or inter- 
preted in its true character, is the gradual loss of the intelligence. 
The memory is becoming obscure, the senses become blunt or 
abolished, and the animal is taken with indifference and 
automatism. 

The judgment may be disturbed from the start. Is not the 
case of the dog which beats itself to death against the iron fence 
which separates him from another animal which he wishes to 
attack, a most significant illustration? 

Again, the animal does not answer any more to the call of 
its name, he does not recognize his master; he falls into a kind of 
idiotism, like people affected with general paralysis. Sometimes 
nervous agitation or again stupor is observed. The former, at 
times characteristic in the clinical onset of the disease, is accom- 
panied with change in the character; the animal becomes surly, 
cross or even ugly; but most ordinarily he falls in a state of 
stupefied dullness that lasts to the end. Cases of auto-mutilation 
can also be observed. Petit has seen it in a dog and in a hyena. 
Both of these animals had meningo-encephalitis. 

Troubles of the motors may also appear from the beginning, 
due to either encephalic or medullary lesions. Patellar reflexes 
are exaggerated. ‘There are generalized shiverings. The equi- 
librium and the moving are often unsteady. Cerebellous hem- 
latrophy added to the meningo-encephalitis has provoked cir- 
cus motions in the animal. 

Special and general sensorial sensibilities are soon diminished 
or even abolished. The external world does not exist any more 
for the animal. Ocular troubles are not always present. Pu- 


OS = | 


eS ee ey a) ee 
al 


a, a4 Seal ei “_ eee ane 


"5 


EDITORIAL, 135 


pillar unevenness and myosis have been observed. Some animals 
bark no more, not because of the loss of voice, but by pacific dis- 
position. Others seem to become deaf. The evolution of the 
disease takes place without fever, and the cephalo-rachidian fluid 
reveals an undoubted lymphocytosis. 

Anatomically the nervous lesions are diffused, spread on the 


cerebrum they extend to the cerebellum, the bulb and the spinal 


cord; in other words, in the entire neuvrax. They are of sub- 
acute inflammatory nature and affect principally the pia-mater 
and the blood vessels; of course the clinical manifestations vary 
according to the extent and the severity of the lesions as well 
as their localization upon the segments of the nervous system. 
To the symptoms of cerebral order are associated cerebellous, 
medullary and sometimes bulbous manifestations. 

Taking into consideration the clinical picture that he has thus 
reviewed and the anatomo-pathologic investigations he has made, 
_ Prof. Petit considers that great analogy is sufficiently demon- 
strated between the disease of dog considered as it has been and 
the general paralysis of man, and that both are equally due to 
_ diffused meningo-encephalitis with simultaneous development of 
lesions in the central nervous structures. 


* 
* * 


LyMPHO-sARCOMAS.—The diagnosis of the nature of some 


malignant neoplasms is, according to all writers on general 


2 


_ pathology, the object of great difficulty, at least under many cir- 


_ cumstances, or only unless an histological examination comes to 
_ the aid of the surgeon. But even in this condition there are 
_ instances where this can be reached only as one of the final steps 


a 


of post mortem. 
To be sure, this is, generally speaking, as clinical records have 
already given some essential points, which help the suspecting 


operator. The frequent appearance of those growths in given 


_ regions, in special organs or tissues, etc., are sometimes sufficient 
to suggest their nature. And on that account any fact which 


136 EDITORIAL, 


may bring light on the subject and permit one to be almost posi- 
tive as to the nature of a malignant growth is of utmost 
importance. 

And such is the case which I found in the résumé of a clinical 
lecture by Prof. Moussu relating to lympho-sarcoma of the neck 
and entrance of the chest in bovines, where the learned professor 
made his diagnosis presented to him by the peculiar fact that he 
had met a few similar cases, almost exactly alike, not only in the 


manifestations of the tumor, its location, its aspect, its accom- . 


panying symptomatology, but also by its general effect on the 
organism, viz.: a more or less rapid emaciation with fatal 
cachectic condition ending the miserable suffering of the dis- 
eased animal in death. 

Briefly recorded, the case was that of a cow, which had a 
tumor, which in a month had reached very large dimensions and 
involved the lower half of the neck. It was nearly symmetrical 
and localized to the pre-tracheal region. It was hard, painless, 
rather bosselated and gave the sensation, when one tried to move 
it, of a mass, not adherent to the cervical axis, but enveloping 
all the pre-vertebral organs, including blood vessels, nerves, 
trachea, oesophagus and pre-tracheal muscles. 

Besides this condition of the neck, there was another symp- 
tom, which manifested itself from the very beginning of the 
apparition of the swelling and seemed to belong to the pathogeny 
of the disease, viz.: a permanent tympanitis, which, although 
relieved by puncture of the rumen, returned very rapidly after 
every operation. All the other apparatuses presented nothing 
abnormal. 

A big local lesion and great digestive trouble were all that 
the animal presented, and they would prove sufficient for the 
learned professor to announce his diagnosis, which had been con- 
firmed by microscopic examination. It proved an important fact 
—every one will know—of course the importance of this case is 
brought out only because of the satisfaction that such may prove 
to a practitioner, clinical scientific satisfaction—nothing else, the 
end being always the same. Even surgical interference, impos- 


a4 pe "Be ~ 2a ee 


ss 3 *@-4 


EDITORIAL, 137 


sible in a similar case, might be useless, and it is probable that 
a medical treatment would not be different. 

Recently Wassermann has announced the recovery of experi- 
mental cancer of mice with intravenous injections of seleniate 
of soda and eosine. This was tried by Moussu on his cow. For 
three days only, as she died. The treatment was too short to 
expect any change in the general condition of the animal, but it 
removed the tympanitis. However, in another animal, affected 
with the same neoplasm and having also permanent tympanitis, 
intravenous injections of seleniate gave also spontaneous relief 
to the gastric troubles from six to twelve hours after the injec- 
tion, but between thirty-six to forty-eight hours after, the tym- 
panitis returned. 


Axsout STIJFZIEKTE AND LAMZIEKTE.—Dr. A. Theiler, in 
the Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, of last 
May, has written an article bearing some relation on these two 
diseases of that country, referring and reviewing the present 
knowledge of those affections in which, like rickets, osteoma- 
tasion, osteoporosis and pica, the absence of phosphate of lime 
in the skeletal system of the affected animals has been considered 
as accepted and proved as the pathological cause and because 
similar deductions have been made also with regard to the South 
African diseases above designated. 

Practical notes, addressed to agricultural people, they have 
been issued after careful consultation with such publications as 
Hutyra and Marek’s “ Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der 
Haustiere,’ Abderhalden’s ‘“ Physiological Chemistry,” and 
Ostertag and Zuntz’s publication on ‘“ Pica” or abnormal crav- 
ing in cattle. 

Passing then briefly and successively a review of the symp- 
tomatology, post-mortem lesions, etiology of rickets, of osteoma- 
lacia, of osteoporosis and of pica, and after relating the experi-_ 


138 EDITORIAL, 


ments made for investigations referring to this last disease by 
the Prussian Government, the author presents the following con- 
clusions and comparisons: 

I. There exist several diseases affecting the skeletal system, 
in which a deficiency of phosphate of lime is accepted, but these 
diseases do not seem to be identical either in the same or different 
species of animals. 

2. It has been proved that by feeding certain animals with 
foodstuffs poor in phosphate of lime, a disease of the skeletal 
system can be produced both in young and adult animals. 

3. It has, however, not been proved that the absence of such 
salts in foodstuffs produce the diseases known as rickets, osteo- 
malacia and osteoporosis. 

4. It has been shown that even the substances, of which a 
deficiency is considered to be the cause of the disease, can produce 
a disease when given in excess (phosphoric oxide), and it has 
been further noted that various causes must be responsible for 
the condition known as osteomalacia and rickets, 

5. There diseases must be considered to be due to a cause 
directly or indirectly affecting the bony tissue whereby the 
metabolism of these parts becomes so affected that the lime salts 
are cast out as wasted products. 

6. Rachitic and osteomalatic affections present themselves 
by general symptoms of malnutrition and indigestion, by swelling 
of the joints, particularly those of the distal ends of the legs, 
by deformation, by stunted growth, by brittleness of the bones 
and by softening of the bony tissue. 

7. Some of the disturbances of the metabolism of the skel- 
etal system are preceded and accompanied by nervous symptoms, 
such as depraved appetite and abnormal cravings (osteomalacia 
and pica). 

8. Comparing the descriptions of rickets and osteomalacia 
with the form of stiff-sickness in cattle, described by Hutcheon, 
ia certain resemblance can be noted. 

9g. It has been shown with certainty that at least one of these 
diseases (with abnormal craving as the main symptom, and char- 


ae 


whe a 


Vin Sede ape ats: er 


teh BOO 4 


gah cheated a et Se 
ys a = = — — = = = —— 


EDITORIAL. 139 


acterized by the stunted growth of the animals) is due to toxic 
- substances in the vegetation of certain soils, the toxic being of a 
cumulative nature, and its presence in the herbage being depend- 
ent on climatical conditions (pica). 

10. The disease lamziekte, as described by Hutcheon, has in 
common with osteomalacia, only the symptoms of depraved appe- 
tite and abnormal craving and none of the symptoms pointing to 
lesions in the skeletal system. 

11. It has been proved that the toxic principle contained 
in the hay which caused “ pica’ was dependent on the growth of 
the grass and on certain climatic conditions; and that the toxic 
principles could be destroyed by treating the hay in various 
ways. 

12. It has been proved that the supply of salts and phos- 
phates to prevent pica due to vegetable poisoning was of no avail. 

13. It appears that the symptoms of abnormal craving can 
be considered to be indicative of some intoxication with vegetable 
matters not yet known; and it appears further that several kinds 
of toxins exist which are responsible for the lesions of osteoma- 
lacia and pica. 

14. The suggestion by Robinson that the stijfziekte he ob- 
served in the coastal districts of the Cape was connected with 
the sour condition of the veldt in that part of the country, finds 
an analogy in the causes of osteomalacia and pica. 

15. The fact that cattle show lamztekte only after they have 
been for some time, even many months, on a reputed lamziekte 
area before they began to develop the abnormal craving and still 
later the disease, has a certain resemblance to results with the 
feeding experiments of hay made in Germany in connection with 
pica. 

16. Leaving the pathology out of the question, there is no 
other disease which, in its etiological features, has so many points 
of resemblance to lamziekte as the pica which was studied in 
_ Germany by Ostertag and Zuntz. 


* 
* * 


140 EDITORIAL, 


INFLUENCE OF HEAT UPON THE YOUNG.—Investigators in 
pathology must have recourse to comparative experimentation to 
solve in many instances problems relating to human medicine. 
The experiments made and related lately by MM. Schreiber and 
Dorlencourt, concisely considered in the Presse Medicale, are 
another evidence of this great truth. 

All those who practice pediatry know of the dangers of heat 
on the nursing child, but differ in their opinions when comes the 
time to explain the noxious influence. So as to attempt to solve 
some points in discussion, the above named gentlemen have 
thought that in submitting young animals to the influence of 
heat, with varying conditions of temperature and feeding, they 
might succeed in elucidating some of the obscure points of the 
question. 

They selected for their experiments puppies just born and 
placed them in a Roux autoclave. In a first series of experi- 
ments beginning by the temperature of the room, they gradually 
increased it, slowly, up to 40 degrees C. Some of the pups were 
fed exclusively on the mammae, others were raised artificially. 
In a second series of experiments they tried to realize the heat 
strokes in placing directly the subjects in the autoclave where the 
heat had been raised to 50 degrees. 

From the series of the experiments the following general con- 
clusions were drawn: 

I. THe ErrotocicaL Pornt or VIEw— 

a. Heat, by its exclusive direct action, is liable to promote 
accidents upon young subjects and the nocive influence of the heat 
is so much more marked that the external temperature is higher. 

b. Subjects, fed at the mammae, are exposed to the accidents 
due to heat, as well as those fed artificially. 

c. Dampness of the air seems to reduce the resistance of the 
subjects. . 

Il. THe SymproMaToLocicaAL Point or V1iEw—The 
authors have reproduced exactly the three classical forms 
admitted by Dr. Lesage. 

a. They have succeeded in producing a heat stroke, rapidly 


EDITORIAL, 141 


fatal. The symptoms observed were: excitement followed by 
depression, dyspepsia, hyperthermy above 43 degrees. They 
have not observed any digestive trouble. 

b. In dogs exposed to 20 degrees temperature they have ob- 
served that the heat would produce a fever and agitation accom- 
panied with dyspnea and loss of flesh. In most cases digestive 
troubles were absent. A long exposure to temperature above 
30 degrees would produce a notable kind of arrest in the growth 
of the dog. A temperature of 40 degrees is rapidly fatal. 

c. Three of the dogs artificially raised, besides the preced- 
ing symptoms, presented some digestive troubles, such as vomit- 
ing and diarrhoea. 

III. THe THERAPEUTIC PoInt oF VIEw—The writers have 
noted the action evidently beneficial of immediate fresh balnea- 
tion, specially in cases of heat strokes. 

Those experiments can surely prove interesting to many vet- 
erinarians, as they present facts that can be advantageous to 
know in the point of view of raising valuable young animals. 


* 
* * 


BiBLioGRAPHY.—Dr. Giovanni Roncaglio, first assistant at 
the Institute of the Royal University of Modena, has done me 
the compliment of his work on the etiology, clinic and serodiag- 
nosis between human, bovine and aviary tuberculosis. (Rap- 
porti eziologici, clinici e sierodiagnostici fra Tuberculosi wmana, 
bovina, aviaria. ) 

Attached in his professional duties to the High Royal School 
of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Roncaglio has dedicated his work 
to the director, Prof. Boschetti, as a token of his friendship and 
appreciation of his paternal affection, and then entered in the 
consideration of his subject, which he has divided in two parts. 

The first begins with a concise history relating to the knowl- 
edge of tuberculosis starting with the works of Hippocrates 
and gradually following it to Laennec, Broussais down to Vil- 
lemin, Chauveau, Perroncito and many others, arrives to the 


142 EDITORIAL, 


discovery of the long searched microbe by Robert Koch’s dis- 
covery which justified his affirmation “ without the bacillus of 
tuberculosis there 1s no tuberculosis.” 

After this interesting review Roncaglio completes this first 
part by considering the work done at the Congress of London 
in 1901, that of Paris in 1905, of Washington in 1908, and after 
presenting the various views entertained on the duality of the 
microbe, referring to the long discussions between Nocard, 
Arloing, Koch and others, alluding to the modifications that it 
may be met in, according to various surroundings, and according 
to the different species of animals and also of cold-blooded 
animals, he presents his conclusions and enters into the second 
part. 

In this the author has given his attention to different inter- 
esting points. The deviation of the complement, the reaction of 
Ascoli, the passive anaphylaxis, occupy the balance of the 187 
pages of these valuable contributions. 

The bibliographic list which is published at the end of the 
work and presents references to no less than 295 names, shows 
the lots of researches made by Roncaglio and brings before the 
reader of to-day the work done by many on tuberculosis, its 
causes, its clinical aspect, its pathology and last but not least its 
sero-diagnosis. 

shea a ae 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ITEMs.—Bureau of Animal Industry: Bul- 
letin 144, Investigations Relative to Arsenical Dips as Remedies 
for Cattle Tick, by Dr. B. H. Ranson and Dr. H. W. Graybill. 

Circular 184, The Pasteurization of Milk, by S. Henry 
Ayers. 

Circular 197, Directions for the Home Pasteurization of Milk, 
by L. A. Rogers. 

The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication 
of the Hookworm Disease. Report of the Administrative Secre- 
tary, Second Annual Report, Infection in Foreign Countries. 


YE a a 


wart, 4 @ oe 


oy eee eT 


EDITORIAL. 143 


Archives of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of 
St. Petersburg, Vol. XVII, No. 2. 

The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, Chi- 
cago Veterinary College Bulletin for June, 1912, Report of N. 
Y. State Veterinary College, 1910-11, Country Review of Baton 
Rouge, with articles from Dr. Dalrymple. 

7 


AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 
IQI3. 

With the date of the next annual meeting of the American 
Veterinary Medical Association in New York fixed for Septem- 
ber I-2-3-4-5, 1913, the work of preparation for the fiftieth anni- 
versary of the organization of the association has actually begun, 
and the local committee and sub-committees from this time for- 
ward will be busily engaged formulating plans for the celebra- 
tion that is to mark the half century of veterinary progress in 
America. It is not possible for us to do more than announce the 
date at this time and to direct attention to a communication from 
President Mohler to the Veterinary Profession of America on 
page 233 of this issue, but we hope that each succeeding issue 
will record some step in the progress of the work of the com- 
mittees who have it in charge. 


STonot PeAGue” SUBSIDES. 


While the general facts in regard to the so-called “ horse 
plague” in Kansas and adjacent states remain as published in 
our October number, much interesting data accumulated by the 
investigators in the field has since been received, going into the 
minutiae as to the causative factors, possibility of infectiousness, 


 ete.; although general reports never seemed to suggest that the 


condition was infectious, but seemed rather to point to the forage 
as the source of the trouble and the direct medium of transmis- 
sion to each individual. That fact was borne out by the report 


144 EDITORIAL, 


of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, as published in our last issue, showing that 
horses not on pasture did not develop the disease (recommending 
for that reason the taking up of horses and feeding them dry 
feed in the stable), and is further confirmed by the fact that the 
cases became perceptibly less after the heavy frosts set in (new 
cases practically ceasing to develop after the first week in Octo- 
ber), so that the “ horse plague” in Kansas may be said to have 
subsided. Believing, however, that a careful, conscientious, un- 
biased discussion of this condition in detail, by one whose opinion 
is highly esteemed, will be interesting to our readers, we have 
published a letter from one of the REviEw’s collaborators who 
spent sixteen days in the field investigating the disease, holding 
post-mortems on forty cases. This letter will be found in our 
correspondence department, beginning on page 234. 


AUTOTHERAPY INTERESTS Brirons—That the editors of The 
Veterinary Journal (London) have become interested in auto- 
therapy is evidenced by the fact that they have reproduced in 
their October issue the article on that subject by Dr. D. J. Man- 
gan, New York, published in the July number of the AMERICAN 
VETERINARY REVIEw, and we shall look forward to expressions 
on its application in veterinary practice from our English con- 
freres in the near future. 


TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATED AT AMES—The 
Towa Veterinary Medical Association will hold its twenty-fifth 
anniversary at Ames on November 12-13-14, 1912. The meeting 
will be held in the new college buildings, and a large representa- 
tion of Iowa veterinarians is anticipated. Not one should be 
absent, whether a member of the association or not, from this 
reunion and silver anniversary of this powerful veterinary organ- 
ization. This occasion is doubly important, because in addition 
to the fact that it marks a quarter of a century’s work accom- 
plished by the association, it offers to those who participate in it 
an opportunity of seeing the new veterinary buildings, and of 
realizing the importance that the State of Iowa attaches to veter- 
inary medicine. 


an 
Y 
a 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATILE.* 


By Warp Gittner, D.V.M., East Lansinc, Micu. 


Abortion, or premature expulsion of the product of concep- 
tion from the uterus in cattle, is a phenomenon that has been 
observed for many centuries. For perhaps a century it has been 
thought by some that the cause of abortion, in its epizootic form, 
is an infectious agent. This idea, of course, must have been very 
vague in the early days before the relationship of bacteria to 
infectious diseases was definitely established. I will not attempt 
to review the literature at this time, since that has been done 
satisfactorily by McFadyean and Stockman(1) up to 1909 and 
recently by Surface(2) in connection with the diagnosis of the 
disease. Suffice it to call attention to those researches that have 
a permanent place in marking progress in our knowledge of in- 
fectious abortion in cattle and its etiologic organism. 

In 1896, Bang and Stribolt(3) announced the discovery of 
their organism, which has since been called the Bang bacillus or 
Bact. abortus (Bang). Their work was reviewed in English by 
Marshall { 4) in 1899, but aside from this brief review little atten- 
tion appears to have been paid to this vastly important work. 
Ten years after the publication of Bang’s work, he reannounces 
his discoveries.(5) In 1902, Preisz(6) confirmed the findings 
of Bang both as regards the organism and its peculiar behavior 
toward intolerance of oxygen pressure. In 1908, Nowak(7) 
‘describes a method of cultivating the Bang organism in jars in 
the presence of cultures of B. subtilis, the purpose of the latter 
being to reduce the oxygen pressure. McFadyean and Stock- 
man(1) reported in 1909 for the British Board of Agriculture 


_ * Presented as a part of the report of the committee on diseases to the forty-ninth 
annual meeting of the A. V. M. A., Indianapelis, August, 1912. c 
From Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Pathology —Mich. Agr. College. 


145 


se - 
BEM Aes 


146 WARD GILTNER. 


and Fisheries on this disease. They were able to find Bact. 
abortus (Bang) as the etiologic factor in infectious abortion in 
great Britain. To them also must be given the credit for sug- 
gesting much of the diagnostic and immunization work that has 
followed, such as the complement fixation test, agglutination 
reaction and the use of “ Abortin.” 

Zwick(8) in 1910 was able to establish the identity of the 
disease in different European countries by a comparative study 
of the Bang organism. 

MacNeal and Kerr(g) in 1910 published the first account of 
the isolation of this organism in America. They suggested the 
name Bacillus (or Bacterium) abortus. We would use the latter 
generic name in accordance with Migula’s classification. We 
have studied MacNeal’s culture and have compared it with the 
organism isolated by us in May, 1911, at the Michigan Agricul- 
tural College. We believe our organism is the Bang bacillus. 


We announced the finding of Bact. abortus in the Report of the 


Bacteriologist(10) for 1911, and in the 1911 report of the United 
States Live Stock Sanitary Association.(11) In this same re- 
port we find the work of Good(12), which also establishes the 
existence of Bact. abortus in Kentucky. There is also in this 
report an announcement of the application of the complement 
fixation test in the diagnosis of abortion by Larson(13) and 
independently by Hadley,(14) although this work seems to have 
been done in co-operation. Russell(15) calls attention to this 
work in October, 1911. Wall,(16) however, in Denmark, and 
probably without knowledge of McFadyean and Stockman’s 
work, had already in 1910 announced the value of the agglutina- 
tion and complement fixation tests in abortion diagnosis. In this 
same year, Holth,(17) also, calls attention to the application of 
the complement fixation test as a valuable diagnostic measure. 
During the present year, Larson(18) has given us another paper 
corroborating previous findings concerning the complement fixa- 
tion test as a method of diagnosis. We wish to call attention to 
his error in attributing to McFadyean and Stockman the Nowak 
method of cultivating Bact. abortus in sealed jars in the presence 


a 


SS 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 147 


of B. subtilis. It would seem proper to give McFadyean and 
Stockman credit for first suggesting the complement fixation and 
agglutination methods as diagnostic methods. There have also 
been published this year a bulletin by Hadley and Beach(19) 
along the line of the work previously announced by the former 
and by Larson, and an exceptionally well executed piece of work 
by Surface(2) on the complement fixation and agglutination 
tests. Attention should certainly be directed toward the circu- 
lar(20) of the Bureau of Animal Industry, which announces the 
finding by Schroeder and Cotton(21) of an organism in milk 
that produces lesions in guinea pigs resembling tubercles, fol- 
lowed by the demonstration by Mohler(22) and Traum that this 
organism is the abortion bacillus. Smith and Fabyan(23) focus 
attention on this feature in a very interesting article on the 
lesions produced in guinea pigs by Bact. abortus. 

One cannot avoid the conclusion that progress is being made 
in the solution of the problems connected with infectious abor- 
tion. The literature has emphasized the causal organism and the 
serum tests for diagnosis. Little progress has been noted in the 
matter of immunization and handling of the affected animal. We 

_ wish to call your attention to the great importance of the handling 
_ of the cow that has developed that conspicuous “ symptom ”’ of 
the infection; we refer to the act of abortion itself, which must 
be looked upon as only an incident in the course of the disease 
and not a necessary or constant feature. Our experience indi- 
cates that retention of the placenta is a very frequent sequel of 
abortion after the seventh month of pregnancy. Manual re- 
_ moval of the membranes is a procedure usually attended with 
_ difficulties and followed by a more or less severe purulent 
_ metritis. It can be stated with a degree of positiveness that dis- 
_ infection of a mucous membrane, especially a parturient uterine 
membrane or one observed after an infectious abortion, is an 
~ impossible task. Auto-purification may, usually does, take place 
after weeks or months. The efforts of the veterinarian should be 
- directed toward assisting nature, not in placing greater burdens 
“upon an already seriously affected tissue. Only the mildest anti- 


~~ s. - 


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aati 


GG aransetiags 


148 WARD GILTNER., 


septic solutions can be used on the genital mucosz without pro- 
ducing untoward symptoms, as has been pointed out by Wil- 
liams.(24) In the report of the bacteriologist of the Michigan 
Agricultural Experiment Station for 1910,(25) we reported on 
our success with a method designed to take the place of chemical 
or coal;tar disinfectants in this connection. During three years 
we have used this method and are firm in our faith in its efficacy. 
Briefly, the procedure consists in preparing sour whey by inocu- 
lating fresh separator milk with a pure culture of Bact. bulgari- 
cum, and after firm curd has formed, straining through sterile 
cheesecloth. The whey thus secured has an acidity of about one 
per cent. It is injected into the uterus in quantities of about four 
ounces while the cervix is relaxed; after the closure of the os 
it is introduced far forward into the vagina. A sterile rubber 
tube and funnel is well adapted for this purpose. The injections 
may be made daily or at such intervals as the state of the case 
appears to demand. We have treated a large number of animals 
in this manner and have in no case failed to bring the arrival in 
a short time to an apparently normal condition. It is not un- 
known to find animals pass to a fatal issue as a result of the more 
drastic methods of vaginal injections of disinfectants, and steril- 
ity not infrequently results from such non-fatal procedures. Our 
treatment can be recommended as absolutely safe, efficient and 
not attended by unfavorable sequelae. 

The diagnosis of abortion may be discussed under the follow- 
ing headings: (1) Clinical diagnosis; (2) complement fixation 
test; (3) agglutination reaction; (4) the use of “ Abortin.” As 
for the determination of the true character of the affection by 
clinical methods, we are unwilling to give any encouragement. 
Clinical methods have great value, but are far too indefinite, in- 
tangible and in too many actual cases absolutely unreliable. One 
should carefully read the description of cases by Bang and by 
McFadyean and Stockman(1) to understand the clinical 
pathology of the disease. That the complement fixation test is 
of great value in the diagnosis of infectious abortion there can 
be no doubt. The recent work of Surface(2) demonstrates this 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 149 


point beyond the shadow of doubt. He introduces many changes 
in the technic of great value. To say that this test is infallible 
is going too far. So many factors enter into the actual technic 
that error is not easily avoided. The test is weakened by its very 
complicated nature, and that it will become the universal method 
of determining the infection cannot be prophesied. Our experi- 
ence in this connection does not encourage us in believing that 
it will. The use of the agglutination test, like the preceding, is 
an adaptation of a well-known phenomenon to a new but analo- 
gous case. In favor of this test is its comparative simplicity. 
While it will always be a laboratory procedure, the factors in- 
volved are fewer and more easily controlled. Its interpretation 
requires none the less expert observation. McFadyean and 
Stockman(26) this year give encouraging report concerning the 
agglutination test. They state that one will be justified in regard- 
ing complete agglutination with a serum dilution of I-50 or 
I-100 as strong evidence of infection. The blood serum of ani- 
mals affected with contagious abortion may agglutinate abortion 
bacilli in dilutions of 1-800. As a rule, normal serum aggluti- 
nates at a dilution of not more than 1-10. Brull(27) states that 
sound animals furnish a serum agglutinating at 1-32, while 
habitual aborters furnish serum agglutinating at I-120 up to 
I-1,600. The work of Surface tends to substantiate these state- 
ments, but he believes that only agglutinations at a dilution of 
I-100 and above show positive evidence of infection. Those 
agelutinating at dilutions between 1-20 and I-100 may or may 
not be infected. Surface believes the complement fixation test 
to be the most reliable method and suggests checking up this test 
against the agglutination reaction and regarding only those that 
react to both tests as infected. Another important defect in these 
tests consists in their inability (as we understand them now) to 
differentiate between infection and immunity produced by the 
Bang bacillus. A pregnant cow may be infected and react and 
she may or may not abort. It is possible that a pregnant cow 
may react without being infected on account of the effect of a 
previous infection. A non-pregnant cow may react either on 


150 WARD GILTNER. 


account of a present or previous infection. In brief, the condi- 
tions are so peculiar in this disease that a reaction leaves us in 
a most unsatisfactory and conflicting state of mind concerning 
its significance. Our work with these tests adds little to what 
we have reviewed above, and confirms our opinion based on a 
critical review of the literature. 

Regarding the last-mentioned test, we believe that something 
of great interest presents itself. McFadyean and Stockman(1) 
first made the material called “ Abortin” in much the same 
manner as tuberculin and mallein are made. They used a dose 
of about 10 c.c. and introduced it intravenously or subcutaneously. 
Alarming symptoms (possibly anaphylactic) followed its use by 
the former method in some cases, consequently prohibiting its 
use in this manner. By the subcutaneous method, a temperature 
reaction similar to that secured in the tuberculin reaction ensued 
in from two to six hours after the injection. The results are not 
clear cut in that all infected animals give a typical temperature 
reaction with all non-infected animals showing no temperature 
variation, but it certainly does give a reaction in many cases. 
Brull,(27) after continuing his work with this reagent, reports 
unfavorably on its use. In the report of the Bacteriologist for 
this year, we present the results of this test on thirty-three ani- 
mals including a number of retests. 

The “ Abortin” which we used was made by growing Bact. 
abortus, isolated by ourselves and by MacNeal, in naturally sterile 
horse serum, 10 c.c. + glycerinated bouillon 60 c.c. for 49 days 
at 37° C. Cloudiness was considerable and sediment abundant. 
The cultures, heated for thirty minutes in steam and filtered sev- 
eral times through filter paper, consequently contained many dead 
organisms. The material was preserved in .5 per cent. phenol by 
addition of one part to nine of 5 per cent. solution of phenol. It 
is not at all improbable that a more powerful reagent can be made 
capable of giving better results. We have grouped our animals 
under five headings: (1) No reaction, no abortion; (2) reaction, 
no abortion; (3) aborted, no reaction; (4) aborted, reacted; 
(5) not pregnant, not reacting. Unfortunately, we were unable 


a, 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. A ayil 


to check up our results by one or both of the serum tests. This 
is the line of work that should be pursued. The real value of all 
three tests may be determined in this way. No comment is neces- 
sary concerning our first group. They did not react and there 
is no clinical reason why they should have reacted. As for the 
second group (that reacted) we are under the necessity of ex- 
plaining why they did not abort. It is as easy to explain it in 
this connection as it would be in connection with the serum tests 
where the same things happen. Abortion is a symptom of the 
disease—it may be present or absent. In these cases it was ab- 
sent. Let us call attention to the possibility of an immunizing 
effect due to the injection of “ Abortin,” which may explain why 
our reactors did not abort. This is quite logical, and if the sug- 
gestion has any weight, we have here an opening to a valuable 
field of bacterial therapeutics. Our next group shows those that 
aborted, yet gave no reaction. This should not happen if we 
expect the test to be valuable. We may here again explain 
away the weakness of the test. Three of these animals failed to 
react, although they had aborted and had reactéd to a previous 
test made at a time nearer to the act of abortion. Possibly their 
failure to react to a second test is attributable to the effects of 
the previous injection of the reagent. This is the case in tuber- 
culin testing many times. In another animal the test was made 
over a month after the abortion occurred. Possibly the effects 
of the infection did not remain long after the act of abortion, 
thus leaving the animal not in a condition (of anaphylaxis?) to 
respond to the reagent. For the remaining animal, no suggestion 
can be offered as to why there was no reaction. However, it is 
well to bear in mind that in a herd affected with infectious abor- 
tion, accidental abortions may take place. Concerning the fourth 
group (reactors that aborted) little need be said. These animals 
responded to the test as one would expect. Still, we are not 
satisfied with the degree of thermal reaction in all cases. Nothing 


_ need be said concerning the last group. In comparison with the 


work done by others on the serum tests, our results are not so 
disappointing. So far as our present knowledge is concerned, 


152 WARD GILTNER. 


we are willing to admit that the ‘‘ Abortin” test as a reliable 
diagnostic agent in infectious abortion has narrow limitations. 
In favor of the “ Abortin ” test is the possibility of its easy appli- 
cation by the practicing veterinarian who has no laboratory facili- 
ties or who has no special training in serum diagnosis. In order 
to make future serum tests of wide applicability, it would be well 
for veterinarians to learn to draw samples of blood from bovines. 
We have taken samples from the jugular, from the milk vein and 
from the ear veins. 

We wish, finally, to consider in a brief manner the possibilities 
of bacterial immunization in this disease. Nothing is more re- 
markable in science than the fact that Ehrlich stands out as the 
leader in thought along two apparently unrelated lines of im- 
munology and therapy in infectious diseases, viz., by anti-bacterial 
agencies having the specific organism of the disease as their basis 
and by chemical therapeutics related to the specific cause of the 
disease only in their apparently selective antagonistic action. Is 
there any hope of preventing or overcoming the infection by 
Bact. abortus by means of chemical agents? A well-known and 
highly recommended remedy widely advertised in the agricultural 
press has been found upon independent analyses by the United 
States Department of Agriculture(28) and the Michigan Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station chemist to be composed of “ approxi- 
mately 98 per cent. of water, the remainder consisting of phenols 
(carbolic acid), oil of cloves, and a very small proportion of what 
appeared to be some form of vegetable matter.” One is not en- 
titled to condemn a priori the use of phenol in combating infec- 
tious abortion. There has been a feeling in the popular mind and 
among many veterinarians both in Europe and America that 
phenol injected subcutaneously or introduced with the feed has 
power to prevent an infected animal from aborting. For a long 
time we recommended the use of and used personally on two large 
herds two per cent. phenol in subcutaneous injections and as 
large doses of 5 per cent. phenol in the feed as we felt it would 
be safe to use.(29) There have been times when we were en- 
couraged in the belief that this method was effective. But re- 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. 153 


peated failures when the conditions for the experiment were ideal 
have forced us to abandon hope of success from this line of treat- 
ment. 

Nuesch(29) claims to have checked the disease by internal 
administration of 134 to 25 pints of one per cent. aqueous solu- 
tion of phenol daily in single dose. He treated both pregnant 
cows and those which had already aborted daily for from five 
to ten days, and observed no unfavorable results. McFadyean 
and Stockman(1) place no confidence in the efficacy of this drug. 

Bang(5) and McFadyean and Stockman(1) have opened up 
the field of bacterial therapeutics and immunity production in 
infectious abortion. Mohler(22) reports attempts along this line. 
One of the prominent biological manufacturing houses in this 
country is or has been engaged in exploiting this idea perhaps 
prematurely. Piorkowski(30) did not succeed in procuring a 
serum but made a soluble toxine as an opsonic precursor from 
the bacilli by means of catalytic procedure. Veterinarians used 
it with good results. Hesse,(31) using a bacterial extract, re- 
ports that in one case the dose of 20 c.c. was apparently too large, 
for the animals showed tympanites, but recovered in three days. 
No more abortions. In another case, 10 c.c. was injected first 
at the end of the second month of pregnancy, again at the fourth 
and lastly at the sixth month of pregnancy. No more abortions 
occurred. 

We are now working upon the hypothesis that infectious 
abortion is a local uterine infection, so far as the cow is con- 
cerned, and that immunity will be phagocytic as in many other 
local infections. Theoretically, phagocytosis will be stimulated 
by raising the opsonic index, and this should be accomplished by 
the injection of living or dead abortion bacteria. We attempted 
to immunize a virgin heifer with living cultures of the abortion 
bacteria. The injection subcutem of 65 c.c. of culture produced 
a thermal reaction beginning on the following day and lasting 
about three days. The agglutinative power of the heifer’s blood 
increased within one week from I-10 to 1-250 as a result of the 
injection. A second similar injection after one week of 130 c.c. 


154 WARD GILTNER, 


of culture produced a rise of temperature up to 105° and lasting 
for some time. This heifer, together with another untreated 
heifer, was bred twelve days after the last inoculation. After 
about four and one-half months of pregnancy, both heifers were 
injected intravenously with 10 c.c. each of a typical culture of 
Bact. abortus incubated five days. Only a slight. temperature 
reaction followed in each case. No other effects of the inocula- 
tion were observed. ‘Three months and eight days later, or at 
nearly the eighth month of pregnancy, each heifer was again 
inoculated with 10 c.c. of a similar culture intravenously and 
each received 30 c.c. of the same culture into the vagina. No 
temperature reaction occurred. [Each animal experienced a nor- 
mal parturition. In this experiment the desired result was not 
obtained. It is probable that the culture employed was lacking in 
active pathogenic properties, so that the effects of the inoculation 
were not apparent in either normal or treated animal. Such a 
culture may be highly desirable in immunity production. This 
is a point that it may take years to determine. Workers with 
tuberculosis have laid great stress on the particular strain of 
bacillus. Judging from descriptions of the cultures isolated by 
the different workers, we are led to believe that there is a great 
variation in cultures of the abortion germ of different origin. In 
concluding our discussion of immunity production, we suggest 
that the following may be a practicable plan: Inject all non- 
pregnant females subcutaneously with the living culture, once, 
twice, or more times, using 30 c.c., more or less, of culture. 
Which particular strain to use must be determined in a way yet 
unknown to us. Theoretically, the last injection should be made 
a sufficiently long time before impregnation to give assurance that 
the germs of abortion have been eliminated from the system. All 
pregnant cows should be tested with “ Abortin,” not so much 
for its diagnostic value as for its hypothetical therapeutic func- 
tion. We can already foresee the difficulties arising in the em- 
ployment of the serum tests when we begin our immunizing 
work. We assume (without proof of the facts) that all animals 
treated as we have indicated will react to these tests regardless 


= 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. clabes 


of whether a satisfactory immunity has been produced. We are 
assuming that these injections are harmless, the assumption being 
based upon the observed fact that all the animals so treated by 
us have shown no signs of ill health although a number of them 
are failing to conceive. May it not be possible that these injec- 
tions will show a specific action toward the reproductive organs 
detrimental to their normal functions even as in natural infection 
we see a definite local specific action toward these organs in preg- 
nancy ? 

To conclude this heterogeneous array of thoughts, we would 
call attention to the cultivation of the abortion germ in artificial 
media and laboratory animals. We have been able to produce 
abortion in guinea pigs and in rabbits but not in white rats and 
not uniformly in the two former animals. In attempting to 1m- 
munize non-pregnant guinea pigs with living cultures injected 
subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, we have had unsatisfactory 
results and have observed, but not constantly, some of the phe- 
nomena pointed out by Smith(23) in this connection and by the 
workers in the Bureau of Animal Industry. (21) 

In making a comparative test with media prepared from preg- 
nant uterine wall, foetal membranes, fcetus and amniotic fluid 
separately, we were able to use the last named only with marked 
success. Amniotic fluid sterilized with or without addition of 
agar or gelatine has proven the most successful medium yet tried. 
The field for experimentation in this disease is great and the 
workers are few, but it is gratifying to see the vigor that has been 
instilled into the campaign from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ken- 
tucky, Illinois, from the federal authorities and others in this 
country in addition to the work abroad. 


REFERENCES. 


1. M’Fadyean and Stockman. Report of departmental committee to inquire into 
epizootic abortion. London, 1909. ; u “ 

2. Surface. The diagnosis of infectious abortion in cattle. Bul. 166. Ken. Agr. 
Expt. Sta., 1912. d 

3. Bang. The etiology of epizodtic abortion. Jour. of Comp. Path. and Ther., 1896. 

4. Marshall. Review of Professor Bang’s work with contagicus abortion. Special 
Bul. 13, Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1899. 

s. Bang. Infectious abortion in cattle. Jour. of Comp. Path. and Ther., 1906. 

6. Preisz. Der bacillus des seuchenhaften Verwerferns. Cent. f. Bakt. Parasit. u. 
Inf. 1 Abt. Orig. 33, 1903. 

7. Nowak. Ann. Inst. Past., 22, No. 6, 1908. 


156 WARD GILTNER, 


8. Zwick. Causative agent of infectious abortion in bovines. Zeitschr, f. Be 
munitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., Il Ref., 3 (1910) No. 7 Abst. in Expt. Sta. Rec. XXV, N 8, 
p. 785. See also references in Surface, p- 305. 

9. MacNeal and Kerr. Bacillus of Bang, the cause of contagious abortion in cattle. 
Jour. Infect. Dis., Vol 7, pp. 469-475, 1910. 

to. Giltner. Michigan Board of Agriculture, Report, 1911, p. 155. 

11. Giltner. Report of fifteenth Ann, meeting U. S, L. S. S. Assn., 1911, p. 121. 

12. Good. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911 pp. 114-120. 
See also Bul, 165, Ken. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912 (contains 51 references to literature). 

13. Larson. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911, pp. 121- 
WARY 
14. Hadley. Report of fifteenth Ann. meeting U. S. L. S. S. Assn., 1911, pp. 123- 


15. Russell. Science, N. S. Vol. XXXIV, p. 494, 1911. 
16. Wall. Ueber die Festellung der seuchenhaften Abortus beim Rinde durch 
Aggl. u. Komp. Zeit. f. Inf. U. S. W., Heft I, Band 10, ror1. 

17. Holth. Untersuch. u. d. Biolog. des Abortusbaz. u. d. Immunit. des Inf. 
Abort. d. Rinder. Zeit. f. Inf: der Hausthiere, Band 10, Heft 4-5, 1911. 

18. Larson. The complement fix. react. in the diag. of cont. abort. of cattle. 
Jour. Inf. Dis., Vol. 10, pp. 178-185, 1912. 

19. Hadley and Beach. The diag. of contag. abort. in cattle by means of the 
comp. fix. test. Wisconsin Research Bul. 24, 1912. 

20. Melvin. The bacterium of cont. abort. of cattle demonstrated to occur in 
milk. B. A. I. circular 198, 1912. 

21. Schroeder and Cotton. Proceed. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., 1911, pp. 442-444; also 
Am. VET. Rev., Nov. 11, 1911, 195-206. 

22. Mohler. Report of Btisenth Ann, Meet. U.S. LL. SiS. Assn, pi t25serouse 

23. Smith and Fabyan. Ueber die path. Wirk. des B. abortis Bang. Cent. f. Bakt. 
WW. So.) W.Jecst) Abt, Bd: 61, Heft 7, 1612: F 

24. Williams. Veterinary Obstetrics. 

25. Giltner. On the therapeutic action of lactic acid cultures. Michigan Board of 
Agriculture, Report 1910, pp. 169-174. 

26. M’Fadyean and Stockman. The agglutination test in de diagnosis of bovine 
contagious abortion. Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther., Mar., 1912, pp. 22-38. 

27. Brill. Beitrag. z. Diag. des inf. Abortus des Rindes. Berl. Tier. Woch. Bd. 
27, PP. 721-727, 1911. : 

28. . S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Secretary, circular No. 29, June 1, 1909. Test 
of Robert’s so-called anti- abortion serum. 

29. Nuesch. Contagious abortion in cattle. Schweiz. Arch. eae (seem) 
Neo. 5, pp. 323° 326. Abs. in Vet. Res., 22 (1909), No. 1097, p. 48; also in ae Sta. 
Rec. XXII, No. 3, Mar., 1910, p. 286. 

30. Piorkowski. Lymphe gegen Seuchenhaften Verwerfen. Berl. tierarztl. Woch., 
1910, No. 13, S. Rhee 

31. Hesse. er Bakterien extrakt gegan seuchenhaften Verwerfen der deutschen 
Schutz und Heilserum gesellschaft Berlin. Perl. tierarztl. Woch., 1910 No. 13, S. 280. 


124. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, MoNTH oF OcToBEr—Farmers’ Ad- 
vocate (Winnipeg, Can.) ; Breeders’ Gazette; Rider and Driver; 
Philippine Agricultural Review; Philippine Journal of Science 
(Memorial Number—Paul Caspar Freer); Veterinary Journal 
(London); Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin; The Bacterial Thera- 
pist; American Journal of Clinical Medicine; North American 
Journal of Homoeopathy; Hoard’s Dairyman; Circular 197—B. 
A. L., Directions for the Home Pasteurization of Milk; Bulletin 
153—B. A. L, Action of Anthelmintics on Parasites Outside of 
Alimentary Canal (Ranson and Hall); Circular 184—B. A. I, 
Pasteurization of Milk (Ayers); Bulletin 144—B. A. I., Investi- 
gation Relative to Arsenical Dips, Etc. (Ranson and Graybill) ; 
Bulletin 158—B. A. I., Roundworms of Domestic Swine (Fos- 
ter); Quarterly Bulletin, Iowa State Board of Health; Bulletin 
227—-Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Licensed Veterinarians in 
Pennsylvania; Our Dumb Animals for November. 


EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE ‘‘CONTROL AND 
ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS,’’* 


By Joun F. DeVine, D.V.S., GosHEN, N. Y. 


I daresay some of the audience, after reading the title of 
my paper, are wondering what a country practitioner can have 
to say that would justify the time to be consumed on a subject 
that has been worn so threadbare as this by scientists and pre- 
tenders during the past decade. 

I realize, fellow members, the persecution of sitting on hard 
seats on a hot day and listening to a drawn-out discourse on 
‘anatomy, physiology, pathology, molecular affinity, cell reaction, 
etc. I have neither the ability or desire to attempt any such im- 
position. One thing I promise you, and that is, that my paper 
will have at least the merit of brevity. 

We hear much of the necessity of educating the public, if 
we are to succeed in suppressing tuberculosis or any other plague, 
and I am a little inclined to agree with those who think that this 
is one of the very important factors. Someone has wisely said 
that ‘‘ The safety of a nation depends upon the intelligence of 
its people.” We certainly may add that “ The health of a nation 
depends upon the intelligence of its people.” We are also told 
that “ The essence of any law is the consent of the governed.” 
It would seem, then, that in conjunction with legislation in our 
efforts to control tuberculosis, the question of how the public 
should be educated is of much importance. 

I have heard lecturers and educators of many kinds attempt 
to educate the public on the subject of tuberculosis, some of 
which were objects of pity from their lack of knowledge of the 
first principles of physiology, bacteriology or pathology; others, 
again, that were so severely technical that they dismissed their 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


157 


15S JOHN F. DE VINE. 


audience without driving home a single principle that could be 
used even as a prop by those who would be willing to assist in 
the work. . 

Let us express our views and experiences on this very im- 
portant phase of the question. Here are mine to start the dis- 
cussion; make note of them, dissect them if you please, with a 
hope that a safe, sane, productive plan may evolve therefrom. 

It is my opinion that the public needs to be honestly educated 
on the true nature and characteristics of the disease so far and 
no further than our knowledge of to-day carries us. That the 
layman should get this knowledge orderly arranged in his mind, 
coupled with the modes of infection and the portholes of con- 
tagion, I believe is absolutely necessary so that he may better 
understand the measures of suppression, the advantages and rea- 
sons of tuberculin and its limitations. This knowledge they - 
must have if they are to become permanent supporters of our 
faith; without it their minds are in an oscillating condition, ready 
to be swayed by the gossip listened to on the cracker box at the 
corner store or the exaggerated reports of the wonder minds 
gathered at the milk station in the morning spending their val- 
uable (?) time getting fiction out of their system, which they 
probably recently extracted from some farm or stock papers, 
the author of which is either too malicious or ignorant to write 
an honest and instructive article. 

Those of us whose work brings us in touch with this subject 
should make an effort at every opportunity to make known to 
dairymen and breeders in a plain way that tuberculosis is due 
to a specific organism, that this germ and this alone causes the 
disease, and that if we get rid of the organism we can in turn 
control the disease; that fresh air, sunlight and disinfectants are 
the factors to be taken into account in the destruction of this 
organism. That tuberculosis is also a communicable disease, 
but it differs from many of the other ordinary specific and com- 
municable diseases in being slow and insidious in its develop- 
ment, ofttimes making an early diagnosis impossible without the 
aid of laboratory agents. We should also point out to them the 


CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 159 


indefinite period of incubation and making a comparison with 
some of the diseases they are fairly familiar with, such as scar- 
let fever, measles, diphtheria and the like, pointing out to them 
the fact that should a certain time elapse after the exposure to 
one of the diseases just mentioned that one could feel reasonably 
safe that they would not come down with the disease, but not 
so with tuberculosis. We should make it plain that in poorly 
lighted and badly ventilated stables where the germs of tubercu- 
losis are present in great quantities there is greater danger of 
infection than in a building where the conditions are sanitary, 
and the germs fewer in number as well as probably less virulent 
owing to their exposure to sunlight and air. Again, an impor- 
tant point is to have the layman to understand that most specific 
diseases run a definite course, and if the affected one recovers 
and the disease leaves no sequel, the individual is apt to regain 
normal health and be as well as they were prior to their illness; 
some diseases even leaving a limited or permanent immunity. 
This is not so with tuberculosis; when infection is once estab- 
lished the germs do not cause illness by toxins which they secrete, 
as they do, for example, in diphtheria, but being parasitic in 
nature they live upon the tissues of the host, which they eventu- 
ally destroy if their progress is not checked or arrested, as they 
divide and subdivide in many more. A layman should likewise 
understand that tuberculosis again differs from other communi- 
cable diseases in that its arresting or so-called cure is very un- 
certain and insecure. That tuberculosis bacteria may remain in 
a dormant or semi-dormant condition for an indefinite period or 
that the diseased parts may become healed, as it is termed— 
which consists in the diseased area becoming incapsulated by 
lime salt deposits or bands of fibrous tissues. That this arresting 
denotes resistance of the tissues over disease and that so long 
_as this is maintained the disease will not make further progress; 
but should the system become weakened in any way and these 
barriers broken down, the disease may light up anew and make 
tapid progress, often causing death by what is termed hasty 
consumption. When stockmen are in possession of this knowl- 


160 JOHN F, DE VINE, 


edge it will then be easy to make them understand the dangers 
of feeding infected milk to young calves or the exposure to in- 
fection by allowing them to mingle with animals not known to 
be free from tuberculosis; they will then better understand why 
a certain percentage of the young animals that were supposed 
to be healthy, react when the tuberculin test is applied at the age 
of ten months or a year; they will likewise understand why some 
of those which are infected may not react upon the first test. 
which is so often so in young animals that have become infected 
during the milk-feeding period and later healed temporarily when 
turned to pasture in the open and fed upon healthy fodder; they 
will then be able to better understand the limitations of tuber- 
culin and when you advise them that tuberculin does not act 
upon the organism but rather upon the tubercular tissue and, 
therefore, that you would not expect a reaction during the in- 
cubative stage. They will likewise understand why tuberculin 
does not give a reaction on the so-called healed cases where the 
diseased areas are inclosed by nature’s process of arresting the 
disease. When we have explained this and the possibility of a 
non-reacting animal being affected with generalized tuberculosis 
so that the small amount of tuberculin injected will cause no 
systemic disturbance, their minds are then in a condition to see 
why only a properly trained veterinarian is capable of making a 
proper and reliable tuberculin test. 

The method of detecting tuberculosis in the living animal is 
at present receiving much attention, and it is fortunate that it is, 
because the more accurate and the more expert our knowledge 
becomes on this question, the more valuable can we make our 
profession in suppressing this scourge. The opinion seems to 
be gaining ground, particularly on foreign shores and also among 
a few in this country, that by frequent physical examinations a 
veterinarian skilled in physical diagnosis can detect a certain per- 
centage of tuberculous animals and practically all of those that are 
distributing virus. The experience of some of us makes it hard to 
accept this doctrine. The extreme susceptibility of bovine ani- 
mals to tuberculosis and the uncertainty as to when an infected 


CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 161 


animal may give off virus, either in its milk or through any of 
the eliminating channels of the body, would seem to undo the 
possibility of so freeing an infected herd from tuberculosis or 
raising healthy calves on the unheated milk of such a herd. We 
have been told by some veterinarians, of whose ability and in- 
tegrity there can be no possible question, that they have elim- 
inated tuberculosis from infected herds without the aid of tuber- 
culin. Personally I feel that unless they have posted every animal 
of such a herd or submitted them to a carefully repeated tuber- 
culin test, that they cannot be certain that they did eliminate 
tuberculosis from such a herd. Let this be as it may, it is further 
our duty to advise the public of the merits of tuberculin in de- 
tecting tuberculosis until it is supplanted by something more 
satisfactory. 

It is my judgment that we are justified in stating that prop- 
erly prepared tuberculin, properly applied by a properly trained 
veterinarian, is one of the most accurate diagnostic agents known 
to man. ; 

When tuberculin is used under the above conditions and 
tuberculin points that tuberculosis is present, it is there every 
time. Where tuberculin errs, is in the cases it does not detect; 
it is in the incubative, the healed and the generalized cases. Prob- 
ably no production of man has ever come into more abuse and 
misuse than tuberculin unless it be whiskey. A reliable tuber- 
culin test cannot be carried on by a layman, students or incom- 
petent veterinarians. This custom, coupled with improperly pre- 
pared serum and the dishonest veterinarians and stockmen, to- 
gether with errors following its use, where the tissue had ac- 
quired a tolerance by previous inoculation purposely or other- 
wise, are the things that have put tuberculin into disrepute. I 
have seen cases where every honest effort was made to rid herds 
of tuberculosis, the test being under the supervision of a man 
with ability, he spending his time in his office or his laboratory 
and an incompetent assistant injecting the tuberculin and taking 
temperatures. Now, gentlemen, we cannot get rid of tubercu- 
losis this way; tuberculin testing does not consist in the mechan- 


162 JOHN F. DE VINE. 


ical procedure of injecting tuberculin and taking temperatures, 
but to do it and do it properly and reliably it requires a certain 
amount of skill to make certain that the tuberculin is injected 
under the skin and not squirted down the side of the leg. It 
requires a man who can tell with reasonable certainty whether 
the rise in temperature is a reaction or from something else; this 
should be determined right then and there and not in an office 
or laboratory later where valuable information may be wanting; 
likewise the examiner should be so trained as to be able to detect 
such animals as are positively tubercular and give but little or 
possibly no rise in temperature; he should be a man that goes 
into his herd and stays there so that no details miss his trained 
eye. He should ascertain with reasonable certainty that the 
cattle have had no tuberculin within sixty days, and if in doubt 
he should fortify himself by using either the ophthalmic or the 
intradermal test in conjunction with a subcutaneous test; or, if 
unable to secure the proper tuberculin for this, he should resort 
to increased doses and begin taking post temperatures four or 
five hours after injecting, and carry them along to the twenty- 
fourth or twenty-eighth hour. 

Some will argue that we cannot afford to do this, that we 
would not receive compensation enough for our time; to these 
I would say, then do not do it; explain to your clients the reason 
for your precaution and that you are doing it in their interest. 
If you find that they are looking for a fake test, tell them they 
are looking for a crook and not a veterinarian; you go home 
and get a good night’s sleep and be ready for a big day to- 
morrow. 

I herewith append a portion of the recommendation pre- 
sented to the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1910 
by the International Commission on the Control of Bovine 
Tuberculosis : 

“The Commission, after stating the known facts regarding 
the nature of tuberculosis and enumerating the principles to be 
observed in its prevention and eradication, recommends the fol- 
lowing plan of procedure: It is recognized that in several points 


CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 163 


there are opportunities, in order to meet individual needs, to 
change or modify the directions herein given. I[t is understood, 
however, that whenever such modifications are made they should 
conform in the greatest detail to the principles laid down in the 
report of this Commission. The plan has for its purpose the 
conservation of the herd whenever that is possible. 

“The control of bovine tuberculosis involves a definite pro- 
cedure under two distinct and different conditions, namely: (1) 
Where a herd of cattle is free from tuberculosis and it is to be 
kept so, and (2) where one or more animals in the herd are 
infected and the purpose is to eradicate the disease and establish 
a sound herd. 

‘““ PROCEDURE UNDER CONDITION ONE—The prevention of 
tuberculosis in cattle, free from tuberculosis, consists simply in 
keeping tuberculous cattle or other animals away from the sound 
ones; in keeping tuberculous animals out of pastures, sheds or 
stables where the sound ones may be kept. Healthy cattle should 
not be exposed to possible infection at public sales or ‘exhibi- 
tions. Raw milk or milk by-products from tuberculous cows 
should not be fed to calves, pigs or other animals. Cars that 
have not been thoroughly disinfected should not be used for the 
transportation of sound cattle. Cattle that are purchased to go 
into sound herds should be brought from healthy or sound herds 
only. 

‘PROCEDURE UNDER Conpition Two—tThe eradication of 
tuberculosis from infected herds requires for conservation of the 
herd different procedures according to the extent of the infec- 
tion. For a guide to the control of the disease, tuberculous 
herds may be divided into three groups, namely : 

““T.—Where 50 per cent. or more of the animals are in- 
fected. 

“ I].—Where a small percentage (15 per cent. or less) of 
the animals are affected. 

“ T1].—Where a larger number (15 per cent. to 50 per cent.) 
of the animals are diseased. 

“In eliminating tuberculosis from infected herds the follow- 
ing procedure is recommended : 


164 JOHN F., DE VINE. 


“ Group I.—Herds where tuberculin test shows 50 per cent. 
or more of the animals to be infected should be treated as entirely 
tuberculous. The procedure here is as follows: 

“1, Eliminate by slaughter all animals giving evidence of the 
disease on physical examination. 

“2. Build up an entirely new herd from the offspring. The 
calves should be separated from their dams immediately after 
birth and raised on pasteurized milk or on that of healthy nurse 
cows. ‘This new herd must be kept separate from any reacting 
animals. 

“3. The young animals should be tested with tuberculin at 
about six months old, and when reactors are found at the first 
or any subsequent test, the others should be retested not more 
than six months later. When there are no more reactors at the 
six months’ test, annual tests should thereafter be made. All 
reacting animals should at once be separated from the new herd 
and the stables which they have occupied thoroughly disinfected. 

“4. When the newly developed sound herd has become of 
sufficient size, the tuberculous herd can be eliminated by slaughter 
under inspection for beef. 

“Group II—1. The reacting animals should be separated 
from the non-reacting ones and kept constantly apart from them 
at pasture, in yard and in stable. 

“(a) Pasture. The reactors should be kept in a separate 
pasture. This pasture should be some distance from the other 
or so fenced that it will be impossible for the infected and non- 
infected animals to get their heads together. 

“(b) Water. When possible to provide otherwise, reacting 
cattle should not be watered at running streams which after- 
wards flow directly through fields occupied by sound cattle. 
The water from drinking trough used by infected animals should 
not be allowed to flow into stables, fields or yards occupied by 
the sound animals. 

“(c) Stable. Reacting cattle should be kept in barns or 
stables entirely separate from the ones occupied by the sound 
animals. 


CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS, 165 


“2. Calves of the reacting cows should be removed from 
their dams immediately after birth. Milk fed these calves must 
be from healthy cows, otherwise it must be properly pasteurized. 
These calves should not come in contact in any way with the 
reacting animals. 

“3. The non-reacting animals should be tested with tuber- 
culin in six months, and when reactors are found at the first six 
months, or any subsequent test, the others should be retested not 
more than six months later. When there are no more reactors 
at the six months’ test, annual tests should thereafter be made. 
All reacting animals should at once be separated from the new 
herd and the stables which they have occupied thoroughly dis- 
infected. 

“4. The milk of the reacting animals may be pasteurized and 
used. 

“5. Any reacting animal which develops clinical symptoms 
of tuberculosis should be promptly slaughtered. 

“6. An animal that has once reacted to tuberculin should 
under no circumstances be placed in the sound herd. 

“7, As soon as the sound herd had become well established, 
infected animals should be slaughtered, under proper inspection. 

“Group II].—Herds that come within this group should be 
dealt with either as in Group II., where the herd is separated, or 
as in Group I., where all of the animals are considered as sus- 
picious, and an entirely new herd developed from the offspring. 

“GENERAL PRECAUTIONS—In all cases, animals that show 
clinical evidence of the disease should be promptly eliminated. 
They should be destroyed if the disease is evidently far advanced ; 
if not, they may be slaughtered for food under proper inspection. 

“All milk from tuberculous cows that is used for food pur- 
poses should be thoroughly pasteurized. This means that it must 
be heated sufficiently to kill or to render harmless any tubercle 
bacilli that may be present in it. For this it is necessary to heat 
the milk for twenty minutes at 149° F. or for five minutes at 
176° F. It is important that pails or other utensils used in carry- 
ing the unpasteurized milk should not be used, unless previously 
sterilized, for storing the milk after it is pasteurized. 


166 JOHN F, DE VINE. 


“When diseased animals are found, the stables from which 
they are taken should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. To 
accomplish this, all litter should be removed; floors, walls and 
ceilings carefully scrubbed with soap and water. Thorough clean- 
ing before the application of the disinfectant cannot be too 
strongly emphasized. After cleansing, the disinfectant should 
be applied. A five per cent. (5%) solution of carbolic acid, a 
I-1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate, or a four per cent. (4%) 
solution of sulphuric acid may be used. 

“When the stable can be tightly closed, formaldehyde gas 
properly used is reliable and satisfactory. 

“ Tf tuberculous cattle have been kept in a small yard the litter 
should be removed, the surface plowed, and the fencing and other 
fixtures thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.” 

When our stockmen are in the possession of the knowledge 
we have just enumerated, they are then quite able to understand 
the suggestion and advantages of these rules and, taken together, 
they should assist materially those who are honestly interested 
in weeding and breeding tuberculosis out of their herds. 


AN ExAMPLeE oF AtavisM—The following clipping from a 
recent number of The Rural New-Yorker was illustrated by the 
picture referred to, which showed a handsome colt with a confor- 
mation that might well belong to a road horse, and spotted over 
the entire region of thighs, croup, flanks, loins and back up to the 
withers. The spots seeming to represent what could readily be the 
size of the hand in the living subject: ‘‘ Mr. E. A. Jackson, of 
Madison County, N. Y., sends us the picture of colt Don Pedro, 
shown at Fig. 441. His sire is a black Percheron, weighing 
1,300. The dam is a gray, Otego and Arabian, weighing 1,100, 
a very rapid walker and good worker. The mare has had several 
colts, but this is the first spotted one. He has evidently struck 
back through several generations on the Arabian side. 


THE NEXT MEETING OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY 
MepIcAL AssocIATION will be held at San Francisco, December 
bE, LOL, 


SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COM- 
MUNICABLE DISEASES. * 


By VeErRANUS A. Moore, ItHaca, N. Y. 


At the request of the chairman of the section on sanitary 
science I promised in an unguarded moment to discuss some of 
the underlying factors in the control of communicable diseases. 
Upon reflection it seemed presumptuous on my part to bring 
‘before this body a paper on such a general and well-known topic. 
I am aware, however, that with all our knowledge we, as guard- 
ians of the health of the live stock of the country, are too often 
obliged to witness !the havoc of epizootic and communicable dis- 
eases that the judgment of the layman leads him to believe we 
should have prevented. Many of you hold official positions and 
others are advisers to executive officers who are not trained in 
the nature of diseases but nevertheless are charged with the 
responsibility of their control, and consequently veterinarians are 
largely responsible for the wise and for the foolish statutes, rules 
and regulations for controlling this class of maladies. This is 
a responsibility we are loth many times to assume, but in a pro- 
fession like ours we must be prepared to respond to all calls and 
to accept the consequences. 

It is not my purpose to dwell at length upon the well-known 
facts relative to epizoology, but as a basis for discussion it is 
necessary to mention briefly a few of the essential ones as they 
are now understood regarding the nature of infectious diseases. 
The discovery of a specific etiology for the epizootic and other 
infectious diseases has given to each a definite place in the organic 
world. They exist as do weeds; they spread after their own 
method or methods; they thrive where their environment is suit- 
able; they disappear when conditions are sufficiently unfavorable. 
As each of these affections has its specific cause, the life history 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


167 


168 VERANUS A. MOORE, 


of this etiological factor gives all the information necessary to 
ascertain where in its cycle it can be most readily intercepted. 
This infers that we know the cause of all of these maladies. 
While this is not true in case of several of them the means by 
which their virus is disseminated is, with few exceptions, known. 
When approached as a biological problem, which it is, the con- 
trol of infectious diseases resolves itself into the acquisition and 
application of certain definite knowledge concerning them. The 
most essential is to know tthe cause; the channel through which it 
escapes from the infected body; its fate after leaving the body of 
its host; and the avenues through which it gains entrance to the 
uninfected. This cycle, which is as old as dumb creation, was a 
veritable mystery until the researches of the pioneers in micro- 
biology pointed the way to its revelation to man. 

The question that is uppermost in this discussion is: Are we 
as a profession doing all that it is in our power to do to reduce 
the losses from infection? Have we learned as we should the 
lessons of preventive medicine and what they mean directly to 
the live stock interests of the country and indirectly to ourselves ? 
The history of epizootics in this country shows that with several 
maladies the veterinary service has been efficient, while with 
others our progress has been lamentably slow. 

A little study will point out that the diseases which have been 
controlled in a masterly way—more so I think in our country 
than in any other—are contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle and 
foot and mouth disease. An inquiry into the nature of these 
maladies shows that they are both highly infectious and that a 
large percentage of the animals exposed actually become infected 
Again they are not indigenous and must be introduced. When 
that has happened our officials have taken them in hand and by 
the heroic measures of quarantine, slaughter and indemnity have 
banished them from the country. 

There are, however, other diseases, such as anthrax, tuber- 
culosis, glanders, rabies, infectious abortion, hog cholera and 
many more that seem to have been introduced and to have become 
well established and quite widely distributed within our borders. 


IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 169 


Many, if not all, of these appeared before there was sufficient 
knowledge of their nature to apply methods for their prevention, 
much less for their eradication. These have continued to spread 
after their own means of dissemination, often aided by the habits 
of animal owners, until they stand out conspicuously as a menace 
to the live stock industry and in some instances to man himself. 
In that role they present themselves to the veterinary service of 
the country and defiantly say: “ Stop us if you can.” 

The problem in conquering such enemies is centered in the 
acquisition and application of knowledge whereby their dissemi- 
nation may be checked. Why, for example, have tuberculosis, 
glanders and rabies spread in our very midst? Is it because of 
lack of knowledge concerning the mode of infection, or is it due 
to other causes, such, for instance, as bad legislation that we could 
not or at least did not prevent? 

It has often happened that people have looked for legislation 
or other official ordinances to check the spread of epizootics. 
Veterinarians have not infrequently made strenuous efforts to 
secure official aid to stop an epizootic where an early diagnosis 
and the application of the present knowledge of preventive medi- 
cine would have saved the loss. We may look to legislation for 
assistance, but as in a great conflagration a pail of water in the 
beginning will do more effective service than all the fire de- 
partments later on. 

It cannot be denied that a thorough knowledge of the nature 
of epizootic diseases and of methods for making an early diag- 
nosis are the most necessary elements in the control of such in- 
fections. Knowledge, however, is more easily discussed than 
acquired. There is a tendency now and always has been to 
overestimate the accomplishments possible with a little knowl- 
edge. Nowhere has this tendency been greater than in case of 
disease. The consequence has been that all too much reliance 
has been placed upon and often far reaching conclusions have 
been drawn from isolated facts which constitute mere frag- 
ments of knowledge and which in themselves are not sufficient 
to bring about the desired end. It is essential to know the cause 


170 VERANUS A. MOORE, 


of a malady, but we have had that knowledge concerning the 
more serious of the common diseases of animals, such as tuber- 
culosis and glanders, for thirty years and yet the discussion of 
methods for their control is as active and as controversial as 
heretofore. The fact that tuberculin gave a reaction in a large 
percentage of cases of tuberculosis was interpreted to mean that 
it would cause a reaction in all cases where infection existed, 
a conclusion long since found to be erroneous. It was long 
supposed, and by many is still believed, that after an animal had 
recovered from an infectious disease it was safe for it to mingle 
with others. Because of this supposition and because an in- 
fectious disease may even exist in such a light form as to es- 
cape recognition, fowls, swine, cattle and horses apparently per- 
fectly sound have not infrequently been bought to the sorrow of 
the purchaser, who by so doing has suffered heavy losses from 
the disease unconsciously introduced. Again we have failed in 
formulating methods of control to discriminate between the 
highly infectious and rapidly developing diseases and those of 
a chronic nature, slow in development and widespread in their 
distribution. Thus a study of what has been attained, as well 
as the problems still before us along the line of control, suggest 
that as yet we see only in part. 

The first and most important factor in the control of infec- 
tious diseases seems to be a knowledge of their cause and the 
means for making an early diagnosis. Coupled with this must 
be a knowledge of when, in the course of the disease, the virus 
is eliminated from the infected. This is not so significant with 
the highly infectious maladies where heroic measures are ap- 
plied, but with such diseases as glanders and ‘tuberculosis it is 
very important. All cattle that reacted to tuberculin were at 
first considered immediately dangerous, but the researches of 
recent years indicate that it is not until the disease process at- 
tains to a certain stage that the specific bacteria are given off and 
the animal becomes a menace to others. This fact is the crux 
of the German method for controlling tuberculosis. It may not 
be enough in itself, but it takes us one step nearer the goal. 


Py te 


IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. iG 


The dissemination of viruses through secretions that may 
contain them is an important factor that has been neglected in 
many, if not most, localities. In this country tuberculosis has 
probably been disseminated through the separated milk and whey 
from creameries and cheese factories receiving the milk from in- 
fected dairies quite as much as by any other means. Russell, of 
Wisconsin, has demonstrated the efficiency of these unsterilized 
by-products in spreading tuberculosis. In Denmark the separ- 
ated milk is pasteurized before it is returned to the farm. Other 
infections, such as foot and mouth disease, are transmitted 
through the milk. Efforts to prevent diseases of a chronic nature 
have placed too much emphasis upon the infected animal itself 
and all too little upon the control of the secretions that are widely 
distributed or utilized and which are often the agents for the 
distribution of the virus. 

Recent investigations tend to the conclusion that the com- 
municability of the more common infectious diseases with which 
we have to deal is restricted to individual contact or contact 
with recently given off secretions, excreta or discharges contain- 
ing the virus. This tendency adds to the importance of a more 
careful study of “carriers” among the lower animals. The 
significance of chronic cases has long been recognized, but the 
importance of virus disseminators among animals that have re- 
covered has not been sufficiently emphasized. Specific illustra- 
tions of this means of spreading the virus and starting up new 
outbreaks are not numerous where the proof is sufficient to 
verify the statement. I have in my personal experience, how- 
ever, observed fowls that had suffered from “roup”’ or diph- 


 theria and which seemed to be fully recovered, sold and placed in 


a flock of hens where roup had never been known and where 
within a short time nearly every fowl in the flock was suffering 
from an acute attack of the disease. In the last outbreak of 
foot and mouth disease in this country, a calf that had recovered, 
carried the infection to an entire herd. These facts are very 
suggestive and they bring very vital topics for the sanitarian 
and those who have to advise the buyers of animals. The teach- 


172 VERANUS A. MOORE. 


ing from the interesting discoveries relative to typhoid and diph- 
theria “carriers” in the human species are no doubt applicable 
to several diseases of the lower animals. 

With certain maladies, especially tuberculosis and glanders, 
the virus undoubtedly gains entrance with the occult cases. It is 
well known that infected but apparently sound cattle and horses 
have often gone down with the disease after being brought into 
a new environment and that they have spread the death dealing 
virus to one or more individuals. This fact is not new and 
methods have been suggested to prevent it by way of applying 
certain tests, such as tuberculin, mallein, agglutination or other 
specific reactions before accepting the animals. Experience, 
however, has shown that these tests are not always accurate be- 
cause of the state of the disease at the time they are made. This 
causes us to look further and in our advisory capacity to sug- 
gest that animals must be brought so far as possible from sound 
herds and studs. Here again present knowledge does not always 
enable one to ascertain with absolute certainty whether or not the 
disease exists in any of the other animals. Because of the de- 
velopment of methods of precision there is a feeling that we must 
always be positive and that it is unprofessional to admit that we 
do not know. With material things this may be possible, but with 
living creatures, no man has yet fathomed all the mysteries re- 
garding the subtle forces of resistance and susceptibility. The 
limitation of known tests compels one to look beyond them. Here 
the point is, Have the animals been exposed? ‘To determine this 
requires a careful record of close observations and proper tests 
of a herd or stud. These should be so kept that the purchaser 
could determine from them whether or not he was justified in 
buying from this herd or stud. I have for several years ad- 
vocated such examinations, tests and records as a means of 
guaranty by the owners of the animals. The chief objection 
that has been raised to such a procedure has been the lack of con- 
fidence in the knowledge or ability of the local veterinarian to do 
such work. When our practitioners become efficient in sanitary 
work their clients will, I am bold enough to predict, possess 


IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 173 


signed records of their animals that will warrant a buyer in tak- 
ing or rejecting any individual. 

I do not wish to belittle any of the methods of precision in 
diagnosing occult cases, but I am strongly of the opinion that the 
repeated application of such tests in isolated cases is not tend- 
ing to the best results. These tests when properly made at the 
right time on all of the animals of the herd or stable are most 
valuable, but the singling out of individuals at irregular times 
and often at short intervals and subjecting them to such an ex- 
amination without considering the history or physical condition 
of the associated animals is not of so much assistance as many 
suppose. These infections are to be dealt with according to their 
various natures. The garden cannot be pronounced weed-free so 
long as it is not protected against seed-producing noxious plants 
that are thriving in the immediate vicinity. Likewise the indi- 
vidual animal that has been or is exposed cannot be pronounced 
free from infection. The dairy, the stud, the flock, are to be 
dealt with as units. It is in bringing about this condition that 
the veterinarian has a wonderful opportunity for service. 

With certain maladies, there are at present no means of de- 
tecting infection in an individual until symptoms appear. Rabies 
may ‘be cited as the best illustration of this class with which we 
have to deal. Objectionable as it is to a community, quarantine 
is the sheet anchor of protection here. Although isolation and 
quarantine are the most effective measures for preventing the 
spread of this group of diseases, many communities seriously 
oppose them. Veterinarians and physicians have not always as- 
sisted in this important work as much as they should. In my 
own state the enforcement of quarantine has often been ob- 
structed by professional men who with sophistry seek to expound 
the nature of the disease and to point out how unnecessary it is 
to quarantine. Again grievous errors have been made by in- 
cluding too small a territory and in raising the quarantine too 
soon. The question here seems to be the education of the people 
in the nature of infections. There is still too much faith in the 
Magic power of the ‘medicine man” and too much mystery 


174 VERANUS A. MOORE, 


about the disease. The factor here is education and the veter- 
imarian is the teacher. The warning that was sounded by the 
great leaders, that man’s opinion is of no value unless founded 
on the truth of the laws of nature should ever be heeded. 

There is perhaps no other phase of this subject so open to 
controversy as that of immunization and vaccination. These 
have been advocated by various authorities for nearly all if not 
every infectious disease. Results, however, are conflicting and 
with few exceptions, methods of immunization have not been 
perfected to the extent that warrants their recommendation as a 
means of control. There has been such a rapid succession of 
immunizing procedures that it is impossible to predict the final 
results. Already the use of vaccines is complicating specific 
diagnostic tests, but after more research and experimentation 
definite knowledge on these points will be recorded and the true 
worth of the newer methods will be determined. One often feels 
in connection with the multiplication of these new and highly 
recommended procedures the truth of the lines of Schiller, “ We 
must have foolishness even to exhaustion before we arrive at the 
beautiful goal of calm wisdom.” While every encouragement 
should be given to the development of immunization as a means 
of preventing infection. it would seem to be a safer procedure, 
with the diseases for which it is possible, to center attention on 
the elimination of the virus. The feeling of safety that domin- 
ates one who has placed his confidence in immunization permits 
relaxation in reference to infection. If the method employed is 
not efficient it is worse than nothing. There is no half-way posi- 
tion. The virus must be kept away or the animals must be im- 
munized absolutely against it, if the desired protection is to be 
secured. Partial immunization or temporary resistance tends to 
modify not to prevent the disease. 

The etiology of most infectious diseases with which we have 
to deal and the specific methods of making an early diagnosis are 
sufficiently well known to enable veterinarians to guard against 
the usual methods of dissemination. A great deal of excellent 
work is being done and never before did the outlook seem so 


IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 175 


bright for complete mastery of these infections. The trouble lies 
in getting at the cases that escape or that are carriers of the virus 
and which start up the disease anew after it is thought that it 
has been eradicated. ‘The essential factors here are the acquisi- 
tion of further information concerning the period of incubation; 
the recognition of chronic cases; better methods for detecting 
arrested and occult ones and the detection and elimination of 
“carriers.” To this must be added a greater appreciation of the 
definite time in the course of a disease when its virus is given 
off and its powers of resistance outside of the body. 

When the solution of these problems has passed into common 
knowledge the cord of restraint will have been so tightly drawn 
about the viruses of these maladies that their power of destruc- 
tion will be known as a historical fact only. Then the enormous 
losses now sustained will have been saved and the suffering of 
dumb creation caused by these diseases and which it is our 
humane purpose to prevent will have ceased. 


THE PASTEURIZATION OF MILK, by S. Henry Ayers, bacter- 
iologist, dairy division of the B. A. I., in Circular 184, is treated 
in a manner that must interest everyone, whether believers in the 
process of pasteurization or otherwise. The report is generously 
illustrated, showing several styles of pasteurizers, coolers, bottling 
apparatuses, etc. 


A New Journat, born of the old Spirit of the Times and 
the Turf, Field and Farm, comes to us under the name of “ The 
Field Illustrated—The Journal of Outdoor America,” and, when 
we consider its “ breeding,” remember the two grand old papers 
that are responsible for its birth, we are prepared to find the very 
excellent paper that has recently come to us under the name given 
above. It is the field illustrated, and no mistake; beautiful sub- 
jects beautifully illustrated. Captain A. H. Waddell, former 
editor of the Bit and Spur, is one of its editors, and from the im- 
pressions received from the copy we have seen, we shall probably 
have something more to say about this paper later on. 


CANINE PRACTICE.* 
By J. C. Frynn, D.V.S., Kansas City, Mo. 


In preparing a paper on canine practice, I am fully aware of 
the fact that, to the average veterinarian, it is a subject, I am 
sorry to say, uninteresting. Some of our best practitioners, very 
able men, take quite an active interest in canine practice, and to 
these men I wish to offer an apology for the following remarks. 

The dog, the most staunch and faithful friend of man, when 
sick, is indeed the most ill-treated and abused of domestic ani- 
mals, and a little investigation into the cause of this treatment 
leads us to the doors of a great number of our profession. 

When the dog gets sick the owner calls up the veterinarian 
and asks him to prescribe, which he does in about the following 
manner: ‘Oh, give him a good dose of castor oil and don’t 
feed him for a couple of days.’’ This advice is generally given 
without any inquiry into the symptoms exhibited by the sick dog. 
The owner can only infer that one of two conditions exists. The 
veterinarian either does not care for his dog practice or he does 
not know how to intelligently treat the dog. 

In either case the carelessness of the doctor gives the client 


a very poor opinion of the real value, the proper administration — 


of medicine. The next time the dog is sick it must undergo the 
same treatment, and the owner does not even call up the doctor 
to ask his advice. Or, on the other hand, if he be a wide-awake 
fellow, he resents such advice and calls in another veterinarian. 

A great many times I have been told by my client that he 
had called in some certain doctor on a number of cases and that 
each time the latter’s advice was, “Oh, give it a dose of castor 
oil.” To take it for granted that the laity knows nothing of dis- 
ease and medicine, and that their pet stock can be handled in a 
careless manner, is a grave mistake. We lower ourselves and our 


* Read before the Missouri State Veterinary Medical Association, at Marshall, July, 
1912. 


176 


oe ° 
a 


CANINE PRACTICE. 177 


profession in the eyes of the public when we fail to treat the 
dog in the same scientific manner in which he treat the other 
domestic animals. 

¥ have heard a number of veterinarians say that they do not 
care for canine practice for two reasons: First, they are afraid 
of a dog; and second, because it is so hard to diagnose their ail- 
ments. 

The first reason has some weight because, I suppose, we can- 
not altogether govern our natures, and if we are afraid, we 
should politely say so and not belittle our profession by telling 
the owner to give some little simple remedy like castor oil, sul- 
phur and milk, or lard. 

If you are afraid of a dog you had better let it alone, for 
the dog knows it better than you do and will bite you. In my 
experience I have never been bitten by a savage dog. I have 
been bitten a number of times but always by a dog that was 
afraid of me and not one of which I was afraid. In answer to 
the second reason, I will say, ‘Give the dog the same careful 
study and attention that you give the horse, and his ailments 
will be no harder to diagnose.” 

The veterinarian is not alone to blame for the lack of proper 
care of the sick dog. Our schools and colleges have failed to 
grasp the true situation and have not impressed upon the minds 
of the student body the necessity of a thorough training in canine 
practice. A proper training in canine practice cannot be secured 
in the limited time given to it by the schools to-day, and the 
graduate goes forth into the field hoping no one will ever bring 
a dog to him to treat. The reason we do not like a subject is 
because we do not understand it. If all the papers read here 
were in French, we would leave here thinking it a very dull 
meeting. In this day and age, when canine breeding has reached 
a condition which we may well call an art, it behooves us as 
veterinarians to give this important branch of veterinary science 
a close study, and in order that we may better serve the laity, 
I will present a few of the simple things with which we should 
all be familiar. 


178 J. C, FLYNN. 


The first thing which should be impressed upon the dog owner 
is, that it costs no more to keep a good dog than a poor one, and 
it is a source of a great deal more satisfaction. We should also 
impress upon his mind that the dog is entitled to his care and 
protection and should not be allowed to suffer unnecessarily be- 
cause in dollars and cents he is not as valuable as the horse or 
cow. The dog, like the horse and cow, has no one but its master 
to look to in time of affliction, and unlike the former, he usually 
looks in vain. 

“The dog is his own doctor” is a phrase you hear every 
day, and a number of our profession agree to it. The dog is 
his own doctor, it is true in a measure, because conditions have 
made him such. He is not so by his own choice any more than 
you or I. He responds to and appreciates medical attention, and 
will only take care of his wounds when neglected by his master 
and forced to do so. 

Prophylaxis should be the aim of every veterinarian. You 
can be of far greater value to your client by preventing a disease 
than you can by curing one. A good bed, a clean kennel, health- 
ful food, plenty of pure water, air and sunshine will do more to 
keep dogs in a healthy condition than will the medicine case. 
Puppies should be kept free from worms and should be im- 
munized as early as possible against distemper. I have im- 
munized several litters of puppies as early as the fourteenth day 
and have found it to be quite successful and satisfactory. I find 
that most cases of sickness among dogs are due to the careless- 
ness of the owner in not keeping a clean kennel, and observing 
the general rules of health. 

The stray dog is the greatest evil to the dog man, for while 
in himself he is immune to most canine ailments, yet he carries 
and distributes more disease than any other animal, and the 
American Rescue League are doing a great work in finding suit- 
able homes for the poor, unfortunate stray dogs, in the humane 
destruction of them. Through their efforts, the number of 
disease spreaders is being annually diminished in the large cities 
and we should always lend them a helping hand. 


’ 


CANINE PRACTICE, 179 


The veterinarian should instruct his client in the care and 
handling of his dogs. It is our duty not to merely look after 
the sick ones, but to prevent them, in so far as good advice goes, 
from getting sick. To do this, it is wise to advise the owner 
of a matron which is about to whelp, to begin at least two weeks 
before date of whelping, by giving her a thorough purging and 
to see that she is free from intestinal parasites. This can be 
accomplished by the administration of santonin, I to 6 grains 
according to the size of the dog, or areca nut, 2 grains for each 
pound weight. If purgation does not follow in a few hours after 
the administration of areca nut, then is the time for a dose of 
castor oil. 

When puppies are born, they should be handled as little as 
possible. Over interest on the part of the owner to see which 
are males and which are females, or to find out the good points, 
is injurious to the pup and annoying to the matron. 

At the age of ten or twelve days, give the puppies about one- 
quarter grain of santonin, to be repeated every third day until 
three treatments are given. This keeps them clear of the round 
worm (Ascaris marginata), which is about the only worm to 
fear in puppies of that age. 

At the age of fourteen days they should be immunized against 
distemper. In immunizing puppies of this age, I use about one- 
quarter of the dose to be given a ten or twelve-months-old pup. 
By immunizing against distemper and giving treatment for 
worms every five or six weeks, keeping the puppies away from 
chance infection from the stray dog and giving them good, clean 
quarters, about go per cent. of puppy troubles is done away with. 
I realize that the time to which I am entitled will not allow of 
a lengthy discussion of the pathology and treatment of the dis- 
eases of the dog, so will confine myself to the mentioning of one 
or two of what I consider the most important. 

Canine distemper, being the disease that causes the greatest 
loss to the dog raiser and most anxiety to the doctor, I will take 
it up in a meagre way and endeavor to give you the important 
‘points in the symptoms and treatment of this disease. 


180 J. C, FLYNN. 


The incubation period of distemper is from five to ten days, 
following which time there is a period of from four to seven 
days in which the dog is dull and depressed; has little or no 
appetite; the eyes are moist and there is a thin, watery discharge 
from them and also from the nose; the mucous membrane of 
the eyes is red and the dog sniffles and sneezes and has a dry 
cough. ‘The bowels are sometimes loose and the feces are mixed 
with blood and mucus and have a very foul odor. In some cases 
the bowels are not affected and we have no vomiting and purging. 
The temperature ranges from 102.5° to 105.5° F. The pulse 
runs I20 to 150, respiration 30 to 4o. 

The animal begins to chill early in the disease and continues 
to do so almost throughout its entire course. I find that there 
is no line of symptoms that will hold good in every case on 
account of the great variety of dogs one contacts and the greater 
resisting power of some dogs than that of others. The course 
of the disease is from twenty-one to forty or fifty days. There 
is no cure for distemper and the best we can do is to treat the 
animal by taking care of the pathological changes which occur. 

If the bowels are loose, they should not be allowed to continue 
so until the dog is too weak to respond to treatment, but he 
should be put on a diet of boiled milk, in which some bismuth 
subnitrate, about 15 grains to a dose, should be given. If vomit- 
ing takes place, use malt extract with pepsin and pancreatin, 
about 1 tablespoonful in half a pint of boiled milk. Iron, quinine, 
strychnine, arsenic and nuclein as prepared by the Abbott Alka- 
loidal Company are beneficial in all stages of the disease. 
The dog should be kept in a dry, warm place with plenty of 
air and sunshine. Under no consideration should a bath be 
given. If the dog refuses food and force feeding is necessary, 
raw egg beaten up in a pint of sweet milk with a tablespoonful 
of port wine or brandy is very nourishing. This can be given 
per rectum in cases where you want to keep up the strength until 
you can check the vomiting. Some breeds are harder to nurse 
through distemper than others. The pointers, setters and Scotch 


collies seem to have less resisting power than the bulldogs, fox 
terriers and airdales. If the case be taken in hand in the first i ‘ 


‘ 


eee Te ee eS et 


ee wd 


GS Pa nahi.” Sows tire 


’ 
4 


| 
| 
| 
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| 
| 


CANINE PRACTICE. 181 


stages and carefully attended, the death rate is small, but most 
of the cases brought to our notice are well advanced, and we 
have a difficult time in saving them. 

Another important disease with which we come in contact 
and of which the public is in constant dread, is rabies. This 
disease is the least understood by the laity. The true symptoms 
of rabies do not even excite a curiosity in the mind of the owner. 
If the dog suffers a heat stroke, however, or some form of 
epilepsy, the first thought is mad dog, and the faithful animal 
meets an untimely death at the hands of his excited master. It 
seems that the general public will never learn that the dog never 
develops rabies suddenly but exhibits certain symptoms that 

- warn one of the approach of the disease several days before he 
becomes violent. 

The various ideas entertained by the laity relative to rabies 
would fill a book. Some of the most prevalent ones, and the 
ones which we should teach our clients to dismiss, are: ‘That 
the dog goes mad only in dog days; that after watching a dog 
which has been bitten by a rabid dog for nine days there is no 
further danger of rabies in the case; that the dog goes mad from 
pain, lack of food and water, or from an injury; that the mad- 
stone cures rabies; that the dog is afraid of water and cannot 

cross a stream; that he always runs in a straight line and that 
he will not go out of his path to bite anyone. Tell him in big, 
plain words that the dog may go mad at one time of the year as 
well as another if he has been bitten by a rabid animal; that he 
may go mad in eighteen days to eighteen months after he is bit- 
ten; that he develops rabies only from the bite of a rabid animal ; 
that the mad-stone is a fairy story and the only cases it ever 
cured were cases in which the dog doing the biting was not rabid, 
or, the dog being mad, the person bitten was not infected by the 
bite; that the rabid dog can cross a stream of water and go as 
far as he likes from a straight line to bite someone; that a dog 
generally goes mad in from twenty-one to thirty days after 
being bitten; and that the general symptoms are a changed dis- 
position ; the animal likes to lick or gnaw some object; his eyes 
have a dull look; he is nervous and irritable. If he plays, it is 


3 


182 J. C. FLYNN. 


with a vigor akin to savageness; he takes particular notice of 
strangers and to any object which moves; his bark is not clear 
but has a peculiar rattle; he refuses food and water; his mouth 
remains slightly open and the saliva hangs in strings from his 
jaws. Later on he tries to eat and drink and will lap water for 
hours at a time. The inexperienced will think he is swallowing 
it, but he is not, forthe throat is paralyzed. He later becomes 
weak in his hindquarters and finally falls from exhaustion for 
death to end his sufferings. In some cases the symptoms vary 
widely from the above, but these are the common symptoms 
seen in most cases. 

Now that I have taken up a great deal of your time on the 
subject in which you are not so deeply interested as you are in 
some of the subjects already presented and to be presented, I 
will close by again appealing to you to give the faithful dog the 
attention he deserves. Senator Vest paid a high tribute to the 
dog when he said: ‘‘ The best friend a man has in the world 
may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daugh- 
ter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. 
Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust 
with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to” 
their faith. The money that a man has he may lose. It flies 
away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man’s repu- 
tation may be sacrified in a moment of ill-considered action. The 
people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when 
success is with us, may be the first to throw the stone of malice 
when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. ; ; 

“The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in 
this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that. 
never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog. A man’s 
dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and 
in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the wintry 
winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near 
his master’s side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to 
offer; he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter 
with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his 
pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends 


CANINE PRACTICE. 183 


desert he remains. When riches take wings, and reputation falls 
to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journeys 
through the heavens. 

“If fortune drives the master forth an outcast in the world, 
friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privi- 
lege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against dan- 
ger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of 
all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace, and his 
body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other 
friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble 
dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad, but open 
in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death.” 


Ho.pinec Up a Crrcus—Surely the world moves. A humane 
officer in Akron, Ohio, held up a circus parade in the streets, took 
a horse out of the procession, and sent it to a veterinarian for 
treatment. When the lame horse was finally removed the circus 
people were allowed to continue their march. That’s the sort of 
stuff needed in a first-class humane agent.—(Our Dumb Ami- 
mals.) 


Goop Breepinc Pays—The following clipping from the 
Breeders’ Gazette of October 16 demonstrates what careful breed- 
ing can accomplish: “ To the Gazette—History was made at 
George Taylor’s sale of milking short-horns, as every one ex- 
pected it would be. Twenty-five of the cows sold at the Cranford 
dispersal had attained the 1,000 gallon standard. The most sensa- 
tional bidding was for the seven-year-old cow Waterloo Baroness, 
which Sir Gilbert Greenall secured for $2,625, the highest price 
ever paid for a dairy short-horn in Britain. Sir Gilbert bought 
~ ten cows all toil for his new herd in Ireland. The Oxford, Dar- 
lington, Wild Eyes and Waterloo strains were in most demand. 
The other chief purchasers were: The Duke of Devonshire, 
$1,317 for Darlington Cranford 24th; J. & H. Robinson, $1,056 
for Furbelow Princess 2d; the Rev. C. L. Brocklebank, $1,050 
for Furbelow Baroness; Samuel Sandav, $1,260 for Wild Eye- 
eright 35th; J. & H. Robinson, $1,338 for Barrington Duchess 
e55th; J. Ellis Totter, $1,575 for Darlington Cranford 49th; 
Viscount Tredegar, $1,050 for Oxford Belle 5th. 

“All told 187 head were sold for $77,478, or a little more 
taan $413 apiece.” 


THE NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW.* 


By Daniet J. Heaty, M.D.. BacrertoLocist, KentucKyY AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION, LEXINGTON, Ky. 


During the study of a certain pathological condition occur- 
ring among dairy cows, it became necessary to determine what 
might be considered a normal clinical urinalysis. The problem, 
which presented itself, was not to determine a complete urinalysis, 
but one which could be used as a clinical standard, any marked 
deviation from which would indicate an abnormal condition of 
the function of the kidneys. 

The difficulties which are met with when an attempt is made to 
collect the urine for the entire twenty-four hours, and the bac- 
teriological and chemical changes which occur in a specimen dur- 
ing this period, make it very undesirable to use the twenty-four 
specimens for clinical purposes. 

The specimens used in the present work were obtained, once 
during the twenty-four hours, from the registered Jersey cows 
which form the Experiment Station dairy herd. The specimens, 
with the exception of four, were obtained during the period of 
evening milking, between the hours of four and six o'clock. At 
first, an effort was made to obtain the urine by means of a cathe- 
ter; but this was found impracticable, as the difficulty of using 
the instrument, the risk of infecting the bladder, and the general 
disturbance created among the cows at milking time, more than 
counterbalanced the advantage of increased rapidity with which 
the specimens could be obtained. The method finally used was 
that of waiting, with a one-litre saucepan, until a cow urinated, 
and then catching the urine in the saucepan. As a rule a cow 
will pass several litres of urine at one time, and it was the prac- 
tice to allow the first portion of urine to escape, and then catch 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 4 : ' : 
From the Laberatory of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. 


184 


NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 185 


what followed. The average cow will urinate once every hour 
or hour and a half, and with a herd of thirty-two cows there was 
very little delay in obtaining a sufficient number of specimens 
each day. 

A clean, 125 c.c. glass-stoppered, wide-mouthed bottle was 
filled with each specimen, the date, time and name of cow noted 
on the label. The bottles were then returned to the laboratory 
where they were immediately placed in the ice chest at a tempera- 
ture of 4 degrees C., where they remained until the following 
morning, at which time the analysis was made. The analysis 
was divided into three parts, the clinical, the chemical and the 
microscopical. 

THE CLInicAL Data—tThe clinical data included the date, 
the name and age of the cow, whether or not she was pregnant, 
and if so, the period of pregnancy, the number of pregnancies, 

the time since last calving, and the feed. 

THE CuemicaL Data—The chemical data included the 
color, the clarity or otherwise, and the precipitate. These points 
were observed while the urine stood in an ordinary urinometer. 
glass. The specific gravity was observed with an urinometer. 
The reaction was tested with litmus paper. The urea was esti- 
mated according to Hufner’s method, the principle of which is 
that urea is decomposed by an alkaline solution of a hypobromite, 
with the evolution of nitrogen gas, which may be collected and 
measured, while the carbon dioxide given off, at the same time, 
is absorbed by the sodium hydrate solution. 

The solution used was prepared in the following manner: 
108 grams of caustic soda were dissolved in 250 c.c. of water, 
and the solution allowed to cool, and 25 c.c. of bromine were then 
slowly added. If the solution is tightly stoppered and kept in 
the ice chest it will remain good for several months. 

The apparatus used was that known as the Doremus urinome- 
ter, the sample being allowed to stand for one hour at room 
temperature, and the volume of gas corrected to a standard 
temperature. 

To check the correctness of this method the following experi- 


186 DANIEL J. HEALY. 


ments were made: Seven ureometers were filled with the hypo- 
bromite solution, then to No. 1, 1 cc. of urine was added; to — 
No. 2, 1 c.c. of the same urine to which 0.1 per cent. of urea) 
had been added; to No. 3, 1 c.c. of urine to which 0.5. per cent. 
of urea had been added, and so forth. The following table gives 
the results: 

I. One cic. urine, no added urea, ==0232T Yo"Giear 

2. One cc. urine + 0.1% urea = 0.396% urea: 


3. One cc. urine + 0.5% urea =0.910% urea. 
4, One ¢.c. tifine + 1.0% trea’ 10435 7g 
5. One ec. urine + 1.5% urea =1'930% tne 
6. One cc. urine + 2.0% urea ==2:4759e trem 
7. One c.c. ufine + 3.0% urea == 3/514 %oeutrem 


The average error of the above seven determinations is an in- 
crease of 0.1% above the actual urea added. 

The ammonia was estimated according to a method kindly 
furnished by Dr. J. H. Kastle, of this station. The principle of 
this method is that free ammonia reacts with formic aldehyde to 
form hexamethyltetramin, thus: 

4NH, + 6H.CO==N,(CH3)¢ + 6H3®: | 
Free ammonia does not occur in the fresh urine, but exists in | 
the form of salts. If the urine is previously made neutral and | 
then tenth-normal caustic soda added in the presence of for- 
malin, free ammonia is formed and reacts as fast as formed with 
the formalin. The titration is done in the presence of neutral 
potassium oxalate, which prevents the obscuring effect of am- 
monia on the sharpness of the end point with phenolphthalein. 
The following solutions are required: : 

I. A tenth-normal sodium hydroxide. 

2. Commercial formalin, diluted one-half with water, and ' 
made neutral with sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as _ 
an indicator. ; 

The technique is as follows: About 60 c.c. of urine are 
treated with 3 grams of dry basic lead acetate, well stirred and — 
filtered. The filtrate is treated with 2 grams of dry neutral potas- 
sium oxalate, and filtered, using a dry folded filter. Ten c.c. of | 


NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY cCOW. 187 


the clean filtrate are then diluted with about 4o c.c. of distilled 
water, and 20 grams of dry neutral potassium oxalate and a few 
drops of phenolphthalein solution added. The mixture is either 
slightly alkaline or acid. If alkaline, a drop of dilute sulphuric 
acid is added, and tthen it is neutralized with tenth-normal sodium 
hydroxide. If acid, it is also neutralized. Twenty c.c. of the 


_ neutral formalin solution are then added, well stirred, and the 


Sac ee " 


solution again titrated with tenth-normal sodium hydroxide to 
neutralization. The reading of the second titration represents 
the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal ammonia in 
Io c.c. of urine. 

To check the correctness of the above method the following 
experiments were made: 

A sample of urine tested 0.0042% ammonia. Then to four 
portions of this urine of 10 c.c. each, sufficient ammonium chlor- 
ide was added, so that the total ammonia would be increased 
0.001% : 0.01% :0.1%, and 1.0%. The following table gives 
the results : 

IO c.c. of urine, no NH, Chloride tested 0.0042% NHs3. 

10 c.c. of urine + 0.0003 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.0053% NH. 

10 c.c. of urine + 0.0033 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.0134% NH,. 

10 c.c. of urine + 0.0332 gram NH,Cl. tested 0. 1014% NH. 

10 c.c. of urine + 0. 3324 gram NH,Cl. tested 0.9965% NHs. 
The average error was a loss of 0.0053%. 

The estimation of the hippuric acid presented difficulties 
which at first seemed impossible to overcome. However, as the 
methods used for estimating both the urea and ammonia proved 
fairly accurate, and as these, together with the hippuric acid, 
would represent the total nitrogen content of the urine, the fol- 
lowing method for estimating the hippuric acid was used: The 
urea and ammonia were first determined according to the above 
methods, and then by multiplying the per cent. of urea by the 
factor 0.4666, the per cent. of urea nitrogen was determined, 
and by multiplying the per cent. of ammonia by the factor 0.8235, 
the per cent. of ammonia nitrogen was determined. Next the per 
cent. of total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method 


18S DANIEL J. HEALY. 


as follows: Ten c.c. of urine was placed in a Kjeldahl flask, 
and 10 grams of powdered sodium sulphate and 20 c.c. of con- 
centrated sulphuric acid added. The contents of the flask were 
then digested over a free flame for two and a half hours, or until 
all color had disappeared. After cooling 200 c.c. of tap water 
were added and sufficient saturated caustic soda solution to make 
slightly alkaline, a small quantity of powdered zinc to prevent . 
lumping, and tthe ammonia distilled into a known quantity of sul- 
phuric acid, after which the sulphuric acid solution was titrated 
with a tenth-normal caustic soda solution, using cochineal as an 
indicator. The urea and ammonia nitrogen were subtracted 
from the total nitrogen and the difference calculated as hippuric 
acid. ‘To check the correctness of this method the following 


experiments were made: Tenc.c. of human urine was tested with — 


the following results : 


Two samples, calculated urea nitrogen............ is 1816% 

Two samples, calculated ammonia nitrogen........ 0.1077% 
Calculated total “nitrovens. 2... 1 eee 1.2893 % 

Actual total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method........... 1.24719 © 


Then eight samples of 10 c.c. of the same urine were taken in 
duplicate of two and two. To the first set 0.01 gram of hip- 
puric acid was added, this being equal to 0.1%. To the second ~ 
set, 0.05 gram of hippuric acid was added, this being equal to 
0.5%, and so forth. The following table gives the results: 


: A 0.1% added hippuric acid. 
7 Fue 
Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.2570% 
Hippuric acid scaleulated: .. 5... ncn. 0.1265 % 
zn 0.5% added hippuric acid. 
Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.2860% | 
Hippuric acid calculated........... 0.497494 
i 1.0% added hippuric acid. , 


ory 


ne ee 


NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 189 
Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.3200% 
Hippuric acid calculated........... 0.9321 % 
i 3.0% added hippuric acid. 
Total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method.... 1.4680% 
Hippuric acid calculated........... 2.8296% 


The above table shows this method is fairly accurate in esti- 
mating the hippuric acid, the experimental error being greater 
than is shown by this table, for the error in reading the urea per- 
centage will average 0.1344%, which would amount to 0.0626% 
nitrogen, which calculated as hippuric acid would equal 0.3004%. 

The presence or absence of sugar was determined by Fehl- 
ing’s copper sulphate method. 

The presence or absence of albumen was determined by heat- 
ing to boiling the upper portion of about 10 c.c. of clear urine 
contained in a test tube, and then adding, drop by drop, a dilute, 
one-tenth solution of acetic acid, the production of a cloudiness 
being considered a positive test for albumen. : 

MicroscoricaL Data—Fifteen c.c. of the urine were pre- 
cipitated in the electric centrifuge, running at 600 revolutions per 
minute for 10 minutes. ‘The precipitate was then placed on a 
microscope slide, a cover-glass placed over it, and examined with 
a magnification of 140 diameters. 

Analyses were made of 100 samples, collected from twenty- 
nine cows, during a period of six months. The months and the 
number of samples examined in each month were as follows: 

January: 20 samples. 

February: 9 samples. 

March: 22 samples. 

May: 11 samples. 

June: 12 samples. 

July: 26 samples. 

The samples were either colorless, 15%, or yellow in color, 
85%. Thirty-two per cent. were pale yellow, 27% deep yellow, 
and 26% yellow. The color and specific gravity varied with the 


190 DANIEL J. HEALY. 


season and feed. During January, February and March they — 
were as follows: 


Spice 
Deep yellow “17-5 see sc OE IO000-IO1O 18 
Yellow TOs. cnee em eee IOIO-1020 7, 
Balle yellow | Sl ji 2. sa eee 1020-1030 5 
Colorless Tack nic ee ee 1030-1050 1 
5I | 51 
During May, June and July they were as follows: 
Sp. G. 
Deep Grellow.ierimey. ese 1000-1010 28 
Yellow LO UR an TOTO=1020) > 16 
Palesyellows 04. 2) sae eee 1020-1030 5 
Colorless A Mm, Ie 1030-1050 fe) 
49 : 49 
Specific gravity ran from 1000-1049 and averaged 1014. 


Reaction: Alkaline 82; neutral 10; amphoteric per cent. 
slightly acid 1. 

Urea from 0.04%-4.04%. 

Average, 1.06%. | 
Hippuric acid from 0.01%-4.15%. 
Average, 1.17%. 

Ammonia from none, 1.0161%. 
Average, 0.0009 %. 

Total nitrogen from 0.11 %-1.92%. 
Average, 0.587%. 

No sugar. 

No albumen. 

MicroscopicaL Data—Squamous epithelial cells were ob- 
served in 63% of the specimens, and irregular vegetable cells 
in 44%. Amorphous matter was observed in 27%, and mucus 
corpuscles in 21%. Spiral vegetable cells were observed in 
20%, and starch granules and calcium sulphate crystals in 13% 
each. 


cay 


NORMAL CLINICAL URINALYSIS OF THE DAIRY COW. 191 


The normal urine of a dairy cow would, therefore, present 
an analysis approximately as follows: Color, yellow; specific 
gravity, 1014; reaction, alkaline; a slight flocculent precipitate, 
and occasionally a heavy white precipitate of calcium sulphate; 
urea, 1.06%; hippuric acid, 1.17%; ammonia, a trace; total 
nitrogen, 0.58% ; no albumen; no sugar; microscopical examina- 
tion: squamous epithelial cells, irregular and spiral vegetable 
cells, starch granules, calcium sulphate crystals and amorphous 
matter. 


Goop Drarr Horses In DEMAND—The following clipping 
from a paper that states facts as it finds them, bears out our con- 
victions that the horse is still, and always will be, the most prac- 
ticable and economical form of traction, except for very long 
runs, when, in reality, the automobile replaces an express or 
freight train, rather than the horse. And the same applies to 
those that use it for long road runs in light work: “ About the 
horse market the comment is constantly made that draft horses 
are the best sellers. This statement has already become common- 
place. Anyone conversant with horse market activities would 
be surprised to hear any other assertion, and yet the fact remains 
that farmers are not producing top-notch draft horses in any 
considerable number. Judging by horse market receipts and a 
search of the countryside, farmers have a comparatively small 
appreciation for the advantages of breeding the largest horses. 

“The fear of displacement by motor-trucks has some influence 
on farmers, but really motor power is not displacing the class of 
largest horses to any great extent. Dealers assert that motor- 
trucks have cut no appreciable inroads into their orders for first- 
class draft horses. Those who require the best teams pay almost 
any price in order to satisfy their requirements. 

“ As a consequence those farmers who are attempting to pro- 
duce the right kind have not only the best possible present market, 
but very luminous prospects. An urgent demand has arisen this 
fall for the very best kind of draft mares. Every one of this 
sort would find a prompt buyer if offered for sale. Usually when 
one is located, inquiry reveals the fact that the owner is deter- 
mined to keep her.” —( Breeders’ Gazette. ) 


THE MALLEIN TESTS. * 


By C. J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 


Pennsylvania began using mallein subcutaneously as a diag- 
nostic agent for glanders in 1894. From that time to January 1, 
1912, the records show that this test has been applied to six thou- 
sand, three hundred and three (6,303) horses and mules. During 
the same period one thousand and thirty-three horses and mules 
have been destroyed on account of glanders. It has never been the 
policy of the board to insist on destroying animals for glanders 
unless physical symptoms of the disease were present. All 
susceptible, exposed cases were placed in quarantine and kept 
there till the open cases have been destroyed or safely isolated, 
reactors only destroyed or passed a satisfactory retest, and the 
stables and other sources of infection have been disinfected. 

It was believed to be unnecessary in cases with well-marked 
physical symptoms of glanders to conduct an autopsy. For these 
reasons we have but few post-mortem records until subsequent 
to January, 1912. 

A veterinarian is required by law to report to the board all 
cases of glanders coming under his observation. Agents for the 
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals report a good 
many cases. In some places the board has made them agents 
and given them authority to quarantine suspected cases till a 
qualified agent can be gotten to make a diagnosis. 

When a qualified, recognized veterinarian reports a case of 
glanders on a physical examination his diagnosis is accepted. 
He is then authorized to appraise and destroy the animal, place 
all exposed, susceptible animals in quarantine, and arrange to 
make a physical examination and apply a thermic mallein test 
as soon as possible to each animal in quarantine. Those that 
react positively may be appraised and destroyed or placed in 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


192 


THE MALLEIN TESTS. 193 


strict quarantine. Those that show a doubtful reaction are placed 
in provisional quarantine and retested in from one to two months. 
They are subsequently dealt with as reactors or released accord- 
ing to the results of the tests. Animals that have passed the 
test are not allowed to be sold for three months from the time 
the last positive case was removed, or until they have passed the 
eye or serum tests. In a very few cases mallein has failed to 
give a characteristic reaction where it was known that the animal 
had glanders. On the other hand well-marked reactions have 
been obtained on the first test, would pass satisfactory subsequent 
tests and show no evidence of glanders for several years there- 
after. 

A characteristic reaction is understood to be one in which 
there is high temperature, painful swelling at point of injection, 
and physical depression. In the experience of the writer this 
combination is seldom found. It is the exception, not the rule. 
With it results are positive, easily interpreted, and a mistake will 
seldom be made by destroying an animal that has given such a 
reaction. Partial reactions are most common and they are not 


easily interpreted in all cases, even by those who have had a wide 


experience in using mallein. 

Veterinarians as a rule in Pennsylvania have unlimited faith 
in the accuracy of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for tubercu- 
losis, and they seldom misinterpret the results of a tuberculin 
test. This is not true in reference to mallein. 

Dr. M. Klimmer reports the recommendations made at the 
International Veterinary Congress, held in Budapest in 1905, 
in reference to the thermal mallein test. This may be found in 


his handbook on “ Serum Therapy and Serum Diagnosis, Vet- 


erinary Medicine,” Volume II., page 310 of the 1911 edition. 
Some facts are noted in reference to temperature, local swelling, 
ete., in typical and atypical reactions, and conditions are men- 
tioned where atypical reactions may be expected. They are as 
follows: 

The typical glanders temperature is 104° F. It should rise 
gradually, remain high till the second day and then fall grad- 


194 Cc. J. MARSHALL. 


ually. With such a temperature glanders should be diagnosed 
whether there is swelling or not at the point of injection. An 
atypical reaction may be lower or higher than 104° F. A swell- 
ing at the point of injection 6” by 6” is considered typical and 
glanders should be diagnosed irrespective of temperature. A 
renewed rise in temperature on the secorid or third day after 
injection should be considered positive. In all cases a retest 
should be applied in from ten to twenty days. Plain mallein 
or retest mallein may be used for this purpose. 

The following conditions may reduce atypical reactions: 
(1) Spoiled or badly prepared mallein; (2) carelessness or in- 
efficiency on the part of the operator; (3) advanced cases of 
glanders (physical diagnosis is usually easy in such cases) ; (4) 
marked emaciation from any cause; (5) exhaustion; (6) ad- 
vanced age; (7) when antipyretics have been given. 

In retests or where too small a dose of mallein has been used, 
one is more liable to get a typical swelling than a typical thermal — 
reaction. 

Dr. Klimmer also reports the results of his personal investi- 
gations on four thousand, seven hundred and eight (4,708) 
horses submitted to the thermal mallein test. Of this number, 
three thousand and forty-nine reacted and one thousand, six hun- 
dred and fifty-nine passed the test. All these animals were killed 
and carefully posted. Of the three thousand and forty-nine 
horses condemned, no lesions were found in two hundred and 
seventy-two. In the one thousand, six hundred and fifty-nine 
animals which passed the test, eight had lesions of glanders. 

According to these figures, for every twelve horses that react 
~ to the mallein one may be considered free from glanders. For 
those that pass a mallein test over two hundred might be killed 
before one would be found that showed the disease. 

The results in Pennsylvania in the opinion of the writer would 
justify the above conclusions. Few glandered horses will escape 
the thermic mallein test. With this test there 1s much more 
danger of killing those that are free from glanders. For this 
reason horses that react to the thermic mallein test, but show no 


fA 


Se 


THE MALLEIN TESTS. 195 


suspicious physical symptoms should furnish additional proof 
that they have glanders before one is justified in destroying them. 
‘The ocular mallein test is very useful in such cases. Those that 
react to the ocular test may be destroyed safely. It is considered 
best, however, to hold all reactors for at least two weeks and 
collect samples of blood from each case from the serum tests and 
then submit them to a thermic mallein retest. Those that react a 
second time or have reacted to the eye, or either serum test, 
should be considered glandered and dealt with accordingly. 

In acute glanders and other febrile diseases mallein should 
not be used subcutaneously on account of high temperature. It 
is less reliable in retests than in the original. There are numerous 
cases where other methods for diagnosing glanders must be re- 
sorted to if accurate results are to be obtained. Our board is 
fortunate in having recourse to the various laboratory forms of 
diagnosis. The laboratory furnishes indispensable service in this 
line. Aside from preparing mallein for the subcutaneous and 
ocular tests, diagnostic inoculations are made and the agglutina- 
tion, complement fixation and precipitation tests are carried out. 
The board and the profession at large have unlimited faith in 
the laboratory report. Diagnostic inoculations are not satisfac- 
tory at all times for the reason that the animal frequently dies 
from some other disease. When a diagnosis has been established 
by this method it is considered most positive. 

Our laboratory began using the agglutination test about 1908. 
Results were irregular and apparently fickle. Very little confi- 
dence has been established for this method of diagnosis from 
a practical point of view. In the past few months the results 
have been much better, and at present we have an abundance 
of confidence in the agglutination and the complement fixation 
Pests: 

While we have met with disappointments in the use of mallein 
we still believe that it is the most practical method for diagnosing 
glanders that is known at the present time. The various other 
methods are especially useful in assisting to establish a diag- 
nosis, and most useful in preventing the destruction of those that 


196 Cc. J. MARSHALL. 


are free from glanders, when mallein cannot be used or when it 
fails to give a characteristic reaction. 

About the first of the present year we began experimenting 
with a specially prepared mallein used in the eye. We have 
records of the ocular test on two hundred and one cases (fifity- 
three positive of glanders). It has been used in well-marked 
physical cases of glanders, exposed and healthy animals, and 
results have been uniformly satisfactory. Like mallein used sub- 
cutaneously, the original test is the most satisfactory. In some 
cases a slight thermal reaction is obtained, which is of diagnostic 
value. Where a subcutaneous test is applied in positive glanders 
subsequent to an ocular test the eye will sometimes react. The 
ocular test is easily applied and readily interpreted. The elevated 
initial temperature does not appear to interfere with results. 

The following instructions are sent to practitioners in Penn- 
sylvania for applying an ocular mallein test: 


(GLANDERS. 


Scientific Principle—The animal body infected with glanders 
is hypersensitive to mallein to such a degree that this preparation 
given in small doses will cause at the seat of the application an 
inflammatory reaction; in large doses general symptoms (fever, 
or the well-known mallein reaction). The hypersensitiveness 
occurs under general conditions at the end of the third week after 
infection and reaches in the first month of the disease its maxi- 
mum. (During the further development of the disease in from 
six months to two years it generally sinks down to the insensi- 
bility of healthy animals.) During this period conditions of 
increased sensitiveness may be detected. 

Technique of the Test—The mallein (5 per cent. solution of 
dry mallein [‘‘ Foth”’] in saline solution) is instilled into the 
conjunctival sac of the eye (quantity, 2 drops). A fine camel's 
hair brush can be used. The other eye serves a control. 

Course and Interpretation of the Reaction—Immediately 
after the application, in practically all animals, lacrimation, red- 
dening of the conjunctival membranes, photophobia, etc., will be 
noted. This primary reaction is not specific and disappears in 


ees Ba 


™, 


Per ergs Ne a 


THE MALLEIN TESTS. 197 


the next few hours. The specific reaction begins five to six hours 
after the application and has a duration of thirty-six to forty- 
eight hours, occasionally longer. The symptoms are a purulent 
conjunctivitis, reddening, swelling and purulent secretion. The 
purulent secretion ts typical. Distinguish the following: 

a. Positive Reaction—Purulent secretion in varying quanti- 
ties ; in small quantities always to be found in the inner 
canthus. 

b. Negative Reaction—Absence of any secretion. 

c. Doubtful Reaction—Slimy secreta or lacrimation after 
twenty-four hours. : 

The examination is made as early as twelve hours and as late 
as twenty-four hours after the application. A positive reaction 
indicates glanders. One negative test does not permit the elim- 
ination of suspicion, but after three weeks’ repeated ophthalmic 
tests with negative results speaks against the presence of the 
disease in the animal tested. 

Doubtful reactions support suspicion. In these cases a repeti- 
tion of the test is recommended. The second test can be carried 
out in from one to thirty days. In this case a positive reaction 
supports the diagnosis of glanders. Should the second test be 
negative or doubtful, a third test should be applied in three 
weeks. 

Fever and Gencral Symptoms—Severe positive ophthalmic 
reactions run their course without fever and general symptoms. 
Latent infected animals are hypersensitive to such a degree that 
traces of mallein absorbed by the circulation cause a febrile 
reaction. It is therefore advisable to combine the ophthalmic 
test with a temperature test. Three temperatures are necessary— 
on at the time of the application and one at the time of each 
observation. 

A doubtful ocular reaction can, by the simultaneous rise of 
temperature from a non-febrile state of the animal, be interpreted 
as positive. | 

Sources of Mistakes—(a) The ophthalmic test should not 
be applied in cases of existing conjunctivitis. 


198 Cc. J. MARSHALL, 


(b) By removing the purulent secretion (by manipulation 
of the stableman) a positive reaction may become indistinct. 
Usually in these cases a purulent secretion is found surrounding 
the eye. 

(c) A positive reaction may be simulated by a voluntary or 
involuntary irritation of the eye (foreign bodies, etc.). . 

(d) In rare cases the reaction may be atypical. It may 
appear suddenly and disappear in a few hours or later and could 
not be detected till twenty-four hours or later. Both reactions 
are to be interpreted as “ doubtful.” 

(e) In rare cases the untested eye reacts. 

(7) There does not exist any correlation between the degree 
of the reaction and the degree of the pathological lesions. 

The ocular mallein test conflicts in no way with the subcu- 
taneous test. 


Note—Mark the reactions as follows: P—positive, with 


figures I, 2, 3 as to degree of pus; 1—little; 2—much; 3—abun- 
dant ; N—negative ; D—doubtful. 

The ocular test is convenient and useful in. stables where 
glanders is suspected or in an animal giving suspicious symptoms. 
If a serum test is to be made the blood should be obtained before 
or not for three to four weeks after mallein is injected. The 
ocular test may be used before or after the subcutaneous test. 
It is not considered advisable to use the two at the same time 
because during a febrile reaction the ocular reaction fades away. 

Those that react to an ocular test and show suspicious physical 
symptoms may be appraised and destroyed at once or placed in 
rigid quarantine. Animals that react to the ocular test but show 
10 physical symptoms should be isolated, sample of blood ob- 
tained and a subcutaneous mallein test applied as soon as possible. 
If the ocular reaction is confirmed by a reaction to the subcu- 
taneous test or either of the sera tests, the animal should be con- 
sidered glandered and dealt with accordingly. 

Animals that are condemned for glanders by any test, yet 
show no physical symptoms of the disease, should be submitted 
to a careful post mortem. This has been done in Pennsylvania 


Re 


THE MALLEIN TESTS. 199 


since January I, 1912. There are very few owners who have 
sufficient faith in any test and especially so if there are no phys- 
ical symptoms present. The no-symptom cases must be gotten 
rid of if glanders is to be eliminated. There is very little chance 
for mistakes if the known diagnostic agents are carefully and 
intelligently used. 


NOTES ON THE TRAPEZIUM IN THE EQuIDAE.—We have 
perused with much pleasure a discourse on the above subject ex- 
tracted from the bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History, New York, from the pen of Mr. S. H. Chubb of that 
institution, illustrated, and believe it of the greatest interest to 
anatomists. 


In MemortrAM—PauL CaAspAR FREER.—In the memorial 
number of the Philippine Journal of Science we have read with 
much feeling an obituary on Paul Caspar Freer, M.D., Ph.D., 
Director of the Bureau of Science of the Government of the 
Philippine Islands, Dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery 
and Professor of Chemistry of the University of the Philippines. 
Dr. Freer was also founder and editor-in-chief of the above jour- 
nal. Although Dr. Freer died on the 17th of April last, the sor- 
row at his loss, in the hearts of his colleagues, is as deep now 1s 
it was at the time of his demise. In July, the members of the 
staff of the Bureau of Science, the Council of the University 
of the Philippines, and the members of the Philippine Islands 
Medical Association had a memorial meeting in honor of his 
memory and to give formal expression of their sorrow at the loss 
of their faithful and brilliant brother, who was so dear to them 
in life, and of such inestimable value to the interests of medicine 
in the Philippine Islands. Dr. Freer was born in Chicago, and 
at the time of his death was but fifty-one years old, and had he 
not been afflicted with arterio-sclerosis and acute nephritis, which 
carried him off, should have had his richest years ahead of him. 
He was a true friend to the Filipinos, and a solicitous protector 
of the Filipino youth, whom he encouraged to take up scientific 
work. His desire was to put as many Filipinos as possible in his 
bureau. His death causes a great loss to the cause of science in 
the Philippine Islands; greater than can ever be estimated. 


THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURA- 
TIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT.* 


By R. A. Craic, Acr. Exp, Sta., Purpuz UNiversiry, LAFAYETTE, Ino. 


For the past three years anti-cholera serum has been used 
for the protection of hogs against infection with the hog cholera 
virus, and in the treatment of this disease. The term anti- 
cholera serum as used in this paper is applied to defibrinated 
blood to which a preservative has been added. ‘This blood is 
secured by bleeding a hog that has been hyperimmunized with 
cholera virus, usually blood from a hog having acute cholera, by 
injecting it directly or indirectly into the circulation of the ant- 
mal. The production, distribution and use of this serum are 
controlled largely by live stock sanitary boards, state veterin- 
arians and state experiment stations. The output of the state 
laboratories is supplemented by commercial laboratories that are 
usually located near stock yards where cholera and well hogs can 
be purchased cheaper than from the farmer. 

In the late summer and fall hundreds of thousands of hogs 
die of cholera. In 1911 the loss from this disease was very 
heavy. In one county in Indiana 43,977 hogs, valued at $222,886, 
died, and in five other counties in the state the loss from cholera 
was 120,974 hogs, valued at $704,773. The loss in the six 
counties was nearly $1,000,000. . 

During the past year but a small percentage of the exposed 
and infected hogs were protected by vaccination or treated with 
serum. ‘Thousands of infected, immature hogs were hurried to 
market, and the loss from this source may be considered about 
one-half as great as that due to the heavy death rate. Numerous 
articles describing anti-cholera serum published in the agricul- 
tural papers gave the farmers confidence in this new agent for 
combatting hog cholera and the demand for it greatly exceeded 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medica! 
Association, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


200 


ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT. 201 


the supply. Commercial firms found a ready sale for this serum. 
Laboratories were made larger and new companies formed. Un- 
trained men established laboratories and began producing serum 
without the advice of an experienced director. The field results 
were no better than could be expected. The use of serums lack- 
ing potency, “ fake” preparations and vaccines and “ specifics ”’ 
have discouraged the use of a reliable serum. In one locality in 
Indiana anti-cholera serum has not been used, but because of the 
unsatisfactory and “ fake”’ serums and vaccines with which the 
farmers’ hogs have been vaccinated and treated, anti-cholera 
serum is condemned. 

A short time ago a man who is a very prominent teacher of 
animal husbandry and who is influential with stockmen stated that 
his experience with the serum treatment or hog cholera was very 
unsatisfactory. He stated that within a few days after the treat- 
ment was used on the herd in his charge that the hogs began dy- 
ing like flies. In this case the dissatisfaction was largely due to 
the person in charge of the herd not being properly informed re- 
garding the heavy loss that may follow the treatment of an in- 
fected herd. The editor of the live stock department of a prom- 
inent agricultural paper states that in his talks with the stockmen 
he has found that about fifty per cent. of them condemn the 
serum. Many of the farmers in one state do not believe that the 
statistics stating the field results with serum as given out by the 
state authorities are true. 

The careless testing of serum in order to determine its 
_ potency, and recommending too small a dose have resulted in 
_ heavy loss in herds vaccinated by the simultaneous method. In 
testing serum, blood of known virulence and highly susceptible 
pigs or young hogs should be used. Stockyard hogs, or hogs 
purchased from two different herds, should not be used in test- 
‘ing the same lot of serum, because of the variation in the sus- 

ceptibility of different lots of young hogs to cholera. I have ia 
_ My possession a letter written by a representative of a commer- 
cial company in which he states that they tested serum without 
using virulent blood test pigs or without determining the virul- 


202 R. A. CRAIG. 


ence of the blood used. Last year a veterinarian who had trouble 
with septic infection in a herd of hogs that had been vaccinated 
sent a sample of the serum that was used to the laboratory. 
This serum contained strings of fibrin and septic organisms that 
produced fatal septicaemia in rabbits that were inoculated with it. 

A large number of the healthy herds in which anti-cholera 
serum has been used have been given protective doses. The size 
of the protective dose recommended by commercial companies 
has varied from 5 c.c. to 25 c.c. and by state laboratories and a 
few commercial firms from 20 c.c. to 45 c.c. for hogs weighing 
up to seventy-five and one hundred pounds. The 5 c.c. and Io 
c.c. doses recommended for immunizing hogs not exposed to 
disease was based on the claim that the serum produced by this 
firm possessed a high degree of potency. However, in districts 
where hog cholera prevailed, they recommended a full dose of 20 
c.c. fifty pounds of body weight. If a herd of hogs has not 
been exposed to hog cholera, or is in no danger of becoming ex- 
posed to this disease, it 1s unnecessary to use serum. I have 
given this scale of doses for the purpose of showing the wide 
variation. Judging from the field results of the past year, the 
low doses recommended conferred little or no immunity. 

When a non-infected herd of hogs is given serum alone, the 
immunity conferred is temporary, lasting from four to six weeks. 
Many of the farmers who had their herds temporarily immunized 
the past year, believed that the hogs were proof against cholera 
infection for at least six months, and were greatly disappointed 
and discouraged when the “ vaccinated’ animals developed hog 
cholera. Thousands of hogs that had cost the owners from fifty 
cents to one dollar per head to have dosed with anti-cholera 
serum became sick, were shipped to market or died. This has 
reacted on the control work in some localities. 

There are many field conditions that may lead to complica- 
tions in the simultaneous vaccination work. The natural im- 
munity of a hog may be lowered by feeding, handling, etc., and 
certain individuals may prove more susceptible toward infection 
than others. I have found that hogs raised in a section of the 


POI 


ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT. 203 


state where hog cholera seldom occurs make better hogs for 
virulent blood production than the hogs raised where hog cholera 
is prevalent every few years. A large number of stock hogs 
have been shipped into Indiana from Tennessee, Arkansas and 
Missouri during the last few years. These shipments are usually 
made during the late fall and winter. Changes in the climate. 


feed and handling lower the resistance of this class of hogs to- 


ward the disease, and this must be considered when vaccinating 
them. 

The Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station distributes 
serum through the veterinarians. Nearly all of the simultaneous 
vaccination work is done by the practicing veterinarians, and we 
direct the work so far as possible. Unless they are in sympathy 
with the work and are willing to inform themselves regarding 
it, mistakes are sure to occur. Vaccination methods must vary 
so far as the quantity of serum used, care of the hogs, etc., be- 
cause of the different conditions met with in the field. Poor 
judgment and careless methods on the part of the veterinarian 
may result in heavy losses. A few days ago I was informed that 
a veterinarian whom we have been furnishing with serum, mixed 
the virulent blood with the serum. This practitioner had visited 
our laboratory and received full instructions regarding methods. 

It is not advisable to vaccinate pigs weighing less than fifty 
pounds by the simultaneous method. If the mother is vaccinated, 
or infection is present in the pens, the pigs should be given a 
protective dose of serum, and later given permanent protection, 
or vaccinated by the simultaneous method. The use of blood of 
low virulence and careless methods used in administering the 
blood and serum are not uncommon causes of hogs outgrowing 
their immunity. 

Practically all of the vaccination work in Indiana is done in 
the permanently infected sections of the state. The use of anti- 
cholera serum for controlling an outbreak of hog cholera in a 
herd has frequently proven unsatisfactory. In order to prevent 
the spread of the disease in such a herd, I believe that it 1s neces- 
sary to take the body temperatures of all the hogs that do not 


show visible symptoms. All hogs having normal temperatures 
should be vaccinated by the simultaneous method, and if treat- 
ment of the infected hogs is advisable, from one-half more to 
twice the vaccination dose should be administered. If the above 
method is not practiced, a large percentage of the non-infected 
hogs may develop cholera later and die, as frequently occurred 
the past year. Hog cholera virus may remain virulent for 
months and a few weeks’ protection is of little help in preventing 
the spread of the disease. 

Up to July, 1912, the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion had produced about 4,000,000 ¢.c. of anti-cholera serum. 
Estimating the average dose of serum used at 40 c.c. this quan- 
tity was sufficient to vaccinate and treat about 100,000 hogs. We 
have had a great deal of trouble in securing the proper reports 
from the farmers, as they do not seem to understand just what 
we want. Very often they report the entire herd instead of only 
the animals vaccinated and treated as shown in the report of the 
veterinarian. This makes the report useless to us for statistical 
work. We have received complete reports from more than one- 
fifth of the hogs treated and vaccinated. 

Previous to July 1, 1911, we received complete reports from 
188 herds. The non-infected herds numbered 73, and contained 
4,609 hogs. The loss following simultaneous vaccination was 
104 head, or 2.25 per cent. Fifty-one of the non-infected herds 
had absolutely no loss. There were 115 infected herds number- 
ing 8,071 hogs. The loss following treatment was 766 head or 
9.5 per cent. Twenty-five of the infected herds had no loss. 

For the year ending July 1, 1912, complete reports were re- 
ceived from 186 herds. Eighty-five herds containing 4,036 hogs 
had no infection at the time they were vaccinated by the simul- 
taneous method. ‘Thirty-seven, or 0.91 per cent. of the hogs 
died. All of this loss occurred in ten herds, numbering 1,272 
hogs. One hundred and one infected herds, numbering 5,478 
hogs, were treated. In these herds, 7o1 hogs died, or 12.8 per 
cent. In 89 of the infected herds there were 4,929 hogs, of which 
1,529 showed infection. The loss in these latter herds was 677 


RD eee a ee 


sina Sra y went 


ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM AS A CURATIVE AND PREVENTATIVE AGENT, 2035 


head, showing that 55.7 per cent. of the sick hogs were saved. 
All of the non-infected hogs in the above herds were vaccinated 
by the simultaneous method. 

Practicing veterinarians should realize more fully than at 
present the importance of the hog cholera control work. We 
should be slow in endorsing proprietary preparations sold by 
agents that do not represent a reputable firm. Such persons 
should not be allowed to make “ demonstrations”’ before our 
clients, nor should we by any act or statement lead stockmen to 
believe that we are willing to recommend their product until we 
are able to prove that it is worthy of our professional approval. 
The average practitioner is not in position to test cholera rem- 
edies and vaccines, but he can inform himself regarding them by 
writing to the state or experiment station veterinarians. The 
hog cholera control work offers an opportunity for us to impress 


_stockmen with the necessity of passing better laws for the control 


of animal diseases, to build state laboratories and add to our rep- 
utation as veterinarians. 


Hackneys Hotpinc THerr Own IN ENGLAND—The fol- 
lowing extract from an article by G. T. Burrows in the Breeders’ 
Gazette of October 16th is surely encouraging, and welcome news 
of the assured position of this wonderful little breed of horses in 
its native land in the face of mechanical contrivances to replace 
it; and if cities in this country were not permitted to render their 
streets dangerous by a scandalous form of pavement, their posi- 
tion would be just as assured here, and their popularity as great 
as in England: “* Hackneys are selling just as well as ever in the 
old country. W. Burdett Coutts at his recent sale secured $12,179 
for 48 head, or an average of a little over $225, chiefly for young 
stock. It is the opinion of this great breeder that the future of 
the high-class harness Hackney is clearer than it was two years 
ago. He believes the functions of motors have settled themselves. 
The pleasures of driving a team, a pair, or a single horse still re- 
main. If the best breeding strains are held onto, English breed- 
ers would reap both honor and reward for having stepped in to 
prevent the desertion of an old breed.” * * * 


RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS ON AN 
EQUAL BASIS.* 


By Jutes F. Moret, M.D.C., PortLanp, Ore. 


Considering the fact that the laws regulating the practice of 
veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the various states 
differ in some instances, not so much from a medical standpoint, 
but in the preliminary requirements, this paper will take in view a 
number of states forming a group whose preliminary and medi- 
cal requirements are uniform or nearly so. According to the 
different requirements to practice the veterinary profession in 
the United States, I think we may classify the above in five 
groups: 

1. Those requiring a high-school graduation, or an 
equivalent, prior to the taking up of the study of veterin- 
ary medicine. 

2. Those complying only with the rules and regula- 
tions established by the Association of Colleges of the 
American Veterinary Medical Association. 

3. Those having no preliminary requirements what- 
ever. 

4. Those granting a license upon presentation of 
diploma. . 

5. Those having no veterinary laws whatever. 

The object of this paper is not to make a plea for interstate 
reciprocity indiscriminately, but purely and simply on an equal 
basis. Therefore, the State Examining Board whose require- 
ments demand a high-school education could not exchange a 
license with a state whose requirements are not equivalent, ex- 
ception being taken where the candidate, besides having in his 
possession a state license issued under different conditions, would 
be a high-school graduate. There would be no question and no 


* Presented to the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining Boards, at the 
A. V. M. A. meeting, Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


206 


RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS. 207 


reason whatever for a state board requiring an examination to 
reciprocate with a state granting a license upon presentation of 
a diploma. But there is a question when, and there should be a 
reason why, a state board refuses to grant a license to a graduate 
veterinarian whose requirements come up to the standard, who 
passed a successful examination before a State Examining Board, 
and who is refused a license to practice in a state whose require- 
ments are equivalent to those of the state in which a license was 


issued previously. If a qualified veterinarian passes a successful 


examination in Iowa, for instance, and is granted a license to 
practice his profession as a veterinarian in Iowa, can anyone 
state why this veterinarian is not able and capable to practice 
his profession in the state of Oregon or Washington, without 
having to submit himself to another examination, providing 
lowa’s requirements, if not more stringent, are at least equivalent 
to those of the other states? If a man changes from one college 
or university to another institution of a similar character, he is 
generally given credit for the work he has done and accomplished 
successfully. By doing so the college or university registering 
the student is not only doing justice to the matriculant, but it 
is giving the right recognition which the other institution de- 
serves, providing the latter comes up to the required standard. 
If our leading institutions of higher education take this stand, 
why should our state examining boards have any reason to 
differ and oppose themselves to what is generally accepted as 
fair and square to the student? Our state laws should make 
provision to that effect and recognize to its full value the require- 
ments in force by other state boards. The idea of compelling an 
old practitioner of veterinary medicine and surgery to pass a 
state board examination, and meanwhile consider him on the 
same footing as a young graduate just out of college is, to my 
mind, a most unfair proposition and a great injustice to the 
veterinary profession. If a graduate veterinarian passes a suc- 
cessful examination before any state board in America, if, be- 
sides his veterinary training, he can comply with the preliminary 
requirements of a state in which he wishes to register, he should 


208 JULES F. MOREL. 


be entitled to register without any further proceedings. In the 
later the moral and ethical question should be considered as well. 

The medical profession of America has taken up this matter 
a long time ago and reciprocity exists between the examining 
boards of the various states in the Union, which allows a phy- 
sician having once passed successfully a state board examina- 
tion, to practice his profession in other states whose requirements 
are similar to the state in which he took the examination and 
subsequently secured a license. 

Our states should give every examining board the privilege 
to consider the applicant’s credentials before giving him a test 
and then give him an examination accordingly. The require- 
ments of our state boards of to-day are such that an older prac- 
titioner is practically incapable of answering a great part of the 
questions asked him, and is consequently unable to pass a suc- _ 
cessful examination, and in many instances is completely barred 
out from practicing his profession in other states, in which, from 
a legal as well as a moral standpoint, he should be entitled to 
practice. Would you expect a graduate of from fifteen to twenty- 
five years ago to answer correctly the questions asked to-day in 
histology, pathology, bacteriology, etc., while a younger graduate 
taking the same examination had the opportunity to familiarize 
himself thoroughly with these subjects, which to-day form a 
most important part in the curriculum of our colleges? Is this 
fair competition? I will agree that every professional man 
should keep himself up to date and devote part of his time to 
the study of modern medicine and surgery, but notwithstanding 
the fact that a great number of us are doing so, are all practi- 
tioners able to do so, and are they all given an equal opportunity ? 
No, of course not—with the exception of the practice of medi- 
cine, surgery and the study of modern therapeutics, he will un- 
doubtedly be exceeding rusty in all branches covering the cur- 
riculum of the first two years spent in college. | 

Interstate reciprocity on an equal basis would only give an 
equal opportunity to the veterinarians to practice their profes- 
sion in the different states of the Union. It is understood that 


ee 


¥ 
P ' 


RECIPROCITY OF VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARDS. 209 


the object of this paper is not to indulge in or ask for registra- 
tion by courtesy, for if the latter is to be taken up it must be on 
its merits. Registration by courtesy cannot be done on the same 
basis as reciprocity. Registration through reciprocity should be 
the object of the following considerations: 

1. That all applicants for license be graduates from 
recognized veterinary colleges in good standing and 
repute, those recognized by the American Veterinary 
Medical Association. 

2. That the applicants for license through reciprocity 
produce evidence that they have passed a successful ex- 
amination before a state examining board. 

3. That the statutes of the state in which the applicant 
passed on examination, require a test at least equivalent to 
the one given in the state in which he desires to register. 

4. That in all cases where an examination has been 
given, the applicant receives due credit for the work he 
accomplished successfully. 

5. That the examining board of the state in which 
application is being made for license, in case of mutual 
reciprocity, has the privilege to demand, whenever deemed 
necessary, the papers and grades of the applicant from the 
state in which examination was held. 

6. That no license be issued to an applicant whose 
license has once been revoked. 

7. That no non-graduate licenses be taken under con- 
sideration. 

8. That all states reciprocating with one another adopt 
a uniform pass mark. 

g. That all licenses be issued only on mutual reci- 
procity. 

The only solution to my mind to give the American veterin- 
arian an equal opportunity, after he had once produced his 
credentials and proven to be proficient in the practice of his pro- 
fession, is the creation of a National Board of Veterinary Medi- 
cal Examiners under the supervision of the American Medical 


210 JULES F. MOREL, 


Association or the federal government, but as I am not wishing 
to deviate from the title of this paper, I will not aim to discuss 
this matter but will content myself with mentioning it. 

My object is to ask for fairness and equality, giving the old 
as well as the young the opportunity that we are all looking for— 
a fair and square competition conducted along the most ethical 
lines possible and the abolishment of exclusion. 


NATIONAL HorsE SHOW oF AMERICA—TWENTY-EIGHTH 
ANNUAL EXHIBITION, NOVEMBER 16-18-19-20-21-22-23, at 
Madison Square Garden, New York City; $40,000 in prizes, dis- 
tributed amongst Thoroughbreds, Trotters, Hackneys, Morgans, 
Clydesdales, Roadsters, Heavy Harness Horses, Four-in-Hands, 
Ponies, in Harness and Under Saddle, Tandems, Saddle Horses, 
Officers’ Chargers, Hunters, Jumpers and Polo Ponies. Surely 
the old Garden will be an interesting place that week and a day, 
and all fashionable New York and all horse lovers in general will 
manage to find their way to the arena and to the stalls where 
equine aristocracy will “receive’’ at some time during that 
period. Each horse show during the year has been reported as 
far exceeding previous years and the one at the “ Garden” will 
exceed all of them. New York City veterinarians drop in at 
leisure moments, and find it both entertaining and educational. 
Many also come from a considerable distance, and find the time 
well spent. 


REvIEw KeEEps GOING ONE BETTER—Dr. Horace B. F. 
Jervis, of Houlton, Me., in renewing his subscription to the RE- 
VIEW, writes: “ Your valuable journal not only keeps up its usual 
high standard that it has had ever since its conception, but it 
goes one better all the time, and you can bet that I want a hand 
dealt me just as long as you continue the publication.”” The doc- 
tor states that they have just gotten a new meat inspection order 
running smoothly in his town, and hope by spring to have a new 
abbatoir built. He is surely to be congratulated, as it is largely 
through his efforts that this progressive step has been brought 
about. 


HOG CHOLERA.* 
W. S. Cortts, V.S., Mr. Vernon, N. Y. 


We are all more or less familiar with hog cholera and occa- 
sionally are called on to investigate an outbreak among swine 
and to eliminate the disease from the herd, and it is up to us 
as veterinarians to go at it in a scientific and practical manner 
to get good results which are both pleasing to our client and 
profitable to ourselves. Personally I have had some experience 
along these lines and have seen some cases in difterent parts of 
this state, and prior to hog cholera serum becoming in vogue I 
had to rely entirely upon isolation, disinfection and prophylactic 
treatment to eradicate the trouble. 

Recent rescarches and experiments along these lines have 
proven without a doubt that the prime factor of this disease is 
a filterable virus, and that after it gains access to the animal, 
during a period of incubation certain changes take place which 
eventually form pathological conditions styled by the profession 
hog cholera.. We may have the true type of this disease or a 
combination from a mixed infection, in which condition I have 
failed to receive good results from the serum treatment. 

As early as 1908, Dorset, Bolton, Salmon and Smith in their 
experiments began to realize that the Bacillus cholerae suis, 
theretofore supposed to be the cause of hog cholera, was not the 
true prime factor of the disease, and later experiments proved 
beyond a doubt the inoculation of virulent blood in a healthy pig 
would produce symptoms of this disease; and if recovery took 
place these same hogs when exposed to hog cholera pigs sickened 
and died. Along these lines after further experiments a serum 
was made and used with marked success on susceptible and ex- 
posed pigs which was found to check the mortality. It is need- 
less for me to go into the morphology and characteristics of the 


: * Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association at Syracuse, 
June, 1912. 


- 211 


212 Ww. S. CORLIS. 


various organisms found in hog cholera. What I wish to con- 
vey to you to-day is a résumé of some of the practical experience 
which I have had in a few outbreaks and in which I have met 
with a more or less marked degree of success, namely, the mode 
of diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxy which may help to some 
extent in your daily practice. 

Hog cholera is a disease that is disseminated more or less 
throughout the state and has hitherto been a loss to the breeders, 
and many who have had trouble in the past have learned by ex- 
perience, to their sorrow, that the only thing to do if the disease 
breaks out is to make a general clean-up, segregate the unhealthy 
ones and slaughter the remainder. If I am called to examine a 
herd of swine that shows clinical symptoms of hog cholera I 
inquire when the first pig died, the duration of the illness, 
whether or not there have been any recent introductions, and 
the number of deaths. I then make a thorough examination. 
If I do not find the following clinical symptoms I endeavor to 
hold one or more autopsies. 

Symptoms—Greenish, sticky discharge from eyes; conjunc- 
tiva reddened and eyes very weak to sunlight; cough not always 
present ; emaciation; diarrhoea or obstinate constipation; erythe- 
matous condition of the skin; at times discoloration of skin on 
ears, flanks and under abdomen; staggering gait; hogs having 
tendency to huddle together under the litter and, upon being dis- 
turbed, getting up in a listless way and occasionally moaning or 
squealing; and once in a while one may be found in a delirious 
condition. 

Post Mortem—Lesions depend altogether upon the type of 
disease and duration or length of time the disease has run, 
whether acute or chronic. In the acute type the intestines are 
involved and ulcerated and the spleen will be found to be en- 
gorged. Extravasations of blood will be found in the mucosa 
of the intestines and other parts of the body and glands; kidneys 
affected ; petechial spots underneath capsule of kidney which can 
be more readily seen by removing the capsule. If the disease 
runs on for a short period the ulcerations of the bowels are more 


Te i 


- 


Wie 


HOG CHOLERA. ph 


clearly outlined and if seen once will always be remembered; 
they are necrotic, raised, projecting masses, no definite outlines 
but generally circular and ragged, and the distribution varies 
slightly; generally found in the cecum and colon. At other 
times this disease takes on a pulmonary form with a portion of 
the lungs hepatized, and if long standing, by examining the outer 
surface of the diseased portion and pressing firmly on surface, 
small pus points will be quite discernible. I have seen these 
points without the application of any pressure. At other times 
I have found complication with pleuritis, with pericarditis, and 
with hydrothorax. 

I have recently had an outbreak with a secondary invasion 
of a necrotic trouble, setting up lesions, ulceration of the lips 
and digits and pit-like ulcers of the bowels, due, I think, to 
Bacillus microphorus. In this case undoubtedly they had hog 
cholera. The serum treatment was used with some improve- 
ments. Later this other mixed infection was noticeable and I 
attributed it to the disease being conveyed from a similar disease 
of cattle, hoof-rot, on the same farm. The ears became necrotic, 
ulcers and sloughing took place and digits came off in a number 
of instances. These were treated with very little success. 

As hog cholera is caused by an organism and liable to be 
transmitted, the chief aim is to determine the manner in which 
it is conveyed from one pig to another and to eliminate all pos- 
_ sible chances of its being carried from an infected to a non- 
infected herd. The period of incubation varies from 5 to 25 
days. Precautionary measures should be taken in the following 
way: Permit no introduction of hogs from infected pens or 
district for six months, and have later introductions kept under 
_ quarantine and observation for an indefinite period; inquire at 
time of purchase whether or not there have been any hogs so 
affected of late, as a chronic form of this disease is very dan- 
gerous and may be a factor of conveyance; and do not permit 
_ attendants of diseased pigs to come in contact with healthy ones 
under any conditions. 

There are two methods of injection—simultaneous and serum 


214 Ww. S. CORLIS. 


| have found the serum treatment very effectual in checking this 
disease in true form. The serum can be obtained from the New 
York State College at Ithaca, N. Y., in quantities on short notice 
and at a nominal figure. 

Mode of Controlling, Securing and Preparing Pigs for Treat- 
ment—Have attendant stand directly behind your patient; pass 
a small, stout rope with slip noose over and in front of the nose, 
when patient's mouth will invariably open; draw slack up firmly 
on the jaw, pass in front and hold taut. Patient will lay back on 
feeling the tension. Then proceed to inject the serum. Cleanse 
the parts thoroughly with a good antiseptic lotion (I prefer 
creolin), having previously sterilized your hypodermic syringe. 
To each 100 pounds of pig inject 20 c.c.; smaller pigs in pro- 
portion. Have an assistant hold a small amount of 5 per cent. 
carbolic solution into which needle is dipped prior to injection 
of each individual. Select inner side of thigh midway between 
stifle and hip. Pass needle into muscular tissue one-half inch, 
drawing fold of skin up when relaxed so that there may be no 
possible chance of leakage before completing your work. Select 
out a few check pigs, equally distribute them throughout the 
herd and mark them for identification where cholera exists. 


AT a meeting of the West Raleigh, N. C., Board of Aldermen, 
on October 10, they voted $45,000 for an abbatoir and rendering 
plant. 


CoLor IN Horses AND MuLres—Lieut.-Col. Charles E. Wood- 
ruff, chief surgeon of the Western division of the army, main- 
tains that gray and white horses live much longer in the tropics 
than darker-colored horses. Almost the only ones that survive 
ordinary ailments in Manila are said to be white, gray, roan and 
light yellow ; among these, the white horses predominate. Of 100 
Chinese mules bought for the Philippine constabulary in 1903, 
only four lived more than seven years, and these had milk-white 
hair and jet-black skin. 

Colonel \WWoodruff says, ‘‘ There is some unknown relation be- 
tween color and nervousness. On review, the gray troop-horse 1s 
actually phlegmatic. the sorrel quiet, and the bays excitable and 
restless. Although, like all colors, black horses are sometimes 
quiet, they are believed to be the most excitable of all.”—(Our 
Dumb Animals. ) 


=| 


A CHEAP BUT DURABLE SHAKING APPARATUS. 


By B. F. Kauppr, PatnHotocist, Fort CoLLins, Coto. 


After making considerable effort to purchase a shaking ma- 
chine that would come up to my ideals, and having been told by 
several laboratory men that they built up their own shaking ma- 
chines, I determined to try the building up process myself. 

Dr. Burnett, of the University of Colorado, informed me that 
he had made use of the top of an old sewing machine in making 


a shaker for the use in preparing bacterial vaccines and that he 
run the machine thus made by water power. 

With this idea to start with, I determined to plan one suit- 
able for shaking purposes in feces examination for animal parasi- 
tes, for the making of antigen, bacterial emulsions in vaccine and 
opsonic work and in fact to generally meet the needs of general 
laboratory work. 

I purchased the top part of an old sewing machine (see cut) 
for fifty cents. All parts were removed except the arm shaft 


From the Laboratory of Patholegy of the Div. Vet. Sci., Colorado State College. 


215 


216 B. F. KAUPP. 


and needle bar. The needle bar (a) was removed and length- 
ened by a smith till it projected about one and a half inches above 
the top of the parts in which the needle bar worked (b). An X- 
shaped piece was welded on the top of the needle bar to which 
the tin receptacle (c) is riveted. A six-ounce round bottle (d) — 
was procured. The stopper (c) was paraffined so as to prevent 
leakage. A band was made to fasten around the neck of the 
bottle (g) and over the stopper. This is held together by aid of 
a screw (h). A snug fitting cap (1) with a slit (j) made in Z- 
shape which fits in a pin (k) soldered to and projecting from the 
top of the shaker receptacle. 

A motor 1/10 horsepower (1) was procured (second hand). 
This has a speed of 3,400 revolutions. The smallest pulley on the 
motor is 34 inch in diameter. To reduce the speed a band wheel 
from the under part of an old sewing machine was purchased for 
twenty-five cents. The balance wheel was removed and the band 
wheel (m) placed in its stead. This wheel has a diameter of 11 
inches, and reduces the speed the desired amount. | 

Bacteria suspended in physiological salt solution may, if de- 
sired, be sealed in a test tube and packed in cotton in the shaker 
receptacle. The same process can be used in making antigen, etc., 
or the bottle with a paraffined stopper can be used as in feces ex- 
amination for animal parasites. 3 

The entire cost of the apparatus, including the motor, was 


$16.50. 


CONTRACT GIVEN FOR WorK ON NEw VETERINARY BUILD- 
ING—The following clipping from the Canadian Engineer, TYo- 
ronto, Canada, points to another step in the progress of veterinary 
education in America: “ Toronto, Ont.—The Department of 
Public Works have awarded Messrs. Gearing Brothers the con- 
tracts for masonry and carpentry work on the new veterinary col- 
lege on University Avenue. Excavation work has been com- 
pleted and the construction of the foundation will begin at once. 
Tenders for the steel construction, brick work, plumbing and 
painting, etc., do not close for some time. Cost of college when 
completed will be over $200,000.” 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


DEATH OF MULES DUE TO PARASITES.* 
By Horace Brapey, D.V.S., Windsor, Mo. 


Last fall Mr. J. C. Sims, of near Windsor, bought up twenty- 
five head of mule colts and two horse colts. On the afternoon 
of March 7 one of them died after being sick about six hours, 
and another one died that night that showed no signs of illness 
the evening before. The third was sick the morning of the 8th 
of March. I was called to see this case and found it very weak 
and unsteady on its feet; lips pendulous, mucous membrane pale, 
a slight mucus discharge from bowels, no perceptible pulse and 
temperature 98° F. It died while I was still there. There were 
_ two more than we imagined a little dumpish and we gave them 
each one quart of lard. They both died in about thirty-six hours. 

They were all in good condition and the feed had been good 
quality corn, sheaf oats and straw with cottonseed meal, and the 
drinking water was from a deep well. I diagnosed the trouble 
as chemical poisoning due to continued feeding of cottonseed 
meal, and ordered the feeding of the meal discontinued. They 
continued to die, one about every two days. 

March 13 the owner “ smoked ” several—a suggestion from 
someone. March 14 an unregistered man from Versailles was 
called and pronounced it influenza and put the colts on acetanilid 
and potassium nitrate. In the evening of March 15, Dr. Sheldon 
and I posted one by lantern light, and found peritonitis, petechial 
spots on liver and spleen, all lymphatics dark and enlarged, in- 
flammation of diaphragm with adhesion of lungs to diaphragm, 
petechial spots on lungs, anti-mortem clot in heart extending 12 
inches into anterior aorta, substance of kidneys very dark, bladder 
distended with dark urine, mucous coat of trachea very dark 
(possibly due to smoking). In the cecum there were papery 
pots and areas denuded of mucous membrane, a dark, green-like 
mucus in small bowels. In the cecum and colon were numerous 
parasites in all forms of development. We found some very 
minute ones in the inner wall of the intestines, which showed 
hat they were being propagated under the sub-mucosa. Others 


* Read before the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association, at Marshall, July, 19:2. 


217 


218 REPORTS OF CASES, 


sucking blood from the mucous membrane and millions of mature 
worms free, mixed with the fecal matter. We also posted an- 
other one early the next morning that died during the night, that 
confirmed the other. This one’s temperature the evening before 
it died was 103.2° F., and on post mortem showed a decided 
yellowness of all tissues. We were not able to demonstrate any 
parasites in the blood vessels. 

I sent specimens of the worms to Dr. J. W. Connoway and 
Dr. A. T. Kinsley and they reported the parasites to be of two 
varieties: the Sclerastoma tetracanthum and the Sclerastoma 
equinum, or Strongylus aramatus. I believe the first named were 
in much greater numbers. Dr. Dunn, the Versailles man, was 
called again and still clung to his first diagnosis and divided them 
and gave one-half of them influenza antitoxin and left the other 
half for me to treat. I prescribed Cupri sulph. # i, Ferri sulph. 
exc. # 111.and Sodium chloride { xxv. Mixed and placed in 
trough where they could have free access to lick at will. In 
addition, I put them on FI. ext. aloes, one tablespoonful every 
twelve hours until three doses were given, and one tablespoonful 
of iron on tongue twice a day. No more died after putting them 
on this treatment. 

The influenza (?) cases continued to die until they were put 
on the iron treatment. There were 14 deaths covering a period 
of 18 days. The length of time from the first perceptible clinical 
sign of disease to death was from six hours to thirty-six hours, 
with the exception of one that lived three days. 

The mortality of those that came down with the malady was 
100 per cent. The entire herd were in good condition and carried 
a thrifty coat and were not anzmic or emaciated. I think the 
real cause of death was a toxemia and not a mere malnutrition, 
as one would expect to be produced by these parasites. 


SOME CASES TREATED WITH ANTIPERIOSTIN-* 
By Drs. Eperti and KNo.Li, Hriedenau, Germany. 


In conjunction with the paper by Dr. Boehme on the treat- 
ment of galls, exostoses, etc., with antiperiostin, we shall only 
briefly outline a few cases; the chemical composition, mode of 


* Tieraerztl. Rundschau No. 37, 1912. 


+ ee eS 


ep 


oe ee 


esp i 


REPORTS OF CASES. 219 


action, and method of application having been fully considered 
in the article by Dr. Boehme. 

Treatment with antiperiostin is far superior to other methods 
of applying irritants, in that the animal is ready for work within 
48 hours. Not only is absorption in the deeper tissues promoted, 
but there is also formed a firm crust which acts like a compress. 
Antiperiostin has been tested in a great number of cases, and in 
the most varied pathological conditions; the results have been 
surprisingly good, and we feel fully warranted in concluding that 
antiperiostin is undoubtedly of the greatest merit in the treat- 
ment of exostoses, galls and periostitis. Our own results with 
it were decidedly good, and obviously this can be expected only 
when treatment is instituted early. In a recent periostitis, in 
which treatment was begun at once, the swelling subsided quickly 
and completely. Besides the bony enlargement there was also 
considerable lameness, which on completion of the treatment 
had also entirely vanished. In an obstinate case of shoulder 
lameness, decided improvement followed, though there was not 
an entire cure. In two cases with quite large exostoses. no en- 
largement was afterward palpable. In both, the hair was re- 
newed on the small bare patches. Spavin was not treated as 
the cases presented marked joint changes and could give no 
promise of ultimate cure. Many cases of galls were treated, 
and we observed a very good result in a case of extensive gall 
of the hock, the resorption being quite complete. 

One great superiority of antiperiostin over similar remedies 
is the facility of application, and its intense action. When we 
consider that firing and irritant applications always are incon- 
venient to use, and the animals are thereby incapacitated for work 
for quite a long time, we can all the more appreciate the merits 
of antiperiostin. Furthermore, we must remember that the ac- 
tion of antiperiostin begins almost at once, and renders other 
measures superfluous. Asi in other methods of treating spavin, it 
is a good prophylactic measure to sling the animals and to anoint 
the adjacent skin in order to avoid dermatitis and stomatitis. 

From its chemical composition, we would expect a very in- 
tense, even drastic action. Whenever strong irritants are used, 
the hair on the treated area may disappear after removal of the 
crust, and hairless granulating wounds remain which only grad- 
ually again become covered with hair. This result may also fol- 
low the use of antiperiostin. In our own cases, the hair was 
always renewed, though in some cases only after a long time. 
Dilution of the remedy (2 antiperiostin, 1 alcohol), however, 


220 REPORTS OF CASES. 


would prevent this baldness. When necessary to promote the 
growth of the hair we would recommend the mixture suggested 
by Wachs: 


Re Ac: Salicylic 2 2 Aves. aS Bee 5.0 
OL. (Olivie is ict 2 ah. 38 See 50.0 
Bals. Pertivnd 4 eee Ie, See ee 225 

ft. Ungt. 


TOXEMIA IN MULES FROM WEEDS. 
By A. T. Fercuson, D.V.S., Evansville, Ind. 


On August 20, at 5 p. m., I received a hurry call by telephone’ 
to Yankeetown, 16 miles from Evansville, to Nathan Taylor’s, a 
farmer, who had .35 mules in a pasture. .Dr. J. J. Burnswo8 
Evansville, and Dr. Hartley, of Rockport, were already on the 
premises. On my arrival I found five dead and two others down 
ready to pass in their checks. 

The history from the farmer was that in the morning the 
animals seemed all right, but shortly after noon they were found 
dead; the two that were still living appeared to be in no pain 
whatever, the pulse was almost imperceptible, the respiration not 
much changed, but a marked inclination to remain in a state of 
coma with little or no effort to regain their feet. Post mortem 
on these animals revealed but little to indicate the source of the 
trouble; the whole of the internal organs were normal; some urine 
in the bladder was clear but not white; the only lesions found 
were three small patches of hyperinea in the large colon which 
were not of any consequence. The blood was conspicuous for 
its small amount, and of a very dark, almost black color. The 
stomach when opened was found to be full of undigested vegeta- 
tion which gave off an aroma somewhat resembling ‘that of cinna- 
mon. In the pyloric there was found a precipitate which re- 
sembled a mucus, a grayish substance that I believed was thrown 
off from the food eaten and picked up by the circulation, causing 
a thickening of the blood and thereby hindering the circulation 
and causing death. 

Previous to this there had been a heavy downpour of rain 
for several hours, and of course all vegetation was saturated. 

It is a well-known fact that some herbs eaten when the dew 
is standing on them, or they are saturated with moisture, become 
injurious when taken into the stomach, and that might possibly 
have had something to do with these animals dying, they being — 


REPORTS OF CASES. 221 


out to pasture through the whole of the time it was raining, and 
none were known to have died before in this particylar pasture. 
The loss was estimated at about $1,500 to $2,000. 


DYSTOKIA IN A COW FROM AN UNUSUAL CAUSE. 
By Atonzo WEEKES, V.S., Bridgetown, Barbados, W. I. 


On March 14th, I was called to attend a cow, the property 
of Mr. Rupert McKenzie (Barbados). 

The animal had been suffering during the whole night in 
difficult parturition. At 5 a. m. I found the cow lying in the 
_ yard, with the head, fore-feet and shoulders of the calf out, in 
the correct position. 

The cow had been in this condition for six hours before I 
saw her. 

When ordinary methods for the calf’s removal were inef- 
fectual, I inserted my hand in order to diagnose the cause, and 
discovered the calf to be of an abnormal size in its abdominal 
region, and so unable to pass through the pelvis. 

By means of a scalpel, I opened its abdomen, and removed 
two sarcomatous tumors resembling cauliflowers in form, each 
weighing about ten pounds, and each enclosed in a membraneous 
e Sac. 

After the removal of these abnormal growths there was no 
further difficulty experienced in dealing with the case. 

This is the first case of this sort that I have met with in the 
course of twenty-five years’ veterinary practice, and may perhaps 
be of sufficient interest for publication in your valuable periodical. 


TONG HAIR ON HOG IN HOT CLIMATE—HER- 
MAPHRODITE HEIFER. 
By R. A. Stouts, D.V.S., Branksmier, Barbados, W. I. 


I enclose a small piece of skin from a hog, not having seen one 
like it previously. The entire body was covered with hair of 
such length that I thought it uncommon, at least for a hot climate, 
so forward same to you. 

_ We slaughtered last week a hermaphrodite heifer. She had 
two testicles in place of ovaries. 


222, REPORTS OF CASES. 


[ Nore.—The hair on the piece of skin referred to above is 
three inches in length and very fine, soft and silky in texture. 
We have shown it to a number of veterinarians and stockmen, 
none of whom have identified it as hog’s hide and hair, which 
did surprise us much, as Dr. Stoute, who has been a constant 
reader of THE Review for nearly thirty years, is a man of exten- 
sive experience, and he regards it as uncommon.—Editor. | 


F. S. Brrttincs DEAp—Word has just reached us of the 
sudden death of Dr. Frank S. Billings at his home near Boston. 


Dr. Jas. A. RupoLPH, for two years meat and milk inspector 
dee amnderson,, 5. (C., began his duties as food inspector at Raleigh 
October 7. 


Dr. F. W. Mackie, Baltimore, Md., was operated upon for 
appendicitis on October 16, 1912. His many friends throughout 
the country will be glad to learn that the operation was successful 
and that the doctor is now safely convalescent. 


DEAN COATES OF THE NEW YORK-AMERICAN VETERINARY 
CoLLEGE (Division of Veterinary Medicine—New York Univer- 
sity ) attended the exercises 1n connection with the official opening 
of the new buildings of the Department of Education at Albany 
(CN, Y¥.). week of October 14, 1912. 


NEw ReEApING RooM FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS—The 
College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois has opened a 
commodious reading room, where its 800 agricultural students 
will have ready access to the leading agricultural papers and books 
and periodicals on allied subjects. 


FUNK AND WAGNALLS CoMPANY, New York, have secured 
the American rights to “A System of Surgery,” edited by C. C. 
Choyce, dean of and teacher of Operative Surgery in the London 
School of Clinical Medicine, etc., etc. Published in three vol- 


umes; the first was ready in April, and the remaining two will 


be published about autumn, 1912. The price of the “work will 
be $21.00 per set. 


—'.—- ~~. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


ADENOMA OF THE PROSTATE AND ADENO-CARCINOMA OF 
THE Liver IN A Doc [Prof. Geo. H. Wooldridge, F.R.C.V.S.]. 

—A male fox terrier of fourteen years was getting thin and 
lost appetite. On examining the abdomen a firm, hard body is 
felt in front of the pubis. The general functions are nearly nor- 
mal and the dog micturates naturally. Thé growth resembles 
a tensely distended bladder. An exploring puncture was nega- 
tive. Explorating laparotomy is advised. The dog received an 
injection of morphine followed by chloroform. Although this 
Was very carefully administered, hydrocyanic acid and artificial 
_ respiration had to be resorted to on account of the extreme weak- 
ness of the dog. After thorough disinfection the abdomen was 
_ opened by an incision made a little on one side of the penis and 
the enlarged mass brought out. It proved to be a huge prostate 
with the much smaller bladder lying on it. The prostate was 
dissected out, but a small incision of the urethra could not be 
avoided. This was closed with sutures and the abdominal 
_ wound sewed; then dried with ether and collodion. The patient 
did well for the next twenty-four hours, but after that grew 
weaker and died forty hours after the operation. At the post- 
“mortem the process of cicatrization was found perfect. There 
were two tumors in the liver, one weighing 11 ounces and the 
other 214. The prostate mass weighed 28 ounces. The micro- 
‘scopic examination of this last revealed it to be an adenoma and 
that of the hepatic tumors adeno-carcinoma.— (Journ. of Comp. 
Path. and Therap.) 


» Ecuinococcus Cyst IN THE Brain oF A Mare [Prof. A. 
Gofton, M.R.C.V.S.].—This animal was nine years old and 
"since four years has done her work well in a light surrey. “olie 
is taken to the blacksmith shop, and while being shod it is diffi- 
cult to raise or hold up her legs. When she goes back home, she 
Staggers, has several falls a) an hour later she has a sleepy ap- 
pearance, her head is held down, the eyelids drooping, pupils are 
dilated. She has little control of her legs. In the evening she 


224 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


is stretched on the ground unconscious. Her temperature is sub- 
normal, 98° F., pulse weak and irregular. She has convulsive 
spasms of the muscles, principally of the limbs. The mare is 
destroyed. Examination of the head revealed the presence of a 
cyst on the left side of the brain, mainly within the ventricle, 
whose surface was roughened. The cyst was tense and on in- 
cision allowed the escape of greenish-yellow turbid fluid. By 
examination of the lining membrane of the cyst, small cyst-like 
bodies were noticed in which a number of heads or scolices of a 
tapeworm bearing the closest resemblance to those of taenia 
echinococcus, which they were indeed.—(Journ. of Comp. Path. 
and Therap.) 


TeratToLocy [W. M. Scott, F.R.C.V.S.]—\Under this title 
the writer, referring to the influences of emotions, relates the 
following: 

‘“T was requested to deliver a heifer, the foetus appeared to 


be about six months, and beyond the fact of it being a monster — 


type, no further notice was taken of it. The following evening 
in the same establishment a similar delivery was made, another 
monster. Two days later another call in the same barn and 
again another heifer was delivered of a foetus practically iden- 
tical to the second. On inquiring if at any time the heifers had 
been hunted or frightened by dogs, the information came that 
two men had slept one night in a quarry, which is in the field 
where the heifers were kept, and that they had with them a 
dancing bear and the next morning the heifers were found run- 
running like mad things, switching their tails. These three cases 
of dystokia were due to monster development brought about by 
mental disturbances, at least so far as the author can see.—( Vet. 
Record.) 


ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN THE Horse [Prof. H. A. Wood- 
ruff, M.R.C.V.S.]—Aged hackney mare had colic, is off her 
food, temperature 102° F., and passed no dung. Her rectum 
had to be emptied and that organ appeared sore and very irrit- 
able. The animal was not tympanitic. Examination per rectum 
revealed a large rent on the right side of the bowel with a large 
collection of feces in a pouch outside the rectum. Very offensive 
smell and shreds of necrosed connective tissue are noticed. 
There is no peritonitis. Prognosis is serious and colotomy ad- 
vised. After due preparation, with the animal cast on off side, 
an incision was made through the abdominal walls, the abdominal 


— a a ee a 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 225 
0 a a ie ee 
cavity open and a loop of the floating colon withdrawn. “ This 
was secured by passing a steel rod behind the summit of the 
loop through the mesentery. Rolls of sterilized gauze were used 
to pack the opening in the flank round about the knuckle of in- 
testine, and finally an opening was made into the bowel with a 
hot iron so as to prevent hemorrhages. A few pellets of feces 
were passed out through the hole and the patient allowed to 
recover from the anesthetic. On getting back to the stable 
_ enema was given in the upper part of the gut, removed great 
quantity of feces, whilst the lower part, including the rectum and 
the extra-rectal pouch, were thoroughly washed out with chino- 
sol lotion.” After a few days when adhesions had formed round 
the knuckle of bowel, this was cut off with the actual cautery and 
two openings were left in the flank with the skin and muscles 
contracting round them. Recovery went on well with exception 
that the passage of liquid feces, due to the mode of diet, caused 
some soreness of the skin below the artificial anus. Normal 
more solid food remedied that trouble. After five weeks the 
animal had made up her condition. The laceration of the rectum 
had healed and feces would have passed in the natural way, if 
the continuity of the bowel had been again re-established. This 
was attempted by another operation, of bringing the two ends of 
_ the bowel, the two artificial anus end to end. They were dis- 
sected clear from skin and muscles, and a short piece of each was 
amputated and an end to end anastomosis completed. The clos- 
ing of the wound of the skin that followed was rather difficult. 
The operation was long and the animal suffered much from 
Shock. She died two days after with septic infection, due prob- 
ably to the soiling of the edges of the wound with foecal matter. 

—(Veter. News.) 


Dousre Fracture oF THE PREMAXILLA IN A Horse [D. 
Forwell, M.R.C.V.S.]—Aged nag gelding refuses his food and 
his upper lip is twisted on one side. In opening the mouth, the 
“Writer finds a double fracture, one large, dividing the premaxilla 
down the middle between the central incisor teeth and extending 
for over two inches above the incisor arch. The other js smaller 
and between the corner and latral incisor teeth. Between the 
fractures food has collected. Through two holes made in the 
bone and palatine plates, one on the outside of the central frac- 
ture and the other on the outside of the small fracture, copper 
Wire was inserted so as to bring the bones and teeth firmly to- 
gether and to make this more secure a groove was cut on the 


2216 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 


outside of the two corners and wire fixed round them, bringing 
the whole firmly together. Sloppy bran mashes and crushed 
oats was allowed for three weeks. ‘Then grass for a little time 
until after one month more the wires were removed. Recovery 
was perfect.—(Vet. Journ.) 


SINUS IN THE ABDOMINAL WALL oF A Fiiiy [Prof. J. J. 
O’Connor, M.R.C.V.S.].—With unknown history a nice three- 
year-old filly was bought. She had a running sore in near flank. 
A sinus in the lower part of the flank discharged white, creamy 
pus. It extends from the lower part of the flank along the lower 


part of the left abdominal wall to about four inches behind the 


elbow. It runs a little more than one inch in depth from the 
skin. Free opening at the bottom of the tract, also about the 
middle, the cavity is thoroughly washed out and setons in- 
serted. Ina few days these were removed and lesions demanded 
no further treatment, cicatrization went on rapidly.—(Jlbidem. ) 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M. 


REMOVAL OF THE MAMM# IN A Mare [IW. Huret, Army 
Veterinarian |.—This mare was ten years old and of rather ugly 
disposition. One night it is supposed that she kicked over the 
moving bar of her stall and she has a swelling of the right 
mammze which soon becomes an abscess, which was very long 
to treat. After some time she had resumed her work and is 
again laid up. The mamme is enormously large, with old and 
recent fistulous tracts. An operation of removal is indicated. 
The mare is thrown, chloroformed, put and held in dorsal posi- 
tion, the hind leg next to the tumor being removed from the 
hobble. After disinfecting, an incision 37 centimetres long is 
made on the median line which separates both mamme and 
another curve joining the first at both ends and having between 
them a piece of skin adherent to the tumor and maculated with 
cicatrices of fistula. The dissection of the tumor was then pro- 
ceeded with. Large veins were ligated in front, behind and be- 
tween the mamme, and a large vascular trunk as big as a testicu- 
lar cord was divided with the ecraseur. The mass weighed 
1 kilog. .o20, and the cavity left open without dressing for fear 
that the stitches would tear the fine skin of the region with the 


1 
: 
. 


——— 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 227 


efforts for micturition. Two secondary hemorrhages occurred, 
one from an artery and from a large vein. Those were arrested 
and the vessels secured with double ligature and forcipressure 
nippers, which were left in place for forty-eight hours. The 
wound took two months to heal and the suppuration was very 
abundant. \Vhen some time after—the mare being destroyed 
because of suppurative synovitis of one foreleg—the cicatrization 
of the removed udder was found perfect and regular with skin 
perfectly supple without adherence or retraction.—(Bullet. de la 
Soc. Cent.) 


Doc witH TUBERCULOSIS OF THE Myocarpium [MM.L. and 
E. Lepinay|.—Post-mortem record of a spaniel dog, six years 
old, which took severe cold after exposure to dampness and rain 
at a day's shooting, and to which the test of tuberculin was ap- 
plied to confirm a diagnosis of suspected tuberculosis. ‘The test, 
3 drops of diluted tuberculin injected subcutaneously, proved 
fatal to the dog. At the autopsy the pleura were found adherent 
in several places. The lungs, tracheo-bronchial glands and the 
base of the heart formed a large caseous mass. The lungs were 
filled with miliary tubercles. The heart was normal in size, with 
the pericardium adherent in almost its whole surface. The myo- 
cardium contained also caseous deposits of various size. The 
pulmonary artery was atheromatous. The liver and the kidneys 
presented also caseous tubercles of small size. The kidneys prin- 
cipally had cavities and miliary granulations.—(Rev. de Path. 


Comp.) 


Sus-LINGUAL AND Sus-THYROIDAL RANULA IN A Doe [Mr. 
G. Monbet, Army Veterinarian|.—This case, relieved by radical 
treatment through the mouth and cervical region, is rather in- 
teresting. Four-year-old pointer has on the left upper part of 
the neck a subcutaneous tumor not adherent to the skin and pain- 
less. Looking in his mouth, another is found on the left side of 
the lingual frenum. This is soft, fluctuating and pushing the 
tongue to the right. The two growths are not communicating. 
The dog is anesthetized and the cervical region disinfected. An 
incision through the skin exposed the tumor, which appears with 
thin walls and reddish coloration. It is isolated carefully with 
the blunt end of the directory and when the branches of the thy- 
roid cartilage are about reached, a strong catgut ligature is ap- 
plied and the cyst removed. It contains oily, reddish fluid. The 
wound was drained and closed. Then the mouth being widely 


228 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


open, the tumor within was also dissected as deep as possible, 
removing with it a little of the mucous membrane; quite large 
hemorrhage occurred during the dissection. The contents of 
this tumor was similar to that of the other. The recovery was 
regular with the exception of a small collection which returned 
in the neck some twenty days after, and was relieved by punc- 
tures.—(Rev. Gen. de M. Vet.) 


GENERALIZED MELANO-SARCOMA IN A Doc [Prof. Petit, 
Douville and Germain, Adjuncts|.—Exceptionally rare in dog, 
this case of melanosis has a still greater importance from the 
fact that it was observed in a black French poodle, the most pig- 
mented breed of dogs. ' 

This caniche had on the inferior face of the tail two small, 
hairless, black warts which, when the animal was clipped, were 
cut off by the scissors of the clipper. They bled a little but never 
cicatrized. ‘They were replaced by two red, bleeding granula- 
tions which remained rebellious to all treatment and necessitated 
the amputation of the tail. After three months of care and varied 
therapeutic applications the unhealed stump is covered with gran- 
ulations, blackish and suppurating. A fcetid odor exists. The 
ischial lymphatic glands are hypertrophied. ‘The general condi- 
tion of the dog is bad, he has lost flesh, eats poorly, is constipated. 
Tonic treatment is prescribed besides special indications for the 
condition of the tail. Rectal examination reveals then hyper- 
trophy of the sublumbar and prepelvic glands. The ischials sup- 
purate, thick and blackish discharge. Cachexia becomes more 
and more marked; the dog dies. At the post mortem: Three 
melanotic nuclei at the base of the tail; neoplasic chain extending 
from the caudal vertebrz to the sacro-iliac joint. Some of those 
are subcutaneous, others intramuscular. In the abdomen, omen- 
tum and peritoneum are covered with small, black, granular de- 
posits. Melanosis is found in the mesenteric glands. In the 
intestines, in the kidneys, the suprarenal capsule, some black, 
others grayish. The spleen has two enormous infractus; the 
liver has several. In the thoracic cavity the deposits are also 
observed on the pleura, in the diaphragm. The lungs are lit- 
erally packed with them. The heart is not exempt from deposits; 
both auricles are principally affected. On the right ventricle 
there is a small nucleus, and toward the point of the heart a super- 
ficial blood vessel is obliterated with a black embolism clot. The 
nervous system alone was free from lesions. Histologically ex- 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 229 


amined, these lesions belong to the fasciculated type of melanic 
sarcoma.— (Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


PIROPLASMOSIS IN THE Horse [Mr. L. Kowalewsky.|.—In 
one case the horse belonged to a stable of eleven animals. Two 
were found with glanders. Of the remaining suspects one in. 
jured his left eye and face. The temperature was 30°. General 
condition good. His temperature rose to 40° and 41°, where it 
remained for two days. One day he was found lying down un- 
able to get up and he showed paresia of the extremities. Sensi- 
bility normal. Examination of the blood and test of Wasserman 
gave a positive result of glanders. Preparations of the blood 
by Gram’s method revealed the presence of piroplasm in quite 
numerous quantity. 

In another occasion, four cases were detected in the effective 
of an artillery battery. Quinine internally and subcutaneous in- 
jections of camphorated oil cured them. 

In another animal the following symptoms were observed: 
During eight days, at the onset of the disease, the temperature 
rose to 40° and higher. The animal was dull, with great general 
‘depression. Anorexia complete, movements stiff, accompanied 
with titubation in walking. Buccal mucous anhemic, conjunctiva 
purplish red. Bloody tears escape from the external commissure 
of the lids. He also recovered with the same _ treatment.— 
(Journ. de Zootech.) 


INGESTION oF Tar CAusEs STERCORAL Osstruction. [VW 1M. 
Levret and Perreau|.—The history of the case was that the ant- 
mal was sick since five days with colic; pawing, looking at his 
lank, laying down carefully and rolling. He has received castor 
oil and pilocarpine with rectal injections without benefit. He 
continued in the same condition, throwing out with the injec- 
tions little hard feces. He makes continuous efforts. Micturi- 
tion is frequent, painful; only. a small quantity of urine is ex- 
pelled. With these same manifestations it is noticed that the 
animal is tympanitic; there is no pain on pressure of the abdo- 
men. The loins are stiff, pulse small and frequent, respiration 
short, accelerated, labored and irregular. There are efforts for 
defecation without results. The animal dies in a few hours. 
At the post mortem there was found, 50 centimetres from large 
colon, in the small cc!on full of gas, a large stercoral mass which. 
closed and obstructed the canal.- This mass weighed 520 grams 


Za ABSTEALCTS PROM EXCHANGES 


and showed in its centre a nucleus of tar, partly dned up. Et 
seems that the stable where the horse was there was also a 
certain quantity of tar which the horse could reach. He did 
reach it and died for it—(Journ. de Zootech.) ' 


~% 


Last WorbD From WASHINGTON ON THE Epizooric IN 
SAS AND NeEBRASKA—Just before closing our forms we are i 
receipt of the following letter irom Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief ol 
the Bureau of Animal Industry, which corroborates the Bun at's 
former report. Dr. Melvin says: “ Replying to your letter of 
October 15, relative to the epizootic which recently caused th 
deaths of so many horses in Kansas and Nebraska, you are a@ 
vised that within the past two weeks the disease has suddenly 
disappeared. During this period there was a sudden change in 
temperature over the territory involved, with several frosty mghts, 
lower humidity and cooler weather, and the disappearance nies he 
disease in the range horses has been attributed to these cham 
in climatic conditions. On many farms where the advice gi rca 
by Bureau inspectors, as to the removal of animals from contanmr 
inated pastures, was heeded, the disease disappeared as completely 
as where other measures were adopted in addition thereto, such a: 
the vaccination of animals with bacterins made from various 01 
ganisms isolated from dead animals, but which up to the present 
time have not been proved to have any vital connection with 
disease. 

* From numerous observations made in the field it appears that 
either the forage or water or both were the carriers, if not th 
direct cause, of the malady, and all our recent investigations 
merely serve to substantiate the original diagnosis of forag 
poisoning. Many molds have been isolated from the damage 
forage and various bacteria have been obtained from a number 
of horses dead of the disease, but these have not yet been st 
ciently studied and experimented with to justify an conical aS 
to their etiological significance. A large number of horses suit 
able for bacteriological investigation gave negative results as fat 
as the isolation of organisms was concerned. 4 

“Up to the present time the Bureau is not in possession « ot 
definite knowledge of the specific cause of the affection, but the 
investigation is to be pushed to a final conclusion relative to t 
possibility of the various organisms isolated or their toxins hz 
ing some causal relation to the disease.” 


The above report also agrees in the main with the findings of Pr ishex 
on pages 24, to Of af tasioene ot tae havent, ankatntageren ihc ie John Rei Reichel, ‘ilade ia 
which we have fea read in Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin for October. 


DT] 
OBITUARY. 


GEORGE B. WELLS, D.V.M. 


Dr. George B. Wells died at the Winsted Hospital the last 
week in September, where he had been taken from his home in 
Canaan, the day previously, in the thirty-sixth year of his age. 
The doctor was taken ill suddenly on Saturday night, and his 
physician was summoned, who found trouble with his throat, 
which was swollen so badly that he could not swallow, and had 
difficulty in breathing. The condition continuing to grow worse, 
his physician took him to the hospital on Sunday, but all treat- 
ment failed, and he died early on Monday morning by suffoca- 
tion. Malignant septic infection was thought to be the trouble; 
the infection probably having been received while operating on 
a cow. 

Dr. Wells was born in Hancock, Mass., on February 21, 1877, 
and received his early education in the public schools of that 
place. When a young man he went to New York, where he fol- 
lowed a mercantile career for several years; after which he at- 
tended Mt. Herman School at Northfield, Mass., for two years, 
prior to entering the veterinary school of Ohio State University, 
from which institution he graduated in 1908. 

After graduation, he accepted a position in the government 
service, and was stationed at Chicago as a meat inspector, which 
position he held for three years, when in October, 1911, he re- 
signed to take up private practice at Bennington, Vt. He re- 
mained in Bennington until June, 1912, when he succeeded Dr. 
G. E. Corwin, at Canaan, Connecticut. 

Dr. Wells was unmarried. He is survived by his father, C. 
H. Wells, of Hancock, Mass., and a sister, Mrs. Sarah J. Conk- 
lin, of the same place. 


WALTER AMOS, V.S. 


Dr. Walter Amos died at his home in Owatonna, Minnesota, 
on October 6, 1912, at the age of forty-eight years. Dr. Amos 
was born at Guelph, Ontario, Canada, in 1864, and spent his 
early life in teaching school in that Province before he took up the 


231 


232 OBITUARY. 


study of veterinary medicine. He received his veterinary tuition 
at the Ontario Veterinary. College, from which institution he 
graduated in 1888; and shortly after began to practise his pro- 
fession in Owatonna, Minnesota, and remained there up to the 
time of his death. He was at one time president of the Minne- 
sota State Veterinary Medical Association, and was president of 
the State Examining Board of Minnesota at the time of his death; 
in fact was one of the most active and enthusiastic workers for 
elevation of his chosen profession in his state. Dr. Amos was 
of Scotch descent, and of a kind, genial disposition that made 
him many warm friends, who will deeply miss him from their 
midst. 


Unitep States Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION.—Be- 
lieving that the circulation of the following letter from Secretary 
Ferguson of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, 
outside of the membership of that organization will do as much, 
as if not more good than its circulation within the membership, 
who already know of the greatness and the importance of its 
work, we reproduce it here: 


PLACE OF MEETING IQIZ. 


The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of this Association will be 
held in Chicago, Tuesday and Wednesday, December 3 and 4. 
The success of our last meeting should be an incentive to every 
member to use his best personal effort to make this year’s meet- 
ing the best ever held: Our membership is steadily increasing, 
but should be much larger. Every member is asked to make it 
his special business to send in at least one application for mem- 
bership before the next meeting. Old members, who are in ar- 
rears for dues, please remit as soon as possible. We are already 
at work on material for programme. Members are urged to 
forward programme suggestions immediately. If you know of 
any discovery of value during the year or anything specially note- 
worthy in legislation, send me the name of the man who could 
handle the subject at our meeting. Do not forget that the suc- 
cess of the meeting depends upon the effort and co-operation of 
individual members. 

Yours respectfully, 
J. J. Fercuson, Secretary-Treasurer. 
Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


TO THE VETERINARY PROFESSION OF AMERICA. 


The next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- 
ciation to be held in New York City, September 1-5, 1913, will 
be an epoch-making event in the history of our organization. 
This gathering will celebrate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the 
greatest veterinary association in the world, and should represent 
an index of the growth and progress of our profession in Amer- 
ica. The remarkable strides with which veterinary science has 
advanced in the past decade, and the general recognition which 
it has attained in its progress, go hand in hand with the growth 
and development of the American Association. All the measures 
looking towards the advancement of the veterinary profession in 
America have always been materially and morally supported by 
this Association, and one cannot help but regard it as the highest 
power in our struggle for greater recognition. State legislative 
measures concerning the betterment of the veterinary profession 
have been invariably advocated and aided by the Association; its 
stand for higher education has been of incalculable value in pro- 
ducing the present high standard in our veterinary colleges. The 
determined effort to obtain rank for the veterinarians in the U. S. 
Army is gradually nearing success, and this has been due almost 
entirely to the emphatic stand and work of the Association. Thus, 
it is readily apparent that the American Veterinary Medical As- 
sociation has been and will continue to be the pioneer in all of our 
struggles. “ Progress” is and will be its by-word, and we shall 
soon see the day when members of the veterinary profession will 
be honored like the members of our sister professions. 

The remarkable success of the American Veterinary Medical 

Association during its fifty years of existence can be well accred- 
ited to the devotion and enthusiasm of its members. They have 
always shown a willingness to throw themselves into any strug- 
gle for the benefit of the Association and profession without con- 
sideration of the odds against them. Most members of the vet- 
erinary profession are cognizant of the advantages which they 
now enjoy through the work of the A.V.M.A., and year after 
year records are broken in the enrollment of new members. It 
is only natural that the strength and influence of an organization 


233 


234 CORRESPONDENCE. 


are in direct proportion to its membership. There are in the 
United States and Canada thousands of veterinarians eligible to 
membership in the American Association, and with the prestige 
and advantages that such an affiliation affords, it is surprising 
that at least a large proportion of them do not avail themselves 
of this opportunity. It should be the duty of every member of 
the Association to approach his eligible colleagues and point out 
to them the advisability of becoming members. With such con- 
certed efforts it would not be at all difficult to bring our member- 
ship, which last year rose to over 1,400 to at least 2,000 at the 
meeting in 1913. 

In order to reach all those who may desire to join the Asso- 
ciation it would probably be best for each state association to 
appoint a committee on A.V.M.A. Affairs, as has been done by 
the California State Veterinary Association. Secretary Marshall 
or I will gladly supply such committees with membership blanks, 
and they could be sent out by the committee to all who are eligible 
to membership. The applications of those who desire to become 
members could then be approved by the President and Secretary 
of the state organization, which is now required by the rules of 
the American Association. This ruling will necessarily increase 
the membership of state associations as applicants must be mem- 
bers in good standing in their respective state organizations in 
order to obtain the required endorsement of the above-mentioned 
officials. In consequence the state associations should recipro- 
cate by assisting in the procurement of eligible members for the 
general body. 

The approved applications should afterwards be handed to the 
Resident State Secretary of the A.V.M.A. for transmission to 
Secretary Marshall. 

Yours fraternally, 
Joun R. Mouter, President, A.V.M.A. 


Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 17, 1912. 
Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, NEW YorK: 

Your letter of the 15th inst. received and contents noted with 
care. It is possible that I may be able to give you some further 
light on the subject of the horse plague which prevailed in our 
section of the country during August, September and the first 
part of October. I made four different trips to the field and 
spent about sixteen days investigating the disease, during which 
time I saw some 400 cases and autopsied about 40. 


wv“ 


nm 


CORRESPONDENCE, 


Briefly, this condition was primarily confined to animals that 
were in pastures. It seemed to make little difference whether the 
pastures were high lands or low lands, whether they had stagnant 
water in them or whether the water supply was from deep wells. 
This one common factor naturally led one to think that the source 
of the disturbance was in the pasture and the only one factor that 
Was common in the pastures was the food stuff, so it seemed prob- 
able that the food stuff contained the cause of the disease. Ani- 
mals kept in the territory where the disease abounded and fed on 
dry feed were universially exempt from the disease. 

The disease was attributed by some to intestinal parasites, of 
which strongylidae representatives predominated. There is not, 
I believe, any doubt but what some of these diseased animals 
were depressed with the large number of parasites they harbored, 
but in view of the fact that some of these animals contracted the 
disease and died and none of the parasites could be demonstrated 
on autopsy, it is sufficient proof that the disease was not caused 
primarily by parasites. The disease was thought to be influenza 
by some. This diagnosis I suspect was arrived at in part because 
of the fact that a considerable percentage of affected animals had 
paralysis of the pharynix and were medicated, the medicaments 
passing into the lung and establishing medicamentous pneumonia. 
Still others claimed that the disease was infectious, some holding 
that the gram positive diplococcus, which could be isolated from 
a large percentage of the cases, was responsible for the trouble, 
others claiming that the infection was due to a filterable virus. 

Up to the present time no absolute proof has been established 
as to the exact cause of the condition, but if the disease was due 


to infection, it behaved materially different than any ordinary in- 


fection with which we are familiar. Scores of instances could be 
recited where diseased animals were taken into barns or yards, 
where they remained through the entire course of disease or until 
they died and in the continuous presence of millions of flies, which 
were a veritable pest in the section of the country where this dis- 


ease abounded. Further, in many instances, horses were watered 


out of the same tanks and fed out of the same feed boxes that 
were used by horses that never contracted the disease. One in- 
stance was very striking: On the Missouri Pacific Railroad right- 
of-way, between McCracken and Utica, Kans., some 78 teams 


~ were worked in grading the roadbed. These horses were fed at 


wagons on the right-of-way, fed dry food and in one instance 24 
teams were watered at a tank from which three horses drank that 
died of the disease and further these three horses died within to 


236 CORRESPONDENCE. 


rods of the above said camp, but not a single horse of the 48 con- 
tracted the disease. None of these 78 teams had the disease, 
except two that were allowed to graze. In another instance, about 
eight head of horses were transferred from a pasture where the 
horses were dying of the disease to another pasture containing 
several horses and in which the disease had not made its appear- 
ance. At the same time about six horses were transferred from 


the non-infected pasture to the infected pasture. Later, the exact 


ieneth of time I am unable to give, several of the eight horses 


that were transferred to the non-infected pasture contracted the ~ 


disease and died. Also some of the horses that were transferred 
from the pasture in which the disease had not occurred, contracted 
the disease after being placed in the pasture where the disease pre- 
vailed. So far as the information at hand is concerned, none of 
the animals in the non-infected pasture died of the disease, ex- 
cepting those transferred from the first pasture. Several blood 
inoculations. also several intra cerebral inoculations were carried 


out, but without producing the disease in a single instance. Of 


course this is not absolute proof that the disease is not infectious, 
but it indicates strongly that it is probably not infectious. 

The symptoms of the affected animals were those that are 
ordinarily observed in so-called sleepy staggers. Usually the 
first evidence of any abnormal condition was due to inappetence, 


or uncertain gait, however the primary symptom which occurred 


in animals prior to the time that any outward disturbance was 
shown, consisted in a rise of temperature, the temperature rang- 


ing from 104 to 107. This high temperature persisted for only a 


short time, usually from 12 to 24 hours, after which it usually 
ranged at about 103. Exceptions to this temperature of course 
would be evident in cases complicated with pneumonia. A little 
later the animals in a considerable percentage of cases showed 
difficulty in deglution. The lack of co-ordination became more 
and more marked, the animals in some instances leaning against 


barns, fences, etc., finally losing their balance and falling to the 


ground, after which they usually remained in a decubital position 
anil death, which resulted in from 24 hours to as much as seven 
days after the onset. 

Later in the outbreak the cases were mild, many of them never 
losing control of locomotion and regaining health in a period 
varying from three days to three weeks. 

In the autopsy one was particularly struck with the general 
absence of any constant lesion, excepting apparent venous con- 


gestion of the pia mater, which frequently resulted in an edema of — 


CORRESPONDENCE. 237 


the meninges and brain. In some instances the case was com- 
plicated by pneumonia, gastritis, enteritis and nephritis, but upon 
obtaining the history of these cases, such lesions could invariably 
_ be traced to drugs that had been administered, such as croton oil, 
turpentine, ammonia fumes, etc. 

Upon close inspection of the cerebro spinal fluid it was found 
to be clear, but contained many cells that indicated an inflamma- 
tory disturbance. Likewise an examination of the brain tissue at 
least, in some instances, showed evidence of a small round cell in- 
_ filtrated into the peri vascular lymph spaces. 

The extent of the losses from this disease I believe has been 
exaggerated. In the territory where the disease was most pre- 
_ valent it appears that less than 4o per cent. of the horse population 
died. In other sections the percentage of loss was insignificant. 
_ The press apparently did injustice by their startling statements, 
likewise some drug houses did an injustice by rushing to the scene 
of action all kinds of drugs, regardless of the fact of their curative 
value. The people in Kansas particularly were almost panic 
stricken, due largely to the press notices and to the fact that dif- 
ferent diagnoses had been given out by different investigators 
-and they were utterly at a loss to know what to do under the cir- 

cumstances. 
Practically no new cases are now developing, at least in Kan- 
ses, the disease having apparently run its course, which I believe 
-can be explained by the fact that the causative agent has been 
altered through heavy frosts. It is apparent to the conservative 
_ obsever that this disease belongs to that class that we ordinarily 
term forage poisoning. 

Very truly yours, 

AT © KOENSLEY, 


Horse PLaGuE In New YorK—Secretary MackKellar ad- 
vises us that Dr. Louis Griessman, veterinarian to the Depart- 
ment of Health in Greater New York, will present a paper to the 
Veterinary Medical Association of New York City at its Novem- 
ber meeting (first Wednesday evening in November) entitled 
“New York’s Equine Plague.” It is less difficult to imagine 
“what disease Dr. Griessman is going to talk about, than what 
solution he is going to offer for its control and eradication that 
has not already been wrestled with many, many times. His col- 
leagues will therefore look forward with great interest to his solu- 


tion of the problem. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF tla 
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 


SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF THE DISEASES OF Domestic ANI- 
MALS, by Dr. Franz Hutyra, Professor of Infectious Diseases, and Dr. 
Josef Marek, Professor of Special Pathology and Therapy; both of the 
Royal Veterinary College at Budapest. Authorized American Edition 
from the Third Revised and Enlarged German Edition. Edited by John 
R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of 
Animal Industry, and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S., Senior Bacteriologist, 
Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, 
D. C. Volume I., Infectious Diseases; Diseases of the Blood and of the 
Hematopoietic Organs; Diseases of Metabolism, of the Spleen, Urinary 
and Circulatory Organs. Over 1,100 pages, 198 illustrations, and 10 
plates. 1912, Chicago, Alexander Eger. 


This excellent work, fresh from the press, has just found its 
way to our desk, and, before opening its covers, we are deeply 
impressed by its magnificent appearance, and on perusing its 
contents we are able to understand the enthusiasm that has been 
expressed by German veterinarians in regard to this work during 
the past two or three years. The chapters on Malta fever, 
Leukemia of chickens, Dochmias’s and Oesophagostomiasis, 
Enzootic Cretinism in animals, serum diseases and Necrobacil- 
losis; Hemorrhagic Septicemia of sheep, Diphtheria and Con- 
tagious Epithelioma of fowels, Scurvy, Coccidial Dysentery of 
cattle, Enzootic Paralysis of the spinal coard in horses, Paralysis 
of the bladder and the Psychoses have all been rewritten and 
brought up to date in the third German edition of this great 
work, from which the American edition is translated. Essential 
changes were also made in the chapters on Specific Paratubercu- 
losis Enteritis of cattle. the parasitic diseases and skin diseases ; 
also in the therapeutic portions of most chapers, and when we 
stop to consider that this work is recognized as the most compre- 


hensive and authorative treatise on the theory and practice of © 


veterinary medicine in Germany, Austria and Hungary, and has 
been adopted as a textbook by all the veterinary colleges in those 
countries as well as in Switzerland, and that its translation into 
the English has been done by such American veterinarians as 
Mohler, Eichhorn and Fischer, its excellence as an American 
textbook on pathology and therapeutics, is not difficult to imagine. 

Infectious Diseases are divided into six groups as follows: 


238 


~ 


q 
. 
. 


7 
- 
} ( 
. 
{ 


BIOLIOGRAPHY. 239 


Group I., Acute General Infectious Diseases, of which thirteen 
are described. Group II., Acute Exanthematous Infectious Dis- 
eases, of which four are described. Group III., Acute Infectious 
Diseases with Localization in Certain Organs, of which five are 
described. Group IV., Infectious Diseases with Special Involve- 
_ ment of. the Nervous System, of which two are described. Group 
_V., Chronic Infectious Diseases, of which eleven are described, 
and Group VI., Infectious Diseases Produced by Protozoa, of 
which three are described. 

Following these are Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Produc- 
ing Organs, Diseases of the Spleen, Diseases of Metabolism, Dis- 
eases of the Urinary Organs, and Diseases of the Circulatory Or- 
gans. The descriptions of the diseases are clear and complete, 
yet brevity is a marked feature of the work. Considerable space 
is given to glanders, however, and the newer tests are accurately 
described and strikingly illustrated, largely in colors. The col- 
ored plates illustrating nasal and cutaneous glanders, the con- 
junctival opthalmo reaction and the complement fixations test are 
excellent. Another very striking colored plate is that illustrating 
infectious vaginal catarrh of cattle, showing nodules on the swol- 
len and reddened mucosa of the vagina of a cow. Practitioners 
of veterinary medicine will find in Hutyra and Marek’s Pathology 
and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, a safe, 
comprehensive and authorative textbook on veterinary’ medicine; 
right up to the very hour; and English speaking veterinarians 
- are to be congratulated on having an English translation of this 
superior German work at their command. Other countries have 
recognized its great value, as it has recently been published 
in Italian, and a Russian edition is being prepared. The 
publisher of the American edition deserves great credit for the 
superior manner in which he has executed his work; giving to the 
_ volume a finish and elegance in keeping with its merit. Printed 
_ on good paper, the type is clean and sharp, making reading easy 
and pleasant. We predict the popularity of this work with 

_ American veterinarians, equal to that in Germany. 


: VETERINARIAN’S HANDBOOK OF MATERIA MEDICA 
ON Tie eek eS, 


| VETERINARIANS’ HANpBooK oF MatertA MepicaA AND THERAPEUTICS, by D. H. 

: Udall, B.S.A., D.V.M., Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Hygiene, 
New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
1912. Carpenter & Co., Ithaca; N. Y. 


This book, in pocket form, contains information which the 
veterinarian needs daily yet does not always have at his “ tongue’s 


240, BIOLIOGRAPHY. 


end.” It might be called a ready reference book and compares 
very favorably with the German Veterinary Calendar. Bound in 
black flexible leather covers and printed on excellent paper the 
book presents a very neat appearance. 

Tables of the different weights and measures with their 
equivalents in the Metric system are given first, followed by 
tables of solubilities: how much of a drug is necessary to make a 
given solution as I-500 or 0.2 per cent. and also how much is 
needed to make a saturated solution either in water or alcohol. 
A few representative formulas and a brief description of the more 
important drugs in alphabetical order with their ordinary uses 
and doses make up Parts 3 and 4. It is worthy of mention that 
the Latin name and termination as well as the common name of 
each drug is given. For example, “ Argenti Nitras Fusus (Lunar 
Caustic), 94.8 per cent. AgNo, in cones and pencils; Exteru., 
caustic on unhealthy granulations, ulcers, etc.” 

In Part 5, Treatment of Diseases, the more common ailments 
of our domesticated animals are considered with the latest thera- 
peutic indications. Much very valuable information is here col- 
lected in small space. It might appear on casual examination to 
be too brief, but where names of drugs are mentioned details as 
regards their use are found in Part 3. Symptoms and Treatment 
of Poisoning and the Administration of Medicines, per os, rectal, 
intravenous, etc., make up Parts 6 and 7. Obstetrical tables as 
period of estrum, duration of pregnancy and parturition followed 
by methods of determining the age of domestic animals and tables 
of equivalents of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometric scales 
are included in Part 8. Veterinary Hygiene, Stable Construction 
and Disinfection, Physical Examination of Animals with Scheme 
and the Shipment of Tissues for Laboratory Diagnosis are dis- 
cussed in Parts 9, 10 and 11. 

The method of presentation of the subject matter is admir- 
able. It is very concise, a necessity in a book of this kind that 
endeavors to place in pocket form information which in many 
cases is contained only in large volumes. The best authors of 
this country and Europe have been freely consulted and the 
latest knowledge in veterinary practice is given. It is a book 
which appeals especially to the practitioner in the field who does 
not always have a library to consult. 


INTERNATIONAL LivE StocK Exposition, Chicago, Novem- 
ber 30 to December 7, 1912. 


ao sili 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF 
NEW YORK CITY. 

The regular monthly meeting of this association was called 
to order by Dr. H. D. Gill, acting as temporary chairman, until 
the arrival of Dr. Berns. 

The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved. 

Dr. W. J. McKinney, chairman of the Prosecution Committee, 
reported that charges of practicing illegally had been preferred 
against an Italian blacksmith in Brooklyn The committee re- 
tained counsel, but before the case came to trial the defendant 
left the country. This report on motion was unanimously ac- 
cepted. 

The reports of the degelates to the N. Y. State and the 
A.V.M.A. meetings were next in order. 

Dr. W. Reid Blair gave an interesting report of the state 
meeting and stated that he considered it one of the most success- 
ful ever held. 

Dr. Berns stated that the clinic was a great success in the 
number and variety of operations and the abundance of clinical 
material. 

Dr. McKinney also made an interesting report on the clinical 
features of the meeting, especially the operation of ligating the 
saphena vein above the hock with the object of reducing so-called 


‘blood and bog spavins. He stated that he personally had some 


remarkably good results from this simple operation. 
Dr. De Vine reported that he had performed this operation 


_ recently and with indications of good results. 


Dr. Duncan (M.D.), stated that this condition of the hock 


was undoubtedly similar to the varicose limbs met with in the 


human subject. 

Dr. Schlesinger mentioned a case in which he had ligated the 
vein, and then punctured the blood spavin. A good deal of 
hemorrhage resulted, which complicated matters for a time, but 


_ great improvement finally resulted. 


Dr. D. W. Cochran, president elect of the New York State 


Veterinary Medical Society, gave an interesting account of the 


A.V.M.A. meeting at Indianapolis. 
241 


242 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Dr. R. W. Ellis also gave a very concise report of this meet- 
ing and referred the members to the AMERICAN VETERINARY 
Review for the complete report. 

Dr. Ellis then made an interesting case report of a female 
cocker spaniel which was brought to his office for treatment. 

This dog at first sight, appeared to be heavy in pregnancy, 
but when examined it was found that this was not the case. 

A large tumorous mass was diagnosed, and the destruction 
of the animal recommended. This was done, and on opening 
the abdomen a large mass almost rolled out, having very slight 
attachments. 

Dr. Thos. F. Kililea (M.D.), a personal friend of Dr. Ellis, 
who is very much interested in specimens of this nature, made 
the following report on the microscopical and histological find- 
ines of this specimen: 

Macroscopically the tumor was a large spherical mass weigh- 
ing more than ten pounds, and apparently fibroid in character, 
showing at various places in the growth distinct degenerative 
changes, apparently colloid in character. 

Microscopically the tumor consists of ovarian tissue under- 
going colloidal degeneration. The colloidal areas present a 


structureless, semi-solid substance of mobile pathological mate- 


rial resembling glue in appearance and consistency, jelly like, 
firmer than mucous, and differing in its reaction from albumin. 

This degeneration much resembles the mucoid degeneration. 

The disorganized material becoming structureless, semi-solid, 
jelly or glue like in appearance. The fibrous portion presents 
the usual character of fibroma. 

Though fibrous in appearance the structure cannot be sep- 
arated into fibres. Here we have the substitution of the fibrous 
for the higher grade of tissue. By tissue is meant the “ aggre- 
gate of cells which obeys the law of growth.” 

The degeneration in the fibrous tissue much resembles the 
degeneration incident to senility. We find (in the specimen) 
the fibres degenerated in bundles or systems in contra-distinction 
to the insular or scattered degeneration. 

The discoloration is not due to melanosis, but to the preserv- 
ing agent used. 

Diagnosis—The subject was of advanced age, carrying a 
degenerated ovarian tumor. 

Prognosis—The neoplasm is malignant, and the rapid growth 
and degeneration would soon bring about dissolution. 


Dr. Kililea exhibited this tumor, and further sections of the 


Pe RE on Le 


» 


ee 
—----— 


Le oe ee 


a 


Cte << om 


ae 


ee rl srr rr eee 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 243 


same were made which showed very plainly the large extent of 
the jelly like colloid degeneration. 

The Doctor also cited an interesting case in a human subject. 
which was somewhat similar to this dog case. This subject 
Was operated on successfully. 

A hearty vote of thanks was extended to Drs. Kililea and 
Ellis. 

Dr. John A. McLaughlin then read a paper entitled ““ A New 
Field for Aetiological Research Opened by Schmidt’s Treatment 
of Milk Fever.” A new theory of azoturia in the horse. 

This paper was productive of a very animated discussion by 
the members and visitors present. 

The Doctor in this article asked the question, viz., what is 
the condition that is cured by the injection into the udder of 
iodide of potash solution, oxygen, air or even solutions of filthy 
material as any and all of these agents will abate the symptoms 
of parturient apoplexy even if other complications may follow the 
use of septic material. 

These conditions were discussed by Drs. McKinney, De Vine, 
Schlesinger, Chase, Ellis and others. 

Dr. Mangan cited a case of azoturia which was treated on 
the order of auto therapy. The urine was drawn off and col- 
lected, and an ounce of the same given the animal every hour 
until late at night. When the attending veterinarian called the 
next morning the horse was on his feet, and made a good re- 
covery. 

Drs. Kililea and Duncan expressed themselves as very much 
interested in the theory advanced by Dr. McLaughlin, and said 
that they would give it serious consideration in relation to cases 
of a similar character in the human subject. 

Dr. Berns suggested that the discussion of this subject be 
continued at the next meeting. 

A vote of thanks was tendered Dr. McLaughlin. 

Meeting adjourned. 

R. S. MacKE tar, Secretary. 


NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- 
TION. 


This association held its first summer meeting at the Agri- 
cultural College, Fargo, N. D., July 23, 24, 25, 1912, with the 


largest attendance in the history of the association. 
Among the visitors at this meeting were two gentlemen from 


244 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


the foremost ranks of our profession in this country, viz., Dr. 
J. W. Adams, of Philadelphia, and Dr. C. E. Cotton, of Minne- 
apolis. 

The two principal features of this meeting were. ““ A Demon- 
stration of the Surgical Operation for the Relief of Roaring,” 
preceded by an explanatory talk on the subject by Dr. Adams; 
and a ‘‘ Demonstration of the Types of Live Stock Best Suited 
to North Dakota Conditions,” by Prof. W. L. Richards of the 
faculty of the North Dakota Agricultural College. 

Both features were thoroughly enjoyed by the association. 

The usual banquet was held at the Comstock Hotel, Moorhead, 
where plates were laid for more than fifty members, their wives 
and visitors. After the banquet Dr. Cotton favored the asso- 
ciation with a few remarks in his usual happy vein. ‘“‘ Come 
again, Doctor Cotton!’ A rising vote of thanks was extended 
to Dr. J. W. Adams for the able manner in which he presented 
his subject before the association. 

Six new members were elected at this meeting, as follows: 
Drs. R. W. Bernhardt, J.-A. Logan, J. B. Thompson aaae 
Eisenlohr, C. T. McPike and P. E. Nulph. 

The convention adjourned at noon, Thursday, July 25, to 
meet at Fargo, N. D., January 22, 23, 1913. 

C. H. Bascock, Secretary. 


KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; 


The regular monthly meeting of the Keystone Veterinary 
Medical Association was held October 8, 1912, at Donaldson’s 
Hall, Philadelphia, Pa 

The seating of the officers for the ensuing year, who were 
elected at the September meeting was the first thing on the pro- 
gram, viz.: 

President; Dro FE. K. Yunker. 

Vice-President, Dr. W. G. White. 

Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. C. M. Hoskins. 

Board of Censors, Drs. W. H. Hoskins, Cox, Marshall, Klein, 
Rhoads. 

The program of the evening was a talk by Dr. John W. 
Adams on “ Street Nails.” This was followed by the report of 
several unusual cases by the Drs. Hoskins one of “ Gangrene of 
the Tongue” of a dog, and another of a “ Proliferative Bal- 
lonitis ” in a dog. 

Cueston M. Hoskins, Secretary. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 245 


MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 

The above association met in annual session in the office of 
Dr. M. E. Knowles, State Veterinarian, Capitol building, Helena, 
Mont., September 23 and 24, 1912. The meeting was opened by 
the address of the president, Dr. W. J. Taylor, and followed by 
several very interesting papers and discussions. 

The association voted to again support a bill in the next legis- 
lature to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine in Montana. 

Appropriate resolutions of sympathy were passed upon the 
deaths of Dr. Robertson Muir and Dr. T. Earl Budd. 

The following officers were elected for the ensuing vear: 
President, Dr. W. C. Orr, Dillon; Vice-President, Dr. Howard 
Welch, Bozeman; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. A. D. Knowles, Liv- 
ingston. 

The mid-winter meeting of the association will be held at 
Bozeman, in January, 1913. 

A. D. KNowL-eEs, Secretary-Treasurer. 


SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE, N. Y. STATE 
VETERINARY COLLEGE. 


The first meeting of this society was held in the college audi- 
torium October 4, 1912. The meeting was called to order by the 
-resident. After the roll call the constitution and by-laws were 
read for the benefit of the new members. The Dean of the col- 
lege, V. A. Moore, then gave a very interesting talk on the object 
of the society. A warm discussion on athletics followed, after 
which the meeting adjourned to a social evening. Refreshments 
were served and music delivered by the orchestra about which the 
fellows gathered and enjoyed the evening in singing popular 
songs. D. W. C., Corresponding Secretary. 


BeStRACT FROM ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT E. J. 
WALSH DELIVERED BEFORE THE NORTH 
DAKOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


At the mid-summer meeting of the North Dakota Veterinary 
Medical Association, which is reported by Secretary Babcock on 
| page 243 of this issue, President Walsh gave an address of un- 
- usual interest and value. He started by. saying, “birds of one 
feather flock together ” ; and explained that the flocking together 
of our fellows, has much more in it than the mere satisfaction of 
seeing each other, they are impelled by the necessity of caring for 
common interests, which can only be safeguarded by united ef- 


246 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


forts. This, he says, is probably the cause of associations like 
theirs having come into existence. And yet he fully appreciates 
the social side, as he says, “in all that pertains to human life 
and effort, man’s social or gregarious nature, is apt to assert itself. 
In him the need of meeting his fellows, is a deeply-rooted racial 
trait; and this feature is especially well marked among those 
who face the same problems, and whose ups and downs are in a 
large measure identical.” He believes that the veterinarian is 
no exception to the general rule, and the man who permits him- 
self to be isolated from his brethren, suffers professional degen- 
eration, and sooner or later 1s apt to become thoroughly dissatis- 
fied with his life’s work. The doctor reflects that while we have 
a right to feel proud of things accomplished in the past, we have 
got to be awake to the changes that are constantly going on. He 
directs the attention of his brothers to therapeutics as effected by 
modern pathology, serum therapy and immunization against con- 
tageous diseases; also reminding them that this form of treatment 
is still in its infancy and has its limitations, and that therefore 
there is danger of placing too much reliance on it, and of accept- 
ing the O. K. of the manufacturers of vaccines, etc., as to their 
value in the treatment and prevention of disease, and to thereby 
unconsciously fall into the ways of the empiric, and lessen their 
resourcefulness. That the doctor fully appreciates the great value 
of serum-therapy there can be no doubt, and that is why he would 
have his brothers fully understand it, and know the pathology of 
the diseases they apply it to, and not content themselves to ac- 
cept it as a specific without giving themselves any further con- 
cern; because he can see, as can everyone, that such an attitude 
does not spell progression; and if there is not progression there 
must soon be retrogression; an individual like a profession can- 
not stand still, and as soon as he ceases to think for himself, and 
reason things out for himself, he must go backward. And so all 
through his address of more than two thousand words, President 
Walsh deals with the important matters that concern the veter- 
inary profession today, the necessity of the modern veterinarian 
becoming familiar with types of live stock and its breeding, clean 
milk production and all matters relating to sanitary science, in 
a manner that indicates a careful study of the subjects involved: 
not yesterday, nor merely for the preparation of the valuable 
address that he gave to his fellow members in connection with 
the opening of the association, but all through his professional 
life—his professional development—and we regret that lack of 
space will not permit of our publishing it in full at this time. 


a 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


DECEMBER, 1912. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 
Paris, October 15, 1912. 

A SUCCESSFUL SURGICAL OPERATION.—In the Bulletins of 
the Royal Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Prof. A. Baldoin 
has published the resume of his successful interference in a case 
of purulent traumatic arthritis of the temporo-maxillary joint in 
a horse by the resection of the condyle of the maxillary bone, 
which I extract from Leclainche’s Review. 

The total resection of the condyle is an operation almost un- 
known in veterinary surgery—the only case on record is that of 
Vachetta, who operated in 1883, also for purulent arthritis of 
the joint. Partial resection of the condyle and complete of the 
articulation have however been already performed by Frohner, 
Eberlein and Baldoin. In the present case the entire resection 
was performed in a four-year-old mare which had purulent 
arthritis of the temporo-maxillary joint as sequelz of a punctured 
wound. 

A month after the accident, there was on the left temporo- 
maxillary joint a round swelling, as big as half an orange, warm, 
painful, with fibrous consistency and having a solution of con- 
tinuity in its center, partly closed with granulations. A probe 
introduced gave the sensation of rough articular surfaces. The 
masseter muscles, principally the left, are atrophied and the jaws 
. firmly closed, are opened with difficulty. The mastication is 
very limited, the animal feeds very poorly and is much emaciated. 

249 


250 EDITORIAL. 


Rather than try any kind of treatment Baldoin decides to 
operate at once. 

The animal is thrown, and anesthesia being considered not 
necessary, the region is prepared. “Two perpendicular in- 
cisions are made, 6 centimeters long, crossing on the center of 
the tumefaction. The cutaneous flaps are dissected and kept 
apart with sharp tenaculum. A second crucial incision is made 
in the sub-cutaneous tissues, namely, the infiltrated thickened con- 
nective tissue, a fibrous layer, the portion of the parotid covering 
the anterior part of the articulation, the masseter and the cap- 
sular ligament reinforced by the external funicular band.” 

Great care was taken to avoid injuring the parotid, which was 
raised and held back. The transversal artery and vein of the 
face which pass below the joint were also carefully drawn down- 
ward. ‘ The joint being thus exposed, the soft tissues round 
the neck of the condyle were isolated with probe and blunt 
bistouris and the condyle then cut off with shears of Liston, 
care being taken not to injure the internal maxillary artery nor 
the nervous trunks of the fifth and seventh pairs. After the 
section of the neck, the capsular ligament was divided as well as 
the posterior funicular ligament, and the articular meniscus, 
already partly necrosed, was cut off and removed.” The walls 
of the articulation and the articular surfaces were curetted, the 
wound was cleared off and dressed with a plug of gauze and 
iodoformed glycerine. There was very little hemorrhage. Im- 
mediately after the operation, the animal could open his mouth 
quite well and after five days mastication was normal. The 
recovery was perfect, except that the left temporo-maxillary joint 
is less prominent than the right. 


* 
* *k 


‘The recovery has necessarily required the formation of a 
pseudo-arthrosis. To judge of its characters Baldoin performed 
the similar operation on a subject for experiment. The resec- 
tion was performed without difficulty and recovery perfect after 


EDITORIAL. 251 


forty days. Three months after the horse was killed. On ex- 
amining the seat of the operation, a mass of connective tissue 
was found uniting the zygomatic arch to the stump of the neck 
of the maxillary, adherent to the posterior border of the coronoid 
process and in continuity with the surrounding tissues. The ob: 
jections to the operation are rather numerous, but can be easily 
avoided. 

_ The lesions to the facial nerve are almost impossible in soli- 
‘peds on account of its low location. It is also impossible to in- 
jure the anterior auricular artery and vein or the temporo-zygo- 
matic nerve, which are on the outside of the operating field. 

But it may be possible and easy to wound the parotid, the 
“transversal blood-vessels of the face and the superficial temporal 
erve. Accidents can be avoided by the dissection of the anterior 
“border of the parotid which is then drawn backward and that 
of the blood-vessels and nerve which are pushed downward. 

The most serious complication is the wound of the internal 
axillary artery which runs inside the body of the condyle. 
Branches of the fifth and seventh pair of nerves may also be in- 
jured or again perhaps the guttural pouch in the superior portion. 
These accidents that are difficult to avoid when the resection is 
ade with chisel and hammer are yet possible with the osteotomic 
| Shears. The surest way would probably be to resort to the chain 
aw, introduced between the neck of the condyle and the internal 
axillary artery. For Baldoin the total resection of the condyle 
the best operation in all cases of purulent temporo-maxillary 
arthritis. It is more simple and less dangerous than the com- 
| plete resection of the joint and besides is followed by a more 
‘rapid recovery and a less marked deformation of the region. At 
any rate it was a grand operation which deserved recording. 


yg 


* * x 
_ Lactic FEerMEeNtTs IN ComparRATIVE PaTHOLOGy.—For 
some time, in human medicine, the origin and pathogenic action 
of intestinal fermentations have been well known, and from this 


252 EDITORIAL. 


knowledge, so clearly demonstrated by Professor Metchnikoff, 
a new therapy of intestinal diseases has been started, established 
on the principle advanced by the professor; viz., substitute to the 
wild flora of the intestines one of culture of other species, be- 
nignant or at least harmless. 

In veterinary medicine and present. knowledge of intestinal 
flora are quite complete, as far as the dog is concerned. And 
although we know less of that of horses, Metchnikoff has re- 
cently demonstrated that the intestines of the last animal con- 
tain in great quantity poisons of the aromatic series (iodols and © 
phenols) which indicate the rich condition of the toxic flora. 

And from these demonstrated facts it seems possible, compar- 
ing from man to animals, to admit that the pathogenous action 
of this flora in aninials is quite closely related to the symptoms | 
observed in a very large number of digestive troubles, in which | 
the functions of the apparatus are vitiated by putrefaction, by 
fermentation, acute enteritis, intestinal localizations in infectious 
diseases, such as in influenza of horses and distemper of dogs or | 
again in chronic cases where the infectious condition plays a | 
prominent part. 

Certainly it was interesting to know if, in animals, the neu- |) 
tralization of the toxic elements of the intestinal canal could be 
obtained with the administration of lactic ferments and the pre- 4 
cious results realized in man be, with horses and dogs, similar and | 
as important as they are in man. 4 

There is but one chemical agent which can, without danger, 
realize intestinal antisepsy and control its fermenting condition; it 
is lactic acid. And as it has been demonstrated that fermentation ~ 
can take place only in an alkaline media and that it can be ar- 
rested or controlled by lactic ferments which render the media — 
neutral, the indications were evident that lactic ferments must be | 
resorted to so as to realize the permanent acidity of the intes- 
tinal media and reduce the fermentation to its minima. i 

Among the many preparations containing the bacilli-produc- — 
ing lactic acid, the lactobacilline is in very high estimate in human ~ 


f 


medicine as an agent for intestinal therapy, being made with pure 


Pees a ee ee ee eee 


EDITORIAL. 253 


cultures of bacillus Bulgaris, which by many observers is recog- 
nized as an excellent producing agent of lactic acid, and which 
besides has the property of acclimatizing itself readily in the 
intestines when in the presence of sugars. With all these points 
in consideration, experiments were made and recorded in the 
Recueil de Medecine Vétérinarie by Mr. Darrow, veterinarian 
of the Republican Guard in Paris. In horses 14 cases were 
treated, 2 for acute muco-membranous enteritis, 7 for chronic 
affections of the same nature, 2 for repeated colics of indigestion, 
3 for intestinal suralimentation, 2 for intestinal localization dur- 
ing an attack of influenza. In dogs, 2 cases of intestinal localiza- 
tion in distemper, 2 for intestinal intoxication with unknown 
cause, I for gastro-enteritis. 

The results were in all most satisfactory, principally in chronic 
cases. Improvement is already observed two or three days after 
the treatment was begun. The lactobacilline can be given in 
powder (20 to 30 grammes to horses, 5 to 10 to dogs), mixed 
in food or electuary. It can also be used in cultures, 2 litres a 
day for horses, 150 to 200 grammes to dogs. Sugar, molasses, 
syrup must be administered at the same time. 

This new form of treatment for diseases of the digestive 
canal, which are sometimes so severe, so rebellious and even fatal, 
_ deserves at the hands of practitioners a fair trial. 


* 
* * 


Vaccinia.—Professor Cadéac has written in the Journal de 
_ Zootechnic a long review on this subject embracing its etiology 
_ and pathogeny and in which many points of interest are at length 
_ considered, such as: the theory upon the pathogenous agent, the 
_ virulent matters of the subjects affected with it, the resistance 
__ of the virus, the variation of its virulency, the vaccinal immunity 
it posesses, the serotherapy of vaccine, its relations with variola, 
_ the artificial infection, the pathogeny, the secondary infection, 
and the vaccination. 

This long enumeration of the various parts treated by the 


254 EDITORIAL. 


professor tells how complete his review is, and prevents an entire 
reproduction. I will, however, offer our readers one of them as 
being probably of a specific interest and because it contains in- 
formation with which they may not be very familiar. 


* 
* * 


ARTIFICIAL .INFECTIONS.—Horses are the animais that have 
the maximum of receptivity for vaccinia. The inoculated vesico- 
pustules of the horse may appear quite often outside the points 
of inoculation; they contain abundant and very active lymph. 

Subcutaneous injections of the vaccine is sometimes tollowed 
with large pustular exanthemas which by their seat and character- 
istic together do not in the least differ from the eruption of 
natural horse-pox. 

The generalization of the consecutive infection of a local 
inoculation is specially characteristic to the horse, showing as it 
does the extreme receptivity of this animal species. The horse 
appears to us as the primitive source of vaccinia; he is easily in- 
fected by all ways. Ingestion of vaccinal pulp and tne inhalation 
of dried or pulverized vaccine is followed sometimes by general- 
ized eruption. 

The introduction of vaccine in veins promotes quite frequently 
in horses the eruption of vaccinal exanthemas, exact fac-similes 
of those of the natural disease. Sometimes, however, the erup- 
tion is vesicular or vesico-populous, like that which succeeds to 
the inoculation of variolic virus in veins. The absorption of the 
virus through lymphatics is followed, after eight or ten days, 
with an eruption identical to that which results from natural in- 
fection. The deposit of virus on a wound, a cutaneous excoria- 
tion or that of a mucous, is like a local inoculation, the preface of 
the apparition of one or several pustules. 

Infection in the testicle gives to the pulp of that organ a vac- 
cinal activity noticed from the third to the seventh day. 

Donkeys offer to vaccine a receptivity nearly equal to that of 
horses. The ass-pox has often been observed. 

Bovines are a little less susceptible than equines, in this way, 
that eruption does not generalize. 


EDITORIAL, Loo 


The pustules of the cow-pox follow the cutaneous inoculation 
of the natural or artificial cow-pox, of the horse-pox or of the 
human vaccine (retro-vaccination). As many vesico-pustules as 
there have been inoculations made will appear and all are um- 
bilicated. The subcutaneous injection of vaccine gives rise to an 
oedematous infiltration without any eruption. The injection of 
vaccinal lymph in the galactophorous canals is followed after two 
or three days by a moderated fever, swelling and painful teats; 
the milk becomes purulent and bloody toward the ninth day; it 
is virulent the fourteenth; the local pain is due to the develop- 
ment otf vesicles on the walls of the galactophorus canals. Young 
animals are considered as having a greater receptivity than adults, 
but it has not been proved why. The venous injection of vaccine 
does not give rise in the calf to general accidents. Indigenous 
heifers of Soudan are not very sensitive; but buffaloes in Saigon 
are. 

Sheep contract the sheep-pox vaccinia by inoculation, but they 
are not very good media; appearance of the pustules is slow and 
they remain small, assume a populous form and often dry be- 
fore the secretion takes place. 

Goats take the goat-pox by inoculation; they are excellent 
vacciniferous; the pustules have all the characters of the classic 
vaccine. 

Lama contract vaccine; the eruption is slow. The transmis- 
sion from Jama to lama reduces the virulency of the infectious 
agent. 

Camels are excellent vacciniferous animals. 

Swine are an uncertain media of culture. 

Dogs take vaccinia easily, whether human or animal. Sub- 
cutaneous or intravenous injections give immunity without erup- 
tion appearing. 

Rabbits are also susceptible to vaccinia. They have typical 
pustules with hyperlukocytosis between the third and fifth day. 
The best way to inoculate is to apply fresh or glycerined vaccinal 
pulp on the skin just when it has been shaved, and is yet irritated 
by the shaving. 

The vaccine, not very virulent, is inactive when inoculated in 


256 EDITORIAL, 


the skin, but it cultivates on the cornea. Receptivity in rabbits 
varies. 
Guinea-pigs are very susceptible; its immunity is temporary. 
Chickens take vaccinia by inoculation of the skin of the thorax 
or that of the gills. The lesions consist in papulo-pustules trans- 
missible in serum from one chicken to another. 
Monkeys are also susceptible and can be used as animals for 
experiment. 
Man has less receptivity than horses and bovines; epidemics 


of vaccinia are unknown in human species and accidental inocula- 


tions are also rare. 


* 
* * 


IMPORTANT QUESTION IN BREEDING.—At one of the last 
meetings of the National Agricultural Society Mr. G. Barrier, 
the Inspector of the Veterinary Schools of France, presented a 
valuable paper upon the importance of the general improvements 
in breeding by the qualities that a mare ought to possess before 
' being selected as a brood mare. The several articles which have 
appeared in the Review and as an addition to the suggestions 
made by some of our correspondents, Dr. Schwartzkopf, among 
the first, justify me in sending the resumé of Mr. Barrier’s com- 
munication. 

“1. In the sexual act, the mare gives out a germ which 
unites its hereditary energies to those of the stallion’s germs. She 
offers, besides, to the fecundated egg a shelter where it will 
gather all the materials for its first development, almost always 
the director of the ultimate growth. 

“2. The ovule or female germ, possesses in power all the 
morphology, the energy and the heredity of the mother; the sper- 
matozoid, or the male germ, those of the father. The uniformity 
between the two germs sums up their properties, which unite in 
the product ; their unevenness promotes their concurrence and has 
on the contrary a tendency to separate them. 

“3. With equal hereditary power, the mother thus, in the 


— 2 ae 


i) 
Ol 
-l 


EDITORIAL, 


creation of the product and in consequence for the improvement 
of the breed, is as good as the father. 

“4. The hereditary power is closely related to the ancient- 
ness of the breed or of the family and at the same time to the rac- 
ing aptitudes of each of the generators. 

“5. It is then as indispensable to take in careful considera- 
tion the origin and the racing aptitudes of the brood mare as those 
of the stallion, if one wishes to reckon on the value of her an- 
cestral and her individual heredity. 

“6. If the two generators are well conformed and belong to 
the same breed, the product will benefit of the morphology and 
of the energy of both, but nearer to the one which will have an 
‘individual preponderating heredity. In such case the maternal 
influence then always comes to attenuate or increase that of the 
father; hence the necessity to select the mother as strictly as pos- 
sible, in the sense of the characteristics best adapted to the breed. 
And besides she must be ample, compactly built, robust and 
healthy, as long as it models and feeds the product. 

“7. Jf the generators, always well confirmed, are of differ- 
ent breeds, the product will not participate of their morphology 
and their energy, only if there is between them affinity of forms, 
of moticity and of the analogous exigencies of climate, soil, rais- 
ing and care; in the contrary case, the separation of the char- 
acters of the two breeds will appear in the product and the 
process of the raising will increase. 

“Unlikeness of the generators is one of the most dangerous 
risks of a crossed product. 

“8. If (which is frequent) the brood mare does not belong 
to a breed well confirmed, the uncertainty of the hereditary trans- 
mission is then carried to the extreme, the value of the product is 
altogether problematic. 

“The operation will soon become disastrous, as by forcing to 
the highest degree the separation of the characters, it increases 
the failures of the production and hence the miscalculations and 
losses. 

“o. The impregnation of the mother by a first gestation, the 


258 EDITORIAL. 


tetagony, does not rest on observations or indisputable experi- 
ments, but only on facts of superfetation or of atavism. 

“In the present state of science it can not be considered as 
proved. On the contrary, everything seems to show that the first 
copulation has no more influence than the others and that it only 
affects the present and not the future of the mare. 

“to. Theoretically, the breeding of horses would lose less 
if the idea that the stallion is all and the mare only a simple 
recipient for the semen to fructify, was not so firmly taken in 
consideration.” 

The importance of the above remarks will not escape veterin- 
arians who practice in breeding districts where their good advice 
on the subject can but help to raise the importance and standing 
of their profession. 


% 
* * 


BipitioGRAPHY.—I have received from Publishers Carpenter 
& Company, of Ithaca, N. Y., a new book from Dr. V. A. Moore, 
the learned director of the New York State Veterinary College. 
The work’s title is Principles of Microbiology and is a treatise on 
bacteria, fungi and protozoa pathogenic for domestic animals. 
The author who holds the important chair of comparative path- 
ology, bacteriology and meat inspection has dedicated his work 
to all the students who have been studying in his laboratory, and 
have stimulated him in bringing it out for the needs of beginners 
in the study of microbiology. 

It is often said for new books coming out that they are just 
making their appearance at the proper time and that they will 
fill a wanted need. Certainly the same remark will apply to 
Principles of Microbiology and if veterinary students of Pro- 
fessor Moore will benefit, there can be no doubt that any one 
who will follow this special study will learn much in reading it. 
It is not a large book, it is not one that goes into the entire sub- 
ject of microbiology, but yet see how plain its value is presented 
in the preface. “Its purpose is to point out the place and role 


EDITORIAL. 259 


TT 


of micro-organism in nature, to give the methods for their study 
and identification, to indicate the relation of certain species to ani- 
mal diseases, to give a description of the more important species 
pathogenic for animals and a brief discussion of the reaction of 
the tissues to microbian invasion and the theories of immunity.” 

And yet the author says the work is not exhaustive, he might 
have added that it contains ALL the essential and important ele- 
ments which without them the student would find himself much 
embarrassed. 

The volume is made of nearly 500 pages, it has 101 illustra- 
tions, well gotten up, easy reading and its contents are divided 
into 25 chapters where, after a historical sketch and numerous 
generalities, including the place in nature of bacteria, their mor- 
phology, classification and identification of species, the bacteriolo- 
gical apparatus, preparation for cultivation, examination of cul- 
tures, stains and so forth, the reader is brought to the considera- 
tion of Chapter XV and XVI, which treat of the coccaccce and 
their genders, stryptococcus and micrococcus. In the four fol- 
lowing chapters we read of the bacteriacce with the bacillus, the 
bacterium, the germs pseudomonas migula and the higher bac- 
teria and fungi pathogenic for animals. Protozoa and _ their 
pathogenic species, the diseases due to filterable viruses, the con- 
sideration of bacterial products, tissue reactions and immunity 
bring the reader to the end by a glance to serum diagnosis and one 
to immunity and vaccine therapy. 

By this concise enumeration of the contents of Principles of 
Microbiology one can readily judge that Professor Moore has 
done a good work and that all those, students or practitioners, 
who will study them will open for them the doors to a most fas- 
cinating and important branch of medicine. 


*% 
as k 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The “ Braxy’’ Type 
of Sheep Disease in Australia, by Professor Gilruth, D.V.S., 
M.R.C.V.S., of Melbourne University. A reprint from the 


260 EDITORIAL. 


“ Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,” 
where the author gives a detailed account of his investigations, 
experiments, etc., etc., relating to the presence, causes, symptoms 
and pathogeny of “a group of diseases of sheep which exists in 
various parts of the world, which though not absolutely identical 
are so closely allied that they may be dealt with under one gen- 
eral term ‘ Braxy,’ the old-established British name.” 

From the Bureau of Agriculture of the Government of the 
Philippine Islands, under the direction of Archibald R. Ward, 
B.S.A., D.V.M., Chief Veterinarian, I have received Bulletin 
No. 20, Experiments on the Efficiency of Antirinderpest Serum, 
by the Chief and the Acting Assistant, Frederick William Wood, 
D.V.M., with the general conclusions: “ The foregoing experi- 
ments seem to show that antirinderpest serum does not prevent 
infection with rinderpest. On the contrary, animals injected with 
serum and exposed to rinderpest soon contract the disease and 
pass through a more or less modified attack. We have shown 
that the blood of animals is infective during the attack. If by 
passive immunity is meant an artificial condition by means of 
which the severity of an attack is lessened, we grant that such 
exists, but deny that there is a passive immunity of a kind that 
prevents invasion by the virus of rinderpest.” 

Bulletin No. 20, Notes on the Muscular Changes Brought 
About By Intermuscular Injection of Calves with the Virus of 
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, by Dr. William Hutchings Bayn- 
ton, D.V.M., pathologist, under the direction of the Chief 
Veterinarian, with four illustrations. 

Bulletin No. 21, Study of the Normal Blood of Carabao, 
by the same authors, researches made at the veterinary laboratory. 

Alpha Psi Directory, complied by H. Preston Hoskins, V.M. 
D., of St. Paul, Minn. This is the first edition which had its 
issue retarded because of the difficulties to obtain all the in- 
formation needed, and it is only by hard work that the present 
National Secretary of the Council, Dr. Hoskins, has succeeded in 
getting the work in proper shape for publication. 

The officers of the Council of the Alpha Psi Fraternity thank 


EDITORIAL. 261 


all those who have assisted in compiling the necessary material 
for this edition, but certainly they deserve themselves great com- 
pliments for having brought before the members of the Society 
the interesting contents before us. Already a number of Chap- 
ters are in working order, and many familiar names we can find 
in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. 

Founded by the veterinary students of Ohio State University 
in 1906 in order to promote a stronger bond between the veterin- 
ary colleges of North America, it counts already 747 members, 
120 honorary, 370 graduates, 237 active, represented in Chapters 
named by the eight first letters of the Greek alphabet. 

~ As the profession will grow older in North America, so will 
the Alphi Psi fraternity grow bigger and with it greater intimacy 
among veterinarians and their Alma Mater. 
Ack 


SILVER ANNIVERSARY OF IOWA VETERINARY 
| ASSOCIATION AND REUNION AT AMES. 


November 12, 1912, marked the opening of the first session 
of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the lowa Veterinary Asso- 
ciation, which was in the form of a jubilee, in celebration of the 
silver anniversary of the association, which was organized in 
Ames in 1887, and of the opening of the splendid new buildings 
of the old veterinary school of lowa State College. It was a 
great triumph for this pioneer veterinary school of the West (the 
foundation of which was laid by Professor Stalker in 1878) to 
be in a position to take care of the silver anniversary meeting of 
the powerful veterinary organization of which Iowa boasts; and 
it was an equally great triumph for the veterinarians of Iowa to 
find such a splendidly equipped veterinary school in the state of 
which they are justly proud, the “ Hawkeye State,” their own 
fertile lowa. And, to add to the jubilee spirit, it was also ‘ home 
_ week,” and as the week advanced alumni from the various schools 
of the institution other than the veterinary school began arriving 
on the campus, in anticipation of the football game that was to 


262 EDITORIAL. 


be played on the closing day of the week between the * Cyclones ” 
of the Iowa State College and the ‘‘ Hawkeyes” of the lowa 
State University on the campus of the former institution. It 
was under these auspicious conditions that the Iowa Veterinary 
Association opened the first session of its silver anniversary meet- 
ing, and was welcomed to the city by the citizens of Ames 
through Mr. J. Y. Luke, of the Commercial Club, who gave the 


International Champion Pen of Barrows, Ames,  IgII. 


members of the association and their guests a very cordial wel- 
come indeed and some encouraging advice. President Raymond 
A. Pearson being unavoidably absent, attending a conference of 
agricultural college presidents, at Atlanta, Ga., Dean Edgar Wil- 
liams Stanton of the Division of Science, who has given nearly 
half a century of his lifetime to the lowa State College and 
whose enthusiasm is only equaled by his love for the college (the 
Veterinary school occupies a large and a warm corner in his 
hezrt) welcomed the association to the college and told its mem- 


EDITORIAL. 263 


bers he wanted them to feel that it was their own, to come into 
whenever they desired and to use it for their own benefits in any 
way that they could. To those whose great privilege it has been 
to meet that whole-souled gentleman, Dean Stanton, the hearti- 
ness of the welcome and the warmth it brought into the hearts 
of those to whom it was given will be readily appreciated, as it 
seemed to be by Dr. S. H. Johnston, Mayor of his home town, 


Victor—International Grand Champion, Ames, 1911. 


who responded for the association in a humorous manner. The 
rest of the day was given up to the reports of some very im- 
portant committees, and the reading and discussion of a paper 
on “Serum Therapy by the Simultaneous Method for Hog 
Cholera,’* by Dr. E. A. Buxton, of Vinton, Iowa. The discus- 
sion of this very interesting paper on a subject, the importance 
of which may be imagined when we remember that the author 
of the paper stated that the loss to farmers in the state of lowa 


*Publisned on page 331 of this issue. 


264 EDITORIAL. 


from this plague during the past year was about fifteen million 
dollars, was opened by no less an authority than Dr. W. B. Niles, 
of Ames, who, with Dr. Dorsett, produced the Dorset-Niles hog 
cholera serum known to the profession on both sides of the At- 
lantic. The discussion soon became general, in which the members 
manifested unusual interest and seemed about equally divided in 
their opinions as the better results from the simultaneous method 
and that in which the serum alone was used. State Veterinarian 


International Winner Used in Government Horse Breeding Work at Ames. 


‘ 


Gibson favored the “serum only ’’ method, and expressed it as 
his opinion that where it failed it was due to the presence of 
pleuro-pneumonia in addition to hog cholera, in which case he 
believed that no treatment would avail. He advised the veterin- 
arians to be careful and methodical in work of that kind, to use 
enough serum and not try to do so many in a day that they could 
not attend to the necessary antiseptic precautions. 

The evening session, which was opened with music by the 


EDITORIAL, 265 


Iowa State College glee club, proved a most interesting and 
profitable one from a literary viewpoint. Dean Stange of the 
veterinary school gave an address upon encephalomyelitis in 
horses, in which he reviewed the literature upon the disease, 
both European and American, also presenting the symptoms 
according to his own observations, all of which were extremely 
interesting and instructive. Dr. Bergeman presented a paper 
on therapeutics, discussing more particularly the effects of four 
important drugs; the hour had grown so late by the time Dr. 


Agricultural Hall. 


Bergeman had finished his subject, that discussion of it had to 
be foregone. 

Wednesday dawned bright and cheery after the rain that had 
persisted all day Tuesday, with nearly two hundred veterinarians 
registered, and after disposing of considerable committee work, 
unfinished and miscellaneous business, Dr. J. W. Griffith, of 
Cedar Rapids, presented a paper on sanitation, in which he 
urged a closer supervision of milk production for cities. In- 
structive papers on surgery were then presented by Drs. H. E. 
Bemis, F. R. Ahlers and F. J. Nieman, which with some further 
committee reports, took up the forenoon. At 1:30 Prof. W. L. 
Williams, of Cornell University, began his stereopticon lecture 
on sterility, which was very much appreciated. Dr. Williams’ 


266 EDITORIAL. 


lecture was followed by a paper on peritonitis, by Dr. Wm. 
Drinkwater, and one by Mr. Geo. Judisch, professor of phar- 
macy-at the veterinary school, on “ Materia Medica—Progress 
and Problems.” The papers for the day were brought to a close 
by Dr. F. R. Copeland, who described an acute disease among 
cattle with nervous symptoms which was very interesting. The 
election of officers which: placed Dr. D. H. Miller, of Council 
Bluffs in the office of chief executive, Drs. W. A. Hetk, West 
Liberty, and G. A. Scott, Waterloo, first and second vice-presi- 


Margaret Hall, the Lome of the Young Women of the College. 


dents, respectively, and reinstated Dr. C. H. Stange as secretary, 
and the election of more than sixty new members to the associa- 
tion, completed the second day’s work. 

The evening was devoted to a banquet held in Margaret Hall, 
the home of the young women of the college, and given to the 
association and its guests by the Iowa State College and the 
citizens of Ames, at which more than two hundred of both sexes 
sat down. The food for the entire banquet was prepared and 
served by the young women of the college, students of home 
economics, and we feel assured that no better food or prettier 
service was ever given at any banquet, and the hall in which it 


EDITORIAL. 267 


was served was a perfect flower show, so beautifully had it been 
decorated for the occasion. Another one of the uncommon 
features at a banquet of a veterinary association was a quartette, 
of which Dr. J. I. Gibson, of De Moines, was the leader, and his 
deep bass delighted the hearts of all present. One or two selec- 
tions were given between each of the addresses; the one nearest 
to Dr. Gibson’s heart being “ Iowa,” during the singing of which 
his face expressed great pleasure. Dr. H. E. Bemis proved a 
splendid toastmaster and preceded each of his introductions with 


Central Building. 


a humorous story. It was midnight when the festivities were 
brought to a close. 

Thursday was given up exclusively to a surgical and diag- 
nostic clinic, at which Prof. W. L. Williams did an operation 
for roaring, spayed a mare and mended a split ear on a pony. 
Dr. Bemis did a tracheotomy, Dr. Malcolm operated on an um- 
bilical hernia, Dr. Miller on a cryptorchid, Dr. Nieman did a 
repulsion of the fourth molar and Dr. Stewart (Iowa) operated 
on a fractured rib. There was also a diagnostic clinic of cases 
of lameness, small animals, and, of great importance, hog 


268 EDITORIAL. 


cholera subjects, over which post-mortem lectures were given by 
Drs. Niles and Dimock, which were very interesting and very 
instructive. 


That, in brief, is an outline of the silver anniversary meeting 


of the Iowa Veterinary Association; minutiae and statistics will 
be furnished by Secretary Stange and published in a subsequent 
issue when received. But we cannot leave the beautiful campus 
without a look at its many excellent buildings, so before we go 
farther let us peep into some of the corners of the veterinary 
buildings we have not yet seen. One of the wonders of the 
veterinary school is its dean. The manner in which he man- 
aged to play the dual role of dean of the veterinary faculty and 


Secretary of the Iowa Veterinary Association the three days 


of the meeting was remarkable. He seemed to manage to keep 
in touch with his office and with the meeting in session at the 


same time. You walk into the assembly hall and you find him 


sitting on the platform beside President Sayers, recording the 
proceedings; you walk into his office and you find him standing 
beside his desk dictating to his stenographer, and while doing so 


he extends his cordial hand and welcomes you with a friendly 


smile. But you do not want to intrude too much upon his time, 
of which you know he has none to spare and you wander back 


into the building and suddenly find yourself in a large dissecting — 


room with several horses on their feet suspended by hooks and 
chains, so that the superficial muscles can be dissected in the 
standing, position. Over to one side you see an iron door in 
the floor which reminds you of those seen in the large killing 
floors of the abbattoirs, and your curiosity leads you to the 
floor below, where you find a rendering plant for the disposition 


of all the offal from the dissecting room; these were two things © 


not’ described in the account of the college given in the October 
number of the Review and you are glad you found them. Other 


features that interest you are the large operating rooms, the 


operating table and the ‘“ Rech-Marbaker,’ horse ambulance 


standing in readiness. But time presses and there is much to be 
seen on the campus that overlooks twelve hundred acres of col- 


EDITORIAL. 269 


lege lands dotted with flocks and herds. So you journey up to 
the central building, in which the president, registrar and deans 


Ames. 


College Campus, 


A Flock of Sheep on the 


of some of the schools have their offices, it is the administration 


building, and you are impressed with its beautiful appointments 


270 EDITORIAL, 


as you are pleasantly received in the several offices. Morrill 
Hall next holds your attention. You then go over to Agricul- 
tural Hall, the main building of which contains the offices and 
recitation rooms of the agricultural, engineering and veterinary 
departments, in addition to which there is also an annex, afford- 
ing large and commodious rooms for drafting, reading, etc. 
Then you are desirous of seeing Margaret Hall, used exclusively 
for home economics work, and the home of the young women of 
the college. Your first visitation to it was at night, and you saw 


Class in £tock Judging at Ames. 


only the entrance and the beautifully decorated banquet hall, but 
now you are impressed with the beauty of the exterior. But 
you are desirous of seeing some of the stock and to know some- 
thing of the breeding work at Ames, so you go down into the 
stables and on your way pass a flock of sheep. You pass through 
the cattle barns where you see fine specimens of Shorthorns, 
Black Angus, Herefords and many others, out into the horse 
barns, where you find “ Dappel Tom,” an imported eight-year- 
old Shire stallion, weighing 2,200 pounds, and another imported 


EDITORIAL. PAT (Al 


Shire stallion, “ Marman,”’ five years old, not quite so heavy. 
The first one was imported as a three-year-old, and the second 
one as a two-year-old. These horses are used to cross on Per- 
cheron mares, and they are crossing Percheron stallions on the 
Shire mares. From here you pass out into the sheep pens 
where you see splendid specimens of Shropshires, Hampshires, 
Oxfords, Cotswolds and Southdowns; and continuing on you 
come to the hog yards, where you find that breeding is not being 
neglected, for you encounter some Hampshires, Berkshires, Po- 
land Chinas and Duroc Reds. And just as you turn to leave the 
hog yards, standing on a knoll, you look across a little valley to 
a group of weanling colts in a paddock, in which are represented 
Clydes, Belgians and Shires, and you realize the advantages that 
such surroundings offer to veterinary students, and what oppor- 
tunities they have of becoming proficient in stock judging. Then 
on to the dairy building, where you meet Professor Mortensen, 
who initiates you into the mysteries of how to make butter, 
cheese, ice cream, etc., by the latest machinery and with the 
least number .of bugs per c.c. And so, although you have been 
compelled to hurry, you have gained an impression of the great 
work that is being carried on at that time-honored institution, 
the Iowa State College; and you can understand why all the men 
that you have met in your own profession that came from there 
are above the average. The facilities are there and a spirit of 
earnestness and honesty of purpose pervades the atmosphere. 
God bless old Ames! 


THE HOG CHOLERA PROBLEM. 


The problem of the prevention and control of hog cholera is 
so important and so perplexing, and therefore of such vital in- 
terest to rural veterinarians, that the Review has given freely 
of a great amount of space to its discussion and elucidation dur- 
ing the last few years, and invites short to-the-point articles 
discussing this many-sided question. For until it can be def- 
initely determined as to whether the serum-only method or the 


272 EDITORIAL. 


serum-virus method offers the greater immunity against the dis- 
ease and the greater protection to the hog owner the full value 
of either method will not have been realized. For so long as 
the profession is not in a position to be a unit on that, as any 
other question, its clientéle must of necessity continue in an un- 
settled state of mind. That there is not uniformity of opinion 
is not because the matter is not receiving attention; for it is 
receiving the very earnest attention of some of the brightest 
minds in the veterinary profession to-day; but as in all great 
problems, two sides are always presented; and if carefully pre- 
sented and honestly met sufficient light must eventually be shed 
to remove the last shadow of doubt as to the safe and sane 
method to be adopted. In our October number we published the 
views of a recognized authority on the subject, Prof. M. H. 
Reynolds, of Minnesota, and in our November number an article 
by no less an authority than Prof. R. A. Craig, of Purdue Uni- 
versity, while in our present number we have articles on hog 
cholera by Drs. C. D. McGilvray, of Winnipeg, Canada; F. M. 
Starr, Odessa, Missouri, and E. A. Buxton, Vinton, Iowa. We 
would suggest the reading of all these articles carefully and mak- 
ing a mental comparison of them with your own experiences, and 
then the brief compiling of the vital points as you see them, 
printed in the Revrew’s pages, would make interesting and valu- 
able reading for your professional brothers. 


fiesurgam, 


It is with profound sorrow that we announce the death of 
Mrs. Samuel Brenton, of Detroit, Michigan, on November 23, 
1912. Every member of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- 
ciation sympathizes with its latest past-president, Dr. Brenton, 
in his sad bereavement; a sympathy shared by all veterinarians 
and their wives throughout the country; as the sweetness of 
character of this good wife and mother had endeared her to all 
whose privilege it was to know her. 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


ooo 


A REPORT OF OVER THREE YEARS’ EXPERIENCE WITH 
THE SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN THE TREAT- 
MENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES* 


By F. M. Sawyer, M.D.C., BAKERSFIELD, CAL. 


Although I have long realized from the great yariation of the 
clinical symptoms in different cases of the same disease that 
many of the commoner infections are mixed rather than pure 
infections, the use of the phylacogens in the beginning seem 
emperical to me. However, I had great confidence in Dr. 
Schafer, whom I have long known, and besides I knew that 
for some months he had been obtaining wonderful results in the 
human field with exactly the same preparations, so I felt no 
hesitancy in using them on horses. Now that men of authority 
in the medical and veterinary world have taken up the use and 
study of the phylacogens, I am content to await their decision 
as to the true explanation of their effect rather than to attempt 
to justify my use of the phylacogens by offering an explanation 
of how they act therapeutically. I am actuated in making this 
presentation, however, because my long experience has convinced 
me that I can cure conditions surely and promptly with the 
phylacogen, which formerly were very resistent to treatment and 
not infrequently ended seriously. 

In this report the writer to facilitate discussion presents his 
cases in two groups—“ field cases’’ and “ hospital cases.” The 
former group includes cases treated at considerable distance, in 
which daily observation, daily treatment and records were not 
practical and where there was very little experienced help to 
carry out adjuvant treatment. In most of these cases two or 
three doses on consecutive or alternate days brought about cure 


* Fourteen cases in connection with this report are published on page 334 this issue. 


273 


274 F. M. SAWYER. 


or such improvement that the animal required no further atten- 
tion. For this reason the discussion of the field cases is mainly a 
statement of the general facts noted. 

The latter group includes only cases treated in the hospital 
or at the owner’s place, if close enough at hand to permit daily 
visits, treatment, and keeping records. The discussion of these 
cases brings out more of the special points and the case histories 
appended are selected from among this group. 

At first I gave the phylacogens intravenously, but soon founda 
I also had to give them subcutaneously; with an animal easy to 
handle and godd facilities for operating and warming the phy- 
lacogens I give the dose intravenously; with an animal difficult 
to handle, poor facilities for operating and warming the phylaco- 
gen, I give the dose subcutaneously. I would add that in giving — 
a subcutaneous injection I use a 1-inch needle and simply thrust — 
it in obliquely—this very often gives a partial intramuscular — 
injection. | 

I have never seen a sudden death follow immediately after — 
injection, or even within three or four hours, except in terminal — 
cases. This occurred a few times early in the work; now I never | 
inject a terminal case without explaining to the owner the possi- 
bility of the animal dying in the reaction. The decision then | 
rests partly with the ownér as to whether the remedy shall be © 
given or not. 

At first the reaction obtained with the intravenous injections 
were very striking; rapid breathing, staring coat, staring eyes, 
trembling and muscular rigors came on rapidly in about that 
order and always accompanied by rapid, weakened pulse. In 
about half the cases sweating followed the symptoms. These 
symptoms were due to the large dose and at times no doubt to © 
the phylacogen being too cold. In four cases prolonged rigors 
and convulsions occurred, but none of these cases terminated 
fatally. When first seen these symptoms caused me some worry, 
but after seeing quite a number of cases, I soon learned that they 
were not serious. These reactions, however, led to the reduction | 
in dose, slower injection, greater care of the needle and syringe, 
and the warming of the phylacogens to body temperature. 


SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 275 


The reaction with the subcutaneous injections are practically 
all local. At the site of injection there occurs in six to twenty- 
four hours a variable amount of swelling which may be painful 
or tender and persists for twelve to forty-eight hours—a rise of 
temperature occasionally followed by sweating are the only symp- 
toms of general reaction I have noted. I have never seen rapid 
breathing, trembling or rigors following subcutaneous injections. 

The appended tables give the list of conditions treated, num- 
ber of cases of each kind treated and results obtained. They 
cover the period from June, 1909, to November 1, 1912. I would 
explain that in both tables under the heading of Distemper I have 
included only the catarrhal form of influenza, which affects colts 
and young horses, in which running from the nose, watery eyes, 
laryngitis and more or less glandular swelling are the most con- 
stant and predominant symptoms. Under the heading Influenza 
I have included all other forms of influenza. 


TABLE OF FIELD CASES. 


Cure req. Cure req. 


CONDITIONS. Number Prophyl- not more not more Deaths. PHYLACOGEN USED. 
of Cases.  actic. than 3. than 6. 

Distemper......... 250 100 120 25 5 Mixed infection; 
distemper. 

ibfuehe (ob 150 25 95 25 5 Mixed infection; in- 
fluenza after April 
1, 1911; pneu- 
monia. 

Poor condition..... 50 3 50 Se ae Mixed infection. 

PSCESS Gn Sasi) eae os 25 Sot 25 nik fr. Mixed infection. 


Wotal..s.... ++. 475 125 290 50 10 


TABLE OF HOSPITAL AND NEARBY CASES. 


Cure req. Cure req. Cure req. 
CONDITIONS. Number not more not more more Deaths. PHYLACOGEN USED. 
of Cases. than 3. than 6. than 6. 


Distemper... 6c 6 3. 12 4 8 a sh Mixed infection; 
distemper. 

inte. 7 25 5 11 2 if Mixed infection; in- 
fluenza; after April 
1, 1911, pneu- 
monia. 

Surgical infections. . 12 12 a +e Lata Mixed infection. 

IPAmBINItIS....... «. «.«« 12 12 43 ‘*e ue Mixed infection; 
also pneumonia. 

Poor condition..... 5 5 a Sf Rea Mixed infection. 

AZ OUIEIAg |) 652% 6. 5.. 4 3 il 3 aes Mixed infection. 

Navicular disease... 1 Pneumonia. 


| 
| 
| 
oo | 
sa]: 


DG ail 2 See eeaeaaes Fd 41 20 


276 F. M. SAWYER. 


DISCUSSING THE TABLE OF FIELD CASES. 


It will be noticed that this includes 475 cases. This may seem 
a large number, but as veterinarian for the Kern County Land 
Company the writer had opportunity in 1909 and 1910 (when 
distemper and influenza in a severe and malignant form were 
much prevalent) for treating three bands of horses, each number- 
ing upward of fifty head, and on numerous occasions bands of 
five and the head were injected on successive or alternate days. 
From this it will be seen that the estimates given are really con- 
servative, and this is also the explanation for the estimates 
appearing in round numbers. 

Considering the Conditions in Detail. 

1. Distemper—250 cases (1): Of this number I considered 
100 cases as having been treated prophylactically, as they pre- 
sented no symptoms at the time of injection. These received but 
one dose and were not reinjected unless they developed symp- 
toms; less than ten cases needed a second dose and this despite 
the fact that no attempt was made to isolate them from those 
animals which presented definite symptoms. One hundred and 
twenty cases required not more than three doses, and 25 cases re- 
quired more than three, and not over six doses to be entirely 
cured. Five cases terminated fatally. These were all cases of 
the irregular type, in which internal abscess was the complicating 
feature. 

2. Influenga—150 cases (2): Of this number I considered 
25 as having been treated prophylactically—they were treated the 
same as the distemper cases, none of these developed symptoms. 
Ninty-five head required not more than three doses, and 25 re- 
quired more than three, and not over six doses to be cured. Five 
cases terminated fatally—these were all cases of the irregular 
type in which pneumonia occurred as an early complication. I 
wish to add here that none of this group which developed pneu- 
monia got well, and this in spite of the very best possible at- 
tention. 

Gy ka this group of cases I used Mixed Infection Distemper Phylacogen. 


2) In this group I used Mixed Infection Influenza Phylacogen early in the week— 
after April Ist, 1911, I used Pneumonia Phylacogen. 


SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 277 


3. Poor Condition—5o cases (3): This is a rough estimate, 
I feel sure there were more cases. None of these required more 
than three doses. I followed the routine of giving one dose 
(usually 15 c.c. intravenously) and following with a second dose 
(usually 30 c.c. intravenously) if necessary at the end of seven 
to ten days. I consider the results in this class of cases very 
wonderful. Early in the work I noticed that no matter for what 
condition I gave the phylacogen the animal, after being cured, 
was invariably much improved in general strength and picked up 
noticeably in weight, so constant was this that after five or six 
months’ experience I began to give the phylacogen to horses that 
were in poor general condition and could not pick up in weight. 

4. Abscess—25 cases: In this group I include only very 
large abscesses; here I followed the plan of supplementing the 
surgical treatment with one or two doses of mixed infection phy- 
lacogen, and invariably obtained such rapid healing that the phy- 
lacogen had to be credited with the result. None of these cases 
received over three doses. Right here let me add that in any 
condition where there is localized pus formation the phylacogens 
can produce a cure only if proper surgical drainage is made. 
This explains why in diseases complicated with internal abscess 
no cure can be brought about by giving phylacogen. In these 
cases one gets a typical reaction with a rise and fall of tempera- 
ture, and even relief of pain, but it will be noticed that in such 
cases the temperature never goes quite down to normal (it may 
go very nearly to normal) and in a few hours (six to eight at 
the most) begins to go back up to where it was before the ad- 
ministration of the dose. The pulse here usually stays rapid and 
weak, instead of getting slower and stronger as is the case when 
cure follows—the animal gets rapidly weaker and the phylacogen 
if persisted in under such conditions adds materially to the burden 
of the beast. 
Summary of Field Cases. , 

Admuinistration—Not more than one-third of the cases re- 
ceived intravenous injection. This included the older and better 


(3) In these cases I used Mixed Infection Phylacogen. 


8 
10) 


F. M. SAWYER. 


horses, which also received adjuvant treatment when necessary. 
The balance received subcutaneous injection—these included 
suckling colts, yearlings and young animals. 

Site of Injectton—In intravenous injection, the jugular vein 1s 
used. I usually alternate from side to side, choosing a point about 
114 inches away from the previous injection. Subcutaneously, 
I usually give it in the neck, except in suckling colts where I give 
it just back of the shoulder. 

Dose—In the beginning I gave 15 to 60 c.c., whether given 
intravenously or subcutaneously, except in young colts, where I 


gave 714 to 30 c.c. Since March, rg11, I give 7%4 to 30 cc, , 


except to colts; these I give 5 to 15 c.c.. In the subcutaneoms 
method it has been and is my custom to give the maximum dose 
from the first, while in the intravenous method I start with the 
minimum and gradually increase the dose as necessary. 

Reaction—As above stated, the reaction with the intravenous 
method were severe early in the work. Since January, 1910, the 
usual reaction symptoms which I obtain are uneasiness, increased 
rapidity of breathing, urination, occasionally trembling with star- 
ing coat; in a few cases the animal lies down. In the subcu- 
taneous method the reaction is practically all local. 

Interval—In this class of cases 24 to 72 hours. This was due 
to the number of injections and the attending circumstances. It 
was the aim to inject these cases every 24 hours, but if this was 
inconvenient for any reason the injections were often postponed 
24 to 48 hours, making the interval as above stated. 

Results—It will be noticed that there were deaths only among 
the distemper and influenza cases—in both of these groups they 
were all cases in which the animal when first seen had irregular 
symptoms. Those of the distemper group were complicated 
with abscess formation internally; those of the influenza group 
were complicated with pneumonia. In quite a number of these 
cases the conditions were verified on opening the animal after 
death. Ten deaths in 400 is a very low percentage, considering 
the severity and malignancy of the distemper and influenza prev- 
alent at the time, and the number of colts and young horses 


SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 279 


affected. I have included the prophylactic cases in the total of 
cures, because in my experience when distemper and influenza get 
into a band of colts and young horses very nearly all get it before 
the disease is stamped out. 


DISCUSSING THE TABLE OF HOSPITAL AND NEAR-BY CASES. 


This lists but 71 cases. I have included only such cases as 
were treated in the hospital or near by where it was practical to 
see and treat the animal every 24 hours and keep a record of the 
treatment and clinical condition. 


Considering the Conditions in Detail. 

1. Distemper—t2 cases: Of these, four cases required not 
more than three doses and eight cases required more than three 
doses and not over six doses to be cured. In this group of cases 
there were no deaths. All of these cases were of the severe form 
and some were brought in for treatment after being worked for a 
number of days while they were sick—this accounts for the 
greater number of doses necessary. Many cases were lost at this 
time before the phylacogen treatment was instituted. 

2. Influwenza—25 cases: Of these, five cases required not 
over three doses, 11 cases required not over six doses, and two 
cases required upward of six doses to be cured. All of these 
cases were of the severe form, and some were brought in for 
treatment after being worked for a number of days while they 
were sick. This accounts for the greater number of doses neces- 
sary. Seven cases terminated fatally. These were all cases which 
presented pneumonia symptoms when first brought in for treat- 
ment. 

3. Surgical Infections—t12 cases: This includes four large 
abscesses, three infected punctures, four infected lacerations and 
one bursal infection. In these cases I routinely gave only three 
injections and invariably was rewarded with rapid healing. Cases 
which ordinarily run from three to four weeks usually get well 
in from ten days to two weeks. The animal is early relieved of 
pain and is able to work much sooner. 

4. Laminitis—12 cases: None of these cases required over 


280 F, M. SAWYER. 


three doses to be cured. ‘The results in these are very prompt, 
and the condition seems entirely overcome—no tenderness re- 
mains and the animals can go to work on the fifth or sixth day. 
In five of these cases ] have had opportunity for subsequent 
observation and there has been no recurrence. Of special interest 
is the fact that the last two cases treated made a very prompt 
striking recovery with pneumonia phylacogen which I gave be- 
cause I was out of mixed infection phylacogen. 

5. Poor Condition—s cases: None of these cases required 
more than three doses. All were treated intravenously with two 
doses mixed infection phylacogen, at a seven to ten-day interval. 
This is a condition which I recommend for the serious considera- 
tion of the veterinarian; many horses can be much increased in 
value by this treatment. 

6. Azoturia—4 cases: Three of these cases received five 
doses; one case received five doses. In all of these cases I gave 
the phylacogen as adjuvant treatment, expecting thereby to con- 
trol the infective complications of the urinary and enteric tract— 
all of the cases received the regular approved medicinal treatment 
besides. In these cases I gave the mixed infection phylacogen 
subcutaneously in doses of 15 to 60 c.c. 

7. Navicular Discase—1i case: This required eight doses and 
was given pneumonia phylac. I was actuated to treat this case 
with phylacogen because of the rather prompt and complete re- — 
sults obtained in two previous cases of severe laminitis, both of — 
which received pneumonia phylacogen because I happened to be ~ 
out of the mixed infection phylacogen. After the second dose 
the animal was much relieved of pain, and after the fourth dose — 
seemed entirely free from pain. Because of the special interest I 
have appended this case history in detail. 


SUMMARY OF HOSPITAL CASES. 


Administration—Before April 1, 1911, about one-half of the 
cases received intravenous injection. Since then practically all 
have been treated intravenously. 

Site of Injection—As given on page 278. Right here I wish 


SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 281 


to say that in the intravenous method the care of the needle and 
syringe is the important thing. There is more danger in inject- 
ing a small drop of oil or a small shred from a syringe plunger, 
or a small blood clot than from any amount of air that could be 
injected with a syringe under usual conditions. The following 
is my routine for taking take of the needle and syringe: After 
making an intravenous injection, I carefully rinse the needle and 
syringe barrel with cold water which may or may not be sterile, 
I then rinse in 95 per cent. alcohol, which removes all the water 
and allows the syringe and needle to dry without rusting. I 
always replace the wire in the needle. They are then ready to be 
put away until needed again, when all must be boiled before using. 
This method is especially effective in keeping a needle smooth in- 
side—a very important point in avoiding small blood clots in the 
butt or shaft of the needle. In opening the phylacogen container 
I use three or four ply of gauze saturated with 65 per cent. 
alcohol, with this I remove the rubber cork, laying the same down 
carefully in the gauze; I then withdraw with the syringe the 
amount of phylacogen I wish to use through the needle, after 
which I carefully replace the cork, holding the same with the 
gauze saturated with alcohol—this prevents contamination of 
the phylacogen as effectively as is possible under the ordinary 
circumstances with which the veterinarian meets in his work and 
the remainder can be kept for several days and used at will. 

Dose—I now give 7% to 30 c.c. whether given intravenously 
or subcutaneously. In the subcutaneous method I usually start 
with the maximum dose and continue it throughout. In the 
intravenous I start with the minimum dose and increase as neces- 
sary. The rapidity with which I increase the succeeding dose 
depends entirely upon the degree of reaction obtained with the 
preceding dose—with no reaction or very mild reaction I double 
the dose and give it 24 hours later—with a moderate reaction I 
increase the dose one-half and give it 24 hours later—with a 
strong reaction I repeat the dose and give it 24 hours later. In 
very young colts I have found 15 c.c. a very effective subcu- 
taneous dose. 


282 F, M. SAWYER. 


Reaction—Of late the usual symptoms of reaction which I 
obtain with the intravenous method are uneasiness, increased 
rapidity of breathing, staring coat, urination and occasionally 
trembling and lying down. With the subcutaneous dose the re- 
action is practically all local. It is my custom to explain to the 
owner what symptoms may be expected after an intravenous 
dose; I also inform him that considerable swelling follows the 
subcutaneous dose. This reassures the owner and often saves 
considerable time. 

Interval—In this class of cases it is invariably 24 hours. 

Results—It will be noticed that there were deaths only in the 
influenza cases. Seven deaths in 25 cases seems a high mortality. 
However, these cases were all cases in which the animal was 
brought in late for treatment and presented symptoms of pneu- 
monia—three of these cases had been worked up to the time they 
were brought in for treatment. In all of the cases it was evident 
that the animal had very little resistance left when brought for 
treatment. 1 considered all these cases terminal cases, and in 
each instance explained to the owner that the animal had little 
or no chance for recovery and that I was giving the phylacogen 
as a last resort. It will be noticed that 13 of the 18 cases which 
were cured required six doses or upward. This is explained in 
the same way; 7. ¢., the animals were brought in late for treat- 
ment. 

From My Experience I Conclude That—The phylacogens are 
safe therapeutic agents to administer. I point to the large num- 
ber of cases, 546, injected without a single death that could be 
directly attributed to the administration of the phylacogen and to 
the occurrence of alarming rigors and convulsions in less than 10 
cases. 

The phylacogens are practical for use in the regular routine 
work of the veterinarian—both in his outside work and in hospi- 
tal work. 

The phylacogens are economical in cost. They cost less than 
serums. Because of rapid cures obtained, they cut down loss by 
hastening the animal’s return to work. They cut down cost by 


{ 
: 
4 
‘ 


SCHAFER PHYLACOGENS IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS IN HORSES. 283 


shortening the time during which the animal needs the attention 
of a caretaker. They improve the general condition of the ani- 
mals, as they usually gain in weight and strength after a course 
of phylacogen. 

The phylacogens are reliable therapeutic agents. I point to 
the fine percentage of results obtained in my experience and the 
period of time—over three years—through which they have con- 
tinued to give good results at my hands. I consider this very 
convincing. 

In closing, I will suggest that the veterinarian, to acquire ex- 
perience and gain confidence in his “ working stroke,” begin the 
use of phylacogens by administering them subcutaneously, and 
at first only to hospital cases or cases sufficiently near that daily 
observation and treatment is practical. I can assure any veter- 
inarian who believes that the bacterial preparations have a place 
in therapeutics, that the phylacogens are the very best of this 
class of remedies and their intelligent use will give him good re- 
sults far beyond his expectations in many refractory and serious 


conditions. 


During the period when Dr. Schafer was making the Phylacogens in his laboratory, 
in Bakersfield, Cal., it was his custom to keep up his cultures of the various organisms 
used in making the Phylacogens by obtaining fresh growths whenever opportunity was 
atforded by outbreaks of infection in both veterinary and human field; so it was quite, 
natural that he availed himself of cultures from the horses suffering from distemper 
‘and influenza, so that he could add these two factors to the basic Mixed Infection Phyla- 
cogen, thus conforming to the idea of giving a predominant factor to the phylacogen, 
intended for treating a condition known to have a predominating causal organism. The 
names Mixed Infection Distemper Phylacogen and Mixed Infection Influenza Phylacogen 
were therefore necessary at the time to designate and differentiate these two from the 
other phylacogens—pneumonia, erysipelas, etc. My thanks are also herewith extended 
to the veterinary biologic and research department of Parke Davis & Co. for the courtesy 
of cer cae and supplies of phylacogens, which enabled me to continue my work 
after Dr. Schafer discontinued making the phylacogens in Bakersfield. 


PotENT Twin Butts.—On page 723, issue of October 9, I 
read with interest G. T. Burrows’ article on the free martin heifer, 
especially the translation from Spiegelberg. In Dean Daven- 
port’s “ Principles of Breeding” (note at bottom of page 176), 
the same statement is found (quoted from Geddes & Thompson’s 
“ Evolution of Sex’). I remember that a Short-horn cow owned 

by Conrad Welch, then a resident of Fulton County, Indiana, 
-gave birth about 1892 to twin bull calves, both of which were 


_ afterward used as sires in the neighborhood, so I know perfectly 


‘normal twin bulls may be born.—John T. Montgomery in Breed- 
ers’ Gasette. 


ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 
By Frep Torrance, M.A., D.V.S., Ottawa, CAN. 


Translation of an Article by Prof. Jose Lignieres, in the Revista Zootecnica 
for August, 1912. 

In 1898 I published the result of my first studies which was 
observed to be contagious among cattle, horses and sheep belong- 
ing to certain districts in the Argentine Republic. 

In the bovine species the disease was known before my ar- 
rival at Buenos Ayres, and called by the name of “‘ Enteque,” an 
improper term, which signified “etisis” or extreme weakness 
(flacura), and also made itself known by the spongy ossification 
of the lungs which served to characterize it. 

I showed that the pulmonary lesion was not the principal one 
and that it should be looked for in those arteries which are always 
attacked by lesions of arteriosclerosis more or less generalized. 
These lesions are often met with in the arteries when the spongy 
ossification of the lung does not exist at all. 

I have been able to follow the disease from its inception when 
not existing in the calf of eight or ten months, and the intestinal 
disturbances, which exist in the majority of cases in an infectious 
chronic enteritis. In the animals affected by this diarrhoea, and 
which resist the disease, are found lesions of the arteries, in the 
beginning discerned on the common aorta; they presently extend 


and become hard and can become generalized throughout the — 


arterial system and as far as the pulmonary artery. When the 
arterial lesions are important, you may find lesions of spongy 
ossification in the lungs. 


The arterial and pulmonary lesions of “ Enteque”’ are gener- 


ally preceded by digestive disorders, so that there is reason to 
believe that these disorders indicate as their origin an intestinal 
infection. 

I showed that the horse is also attacked by the disease, but I 


284 


a 
; 


: 


ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 285 


have never met in it the spongy ossification of the lungs, even 
when the arteriosclerosis was considerable. 

In the sheep chronic arteritis is also found, but no pulmonary 
disturbance. Only recently have I observed it in a genuine out- 
break of “‘ Enteque”’ among a large flock of Lincoln sheep in the 
Province of Buenos Ayres in the region of Castelli. 

I published in the Revista Zootecnica for the month of Octo- 
ber, 1910, a brief note in which I made known for the first time 
the possible existence of lesions of spongy ossification in the 
lungs of sheep. 

To-day I am giving greater details concerning this disease 
of sheep in order to discuss the cause to which it is attrib- 
uted by Dr. Fedorico Sivori in his treatise published in the 
General Review of March 1, 1912, under the title of “La 
Mancha in Sheep ” (Mancha==stain or spot). 

I cannot have any doubt regarding the identity of the dis- 
ease studied by Dr. Sivori with that which I have observed since 
our investigations were carried on in the same period and in the 
same country district. 

Symptoms.—In the sheepfolds attacked the animals appeared 
to be in good condition, except some which seemed to be weak 
and anemic. 

It is not difficult to know the sick ones. It is only necessary 
to hurry them up a little to see, in following, that some of them 
lay behind or stop, with their flanks very much agitated, and the 
dejected look of animals whose breathing is difficult. These ani- 
mals are sometimes found to be in an excellent state of nourish- 
ment, and do not appear at first sight to be suffering from an 
infection. They eat and drink perfectly. 

It is an important point to notice that natural death may 
come on even during sleep (rest), suddenly and sometimes pain- 
lessly, as in the case of carbuncle, a disease with which, by some 
people, this has been confounded. 

Also, accidents, sometimes fatal, can be produced. For this 
it is enough to frighten the sheepfold to oblige all the animals to 
run. Then the sick ones stop suddenly, some fall to the ground 
and die as if delirious. 


286 ~ FRED TORRANCE. 


Lesions.—A fter death, those animals whose digestive tubes are 

found full of food, swell up immediately. Sometimes a foamy 
serum, red in color, flows through the nostrils, which tends still 
more to confuse the disease with carbuncle. 

If the skin is drawn out, the subcutaneous capillaries are 
found gorged with coagulated, highly colored blood, some pale, 
forming in the conjunctive tissue numerous arborizations (1). 
Especially in the case when the autopsy has been delayed, the 
tissues of the side on which the body has been stretched out on 
the ground, are found to be infiltrated with a red serum or with 
gelatinous oedema. In different parts are found very dark 
“placas” (2) lit. stars). forming spots or stains on the skin 
which are almost black. Hence, the name of “ Mancha” (spot 
or stain). 

The muscles, like the blood, keep their normal tint or are 
pale, infiltrated with serum, according to the state of nourish- 
ment or of anzemia of the animals. 

In the serous cavities, peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, there 
is frequently met a quantity, sometimes a considerable quantity, 
of serum of a bright lemon or reddish color. 

Generally, the digestive tube is found congested, full of gas, 
and the bloody arborizations are very visible. The red infil- 
trated mucus is easily drawn out. 

The spleen, the liver and the kidneys are also often very 
congested, but, contrary to what occurs in the case of carbuncle, 
the spleen presents more or less its normal volume. 

The lungs are always found infiltrated, edematous, con- 
gested and even hepaticized in different parts. In some cases 
there is situated in them a quantity of small bodies, hard and 
elongated, in the shape of needles, which break (crack) easily 
between the fingers, and formed by a true spongy ossification. 
The vain of the neck contains blood which reddens in the air 
and coagulates. The aorta is hard and thick and inelastic to the 
touch. At the opening are met at its base lesions of arterio- 
sclerosis, at times enormous, like those which I am showing in 
the attached illustration. These lesions by themselves explain 


ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 287 


the accidents occasioned by violent and prolonged movements. 
Death is produced by asphyxiation due to oedema or congestion 
‘of the lungs. 

I should note that these congested lesions of the viscera are 
observed in the case of death, but they are not discovered if the 
animals slaughtered are still healthy in appearance. 

A fact of importance consists in the finding, in some sheep- 
folds attacked by the disease, or lesions of tuberculosis with the 
Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, a disease rather generalized in the Argen- 
tine. In other cases these lesions do not exist (in any manner, 
as we see it further off). 

In the sheepfolds attacked, the disease is observed in the 
males as in the females, but never in lambs under this form. It 
lasts some months, causing the death of several animals daily, 
almost always in winter. I saw a flock of 6,000 head lose 700 
between May and October, Ig1o. 

Here is the result of an experiment which demonstrates the 
gravity of the disease, its duration, the possibility of diagnosis, 
the production of sudden death even in a state of complete rest, 
and, finally, the variable aspect of the secondary lesions and the 
constancy of the lesions or arteriosclerosis. 

On October 17, 1910, there arrived at the laboratory five sick 
adult sheep, sent from an owner in Castelli, where they were 
selected for our experiments. These animals were immediately 
placed in small corrals. In all of them the auscultation revealed 
grave cardiacal disorders and the percussion proved mastitis or 
sub-mastitis, almost wholly in the lower part of the breast. 

Three of them were found in a good state, the other two 
were weak and anemic. One stayed on the ground, unable to 
rise, with discordant breathing. The practitioner bled one to 
make a study of the blood and serum; then killed it. 

Here are some of the observations of the autopsy. The sub- 
cutaneous conjunctive tissue is humid; in the muscular inter- 
stices is a transparent serum; there was even found fat in rolls 
with serum. The blood is rather pale, but the muscles preserve 
dark tint. 


288 FRED TORRANCE. 


In the peritoneum is found about a litre of clear liquid. The 
digestive tract was found almost empty of food owing to the 
fast of the journey and the change of diet which the animals 
suddenly underwent in going from a green to a dry pasture. 
The mucus of the digestive tube had in different parts scattered 
red plaques. ‘The spleen was of its normal volume; the liver 
and kidneys showed nothing out of the ordinary, nor did the 
lymphatic glands. In this case the bleeding had impeded the 
formation of congestions which characterize the lesions in those 
animals which succumb naturally and has not produced intestinal 
fermentations. 

In the thoracic cavity were found ten litres of rather limpid 
serum, slightly yellowish (jaundiced). In the lungs were some 
hard spots, hepaticized. Their edge was compact, homogeneous, 
granulated and “violaceo.” There was no spongy ossification 
in the pulmonary tissue. 

The anterior and posterior aorta, as far as the lumbar bifur- 
cation, present very marked lesions of arteriosclerosis. The pul- 
monary artery is normal. 

The following days the other animals became accustomed to 
the dry diet; they appeared to improve. 

On the 26th of December, 1910, one of them died, nothing 
being noticed the evening before. The animal was swollen. I 
discovered on the side on which the body was lying plaques of 
a dark red tint. In the intermuscular conjunctive tissue was 
seen a great quantity of serum of a reddish tint; there was no 
fat. In the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium was found a 
good deal of red serum. 

In the oedematous lungs were found some lesions of spongy 
ossification; the aorta contained chronic hard arteritis. 

The spleen is soft with its volume scarcely increased ; the kid- 
neys and the liver congested. The open digestive tube from one 
end to the other showed some colored plaques in the mucus of 
the large intestine. 

On the 12th of May, tgrI, another animal died without any 
appearance of disease. It was well nourished, its blood was a 


ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. 289 


dark color, the muscles normal in color and containing a little 
serous infiltration in the tissues. 

The liver, the spleen and the kidneys were very much con- 
gested. In the serous cavities was a serum that was scarecly 
red; in the lungs was observed generalized oedema, spongy ossi- 


_ fication; in the arterial vessels were marked lesions of arterio- 


sclerosis. 

The intestines were found filled with food, the small intestine 
arborized by the capillaries; to the touch the intestinal wall was 
found rather infiltrated, the mucus highly colored. 

The 2d of July, 1911, the second last animal died. The even- 
ing before it seemed to be very well. A colored foam was flow- 
ing from the nostrils. The animal was found in a good state 
of nutrition without anemia. There was especially noted in the 
thoracic cavity a great quantity of lemon-colored serum; there 
was also in the peritoneum a little yellow liquid. 

The small intestine, as in the preceding animal, was found 
very much congested; the spleen, with its normal volume, was 
dark in color; the liver, the kidneys were found gorged with 
blood. 

In the oedematous lungs were distinct lesions of spongy ossi- 
fication. The lesions of arteriosclerosis were very pronounced. 

As in the other cases, there were serous infiltrations of the 
tissues. The blood is a dark color and coagulates well. 

Finally the last animal died suddenly July 8, 1911, with the 
same lesions as the preceding. 

In every case were made bacteriological investigations and 
numerous inoculations, but that part of my investigations which 
refers to the etiology of arteriosclerosis is still in coure of study. 
I limited myself to saying only that when the animals die the 
blood is almost always sterile, as also the viscera, and, in the 
meantine, when describing the dead animals, that the microbes 
found are sometimes numerous and belong to different species. 

The Bacillus Preisz-Nocard has not been met with in any of 
the five animals whose history I have just finished relating. I 
have only met it in other cases when co-existing with purulent 
lesions of pseudo-tuberculosis. 


290 FRED TORRANCE. 


~ What is the cause of the disease in sheep and of its principal 
characteristics which I have sketched ? 

In his work, Dr. Fedoric Sivori, Professor in the Univarie 
of La Plata, maintains that it 1s a case of an acute intoxication 
due to the toxin of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, and since en- 
titling his memoirs “‘ La Mancha in Sheep,” a name which he him- 
self recognizes as unsuitable on account of the confusion which 
it caused, he proposed the name of “ Sheep Toxinemia of the 
Bacillus Preisz-Nocard.” 

There is, according to this professor, a connection between 
this discease and the Red Disease studied in France by Carre 
and Bigoteau, and caused, according to these authors, by the 
toxin of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard. 

If the treatise of Dr. Sivori had not appeared in France, there 
would certainly not yet have been any publication by me con- 
cerning the disease which occupied us. 

It has seemed to me that I should not dismiss without discus- 
sion the thesis of Dr. Sivori, taking chiefly into account his 
criticism of my works on the “ Enteque.”’ 

What especially occupied the attention in Dr. Sivori’s treatise 
was that he arrived at the conclusion of the preponderance of the 
Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, although only once has it been isolated 
in the body of sick animals. For that there was made an injec- 
tion of 22-c.c. of the serum from the pleura of sheep No. 3 into 
the thoracic cavity of a healthy sheep and 20 c.c. under the 
skin. 

The animal died after 14 days. At the point of the subcu- 
taneous injection there was found to have formed a purulent, 
caseous spot, as also in the pleura and in the lung at the level of 
the inoculation. 

It is clear that the product injected into the sheep referred to 
came from an animal accidentally attacked with pseudo-tuber- 
culosis. But it is not therefore demonstrated that the microbe 
of this disease is met with in every case. 

The other experiments of the author prove, on the contrary, 
that the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard does not always exist in the 


) 


ARTERIOSCLEROSIS EPIDEMIC IN SHEEP. PSM 


carcasses. and that its presence in the last case was not only a 
coincidence. 

In fact, on Page 244, Dr. F. Sivori writes: ‘“ Regarding 
sheep which have died from “La Mancha”’ we notice imme- 
diately. after death blood, serum of the sero-sanguinary oedema, 
disturbances of the “ esplancicas ” cavities. 

The aerobic and anaerobic cultures do not permit the isola- 
tion of the specific agent of the disease. 

The blood of a sheep, examined immediately after death and 
injected with doses of 3 c.c. in the peritoneal cavity of a guinea- 
pig, does not give any result. 

The pleural serum examined under such conditions and in- 
jected in doses of 4 c.c. beneath the skin of a guinea-pig causes 
simply a little oedema which disappears at the end of 48 hours 
without any ulterior result. The injection of 40 c.c. of the same 
serum in the pleural cavity of a healthy sheep gives no result. 

It is not necessary, then, to invoke my own experiments to 
demonstrate that the disease in sheep exists without the slightest 
trace of the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard. 

Dr... Sivori has also made a statement which is of importance. 


On Page 255, he claims (?) with reason that sheep containing 


abscesses caused by the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, are not more 
sensitive to the toxin of this microbe, which can be injected with 
impunity, even in doses of 3 c.c.,-which will a “testigo”’ in 40 
hours. 

But, then, how has this toxin power to kill in spontaneous 
“Mancha” sheep which contain abscesses with the Bacillus 
Preisz-Nocard as those which “ senala” different times in their 
autopsies? The long duration of the disease is also opposed to 
his hypothesis of a toxic fulminating action. I recorded that 
the sheep brought from Castelli to the laboratory at Buenos 
Ayres died, one after two months, another after several months, 
and the two last after nine months. Their death was sudden 


and the lesions were identical with those which were found in 


the animals which died in the infected areas. . 
I could give other reasons too, but it seems to me useless. to 


292 FRED TORRANCE. 


pursue the subject. Neither the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard nor its 
toxin have any connection with the epidemic among sheep in 
Castelli (1). 

From a clinical point of view, it seems to me very easy to 
explain the delirious death of the sick animals as a consequence 
of the enormous lesions of arteriosclerosis. ‘The oedema, the 
serums, are the result of the impeded circulation, as well as the 
congestion and the oedema of the lungs, which cause the rapid 
asphyxiation and death. 

To get at the actual cause of arteriosclerosis constitutes the 
object of investigations which have not yet ended. I can unhesi- 
tatingly say that I am convinced that it is due to a microbic 
affection of intestinal origin. 

Conclusions —The epidemic among sheep of the district of 
Castelli (Argentine Republic), described recently by Dr. Fedoric 
Sivori under the name of “ La Mancha,” or Sheep Toxinemia 
with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard, and compared with the Red 
Water of Senors Carre and Bigoteau, cannot be attributed to 
this microbe, because it has been totally lacking in the majority 
of cases, and also because the disease, in view of its delirious 
(fulminante) type which can be seen in a first examination, 1s, 
on the contrary, a chronic affection lasting several months, and 
even several years. The hard, and often generalized lesions of 
arteriosclerosis found in all the sick animals, explain perfectly 
the phenomena observed and especially the delirious death. 

Investigations are still necessary to determine the real cause 
of those genuine epidemics of arteriosclerosis whose origin ap- 
pears to be intestinal affection. 

Nani an Gees at the first opportunity to examine the new and original method of 


diagnosis of the infections with the Bacillus Preisz-Nocard brought out recently by 
Senors P, Forgeot and E. Cesari. 


Marriep.—Mr. Charles Lamson Kelley was married on No- 
vember 14th to Miss Kate Louise Beckley. daughter of Dr. and 
Mrs. Edgar Miles Beckley, Meriden, Conn. We wish the young 
people all the joy that wedlock brings. 


THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A 
SURGEON. * 


By Dr. R. C. Moore, PRESIDENT OF THE KANSAS City VETERINARY COLLEGE. 


The qualities of the surgeon are subject to at least two divi- 
sions: First, into those traits or qualities derived from ancestors 
either near or distant, inborn natural ability or that inheritance 
of the Creator that adapts one for a certain thing or calling in 
life; second, those qualities acquired during life, by training and 
practice. 

Dr. W. J. Mayo, the noted surgeon of Rochester, Minn., has 
well said, “‘ Our spoken language recognizes the truth in the word 
‘calling.’ May not this be the way the Great Creator calls men 
to do his work in the various walks of life?” 

History proves conclusively that to man has been given the 
power to meet every condition of life. No matter how great the 
necessity, some one has been found with the essential qualities 
to meet it, and in these individuals we find developed those traits 
or natural qualities that enable them to succeed in that particular 
thing, where others would have failed. This does not dispute the 
Divine Power of direct intervention, but proves the plan of human 
agency, so truly, “ Man’s extremity is God’s opportunity.” This 
principle is surely as true in the minor details of life as in the 
great crises of the world. 

To become a surgeon it is not only necessary that the indi- 

vidual possess the natural ability to do surgical things, but it is 
also important that he should possess the qualities of a man in 
the broadest sense of that word. A man of strong character, 
sober, industrious, with broad philanthropy, keen perception, a 
determined will, a kind heart and uncompromising integrity, and 
one who honors truth for truth’s sake. Possessing “ the heart of 
a lion, the eye of an eagle, and the hand of a woman.” 


~ Presented to the Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


293 


294 Rk. C. MOORE. 


The true surgeon has in mind only the welfare of his patient. 
Kindness should be his motto, and firmness to follow his convic- 
tions his password. The man who is cruel, unsympathizing and 
heartless, no matter how skilled, has no more right with the sur- 
geon’s knife than the crudest workman has with the sculptor’s 
chisel. No true surgeon will cause the slightest unnecessary pain, 
yet with all h eis governed by judgment rather than sympathy. 

A nervous individual is not calculated for a surgeon, as he 1s 
always subject to unnecessary errors. Deliberation of action is 
essential to the end that everything needful be done and no tissue 
be unnecessarily injured. If methods are not precise, needful 
things are likely to be omitted. 

Courage is also an important factor. At times the surgeon 
must assume great responsibilities, and if he has not the courage 
to assume these promptly, the result may be disastrous. Prompt- 
ness is of equal importance. No doubt many animals die for want 
of prompt surgical interference, as often a few hours will carry 
the patient beyond the possibility of successful surgical assistance. 

A fearless disposition, steady, kind, firm, and a commanding 
way is of vast importance in veterinary surgery. Our patients 
usually recognize fear and timidity in those handling them, and 
are apt to take advantage of it. Likewise our clients and the by- 
standers are quick to note this defect and prompt to publish it 
to the surgeon’s discredit. The owner and attendants of our 
equine patients are usually good horsemen and are often ready, . 
and perhaps “ rightly so,” to criticise the lack of the same in the 
veterinarian. 

I would not underrate careful, deliberate prepares but 
emergencies arise that must be met promptly, and it is then that 
the surgeon must have the courage to act immediately and do 
the best he can under the circumstances. One should not fear 
criticism, for if he is satisfied that he did the best he cu that 
satisfaction is better than pleasing a multitude. 

It is true that our country is fairly alive with surgeons. . Is 
it true that they are successful? How many of them do things 
simply as they are taught to follow step by step some previous 


THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 295 


instructor and when something out of the ordinary presents itself 
they are conspicuous for their lack of ability to devise a method 
of treating it? 

beware of the charlatan in our profession; whether he is an 
undergraduate or the possessor of a veterinary degree, if he fol- 
lows the steps of a quack, he should have the brand. He who 
professionally, or otherwise, commits an act that tends to lower 
the professional or moral standing of the veterinarian, strikes a 
blow at every member of our profession. We should not be too 
free to condemn, for it must be remembered that mistakes extend 
even to the President’s chair, but to uphold a premeditated, non- 
professional, dishonest act or to shield one guilty of such, is 
scarcely less detestable than to commit such an offence. 

Is the judgment of the surgeon not too often influenced 
by mercenary consideration? Industrial economy enters more 
largely into our professional work than it does into that of our 
brethren who are charged with the welfare of human kind. Asa 
rule, the animal is bred, reared and cared for to be of service or 
pleasure to its human owner. The right of the owner to use 
such animals for his pleasure or profit, even to the taking of its 
life, so long as he does not treat it cruelly, has not been seriously 
questioned. Recognizing this right, it would be the duty of the 
veterinarian to recommend the humane destruction of the patient 
whenever in his judgment, his skill as a surgeon cannot restore 
the animal to a condition of reasonable service or pleasure to its 
owner. 

Too often operations are undertaken where the very nature of 
the case indicates so long a period of convalescence, or of so 
doubtful a termination that the treatment would be unprofitable 
to the owner, also the animal would suffer pain without profit 
and the surgeon lose his reputation and his client. 

Public sentiment favoring humane treatment of defenceless 
animals is rapidly increasing all over the civilized world, and 
none should be more interested in its advancement than the veter- 
inarian. So when a veterinarian causes serious or prolonged 
pain in the performance of surgical operations without the use 


296 R. C. MOORE. 


of anaesthetics, either general or local, he brings criticism upon 
himself and his profession. We are living in an advanced age 
of surgical success, and more is expected of us to-day than ever 
before, and we should ever be mindful that the requirements of 
man are in proportion to his opportunities. The one who does not 
give the best he has is unworthy. He owes it to himself, his 
client, and most of all to his patient, that every avenue of possible 
pain and danger be safeguarded. 

The acquired qualifications of a surgeon should perhaps out- 
number his natural ones, but they would be of little value did he 
not possess at least a reasonable share of the latter. 

It has been said that “ surgeons are born, not made.’ While 
this statement is the essence of truth, it may often lead to grievous 
error, for sometimes an apparently small amount of natural ability 
will develop to magnificent proportions under proper influence, 
supported by a determined will and ceaseless energy. 

Surgery is an art and may well be classed as a fine art and 
students of the arts who become masters usually spend long 
periods of service under competent instructors. Why should he 
who would become a surgeon be exempted from such teaching? 

The fundamental principle in the cure of disease is a correct 
knowledge of the conditions, hence the first acquired qualification 
for a surgeon is ability as a diagnostician, and to attain this one 
should begin at the lower round of the ladder. He first becomes 
familiar with all tissues of the living animal, including their 
form, structure, relation and action; second, he gains a substantial 
knowledge of disease, including its cause, anatomical changes it 
may produce and the effect of such changes on other organs. As 
the cure must depend upon the removal of the cause, he must 
know what effect the removal of that cause will have upon the 
individual. If this is not understood, the animal may suffer need- 
less pain and inconvenience. When these things have been care- 
fully considered and the competent surgeon has reached a con- 
clusion that a certain operation is necessary for the good of the 
animal and welfare of its human owner, he should then have the 
firmness of purpose to carry out that operation to its complete 


ae ee 


“THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 297 


termination. The owner should be fully acquainted with every 
possible danger, and when he with this knowledge consents to 
the operation, the case should be fully in the hands of the surgeon 
who should enforce his rights to complete the operation regardless 
of the whims of the owner. A steady nerve, deliberate action, 
exactness of location and precision as to methods are all essential. 

The surgeon should be an untiring worker. No matter how 
well one has mastered his anatomy, physiology, pathology, bacter- 
iology, etc., unless the memory is often refreshed, that clearness 
of relation so essential to successful surgical procedure is lost. 
The laboratory offers the best opportunities for this much needed 
review, but it is not the only opportunity. I fear too few of our 
practitioners of veterinary medicine and surgery, either general 
or special, avail themselves of the almost unlimited opportunity 
offered for careful autopsies. 

How many of our brothers practicing human surgery would 
consider the opportunities of holding autopsies that we neglect as 
most favorable for their advancement, did not law and custom 
prevent? Not only are we thus privileged to ascertain the path- 
ological lesions that caused the death, but to refresh our minds on 
the normal structure as well. These are not all the advantages 
which are at our pleasure for we are favored with an almost un- 
limited opportunity to practice the various surgical operations on 
the cadaver. 

Someone has said in discussing the training of the human sur- 
geon “that the boy so destined should be taught the principles of 
evolution, natural science, the general laws of plant and animal 
life, and especially comparative zoology, elementary physics and 
chemistry, and at the same time his hand should be trained by 
animal dissection.” In addition to his school, college and hospital 
training, he should have several years’ experience as a general 
practitioner, as the importance of correct diagnosis in surgery 
cannot be overestimated. This is true in veterinary surgery as 
well as in human practice. There is perhaps no better way to 
become familiar with pathology and morbid anatomy than in the 
general practice of medicine, particularly is this true if the autopsy 
is not neglected. 


298 R. C. MOORE. 


We are told that “ Cleanliness is akin to Godliness.” Surely 
nowhere is this more true than in surgery. Perfect cleanliness 
is so closely related to asepsis that the mentioning of one causes 
one to think of the other. If perfect asepsis is maintained 
throughout the operation and subsequent treatment, little short 
of destruction of vital organs is likely to produce death. 

A great deal of truth is contained in the statement that “ anti- 
septic surgery is largely a matter of habit.” If a man is untidy 
and careless about his person, clothing and habits, when not en- 
gaged in operations, he will not be likely to make the radical 
changes necessary to be clean during such operations. If one 
fails to observe asepsis in minor things, he will scarcely be able 
to apply it to the major ones. 

An uncontrolled temper is a great detriment to the veterin- 
arian. Many things in the handling of animals tend to irritate 
and provoke outbursts of temper on the part of the surgeon. 
When not controlled these seriously interfere with subduing the 
animal, rendering the operator nervous and unfit for his task as 
well as displeasing all present. 

Temperate habits are also essential He who indulges in 
strong drink to excess should never be trusted with the surgeon’s 
knife. Overindulgence in anything that tends to lower the vital 
forces soon undermines the health, wrecks the nervous system, 
and renders the individual unfit for any service, especially for a 
surgeon. 

‘The final making of the surgeon is of three parts; viz., first, 
experience; second, experience, and third, experience.” _. Special- 
ization in the practice of medicine and surgery is fast growing in 
popularity. The one who does the same thing over and over, day 
in and day out, year after year, must surely become more pro- 
ficient than the one who only does it occasionally. The ideal can 
seldom or never be attained, but the nearer we approach to it the 
better. 

Some operations require the cultivation of some one or more 
of the special senses, as, for example, the castration of the equine 

cryptorchid requires a well-developed sense of touch, which is at- 


POLO LALLA PS ee 


TES Rt ee UP eee oo 


—s 


"adie 


THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED QUALIFICATIONS OF A SURGEON, 299 


tained in a high degree only by frequently performing this opera- 
tion. The clear thinker, who has had long and careful experi- 
ence, preceded by sound education, bases his conclusion on the 
broadest possible knowledge and if he has developed a high de- 
_ gree of manual dexterity, he will come the nearest being our ideal 
$ surgeon. 

The veterinarian should understand his legal as well as his 
moral obligations to his client. It is well to know what to do, but 
_ often better to know what not to do. Malpractice not only con- 
sists in doing the wrong thing, but often in neglecting to do the 
right thing. The surgeon is not responsible for a failure to cure 
if he follows the prescribed methods and uses reasonable precau- 
tion. Animals to be operated upon must be restrained and such 
efforts are always subject to accidents for which the operator is 
neither morally nor legally responsible if he has used reasonable 
care and precaution. New and untried methods in the practice 
_ of veterinary medicine and surgery should be tried carefully, re- 

membering that not only one, but sometimes many tests are neces- 
_ sary to prove efficiency. It is in the use of the new methods that 
_ we often take the greatest risk. This might be due to a lack of 

familiarity with the thing or the method. Again, we might be 

liable for malpractice because we failed to use the comparatively 
“new methods, provided they had been used enough in general 
_ practice to prove their worth. 

To illustrate the surgeon’s legal responsibility I will quote 
_from the opinion of the Supreme Court of Colorado rendered in 
-a case of surgery on the human kind that would seem to apply 
- equally as well to veterinary practice. 

_ “Tn the absence of a special contract the law implies that the 
surgeon employed to treat an injury contracts with his. patient 
(client) : 
4 “First—That he possesses that reasonable degree of 
learning and skill which is ordinarily possessed by others 

of the profession. 
* Second—That he will use reasonable and ordinary 
care and diligence in the exercise of his skill and the appli- 


300 R. C. MOORE. 


cation of his knowledge to accomplish the purpose for 
which he is employed, and 

‘“ Third—That he will use his best judgment in the ap- 
plication of his skill in determining the nature of the 
injury and the best mode of treatment. He is not respon- 
sible for want of success unless it results from a failure to 
exercise ordinary care, or from want of ordinary skill. 
If he possesses ordinary skill and exercises ordinary care 
in applying it, he is not responsible for a mistake of judg- 
ment.” 

From the foregoing opinion it will be seen that the legal as 
well as moral requirements are not for impossible things, but 
rather than one possess all the knowledge and skill he claims to 
possess, that he use reasonable energy and diligence in applying 
the same to the end that he does his whole duty to his patient 
and his client, and honor to himself and his profession. 


Dr. Kaupp LEAVES CoLorapo—Dr. B. F. Kaupp severed 
his connection with the Colorado Agricultural College on Novem- 
ber 1, and after a vacation of two weeks spent in Texas and 
Missouri, reported to the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in Chicago 
as per previous arrangement. 

Dr. Kaupp’s work will be that of research pathologist for the — 
Abbott company, a work for which he is eminently qualified by 
training and experience. 

Dr. Glover expresses regret in the loss of Dr. Kaupp, who 
has for over four years manifested a more than common zeal and 
devotion for his work in Colorado. 

We congratulate the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in securing 
the services of Dr. Kaupp and we also congratulate Dr. Kaupp 
in that he is now enabled to devote his entire time to a work for 
which he is especially adapted. 


Dr. I. E. Newson, who has been in charge of the department — 
of anatomy at the Colorado Agricultural College for the past — 
four years, has taken the place made vacant by the resignation — 
of Dr. B. F. Kaupp. Dr. A. W. Whitehouse will have charge — 
of Dr. Newson’s classes for the balance of this year. 


HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. * 


By C. D. McGiivray, M.D.V., WINNIPEG, CANADA. 


The occurrence of hog cholera in urban and suburban dis- 
tricts in certain sections of Canada, and the non-appearance of 
the disease in the rural districts, has shown a striking connec- 
tion between such outbreaks and the feeding of swine upon un- 
cooked kitchen refuse and garbage and points strongly to such 
material being a medium conveying infection and starting fresh 
outbreaks. 

In the province of Manitoba, with the conditions of which I 
am familiar, hog cholera has only made its appearance on rare 
occasions. Dunbar reported an outbreak which occurred in the 
vicinity of Winnipeg during 1886 and Stevenson an outbreak 
near Carman in 1899. 

Since the latter time it has not made its appearance until 
August, 1911, when it was found to be in existence among pigs 
kept on premises in the district immediately surrounding the 

city of Winnipeg. 
__ Almost simultaneously with the outbreak at Winnipeg, other 
outbreaks were reported in the vicinity of certain other urban 
centres in Western Canada. 

Efforts were immediately directed toward the control and 
eradication of the disease from these districts and to ascertain 
and determine the source of infection. 

Searching inquiry failed to bring forth any evidence or in- 
_ formation as to the infection having been introduced by fresh 
_ hogs brought into such districts and no possible history was ob- 
tainable of the infection having been thus introduced. 

i A rather curious and striking feature was that on all premises 
_ upon which the disease first manifested itself, the hogs thereon 
__ were being fed upon uncooked swill, kitchen refuse and garbage 


Fs * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
_ Association at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


301 


302 C. D. M’GILVRAY. 


obtained from hotels and restaurants. On other premises, in the © | 


same districts, where the hogs were not being fed upon kitchen 
refuse and garbage, the hogs were found to be healthy, and re- 
mained so unless, and until, becoming infected by either direct, 
or indirect contact, or intermediary means from premises where 
the disease had already manifested itself. In the latter cases in- 
formation was obtainable that infection had been introduced by 
such means. 

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, late Veterinary Director General for 
Canada, in his report for the year 1910 refers to the possibility 
of outbeaks of hog cholera being started in suburban districts 
among swine being fed on uncooked garbage. Our experience 
and observations in connection with outbreaks of the disease dealt 
with in Western Canada strongly indicates and supports the 
theory as to fresh outbreaks originating in many cases from 
such sources. 

The outbreaks dealt with by us in the district surrounding 
the city of Winnipeg furnished strong circumstantial evidence in 
support of this theory, while other outbreaks subsequently dealt 
with at Kenora, Rainy River and Fort Frances in Western 
Ontario furnished even more striking illustration and convincing 
proof thereof. 

In connection with the outbreak at Winnipeg, which was of 
a serious nature and of large extent, we found the disease to be 
in existence on 62 premises. In order to eradicate the disease 
it was necessary to slaughter 2,219 swine which were acutally 
diseased or had been in close contact with diseased pigs, during 
a period extending from September to December, inclusive. 

During this time we also visited an additional 212 premises 
and inspected thereon 2,190 pigs, which were kept under close 
observation and inspected again at regular intervals covering a 
period of three months. 

In the case of the outbreak at Kenora, it was reported to us, 
during October last, that some disease was causing serious losses 
among hogs on the premises of a Mr. H————. Upon investi- 
gation it was found that the owner of these hogs conducted a 


HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 303 


a 4 


hotel at Kenora and was feeding the swill and kitchen refuse 
from the hotel to hogs being kept on his farm premises some five 
_ miles distant. 

4 The symptoms shown by these hogs, as well as post-mortem 


_ lesions, were characteristic of hog cholera. No fresh hogs had 
_ been introduced on the premises for over one year prior to the 
t 
4 
i 


; 
4 


time of the outbreak and there was no apparent possibility of 
them having come into contact with any other hogs for a like 
_ period. 
Hogs were also found to be affected on three other premises 

_ which were separate from each other by several miles, and upon 
‘ which the swine were being fed uncooked swill or kitchen refuse 

obtained from the hotels in Kenora. 

The disease manifested itself on these premises almost eal 

f _ taneously, without any possibility of infection having been intro- 

- duced, either by direct or intermediary means, or any other source 
_ determinable. 
i 
4 On further examination of all premises upon which hogs were 
being kept in the vicinity of Kenora, which were kept under ob- 
_ servation and inspected at regular intervals, covering a period of 
over three months, it was found that the disease only existed on 
_ premises upon which the hogs were being fed uncooked kitchen 
“refuse or garbage, or on premises where garbage fed hogs had 
been introduced. 
Of the outbreak in Kenora, on four premises 146 garbage fed 
hogs were found to be affected. On two other. premises, on which 
the disease was found to be in existence among 17 hogs, the 
Bource of infection was traceable to the introduction on to the 
| _ premises of hogs which had been obtained from one of the parties 
whose hogs were being fed on hotel kitchen refuse. The hogs 
which were thus obtained were the first to show evidence of the 
disease and the history obtained was that the other hogs on the 
premises had been entirely healthy until the introduction of the 
hogs referred to. 

_ Hogs were also inspected at 13 other premises in the district 
‘of Kenora, which had not been fed upon uncooked garbage and 


304 C. Di M’GILVRAY. 


were kept under close observation for a period of three months, 
and again subsequently inspected after a further period of six 
months and remained entirely healthy. 

Needless to state during this period, due precautions were 
exercised to prevent any possible infection being introduced 
from any infected premises. 

Our experiences in dealing with the outbreaks in districts sur- 
rounding the city of Winnipeg were similar to those at Kenora. 
The disease first manifested itself on premises on which the hogs 
were being fed uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage and then 
spread from such centres to other premises in the same district. 
The history in all cases was so convincing as not to be lightly 
overlooked. 

During the month of July of the present year, outbreaks of 
hog cholera were reported as occurring at urban points in the 
Western portion of Ontario, at Fort Frances and Rainy River, 
and, upon investigation, some rather interesting features were 
observed. 

A careful inspection was made of all premises in the districts 
upon which hogs were being kept. In all 82 premises were in- 
spected with the following results: 

On 59 premises, 345 hogs were inspected which were not be- 
ing fed on uncooked swill or kitchen refuse. These were found 
to be healthy at time of examination and showed no evidence of 
disease. | 

On two premises, upon which the hogs were not being fed un- 
cooked kitchen refuse, the disease was found to be in existence. 
In these two cases, however, history was obtainable of the infec- | 
tion having been introduced by animals obtained from other 
premises where hog cholera was detected. 

On 21 premises we found that the hogs thereon were being — 
fed uncooked swill and kitchen refuse obtained from hotels and — 
restaurants. On ro of these premises we found the disease to be | 
in existence, 58 pigs were found to be affected, while 60 others | 
had died a short time prior to inspection. On the remaining II 
premises, upon which were kept 77 hogs, the disease was not in — 
evidence at the time of inspection. 


HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 305 


It will, therefore, be seen that out of 21 premises upon which 
hogs were being fed uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage, cholera 
was found to be in existence on 10 of these, while on 61 premises, 
upon which hogs were not being fed such refuse and garbage, the 
disease was only found to be in existence upon two premises and, 
in each case, a history was obtainable of the infection having been 
introduced by hogs coming from premises upon which they were 
being fed garbage and the disease had manifested itself. 

Close inquiry was made in connection with all of these out- 
breaks as to the possibility of the infection having been intro- 
duced by other hogs having been brought into the districts, but no 
information was available indicating such a source of infection. 
The question might arise as to why the feeding of hogs upon 
uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage may give rise to the disease. 
In this connection it was invariably found by us that hotel refuse 
and kitchen garbage being fed to hogs contained quantities of 
pork products, especially pork cuttings and sausage. 

In connection with our investigations as to the possible source 
of infection, we directed inquiry as to where many of the hotels 
and restaurants (from which was obtained the garbage being fed 
‘to hogs) had procured their supplies of pork products. As a 
result of our enquiries it was invariably found that these products 
were of a similar brand and origin, being obtained from the same 
firm which imports very large quantities of American pork prod- 
ucts. It was also observed that coincident with the appearance 
of these outbreaks, large quantities of pork products were being 
imported by this firm. The distribution of these products to 
ertain widely separated points was followed almost simultan- 
eously, or in rapid succession thereafter, by outbreaks of the dis- 
ease. It would, therefore, appear quite probable that the meats 
in question had been infected. 

__ The disease appeared in both the acute and chronic types, and 
the symptoms and post-mortem lesions were characteristic of the 
disease. At the beginning of the outbreak the acute type was 
most in evidence and more marked in severity, becoming less so 
with the lapse of time. This no doubt depending upon the viru- 


306 C. D. M’GILVRAY. 


lence of type or strain of infection appearing to become weakened 
or attenuated with the lapse of time. 

The characteristic symptoms in evidence were: Sluggishness, 
Capricious appetite; gumming or adhesion of the eyelids; accel- 
erated breathing, associated with cough in some cases; the ap- 
pearance of reddened or purplish blotches on the skin, especially 
around the region of the ears and neck and the under surface of 
the abdomen and inner thighs. The bowels in some cases were 
constipated, while in others.diarrhcea was present. Progressive 
weakness, uncertain gait, terminating in loss of power of the hind 
limbs, was frequently noticeable. 

In the acute cases the animals rapidly succumbed to the dis- 
eases, hogs ranging from two to six months in age seemed to be 
more severely affected and more rapidly succumb than those older. 
In the chronic cases, as the course of the disease became pro- 
longed, progressive weakness and emaciation supervened. 

Post-mortem lesions were chiefly in evidence affecting the 
lymphatic glands, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen and intestines. 
The lymphatic glands were usually observed to be markedly red- 
dened and enlarged. The lungs showed many small ecchymosis 
and large pneumonic areas, dark red in color, consolidated, and 
sharply defined from the healthy lung. Ecchymosis was also ob- 
served on the heart surface. The kidneys were usually darker in 
color than normal and presented numerous petechia (turkey egg 
appearance). The spleen in many cases was greatly enlarged, 
although in a few cases, it appeared smaller than usual. Where 
the disease had been of short duration, as in acute cases, petechia 
and ecchymosis were noticed on the outer surface of the intestines 
and on the inner surface areas of the mucosz often appeared con- 
gested, inflamed and more or less swollen. 

In chronic cases somewhat similar lesions were observed as 
in acute cases, together with the characteristic ulceration of the 
intestines, noticeably around the region of the ileo-czcal valve, 
as well also as thickening of the mucosz in other parts of the 
intestines. . 

Reference has been made to a serious affection of swine other 


—_— es 


HOG CHOLERA IN MANITOBA. 307 


than hog cholera, although simulating that disease, as a result 
of them being fed on kitchen refuse containing certain alkalies. 

No doubt the feeding of such refuse containing certain al- 
kalies may be harmful and the cause of serious affections and 
losses among pigs. However, any affection caused by such al- 
kalies would not be of a contagious nature as was the case in the 
outbreaks herein referred to, which were essentially highly con- 
tagious and characteristic of hog cholera. 

The result of our investigations and inquiries showed a close 
and striking connection between the existence of the disease and 
the nature of the feeding, furnishing very strong circumstantial 
evidence in support of the belief that many fresh outbreaks of 
hog cholera are started in urban and suburban districts by feed- 
ing hogs upon uncooked kitchen refuse and garbage containing 
infected pork or pork products. 


BEGINNING WITH THE SESSION OF IQI4-15 the entrance re- 
quirements at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania will be two years of high school work, cover- 
ing at least eight units as follows: English at least 2, algebra at 
least 2, history 1, other subjects 3. Candidates for'admission who 
cannot present high school certificates will be required to pass ex- 
aminations in English, algebra, history, physics and one language, 
French, German or Latin. 


Dr. McGitvray RECEIVES APPOINTMENT.—We learn from 
the Farmers’ Advocate and Home Journal, Winnipeg, that Dr. 
C. D. McGilvray has been appointed to succeed Dr. Fred Tor- 
rance as head of the Veterinary Science Department of Mani- 
toba Agricultural College. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, he came 
to Canada in his boyhood days. His veterinary training was 
received at Toronto, with a post-graduate course at Chicago. He 
has been in the Canadian West for 26 years, having practised in 
the Binscarth district before taking the position of representative 
of the Dominion Veterinary Branch at Winnipeg in 1905. Being 
acquainted with the West and having a thorough knowledge of 
all branches of veterinary work, he is a good successor to Dr. 
Torrance, now Veterinary Director-General at Ottawa. 


STIFLE LAMENESS. * 


By Davin W. CocuHran, D.V.S., NEw York, N. Y. 


Gentlemen. At the request of the chairman of the Commit- 
tee on Practice (Dr. H. D. Gill), I have prepared a paper to be 
read and discussed at this meeting. 

The subject which I have chosen is on lameness associated 
with pathological conditions of the femero-tibial-patella articula- 
tion, commonly called the stifle joint; the lameness being a symp- 
tom or manifestation of some physical lesion, either isolated or 
complicated, affecting one or several parts of this apparatus. 

I know of no subject in veterinary literature of which there 
is so much diversity of opinion. It is a condition which pre- 
sents many variations, due to its anatomical complexity. It is 
formed by the articular surfaces of three bones, forming 
two distinct joints, the femero-pattella, and the femero-tibial. 
They form an imperfect hinge joint, while the patella itself 
offers the greatest movement of any bone, in the whole body. 
This joint is strengthened through the medium of inter-articular 
meniscus, a fibro fatty cushion, inter-articular, and surrounding 


funicular ligaments, together with the insertion of tendons of | 


muscles, surrounding the parts reinforcing these bands. 

Diseases affecting this joint do not offer any classification, 
but for general purposes a division may be made as follows: 1. 
Dropsical, 2. Nervous, 3. Arthritic, 4. Traumatic, 5. Spasmodic, 
6. To diseased conditions of Boney Structure. 

Under the Division of Dropsical Conditions——There is a 
hydrarthrosis or hydrops-Artisculorum. This is an effusion of 
a fluid into the joint; it exists without the symptoms of inflam- 
atory process being present. It is in reality, however, associated 
with some structural change within the lining membrane of the 
joint. This articulation is supplied with three synovial capsules, 


* Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


308 


STIFLE LAMENESS. 309 


one to the femur-and patella, and two others connecting the 
condyles of the femur and the facets of the tibia. The dilata- 
tion of these capsules forms a soft tumor. It rarely causes any 
lameness except when it assumes large proportions. Then there 
may be limited motion of the Stifle, or we may also have a hy- 
groma, a serious bursa or cyst. 

It is sometimes hard to differentiate between a pre-patela 
hygroma and a femero-tibial patela-hydrarthrosis, as both may 
exist together. 

The hygroma may deform the parts, but seldom produces 
any lameness or inconvenience to the animal. 

The Nervous Lesions ——That condition exists which may be 
pathognomonic, as well as the sequale of azotuma, where in one 
case we have it results in loss of power, and in the other an 
atrophy of muscles about the stifle joint, due to suspended 
innervation. 

There is a great loss of function in which no treatment, 
whether external or internal seems to be of any benefit. Exer- 
cise of own volition by the animals at pasture gives favorable 
results. 

The Arthritic Form.—Under this heading, I will mention 
gonlitis. This diseased condition is characterized by chronic 
inflammation, and by degenerative changes involving the struc- 
ture of the articulation and resulting in rigidity and atrophy of 
the muscles attached from the external angle of the illeum to the 
femero-tibula-patella articulation. 

The tensor vaginz is very tense and rigid. The stifle is very 
prominent. This condition may be unilateral or bilateral. In 
the unilateral form, the horse stands with the limb flexed, does 
not care to support the body weight on it, stands with the pastern 
in extreme flexion, the anterior face of the foot rests on the 
ground surface, the plantar surface is exposed, he often holds 
his foot clear from the ground. This hoof is smaller than its 
fellow. There is a drying out of the foot, a closing in of its 
sides, the heels growing high, the shoe is well worn at the toe. 

In the bilateral form, there is uneasiness in both legs, a con- 


310 DAVID W. COCHRAN. 


stant shifting from one foot to the other, the foot is alternately 
held free from the ground surface, the back arched, accompanied 
by atrophy of the muscles of the patela region. When started 
off his movements are short and stilty; the motion of the stifles 
are limited. 

Horses affected with gonlitis are very hard horses to shoe. 
In the unilateral type, we start by shoeing the lame leg. The 
hoof is brought as near as possible to the shape of a normal foot. 
The foot is shod with a shoe elevated at the heel; the toe of the 
shoe is flat. The application of the shoe to the foot is accom- 
panied with a leather sole, tar and oakum packing, to keep the 
foot moist and to prevent drying out. The trouble now com- 
mences when the foot of the sound leg is to be shod. ‘The shoer 
will have to lift this leg with main strength and hold it. When 
he has it up from the ground surface, very often the horse will 
not stand on the lame leg. The whole weight of 'the horse is 
on the shoer’s back, the lame leg is suspended in the air. If 
the shoer attempts to shift the weight, the horse will in most 
cases fall on the floor. 

In the bilateral form, we have this trouble with both legs. 
The treatment of these cases are counter irritants, either vesi- 
cants setons or the actual cautery. Some horses get sound tem- 
porarily. Some not at all. Results are not always favorable. 

In a post mortem of one of these cases, there was found blood 
stained synovia, partly coagulated. The cartilage of the patela 
was discolored, but smooth. The condyles and the trochlea were 
arthritic, with some eroseons and small exastoses, on the external 
condyle. 

The Traumatic Form.—Traumatism is just as liable to this 
joint as any other in the horse. Sprains and wounds must ap- 
pear occasionally. Here there may be a true luxation of the patella 
as the result of an injury due to accidental causes. The dis- 
placement of the patella may be the result of laceration of liga- 
mentous structure, or an elongation of ligamentous structure. 
I have seen horses with elongated tendinous structure and at 
each step taken, there could be heard distinctly a clucking sound. 


ee * on Mage 


STIFLE LAMENESS, 311 


Another form of traumatism to which I would principally call 
your attention is rupture of the.cord of the flexor-metatarsi. It 
has its origin at the inferior extremity of the femur in the fossa, 
excavated between the trochlea and the external condyle, and 
terminates in two branches. A large one lies in front and is at- 
tached to the superior portion of the principal metatarsus, the 
other deviates outward and is attached to the anterior surface 
of the cuboid bone. 

This rupture is due to a violent effort on the part of the ani- 
mal either to move a heavy load or to a powerful struggle to 
avoid a threatening fall. The symptoms are, the animal walks 
with difficulty, the leg hangs on the hock, and there is a buck- 
ling of the tendo achillis in extension, no flexion at the hock. 
In motion the leg is drawn upward and backward. 

The rupture of the premetatarsal may take place at various 
points of its length. Sometimes at its femoral insertion or at 
its metatarsal insertion. When the rupture of the cord takes 
place in the tibial region, the ends immobilized by muscular layers 
between which they are enclosed, readily cicatrize. Where it 
takes place at the superior extremity, it is a more serious case; 
in order to effect a cure the parts must be made immobile. We 
must try to prevent motion in order to hasten cicatrization. 

If an animal thus affected is forced to walk, the femero- 
metatarsal cord not transmitting to the canon bone the flexion 
of the femur, there is a loss of function. The canon bone is 
not flexed but hangs powerless. The phalangeal column hangs 
vertical. The tendo achillis, no longer subject to the counter 
action of the flexor muscles, is flabby and bent towards its inser- 
tion on the os calcis. There is a loss of co-ordination and the 
leg dangles from the hock, if compelled to move. When at rest 
the aspect is changed ; no matter how serious the symptoms while 
walking, they now have changed. The leg which a moment ago 
was powerless, now participates in support of the body weight, 
with the foot solid on the ground surface. 

Treatment.—Secure immobility, apply counter irritation at 
the superior and inferior extremity of the cord. Absolute rest. 
Prognosis favorable. 


eat DAVID W. COCHRAN. 


The Spasmodic Form.—Cramp, is defined as a spasmodic, 
tonic contraction of muscles. +The etiology of cramp is ob- 


scure. There is much diversity of opinion as to the exact cause. 


It is generally admitted that it may result from muscular, nery- 
ous, or vascular lesions, although most of the observations re- 
ported in veterinary literature under the title of cramp relate 
to a ‘* pseudo luxation of the patella.” I have seen horses with 
cramp of the muscles of the anterior extremity. 

The symptoms of pseudo luxation of the patella are shown 
when an attempt is made to back the horse from his stall. He 
refuses to budge. When forced to back, one foot seems fixed 
to the floor, the leg is rigid. If moved forward, the leg, still 
rigid, drags along behind its fellow on the anterior face of the 
hoof. The plantar surface is exposed and turned backward. All 
joints in this leg are flexed, except the hip. When compelled 
to walk in this condition, movement is accomplished with exer- 
tions and great distress. It occurs in the standing animal only, 
and can only be discovered when forced to move. 

The Primary Lesion.—The location and the manner in which 
this articulation is so effectually locked, is a subject of much 
diversity of opinion. 

Causes.—The causes of pseudo luxation of the patella are 
generally obscure. It often follows in horses that have been 
laid up on account of some debilitating disease. It comes as 
the sequela of a long rest. Some authorities contend there is a 
luxation outward, some inward, some contend that it is a fixation 
of the patella caused by cramp of the muscles, which are focused 
to the tendinous attachments to the patella. Others say that 
this dislocation is due to the anchoring of the patella upon the 
upper end of the internal hip of the femoral trochlea, the part 
being well fitted by its peculiar formation to prevent the patella 
from sliding back over the rim. It becomes fixed in its new 
position by the irregular and violent contraction of the muscles 
involved in the abnormal tension. 

It seems impossible that such a state of rigidity can exist, 
as in some cases for a few hours, and in others for days, yet in 


STIFLE LAMENESS. 313 


none of these cases do we ever find any inflammation as a sequele, 
or any pathological change, in any part of this joint. 


Treatment.—lf we agitate this animal with a whip or go 
through any manual procedure, either massage or pressing the 
patella in and out or up and down, by drawing the leg forward 
with a side line or by the application of a stimulating liniment 
along the course of the tendo achillis, the symptoms disappear. 
We never see it in a horse at work, no matter how hard the labor. 
Some practitioners resort to a surgical treatment, that of deso- 
tomy of the internal patella-tibial ligament, known as the Bassi 
operation; others to a resection of the Triceps Femoris at their 
lower border. Good results are recorded. 

This surgical procedure seems to be the inverse of any phy- 
siological or mechanical theory. The patella normally lies above 
the condyles of the femur when the femero-tibula joint 1s ex- 
tended; and during flexion, it lies in the inter-condyloid fossa, 
more on the external than upon the inner. If these surgical 
operations are right and give immediate results, what will be the 
results when these ligaments have again united ? 

Dr. W. L. Williams on this subject has shown with the aid of 
a mechanical appliance, by which the patella was made stationary 
above the internal lip of the trochlea, that we do not get exten- 
sion backward, but extension forward. 


Diseased Condition of the Bony Structure——In young ani- 
mals of rachitic diathesis, there is a tendency to luxation of the 
patella. A predisposing cause being softening of the bones from 
impaired nutrition, there is a spongoid condition resembling de- 
calcified bone. The periosteum stretches very easily, it becomes 
thick and inflammatory due to strains of ligaments. 

There are diseases of osseus structure in horses of advanced 
age, namely, that of osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. We have 
in these forms also strains of ligamentous structure on the 
periosteum, causing inflammation and swelling and elongation of 
tendons. These conditions are often confined to certain districts, 
and arise from malnutrition or bad hygienic surroundings. A 
change of diet and good hygienic conditions favor recovery. 


514 DAVID W. COCHRAN. 


In conclusion, I wish to give credit for many of the references 
in this paper to Chaveau’s Anatomy, Dr. Liautard’s articles on 
lameness, and also to the very elaborate papers on this subject by 
Dr. W. L. Williams and Drs. L. A. and E. Merrillat, which were 
published in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw. 


b 


“Beat Iowa” was the slogan of the Iowa State College 
at Ames, referring to the football game that was to be played 
between that college and the lowa State University, on the col- 
lege campus at Ames, Saturday, November 16 last; and that the 
contest was waged purely in the spirit and for the purpose for 
which it was intended (7. ¢., to stimulate athletic training), is 
evidenced by the sportsmanlike sentiments expressed in a letter 
from Mr. Crittenden Ross, student of the School of Veterinary 
Medicine, from which we have taken the liberty to quote with- 
out Mr. Ross’ knowledge or consent, and trust we will be par- 
doned for doing so. Mr. Ross says: ‘‘ The score was Iowa 20, 
Ames 7, after a hard fought battle. Our boys were not equal 
to the occasion; and, although it grieves us somewhat, I believe 
that Iowa earned the game.” Those are manly sentiments, and 
we predict a “ future” for their author, and to whatever heights 
he may attain, he will reach them by honorable methods and 
honest competition. 


Tue TENNESSEE VETERINARY MepIcAL AssocraATIon held 
a most interesting meeting at Morrill Hall, University of Ten- 
nessee, Knoxville, Wednesday and Thursday, November 20-21. 
Among the interesting educational features was an illustrated 
lecture by Prof. E. C. Cotton, Assistant Entomologist of the 
Agricultural Experiment Station, on the “ Life History of South- 
ern Cattle Fever Tick’’ and “ Sex Determination ’”’ by Prof. A. 
A. Schaefer, Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Ten- 


nessee, also illustrated. The clinic at the hospital of Drs. Jacob- 


and Shaw and the visit to the University Farm under the direc- 
tion of Prof. C. A. Wilson, of the Animal Husbandry Branch, 
were very much appreciated. 


AN ARTICLE ON Epizootic EQUINE ENCEPHALO-MYELITIS 
(Borna Disease) by Prof. C. H. Stange, Dean of Division of 
Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State College, will be published in our 
January issue. 


THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. * 


* 

d 

) 

| By ArcHisALD R. Warp, CHIEF VETERINARIAN, BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE, 
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

{ 
; 
y 
} 
; 


In the Review for January, 1912, on page 542, there appears 
_a report of Special Committee on Insular Possessions 
» (A.V.M.A.), signed by Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chairman. The same 
_ report is published in the Proceedings of the American Veter- 
inary Medical Association for 1911, with my name along with 
those of other members of the Committee. Inasmuch as I am 
the only representative on the Committee from these Islands, it 
might well be inferred by the reader that I share responsibility 
for the opinions expressed. As a matter of fact I was not priv- 
ileged to contribute to the report nor comment upon the same 
before publication. 

The report emphasizes conditions in the Philippines, and I 
infer that it specifically deals with matters here, for I know of 
no other Insular Veterinary Service,.outside of that in Hawaii, 
which consists of not over half a dozen veterinarians. In any 
event I shall comment upon the recommendations of the re- 
“port so far as the proposed scheme would affect the largest In- 
sular Veterinary Service in the possessions of the United States. 

I dissent from the opinion that there is small inducement 
for entering the Insular Service here. The pay was described 
as not large. The Veterinary Division of the Bureau of Agri- 
culture starts in men at $1,600 per annum, and there are twenty- 
three positions carrying this salary. Opportunities for promo- 
tions exist in the form of fifteen positions carrying $1,800, seven 
at $2,000, three at $2,250, two at $2,500, and one at $4,000. 

Besides receiving half pay during the time consumed in travel- 
ing to the Philippine Islands, and reimbursement for traveling 
expenses en route, employees receive twenty-eight days a year 


j * This article was received in the Review office about the last week in April, 1912, and 
delay in publication until this time was entirely unintentional, it having gotten in some 
‘Way mislaid at the time of its receipt and has just turned up. 


315 


3816 ARCHIBALD R. WARD. 


for vacation or sick leave together with thirty days a year of 
accrued leave to be spent out of the Islands, all on full 
pay, and travel across the Pacific is not counted against this 
leave. Besides this, traveling expenses and subsistence are paid 
by the Government when men are away from official station, and 
it is safe to state that most of the men live at Government ex- 
pense three-quarters of the time. The veterinarians of the 
Bureau of Agriculture receive on an average six hundred dol- 
lars a year reimbursement for travel, subsistence and lodging. 
The financial inducement for well-educated veterinarians to enter 
the service here is, in my estimation, liberal. 

The Committee report states that ‘ promotion is slow, and 
there is little of it.’ In this connection I have examined the 
records of promotion of all men in active service with the Vet- 
erinary Division of the Bureau of Agriculture on July 1, 1910, 
and since that date. During the period covered by the services 
of these men, two have advanced from $1,600 to $2,500 in an 
average period of two years and ten months, two to $2,250 in 
two years and seven months, nine to $2,000 in two years and 
three months, and eighteen to $1,800 in one year and nine 
months. Five have left the service after an average period of 
two years and three months without earning promotion. Fif- 
teen men are serving at present at a salary of $1,600, and among 
these the eldest in the service has been in the employ of the 
Government for two years and ten months. Thirteen of these 
have served less than sixteen months. 

Let us compare these conditions with those obtaining in other 
veterinary organizations with which we are all familiar. In 
the Bureau of Animal Industry a veterinarian is appointed at 
$1,400 a year. His residence may be New York, and he may 
be ordered to report at San Francisco, paying his own expenses, 
and his salary begins only when he reports for duty. The best 
that he can hope to do is to obtain an increase after two years’ 
service, but, as a matter of fact, these promotions have been 

deferred for lack of funds. Employees receive fifteen days 
each of annual and sick leave on full pay. 


THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 317 


Former Quartermaster’s Department veterinarians have 
given me the following information: Veterinarians in the Quar- 
master’s Department of the Army are appointed at $1,200 per 
annum, with no allowances except when traveling, and there is 
no increase in pay nor retirement. Single men sometimes re- 
ceive quarters, but this is not the rule. Commissary privilege 
with ten per cent. increase is allowed, but this is of little benefit 
to a single man. | 

Army veterinarians undoubtedly receive more salary and 
perquisites than those in the Philippine Civil Service. The dis- 
advantages of the Army Veterinary Service have been put before 
the attention of the profession by writers more familiar with the 
facts than myself. 

The statement is made that “ the risks to life and health are 
considerably greater than in this country, and there is no retire- 
ment or pension if the ‘ grim destroyer’ fever ‘ gets’ you.” 

This is certainly an alarming condition if true. In connection 
with this matter I have scrutinized the annual report of the 
Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands, for the year IgII, 
for verification of the assertions. This Bureau is directed by an 
officer of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital 
Service, a fact that guarantees the authenticity of figures regard- 
ing health conditions here. I find that the death rate for Ameri- 
cans in the Government employ throughout the Islands is 8.87 
per 1,000 for all causes, and the average age at death 32 years. 
The death rate in the states included in the registration area of 
the United States, is 16.4 per 1,000. The exceedingly low death 
tate in the Philippines is due to the fact that Americans in the 
Government employ are young men. The death rate, consid- 
ering their age, is similar to that in temperate climates. I find 
that in Pennsylvania, in 1907, the death rate for ages 25 to 34 
was 7.9 per 1,000, and in Liverpool, England, for 1909, for 
ages 30 to 40 was exactly the same. There is no justification 
afforded by mortality statistics or my personal observation to 


warrant alarming statements about any infections characterized 


by febrile symptoms, for I am not certain what disease is meant 
by the expression “the grim destroyer, fever.” 


318 ARCHIBALD R. WARD. 


With reference to petty local politics, I believe that the vet- 
erinarians in the Philippines are as free from this sort of influ- 
ence as in similar work elsewhere. Live stock owners in the 
Philippines are as ready to protest against and evade quarantine 
as are stock owners in the United States. However, this atti- 
tude has no influence in restraining the Bureau of Agriculture 
from carrying out a policy considered appropriate for existing 
conditions. 

The report recommends that the Insular veterinarians should 
belong to the Army, inasmuch as our Insular possessions are 
administered by the War Department. This reason might be 
advanced for placing in the United States Army Justices of the 
Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands or any other civil gov- 
ernment employee. 

The proposal to turn over the control of veterinary matters 
in our Insular possessions to the Army suggests a number of 
queries. Would Congress alter its policy of not spending money 
on the civil government here? At present the Philippines cost 
the United States nothing for civil administration, and any 
change would involve far-reaching consequences. 

The report states “ The members of this corps should be 
young men of strict integrity, high ideals, thoroughly trained in 
their profession and particularly in regard to tropical diseases 
of animals, and they should also have one modern language.” 
Ignoring the inference that our present corps does not possess 
the desirable qualifications first enumerated above, I should like 
to know where in the United States there could be obtained men 
trained “ particularly in regard to tropical diseases of animals ” 
with or without a modern language. The Bureau of Agriculture 
of the Government of the Philippine Islands has trained “a few 
veterinarians in the long, hard school of experience to deal with 
tropical animal diseases in an intelligent manner.” This has 
been necessary because no men so trained were to be had in the 
United States. 

The establishment here of the College of Veterinary Science 
of the University of the Philippines will in time relieve the situa- 


SS a, gy an 


7% 


ee ee 


THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 319 


tion. The entrance requirements necessitate graduation from 
a Philippine high school requiring four years of work, and the 
veterinary curriculum embraces five years of nine months each. 
This standard is equivalent to requiring an American high school 
education and four years of veterinary instruction for gradua- 
tion. 

The proposal to link with an invading Army organization a 
veterinary corps for the protection of the live stock of the occu- 
pied country is an altruistic conception quite beyond the pres- 
ent stage of the usages of war. As a matter of fact, the pro- 
tection of live stock can receive attention only after pacification. 

The duties of the members of this corps are described as 
that of “ protection of the Army horses and also the live stock of 
the occupied country.” This is a rather ambitious program. 
If he is an Army veterinarian, how can he remain and give the 
country the benefit of his expert services “after the need for an 
Army has passed ?” 

What reason is there for the assumption that there is no 
definite central supervision at present, and what basis is there 
for the belief that this would be improved under the Army? Cer- 
tainly the status of the Army veterinarians today does not war- 
rant it. By their own testimony, a chief veterinarian is one of 
their imperative needs as a means for putting “the Army vet- 
erinary service on a professional, effective and economic basis.” 

The desirability of a tour of service at home is suggested. 
How would these men be employed? There are positions for 
forty-four of them now in the employ of the Government of the 
Philippine Islands, more than in the Army. The accrued leave 
system in force here at present abundantly provides for extended 
vacation at home. 

The report shows that it was prepared without the advantage 
of all of the sources of information available and probably at 
the eleventh hour. 


CoMMITTEE MEETING fiftieth anniversary, A. V. M. A., was 
held November 30. 


NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE.* 
By Lours GriessMAN, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. 


In reading the Old Testament one will come across texts on 
disease, and among them is mentioned glanders. This disease, 
in the days before Christ, is described in Hebrew as Satis Hotem 
Luofen, translated, means horse with a discharge from the nose. 
Abraham, who was the possessor of numerous live stock, men- 
tions the death of horses by this form of plague. 

In the fourth century, Apsyrtus describes one form of glan- 
ders (Farcy) as Elephantiasis. And in the fifth century, Vege- 
tius mentions this disease, until we get to the thirteenth century, 
when Rufus gives a fair history and some symptoms. In the 
fifteenth century Ruini also writes about glanders, and in the 
sixteenth century a quaint old German by the name of Winter 
Von Adler Flugel had a queer idea concerning this disease. His 
idea was that there were two forms “ white” or “ stone glan- 
ders,’ which, in his opinion, was curable, and “ yellow,” which 
gave forth an offensive odor and incurable. 

From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century numerous 
writers and investigators wrote on this subject, and in the nine- 
teenth century Schutz and Loeffler, who investigated glanders, 
found the bacterium. mallet. 

Nature of the Disease.—In the strict sense of the word it is 
a contagious disease, and it is necessary that both the profession 
as well as the public have an exact idea of its character, under 
what conditions it exists, the source of infection, its spread, and 
most important, the sanitation and prevention. A contagious 
diséase is one which finds its origin within the organism of a 
given animal species, and extends from such an infected animal 
to other animals of the same species, or to animals of other species 
which possess more or less susceptibility to infection. 


* Presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, at its November, 
1912, meeting. 


320 


NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE. oul 


Glanders occurs in the horse, ass, mule, and is transmissible 
to man and all domestic animals, except the cow; still sheep and 
goats have been found to be infected where they were kept in 
the same stable with diseased horses. The disease has been pro- 
duced by inoculation in dogs, cats, prairie-dogs, white bears, 
lions, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits. 

Glanders may be spoken of as acute or chronic, according to 
the seat of same, as nasal, pulmonary, cutaneous and lymphatic. 
Acute glanders may terminate in fifteen days, while the chronic 
form may continue for years. Dieckerhoff reports a case which 
existed for a period of seven years. The chronic or latent form 
of glanders, in my opinion, is more dangerous, while in acute 
glanders it is very often recognized by the horse owner and is 
clearly manifested. 

Manner of Infection—May be directly or indirectly, by means 
of harness, blankets, watering pails, fodder, stable flies, wounds, 
digestive tract or respiration. The last two are the most frequent 
ways of infection, and we must bear in mind the great public 
nuisance—the watering trough. This nuisance by all means 
should be abolished and some sanitary method advocated in its 
stead. The return to the old water pump would be better, where 
each driver would use his own pail. It is a known fact that the 
glander bacilli is found in the dirty watering trough, due to the 
infecting nasal discharge from glandered horses, while the ac- 
tivity of the germ can be retained for a period of one to three 
weeks. 

This disease is common among horses that are kept in narrow, 
damp, ill-ventilated stalls in basements or cellars, yet is found to 
occur in the best hygienic stables; also in old wooden shanties, 
where the walls are saturated and no sewer connection. All 
these conditions do not help to prevent the disease, but increase 
same. Proper legislation would be the means of abolishing these 
infected cellar stables. 

It is a known bacteriological fact that the bacilli dried for 
three months or longer may retain its biological activities, be- 
coming reactivated in the presence of its necessary pabulum. 


322 LOUIS GRIESSMAN. 


The impression on man’s mind of the contagion was first set 
in the seventeenth century by Solleysel. In 1734 Gaspard Sau- 
mer gave strict regulation as to the disinfection of stables wherein 
glanders existed, such as the burning of cribs and racks, the re- 
moval of the plaster, etc. Seven years later Gersault first sug- 
gested the immediate slaughter of the diseased horses and the 
isolation of suspicious cases; and in this era we find that horses 
are permitted to live for days before slaughter, due to some sort 
of delay on account of State laws, in effecting the condemnation 
by the State, the appraisal, and then the slaughter. All this . 
could be done in a single day. Often horses have died while 
waiting for the appraiser to appear on the scene and, gentlemen, 
these last remarks are in reference particularly to clinical cases 
where there is no question as to diagnosis. 

In this respect a branch office could be established in a large 
cosmopolitan city of this kind, with a deputy commissioner with 
full powers or some other person in his stead to hasten or expedite 
the disposal of these cases. 

We have in this State about 600,000 horses or more, about 
one million cows and a million of dogs. By proper legislation 
a yearly tax of one dollar for each horse, fifty cents for a cow, 
and one dollar for a dog could be fixed on the individual owners, 
and each year the State would have this additional income for a 
fund, which approximately would be $2,500,000, and the same 
turned over to a live stock sanitary department and systematically 
testing and registering each horse and cow, and licensing and 
enforcing the muzzling of dogs; to give certificates of health on 
the horse and cow, also taking into consideration the public health 
as to the food it eats, the milk it drinks, and doing away with 
rabies at the same time. Under this system the sale of the horse 
could not be consummated without a certificate of health. This 
live stock sanitary bureau could investigate, indemnify the owner 
for his loss, and institute proper means for the eradication of 
elanders, going from one end of the State to the other. 

The cases of reported recovery of glandered horses, if any, 
are so few and the probability of a cure so questionable we must 
take into consideration a possible error in diagnosis. 


NEW YORK’S EQUINE PLAGUE. 323 


With preventative inoculation as a cure by means of vaccine, 
it is my opinion that it cannot be properly done by mitigated cul- 
tures artificially grown of the specific bacilli, and in order to get 
a specific vaccine, experiments should be carried out in s¢me cther 
animal less susceptible, in which it does not prove fatal, where 
we might get a given virulence, and still producing a protective 
form; this probable method on the same lines and theory of 
Jenner in Variola. 

Improper stable management I believe, to be one of the most 
prolific causes of this contagion. A continuous supply of fresh 
air is always necessary for the maintenance of life. The stable 
of the gentleman is lofty and roomy, the horse is not crowdcd 
and here the disease is not so often found as in the case of tke 
horse dealer where almost daily a different horse is put into the 
same stall. The danger from exposure to infection can scarcely 
be avoided by those horses that travel a great deal and put up 
over night in a transient stable, where often nightly a different 
horse has been stalled. 

It is remarkable how some horse owners seem to dread the 
law when they are informed by their veterinarian that one of 
their horses is suffering with glanders, and the same must be 
reported to the proper health authorities. Also we hear and re- 
ceive the abandoned glandered horses on the highways where 
they are left during the night by the owner or his agent, who has 
no regard for the law. 

Ventilation and cleanliness of stables must stand side by side, 
proper sewerage and drainage and the daily removal of tle 
manure. 

I have submitted several questions to myself. What is to be 
done with the so-called sleeper or carrier that looks too good to 
be slaughtered? Is he not detrimental to the other horse in the 
same stable? Some of these under present conditicns are per- 
mitted to live and work under a provisional quarantine. Is this 
quarantine enforced, in which instructions have been given to 
water separate and keep him isolated from the other horses? 
This quarantine from my observation is good in theory, but in 


324 LOUIS GRIESSMAN. 


reality not faithfully performed. An instance—a huxter, or one- 
horse expressman or liveryman, who permits anyone to drive the 
animal on the public streets; let us follow him, and in the course 
of the day’s work what happens; when on the road, the animal is 
dry and must be watered. ‘The first saloon in front of which 
there is a watering trough the driver stops, as such troughs are 
placed there as an inducement for the driver to stop to water the 
animal, and at the same time for the driver to replenish his 
thirst with some liquid stronger than water. In this instance 
there is no proper quarantine. 

But what do we know of glanders that exists in our stables 
in hundreds of instances that kills the poor working horse as well 
as the millionaire’s trotter, that though it progresses slowly 
nevertheless kills, these are facts, and what are we to do to over- 
come them. 

In conclusion I would make a plea for co-operation between 
the veterinarians of the Department of Agriculture, those of the 
Health Department with the attending veterinarian, so as to 
avoid false impressions in the minds of the owner. 

That the destruction of glandered horses should not be per- 
mitted on the public highway by means of the bullet, but be de- 
stroyed by some other means in a bloodless manner. The reason 
is obvious for such reform. 

Your slaughtering of one infected animal here and there is 
not going to stop the spread of this contagion. Early recogni- 
tion, the co-operation of State and city authorities, and the dis- 
posal of these infecting animals, who to date have not responded 
to modern scientific treatment, appeals to me to be the rational 
of judgment. 


Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION will hold its 
big winter meeting in Kansas City towards the end of January, 
and will be well attended. Tentatively the dates are January 
22, 23, 24, 1913. A final announcement will be made in our 
next number, and the dates above either confirmed or corrected. 


MY EXPERIENCE fee ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. * 
By F. M. Starr, D.V.M., Ovessa, Mo. 


Hog cholera appeared as an epidemic throughout Missouri 
during the season of 1911, which was a very dry one, and the 
disease is supposed to be brought on from the drying up of stag- 
nant pools of water. The disease is still with us in an endemic 
form, but has lost its virulence to a great extent since its first 
appearance. 

The loss in dollars cannot be estimated, as the death loss is not 
the greatest, for as soon as hogs became sick they were im- 
mediately pushed off to market, pigs from thirty pounds up to all 
the brood sows were sold at a sacrifice. Hogs for home con- 
sumption were almost unattainable, and many a poor renter went 
without his winter’s meat. All hogs marketed were poor and not 
fit for market, which meant a great loss. Some think the faulty 
corn was the cause of the disease, but the disease appeared many 
months before the crop was matured. There is some dispute as 
to the nature of the disease. My experience has led me to think. 
it genuine hog cholera, but symptoms in various herds differ, 
and in referring to our best authors it is hard to make a differ- 


~ entiation. 


5 Nd i eel mis Tie ea 


ee CP 


My experience with anti-hog cholera serum for its treatment 
has been excellent in most cases, which helps to make a diagnosis, 
as we would not get the results if it was not hog cholera. When 
a serum is made from the sick hogs of our own country it is 
the only way we can expect to get a serum that is adapted to off- 
set the infection which our hogs are carrying, and if we get re- 
sults the serum should have the credit. Without its use the loss 
was from 80 to 90 per cent. 

One bunch of hogs I especially remember for its virulency 
was a bunch of fifty shoats which averaged about seventy-five 


* Presented to the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association at Marshall, July, 1912. 


325 


$26 F. M. STARR. 


pounds, which I was called to see. They were so badly infected 
I decided to let them alone and in three weeks every one of the 
fifty shoats had died, which was a fatality of 100 per cent. This 
same client had one hundred and seven head on an adjoining 
farm which was also infected. We gave them the simultaneous 
method and lost twenty-five head out of the hundred and seven, 
also some hogs had died before the treatment and some of the 
worst infected ones we did not vaccinate, so we had a loss of less 
than 25 per cent., which looks better than 100 per cent. 

Owing to the expense of the serum it is hard to get the best 
results, as no client that I have had will stand for the double 
dosage of the serum. The proper way to get results in an in- 
fected herd (and in only one herd have I had this pleasure, and 
without any loss) is to give the serum treatment and in twenty 
days give the simultaneous treatment. This is for an infected 
herd. It looks imprudent to use the simultaneous treatment on 
an infected herd, but I would rather have my loss at the begin- 
ning and all at once, than to have them reinfected in four or 
five weeks and begin to die, which gives you a dissatisfied client 
who gives serum a black eye, of which I have had such experi- 
ence. 

‘I do not think sanitary police measures will give results as 
stock hogs are allowed to roam over a farm, so a sanitary plot of 
ground would be hard to obtain and if so the hogs could be in- 
fected by its being carried by attendants, dogs, birds, crows and 
pigeons. The use of serum is just in its infancy and a great deal 
is to be learned about its use, some is more potent than others, 
so dose may be too small. The physicians are getting better re- 
sults from the use of diphtheritic serum, as they use it imme- 
diately upon diagnosis and in larger doses than when they first 
commenced its use. The longer we wait to use a serum the less 
chance we have to counteract the fast forming toxins. Hogs 
with a temperature not higher than 104° Fahrenheit I have had 
good success with the simultaneous treatment by cutting my 
doses of virulent blood to half the amount, and I find if hogs eat 
shelled corn they are fit subjects to vaccinate. I have no success 


MY EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 327 


in treating sick hogs with serum, but find it prolongs their life 
three or four weeks. But I have had some success with sulpho- 
carbolate compound tablets used in all drinking water and slop. 
Farmers will vaccinate only when they have the disease tn their 
own herd, or their neighbors, which does not give the simultan- 
eous method a fair test. When hogs are once vaccinated the 
spring pigs should be also vaccinated at the time when the last - 
that were farrowed have reached about the weight of fifteen 
pounds. This method will always be cheaper as the dose will 
always be smaller, and if all farmers would keep up this method 
for a few years the disease might be eradicated. 

When you vaccinate a client’s hogs, vaccinate all or none at all, 
as the unvaccinated hogs may contract the disease if not isolated. 
Where sows are with pigs, do not use the simultaneous method as 
they will abort, and if sow is suckling pigs, just use serum. If 
pigs are vaccinated and sow also with the simultaneous method. 
I know the milk contains some virus which with the virus from 
vaccination is too much for the pigs and causes their death and 
sow dries up in her milk. I know this is not from the want of 
milk, as I have had pigs that were eating well and large enough to 
wean, die. The sow should receive the serum alone, which does 
not affect the milk. Hogs after vaccination should be fed very 
little and, better still, let them have nothing but grass during 
fever stage. I have noticed some reactions from vaccination that 
shows that serum is not of the same potency, some vaccinated 
P bunches will show no reaction whatever from its use, while others 
_ will look as though they were having the genuine disease, eyes 
pt full of a sticky discharge, cough, weakness of posterior ex- 
€ tremities ; they lie back in their beds, eat very little, but in fifteen 
or twenty days come out in good condition. The reaction is so 
_ intense it is not pleasant for the practitioner as the client has to be 
Y kept pacified. 

b On November the thirteenth I vaccinated ninety head of 
_ shoats in which I had very discouraging results as you will see by 
“my chart, hogs appeared healthy, and to be certain I took several 
¥ temperatures, which were normal. In ten days the hogs took a 


we get oe 4 at 


et > 


328 


F. M. STARR, 


SIMULTANEOUS. 
_ 

Date Name. No. Infected. Loss. 
Move. Orlgir: "Geor Havenenrmrns.. cress. one 40 No (sold) o 
Now <@..1ort | sO) Filler. J duseises eid otienic aor 60 Yes 30 
Nowe £0, LOM: ilo. INeith terre ..c: acute 72 No 28 
Novae atom Wall iiohnsone snc ses eee: 9 Yes 2 
INovadish ont Bedsandmeees etree 90 No 36 
NOx WA one We MClinsei wacsdnotescdaser 73 Yes 25 
Novy; a4; Torts GPL Brangockiaieta: lea teoe 43 Yes 20 
Nav. 0S, MROTIs oy. is Amgecson-. ict ramens 24 Yes 5 
Novy. 15; cOrn E1aeemitin oe ae ee ears 21 Yes S 
Novels ont. (GeomsWee Siiithis =e eerte 46 Yes 4 
INO WA UGbtig LEKNS. Joleen Sseoyey4s0sbee 105 No 5 
Novi18,, 1911.) TE Anidesson 3. Shes tienes 21 No fo) 
INOy.)27; IOLT... VemasGODDis it. entree ne et 16 No I 
Bebe 2p 1G1 2.0 AesOs WVMITE Sot oes eee. « 62 Yes 18 
Apr eT elOT2-w ale wD eniniss ae pete sere ae 13 Yes fe) 
May -14-.TOTS: \ Lanner BOS: ann. css asc 42 No oO 
Hrine 20, TOL Ie Sanders 5 7)50n Gee eek one 116 No fe) 
Haily: On tore. OA; I. RODINSON > cthenicecienn- 48 No o 
Jaly 10, 1012) Shons. & Wakeman >.:..-.... 34 Yes fo) 

AOtALS edhe ee eerie lee 1,750 256 
_—————— 
Percentage -OlmlOSSmy:cccrerscistd a0 © seieise ois ore, emo ee 17 2-5. 
SIMPLE TREATMENT. 

Date Name. No Infected..~ Loss. 
July? 10, Tere. (OS Eo oke = 2) shocks Sore te ce 60 Yes 20 
Jraly-et2 RO tb.:  Witeietinet 7o% india aroceions 15 Yes 6 
Septcis orm Rabe olisher, scat... oe cere ae 42 Yes 10 
Sepinig;, ton CA banietineer. veneer 13 Yes Gf, 
Septery tort: “Hagan Gare. oi. ciecalsb sia x 20 No fe) 
Sepe20, TOL (Wi WWwewis: 2: asctes «cts he 27 No fo) 
Oete lo; worn, 1. salem ek wae, \ekiseeb es 12 No oO 
Oct, t2) 191, Lowery ony: imp sine seek 34 No 12 
Dee: T2orl) Els “Wersew sneer oes cerns 56 Yes 35 
ate: 5 RORS. A ie eS aches Remi oa cdl 17 Yes x 
jan. “35, Tote; “PO sAnderson pee ea ahs alee 12 No fo) 
Jans sip nore) Wa Drake Sree en ates 34 Yes 20 
Janae, sore) wav vB eal? 2 irs Ryne oo rie eau 80 Yes 10 
Jans? 25, 1o12:' P;. Anderson — cares css. sc 6 No oO. 
Apr. 11y/dor2.+< Jem Desinis: situs belek <n tls 13 Yes oO 

Totals?.2e. semen: wes 441 125 
Percentage of fossiii tu vipers > sees ees ee eee 28. 


MY EXPERIENCE WITH ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 329 


SIMULTANEOUS. 

Date. Name. No. Infected. Loss. 
Mere re. torr. Pearcy & SOK i. )...0¢. 008. 131 No 3 
ieimeey, StODY.. 1») Vamer 2.05.09 242 «dhatuee 20 No (sold) o 
meee. 16, A, EF. Robinson %...<...>.-.. 60 Yes a 
Memeo eto lr. PK. “Uracey-... sere. ose esas 150 Yes 5 
momen tout.) A, Laggtalin ) oc 6. capac see aes 2 Yes 30 
MoOveneerorn. —). Wanteter’ 'es oit.c0 2 ete ss a's 26 No oO 
Rives etorn, Danner Bross jyisegs seek 68 ‘Yies oO 
CV EEE A seTOU Us css. JOLY. 5s srejetestoc.c.,eras/s slealsle 83 No fe) 
MoveeO: Torr. Marterson Bros. 3.....0..2.. 66 No O 
Meameeitett.: |. Vatmeter: )...\shs. idee & 12 No fe) 
ice Ae TOE. I WMAShet cs crs. cnc sles oot « 34 Yes 8 
vee eerorie: ). CriGopbiey; vais cui. we decile 17 No oO 
MigvamOmLOltas Ele Elaippmean .)4j0% cin ier she oe 66 Yes 30 


ee vO 


peculiar disease which I think was septicemia. They became 
blind, bled at nostrils, foamed at the mouth, became paralyzed, 
had convulsions and skin was bluish purple over entire body. 
The hogs lived but a few hours, thirty-six died out of the ninety. 
I believe that serum, must have been infected. 

In vaccinating I think we should disinfect parts where needle 
is introduced, wash parts clean with cotton, when dirty throw 
away and take a clean piece. Do not puncture more than once if 
possible, and if hog moves so that needle has to be withdrawn, 
change to a new field, do not puncture in the same location. 1 
have had very little trouble from infection at point of injection. 
I always pinch the skin when I withdrew my needle so there is 
no escape of serum or virulent blood, then wipe off with anti- 
septic. If client has a dipping tank I like to run the hogs through 
the tank as fast as they are vaccinated, if the weather is warm. 

November 14th I was called to vaccinate seventy-five head, 
found them all sick. We picked out twenty-four of the best 
looking ones, their temperature ranged up to 104 degrees Fah- 
renheit. We vaccinated them with simultaneous treatment and 
lost five out of the twenty-four. We used Hog Cholera Specific 
on the remaining fifty-one and lost every one. We were very 
sorry we did not use the double method on all, and more than 
likely have saved 25 per cent. of them. 


330 F. M. STARR, 


December 12th I administered serum to fifty-six head, of 
which twenty head were sick. One old sow, which appeared 
healthy at time of treatment, died in two days, there was no 
swelling at point of injection and all of the well hogs showed a 
decided reaction from the serum. I lost thirty-four out of the 
fifty-six. 

October 12th I gave the simple treatment to thirty-four head 
which were not infected. In ten days after the vaccination the 
owner placed two in a neighbor’s pen of sick hogs and in about 
fifteen days they contracted the disease and died of cholera. He 
does not have much faith in the single treatment, but thinks the 
simultaneous treatment is a success if there is no cholera among 
hogs. I have since vaccinated seventy-five head for him with no 
loss. 

I feel I have good success with the use of the simultaneous 
treatment when it was used during the greatest epidemic our part 
of the country has ever had. If serum is properly used, and the 
virulent blood very cautiously used and properly destroyed when | 
left over, and especially kept out of the hands of the laity, such 
an epidemic as we have just experienced should never occur with 
such great loss. In my part of the country every liveryman, 
auctioneer and castrator were all over the country using the simul- 
taneous treatment, which is ridiculous to think of. 

Thus I have given you a few of my experiences in the use by 
the serum and simultaneous method of 2,191 head with a loss of 
381 head, when cholera was raging in the form of an epidemic. 


HicH Honor For A DISTINGUISHED VETERINARIAN.—TLhe 
following, clipped from one of the British dailies by the senior 
editor, will be of interest to the many readers of the REviIEw who 
had the pleasure of meeting Professor Hobday on the occasion 
of his visit to America in 1911: ‘‘ Veterinary Surgeon to the 
King—Master of the Horse’s Office, Royal Mews, Buckingham 
Palace, October 30. The King has been graciously pleased to 
appoint Mr. Frederick Hobday, F.R.C.V.S., to be an Honorary 
Veterinary Surgeon to his Majesty.” 


SERUM THERAPY BY THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD FOR 
THE PREVENTION OF HOG CHOLERA. * 


By E. A. Buxton, D.V.S., Vinton, Iowa. 


Never in the history of lowa was the farmers great industry 
of hog raising threatened with such complete destruction as at 
the present time. I think the monetary loss in the hog industry 
alone from cholera in this State far exceeds all other diseases of 
the lower animals combined. A fair estimate of the loss of hogs 
from cholera, their feed and care in the last year would approx- 
imate a loss of fifteen million dollars to the farmers of this State. 
This condition is not confined to Iowa alone, but nearly all of the 
corn-raising States of the Union are likewise affected. It is this 
great monetary loss to our clients, the farmers and swine raisers, 
that has prompted me to bring the subject of serum therapy 
before the veterinarians here assembled that we might by careful 
study and discussion be better enabled to demonstrate to the 
thinking swine raisers of our State, who have spent years in 
building up a fine herd of hogs, that it is unnecessary for them to 
lose the results of all of their work and care in a single week, but 
that by immunizing their hogs while well they can be able to 
save them and thus save great loss. | 

In bringing this subject briefly before you I can only give my 
experience in the last eight months with hog cholera serum. It 
must be conceded that the most scientific method used for the 
permanent prevention of hog cholera is the serum simultaneous 
method. It can not be claimed that this method is always sure. 
It has some drawbacks. One of these is the apparent suscepti- 
bility of some herds to inoculation. This danger wherever found 
is among weak, poorly cared for and unthrifty hogs. The main 
consideration in these experiments is one of virulence. It is a 
well-known fact that we have found virus of a high virulence 


_ * Presented to the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Asso- 
ciation at Ames, November i2, 1912. 


331 


332 E, A. BUXTON. 


that will give positive results. On the other hand, virus of a low 
virulence will give sometimes slight results and even no results 
at all. The most exhaustive and careful experiments conducted 
with close observation has served only to show that by using 
good potent serum and a virus from hogs in acute stages of 
cholera with the temperature of 107 degrees or higher that there 
was no question of positive results, while the per cent. of loss in 
healthy herds may be a little greater, the results will be far more 
satisfactory, as the hogs will be rendered immune during their 
natural lives. I think the use of weak virus accounts for so 
many failures to produce permanent immunity and is the chief 
cause of many outbreaks of cholera in two or three months after 
treatment. After giving the serum therapy many years of care- 
ful study, I decided the simultaneous method for the prevention 
of hog cholera was the most feasable and beneficial method. In 
order to get the swine raisers interested in that method, I made 
public demonstrations to test the efficiency of hog cholera serum. 
I invited the public to witness these demonstrations. I immun- 
ized healthy hogs by the simultaneous method, placing them in 
infected pens where sick hogs had been kept and died and post- 
mortems held, I then injected virulent cholera blood into healthy 
hogs to make them sick, put them together with sick cholera 
hogs in the pens with the immunized hogs, subjected them to the 
most severe tests possible. As fast as a hog which had not been 
treated died, I permitted the immunized hogs to eat up the de- 
ceased ones and never experienced a loss by death of a single 
immunized hog. I have found in my experience during the last 
eight months, covering the treatment of seventeen thousand hogs, 
that during the extreme hot weather the per cent. of loss of hogs 
that had been exposed three days before being immunized was 
much greater than in cooler weather. 

I have several herds of hogs that were immunized early in 
the spring and that I have been in repeatedly during the season 
vaccinating the pigs that were farrowed at different intervals, 
where little pigs that were treated early were less than three 
days old. I have several hogs that after being vaccinated for 


sree Tipe 


eee iat ee ee an So. ae 


whi 


ee ee 


SERUM THERAPY FOR THE PREVENTION OF HOG CHOLERA. 303 


months have been put in infected herds throughout the country 
that had cholera in the worst form. I have herds where dead 
cholera hogs were fed to immunized hogs that were vaccinated 
months before and in none of the above cases have I had a loss 
of a single hog from cholera in any of the experiments made. 

What I desire to show by the foregoing illustrations is that 
the immune is permanent. That if it was not permanent the 
above illustrations would show deaths from cholera. 

It is by these numerous demonstrations held in different parts 
of my own country that I have satisfied myself and convinced 
all interested persons in the swine industry that their hogs were 
permanently immune. In my experience in immunizing hogs 


' for over two hundred different farmers in Benton County I 


am pleased to here state that there has not been one outbreak 
of cholera in any of the herds where the simultaneous method 
was used and the hogs recovered from the treatment, although 
many have been exposed in different places during the past eight 
months. 

It is my profound conviction that by using a potent serum 
manufactured from virulent virus, produced from hogs with 
cholera in the acute stages of the disease, together with a good 
strong virus in the simultaneous treatment, we will have all the 
therapeutic action in producing immunity that the founders of 
the serum claim for it. 

Not only investigating men of our profession but the owners 
of hogs are beginning to realize that the time to treat hogs is 
while they are healthy. If so treated the percentage of loss in a 
healthy herd rarely exceeds 3 per cent. 

I need not call your atention to the large percentage of de- 
struction in hogs when cholera gets a grip on them. 


FLASHED Upon THE Canvas DurING Pror. CHITTICK’S 
TALK AT THE AMES BANQUET.—* Sunshine is nature’s disinfect- 
ant. Sanitary instruction is more important than sanitary 
legislation.” 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


FOURTEEN CASES TREATED WITH PHYLACOGENS: 
By F. N. Sawyer, M.D.C., Bakersfield, Cal. 


Case 1—Subject, chestnut colt, five months old; first seen 
October 2, 1909. Temp. 104.8, pulse 60, resp. 26; was running 
at the nose, had some laryngitis and slight swelling of the glands 
of the neck. Colt was very quiet and off feed for three days. 
Diagnosis, distemper. 


October 2, 1909, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phy- 


lacogen subcutaneously. 

October 3, 1909, large swelling at site of injection, less run- 
ning of the nose, glands less swollen. Nine a. m., temp. 101.6, 
pulse 45, resp. 18. Colt seems brighter, has taken some feed. 
Gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutan- 
eously. 

October 4, 1909, 9 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. Colt 
is bright and lively, no running at the nose, glandular swelling all 
gone, visible membranes normal, colt feeding naturally. 

October 5, 1909, 8 a. m., temp., pulse and resp. normal 
Twelve noon colt discharged. 

Case 2—Subject, a brown colt, seven months old; first seen 
February 10, 1910. Temp. 105, pulse 55, resp. 24; running of 
the nose and eyes, laryngitis with some cough, glands of the neck 
much swollen, visible membranes very red; quiet and listless and 
off feed for the past four days. Diagnosis, distemper. 

February 10, 1910, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper 
phylacogen subcutaneously. 

February II, 1910, 10 a. m,, temp. 102.5, pulse 50, resp. 22. 
Colt is brighter, visible membranes less red, less running of the 
nose, glandular swelling much less. Gave 15 c.c. mixed infection 
distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. 

February 12, 1910, 10 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. 
Colt is lively and brighter, appetite good, visible membranes nor- 
mal, glandular sw elling all gone, no cough or running at the 
nose. 

February 13, I910, 10 a. m., temp., pulse and resp. normal. 
Colt discharged. Swellings moderate at the site of injections. 


334 


» Ie 


REPORTS OF CASES. 335 


Case 3—Subject, chestnut colt, one year old; first seen April 
9, I910. Temp. 104.8, pulse 58, resp. 26; much running at the 
nose and eyes, laryngitis with cough, glands at the neck much 
swollen and indurated, visible membranes very red, quiet, listless 
and off feed for four days. Diagnosis, severe distemper. 

April 9, 1910, gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper phy- 
lacogen subcutaneously. 

April 10, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 104.2, pulse 55, resp. 22, arlimal 
seems a little better. However, there is no improvement in the 
glandular swelling or color of the visible membranes and the 
animal is not eating. Gave 10 c.c. mixed infection distemper 
phylacogen subcutaneously. 

April 11, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 103.2, pulse 46, resp. 20. Two 
of the glands are soft and fluctuating, visible membranes less 
red, there is less cough and laryngitis. Incised the two soft 
glands and evacuated pus. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection distem- 
per phylacogen subcutaneously. 

April 12, 1910, 8 a. m., temp. 101.2, pulse 4o, resp. 18; colt 
is much brighter, appetite better, visible membranes very slightly 
red, the other glandular swellings nearly gone. Gave 30 c.c. 
mixed infection distemper phylacogen subcutaneously. 

April 13, 1910, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 18; colt 
lively and bright, appetite good, glandular swelling all gone, 
visible membranes normal, no dose. 

April 14, 1910, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 18, owner 
took the animal home. 

Case 4—Subject, roan horse, four years old; ordinary draft. 
First seen April 20, 1911, temp. 104.6, pulse 60, resp. 30; visible 
membranes very red, eyes watery, laryngitis with cough; is con- 
' stipated, has been quiet and off feed for three days. Diagnosis, 
influenza. 

April 20, 1911, gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- 
ously, followed by moderate reaction in 10 minutes, during which 
the pulse was 70, resp. 36. 

April 21, 1911, 7a. m., temp. 102.4, pulse 50, resp. 24. Horse 
seems slightly improved, appetite poor, has no cough, visible 
membranes less red. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intra- 
venously. Seven p. m., temp. 101.4, pulse 50, resp. 22, is much 
brighter, running of the eyes nearly gone, visible membranes less 
red, is eating a little. Reaction from dose slight, pulse 60, resp. 
32. 

April 22, 1911, 7 a. m., temp. 101, pulse 45, resp. 20. Horse 
is much better, appetite good, visible membranes nearly normal, 


336 REPORTS OF CASES. 


no running of the nose or eyes. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylaco- 
gen intravenously with moderate reaction, pulse 56, resp. 26; 
7p. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 19: 

April 23, 1911, 9 a.:m., temp. 100.2, pulse 38, resp, 16¢ane 
noon owner took the animal home. 

Case 5—Subject, bay mare, six years old; light draft. First 
seen June 12, IQII, 10a. m., temp. 104.6, pulse 62, resp. 30. Vis- 
ible membranes much injected, slight running of the nose and 
eyes, laryngitis with some cough, tendency to purpuric swellings 
of the front legs, is constipated, has been off feed for four days. 
Diagnosis, influenza. 

June 12, I9II, gave I5 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intra- 
venously, followed in 20 minutes by strong reaction, pulse 74, 
resp. 40, animal trembled, urinated and laid down; 7 p. m., temp. 
103.6, pulse 55, resp. 26. 

June 13, 1911, 8a. m., temp. 102.6, pulse 50, resp. 22; seems 
slightly better, there is less running from the nose and is eating 
a little. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, fol- 
lowed in 30 minutes by mild reaction. 

June 14, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 101.8, pulse 48, resp. 2257 ais 
brighter, no running from the nose and eyes, appetite better, vis- 
ible membranes less red. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen 
intravenously, followed in 20 minutes with strong reaction, pulse 
64, resp. 30, animal trembled and laid down. 

June 15, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18, is 
bright and lively, appetite good, visible membranes normal. 

June 16, temp., pulse and resp. normal, 12 noon owner took 
the animal home. 

Case 6—Subject, a gray horse, eight years old; ordinary 
draft. First seen June 20, 1911, temp. 104.2, pulse 58, resp. 28, 
visible membranes very red, animal is weak, running from nose, 
constipated, urine very red; has laryngitis with cough. Diagno- 
sis, influenza, severe; prognosis, doubtful. 

June 20, 1911, gave 10 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- 
ously, reaction -moderate; 6 p. m., temp. 103.2, pulse 50, resp. 
26. Animal seems less distressed, has had several large bowel 
movements. Gave 10 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, 
reaction very slight. 

June 21, I91I, 9 a. m., temp. 102.2, pulse 46, resp. 22. Horse 
is brighter, less running from the nose, less cough, urine clearer, 
animal is eating a little. Gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen 
intravenously, reaction moderate; 8 p. m., temp. 104, pulse 40, 


ry. 
‘ 


REPORTS OF CASES. 33 


resp. 20. Gave I5 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, 
very slight reaction. Prognosis, favorable. 

June 22, I91I, 7a. m., temp. I01.2, pulse 38, resp. 20. Animal 
seems bright, running from the nose about gone, no laryngitis, 
no cough, appetite better, visible membranes nearly normal, urine 
is much clearer. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intraven- 
ously, very strong reaction; 8 p. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 40, resp. 
20, appetite better, bowel movement free, urine clearer. 

June 23, I911, 8a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 18. Ani- 
mal is bright, appetite good, head and throat symptoms gone. 
Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen intravenously, reaction 
moderate. 

June 24, 1911, temp., pulse and resp. normal, 12 noon owner 
took the animal home. 

Case 7—Subject, a blue roan mare, six years old, driving 
horse. First seen July 19, I91I, 10 a. m., temp. 102.8, pulse 54, 
resp. 22. Both front feet very painful and sore, horse hardly 
able to walk, constipated, off feed. Diagnosis, laminitis, first 
attack. 

July 19, I91I, Il a. m., 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen 
intravenously, reaction moderate. 

fol 20, TO11, 0 a. m., ‘temp. 100.4, pulse 45, resp. 18. Less 
pain, is able to move around in stall with but slight evidence of 
pain. Has had three or four large bowel movements, is eating; 
20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mod- 
erate. 

July 21, i911, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 16. Animal 
moves around stall without pain, is bright, appetite good. No 
dose, orders rest for three days more. 

July 24, 1911, owner drove horse. 

October 5, 1912, horse had been working steadily, has had no 
further recurrence. 

Case 8—Subject, brown stallion, eight years old, driving 
horse. First seen August 20, I9g1I, temp. 103, pulse 56, resp. 20. 

Both front feet very painful and tender, can hardly move for 
pain. Is constipated and off feed. Diagnosis, laminitis, first 
attack. 

August 20, I9II, I2 noon, 20 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen 
intravenously, reaction moderate. 

August 21, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 44, resp. 18. 
Feet very much less painful, can move around in stall with slight 
evidence of pain. Is brighter and is eating some. Gave 20 c.c. 
mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mild. 


338 REPORTS OF CASES. 


August 22, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 99.4, pulse 4o, resp. 16. 
Moves around stall without pain. Rest for three days additional 
ordered, no dose. Animal is bright and is eating. 

August 25, 1911, owner is driving horse. 

November 1, 1912, has had no recurrence; has worked 
steadily since. 

Case 9g—Subject, black horse, four years old, draft type. 
First seen September 5, 1911, about 4 p. m., temp. 104.6, pulse 
58, resp. 24. History, September 2, 1911, while turned out re- 
ceived a 6-inch barbed-wire cut just back of the right shoulder; 
September 4, I911I, pus began to accumulate and the adjacent 
soft parts were much swollen. Just back of the right shoulder is 
a deep cut from which considerable pus is draining, the soft 
parts are swollen and the swelling extends to the shoulder. The 
animal is having considerable pain and puts but little weight on 
the leg. Visible membranes red, appetite poor, animal is trem- 
bly and sweating. Diagnosis, severe infection of wire cut; prog- 
nosis, doubtful. 

September 5, I91I, 4 p. m., incised lower corner of wound to 
insure good drainage, ordered I per cent. Kreso solution for 
antiseptic wash, gave I5 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intra- 
venously, reaction moderate. 

September 6, I9I1I, 9 a. m., temp. 102.2, pulse 50, resp. 20. 
Has less pain, there is less swelling and discharge from the 
wound which is tinged with blood, is eating a little; gave 20 c.c. 
mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mild, Kreso 
solution continued. Prognosis, favorable. 

September 7, I9II, 10 a. m., temp. 100.4, pulse 48, resp. 18. 
Free from pain, very little swelling of the soft parts, discharge 
much less, is thin, and serous, necrotic tissue sloughing off. Gave 
30 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction mod- 
erate. 

September 8, I911, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 44, resp. 16. No 
pain, no swelling, very little clear discharge from the wound 
which looks very healthy, ordered wound kept clean, needs no 
further treatment. 

September 12, 1911, animal working. 

Case 10—Bay mare, Io years old, light draft. First seen 
September 20, I91I, temp. 103.8, pulse 60, resp. 26. History 
September 16, 1911, was kicked on the left flank. There was 
large swelling and bruising of the skin with considerable sore- 
ness. September 19, 1911, the swelling seemed very soft and 
the animal was sweaty and off feed. There is a large soft mass 


REPORTS OF CASES. 339 


10 inches across on the left flank; there is fluctuation, no appetite. 
Diagnosis, large abscess; prognosis, favorable. 

September 20, 1911, made a 6-inch incision in the lower part 
of mass, evacuated a large quantity of pus. Washed out with 1 
per cent. Kreso solution. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylaco- 
gen intravenously, reaction moderate. 

September 21, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 100.8, pulse 45, resp. 20. 
Drainage from abscess, thin pus with blood and small in the 
amount, no pain, is eating. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phy- 
lacogen intravenously, reaction moderate. Kreso wash con- 
tinued. 

September 22, I91I, 10 a. m., temp. 99.6, pulse, 42, resp. 18. 
Discharge very scanty and serous. There is much sloughing of 
necrotic tissue, no pain, appetite good. 

September 23, 1911, 9 a. m., thin clear discharge, wound looks 
healthy, ordered wound kept clean, needs no further attention. 

September 25, 1911, animal working. 

Case 11—Chestnut horse, six years old, driving. First seen 
October 8, 1911, temp. 104.2, pulse 58, resp. 26. History, Octo- 
ber 4 or 5 while running in lot was snagged with a sharp stick 
on the right shoulder. It was swollen and sore, but didn’t get 
bad until October 8. Found a puncture wound on the right 
shoulder about 3 inches deep. There is much green pus draining 
away, and the surrounding soft parts are much swollen, the ani- 
mal is in pain, uneasy and perspiring, no appetite. Diagnosis, 
infected punctured wound, with septicaemia ; prognosis, doubtful. 

October 8, 1911, no incision necessary, washed out with 1 
per cent. Kreso solution. Gave 20 c.c. mixed infection phylaco- 
gen intravenously, reaction moderate. 

October 9, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 101.8, pulse 48, resp. 20. Has 
only slight pain, discharge lighter in color with streaks of blood. 
Surrounding swelling much less, is eating a little. Gave 30 c.c. 
mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, reaction strong. Or- 
dered Kreso wash continued. 

October 10, I9II, II a. m., temp. 100.8, pulse 46, resp. 20. 
No pain, discharge more serous and much less in amount, very 
little swelling, appetite fair. Prognosis, favorable. Gave 30 
¢.c. mixed infection phylacogen intravenously, with moderate re- 
action. 

October 11, 1911, 9 a. m., temp. 99.8, pulse 38, resp. 17. No 
pain, no swelling, discharge very scant, appetite good, Kreso con- 
tinued. 

October 12, 1911, temp., pulse and resp. normal. No dose, 
wound ordered kept clean. 


340 REPORTS OF CASES. 


October 16, animal at work. 

Case 12—Gray horse, ten years old, large draft. First seen 
September 6, Ig11, temp., pulse and resp. normal. History, since 
September, 1910, has been in poor condition, has been able to 
work most of the time but is thin, at times seems weak and al- 
ways sweats easily, has lost weight in spite of good care, careful 
feeding and occasional short courses of tonic. 

September 6, 1911, owner brought animal in for examination, 
I could find nothing wrong. Appetite fair, has occasional con- 
stipation or diarrhoea, but most of the time bowels are normal. 
Gave I5 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen, followed by moderate 
reaction in which the pulse was 56, resp. 24. Later in the day 
owner took animal home. I advised the owner to work the ani- 
mal lightly for two or three days and to bring him back in seven 
to ten days if there was no improvement. At the end of two 
weeks the owner brought in two other animals in the same condi- 
tion and said: ‘“‘ Inject these two, the other horse is doing fine.” 

Case 13—Black horse, seven years old, light draft. First 
seen October 10, IgII, temp. 103.4, pulse 55, resp. 24. Visible 
membranes red, is very weak, sweats easily, muscles of the back 
corded, urine scanty and quite red, bowels constipated. Diagno- 
sis, azoturia; prognosis, fairly good. 

October 10, I9II, gave 15 c.c. mixed infection phylacogen 
subcutaneously plus 1% grain arecoline. . 

October 11, 1911, 9 a..m., temp. 102.8, pulse 54;) respieaee 
Horse is slightly better but continues weak and sweaty, appetite 
poor, is passing more urine. Gave 15 c.c. mixed infection phy- 
lacogen subcutaneously. 

October 12, 7 a. m., temp. 102, pulse 50, resp. 20. Is a little 
more improved, back muscles less corded. There is less weak- 
ness of the loin and hip muscles, urine lighter colored and is 
passing more; is still sweaty. Gave 30 c.c. mixed infection phy- 
lacogen subcutaneously. 

October 13, 1911, 8 a. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 44, resp. 20. 
Animal is much brighter, appetite is improved, is stronger. Cord- 
ing of back muscles gone, urine and bowels normal. Gave 30 c.c. 
mixed infection phylacogen subcutaneously. 


October 14, I9II, 9 a. m., temp. 100.2, pulse 40, resp. 16. 


Animal is bright and strong, appetite good. 

October 16, 1911, animal discharged. 

Case 14—A sorrel driving mare, seven years old. First seen 
January 15, 1912, temp. 102.6, pulse 50, resp. 20. Animal can 
hardly walk on account of pain in both front feet, both front 


———— 


REPORTS OF CASES. 341 


legs are very stiff and sore. Animal has a ring bone on the 
right hind foot (has had both these conditions for two years to 
my knowledge). Appetite poor, constipated. Diagnosis, navi- 
cular disease. 

January 15, 1912, gave 15 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcu- 
taneously. 

January 16, 1912, 9 a. m., temp. IOI, pulse 48, resp. 20. Ani- 
mal seems about the same, is perhaps a little less stiff. Gave 15 
¢.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. 

January 17, 1912, 8 a. m., temp. 100.6, pulse 44, resp. 18. Is 
brighter, appetite improved, seems less sore, moves around a 
little in the stall. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcu- 
taneously. 

January 18, 1912, 9 a. m., temp. 100, pulse 40, resp. 16. Ap- 
petite good, can move about less stiffly, has surely less pain. Gave 
30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. 

January 19, I912, 9 a. m., temp. 99.8, pulse 42, resp. 17. 
Animal is much improved, is less stiff, moves around in stall 
freely, both front feet still tender. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phy- 
lacogen subcutaneously. 

January 20, 1912, temp. 99.8, pulse 40, resp. 16. Is bright, 
appetite good, can walk without pain, right front foot only 
slightly tender. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutan- 
eously. 

January 21, 1912, temp. 100, pulse 38, resp. 16. Is still more 
improved. No tenderness in either front foot. Can walk with- 
out stiffness or lameness. Gave 30 c.c. pneumonia phylacogen 
subcutaneously. 

January 22, I912, temp., pulse and resp. normal. Gave 30 
¢.c. pneumonia phylacogen subcutaneously. Ordered three days 
additional rest, after which light work for a week. Animal dis- 
charged. 


SILVER WeppinGc—Dr. and Mrs. George H. Glover cele- 


brated the twenty-fifth anniversary of their wedding day on 


November 19, last, and we are sure that the entire veterinary 


_ profession throughout the land wish them joy and hope that they 


will celebrate their golden wedding together. The humerous 
doctor said in a recent letter, referring to the approaching anni- 


_versary, “ fifty years or bust,” and we sincerely hope he reaches 


ee 


his goal. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH REVIEW: 
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


SOME CLINICAL Cases: [W. R. Davis, M.R.CV.S.J— 
Rhododendron Poisoning.—Vhirteen young cattle and thirty 
sheep broke through a fence and got into a field where there was 
a number of rhododendrons. The animals ate a considerable 
quantity of them, and some exhibited symptoms of poisoning. 
They staggered about, falling and rising; their eyes were star- 
ing and glossy. They slabbered, foamy saliva hanging about the 
mouth. Some vomited greenish material. Others had gnashing 
of the teeth, straining and diarrhoea. Only one animal died. 
The others were treated with oil, linseed gruel and bicarbonate 
of soda. They recovered. 

Uterine Eversion in a Mare.—A short time after foaling and. 
having received proper attention, a thoroughbred mare is roll- 
ing about with the uterus extruded. The animal is sweating, 
greatly excited, in pain, throwing herself down, rolling over and 
straining. The mare standing up, a twitch was put on her lip, 
the near fore leg held up, while two other assistants supported 
the womb and raised it as high as they could. The organ being 
held up and well washed with antiseptic, it was gradually 
pushed back in position and a West’s clamp put on. There was 
no bad symptom afterwards. 

Difficult Parturition in a Mare.——A thoroughbred mare is 
unable to foal. Two forelegs and part of the head of the foetus 
are projecting beyond the vulva. The foreleg of another foal is 
felt on examination. Hobbles were immediately applied and 
chloroform administered. As the parts were dried, the uterus 
was injected with large quantity of mucilage of tragawurth. 
With some little difficulty both foals were successively pulled 
out, the chloroform having rendered all the manipulations much 
easier.— (Vet. Record.) 

OPEN STIFLE JotnT [Lieut. A. N. Foster, A.V.C.|.—Seven- 
year-old bay gelding received a kick and is lame on the off hind 
leg, with a punctured wound on the outside of the off stifle. 


342 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 343 


There is a cutaneous cut, one inch and a half long, and blood- 
stained synovia is escaping freely. The treatment was as fol- 
lows: Hair clipped, region disinfected, wound carefully and 
thoroughly syringed with sublimate solution (1 to 100), closing 
of the wound with four pin sutures and dusting with boric acid 
powder; laxative and soft diet. There was much swelling and 
pain at first, but the temperature remained normal and the appe- 
tite good. There was discharge between the stitches for a few 
days; then it gradually subsided, and the horse was discharged 
after a few days with only a slight stiffness of the joint, which a 
blister and a run to pasture for a month would help to remove. 
—(Vet. News.) 


CarpiaAc DIsEASE IN THE Horse [E. Wallis Hoare, 
F.R.C.V.S.|—Record of a very interesting case which ended 
fatally and is related as the two acts of a drama. 

First Act—Horse convalescent from cold is about being pur- 
chased, but in no condition to be galloped. Nearly a month after 
he is brought back to be tested, but he was scarcely fit for a gal- 
lop, having yet accelerated respirations, a slight cough, a drop- 
sical swelling of the sternum and on the sheath and a tempera- 
ture of 101° F. Advice is given to take him home, but before 
he had gone but a short distance he staggers, nearly fell down, 
and on examination exhibited evidences of marked cardiac dis- 
order. He was placed under treatment of a combination tonic, 
iodide and nux vomica, and gradually improved in the condition 
of the circulatory apparatus. After a while the owner (dealer) 
insisted to take him home. The horse was sold afterwards, 
hunted and reported perfectly sound. 

~ Second Act.—Several months after, the writer was requested 
to attend the same horse (but did not recognize it at first). He 
presented the exactly same symptoms as before, and on the evi- 
dence given the advised destruction was carried out, ending the 
drama. 

Post mortem: Heart enormously enlarged. Fluid in pericar- 
dial cavity. Heart was spherical in shape and weighed 24 pounds. 
The left side was excessively thick. The mitral thickened had 
its surface covered with calcareous projection; the edges were 
thick, also the chordoe tendinoe. The tricuspid had the same 
lesions. The stomach showed catarrhal gastritis (Veter. 


Record. ) 


Cirnica Cases [J. H. Parker, M.R.C.V.S.].—A nasty stake 
which injured a Shire gelding in the right groin, close to the 


344 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


penis, in the position that the testicle would have occupied if the 
horse had been entire. Casting the animal was necessary. It 
then was easily pulled out from a hole three feet six inches (?) 
deep, the length of the stake. It ran upwards and backwards as 
far as the middle of the left thigh. Considerable swelling took 
place and required several punctures with small trocar. Recov- 
ery was comparatively simple and short. 

Cystic Calculi—Four-year-old, wire-haired fox terrier bitch 
had passed six stones per urethra, varying in size from a pea to 
that of a bean. She was chloroformed. The bladder was full 
of stones, sixteen in all. The urethra was blocked with one. 
There were two as big as a golf ball. The mucus was thick- 
ened and bad color.—(Veter. Record.) 


Frprotysin [Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Aged horse had 
sprained his hock. The joint was swollen and very hard. Iodine 
liniment failed in reducing the enlargement. Stronger binodide 
of mercury was then applied, but not to the benefit of the horse, 
which, although not very lame, was unable to flex the hock even 
to a kick, such was the condition and amount of tissue. 

Fibrolysin was then obtained. Five injections were made at 
3, 4, 7 and 8 days apart, in the gluteal muscles, alternate sides 
being used, and in addition massage of the hock with weak iodine 
ointment. No bad result followed from the injections. The 
swelling of the hock diminished, the movements became freer, 
and finally both joints looked about the same.—(V eter. Record.) 


ABSCESS OF THE STOMACH WALL AND OrsopHacus [Wm. 
Willis, M.R.C.V.S.].—Aged mare has been dull in working and 
refused all food and drink. Temperature 102° F. She has had 
blowing fits during the day. The neck muscles are cramped. She 
takes handfuls of food, chews it some and drops it. Opening of 
the mouth with gag to examine the teeth set up movements as 
if she were about to vomit. Impaction of thoracic oesophagus 
is suspected. Arecoline is injected and followed by a second 
dose, as she then only drank quite freely after a period of saliva- 
tion. For two or three days she seems to feel better. Then some 
swelling appeared at the base of the neck, round the entrance of 
the trachea into the chest, temperature ran up to 105° F., and 
finally the mare died on the eighth day of her sickness. 

Post mortem: All abdominal organs healthy, except the 
stomach. The oesophagus was surrounded by a dark, dirty foul 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 345 


effusion in the thoracic portion and on the cervical alongside the 
oesophagus and trachea there was connective tissue which seemed 
destroyed. The stomach showed a large abscess of its wall near 
the entrance of the oesophagus and seemed continuous with the 
lesions of this organ.—(Veter. Jour.) 


Notes oN A Case oF Tetanus [D. V. W.|.—Brown Arab 
filly, two years old, got a slight abrasion of the skin on the 
withers and from it got lockjaw. She is taken to dark loose 
box, and trephined on the cranial cavity, where 50 c.c. anti- 
tetanic serum are injected. Two ounces artificial Carlsbad salts 
in drinking water. A second injection is made the next day. 
During the night the mare falls and is unable to rise. The next 
morning she is much worse. Fifty c.c. antitetanic serum are 
injected by a new trephined spot on the cranium. Some i1m- 
provement noticed in the afternoon. Tallianine is injected into 
the left jugular. Animal comfortable for the next two days. 
One pine of normal saline solution is injected in jugular. Two 
drachms of calomel in gruel. The day after, condition is worse, 
and collapse is feared. More Tallianine is injected with excei- 
lent results. Injections renewed for several days. Convalescence 
at last set in and recovery after five or six weeks. The case had 
been complicated with eversion of bladder on two occasions, but 
made ultimately complete recovery.—(Veter. Jour.) 


INTERESTING FRACTURE OF Os CoRONOE [Prof. Hobday, 
F.R.C.V.S., and D. Dudgeon, M.R.C.V.S.]—Well-bred Shire 
gelding got cast in the stall, off hind heel being caught in the 
loop of the head collar in such a way that the head was drawn 
back to the right side and the hind leg extended forward. There 
is only slight bruise of the heel. A few days after he becomes 
lame on that leg. He got over it after a few days and returned 
to work. Two days later is very lame again—abscess formed 
round the fetlock and front of the coronet. Treated, the animal 
does not improve, and an exploratory incision reveals the pres- 
ence of a fracture communicating with the front of the pedal 
bone, with piece of loose bone. The horse was destroyed. The 
fracture was such that the interior of the os coronoe appears to 
be as if “ scooped out,” and the abscess apparently started from 
that, progressing downwards until the pedal joint became in- 
volved.— (Ibid. ) 


346 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


CARDIAC RupTURE IN ANASARCA [Mr. C. Blain, Army Vet- 
erinarian |.—Five-year-old mare had given birth two weeks be- 
fore to a healthy small mule. She has now lost her appetite, — 
her milk, and has swellings of the four extremities. The animal — 
is depressed, has temperature 39° C., the conjunctiva are covered 
with petechia. The vulva is swollen, red, painful and the seat 
of a muco-purulent discharge. Anasarca due to metritis is diag- 
nosed. The uterus is injected with solution of permanganate, 
a purge, digitalis and acetate of ammonia are prescribed. As 
the swelling is increasing, ergotine is injected. Antistre stococcic 
serum not being at hand. After the second injection there is 
marked improvement. <A third was made the following day. 
The animal dies almost suddenly. Post mortem: Opening of 
the thoracic cavity shows large mass of unclotted blood, with a 
rupture of the heart on the left side near the apex of the organ. 
Myocardium is soft. The rupture was attributed to the simul-_ 
taneous use of digitalis and ergotine in an animal whose tissues 
were soft and in a state of degeneration—(Journ. de Zootech.) 


OVERLOADED INTESTINES—COLIC OF EXCEPTIONAL DURA- 
TION—ReEcovErRY [Mr. Payrou, Army Veterinarian].—Horse 
has violent colic which is diagnosed as due to indigestion by over- 
loading intestines. He is treated with alcoholized coffee, pilo- 
carpine and arsenic in injection. The colic continues, notwith- 
standing a second dose of pilocarpine and a warm rectal injec- 
tion. The next day, same condition; stercoral ball is detected 
by rectal examination, 300 grams of sulphate of soda are given 
and rectal injections. No result followed. More soda admin- 
istered. Always negative results. This condition continues for 
several days. The appearance of the animal is bad, artificial 
serum is injected, castor oil administered. Yet no change. A | 
fourth purgative is given and the animal left, his death being 7 
expected in the night. Instead of that, he is found the next © 
morning up, eating his bedding and an enormous amount of 
droppings behind him, which was followed by another very large 
passage a few hours after. The constipation had lasted eight 
days.—(Military Veter. Review.) 


4 
SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE LOWER JAW—TREPH- 
INING—ReEcovERY [Mr. Haan, Army Veterinarian].—Four- 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 347 


year-old filly receives a kick on the inferior border of the right 
‘branch of the inferior maxillary. It seems to be a slight injury, 
and an antiseptic dressing and treatment is prescribed for the 
wound, which soon leaves only a small fistula, healing readily 
by escharotic injections. After several weeks mastication be- 
comes difficult. The masseterine region is swollen; there is a 
fistula in the intermaxillary space and another where the original 
wound was. The animal is cast on account of his irritable dispo- 
sition, and the probing of the fistulas reveals a sensation of crepi- 
tation of the bony tissue. The fistulas communicate together. 
Suppurative osteomyelitis is diagnosed. The fistulas are freely 
opened, antiseptic injections and a coat of blistering ointment 
prescribed. No result is obtained. The animal is thrown, the 
soft tissues are freely incised to expose the bone, trephining of 
the maxillary branch, curetting and removal of two necrosed 
pieces are carried out. Alcoholic solution of gaiacol antiseptic 
washings and tincture of iodine formed the base of the after- 
treatment. However, a second trephining and curetting of the 
part was necessary before complete recovery followed.— 
(Ibidem. ) 


GENERALIZED MELANOsIS IN Horse | Mr. Cabret, Army Vet- 
erinarian|.—Light grey gelding has had numerous melanotic 
tumors in various parts of the body and of different sizes. One 
at the tail necessitated the amputation of that organ. Recovery 
was perfect. Some eighteen months after the horse gets lame 
on the right hind leg, and it is found that the cause is located 
in the plantar cushion, it is a melanotic tumor. Removal is car- 
ried out after an attack of influenza that the horse contracted. 
The tumor removed weighed 40 grams and invaded the thickness 
of the internal branch of the plantar cushion. The case did not 
progress favorably. Abscesses formed under the cartilages of 
the foot; the infection spread upwards. Afterwards the left leg 
_ became disabled and the animal was destroyed. Post mortem: 
The anus, tail, sheath, flat of the thigh, urethral canal, inguinal 
lymph glands are filled with numerous melanotic deposits. At 
the entrance of the chest a tumor lies on the trachea; it is as 
big as an apple. Tumors are also found on the auriculo-ven- 
tricular openings of the heart. Melanotic tumor on the costal 
wall on the psoas muscle.—(Revue Veterin.) 


Two NEw CAsEs OF GENERAL PaRALysis IN Docs [Dr. L. 
Marchand and Prof. Petit|.—First Case. Fox slut, 15 months 


348 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


old, is said by the owner to have become blind after an accident 
which occurred three months previous. At that time she had no 
wound or fracture of the cranium. Since the accident her dis- 
position has changed; she is no more lively and knocks herself 
about all the time. Her eyes are motionless, and she does not 
take any notice of gestures made before her. Her walk is un- 
steady, wabbling, and her legs seem flexed. She looks as if she 
was deaf, acts so, manifests no pleasure when petted, appears to 
notice no one, and finally has become dirty in her habits. When 
examined by the doctor, the following symptoms were observed: 
No amyotrophy, no apparent signs of algesic sensibility, eyes are 
normal, pupils slow to dilate or contract. Negative ophthal- 
moscope examination. lodurated treatment without result. 
Animal destroyed. At post mortem lesions of diffused meningo- 
encephalitis well marked. 

Second Case. Slut when 16 months old showed change in 
her disposition. She is quiet, remains alone in corners, has con- 
vulsions characterized by generalized shakings without loss of 
consciousness. Soon she has become very nervous, acts peculiarly, 
scratches along the walls for hours. Hydrophobia is feared by 
the owner. Veterinarian is called. The dog then walks stag- 
gering, has tendency to drop on the left side when in motion. 
The patellar reflexes are exaggerated. No paralysis, no amyo- 
trophy. Feels pain when inflicted. She sees and hears. Has 
gluttonous appetite. She is cross, growls but not bad. No mus- 
cular or twitching jerks. Intelligence diminished. Does not rec- 
ognize her master; since some time has become very dirty, drop- 
ping her feces and urine anywhere. These symptoms gradually 
grew worse, and the animal died when twenty-two months old. 
The histological lesions were those of meningo-cortical inflam- 
flammation.—(tec. de Med. Veter.) 


UTERINE Frpro-Myoma or A Cow [Dr. Bidault, Army V et- 
erinarian |.—This was found when the cow, about Io to 12 years 
old, was slaughtered. No history of the case. The growth occu- 
pied the enlarged cavity of the uterus, giving to the organ a 
globular aspect. There was hypertrophy of the uterine walls. 
The neoplasmic mass had a regular spheric form, measured 32 
c.m. in diameter and weighed 30 kil. 500. It was almost loose in 
the cavity of the uterus, attached to the mucous by fibro-vascular 
adhesions. Enormous as it was, the tumor was single and with- 
out peduncle. The histological examination proved it to be a 
fibro-myoma.—(ec. dz Med. Vet.) 


Win mae ype D 


S 


Ne: Sy ED prea et pl ie IP 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 349 


LarGE OssIFIED COSTAL CHONDROMA GENERALIZED TO THE 
PLeuRA IN A Cow [Prof. G. Petit and Adjunct R. Germain].— 
This was observed in a cow, which had a swelling on the right 
thoracic wall, on a level with the inferior third of the fourth, fifth 
and sixth ribs. This gradually increased in size and soon as- 
sumed the appearance of a tumor as big as a child’s head, which 
was pushing against the shoulder. The animal was tuberculined 
without results. Considered as incurable, she was then killed. 
Post mortem: Besides the presence of generalized pleural lesions 
consisting in a great number of small tumors varying in size, 
some translucid, gelatinous in consistency and others with char- 
acters of cartilaginous tissue and here and there in their center 
hard, yellowish deposits. The lungs were free from disease. The 
primary neoplasm consisted of a round mass, irregularly bos- 
selated, weighing 8 kilog., 20 cms. thick and 30 high. It had two 
portions, one extra thoracic, bilobulated, only one visible during 
life; the other intra-thoracic was spread downwards on the ster- 
num, extending forward of the fourth rib and backward of the 
sixth. The general aspect was characteristic of chondroma.— 
(Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


Lipoma IN A Doe [ Adj. Prof. Douville].—Six-year-old fox- 
terrier slut two years previously had a tumor in the region of the 
loins, which since has grown and forms now a hemispherical 
mass, as big as a man’s head entirely painless. It gives the dog 
a deformed appearance and notwithstanding its enormous dimen- 
sion, the dog does not seem otherwise troubled with it, except 
that she is less active and has difficulty in moving about. The 
mass began on the loins and extends to the base of the tail. Its 
lateral faces are continued to the external one of the thighs. The 
neoplasm is attached to the croup, is elastic and fluctuating. A 
lipoma is diagnosed, and a surgical operation is the only treat- 
ment advisable. Notwithstanding the danger of such interfer- 
ence, the owner wants it, as the condition of the animal is such 
that it is not possible to keep her. After preparation of the 
patient and intraperitoneal chloral anesthesia, the skin is easily 
dissected out, but the fatty tissue of the growth renders impos- 
sible its entire removal from the gluteal muscles. An artificial 
dissection has to be made to remove by layers the whole of the 
fat accumulation. Four pounds were the weight of the growth. 
~ Abundant hemorrhage interfered much with the operation, but 
easily controlled. The dog died twenty-four hours after the 
operation from traumatic shock.—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) 


350 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS IN SLUT—PERITONEAL RESIST- 
ANCE [Same Author|.—Eight-year-old slut has abdominal 
dropsy, well marked. An abdominal explorating puncture gives 
escape of two litres of clear fluid, reddish, odorless and album- 
inous. Its evacuation permits bimanual exploration of the ab- 
domen, and a hard, immobile mass is detected, principally on the 
right flank. An explorating laparotomy is advised, and the 
owner consents. When the abdomen is open, a rush of liquid 
escapes and exposes near the posterior face a mass as big as the 
fist, covered with omentum, which when removed is found to 
contain a foetus at term. Another foetus is found, engaged 
towards the body of the uterus, while the right horn of this organ 
has a large rupture partly closed by fibrinous deposit and thick- 
ened omentum. <A further examination reveals the right of liver 
covered with fibrinous deposits, which was torn off carrying away 
little pieces of the liver. The abdomen was then dressed and 
closed with special dressing. Three days after the slut died. 
Port mortem revealed extensive and severe peritonitis and a third 
foetus macerated and enveloped in a pouch of the omentum.— 


(Ibid. ) 


GERMAN REVIEW. 


SALVARSAN AND ITs ADMINISTRATION IN MURRAIN IN THE 
Russian Army [Professor I. Gordsjalkowsky in Journal V eter- 
inary Wratsch, 1912, Nos. 18-20].—The use of salvarsan on 
horses of the Russian Army was first introduced in January, 
1911, by Dr. L. Liniszky. He had applied this product previ- 
ously in twenty-three cases with perfectly satisfactory results, 
although injection was made subcutaneously. 

In order to examine the therapeutic effect after injection into 
the blood, various experiments were made on the horses of the 
Fifth Cavalry Regiment, in which the murrain had been spread- 
ing rapidly since October, 1911. For this purpose Professor 
Ehrlich supplied the author with 128 grammes gratis, which 
kindness was appreciated very highly. The results obtained 
were as follows: 

Signs of unrest were noticeable in but a very few cases; after 
injection respiratory difficulties became apparent; no swellings 
appeared at the points of injection. In all cases signs of weak- 
ness in various degrees were observed, which sometimes mani- 
fested themselves in a desire to lie down. The horses showed 
uneasiness, frequently changing their positions. With several, 


| 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 351 


the temperature increased after two to four hours, but, as a rule, 
after several hours this uneasiness disappeared. In all 50 horses 
were treated, the injections being made in the first stages of the 
disease; in four cases on the day the horses were brought to the 
hospital, which was immediately after detection of the malady; 
in 35 cases on the second, and in three cases on the third and 
fourth days. 

As is usually the case, the registered temperature was 104 
degrees Fahrenheit to 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit, the respiration 
30 to 40, and in some instances rales of the pleura could be dis- 
tinctly heard. Various parts of the lungs were affected, the pulse 
increased from 70 to 8o, and all signs of pleuro-pneumonia were 
distinctly perceptible. 

All clinical data and observations recorded by the veterin- 
arians Linizky and Woskressensky show that the temperature 
usually fell after six or eight hours, except in one fatal case, and 
after 48 hours was again normal, at the same time the inflamma- 
tion of the lungs and pleura disappeared. In some cases the 
action of salvarsan was marvelous. One horse was breathing 
very heavily, his forelegs outspread, the vesicular murmur in the 
lower third of the lungs was completely lacking, the rales plainly 
noticeable, and all symptoms of a malignant case were apparent. 
The injection was made at 10 p. m., 72 hours after the ap- 
pearance of the disease, the horse showing a temperature of 
105.3 degrees Fahrenheit at the time. The following morning 
it had declined to 100.8 degrees Fahrenheit, the rales were be- 
coming less distinct, soft vesicular breathing was restored. In 
Six cases repetition was necessary, as the temperature, reduced 
by the first injection, after two to four days again rose to 104 
degrees Fahrenheit. These horses were first treated with two 
grammes of salvarsan and the second time with one gramme, 
which proved to be sufficient to insure complete recovery. Other 
horses whose symptoms were less severe were given smaller doses 
varying from one to one and a half grammes. In these cases 
after a slight recovery, a partial relapse occurred which necessi- 
tated a repetition of the injection whereupon rapid recovery re- 
sulted. 

In order to determine the rate of the reduction of the fever, 
the temperature was taken at intervals of two hours with nine 
horses exhibiting high temperature and severe symptoms. It was 
determined that after two hours the temperature of several horses 
declined a few tenths of a degree, in other cases, however the 
temperature increased to 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit and more, 


352 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 


which, however, in six cases dropped from one to two degrees in 
six to eight hours. The temperature of two horses sank in the 
same measure within 24 hours. In one case, however, the tem- 
perature increased and reached 108 degrees Fahrenheit after four 
hours with the result of the death of the horse later. 

It should be mentioned that this horse, like the others, re- 
ceived an injection of three grammes salvarsan, which is the 
largest amount of salvarsan used during these experiments. This 
leads to the belief that blood poisoning took place owing to 
anaphylaxis. This was the only fatal case among the horses 
treated with salvarsan. The doses tolerata for the average young 
cavalry horse, weighing 25 pud—r,100 pounds, should not exceed 
two grammes. In cases where complete recuperation does not re- 
sult, it would be advisable to repeat the injections after the elapse 
of from 24 to 48 hours. Owing to the treatment with salvarsan, 
the pleuro-pneumonia was eliminated, which was not the case 
with the other methods of treatment applied in the very same 
regiment and during the same epidemic. The author, as well as 
other prominent Russian veterinarians, consider salvarsan a 
specific remedy for pleuro-pneumonia in horses. It is advisable 
not to reduce the dose of salvarsan and it is recommended to give 
the injections right from the start, using a solution in the propor- 
tion of 1:500, which must be intravenously.—(Tierarztliche 
Wochenschrift, September, 1912.) 


THE EFFECT OF SALVARSAN ON THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS 
Axortion [Dr. Francesco Favero, in Parma|.—The experiments 
were made on dogs. The animals were injected with 10 c.c. of 
virus into the peritoneum and either simultaneously or during the 
time of incubation or finally at the height of the infection with the 
dose of 12 c. gr. salvarsan per 1,000 gram body weight. The 
solution of the latter was injected intravenously. It was demon- 
strated that if virus and salvarsan were injected simultaneously, 
the disease could not manifest itself at all. Whilst when salvar- 
san was administered at the time where already numerous try- 
panosome were present in the blood, the trypanosome disappeared 
the day after the injection. A dog, moribund, recovered after 
the injection of salvarsan and was in good condition after 20 
days. In conclusion, the author says that intravenous salvarsan 
injection, with dogs, has a powerful action on 7rypanosoma equi- 
perdum in preventing the infection when injected simultaneously 
with the virus or during the time of incubation, or later injected 
after the appearance of the parasites in the blood destroys these 
speedily.— ( Tierarsztliche Wochenschrift, September, 1912.) 


BREEDING PROBLEMS. 


ANIMAL BREEDING AND RELATION OF AGRICUL- 
LURE TO VETERINARY MEDICINE,* 
By Joun F. DeEVrnE, D.V.S., Goshen, N. Y. 


The word “ breed ” brings to our mind different terms which 
are applied to man, animals and plants to denote the same idea. 
We speak of men as a race, of domestic animals as a breed, and 
of wild animals or plants as a specie or variety. When we speak 
of an animal as being “ pure-bred ’’ we mean to infer that it has 
been bred along lines that so fixes its type as to give it power to 
transmit certain characteristics to its progeny. The most obvious 
fact about living beings is their variability. Not only do species 
differ from each other by many and widely different characters, 
but individuals within the species are distinguished by what is 
readily discernible at least by the trained observer. However, to 
the trained eye there are characteristics in different breeds of 
animals which are very apparent even at first sight. To illus- 
trate: One who is familiar with the various breeds of cattle 
could readily pick out the Holstein from the Durham, or the 
Durham from the milking strain of the brown Swiss. Likewise 
one could readily differentiate between a Guernsey and Ayrshire, 
or a Jersey and Guernsey, even though there is great similarity 
in the size and in a way in the general make-up of the three former 
and of the three latter breeds. This is equally true in the equine 
family. A practical horseman could tell at a glance the difference 
between a hackney and a thoroughbred, and so on with the 
various breeds of other animals, such as sheep, pigs, dogs, etc. 

It is true that environments and geographical conditions have 
considerable influence upon the characteristics of a race or breed, 
but environments are perhaps not of such vast importance as 
some would have us believe. As an example of this we might 
cite the characteristics of the Hebrew whom we are told was 
. “doomed to wander the earth” and is found in most all climes 
and mingling with all classes, but still has through all these years 
maintained his individual peculiarities, particularly as to facial 
form and characteristic nature. 

* Written for AMERICAN VETERINARY Review and read before the Veterinary Medical 
Association of New York City. 

353 


354 BREEDING PROBLEMS. 


We who are interested in the breeding of animals should first 
determine the kind of animals that we wish to breed, and in 
determining that we should take into consideration local condi- 
tions, markets and the like. If we have in mind the breeding and 
rearing of horses we should breed and rear the kind which is 
best adapted to our locality, to our soil and to the market. To 
illustrate: There are certain sections of New York State that 
seem to have been adapted to the raising of the hackney and 
the hunting horses. I refer principally to Livingston County. 
Here conditions seem to be right for the proper training of the 
hunters, and custom has established a market where people in 
search of such class of horses are apt to go. Consequently, the 
raising of the heavy draft horses in this locality would not seem 
advisable or good business sense. Again, there are other locali- 
ties of the State, particularly Orange County, that have been 
noted for a century or more for the breeding of trotting horses. 
Here the natural grass lands and the improved race-tracks have 
made it a spot where those in search of high-class trotting ani- 
mals wend their ways. And then again another section of the 
State, possibly a little rougher in character, would be best adapted 
for the raising of heavier horses. Like conditions would also 
be necessary for those to consider who would be interested in 
the breeding of pure-bred cattle. In our natural grass lands, 
near milk depots where the methods of marketing. milk are im- 
proved and handy, it would not seem good judgment to raise 
and care for the Ay rshire or Channel Island breeds. Again, if 
we were in a locality where the land was considerably hilly and 
the pasture not so plentiful, it is a known fact that one of the 
hardier and lighter breeds, such as the Ayrshire, would be more 
adapted and perhaps more profitable for such localities. 

In selecting a breed it is first necessary that we choose the 
right kind of animals to breed from. For instance, we would 
not choose a mare or stallion with badly curbed hocks or con- 
genital ringbone or with faulty conformation; particularly in 
breeds of animals in which conformation means so much. Neither 
should we choose a cow of an objectionable type unless she is 
known to be of special individuality from a productive standpoint. 
Neither should we head our herd with a bull that is the son of an 
unknown dam. 

After we have decided upon the breed most adapted to our 
wants let us remember first, last and always to stick to that breed 
unless we have very positive reasons for changing. At any rate 
do not attempt by cross-breeding to improve our wants, since 


—— 


BREEDING PROBLEMS. 335 


theoretically cross-breeding seems very inviting to the misin- 
formed, with the hope perhaps of improving the size of the Jer- 
sey or butter fat of the Holstein, which in reality might be done 
in an occasional instance, but the offspring of such individuals 
if carried on is apt to lead us to ruin. If we wish to improve the 
qualities we should do so by selecting individuals of the same 
breed to accomplish our desire. We should also bear in mind 
that it is not well to breed animals that are too young. The 
reason for this is plain if we stop to consider. The immature 
animal requires the added amount of nutrition that is available 
in the body, in addition to that required to sustain life for the 
proper growth and development of that body, and, therefore, to 
ask of the young animal the maintenance and proper growth of 
the embryo at a time when its body is still exacting certain nutri- 
tion for proper development, is unwise and unreasonable. It is 
the exception rather than the rule that we see the first-born of 
parents extremely young as remarkable in the things that go 
to make up merit either in the human or animal family, as we 
do those born at a time when parents are more matured. 

This leads us to the proper nourishment of the young during 
the period of gestation. Unfortunately in the past the average 
breeder has not given the necessary attention to the pregnant 
animal. It has been the supposition that the straw stack was 
quite good enough for the pregnant dairy cow or the brood mare, 
when as a matter of fact the mother that is expected to nourish 
the unborn young and at the same time maintain a strong phys- 
ical condition of the body should receive as much attention at 
that time, in the case of a brood mare, as if she were performing 
regular work, or, in the case of a cow, as if she were producing 
in a dairy. We should never lose sight of the fact that if we 
wish to have our young stock come into this world in a healthy 
condition, ready to start a vigorous growth, the mother of such 
animals must be properly nourished during the period of ad- 
vanced pregnancy. If our various animals were kept on proper 
rations and received proper amount of nutrition during the last 
' few months of pregnancy, instead of being allowed to decrease 
in vitality, the serious complaints of our breeders, of the loss of 
calves, loss of colts and loss of lambs, would be reduced greatly. 
Let us assume that there has been brought into the world a young 
animal, bred from proper parentage, vigorous in body and in 
constitution; we should immediately begin to give such attention 
to that animal as to produce a strong, healthy growth, since much 
thought to the future of an animal of quick development depends 


356 BREEDING PROBLEMS, 


largely upon its condition at birth and the subsequent attention 
for the first year or 18 months. 

The burden of instructing stock owners as to the proper 
rations and nourishment for working animals and growing the 
young has been taken up largely by our excellent agricultural 
schools and experiment stations. Very useful information as to 
the value of different food stuffs and the compounding of bal- 
anced ration with the relative requirements of different animals 
is plainly put forth in the bulletins issued by such institutions. 
But, as agriculture has advanced, the duties of the veterinarian 
in instructing stock owners in sanitation and prevention and 
cure of diseases of their animals has constantly increased until 
to-day the services of a well-trained veterinarian is rightfully 
sought in even the very rural districts of most states. 

Believing that the short review of the history of veterinary 
medicine might be interesting particularly to the younger men, I 
have attempted to compare the positive relation of veterinary 
medicine to that of agriculture. One does not need to be a 
Methusaleh to remember when veterinary medicine was prac- 
tised in this country almost exclusively by the charlatan, but as 
the value of domestic animals increased and their worth became 
more and more appreciated, attention was slowly turned to guard- 
ing their health and adding to their comfort and usefulness. 

Prior to the establishment of a Veterinary College in New 
York City in 1857, our graduated veterinarians were of neces- 
sity those from foreign shores. They were few in number, and 
the treatment of livestock was largely in the hands of blacksmiths 
or other laymen, who, in some cases, professed to be endowed 
with supernatural knowledge of animals and their diseases. How- 
ever, it was fortunate at this period that there were some men 
with good judgment and sincere purpose, who took an intelligent 
interest in the study of anatomy, physiology and materia me- 
dica. To this class of men we owe much, as they honestly 
attempted to relieve the suffering of the dumb brutes, and if their 


efforts were of but little avail, they served a purpose by indirectly | 


pointing out to the owners of livestock the advantage of even a 
little accurate knowledge in the prevention and treatment of 
diseases. 

After the establishment of our Veterinary Colleges in this 
country, the value of graduated veterinarians who were scien- 
tifically trained in the treatment of domestic animals, as phy- 
sicians were in the treatment of human diseases, soon became 


apparent, and I believe it can be truthfully said that no profes- — 


ee a a 


ad 
( 


BREEDING PROBLEMS, 35 


sion ever made greater strides than has the veterinary profession 
during the last quarter of a century. This has been made pos- 
sible by the establishment of properly equipped Veterinary Col- 
leges where the fundamental principles of anatomy, physiology, 
pathology, bacteriology, chemistry, botany and materia medica 
and like subjects are properly taught. Another very important 
factor in the advancement of veterinary science has been the en- 
actment of state laws seeking to prevent the empirical practising 
of the past. Without such laws this state would be infested with 
armies of unprincipled impostors who would prey upon the public, 
which would not at all times be able to differentiate between the 
regularly licensed and qualified men and the unscrupulous, dis- 
honest and ignorant fakers. These laws not only protect the 
public directly, but indirectly make the profession more inviting 
for men of higher moral and intellectual qualifications. 

To practise veterinary medicine in this state (New York) one 
must now register in the county in which he wishes to practise. 
In order to be eligible for such registration it is necessary that the 
applicant successfully pass the State Board of Regents. To be 
qualified to enter into such an examination one must be the pos- 
sessor of a diploma conferred by a recognized Veterinary Col- 
lege, the full course of which must cover three periods of at least 
six months each. The entrance requirements of such a college is 
an academic diploma or its equivalent. 

The veterinarian of to-day, we have said, should be a man 
who can give valuable advice in regard to the care and health 
of animals, and in addition he should be a man who is capable 
of coping with sanitary questions that might involve great loss to 
our enormous investments in the livestock of our state, or pos- 
sibly be transmitted to the human family. 

In reminiscencing I well remember when a boy on the farm 
how I looked with boyish terror to the occurrence with regular 
frequency in our herd of “hollow horn and wolf in the tail.” 
This was equally true of the cows that “lost their cuds.” To- 
day as most of our animals are dehorned, the fellow with the 
gimlet and turpentine has lost his job, but I believe there is still 
occasionally a cow that is affected with ‘“ wolf in the tail,” par- 
ticularly if you go into the extreme rural district where there is 
a fellow with a sharp knife and some pepper and salt handy, with 
nothing much else to do. 

I remember vividly when I first began the practice of veter- 
inary medicine that I was called one day to stop a hemorrhage 
which had been caused by a family pet horse stepping on one 


358 BREEDING PROBLEMS. 


of its extremities with a sharp heel caulk. After I had stopped 
the bleeding and dressed the wound, the owner was very grate- 
ful. “ Young man,” he said, “ I wish to tell you something that 
I feel will be of use to you all your life. You know cows some- 
times lose their cuds.”” (I knew very well that they did not. 
However, I did not feel justified in stopping him in the midst of 
his friendly advice.) He then told me of a sure cure, and it 
was this: ‘‘ When you get a cow that has lost her cud, if you can 
find a yearling near by that is chewing hers, reach into the year- 
- ling’s mouth, grab her cud and give it to the old cow, and she 
will be cured immediately.”’ I then asked him if it were a fact 
that cows lost their cuds, where would the yearling get another. 
It seems that this argument had never occurred to him. 

We know to-day from our knowledge of physiology and 
anatomy that ruminating animals do not thoroughly masticate 
their food when they first eat it, but swallow it hurriedly and it 
goes down into the first stomach or paunch, and later they 
regurgitate it to be remasticated at leisure, and it then passes 
into the second, third and fourth stomachs for digestion, absorp- 
tion and assimilation. ‘Therefore, one of the first symptoms of 
any ailment in a cow, let it be what it may, is quite apt to be 
cessation of regurgitation, or “ chewing her cud,” as it is called. 
It is therefore classified as a symptom only, which is equally true 
of a cow with cold horns or extremities or a flaccid tail. We all 
know very well that ofttimes simple ailments, such as a cold or 
the Grippe will cause our extremities, hands and feet, to become 
cold; in fact this is one of the first symptoms giving evidence 
of disturbed circulation. These symptoms mean nothing definite 
in themselves, but are to be taken into consideration with other 
clinical conditions by one whose training and observations find 
significance in their presence or absence. 

The first thing usually sought for by the scientists is a correct 
knowledge of things as they are in the normal, so to speak. By 
the knowledge of the normal we get a starting point from which 
to trace the abnormal. This is equally as true in the art of medi- 
cine and veterinary medicine, and points out to us the harm in 
many ways that may result from the empirical dosing of animals. 
There is no question in my mind, but that many a valuable animal 
has met an early death due to the overzealous dosing of aconite, 
the treatment destroying the only chance that nature might have 
had in overcoming the ailment. 

Again how often has the rural practitioner been called to 
treat the pride of the dairy and finds her down with what is 


BREEDING PROBLEMS. 359 


commonly called milk fever. (This is a misnomer, since this is 
not a febrile condition.) He secures the animal on her side, 
properly disinfects the udder and surrounding parts and, with a 
sterile apparatus and with all possible care to guard against 
infection, proceeds to administer the oxygen treatment. During 
this time he has probably been advised that some well intended 
but badly informed individual has administered the sure cure 
drench, which, owing to the paralysis of the throat and inability 
to swallow, has been poured directly into the larynx, the trachea 
and lungs. The animal makes a gratifying recovery from milk 
fever and dies in due time from mechanical pneumonia. 

Those of you with experience could of course recite volumes 
of instances of this kind, where lack of knowledge has cost 
stock owners the lives of many of their valuable animals, but the 
young men who are entering the veterinary profession to-day will 
have but few of these vicissitudes to contend with. Times have 
changed ; the owners have come to believe that the rules set forth 
by capable veterinarians and the advice not to drench animals 
unless they are positive in their diagnosis and treatment is sound 
judgment. I think we are justified in saying to the laymen: If 
you are guessing let nature take a hand. She will beat you out 
nine times out of ten. 


PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION, AGRICULTURAL 
INspECTOR (MALE), DECEMBER II-12, 1912.—The United 
States Civil Service Commission announces an open competitive 
examination for agricultural inspector, for men only, on Decem- 
ber 11-12, 1912. From the register of eligibles resulting from 
this examination certification will be made to fill four vacancies 
in the Philippine Service, at entrance salaries of $1,200 and 
$1,400 per annum, the majority of the vacancies being at $1,400 
per annum, and vacancies as they may occur in positions requir- 
ing similar qualifications, unless it is found to be in the interest 
of the service to fill any vacancy by reinstatement, transfer or 
promotion. 

Applicants should at once apply to the United States Civil 
Service Commission, Washington, D. C. 

Each applicant will be required to submit with his application 
_a photograph of himself, taken within three years, which will be 
filed with his papers as a means of identification. An unmounted 
photograph is preferred. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


THE KANSAS HORSE, PLAGUE. 


Fort Co.iins, Coto., Nov. 16, 1912. 
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEW, New York: 

The disease in Kansas and a few surrounding states, which 
killed many horses during a period of about two months, has 
abated and speculation is rife as to what it really was and what 
caused it. One thing is certain, there was a low percentage of 
susceptibility and a high degree of mortality and there is no rea- 
son to assume that the future is exempt from equally disastrous 
visitations. A disease simulating this one has in the past ap- 
peared sporadically, as most veterinarians can testify. These 
outbreaks have by assumption, because of apparent uniformity in 
symptomatology and etiology, been placed in one category—cere- 
bro-spinal meningitis, due to forage poisoning. 

The extent of the recent outbreak stretches this assumption 
to the breaking point and we are forced by the accepted stand- 
ards of laboratory investigations to withhold judgment as to the 
causative agent in this case until some definite experiments have 
afforded us some foundation for our faith in this assumption. 
Among other things, animal inoculations made at Holly, Colo., 
have given such positive results as to lead us to assume that in 
all probability it is caused by a specific micro-organism and that 
the results thus far obtained warrant further investigations along 
this line. 

Gro. H. GLover, 


VETERINARIAN GOEs TO LEGISLATURE.—Dr. E. E. Bittles, of 
New Castle, Pa., a graduate from Toronto in 1890, was elected 
to the Pennsylvania Legislature at the last election. 


Or GREAT INTEREST TO PRACTITIONERS.—After carefully 
reading Dr. F. N. Sawyer’s report of three years’ experience with 
phylacogens on page 273, in which he deals with the philosophy 
of that form of therapy, practitioners will find interesting data in 
the doctor’s detailed report of fourteen cases treated by that 
method on page 334. 


360 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW 
YORK ‘CHS 

The regular monthly meeting of this association was called 
to order by President Berns in the lecture room of the New 
York-American Veterinary College at 8:30 p. m., November 6, 
1912. 

Dr. McKinney, chairman of the prosecuting committee, re- 
ported that a certain man goes about injecting something into 
the shoulders of horses, and guarantees a cure in any case of 
lameness. The doctor had this party arrested and he is now out 
on bail, the trial to come up in the court of Special Sessions week 
of November to. Dr. Pendry, of Brooklyn (formerly a veter- 
inarian, now practicing law), had been retained to prosecute the 
case. 

It was recommended that we try to get better laws, and it 
was also stated that we now have a veterinarian in the Assembly. 

Dr. Childs presented a canine patient, a black pomeranian, 
with a cleft palate. The history of. the case was that the dog 
coughed and regurgitated food through the nostrils. Was first 
noticed about September. Dr. Childs requested that some one 
suggest treatment for this case. 

Dr. Killilea (M.D.) replied that the palate could not be closed 
unless a hypoplastic growth was produced. 

Dr. Schlessinger stated that if it were scarified, sutured and 
treated with nitrate of silver it might cause the parts to unite, 
as he considered it sufficiently far back to be beyond the hard 
palate, but gave a grave prognosis. 

The chair asked if it is a commonly recognized condition. 

Dr. Schlessinger answered that it was, and Dr. Clayton said 
that it is not an uncommon condition. Dr. Crawford said that 
it is quite common, and that he had a case at the present time. 
He follows Hobday’s method of scarifing and using silver nitrate. 

Dr. J. F. DeVine, of Goshen, N. Y., read a very excellent 
paper entitled “ Animal Breading and the Relation of Agricul- 
ture to Veterinary Medicine.” 

Drs. Clayton, T. E. Smith, Ackerman, Schlessinger, Mc- 


361 


362 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Kinney and Nichols entered the discussion of this interesting 
subject. 

Some of the points brought out were as follows; viz., colors 
usually are the result of prepotency, but markings are more apt to 
follow than solid colors. 

In old mares that are bred ovulation ceases after being bred, 
therefore mares bred regularly do not as soon become senile as 
those bred late in life. 

The question ‘‘ Should we keep up our pure breds?” is an- 
swered that it is better to breed the size you want of pure breds 
than to cross to get the kind of animal wanted. 

On the whole pure breds were favored in preference to grades 
or cross breds. 

The question was asked “Can the common draft horse be 
profitably bred in New York State?” This depends on the 
locality. In the northern part of the state good corn and mixed 
hay are raised, and it is considered profitable to raise these horses 
at the present time. 

Dr. L. Greissman then read a paper entitled ‘‘ New York’s 
Equine Plague.” ‘This article was productive of quite an ani- 
mated discussion of the glanders question in its present stage. 

Dr. Ackerman opened the discussion and stated that he be- 
lieved that 15 per cent. of the horses of this city, if tested, would 
be found to be glandered. He recommends the destruction of 
all reactors. Also mentioned the public watering trough and 
horseshoeing shop as factors in disseminating the disease. 

Other members expressed the opinion that even a higher per- 
centage than that given by Dr. Ackerman would be. found 
glandered on test. 

This discussion was continued at some length. 

Dr. Robert W. Ellis stated that it was his opinion that 
glanders should be regarded as a scourge, in which radical 
methods should be used for its control and eradication. He 
stated that to be successful it would have to be state-wide and 
that a systematic inspection would have to be carried on simul- 
taneously i in every county of the state, ven though it be necessary 
to have a veterinarian in every county and deputies to the county 
veterinarian where the size of the county or its horse population 
demanded it. These deputies to be responsible to the county 
veterinarians, and the county veterinarians to be responsible to the 
chief veterinarian, who would in turn be responsible to the Com- 
missioner of Agriculture for the proper carrying out of whatever 
measures were adopted. He believed that the mere removal of 


——.—_ i 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 365 


cases as they appear entirely inadequate and favored a plan that 
would include general state-wide systematic inspection in every 
county in the state at the same time. 

Dr. Kingston stated that a high percentage of the stables are 
not clean and questioned if it is right to take out a few horses on 
clinicial symptoms and the mallein test and leave the others under 
the same unsanitary conditions. 

It was also stated that some unscrupulous veterinarians are in 
the habit of testing horses and sending reactors through the 
public sales. 

Dr. Ackerman stated that the Commissioner of Agriculture 
intended calling a meeting or conference of veterinarians to hear 
their views on this important subject. 

Dr. Mangan stated that he believed vaccine is of great value 
as a prophylactic agent in glanders if produced from the strain 
of organisms found in stable in which it is to be used. 

Dr. Maffitt Smith reported a suspected case of glanders in a 
man. 

Dr. McLaughlin moved that a committee be appointed to in- 
vestigate this case; seconded and carried. 

The chair appointed the following members to act on this 
committee: Drs. McLaughlin, Smith, Schlessinger, Ellis and 
MacKellar. Dr. Killilea (M. D.) was requested to act as con- 
sultant. 

Dr. H. D. Gill stated that in his opinion glanders should be 
handled as a dangerous scourge, and moved that Drs. Ellis, Man- 
gan, Foy, Cochran and Clayton be appointed as a committee to 
devise plans for the control and eradication of glanders in this 
state, and submit the same to the Commissioner of Agriculture. 
This committee to report to the association in the near future, 
seconded and carried. 

A vote of thanks was tendered Drs. DeVine and Greissman 
for their contributions to the program of the meeting. 

Meeting adjourned subject to the call of the chair. 

R. S. MAcKELiar, 
Secretary. 


SPECIAL MEETING. 


‘A special meeting of this association was called to order by the 
president November 18, 1912, at 5:30 p. m., in the lecture room 
of the New York-American Veterinary College. 

Dr. Berns explained that the object of this meeting was to 
receive and act on the report of the special committee appointed 


364 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


to devise ways and means for the control and eradication of 
glanders in New York State. 

Dr. Ellis, chairman of the committee, stated that the full com- 
mittee had held a meeting in his office on the evening of Novem- 
ber 8, 1912, and drafted some recommendations to be submitted 
to the association for their approval. 

These recommendations were read by the secretary, and after 
being modified in some respects were adopted. 

The following members were appointed as a committee to 
present these recommendations to the Commissioner of Agricul- 
ture for his consideration and attend the conference on tubercu- 
losis and glanders to be held in Albany, N. Y., November 19, 
1912: Drs. Berns, Ellis, Cochran and MacKellar. Meeting ad- 
journed. 

R. S. MACKELLAR, 
Secretary. 


MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The quarterly meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held at Hotel 
Coburn, Skowhegan, October 9, 1912, at 7:30 o'clock, with the 
president, Dr. Wescott, in the chair. 

Among the members present were: Drs. Wescott, Lynch, 
Purcell, Stevens, Robinson, Russell, West, Newton, Joly and 
Salley. Dr. H. N. Eames was a welcome visitor. The legisla- 
tive committee not being present, no report was made. An in- — 
teresting report of the last meeting of the A. V. M. A. was given 
by Dr. Robinson, who was the delegate from this association. : 

New Memsers.—Drs. Charles Lorin Ryan and Henry Ben- 
nett Wescott having been favorably reported on were unanim- 
ously elected to membership. The application of Dr. Harold N. 
Eames was referred to the executive committee. 

NOMINATIONS FOR STATE VETERINARIAN.—As there were 
more than one candidate, the president suggested that a bollot be 
cast, this was seconded and carried, and the result gave Dr. A. 
Joly the ballot. 

It was then moved and seconded that a committee be ap- 
pointed to wait until Dr. McGillycuddy to convey condolences 
and good wishes and to acquaint him of the fact that he had been 
unanimously elected to honorary membership for the remainder 
of his life. 

It was then proposed, seconded and carried, that the president 
be reimbursed, out of the founds, the amount of ten dollars ($10), 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 365 


paid by him to Dr. Simpson after the Portland meeting, and that 
Dr. Salley be authorized to send the president that sum. 
It was further moved, seconded and carried, that a committee 

of three be appointed to arrange a banquet for the next meeting, 
_ which is to be held at Augusta; Drs. Blakely, West, Wescott and 
_ Robinson were duly appointed. 
The meeting was then by mutual consent adjourned, and an 
_ impromptu discussion was held in regard to impending legislation. 
Dr. C. W. Watson, 

Secretary. 


LOUISIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The semi-annual meeting of above association was called to 
order at New Iberia, October 2, 1912, by President Douglas, who 
introduced Mayor J. S. Power, of New Iberia, who gave an ad- 
dress of welcome and a very interesting talk. 

Dr. Dalrymple responded to the address of welcome in his 
usual amiable and competent manner, mentioning our standing 
as compared with other states. 

In the evening the association was banqueted by the munici- 
pal authorities and Board of Trade at one of their splendid club 
houses a few miles from the town, the trip being made in auto- 
mobiles. 

In the morning of the next day we were entertained by a visit 
to the Avery salt mine, one of the notable mines of the world, 
and found more salt than our patients could lick in 24 hours. We 
_all brought a little salt from the mine to keep down any freshness 
that might arise. 

In the afternoon several valuable papers were read, one by Dr. 
Cambon on “ Hydrophobia,” and another by Dr. Flower, “ The 
_ Veterinarian as a Sanitarian.” 

At night Dr. Dalrymple gave a lecture on “ Milk Hygiene,” 
with stereopticon views, and packed the Opera House to its capac- 
ity with “ standing room only ” sign exhibited. 

This is the first attempt that we have made at a semi-annual 
meeting. Our plan for the future is to have a meeting in New 
Orleans in the winter and one somewhere in the country in the 
summer. 
| HAMLET Moore, 

Secretary. 


NEWS AND ITEMS. 


Dr. LiauTARD RECEIVES CALL From ONE oF His STUDENTS. 
—Dr. Robert W. Grutzman, class of 1896, A. V. C., called on 
Dr. Liautard in Paris in October. It is needless to say that Dr. 
Liautard was glad to see him. After visiting Dr. Liautard, Dr. 
Grutzman went to Germany. where he was to meet Dr. Schwarz- 
kopf. 


Dr. CLELL BRICKER PERKINS, Centerburg, Ohio, was mar- 
ried November 18th to Miss Flo Vaughn Burrell, of Croton, that 
state. Weare sure that the doctor has the good wishes of all the 
veterinarians in the Buckeye state and of all others that know 
him. The REvIEw wishes him success and happiness in his new 
estate. 


SURRENDERS TO Cupip’s BatTrery.—After a courtship of 
twenty-four years, Dr. Patrick Burns, of New York City, was 
married on October 24 to Miss Rose Hayes. The Review con- 
gratulates the good doctor in having been able to find the right 
word at last by which to make himself clear to the young woman 
who has consented to be his life partner, and feels sure that he 
has much the better of the bargain; although we can congratulate 
Mrs. Burns on the fact that she has one of the best fellows in the 
world for a husband. 


THe ILLinors STATE VETERINARY MeEpICAL ASSOCIATION— 
A circular letter issued by Secretary Merillat, after our Novem- 
ber number was out, gives a very attractive outlook for the com- 
ing meeting on December 5th-6th-7th, and every veterinarian who ~ 
can possibly do so should avail himself of it. The International — 
Live Stock Exposition and the annual meeting of the U. S. Live | 
Stock Sanitary Association, which precede the Illinois State — 
Veterinary Medical Association meeting, makes Chicago an at- — 
tractive place the first week in December. 


WovuLp AMEND AGRICULTURAL Law.—At the request of a | 
considerable number of people and several organizations, Com- | 
missioner Calvin J. Huson called a conference on glanders and — 
tuberculosis in the Assembly Chamber at Albany, November 20. | 
It was the commissioner’s desire to have every possible interest | 
represented. The tuberculosis question proved such a big one that 
the subject of glanders was not reached, and it is the commis- 


sioner’s intention to call a conference in New York City to con- | 


sider glanders alone, in the near future, as he is deeply interested 
in the matter. 
366 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


JANUARY, 1913. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 

Paris, November 15, 1912. 
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY.— 
- When the following will arrive before the readers of the REVIEW 
it will be two months since the event will have taken place. A 
reference to the dates when this international congress (first of its 
kind) occurred and the time my chronicle must leave here to be 
in time across the Atlantic will explain my notice only coming 
out to-day. 

Opened on the 17th of October, the first International Con- 
gress of Comparative Pathology from the first day proved to be 
a very successful meeting. The number of present registered 
1,200, a figure that (generally speaking) is very seldom realized 
on similar occasions. 

Since ten years that the Society of Comparative Pathology 
has existed it has been only on that last occasion that with the 

noble and persistent efforts of its General Secretary, Veterinarian 

_ Grollet, that it has succeeded in gathering together scientists, phy- 

“sicians, veterinarians and even botanists, coming from every part 
of the world, to bring together their knowledge on subjects of 
universal scientific importance. 

It was indeed a truly international meeting, as in the list of 

_ members, among the many French names that were present at the 
Opening was contained those of active members or of govern- 
_mental delegates from Asia, South America, Belgium, Denmark, 


369 


ee 


370 EDITORIAL. 


Egypt, Holland, Hungaria, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Roumania, 
Russia, Switzerland, etc. 

The Congress held its meeting in the great amphitheater 
of the School of Medicine, which on the day of opening was 
decorated with national flags and packed with scientists beyond 
imagination. 

The ceremonial of opening was carried according to pro- 
gramme, which was well laid out. Professor Roger of the 
Faculty of Medicine and Professor of Experimental and Com- 
parative Pathology, delivered his address and was followed by a 
member of the French Government, the Secretary of Public In- 
struction, who declared the session open. 

The various governmental delegates also made speeches re- 
lating to the importance of the subject and the interest taken by 
their respective governments in the doings of the Congress, and 
the real work of the assembly began and lasted until the 23d 
of October, when it adjourned. 


* 
* * 


To review the entire series of the reports presented would 
require more space than I can occupy in this chronicle and I 
must refer those interested to the valuable volumes published by 
the house of Masson & Co., 120 Boulevard St. Germain. 

I may, however, call the attention of our readers to some 
of the reports as they were presented in the few days of the 
meeting. | 

On the first day the parasites common to man and animals | 
were considered. The vermiform affections were treated by 
Professor Perroncito of Italy, Devé, Weinberg and Ch. Morot. 
Vegetal parasites were reported on by Prof. A. de Jong of Hol- | 
land and Professor de Beurmann. The microbian diseases were — 
considered by Dr. Nathan-Larrier. 

On the second day the nervous diseases were reported on by 
Dr. Marchand and Professor Petit of Alfort at the morning 
session. And in the afternoon the subject of human and aviary 
diphtheria gave rise to a very important report, and communica- 


EDITORIAL. 371 


tions from Prof. F. Arloing, Bordst of Bruxelles, de Jong and 
Rodet. 

On the morning of the third day rabies was the subject under 

consideration, and was treated by Messrs. Dr. Luzzani Negri, 

Professor Babes of Bucarest, Dr. Remlinger from Tangier, Piot 
Bey of Egypt and others. The afternoon was occupied with 
vegetal pathology. Four reporters and a large number of com- 
munications filled up the entire seating. 

On the Monday morning Dr. Ravenna of Modena and Garnier 
of Paris considered the comparative study of cirrhosis, while in 
the afternoon the pathogeny of tuberculosis was treated by Pro- 
fessor Calmette, Director Vallée, Professor Ligniéres and Mr. 
Chausse. There were also a large number of communications 
from various members, Dr. Jong, Bruschettini from Genoa, 
Oceanu from Bucarest, Dr. V. A. Moore from New York, Dr. 
_ Sata from Japan, etc. 

The morning session of the following day was occupied by 
Dr. Carriére and Tomarrin from Berne and N. Chaumier on 
variola and vaccinia. In the afternoon the pathology of the 
lower animals was treated by Perroncito; on bees and silkworms 
by Dr. Jugeat, and Dr. Morine of Ohio on fishes, etc. 

Cancer was reported upon in the morning of the last day by 
Professor Memetrier and in the afternoon metaloscopy by Mr. 
Dubois, Sanitary Veterinarian. 

A glance at this rapid mention of the work done at the Con- 
gress will tell not only how important the subject of comparative 
medicine is, but also of the general great interest that it has 
gained all over the scientific world. It is not because it is a new 
thing as one present at the inauguration was remarking that the 
Congress succeeded. No. It is because at last as science has 
progressed facts related years ago have become more and more 
recognized, and of greater importance in that ever immense open 
field of medical scientific inquiries. 


* 
* * 
HUuNpDRED AND FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE Lyons 
ETERINARY SCHOOL.—The celebration of this anniversary took 


232 EDITORIAL. 


place according to the programme which had been carefully pre- 
pared. It was a grand professional manifestation which, by an 
almost unanimous expression, was a magnificent success. Pre- 
pared since a long time by the regretted great veterinarian, Pro- 
fessor Arloing, who, already at the inauguration of the new 
school of Belgium, had invited all present in the name of the 
French Government to come to the festival of the anniversary 
of the first veterinary school and the bi-centennial of Claude 
Bourgelat, Arloing had then exerted all his efforts to make the 
celebration what he hoped he could do to glorify the memories 
of the celebrated founder. 

Destiny ordered differently; Arloing dead, Director Faure, 
his successor, did all he could to continue the preparations and 
his efforts were well rewarded by the grand results in which 
participated a great number of schools from different parts of the 
world, delegates from various government and veterinary so- 
cieties, civil and military veterinarians having brought to the 
celebration their full appreciation of the ceremonies of the day. 

At the opening of the first day, October 26th, a very large 
number of official authorities, with the directors of the three 
veterinary schools of France, their staff of professors, the. chief 
veterinarian of the army were present, and also delegates of the 
European countries: Dr. Eberlein, of Berlin; Olt of Giessen; 
Frick, of Hanover; Giesenhagen, of Munich; Veterinary Inspec- 
tor Hanka, from Dasttas Professors Dupuis, Meuleman, Degive, 
Bredo, of Belguim; Professor Bang, of Denmark; Piot Bey, of 
Egypt; Professor de Castro, of Madrid; Sir John McFadyean, of 
London; Stockman, of London; Mettam, of Ireland; Director 
Schimmel, of Utrecht; Professors Hutyra and de Ratz, of Hun- 
gary; Lanfranchi, of Parma; Perroncito, of Turin; Director % 
Malm, of Norway; Professor Nogueria, of Lisbon; Happich 
and Negotine, from Dorpat (Russia); Professors Rieglez and 
Udriski, of Roumania; Kjerrulf, of Sweden; Professors Ducrot 
and Burgi, of Switzerland; even from the Argentine Republic; 
Dr. Theiler from South Africa, ete. 

To this long list ought to be added the delegates of many 
scientific, medical and veterinary societies. 


EDITORIAL, 373 


Many excellent speeches were delivered and then the entire 
programme, followed by a visit to the various buildings of the 
school, laboratories, etc., and the banquets. 

The inauguration of the monument to Professor Galtier, a 
grand and respectful homage to Professor Arloing, having 
given occasion to speeches of admirable conception by venerable 
Professor Chauveau. 

The inauguration of a marble plate to Sanitary Veterinarian 
Leclerc closed the series of those festivals, after a brilliant recep- 
tion given at the Government Hall by the municipal authorities 
of the City of Lyons, and thus ended one of the most imposing 
ceremonies that the veterinary profession has ever organized. 

Strange to remark that nothing is said in the reports to hand 
of the Museum of Professor Aureggio. 

Is it not regrettable that the veterinary profession of America 
had no official delegates among those which had been sent from 
all over the world? 


* 
* * 


INTRARACHIDIAN PuNcTurE.—The practice of lumbar punc- 
ture with its different applications is far from occupying in veter- 
inary medicine the very importance place that it holds in human 
practice, and notwithstanding the satisfactory results which have 
been obtained and published by eminent masters and careful, con- 
scientious practitioners the method has not become generalized. 

The principal applications where it has found (so far) its 
use are as means to produce analgesia, as therapeutic injections 
_ Or as means to reach a diagnosis. These have been the object of 
careful reviews, one by Adjunct Professor R. Lasserre, of Toul- 
Ouse, and the other by Dr. Mattcini Rafaello, of Pisa, where 
these applications are successively considered. 

RACHIDIAN ANALGESY.—First resorted to by Dr. L. Corning, 
of New York, in 1885, it found gradually its indication in human 
‘surgery, and then in veterinary medicine, when publications of 
experiments made by Cuillé and Sendrail, Podasca, Angelo Bald- 
oni, in using cocaine injections were made between Igor and 


374 EDITORIAL. 


1905. Erhardt, of Germany, in 1908, reported the results he 
had obtained with solutions of tropacocaine, and finally Lichten- 
stern, another German veterinarian, published an important 
pamphlet on the same subject, relating the observations that he 
had obtained in its use in 28 cases by the use of solutions of 
stovaine and novocaine. For these authors this mode of analgesia 
is at the disposal of the most careful practitioner, is very simple, 
and far less dangerous than chloroform or ether, and besides has 
for country practitioners the great advantage that it does not 
require the help of any assistant. 

In horses and cattle the entrance into the rachidian canal can 
be gained between the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebre. 
But with these animals as in dogs the ideal spot is through the 
relatively large and easily reached space between the last lumbar 
vertebrze and the sacrum. A long, fine trocar, II to 13 centi- 
meters long, or for small animals the needle of a syringe of 
Pravaz is with that syringe the instruments that are necessary. 
For large animals, a bistouri may also be at hand to make a little 
opening of the skin. The operation can be performed standing 
or with the animal cast. This is, however, safer and better, as it 
is then easier to reach the interspinosum foramen; the danger 
of having the instrument broken by struggles of the animal is 
reduced, the escape of a certain quantity of cephalo-rachidian 
fluid indicating that the needle has arrived at the proper place, 
and finally the effects of the muscular paresia remain without in- 
convenience, the animal being “in certain cases so quiet during 
an operation even very painful that he eats the hay placed before 
him,” writes Lichtenstern. 

The operation needs some careful attention, such as avoiding 
to puncture against a vertebre and watching for the escape 
through the cannula of the trocar of a more or less abundant 
quantity of cephalo-rachidian fluid, which may be in drops or ina 
stream, clear or slightly colored by blood. 

The solution must be injected slowly. 

The anesthesia takes place in various times according to the — 
strength of the solution, or the addition of substances likely to — 


: Peas WAKE Spm 


5 
i 
i 


, 
| 
y 


EDITORIAL. 37D 


retard the absorption of the anesthetic. The extreme figures 
have been between 3 and 30 minutes. It lasts between half an 
hour and two hours. No accidents can result from the opera- 
tion. There is no danger whatsoever, when it is performed 
aseptically and that the spinal cord has not been wounded, an 
accident which is exceptional although serious when it occurs. 

Rachidian analgesia finds numerous applications in veter- 
inary medicine, write Caillé and Sendrail. “All the opera- 
tions of the hind quarter or the abdomen, such as laparotomy, 
kelotomy, castrations, tenotomy, reductions of fractures or dis- 
locations, operations on the rectum, the genito-urinary organs 
the foot, etc., can be performed under it. 


* 
3K ok 


Although this anesthesia can be of advantage and indicated 
in surgery, there seems to be no case in record when it was re- 
sorted to. On that account therapeutic injections are the only 
ones that are to be considered. At the origin, Leonhard Corning 
used it to overcome the very severe pains observed in some dis- 
eases of the spinal cord in man. Later on injections were tried 
in man for the treatment of tetanus. In fact it is principally in 
this disease that the greatest number of trials were made. Roux, 
- Borrel and Courmont have reported a number of cases. 

Sendrail and Caillé, Besnoit experimented with them also 
with various results. They consisted in a manifest reduction in 
the progressive and rapid aggravation of the disease after each 
injection and the conclusions that such treatment would be sus- 
ceptible of bringing on recovery if it was practised as soon as the 
first sign of the disease appeared and particularly when the wound 
of introduction is on the hind quarters. And again the operation 
is simple, scarcely painful, can be performed with the animal 
standing and if necessary repeated several times. 

Larthomas and Escoffier report a case cured with the injec- 
tion of antitoxic serum. In Germany Lichtenstern relates the 
good results obtained by intrarachidian and intravenous injec- 
tions of serum. 


376 EDITORIAL. 


The injection of serum must be repeated. Antitoxic serum 
however is not the only agent used for the injection. Solutions 
of sulphate of magnesia have also been employed, principally in 
human medicine. Solutions of strychnine also. Two cases of 
recovery of paraplegia are recorded by the injection of solution 
of nitrate of strychnia gram 0.025 in 10 parts of distilled water. 

It was expected that in the treatment of chorea these injec- 
tions might be of advantage. Sulphate of magnesia was used in 
man and also in dogs. Reported favorably in man by Marin- 
esco, it was not as satisfactory with Sendrail. 

From the observations made it results that lumbar puncture 
with intrarachidian injections may be used advantageously in 
the therapeutic treatment of some diseases of our domestic ani- 
mals, tetanus and paraplegia principally, and the results known 
deserve the attention and ought to stimulate new trials. 

The last application of the lumbar puncture, diagnostic means, 
consists in the collection of some cephalo-rachidian fluid for ex- 
amination to confirm a diagnosis. It has not yet entered into the 
domain of veterinary medicine. It is a chapter of semeiology to 
create in our branch of medicine. 


% 
* * 


AGAIN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RoArinc.—That the 
object of Williams’ operation for the relief of roaring consists 
in the removal of the mucous membrane which lines the laryn- 
geal ventricle is now generally admitted as the best way to obtain 
the obliteration of that cavity and prevent the vibration of the 
paralyzed laryngeal cartilage, the arytenoid. The method recom- 
mended by Williams is well known, and the manner in which 
the result can be obtained seems to have various advocates. 

The grasping instrument of Williams has given good results 
and several operators have obtained with it very satisfactory 
statistics. It has not had many objections that I know. How- 
ever, Professor Cadiot has suggested in preference to the use of 
the Blattenberg burr to grasp, hold, twist and pull out the ven- 
tricular mucosa, a pair of forceps measuring about 25 centimeters 


sR ee Oo a 


EDITORIAL, SHV 


in length. The branches have at their end teeth of small size, 
they are slightly convex outward and provided with three hooks, 
the middle one a little stronger than the others. Introduced in 
the ventricle, the mucosa is taken hold of and by a double motion 
of twisting and pulling, it is gradually mobilized and brought out 
of the ventricle when it is made loose from the borders of the 
ventricular opening or cut off with scissors. Will this forceps 
do better than Blattenburg’s instrument? I do not know. 


* * x 


In the Veterinary Journal there is on the subject of treatment 
of roaring in horses an abstract from a translation by Mr. Glad- 
stone Mayall, M.R.C.V.S., of a clinical lecture of Dr. R. Eber- 
lein of the Royal University Veterinary School of Berlin, from 
which I extract only the part which relates to the operation of 
excision of the laryngeal ventricles. 

After all the primary steps of disinfection, securing the ani- 
mal, opening of the larynx, etc., Dr. Eberlein says: ‘ Introduce 
the index finger of the left hand into the left laryngeal pouch 
and by slight bending and lifting of the first joint of the finger 
stretch the dorsally situated vertex of the same at the joining 
place of the vocal cord, to the processus vocalis of the arytenoid 
cartilage. I then make at this place with the pointed or broad 
laryngeal knife a triangular incision, whose sides are only 114 
centimeters and of which one extends to the anterior edge of the 
vocal, the second to the ventral edge of the arytenoid cartilage. 
The incision only penetrates the mucous membrane. This is 
stretched here so that the incision gapes just a little. Now I lay 
the knife on one side, take out the index finger from the pouch 
and insert it into the triangular incision and push it slowly and 
rotating and boring slightly along the wall of the pouch and into 
its depth, whilst I follow the extent of the pouch in its direction 
to the crico-arytenoid cartilage joint. When I have reached the 
base of the pouch, which I can feel quite well, then I bend and 
turn the first joint of the finger against the base of the pouch 
whilst leaving the rest of the finger in the wound, thus loosening 


378 EDITORIAL. 


the base by slight traction from its foundation and press it for- 
ward against the entrance of the pouch. By this procedure the 
pouch will be turned inside out and rest on the finger like a 
thimble. Now, I pass the button laryngeal knife into the wound, 
at the same time holding the pouch fast with the thumb, if neces- 
sary, so that it does not slip off the forefinger and separate the 
pouch completely, whilst I cut along the edge of the entrance of 
the povchs oni i tee 

No suture, no bandage are necessary. We fancy that at the 
time that the long clinical lecture of Dr. Eberstein was published 
in the German Archiv. the last improvement of Williams was not 
known to the learned director. 


* 
* kK 


In Italy the subject has also attracted the attention of the 
skillful surgeons that are practising and among them Prof. D. 
Bernarlini of the Institute of Veterinary Pathology and Surgical 
clinic, who has written a concise pamphlet headed “ The Sur- 
gical Treatment of the Paralysy of the Left Vocal Cord of 
Horses,’ of which I have received a copy. Here also there is 
presented a concise consideration of the various proposed methods 
of treatment from the time of Gunther to that of Williams and 
after criticizing the last, in the manner with which the obliteration 
of the ventricle is obtained, Bernardini says that the destruction 
of the mucosa is to be obtained with cauterization. 

“The animal without any preparation of diet, only secured 
in stocks, with the head raised and in extension, after disinfec- 
tion with tincture of iodine and a previous alcoholic rubbing, an 
incision is made on the median line from the thyroid cartilage to 
the first tracheal ring, exposing the sterno-hyodeus and thy- 
roideus muscles and under them the crico-tracheal ligament. This 
is incised transversely so as to permit the introduction of a 
tracheotomy tube. With the index acting as guide, the galvano- 
cautery is introduced easily, passing between the vocal cords, and 
is brought in contact with the cavity of the laryngeal ventricle. 
The electric current is allowed to pass for ten seconds. A few 


ms 


ae Cae Oe eee = 


nate erm lend: t 


5 
F 
; 
: 


EDITORIAL, 379 


minutes are allowed to pass to permit the cooling of the instru- 
ment when it is removed.” A Thompson tracheotomy tube is 
introduced and left for a few days. No further care is required, 
the cicatrization is quite rapid. 

Bernardini believes that with this method even the large 
number of successful cases treated by Williams would be greater. 
Time and experiments may tell, but Williams’ operation is so 
simple! 

- * 

BisLioGRAPHY: Handbuch der Vergleichender Anatonuc 
der Haustiere (Treatise of Comparative Anatomy of the Domes- 
tic Animals).—By Director Prof. W. Ellenberger and Prof. H. 
Baum of the Superior Royal Veterinary School of Dresden, pub- 
lished by Aug. Hirschwald n. w. Unter den Linden, 68, Berlin. 
. This is the thirteenth edition of the work. The preceding 
ones were after various authors. From the first to the fourth 
after Gurlt, the fifth Leisering and Muller, the sixth and seventh 
with Leisering, Muller and Ellenberger, the eighth by Ellen- 
berger, Miiller and Baum, the ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth and 
this last by the two authors. 

This volume is a very large work of nearly 1,100 pages, with 
1,078 illustrations, many of them being colored. It is divided 
into seven principal chapters, osteology and syndesmology in the 
first, myology in the second, splanchnology in the third, under 
which are included the organs of the thoracic, abdominal and 
pelvic cavities, and treating of digestion, respiration, circulation, 
urinary depuration, generation and with a special division for the 
consideration of the blood vessels, arteries, veins and lymphatic 


system. In the fourth chapter neurology, in the fifth the organs 


of senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch, in the sixth the 
external tegument, the skin, and in the seventh the anatomy of 
birds. 

As can be seen by these, the classification differs somewhat 
from that which is generally found in other works on anatomy, 
and the skin forms the subject of a special chapter. 

The manner in which the descriptions are followed in the var- 


380 EDITORIAL. 


ious chapters is the same, the anatomy of man finds a small place, 
sufficient to give a comparison with the principal object of the 
work; viz., the comparative anatomy of horses, cattle, swine and 
carnivora. Each of them receives considerable attention from 
the authors, who give for every species a more detailed descrip- 
tion than is generally found in veterinary works on anatomy. 
Each general chapter is preceded by. generalities and considera- 
tions upon the development of the organs treated. There are 
among the many plates that illustrate the book, several which 
deserve special attention ; viz., those which I believe are reproduc- 
tions from the work on the lymphatic system by Prof. A. Baum 
that I had the pleasure to notice in a previous chronicle. I refer 
to those which expose the distribution of the lymphatic system 
of the whole organism in cattle, the head, the thorax, the abdomen 
and the extremities. The coloring illustrating’ the circulatory 
system is very neat and must be of great help to the reader. 

There are many other points of interest in Handbuch der 
Anatomie der Haustiere, and I regret that I canot go into 
greater details relative to the value of this new addition to Ger- 
man veterinary literature. Our confréeres on the right side of 
the Rhine are all hard workers, they have already published 
many valuable treatises on anatomy and the names of Gurlt, 
Muller and Leisering are familiar to anatomists of all nations. 
Professor Ellenberger and Professor Baum have crowned the 
work done by their predecessors with one which it seems to us 
will for years to come be the standing work of superior ex- 
cellence. 


ee 


SUNDRY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The Country Review from 
Baton Rouge, La. Several numbers of this valuable paper have 
reached me, bringing me the many communications of our al- 
ways working contributor, Dr. Dalrymple, and also the proof 
that he does not neglect his friends, if far away. 

The Catalogue and Bulletin of the Michigan Agricultural 
College, with the organization and announcement of the Veterin- 
ary Department, with Dr. R. P. Lyman as Dean. 


EDITORIAL. 381 


Circular 201 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Tuberculosis 
of Hogs, by Dr. J. R. Mohler, Chief of the Pathological Division, 


and Henry J. Washburn, Senior Pathologist. The circular has 


few well made illustrations. . Ae ts. 


THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL IS ALIVE; IT IS ON 
~ THE CALENDAR OF THE HOUSE OF REPRE- 
SENTATIVES. 


The sixty-second Congress is now sitting in its third and last 
session, which closes March 4. The whole profession is on the 
qui vive concerning the chances of passage for the Army Veter- 
inary Bill (H. R. 16843) to Consolidate the Veterinary Service 
U. S. Army and Increase Its Efficiency. Never was there such 
a sense of solidarity on the part of the American veterinary pro- 
fession in favor of a bill as during the session of Congress which 
closed in August ; never before was the profession carried to such 
a pitch of united interest in army veterinary legislation, strength- 
ening each day as long as Congress remained in session, as was 
to be observed amongst us all last summer. The measure was 
not carried before Congress closed. Nevertheless it is not dead. 
It is alive. It is on the calendar of the House of Representatives 
and it is highly probable that it will come up for a vote by the 
lower house soon. 

Lest the members of the profession have not clearly in mind 
all the conditions which prevented our securing the passage of 


F the Army Veterinary Bill in the closing days of Congress, famil- 


larity with the facts may be gained in a few words. 
A week prior to the adjournment, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins 
writes, every vestige of opposition to our bill in the House had 


_ passed away, and in addition to this gratifying situation, such 


= 


support had been pledged us in the last ten days in the Senate that 
had we not have failed in the House our bill would surely have 
passed the Senate, more than fifty of whose members had pledged 


_ their support to its passage. Two very great obstacles arose 


+ 
4 


‘ 
e 
i 


which prevented the accomplishment of our wishes and plans. 
First, the Senate Military Subcommittee, under the leadership 


bbs ces Seale’ 
aa 


3e2 EDITORIAL, 


of Senator Bristow of Kansas, refused to report favorably our 
bill and therefore the Senate Military Committee as a whole, 
a majority of whom were committed to our favor, were unable 
to act on the matter, because the subcommittee had to act before 
the whole Senate Military Committee could act. As there was 
some opposition to the bill in the House in the early spring, our 
professional representatives did not deem it safe to have the bill 
put on the “unanimous consent calendar,’ for the reason that 
the opposition to the bill by any one member would have caused 
the necessity of reintroducing the bill if it were lost in that way. 
The bill was therefore kept on the “ suspension of the rules calen- 
dar,’ which was to be considered during the last five days of 
Congress. The very serious contentions that arose during the 
closing days of Congress and the absence of a large number of 
members incident to the Presidential contest and because of their 
own nervousness over re-election, brought it about that when the 
“suspension of the rules calendar’ was being considered, Repre- 
sentative Victor Murdock of Kansas raised the question of no 
quorum. The House was unable to secure the necessary num- 
ber of members; hence no further business could be transacted 
and adjournment followed, leaving our Army Veterinary Bill 
along with other bills en the calendar for consideration during 
the winter session of Congress. 

The Army Veterinary Bill, as every man knows; is pushed by 
the profession because it grants the rank of second and first 
lieutenant to all veterinarians in the U. S. Army and relieves the 
profession of inequality with all other professions in the Army. 
This bill has passed its first reading—for it was favorably re- 


ported out of the House Military Committee April, 1g12—and it 


should be favorably acted upon on the floor of the House and in 
the Senate. The time, however, is very short, for on account of the 
Christmas holidays, Sundays and other holidays, Congress has 
only about sixty working days in all. Still everything favors 
the bill, and the halt which the bill suffered at the close of the 
last session but serves to put a fine edge on our courage. The 
military establishment loves fighters; it respects our steadfast- 
ness and integrity of purpose; it is waiting to say bravo, if we 


ote ty 


= 


POLO ER 8 Sm te et ee ee 


Le PONS. NPS ENE 


cae ere eee a 


EDITORIAL. 383 


win. The hand of destiny is with us. Let us firmly resolve that 
the bill shall pass and pass it will. For events outside the pro- 
fession favoring the bill are in keeping with the wholesome and 
altogether heightening influences within the profession which are 
pushing the bill along like a hurricane. The president of the A. 
V.M.A., Dr. John R. Mohler, is keen for the bill and he lives in 
Washington. The A. V. M. A. Legislative Committee has com- 
menced its activities in the capital. The whole profession will 
soon be called upon to rally for the bill and it will leap to the 
call. Victory after fifty years fight for recognition as a pro- 
fession in the Army can then be celebrated at the fiftieth national 
veterinary convention in New York next September. A man of 
fifty is at his full strength; surely a profession fifty years old 
ought to be able to win this long drawn out battle. 


| ADDENDUM. |—The receipt of a communication from Chair- 
man Hoskins of the Committee on Legislation, A. V. M. A., at 
the last moment renders a slight addition to the foregoing neces- 
sary; as, after a conference in Washington on December 16, 
the committee found it advisable to have the Bill transferred 
from the “ Suspension of Rules” calendar to the ‘‘ Unanimous 
Consent’ calendar, as explained in the following extract from 
Chairman Hoskins’ letter: 

“ For many months we have been on the Suspension of Rules 
calendar No. 3. As all Unanimous Consent bills have pre- 
cedence over Suspension of Rules Calendar bills, and on every 
day set apart for consideration of bills under these two rules 
of the House we have failed to be reached (in fact, the Sus- 
pension of Rules Calendar has not been reached for several 
months) after a conference in Washington on Monday, Decem- 
ber 16, when we again failed to be reached, we decided to have 
our bill transferred to the Unanimous Consent calendar, and 
early after January 2, 1913, when Congress reconvenes, we 
will run the gauntlet of this calendar. You will remember that 
one vote of opposition will set us back, and make necessary much 
of our work to be done over, but we are determined to win this 
bill this session of Congress, if possible. 

“The situation in the Senate grows more favorable day by 
day, but on Januarv 1, 1913, we will lose in Senator Bailey, bv 
his resignation from that body, one of our staunch friends. 
' This makes it all the more important that we win in this Con- 
gress, if possible.” 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


oe 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 


By E. G. Hastines, CoLLece or AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, 
MEMBER OF THE WISCONSIN Live StocK SANITARY Boarp, 


During the twenty years that the tuberculin test has been in 
practical use, its value has been demonstrated beyond all doubt. 
Without it as a means of detecting the diseased herd and the 
tubercular animals therein, the fight of the practitioner, the sani- 
tarian, and the stock owner against bovine tuberculosis would be 
a hopeless one. Its value has been shown in the elimination, by 
its aid, of tuberculosis from countless herds, and in the gradual 
reduction of the amount of the disease in many sections of our 
own country and in other lands; something that could not have 
been easily accomplished without the tuberculin test. This has 
been done in spite of the fact that the spread of tuberculosis has 
been favored by the constantly increasing commerce in dairy 
cattle, and through the whole-milk creameries, whose by-prod- 
ucts, skim milk and buttermilk, have often served to transport the 
disease to new fields. 

In spite of the proven value of the test, constant mutterings 
are heard against it, uttered by the stockman, the veterinarian, 
and the agricultural press. Stockmen often deny the value of the 
test because they do not wish to acknowledge the existence of 
the disease, at least in their herds. Again, they have heard some- 
thing adverse to the test, and hence decline to use it, even though 
they desire to learn the condition of their animals. 

It probably seems to the farmer that all should be known con- 
cerning the test that need be known so far as its practical use is 
concerned. Millions of cattle have been tested, so experience 
has not been lacking. It seems to the writer that here, as often 
elsewhere, the persons applying the test have not stopped to con- 


384 


ny <7 bs ad 


Tr cee aee  Y — war > TPP 


= ale ga Ey, aint 


~~: 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 385 


sider its nature, and, again, certain points in the mode of action 
of tuberculin have been pointed out only comparatively recently. 

From a somewhat extended experience with the tuberculin 
test as an instructor and member of an experiment station staff 
and as a member of a state live stock sanitary board, it seems to 
the writer that the practitioners and stockmen have been led 
astray in regard to the test. The stockman has been led to be- 
lieve that it was a means of detecting the presence of any and 
all tubercular animals, a belief which has been shared by the pro- 
fession in great part. They have read statements that the test 
is a wonderfully accurate diagnostic agent, as it is, and the point 
has been emphasized by figures showing the results of post-mor- 
tem examinations made on reacting animals. The government 
has said that 98 per cent. of the animals that have reacted to the 
tuberculin prepared by the Department of Agriculture and that 
have been examined after slaughter have shown lesions of tuber- 
culosis. The state authorities of Pennsylvania have stated that 
only 8 out of 4,000 reacting animals slaughtered in that state 
failed to show lesions on slaughter. The writer does not ques- 
tion the accuracy of these or other similar statements, although, 
when the only discoverable lesions are stated to be calcareous de- 
posits in the intestines, one might be justified in having a little 
doubt about the correctness of the diagnosis in all cases. 

The harm of such statements as to the accuracy of the test 
is that the converse is believed to be true by the average reader ; 
i. ¢., that all cattle in whose bodies tubercle organisms are to be 
found react to the test. If this is true, then the testing of a herd 
by an able practitioner, the removal of the reacting animals, and 
the thorough disinfection of the stables should result in a healthy 
herd; or at least a retest followed by the removal of the reacting 
animals and disinfection should give a healthy herd. Many 
practitioners in attempting to eliminate the disease from a herd 
extensively infected have had experiences that have not agreed 
with this theoretical result: The disease has been found to per- 
sist after years of conscientious effort on the part of the veterin- 


_ arian and the owner. The latter, if not in full sympathy with the 


386 'E. G. HASTINGS. 


test, thas been led by his experience to denounce it as a fake. If 
his faith in the test was more firm, he has been led to seek the 
cause in inefficient testing or poor tuberculin, both possible fac- 
tors. The veterinarian with his faith in the accuracy of the test 
has been led to seek the cause of persistence in faulty disinfection, 
again a possible factor. Both seek to lay the blame at the other’s 
door. The result has often been that the owner has abandoned 
the task of obtaining a healthy herd from a diseased one by the 
use of the tuberculin test. A concrete example of this was given 
in the Breeders’ Gazette within the last few months in an article 
detailing the experience of a man in charge of a herd belonging 
to one of the state institutions of Illinois. The discouragement 
and abandonment of the task is to be traced to the fact that he 
had been led to expect results that in the light of present knowl- 
edge he could not reasonably have hoped to attain. If his ex- 
pectations had been more in accord with probable results, he 
would not have became discouraged. 

In order to demonstrate the belief of one veterinarian at least 
that testing and removal of reactors should result in a healthy 
herd, the statement made by Dr. G. S. Baker, quoted in the Pro- 
ceedings of the American Association of Medical Milk Com- 
missions, IQII, is here given: ‘‘ When the work (the elimination 
of tuberculosis from herds producing certified milk) was started 
in California, it was supposed that all that was necessary to do 
was to test the original herd, exclude the reactors, and disinfect 
thoroughly.” 

A Wisconsin herd has been diseased for at least ten years. 
Repeated tests have been made, the reactors removed, and yet the 
disease persisted. An expert’s aid was enlisted. This expert ad- 
viser has made a public statement that he believed the persistence 
of this disease was due to faulty disinfection, from which it may 
be inferred that he did not believe that the test itself could be a 
factor concerned. 

It has been related to the writer that some practitioners will 
guarantee the results of their tests, a witness to their belief in the 
accuracy of the test. Such statements and such belief can explain 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 387 


the introduction of the following bill in the legislature of Wiscon- 
sin in the session of IQII. 

“No permit shall be granted to any person to apply the tuber- 
culin test to any cattle, other than his own, until such person 
shall have given a bond to the state of Wisconsin in the penal sum 
of two thousand dollars, conditioned that he will pay to the 
owner of any stock so tested by him and determined and found 
by him to be affected with tuberculosis and condemned to be 
slaughtered under the United States supervision on account of 
such determination the actual value of the said stock in excess of 
the amount allowed to him as now provided by law, and, in addi- 
tion thereto, damages to the extent of twenty-five per cent. of the 
actual value of said stock, in case it shall be found upon the said 
government test that the said stock was not so affccted by tuber- 
culosis.”’ 

It is very certain that had this bill been enacted into law no 
veterinarian with any detailed knowledge of the tuberculin test 
_ would have continued to apply it. These statements are included 
to emphasize the point that in the minds of many men, laymen 
_and veterinarians, the tuberculin test has been considered to have 
few, if any, limitations. 

If an animal is killed after having given a reaction to tuber- 
culin, and on post-mortem examination no lesions or only minute 
Ones are found, many are only too glad to find therein ground 
for the condemnation of the test. A number of cases have been 
_ brought to the writer’s attention where tubercular animals have 
been discovered to be present in the herd shortly after a test had 
' been made and the reactors removed. 

In a recent article in this journal Dr. S. H. Gilliland has pre- 
sented the results on the elimination of tuberculosis from a herd 
by means of the Bang method and vaccination. The results of 
the consecutive tests are presented in Table I. It will be noted 
that two and one-half years were required to remove all tuber- 
cular animals from this herd, and this under quite ideal conditions 
‘in most ways. The manner in which the disease was reintro- 
duced will be referred to later. 


388 ; E. G. HASTINGS. 


Taste I. ResuLtts or Consecutive Tests oF A HERD FROM WHICH THE 
ReactincG ANIMALS WeRE REMovepD AFTER Eacu TEsT. 


Animals Animals Per Cent. of 


Date. Tested. Reacting. Reactors. 
iay ONS e is. cit. crak eer een, cae Dee aera 160 42 26.2 
‘tHE, “TOO5: 24.2 AS Roe wae ce cee 120 13° 10.8 
November, TOORMCI. xen Rate c.ahucmteae 137 a 5.1 
EX PELL e TOQOOY  stopsye sins siete Rte ATEN roe eRe 1 13 8.4 
November: GiQoomsn Pe er a eee 137 5 3:6 
Ap fil OO 7. +5 cee. raee cerns eee ene tena 201 ro) 0.0 
October *1907" ete eee ee 131 oO 0.0 
April 908m ae. jie cet ust Aasokopateriols: a cha wholeon hs 145 2 1.4 
INGVember MlQ0G Goa etera eros outer e 169 3) 1.8 
IA EI) A1QOG): Tal een. lan te coe I5I (e) 0.0 
Mays TOTO ph cteectec nee ees eee I5I 5 Siew 
Nine? VOUT Wren datcntcrercic Cane epee 160 4 OS 


That the tuberculin test has certain limitations, it seems to 
the writer, has never been sufficiently appreciated by the veter- 


inarians or stock owners. This lack of appreciation is largely due 


to the fact that the subject has never been presented to them in 
a proper way. With an appreciation of the limitations of the test 
a veterinarian would no more guarantee the correctness of his 
test as showing the absence or presence of tuberculosis than 
would a surgeon the results of an operation for appendicitis. 


Tuberculin is the product of a specific organism, the tubercle — 


bacillus. The organism is allowed to produce the maximum 
amount of growth in glycerine bouillon, which is then heated 
together with the growth for a number of hours to the boiling 
point of water. The subsequent operations in the preparation of 
tuberculin are designed to free it from the dead organisms and 


to reduce it to a form in which it will keep well. Tuberculin — 
thus contains the by-products of the growth of the organism and 


such materials as can be extracted from the cells by a hot aqueous 
solution of glycerine. Some principle or principles contained 
therein when introduced beneath the skin of a tubercular animal 
cause a disturbance of the bodily functions. This disturbance 
includes a greater or less thermal reaction, and since this can be 
easily measured it is the thing used to determine whether an 
animal is diseased or not. ae: 

The technique of the test is known to every practitioner. It 


” 


a 


=k. <ppeentlleop ai saty citertetantgticenatie oe aE 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 389° 


_ includes-a series of ante-injection temperatures, the injection of 
_ the tuberculin, and a series of post-injection temperatures. In 
the case of a tubercular animal, the reaction fever usually ap- 

pears within eight to sixteen hours, it persists for a few hours, 


-- 


. _ Taste HW. Typicat Reactions yy Tupercucrn Tests. 


Before Injection 
. IML. 


2 4 6 8 
ate ntians le < bias = Ps was wieis p> 1.4 2.0 rs 1.6 
0 OS AS Seer 1/0 1.8 1.6 ray 
After Injection 
Hours. 
A. 
7 8 9 10 II 12 1 ae 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 
* —_. > ST 
. Meee) 2-2 2.0 2.6 3-8 4.8 5.2 4.2 3.8 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.8 
. ween 2-0. 2.0 2.8 3.5° 4.7 .5.4. 5.6 3.9 3.2 8-5 3.0 2.2 2.0 7.8 Te Sar «iS 
eee 


and within fourteen to twenty hours the temperature usually 
reaches normal. In Table II. are presented. the temperature 
records of animals giving a perfectly typical positive reaction. 


Taste III. Variations 1N THE TEMPERATURES OF HEALTHY ANIMALS. 


; Temperature of Animal. Temperature of Animal. 
Hour. No. I No. II 


Degrees F. Degrees F. 
Se eee 99.1 08.6 
Ds ex vic cc cou cc aces 99.0 99 
ES eae 100.0 98.8 
EE 100.0 100.0 
1 Es ne a el a 100.6 100.9 
ES SG eee 100.8 IOI.2 
5 Title py eae 101.6 101.8 
On 102.0 102.3 
7 a a 10t.8 101.7 
SUR dc sk ees oe IOI.5 101.7 
A 101.2 IOI.4 
ae 101.2 IOI.2 
he elt SA IO1.0 IOI.4 
Soe eee 100.9 IOI.2° 
PIPE 5 Sc he ce oe ae oe IOT.3 101.6 
Mmendnicht ....0.0.....5% IOI.0 I0T.0 
° 2. eS ee 100.8 100.8 
RE anal Aa 101.0 IOI.2 
|. he 100.8 TOL.5 
? 2S eee 100.8 IOT.4 
MIE yee ors sees eee a ve oe IOT.4 IOI .2 
ES 101.4 101.8 
RUMERMINA cao) 2:3, <'ss <)es as se wo ae IOI.4 IOI.9 
CS Stet 2% ches ce 101.6 101.8 


390 E. G. HASTINGS. 


For the sake of brevity, the temperatures have been abbreviated, 
102.2° F. is written 2.2, etc. 

In the case of a healthy animal, the temperature readings after 
the injection should be much the same as before, since no dis- 
turbance is produced by the tuberculin. The test is thus ap- 
parently a most simple one; but there are many disturbing fac- 
tors. The great fluctuations of the temperature of the individual 
animals is one. In Table III. are given the temperature of two 
animals for twenty-four hours. It is to be noted that the range 
of temperature is over 3° F. in each animal. 

In order to determine whether the tuberculin has produced 
a thermal reaction, it is necessary to compare the ante-injection 
temperatures with the post-injection. The question at once arises 
as to what degree of variation shall be taken to indicate a reaction 
fever and the presence of tuberculosis. Many methods of inter- 
preting the records have been proposed and are in use. The maxi- 
mum before may be compared with the maximum after injection, 
a rise of from 1 to 1.5° F. or more being looked upon as indicat- 
ing a positive reaction. Again, the maximum after injection may 
be compared with the average before, a difference of 2° F. or 
more indicating tuberculosis, or the greater reliance may be 
placed on the temperature reaching a specified minimum, at least 
of 104° F., after injection, with normal temperatures before. 
This variance in ideas indicates that there is no line above which 
an animal can be said to have reacted or below which it can be 
classed as healthy. The inevitable conclusion is that the inter- 
preter of temperature records is between the devil and the deep 
sea. With any method he will remove healthy cows with all or 
most of the tubercular or else he will leave all the healthy cows 
in the herd together with some tubercular, and remove only a part 
of the tubercular; the former will be the result of too low a 
standard, the latter of too high a standard. In Table IV. are pre- 
sented the maximum temperatures before injection and the maxi- 
mum after injection, together with the extent of the reaction and 
the results of the post-mortem examination of a number of ani- 
mals. The figures are taken from the results of the tests of a 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 391 


Taste IV. MAxIMUM TEMPERATURES BEFORE AND AFTER THE INJECTION OF 
TUBERCULIN OF TUBERCULAR AND HEALTHY ANIMALS. 


Before After Degree of Result of 

Animal. Injection. Injection. Reaction. Post-Mortem. 

| «92 102.2 102.6 0.4 Healthy 

Le 101.8 102.8 1.0 Healthy 

ea ee 102.6 104.2 1.6 Healthy 

PE Siac yahons, o oreo 0 eco 102.2 103.4 Bee Healthy 

NE cits vs vas ve 101.6 104.0 2.4 Healthy 

SE eae 102.6 103.8 1.2 Healthy 

0. 2 Se ee 102.3 104.6 2.3 Tubercular 

. op =e 102.4 104.8 2.4 Tubercular 

Ee 102.5 103.0 0.5 Tubercular 
oe eee 102.0 104.2 2.2 Tubercular 
LEE Se 103.6 103.8 0.2 Tubercular 
MER crhavisihs aisss <tsle's « 102.0 103.6 1.6 Tubercular 
|.) SSS 102.0 104.0 2.0 Tubercular 
|. As 102.4 102.8 0.4 Tubercular 


large herd which was so extensively diseased that it was all sacri- 
ficed. 

It will be noted that the temperature records of the tuber- 
cular animals can be duplicated in case of those showing no 
lesions of tuberculosis on post-mortem examination, which was 
most carefully made. 

In a personal letter from a prominent veterinarian who is 
acting as expert adviser for the owner of a large herd, it is stated 
that in the handling of the herd all animals showing post-injection 
temperatures of 102.8° F. and above have been removed. Of 
the animals showing a maximum temperature between 102.8 and 
103.5° F. 40 per cent. have shown lesions of tuberculosis on 
slaughter. If the minimum standard had been 104° F., tuber- 
culosis in the herd would surely have persisted longer than under 
the plan adopted. 


Taste V. Resutts oF Post-MorteEM EXAMINATION OF 1,200 ANIMALS THAT 
GavE VARYING THERMAL REACTIONS AFTER THE INJECTION OF TUBERCULIN. 


Percentage of Animals 


‘Maximum Temperature After Injection. Found Tubercular. 
FF 
Reeeetees, F. Gilad ADOVE, . ooo. gsc clecle cin weessneeces 98 
RES ORE OCS ONE oe oi enw cath ce ss eouwawes cue doses 84 - 
SPEER LE CSN SASS a ik osc ous Sle gee oles ok oe Roce ss 62 
MEEEECES: OF ICES Ms. UMN « vie dia cde bieais ogee eee ome ee 56 


3892 E. G. HASTINGS. 


In Table V. are presented the results of the post-mortem ex- 
amination of 1,200 animals tested in Holland. The animals were 
slaughtered for beef soon after the test. ia 

It is to be noted from the table that as the temperatures ap- 
proach or are within the limits of those given by animals to which 
tuberculin has not been administered, the percentage of error in- 
creases greatly. 

The inevitable conclusion from the data presented is that 
there is no specific amount of thermal reaction to tuberculin in 
the case of tubercular animals; that no method of interpreting 
the temperatures can have the effect of absolute separation of 
the herd into two parts, healthy and diseased. It is true that 
by far the greater part of the tubercular animals give such a 
thermal reaction that there is no doubt as to its significance. 

In the typical reaction to tuberculin the fever appears eight 
to twelve hours after the injection of the tuberculin. ‘This has 
led many practitioners to deviate from what is considered the 
most approved technique, namely, to take temperatures every 
two hours from the eighth to the twentieth hour after injection. 
Many cease taking temperatures at the sixteenth hour. The 
danger of such a procedure is shown by data taken again from 
Dr. Gilliland’s paper. 


Taste VI. TEMPERATURE REcoRDS OF Two Cows. 


Proceda. Francelmar. 
Degrees F. Degrees F. 


sith, Stes. eiekes fi SPSS: LE CAR pare ee Ae 101.4 101.4 


Bea 

Pig AS MITU SS ay 5s va San Sep kcal eha'ey peat tess in ohooh a 102.0 102.0 
ote Tah 27 ere th ae eh We oan intra h ) Saeh trel, Soli lege B A.- 101.6 101.8 
Wik oe. + IME Petia decane oe dere ian py als Maras ee Lene Pee 101.6 101.6 
Tae MM cco cavN om iaheaehece oe ese xe es eee ee vara eats os cree 100.6 102.0 
CIE) Hie 11 Ley a A ESO AP PLY tee) AeA eee SZ 101.0 101.6 
mite, {idee ecces ty. Meeeteter Sota Meare ce kis, Seah See naan gn eee 101.6 102.4 

Injection of Tuberculin. 

reac uhigcmr Nh sania Rare ere unin ea meer Soe 101.4 100.6 © 
Nilo tUhopattetaaivastie cor ecisiceis estan be ox 102.2 101.4 
TS) HOMES MECH ek as 0 lena sf kOOerds TER ee eRe 102.2 100.8 
15 hours after scse aie Me eee ek A wn i 2 aeeeOn ea 101.6. 
17 HOUTS BECO Tals, ani aoe Made aC aes > oe 104.6 102.2 
19 howrstaliter 2.205 pi Ss 3 deo eds OV eae a oe Seen ..106.6 104.0 
at hoursvattens.a--cticc nonce ae oma ciara a 105.0 105.0 
22 NOWES GREET o— io0 ste otha rae een NR tte no ee 105.4 106.0 ' 


Deir te. oe 


~~ 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 393 


It will be noted from the temperature records that if the test 
_had been closed at the sixteenth hour one, and probably both, 
cows would have been considered healthy. Thousands of tests 
have been made by practitioners in this country in which but 
three, two, or even one, post-injection temperature was taken. 

z The typical reaction fever lasts but a few hours. Records 
such as are shown in Table VII. are sometimes met. The ques- 


Taste VII. Persistent REACTIONS IN TUBERCULIN TESTS. 


Before Injection 
Pr, M. 


—— ey! 

4 6 8 

ES ra 2.8 3c 
aaa 2 


After Injection 
ours. 


7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 
I 6-§ 7-2 7-5 5-6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.4 6.0 5.0 5-4 5.5 §.6 5.4 
2. 4-9 4-9 6.4 5.8 6.4 7.1 6.6 6.2 5.8 6.3 6.2 5.8 6.8 6.8: «6.2.5.8 


tion at once arises is not the fever in these cases due to some other 
cause than tuberculin? Again, a secondary reaction, such as is 
shown in Table VIII., may be met, a very decided departure from 


Taste VIII. Seconpary REAcTIONS IN TUBERCULIN TESTS. 


Before Injection 
P.M. 
Jat Ee SS i ee Se ee eee 
2 | 6 8 
oS ES Ge 2 1.8 1.6 1.0 
SEEM tel= «5. a Dee ate qo eta aie 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.2 


After Injection 
ours. 


law 
te 
~ 
+ 

N 


the typical reaction to tuberculin. Someone must determine 
whether such records are to be classed as indicating a positive 
reaction to the tuberculin. The stockmen and practitioners are 
very likely to consider that some other cause for the continued 
fever must be present and that the animal should simply be 
looked upon with suspicion and be retested. The animals, the 
temperature records of which are given in Tables VIL. and VIII, 
were slaughtered and found to be tubercular. Hence there is but 


394 E. G. HASTINGS. 


little doubt but that these were true but atypical reactions. Such 
records are constantly met with in practical work. 


Tapte IX. Resutts or CONSECUTIVE TESTS OF REACTING ANIMALS. 


— == 


Animal. May, Oct., Sept., May, Oc: Sept., Post Mortem 
1907. 1908. Oct., 1908. 


Tubercular 
Tubercular 
Tubercular 
Tubercular 
Healthy 

Tubercular 
Tubercular 


++] 1111 


It must also be recognized that not all infected animals react 


to tuberculin. During the period of incubation, which may be at — 


least two months in duration, the animal does not respond to the 
test. After infection, the struggle between host and parasite 
begins, a struggle in which first one, then the other is gaining. 
The disease may continue to progress until death ensues, or it 
may progress for a short time and then go backward, even to 
complete recovery. More often in the bovine the disease be- 
comes dormant, the lesions become encapsulated, but within the 
lesions the tubercle organisms remain alive for months and 
years. During a period of diminished vitality, the disease may 
become progressive again. While the disease is dormant in the 
animals, it is believed that no response to tuberculin is to be 
noted. Such animals are now classed as “ ceased reactors.” The 
period of persistence of this phase of tuberculosis and the non- 
reaction to tuberculin during this time is well shown in cases 
gleaned from a recent article by Dr. Rutherford. It will be 
noted that a number of the animals gave the last positive reaction 
in October, 1905, and yet were found tubercular on slaughter in 
October, 1908. Still others have ceased to react and have then 
again given positive reactions. Since these animals were kept 
in a diseased herd, it might be considered that they had become 
reinfected. If such a reinfection is possible after a natural in- 
fection, it would seem that vaccination does not promise much 
in the, way of practical success. 

In Table X. are presented data taken from an article by Dr. 


Results of ; 


Ft rt 


f 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 395 


V. A: Moore. The ninety-six animals had been purchased from 
a locality in which tuberculosis was especially prevalent. At the 
time of purchase none reacted to the test. After purchase the 


TapLE X. RESuLtTs oF CoNSECUTIVE TESTS MAapE On ANIMALS THAT Dip 
Not React At TIME oF REMOVAL FROM A DISEASED HERrpD. 


Animals 
Date of Test. Tested. Reacted. 
a ye It ye ae Aas eit A Re 06 31 
IE Cty fire winches ats Go wha vem seas ans ¢3 ch 65 8 
es Slt wise Wit hw pte 4 RAN Oe oe eg A 57 I5 
ES re aa te: Be Rad Sa bee ee 42 15 
Ea ne ee er ee 27 3 
a li uh ata te Ae gla bt 2 2 
CIOS che di cia. Seve elé NK ad «Mee dagpeS. Ose fa% 22 I 
IN Fase Be cert is oh wiv ip ne dbs ae Va wees Sep 21 I 
ES PR. Rr TR eee ea oct Phat ok et aa eeri ede 20 I 


animals were kept ies such conditions that infection, except 
from their own number, was impossible. The presence of ani- 
mals in the incubation period, or having the disease in a dormant 
form at the time of purchase, would explain the persistence of 
the disease. The development of open cases between the semi- 
annual tests would explain the continued spread of the disease, 
so that at the end of four years but nineteen healthy animals 
remain. 

It has long been known that some animals in advanced stages 
of tuberculosis do not react to ordinary doses of tuberculin. It is 
not believed, however, that such cases are numerous enough so 
that they need be considered as an important factor in the prac- 
tical handling of the disease. 


These difficulties which are encountered in the separation of 
healthy from tubercular animals, especially in the case of herds 
extensively diseased, by means of the tuberculin test has led the 
live stock sanitarian to assert that in the fight against tuberculosis 
the healthy herd must be considered as the unit, not the healthy 
individual. The same points led the commission appointed by 
the American Veterinary Medical Association to report as one of 
its recommendations that herds over 50 per cent. of the members 


of which gave positive reactions be handled, as far as eradication 


396 E. G. HASTINGS. 


of the disease is concerned, as though all the herd had reacted. 


If the non-reacting part of such a herd is removed, among them | 


are almost certain to.be some infected animals that will serve to 
continue the disease in the non-reacting part of the herd after 
separation. As the per cent. of infected animals decreases the 
importance of this factor diminishes, until in the case of a herd 
containing but few reacting animals it becomes an easy matter 
to eliminate the disease, while in the case of a badly diseased 
herd, especially if it is a large one, it becomes a task demanding 
patience, faith, and usually years of effort. 

The fact that the disease may become dormant and again 
progressive has led the sanitarian to consider an animal that has 
once reacted to the test as one that should never be placed in a 
healthy herd. The danger of relying on a retest rather than on 
the first test is shown in case of the two cows previously men- 
tioned. The temperature records have been presented in Table 
VI.; those of the retest, made about three months after the orig- 
inal test, are given in Table XI. 


Tap_E XI. TEMPERATURE RECORDS OF PROCEDA AND FRANCELMAR ON RETEST, 
FEBRUARY, IQ09. 


Proceda. Francelmar. 
5 BGs oss reais rds a piaee Oo lehie teas Cala acm ephe 102.4 102.4 
PA AD a ware iere des HOO Ras Pe ESCO a aes eer eee 102.0 102.1 
Olas metas A ent ee coe ne eee 99.4 IOI .2 
Tiki. SEAS. eh act eee er enc) ae re a 99.4 100.4 
TSAO MOMS Aes ee ee oe cel ects oe ee eR oe ee 100.4 100.8 
a an Oe eae URN Rea See RTe Mette Paes Meo enniote Storrs 100.6 101.0 
BOD s TED ssii ao oerocd eo cecls wid ayk ae Bae a ee ane ei eae 102.2 IOI.4 
Injection of Tuberculin. : 
Guhioitsaltets,. jhvise iat eet ablas oleic Oe one eae 102.6 100.6 
MT NOUTSat ters echt, Con hic ster aeeroan oaks Cees RATER 102.4 101.4 
V3 OMESAALLET. 2. Wate one Re Shoe Os ok Reoeeoie eae 100.6 IOI .O 
Fs NOUES: ALLER suloyaiens a chai hee cence eas cas wivtolo tio eae IOI.2 102.07 
7 HOUES TALCET scnic kth Sate «REO. Seg cee eager 103.0 102.2": 
LO MOMUnS eAeGer swine eres he erotics Sen aR 101.2 101.4 
BT OUTS TATLeE Neh ere Ce eae ene ea de 103.0 101.6 
2ahours atter--cr. oe sil ag Seg Poh tavect frevayret  nae pal Shek pea 102.63 '- 20 eee : 


It will be noted that neither have given a positive reaction. 
Tests were made in April, 1909, and May, 1910, at which times 


aw 


the animals did not react. Late in the summer of 1910 both “~~ 


began to show symptoms of tuberculosis; they were slaughtered’ ~ 


“aie 


a 


THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 397 


and found to be extensively diseased. Their return to the herd 
is the undoubted reason for the second reinfection of the herd 
as shown in Table I. 

In the greater majority of cases animals give an undoubted 
positive or negative answer when the tuberculin test is applied. 


‘In probably about 15 per cent. of the animals examined the test 


is in error. By far the greater numbers of errors are due to the 
non-reaction of tubercular animals. This 15 per cent. is what 
has led many to doubt the value of the test. This feeling can be 
overcome only by a full recognition of what can and what can- 
not be expected from the tuberculin test when it is used to elim- 
inate tuberculosis from a diseased herd or to prevent its intro- 
duction into a healthy one. The stockman must decide for him- 
self whether it is wise for him to make use of this test with those 
limitations which have been discussed herein. This decision will 
be influenced by what the stockman thinks is the economic im- 
portance of the disease, a subject on which no one has any ade- 
quate knowledge. It is the belief of the writer that tuberculosis 
causes losses far in excess of any estimates that have been made 
by the Bureau of Animal Industry. In private conversation 
with a man slaughtering cattle for local consumption (not in 
Wisconsin), who draws his supply largely from cows turned off 
by the dairymen of a market milk district, it was asserted that 
over one-third, and probably one-half, of the animals slaughtered 
were tubercular. The statements made, which could probably be 
duplicated by the majority of local butchers, emphasize the need 
of local meat inspection. 


Such animals are turned off by the farmer because, in many 
cases, they are unthrifty. The farmer thinks the cause of the 
unthriftiness is an inevitable one, and hence does not. consider it 
as a preventable loss. Contagious abortion causes losses to which 
the farmer is awake. Tuberculosis causes greater loss as far as 


the individual animal is concerned because it destroys in great 


part the beef value of the animal, while abortion does not. The 
loss suffered is the difference between what is received for the . 
animal and her value as a milch cow in either case. 


398 E. G. HASTINGS. 


One could imagine the success that would attend the sale of 
a lot of horses if the would-be purchaser knew that 50 per cent. 
were likely to be afflicted with an unsoundness that could not be 
recognized on a physical examination, but which was likely to 
ruin the animal as a work horse. Yet the spectacle is constantly 
presented of the purchase of animals from herds extensively 
diseased by men who know, or should know, the danger in such 
a procedure, even though such animals do not react. There is no 
doubt but that by the intelligent use of the tuberculin test, with 
all of its limitations, any herd can be freed from tuberculosis 
and the disease be prevented from entering a healthy one. 

The handling of a herd from the standpoint of tuberculosis 
is the problem of the owner, and laws can do little, education 
can do much more, but to be effective the information imparted 
to the farmer and breeder must be the truth and the whole truth 
as far as present knowledge goes, and not statements that are not 
upheld by experience, and which cannot be proven. 


PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL. ASSOCIA- 
TION.—Through the courtesy of Secretary Reichel we are able 
to announce that this association will hold its thirtieth annual 
meeting in Harrisburg on January 21 and 22, 1913, contrary to 
the usual custom of holding the annual meeting in Philadelphia 
and in March. The meeting will be held during the week of 


the meetings of the Pennsylvania Livestock Breeders’ Associa- 


tion and the Pennsylvania State Dairy Union. 

Aside from a good program which is now shaping itself, 
good reports are expected from the following committees: Com- 
mittee on Medicine and Surgery, J. W. Adams, chairman; Com- 
mittee on Milk and Meat Hygiene, L. A. Klein, chairman; 
Committee on Legislation, W. H. Hoskins, chairman. Mem- 
bers of the profession in Pennsylvania and surrounding states 
are cordially invited. Details of the meeting are being attended 
to by the following local committee of arrangements: T. E. 
Munce, chairman; J. H. Oyler, R. M. Staley, E. L. Cornman 
and R. C. Gross. 


EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA 
DISEASE).* 


By C. H. Stance, DEAN Division oF VETERINARY MEDICINE, Iowa STATE 
COLLEGE, 


During the month of August, 1912, there appeared among 
the horses of southwestern Kansas a disease presenting symp- 
toms resembling forage or mould poisoning, 7. ¢., a severe affec- 
tion of the central nervous system. From the point of origin 
the disease spread in an easterly and northeasterly direction to 
the major portion of Kansas, across Nebraska and into South 
Dakota on the north, and into Iowa and Missouri on the east. 
It required only about two months’ time for the disease to spread 
to this extent and destroy about 30,000 or between four and five 
million dollars’ worth of horses, it being fatal in over go per cent. 
of the cases. 

Aside from the economic importance of devising some method 
whereby this disease may be controlled, it is of great scientific 
interest to determine the clinical symptoms, the pathological 
changes and, if possible, the etiology of this so-called Kansas 
horse disease, in order to determine its relationship to Borna 
disease, or epizootic equine encephalomyelitis, which is quite 
common in Europe, being known since 1813. Liautard is re- 
corded as having observed sporadic and enzootic outbreaks in 
North America in 1869. In 1894 the disease acquired a wide 
distribution and a very virulent character especially in and about 
Borna (therefore the name Borna disease), in the eastern part 
of the province of Halle, Germany. 

A considerable number of outbreaks of mould poisoning have 


* Read before the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at 
Ames, November 12, 1912. 


Note—The above figures relative to the number and valuation of horses destroyed have 
been estimated as nearly as possible. 


399 


400 C. H. STANGE. 


been investigated by the writer in the past five years, and while 
there is great similarity between the clinical symptoms of mould 
’ poisoning and the recent outbreak, there are, nevertheless, some 
very important differences in reference to the appearance and 
spread of the disease. ; 

In all outbreaks of forage poisoning with which I have had 
experience and which literature records, we have practically all 
animals affected that partook of a certain mouldy food or of 
water from one source. This food or water in my experience 
has always been visibly affected by some fungus. ‘This is notably 
true of silage, and feeding experiments with horses have sub- 
stantiated our theory as correct. For more detailed informa- 
tion concerning a part of our work I refer you to my report as 
chairman of the Committee on Disease and Treatment, made 
before. this Association four years ago, a part of which 1s as fol- 
lows: “It remains to be shown whether all cases of cerebro- 
spinal meningitis are due to the same cause and resemble Borna 
disease.” “‘ It is apparent that mouldy food and water has caused 
several outbreaks in this country.” Since making that report 
other outbreaks have been investigated, and there is no longer a 
question but that mouldy food may and does cause poisoning 
accompanied by severe nervous symptoms and is highly fatal.” 

An important feature of these outbreaks is that they were 
restricted to localities where certain conditions or fungi existed, 
and that practically all horses fed on the affected food were 
afflicted. This is in marked contrast to our recent outbreak, 
which sometimes affected one of a dozen animals kept under 
similar conditions and on the same food. In other cases it 
affected practically all the animals, including those at pasture as 
well as those that received no green food outside of possibly 
corn fodder or in some cases alfalfa hay of this season’s cut- 
ting; also the disease was not restricted to any particular locality 
in which certain climatic or other conditions existed; neither did 
it follow any stream or streams of water, but spread across two 
states into three others in a direction opposite to which it would 
be expected to follow if the season, i. ¢., climatic or vegetative 


— 


Sef ra eal oa 


— eve yooa | 


i eae aaa 


2 or 


ss eadeshie ihe emirate 7 


EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 401 


“conditions were responsible for the causé (in this instance it 


. oe have spread in a southerly direction). 


- Borna disease usually begins with disturbed appetite, depres- 
sion and drowsiness. Very soon other symptoms appear and in 


_ about the following order. 


In reference to the digestive tract, most of the cases show 
increased or decreased appetite, eructation, difficulty in swallow- 
ing, icterus of the mucous membranes, disturbed defecation and 
abnormal consistency of the feces, sometimes accompanied by 


~ colicky symptoms. 


‘ In the nervous system we notice varying drowsiness, at 
times excitement, occasionally increased sensibility, more fre- 
quently, however, decreased sensation and attacks of dizziness. 
In addition there may be various nervous disturbances in some 
cases, shown by epileptiform attacks, madness, uneasiness. tend- 
ency to stumble or lie down. 

‘Abnormal movements may be seen in practically all cases, 
usually incoordination, and very frequently animals move in a 


circle. A groping gait is sometimes seen. About one-half of 


the cases suffer a disturbance of the sense of localization and 
attention, and consequently are prone to collide frequently with 


objects. Quite often as a result of touching or during an attempt 


to lead the animals they go backwards, of their own accord, until 
stopped by some solid object. 

There is a marked predisposition toward the existence of 
muscular spasms. They may appear in all grades, from fibrillar 
contractions to convulsions. The most frequent are the mild 
contractions, causing gnashing of the teeth. Very frequently 
there is a curvature of the neck toward the side. Moreover, the 
contraction of single muscles produces the most variable symp- 
toms. For example, elevation of the lips or commissure of the 
mouth, trismus, dilatation of the nostrils. Prostrate animals may 
show swimming or paddling motions of the extremities. 

Paresis and paralysis may affect certain regions singly or be 
combined, producing functional: disturbances, and are found in 
practically every case. The dysphagia may be due to infiltration, 


402 Cc. H. STANGE. 


paresis or paralysis of the pharynx. The frequent disturbance 
in the nerves supplying the tongue, lips and muscles of mastica- 
tion and deglutition, interfere with the nutrition and consequently 
cause emaciation. Paralysis of the muscles of the back and hind 
quarters, also the extensors of the limbs, cause stumbling and 
inability to rise, which hastens death. 

The eye is frequently affected; icteric discoloration of the 
conjunctiva, or congestion, or a combination of the two, is seen 
in most cases. Pale or livid color or swelling is seldom seen. 
Keratitis is occasionally seen following traumatism. A fixed 
gaze, rolling, or oscillation of the eye-balls, are symptoms that 
may be seen in patients with affected eyes. Decreased pupil- 
lary reflex and unequal dilatation of the pupil is occasionally ob- 
served. In about 5 per cent. of the cases there is blindnes due 
to amaurosis. 

The circulatory apparatus is also frequently affected, indi- 
cated by increased frequency of the pulse, which in other cases 
may be sub-normal. The pulse in a very few cases may be weaker 
than normal. 

During the course of the disease the respirations show various 
changes. Most frequently respirations are increased, but may be 
decreased. Ina very small percentage of the cases, difficult, noisy 
respiration is seen. Respirations may be purely abdominal or 
wholly costal in type. About one-half of the cases show slight 
rise in temperature, which rarely goes above 103 degrees. The 
nutrition does not always suffer as a result of the disease, and 
great emaciation is seen in about 25 per cent. of the cases. Exa- 
mination of the urine is negative, with the exception of those 
changes common to constipation, fever and retention of the urine. 

Examination of the blood reveals a normal erythrocyte count 
and a slight leucocytosis. 

According to Schmidt’s experience 6.3 per cent. made a com- 
plete, 3.6 per cent. a partial recovery, but most of the cases die 
in from one to two weeks. 

Considering the nervous disturbance according to the centers 
affected, we have the following conclusions: Depression, which 


ee 


EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 403 


ES Se eee eee 


is one of the first symptoms, sometimes displaced by excitement, 
- must be due to an affection of the cortex of the cerebrum, as this 
is the seat of consciousness. In most cases it is probably affected 
in localized areas. In diffuse affections, consciousness js per- 
manently destroyed. The close connection between the cerebrum 
and the pia mater almost precludes involvement of the latter. 

The abnormal sensation, which may be increased or decreased, 
is partially due to disturbed consciousness: however, in some 
cases it is purely reflex, in which case it-indicates usually a patho- 
logical involvement of the spinal cord. 

Dizziness is seen in destructive processes of the pons or the 
cerebellum, also in affections of the labyrinth of the ear, and 
finally in severe disturbances of consciousness. 

Epileptiform attacks outside of those produced reflexly are 
usually due to irritation of the motor centers. Muscular spasms 
may be produced reflexly from the spinal cord, but probably 
originate in the medulla which contains the spasm center. Irre- 
sistible movements are due to irritation or diseased process in the 
sub-cortical layers. The walking or paddling movements per- 
formed while the animal is down are of cerebellar origin. 

The ataxia which consists of faulty movements is a result of 
certain groups of muscles being no longer coordinated. They 
may be due to spinal, bulbular, cerebellar or cerebral involvement. 

Paralysis is usually due to a localized affection, and the larger 
this area or the nearer it is to a point where the motor fibers 
come together, the more muscles are paralyzed. 

The above detailed symptoms point definitely to the presence 
of diseased centers in the substance of the cerebrum, cerebellum 
medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, as well as in the cerebral 
cortex, while the meningitis which is usually localized is only of 
secondary importance. The question now arises whether or not 
the other symptoms harmonize with this affection of the central 
nervous system. The temperature may be influenced by an affec- 
tion of the brain or medulla, by the spasms, or toxins acting on 
the heat centers. The pulse, which usually varies with the body 
temperature, may also be affected by disturbance of the vagus 
center and intra-cranial pressure. 


404 ' Cc. H. STANGE. 


Especially difficult to explain are the digestive disturbances. 


They were formerly supposed to represent the primary symptoms. - 


This, however, is a mistake, as they are very closely associated 
with the nervous affection. The disturbed appetite is a result of 
altered consciousness; furthermore by the involvement of the 
muscles of mastication, lips and deglutition. The latter also 
causes the disagreeable odor from the mouth and the coated 
tongue. The other changes are due to disturbances of peristalsis, 
secretion and circulation of the gastro-intestinal tract. These 
motor functions are very easily influenced by the vagus, which 
may destroy digestion entirely, when the medullary center is 
involved. 

The icterus may be of catarrhal origin, resulting from ob- 
struction or on the other hand follow hemolysis. 

Borna disease, therefore, must be regarded as a disease of 
the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and probably also the spinal 
cord. The cerebrum seems to be most severely affected, while the 
meninges may escape entirely or show simply localized areas. 

Pathologically, Borna disease is an acute, disseminated, infil- 
trative, non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis and miyelitis of 
lympho-cyctic type and principally of a mesodermal (vascular) 
character (Joest and Dengen). 

Histological examination of the pia mater shows a slight 
meningitis of mononuclear type, insignificant, however, as com- 
pared with the changes in central nervous system. 

The vessels of the nervous tissue of the brain (and to a cer- 
fain extent spinal cord) show a pronounced inflammatory infil- 
tration of the adventitia and to a certain extent the peri-vascular 
lymph space. The cellular infiltration consists chiefly of lympho- 
cytes, in addition some polyblasts and various other cells, but 
very few or no polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes. In addition to 
this perivascular infiltration we also found areas of degeneration 
varying in size, but the largest scarcely visible to the naked eye. 
These areas appeared as unstained fields, and where the process 
was most advanced, the tissue structure could not be recognized. 
In other sections the process was in the initial stage and could 


ee ee Ne ee nee 


EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 405 


only be recognized by a failure to stain properly. Therefore, 
when the actual condition is considered, the disease should be 
called epizootic equine encephalomyelitis. 

A clinical diagnosis is not always easily made, because the 
clinical picture is not always well defined, especially during the 
first few days. The symptoms of special importance are those 
of a nervous character, which indicate, in addition to an affection 
of the brain, involvement of the cervical and spinal cord. These 
are muscular spasms, including fibrillar contractions, spasms of 
the neck, difficulty in swallowing, yawning, gnashing of the teeth 
and trismus. Also hyperesthesia and ataxia. On the other hand, 
disturbances of consciousness, staggering, swaying of the hind 
quarters and involuntary movements may be seen in ordinary 
meningitis. Furthermore digestive disturbances and icterus must 
be included in a typical picture. The condition of the tempera- 
ture, respiration and pulse is not significant in the diagnosis. 
The epizootic character of the disease is, however, significant 
In those cases that do not show the usual symptoms, it very 
readily becomes atypical, and a diagnosis may become difficult. 

According to Schmidt, there can be no doubt but that the 
disease is infectious, but is not transmitted from animal to animal. 
In regard to the etiology-I venture to say that the relation of the 
cocci and the diplococci that have been described in this connec- 

tion has not been sufficiently well established to be accepted as 
true factors. Culture media, carefully inoculated with material 
from subarachnoid fluid, brain tissue, lateral ventricles, mucous 
membrane of ethmoidal cells and heart blood, remained sterile, 
with the exception of one tube inoculated from the lateral ven- 
tricle of a brain, which, however, is not significant on account 
of the fact that the brain was carried from Nebraska to Ames 
before the inoculation was made. Neither did microscopic exami- 
nations of the fluids, from which cultures were attempted, reveal 
variations from the normal. According to the investigations of 
Joest and Dengen, there are intracellular bodies frequently found 
‘In the ganglion cells, which may be of animal origin. The theory 
of Ostertag and others that the infectious agent may be found in 


406 Cc. H. STANGE. 


the water and in the ground, and may be carried to the animals 
with the food stuffs, seems plausible. The idea, however, that 
the catarrhal condition of the digestive tract affords the port of 
entry for the causative factor needs to be demonstrated, because, 
although the affections of the gastro-intestinal tract are early 
symptoms, nervous symptoms appear simultaneously, or in a very 
short time. It is reasonable to suppose that if the catarrhal con- 
dition of the digestive tract predisposed to the infection that 
there would be a period of time elapsing between this and the 
nervcus symptoms. In other words, a period of incubation. In 
all probability, the affection of the digestive tract is but a part 
of the symptoms complex of the disease in its development. Ac- 
cording to investigation of Joest, the olfactory nerve may act 
as a port of entry for the infectious material. 

\Ve must remember the possibility that the earth may be a 
potent factor in distributing the infectious agent, as it may be 
taken up by the wind in the form of dust, and in this way taken 
into the nasal cavities by the horses. This, it seems to me, might 
explain also why horses in the rural districts are most frequently 
affected, while, if the food acted in the capacity of carrying the 
infection, outbreaks in the city would be more frequent. In 
Schmidt's experience over 80 per cent. of the horses affected came 
from the rural districts. Also most of the cases were seen in 
the months from March to September. He suggests that the 
cold weather reduces the pathogenic properties of the infectious 
material. So long as the actual cause is not known, the agency 
of the dust and the wind must be considered, inasmuch as the 
recent outbreaks spread from southwestern Kansas in a northerly 
and northeasterly direction with our prevailing winds over the 
states of Kansas, Nebraska and into South Dakota and Iowa. 

The age seems to have but very little influence. The same is 
true of the sex. The only predisposing factor seems to be that 
horses are kept in rural districts. 

The most important factors to be considered in the treat- 
ment of this disease are hygienic and dietetic in nature. Of 
415 typical cases treated by Schmidt, the greatest percentage of 


CE eee 


EPIZOOTIC EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (BORNA DISEASE). 407 


recoveries was obtained by observing dietetic indications, with 
cold applications to the head, massages, bleeding and purging, 
but he states that this line of treatment was very frequently ap- 
plied with no apparent beneficial results. He also, in addition 
to 35 different lines of treatment with drugs considered specific 
for nervous affections, tried the serum of horses that had recoy- 
ered. This he did, admitting the fact that a natural immunity 
is not developed as a result of an attack and did not receive ap- 
parent relief in a single case. It is, so far as we know at the 
present time, possible to ascribe curative properties to no drug. 
Considering the pathological changes, it is difficult to imagine a 
drug that could possess these properties. 

Prophylaxis is very difficult, so long as the cause and mode of 
infection are not known; even granting that the inhalation theory 
is correct, it would be very difficult or impossible to devise a 
method by which horses in our rural districts could be protected. 
Even the withdrawal of all kinds of green food and newly made 
hay is practically impossible with a large majority of our equine 
population. 

While we can no longer debate the question as to whether 
mouldy fcod may cause poisoning in horses, with symptoms sim- 
ilar to those described above, we, nevertheless, cannot assume for 
a moment that it is the one and only factor that may produce 
a disease presenting similar symptoms. This is especially true 
because of the fact that the symptoms are of a nervous character. 
Clinically and pathologically, we have been unable to distinguish 
the disease which invaded our central western states with such 
disastrous results, and which has scarcely died out from the dis- 
ease described in Europe and commonly known as Borna dis- 
ease. So long as the etiology remains in doubt, there will be 
more or less discussion as to its exact nature and will be confused 
with sporadic outbreaks of forage or mould poisoning, to which 
it is related in my estimation only in that it presents a smiliarity 
in symptoms. Therefore I repeat the suggestion made at a con- 
ference of veterinarians at Lincoln, Nebraska, in September, that 
the recent outbreak be known as epizootic equine encephalo- 


408 C. H. STANGE. 


myelitis. This would be at least in accordance with the. patho- 
logical anatomical features so far observed. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Joest and Dengen, Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1911, p. 508. 
Hans Streit, Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1903, p. 577: 

Johannes Schmidt, Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1912, pp. 581 5 597. 
Hutyra and Marek, Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere, Bd. II. 


THE Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.—In our 
December number, on page 324, we announced the meeting of 
the above association at Kansas City, and gave the tentative dates 
as January 22-23-24, promising to confirm or correct the same in 
our present number, those being the dates as nearly as the secre- 
tary of the association could approximate them at that time. We 
are now in a position to state the correct dates, which are, Jan- 
uary 21-22-23, 1913 (beginning one day earlier than formerly 
announced), and to give our readers a little inkling as to the 
program they may look forward to, as follows: “ Surgical Treat- 
ment of Bone Spavin,”’ R. R. Dykstra; discussion opened by J. 
S. Anderson, F. P. Brownand H. E. Bemis. “ The Recent Horse 
Plague,” A. Bostrom; discussed by John R. Sprague, K. W. 
Stonder, B. F. Kaupp, C. H. Stange, B. A. Robinson and ACY, 
Kinsley. “ Embryological Operations, Ete.” J. V. LaGromesiai 
cussion by J. E. May, J. H. McLevey, Roy Lovell, Geor ‘Jun- 
german, D. H. Miller and W. A. Heck. “ Contagious Abor- 
tion,’ B. F. Kaupp; discussed. by H. F. Palmer, M. H. Reynclds 
and J. I. Gibson. Amongst many other features of the clinic 
will be demonstrations of “‘ scabies’ in different animals. Many 
other papers and the “ Question Box” will surely round out a 
most excellent program. A banauet will be held at the Coates 
House on one of the evenings, and entertainment will be fur- 
nished for the ladies. 


CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS AT ITHACA.—The annual 


conference for veterinarians at Ithaca will be held this year on 
Thursday and Friday, January 9 and 10, at the New York State 
Veterinary College. Director Moore extends an invitation to 
every veterinarian in the Empire State to be present and 
participate. 


APPRECIATES THE WIDE SCOPE OF THE REvIEW.—An Ohio 
subscriber writes: “In my estimation the REvIEw is indispens- 
able to the practitioner, teacher and laboratory expert.” 


IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.* 


By Joun R. MouLer ann Ano_pH E1cHHORN, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The term hemorrhagic septicemia was first applied by 
Hueppe, in 1886, as a collective name for all those diseases which 
were caused by the ovoid bacterium, the Bacillus bipolaris septi- 
cus. The designation of Hueppe included chicken cholera, rabbit 
septicemia, hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle and swine plague 
as the original group. Later investigation proved that there are 
a number of other infectious diseases in animals, which, directly 
or indirectly, are etiologically identified with the Bacillus bipolaris 
septicus. Thus, this organism was found to be responsible for 
the buffalo disease (so-called Barbone), infectious pneumo-en- 
teritis of sheep and the infectious pleuro-pneumonia of calves. 
This enumeration of diseases does not embrace all affections in 
which this germ is involved, as there are other infectious mala- 
dies, such as influenza of horses, catarrhal pneumonia of calves 
and distemper of dogs, in which the ovoid bacterium is held to 
be an important factor. Its association with the latter diseases, 
however, has not yet been satisfactorily established ; nevertheless 
it is known that some of the pathological changes observed are 
caused by this micro-organism, and at least it must be considered 
in these instances as a secondary invader. 

All species of domestic animals are susceptible to the infection, 
although the pathogenic action of the organism for a certain 
species is usually higher than for other species, and under certain 
conditions may even be absent; nevertheless it is known that 
under appropriate conditions the organism may gain in virulence 
and become a typical pathogenic agent for any of the species. 
Thus it has been observed that after an outbreak of hemorrhagic 
septicemia in cattle, hogs have become affected with swine plague 


* Presented at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, 
Chicago, December, 1912. 


409 


410 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. 


on the same premises, and likewise the disease in sheep has de- 
veloped subsequent to an infection of hogs. 

It is therefore apparent that the group of these diseases is 
caused by the same germ, which possesses only a variance in 
virulence for the different species of animals. This fact is also 
substantiated by the morphological and biological characteristics 
of the germ. 

These ovoid bacteria live as saprophytes, but under the in- 
fluence of certain conditions they become parasitic, in which state 
they sometimes attain a very high virulence. After some genera- 
tions they gradually lose their parasitic nature and return to their 
original saprophytic state. As parasites, in their passage through 
the animal body, they show certain characteristics, as a result of 
which they are known as a variety of the Bacillus bipolaris septi- 
cus. Thus, as a rule, the diseases of the different species of ani- 
mals are caused by these specific varieties, viz., the hemorrhagic 
septicemia of cattle by the B. bovisepticus, swine plague by B. 
suisepticus, chicken cholera by B. avisepticus, the disease in sheep 
by B. ovisepticus, etc. 

These varieties, however, have a common saprophytic origin, 
which justifies their being grouped into one family, and all dis- 
eases caused by micro-organisms with the following characteris- 
tics should be included in this group: Ovoid bacteria without 
motility, gram negative, polymorphous with involution forms. 
They do not liquefy gelatine and do not coagulate milk, nor 
change its reaction. The bouillon cultures have a peculiar odor. 
On acid potatoes they form no visible growth, and in pancreatic 
bouillon no indol is formed; they are usually erobic, but may 
grow anerobically. They produce no spores and have no flagel- 
le. They possess a greatly varying virulence, which is usually 
very high. These specific characteristics are invariable, and the 
absence of any of those enumerated would exclude the organism 
from the hemorrhagic septicemia group. 

The group relation of the organisms of this family is also sub- 
stantiated by the following observations: Chickens may be im- 
munized against chicken cholera with cultures of the rabbit septi- 


IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA, 411 


cemia organism with the same satisfaction as with the attenuated 
cultures of chicken cholera (Kitt). Likewise Jensen immunized 
chickens against cholera with the bacteria of calf septicemia. 
Mayr and Kitt immunized rabbits against swine plague and 
chicken cholera with sera of the latter diseases. Perroncito pro- 
duced a fatal septicemia in calves with inoculations of the swine 
plague organism. Galtier found swine plague bacteria infectious 
for sheep, goats, calves and horses. Voges has even succeeded 
in producing a disease as fatal as cholera in chickens by feeding 
them swine plague bacteria. Further it has been proven that, 
in spontaneous outbreaks, hogs may become affected with the 
virus of chicken cholera. Finally, Lignieres, in his exhaustive 
experiments, proved the virulence of the hemorrhagic septicemia 
organism for all domestic animals, in which the most varied clin- 
ical picture may result from the infection. 

These, together with the findings and observations of other 
investigators, have established the close relationship of the differ- 
ent varieties of organism of this group. Moreover, through 
this knowledge it has been possible to prepare a polyvalent vaccine 
from the different varieties, which gave satisfactory results in 
the combatting of outbreaks and which 1s still being recommended 

-and employed in various localities. 

Immunization against various forms of hemorrhagic septi- 
_cemia has engaged the attention of numerous investigators since 
the time the causative factor was identified. Pasteur was the first 
to work out a method for immunization against chicken cholera, 
which, however, failed to come up to the desired expectations. 
He employed for the immunization an attenuated culture of the 
chicken cholera organism. The attenuation was accomplished 
by exposing the cultures to atmospheric conditions for a certain 
length of time. He found that cultures subjected to these condi- 
tions lost their virulence to a certain degree if they were then 
cultivated at body temperature. The material obtained from this 

attenuation was then used for the immunization against chicken 
cholera. The failure of this method in practice can be attributed 
_ chiefly to the fact that cultures exposed to this method of attenua- 


— 


412 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. 


tion will not in all instances produce a uniform product, and © 
therefore it can be readily understood why in some instances — 
great losses were sustained from the use of such vaccine. 

Later, other investigators prepared vaccines for the immuni- 
zation of the different varieties of these diseases, and while the 
results were encouraging, they have not in all instances succeeded ~ 
in their purpose. Lignieres’ method appears to have been the | 
most satisfactory, and its utilization in practice has also been 
probably more extensively adopted than any of the other methods. 
The method of attenuation he employed consists of growing the 
cultures of the respective organism at 42 to 43 degrees C. and 
preparing from the cultures grown at this temperature two differ- — 
ent strengths of vaccines. The weaker vaccine is grown for five 
days at this temperature, whereas the stronger vaccine for the 
second injection is grown for only two days. 

Kitt was the first to establish that the attenuated vaccine pre- 
pared from one of the varieties of the germ.may also prove | 
effective against other varieties. The proof of this fact is of | 
very great importance in the control of the disease, since it may 
not make material difference whether the vaccine used originates | 
from the bacteria of the particular variety it is desired to im- | 
munize against or another variety. Thus it is possible to immu- — 
nize chickens against cholera with the vaccine prepared from the ~ 
organism producing rabbit septicemia. | 

On the other hand, it must be recognized that immunization — 
against a disease of this group cannot invariably and uniformly 
be successful with vaccines from another variety of the disease, — 
and it should therefore be considered that the best results can 
only be expected when the vaccine is prepared from the organism — 
of the same variety. Hence, in all cases where it is possible to 
employ an autogenic vaccine, such should be used. ‘The prepara- 
tion of the polyvalent vaccine is highly recommended by | 
Lignieres, and according to his experience it may be used with 
satisfactory results in practice. The polyvalent vaccine is pre-— 
pared from a mixed culture of the hemorrhagic septicemia or- 
ganisms, originating from sheep, cattle, dogs, horses, hogs and 


2 


IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 415 


chickens. The culture is grown under the attenuating influences 
_ of a high temperature, as described above. The practical appli- 
; cation of the polyvalent vaccine is at the present time receiving 
_ the recognition of certain workers in the control of the disease 
among various species of animals. 
‘ The serum immunization against these diseases has also been 
investigated quite extensively. Potent sera can be prepared which 
will have an immunizing effect against the respective disease, but 
the application of this method of immunization in practice has 
not proven practical, since a serum inoculation produces only a 
7 passive immunity, which conveys to the animals a resistance that 
_ Temains for only a relatively short period. 
In consideration of the laborious task of preparing a horse 
to furnish the potent immunizing serum and also the length of 
time which this preparation requires, one can readily see the ad- 
vantage which would be derived from a vaccine in preference to 
an immune serum. This feature was particularly emphasized 
in a recent experience, where it was necessary to immunize ani- 
mals within the shortest possible time, in order to prevent further 
losses from the disease in a buffalo herd. 

In the following report our experience with vaccine immuni- 
‘zation against hemorrhagic septicemia is described, and in con- 
sideration of its success, further applications of this method in 
outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia among other species seem 
advisable. 


HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA OF BUFFALO (BARBONE). 


During the month of December, 1911, the Department of 
Agriculture received information from the Department of the 
Interior of the existence of a fatal disease in the buffalo herd in 
the Yellowstone National Park, with the request that an expert 
be sent to make an investigation of the disease. 

Dr. E. J. Cary, veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal 
‘Industry, was detailed to carry out the investigation at the park. 
In all, twenty-two animals died between December 3 and Decem- 
ber 15, young animals especially being victims of the disease. 
The symptoms, and particularly the post-mortem findings, were 


414 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. 


confusing, and it was therefore deemed advisable to forward 


some of the tissues for diagnosis to the Pathological Division. 
The bacteriological examination as well as test inoculations 
proved an infection with hemorrhagic septicemia as the specific 
micro-organism (Bacillus bipolaris bubalisepticus) was isolated 
from all tissues, and test animals which were inoculated with ma- 
terial from the specimens died of typical hemorrhagic septicemia, 
the specific organism being also recovered from the blood of these 
animals. 

This disease of buffalo, known also as barbone, was first rec- 
ognized in Italy, in 1886, while three years later its presence was 
established in Hungary. No previous outbreak of barbone has 
been recorded in this country. In Russia, Egypt, Indo-China 
and the Dutch West Indies the disease occurs frequently in en- 
zoctic form, and in the latter place over 11,000 buffaloes suc- 
cumbed between 1888 and 1891. It usually appears as a disease 
of the soil in marshy pastures where large numbers of buffalo 
are kept. Its appearance in such a remote and isolated place as 
the Yellowstone Park, however, is difficult of explanation, 
although the bacilli are known to be widely spread in nature and 
to occur not infrequently in the digestive tract and air passages 
of healthy animals. As a result of certain unknown conditions, 
which might include those influences that weaken the resistance 
of the tissues, as exposure, starvation, anemia, etc., the bacill: 
become virulent and produce characteristic lesions. It is not an 
uncommon experience with hemorrhagic septicemia to have it 
appear periodically in certain localities, without any apparent con- 
nection to which the introduction could be traced. The appear- 
ance of the disease in sheep reported by Ward in Minnesota 
might have some bearing on the disease in Wyoming, but if so 
it would probably be through birds of prey such as buzzards 
and hawks. 

The authorities in charge of the buffalo herd at the Yellow- 
stone Park were immediately notified of the nature and cause of 
the infection among the animals and preventive measures were 
recommended for controlling the spread of the disease. At the 


IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 415 


Same time it was deemed advisable to undertake the vaccination 
of the entire herd with bacterial vaccines prepared from the re- 
covered organism. For this purpose two vaccines were prepared 
of different strength. The vaccine for the first inoculation was 
prepared by growing the organism five days at 42.5° C., while 
the vaccine for the second injection was cultivated in the same 
temperature for only two days. 

For the preparation of vaccine Erlenmeyer flasks of pepton 
bouillon media were inoculated with the organism after it had 
been cultivated for several generations on agar, and the bouillon 
cultures were then placed under temperature conditions stated 
above. The straight attenuated culture after thorough shaking 
was used for vaccinations in some of the animals, while others 
received the same vaccine to which one-half of one per cent. of 
carbolic acid had been added. This was undertaken in order to 
determine whether the preserved vaccine possesses the same im- 
munizing qualities as the unpreserved material. 

Two varieties of the hemorrhagic septicemia organisms were 
utilized for the preparation of vaccine, the one strain represent- 
ing the germ isolated from the buffalo disease in the Welloystone 
National Park, while the other was a variety of hemorrhagic 
septicemia of cattle isolated from animals which died of that 
_ disease in Colorado. The vaccines prepared from these two 
_ varieties were tested for their potency on laboratory animals and 
also on sheep, a comparison of the action of the two different 
vaccines being carefully made. 

The virus isolated from the buffalo disease was especially 
virulent for rabbits. Inoculations of these animals with I c.c. 
‘of a suspension of salt solution containing only one-fifteenth of 
a loopful of bouillon culture killed the animals in from 12 to 

18 hours, while one-twentieth of a drop of blood from rabbits 
dead from the disease was fatal to other rabbits in less than 24 
hours on subcutaneous inoculations. The virus of the cattle 
variety was not as virulent, although test animals succumbed to 
subcutaneous inoculations on the third day, showing on post- 
mortem examination the characteristic manifestations of the 
_ disease. 


416 JOWN R. MCHLER AND ADOLPIT EICHHORN. 


Both strains of vaccines were employed in parallel tests on a 
group of rabbits and also at the same time on sheep. For im- 
munizing purposes subcutaneous injections of the vaccines were 
given to the animals at ten-day intervals. For the first vaccina- 
tion the more attenuated, and for the second vaccination the less 
attenuated vaccine was injected. The injections invariably were 
made subcutaneously on the inside of the thigh. The dose for 
the rabbits was .2 c.c. per injection, while the sheep were given 
.7 c.c. of each vaccine. Likewise another series of animals was 
tested, using the same amount of a vaccine which was preserved 
with 0.5 per cent. carbolic acid. 

On the sixth day following the second inoculation the im- 
munized animals were given a subcutaneous injection of the 
pure culture of the organism. Those which were immunized 
with the buffalo variety were injected with the virulent culture 
of this organism, while the others received the cattle variety. 
At the same time check animals which were not immunized were 
employed for each group and these were injected with the same 
quantity of virulent culture as given to the immunized animals. 
The immunized rabbits failed to show any indication of disease 
from the injection of the virulent culture, while the control ani- 
mals succumbed in the usual time. The same results were noted 
in the sheep, although one of the immunized animals showed a 
slight elevation in temperature which, however, subsided after 
one day. On the other hand, the control animals of this group | 
succumbed to the infection with typical symptoms and lesion of 
the disease. The fact that the animals immunized with the carbol- 
ized vaccine showed the same immunity as those immunized 
with the straight attenuated cultures is an interesting feature of 
this experiment, and while this condition appears at first hand 
to indicate the advantage from the use of the preserved vaccine, 
subsequent complement fixation tests undertaken on these im- 


munized animals showed that those animals which were immun- — 


ized with the straight vaccine gave a partial fixation of the 
complement for a much longer period than those which were 
immunized with the carbolized vaccine. 


4 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 417 


The results of these tests further substantiate the view that 
the vaccines of one of the varieties of the organism are potent 
against diseases produced by the other varieties of the germ. 
Thus rabbits and sheep were successfully immunized with the 
vaccines prepared from the Bacillus bubalisepticus and the Bacil- 
lus bovisepticus. 

After obtaining these favorable results the vaccine was sent 

~ to the veterinarian entrusted with the vaccination of the buffaloes, 
and instructed to vaccinate all animals of the herd by the same 
procedure at ten-day intervals. One cubic centimeter of the vac- 
cine constituted a dose for each animal. 

Following vaccination, the herd was carefully observed and 
no immediate effects were noticed from the vaccination, and up 
to the present time there has been no indication of the recurrence 
of the disease among the buffaloes. 

In the progress of the preparation of the vaccine experiments 
were also conducted in the laboratory to determine whether the 
complement fixation test could be applied for the diagnosis of 

the disease, and also for the purpose of determining the relative 
degree of immunity conferred upon the vaccinated animals in 
artificial immunizations. An antigen was prepared from the 
original organism recovered from the outbreak among the buf- 
“falo in the form of a shake extract. The hemolytic system con- 
sisted of sensitized rabbit serum (amboceptor), guinea-pig serum 
(complement), and washed sheep corpuscles. The test was em- 
ployed with sheep serum and rabbit serum of artificially infected 
“animals, and the results proved entirely satisfactory. A complete 
fixation was obtained in all instances when applied to 0.1 c.c. 
| Of serum of infected animals, while the controls showed no 
fixation whatsoever. 
_ After the vaccination of the sheep and rabbits, blood serum 
was obtained from these animals and tested with the complement 
fixation test. The results in these instances also showed a fixa- 
tion of the complement, although not as complete as in the in- 
fected animals, nevertheless showing that the animals responded 
‘after vaccination with the production of immune bodies. This 


q 


418 JOUN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN. 


reaction has been noted even three months after the vaccination, 
and the testing of the blood will be continued from time to times 
in order to determine the length of the period in which the ani- 
mals possess immune bodies subsequent to vaccination. . 

The utilization of the complement fixation test in the diagno- | 
sis of hemorrhagic septicemia, and also its value in determining | 
the relative immunity established by vaccination, is of great im- | 
portance, not alone in this disease, but also in the possiblity of ' 
its utilization for other diseases. 


PHYSICIANS AND VETERINARIANS A UNIT IN PREVENTIVED 
Mepici1ne.—The following letter from past-President De Vine 
of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, express- 
ing approval of and perfect accord with the sentiments expressed! 
in “the address of his successor, Dr. Ravenel, seems to so clearly 
demonstrate the views that each personally advocates, the one 
being a veterinarian and the other a physician, that we have 
taken, the liberty of reproducing it. Dr. De Vine says: 


“President Ravenel’s address was extemporaneous and his remarks_ 
were chiefly concerning the relation of bovine to human tuberculosis and | 
the great importance of bovine tuberculosis as a public health problem. He 
cited the findings of the Royal Commission in which it was clearly shown 
that bovine tuberculosis is transmitted to mankind, even the pulmonary form 
in exceptional cases; also the very valuable report of Dr. Park on the same | 
subject. In fact his remarks up to this point were practically identical | 
with the subject as I gave it in my annual address this year at our State 
meeting (New York). He further pointed out the necessity of the union | 
of the medical and veterinary professions on health problems and stated that at | 
the last meeting of the National Society of prevention of tuberculosis, of 
which Dr. Ravenel was President, that resolutions were passed inviting 
members of the veterinary profession to join the society and take part in 
the program; he also advocated the union of the professions under one 
Federal head to deal with national health problems. Z| 


—* meneeee ae ee ee 


a 


“Following Dr. Ravenel, Dr. Geo. B. Young made a short and sincere |} 
address of -welcome showing plainly his knowledge and sympathy of the | 
work we are engaged in. Dr. Bahnson the Southerner, who can make more ! 
faces telling a story and do it right than any man I ever saw, responded 4 
in his usual w ay by putting facts so that they sounded as pleasing as fiction ft 
until he reached the statement which to most Northerners was startling _ 
when speaking of Southern cattle fever; he said the cattle tick cost the | 
Southern States $15,000,000 by death and approximately $100,000,000 by — 
loss of commerce with other states annually, and that with our present 
knowledge of the life and methods of destruction of the tick, that eradica 
tion could be made possible and positive for the expenditure of a quarter — 
of the amount of the annual loss, if war against the ticks were waged in- | 
telligently and persistently for a few years. He says that the presence of — 
the ticks is entirely due to the indifference of the people and the lack | 
application of regular dipping of the cattle which is now. the key of 
solution.” 


SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING 
OUR FARM ANIMALS.* 


By W. H. Datrympte, M.R.C.V.S., Louistana State UNIVERSITY. 


The subject is such a comprehensive one that it would be a 
physical impossibility to more than scratch the surface, so to 
speak, in the time usually consumed in an ordinary paper, and 
even then I am afraid I will have to boil the subject-matter down 
to the limit of a synopsis, rather than anything approaching an 
exhaustive treatise, as, within the past decade or two, insect life 
has been found to play a much larger part in the transference 
of disease than was hitherto even dreamed of. 

Many years ago I personally had gained the impression that 
as time went on it would be found that insects, especially flies of 
different kinds, were responsible for the conveyance of many of 
the communicable diseases, but which at the time had, perhaps, 
not been suspected, or at least the suspicion had not gained very 
wide publicity. Perhaps I was led to this impression through 
my conection with anthrax in the lower Mississippi valley and 
its widespread character in certain seasons, particularly those in 
which tabanids, or horse-flies, were exceptionally numerous. 

True, the horse-fly had been credited with the causal agency 

of this disease, but the erroneous idea prevailed that the disease 
originated wholly with the fly and that it was the sole cause of 
the ailment rather than the mechanical transmitter of the bacter- 
ium anthracis. 
Our impression at that time, with regard to insect transmis- 
sion, seems to have been more or less verified in the numerous 
diseases that are now known to be dependent for their spread 
‘upon flies and other dipterous insects, either as mechanical trans- 
mitters or as obligate hosts of some of our most important dis- 
ease-producing organisms. 


* Paper presented at the thirtieth anniversary of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical 
Association, Chicago, December 6, 1912. 


419 


420 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


I do not wish you to get the impression that it is my desire 
to pose as a professional entomologist. You are all well aware 
that this branch of science is one to which an individual must 
devote his entire time, in fact his life, in order to become at all 
proficient. Consequently, while I have been able to embody 
some of my own personal experiences and observations in the 
makeup of this paper I have been forced to draw copious draughts 
from the fountain of knowledge acquired by those who have 
made a special study of insect life in its different phases. 

It is not my purpose to go into a systematic grouping of 
parasitic insects, as this would occupy much more time than I 
have at my disposal, nor do I think it at all necessary in a paper 
of this kind. I believe that the selection of one or two of the 
more important orders, with a few of their families, will be all 
that we will be able to cover at this time; and the first which I 
propose to discuss is the order diptera, which includes flies, gnats, 
mosquitoes and pseudo-ticks. 

The insects of this group are readily distinguished by their 
having only one pair of wings, the second pair, common to other 
insects, being represented by a pair of rudiments or modified 
structures called halteres or balancers. 

In many of the parasitic forms, however, the wings are en- 
tirely wanting, as in the sheep tick (melophagus ovinus), ete. 
They have suctorial mouth parts, and in the forms attacking 
the various animals these parts become readily adapted to pene- 
trating the skin in order to reach the small blood-vessels. 

The larve are fleshy grubs, or maggots, or slender worms 
adapted in the different families to widely different conditions 
of existence, but in nearly all cases requiring some degree of 
moisture. 

In this respect they range all the way from the entirely aquatic 
mosquito larve to the forms which mature in comparatively dry 
situations in earth, or even upon plants. 

The pupe are, in some cases, formed by the simple contrac- 
tion or hardening of the larval skin, and in disclosing the imago 
may either split on the dorsal surface or in a circular manner, so — 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 421 


that a cap is separated from the head end, leaving a round aper- 
ture through which the adult emerges. 

While comparatively few are parasites in the strict sense, the 
group includes many of the most troublesome of the insect 
enemies of live stock. 

Muscide is the family of diptera to which our common fly 
belongs, and I have thought it might not be out of place to 
briefly consider that pest, to both man and beast, as well as a 
carrier of disease germs of no mean ability—the common house 
fly (musca domestica ). 

It is claimed by entomologists that the egg-mass of the 
female house-fly will contain about 120 ova, and that a single fly 
will lay four such batches of eggs. The life cycle of this fly is 
ten days, and in the latitude of Washington, D. C., for example, 
according to Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomo- 
logy, the generations will number twelve or thirteen in a single 
season. In the longer warmer seasons, such as we have in the 
more southerly part of the country, the number of generations 
are, no doubt, considerably increased. 

We are all familiar with the great prominence this pest has 
_ gained in recent years in connection with the transmission of 
some important disease of the human family, such as typhoid 
fever, dysentery, infantile diarrhoea, etc. However, in the case 
of animals, apart from its irritating and annoying effects, it may 
not have been reckoned at its true value as a transmitter or 
carrier of some of our most fatal infections. 

Only recently at the Louisiana station we have been able to 
verify, to some extent, at least, the veracity of this statement 
during the course of some experiments with possible carriers of 
anthrax infection. Dr. Harry Morris, assistant veterinarian and 

bacteriologist of the station, when posting a guinea-pig that had 
died of anthrax, observed a common house-fly feeding upon 
the viscera in the abdominal cavity of the pig. Having a petrie 
_ dish with agar medium convenient, he succeeded in getting the 
fly on to the culture medium in the dish; and after incubating 
this for a period of 24 hours, there could be seen colonies of 


422 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


anthrax organisms at every point the fly had touched with its 
feet. 

Here then was a case of infection by simple mechanical trans- 
mission. But another test was made of a somewhat different 
character. A fly that had been fed virulent anthrax culture in 
a large wide-mouthed bottle was transferred at intervals into 
three other sterile bottles in order to prevent contamination, and 
from the side of the last bottle a single fly-speck was carefully 
transferred to fluid agar, shaken up and further transferred to a 
sterile Petrie dish. This was incubated for 48-hours, with the 
result that the entire field was covered with anthrax colonies. 

From the above-mentioned tests it may readily be inferred. 
how the common house-fly may not only be the mechanical bearer 
of this death-dealing infection on its feet and the hairy under- 
surface of its body, but carry in its dejecta and deposit, when 
nature calls, the organisms of this disease, which is often so fatal 
to both man and beast in various parts of the country. And if 
this is possible in the case of anthrax, may it not also be so in 
hog-cholera and other diseases of animals that have not as yet 
been fully investigated in this connection? 

In dealing with this fly it is necessary, of course, to get at 
its breeding places and endeavor to destroy it in the egg and 
larval stages. It breeds chiefly in horse manure, although it may — 
be found in trashy places about yards, in closets, ete. This would 
suggest, therefore, the treatment of manure, when practicable, 
with some effective inexpensive insecticide, such as chloride of 
lime, its removal at the earliest possible moment, sanitary cleanli- 
ness generally, and the screening of stables, when that can be 
accomplished. 

Another representative of this family is the stable-fly, biting 
or stinging fly (stomoxys calcitrans). 

To the uninitiated, this fly so closely resembles the common 
house-fly as to be considered one and the same, only they (the 
uninitiated) are at a loss at times to understand why this fly 
should get fits of biting or stinging. This, however, is an error, 
as the two are quite distinct. 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 423 


This is a well-known species, is widely distributed, and is a 
familiar pest in many countries. It is said to have been described 
by Linnaeus in 1761. Its bite is severe, a great amount of an- 
noyance is caused by it to our domestic animals, and it is fre-_ 
quently very troublesome to people working in the vicinity of 
where it abounds. In fact, it was announced by Prof. M. J. 
Rosenau, of Harvard University, at the recent International 
Congress on Hygiene and Demography in Washington, D. C., 
that he had apparently succeeded in transmitting poliomyelitis, or 
infantile paralysis, from sick to well monkeys by the bite of this 
fly. Dr. Rosenau concluded from his experiments that after the 
virus of poliomyelitis is taken into the body of the fly by biting 
an infected person or animal some time must elapse before the 
fly is capable of transmitting the disease, and that the period 
which must elapse is probably less than 21 days. 

It would seem that this fly appeared in great numbers in 
different parts of the country during the present year and oc- 
casioned considerable damage. Mr. Bishopp, assistant in the 
Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations in Texas, kindly fur- 
-nished me a memorandum of some of its depredations. It seems 
to have appeared in great numbers in the north-central part of 
Texas and certain parts of southern Oklahoma, also in Kansas 
and Nebraska. It is difficult, says Mr. Bishopp, to estimate the 
loss chargeable to this outbreak. The loss due to the death of 
cattle, mules and horses was by no means inconsiderable, prob- 
ably 300 head would be a conservative estimate, the greater num- 
ber being among cattle. Many of the deaths, however, were only 
indirectly due to the fly, among which might be mentioned run- 
aways caused by the irritation of the bites. One of the most im- 
portant indirect losses was caused by the inability of the farmers 
to make fall preparation for their winter wheat at the proper 
time, as it was frequently impossible to work their animals in the 
fields during the daytime. In the case of dairy cows, the great 
loss was due to the reduction of the milk supply. This reduction 
ranged from 40 to 60 per cent. in many herds. And there was 
also a corresponding falling off in the weight of animals every- 
where throughout the afflicted districts. 


424 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


Prof. Herbert Osborn, of Ohio, and others state it is es- 
pecially charged against this species that they have been the 
means of transmitting anthrax and possibly other diseases among 
cattle. 

This author also mentions that this fly is not confined to 
stables or other quarters of domestic animals, but occurs fre- 
quently in shady places, groves, and in dwellings, especially in 
cloudy weather. It is claimed, however, that the species has 
been reared with others from horse manure, and it may be con- 
sidered as established that the eggs are laid in manure, and the 
larval stages passed there, requiring greater or less time for their 
development, a number of generations being produced each year. 

The prompt disposal of stable accumulations would, there- 
fore, assist greatly in reducing the numbers of this pest. For if, 
as Dr. Rosenau states, the virus of poliomyelitis has to remain 
in its body for a length of time before it is capable of trans- 
mitting the disease; and the further fact, according to Curry, 
in Manila that it is the principal agent in the transmission of the 
trypanosome of surra, it is possible that we have in this fly a 
carrier which is much more dangerous than has hitherto been 
suspected. ; 

Another important member of the family Muscide is the 
horn-fly (hzematobia serrata). 

This is one of the worst of the European biting flies that 
attack cattle, but nothwithstanding the large number of impor- 
tations of live stock from that continent to this during nearly 
three centuries it was only discovered and reported to the U. S. 
Bureau of Entomology in the fall of 1887 as occurring near 
Camden, N. J. The following year it appeared in Maryland and 
Virginia, and by 1891-1892 it was found over the continent from 
Canada to Texas and from Massachusetts to the Rocky Moun- 
tains. In 1897 it was carried with cattle from the Pacific coast 
to Honolulu, and from there spread to all the islands of the 
Hawaiian group. 

During the past summer this fly has been exceptionally 
abundant in the Gulf States and, presumably, in other sections of 


A I A Pend ie RS Ayan Fear Ca Ate 


= ay 


A te REVS ca EE SCR a yr ae eat oy hoes piily: 


4 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 425 


the country, and the damage done has necessarily been propor- 
tionate to the numbers of the insect. 

Being a blood-sucker, the chief damage is occasioned as the 
result of irritation, preventing proper feeding and the normal 
assimilation of food and, in consequence, the loss of flesh or les- 
sened milk production. There is also, of course, the actual loss 
of blood, which may be quite considerable when these flies are 
abundant, as they have been the past summer. And we in Louis- 
jana are somewhat suspicious that during outbreaks of anthrax 
they may, as mechanical transmitters, be factors in the spread 
of this infection. 

Except when these insects are in great abundance they seem 


‘to have a preference for dark-colored cattle, or the dark portions 


of the same animal that may have both dark and light patches, 
such as the Holstein. This is no doubt due to mimicry, or the 
natural instinct to protect themselves by taking advantage of 
the color of their surroundings being similar to their own. 

When feeding, the horn-flies generally attack the sides of the 
chest and other parts where it is difficult for the animal to reach 
with head or tail; and when disturbed on one side, they move 
over to the other, and keep this up until they become satiated, 
and the animal frequently worn out by its almost constant efforts 
to rid itself of the pest. 

In the resting stage, the flies frequently cluster around the 
base of the horn, in horned cattle—hence the name, horn-fly. 

According to Marlatt, the egg-laying habit of this insect was 
not easily discovered, and is somewhat peculiar. The eggs are 
laid singly, and usually upon their sides on the surface of wet 
cow manure. So far as is known, they are laid upon no other 
substance, and never upon old droppings. The moment the man- 
ure is dropped, a swarm of flies dart from the animal to the 
manure and remain there a few seconds, or a minute at the most, 
during which time many eggs are deposited. Egg deposition is 
chiefly during daylight, and most abundant during the warmer 
morning hours. 

The larve upon hatching descend into the manure, remaining, 


426 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


however, rather near the surface. The puparium, or pupa, is 
found in the ground underneath the droppings. The time elaps- 
ing from the egg to the adult is from 10 to 17 days, and in the 
latitude of Washington, according to Marlatt, there are probably 
seven or eight generations annually, with more in the South, and 
continuous breeding in tropical regions, like the Hawaiian Is- 
lands. 

Studies of the winter habits of this insect would indicate 
that hibernation takes place either in the adult stage or in the 
pupa below the surface of the ground. 

It seems to have been established by the Bureau of Entomo- 
logy that some of the natural enemies of this fly have been dis- 
covered. 

However, the simplest practical method of control, so far as 
we are concerned at the present time, would seem to be the 
destruction of the larvze and pupz in the cattle manure by direct 
measures, the protection of cattle by suitable repellents, and the 
actual destruction of the adult flies. 

Since using the alkaline arsenical solution for the destruction 
of cattle ticks in the South, it'is found that great numbers of 
these flies hang on to the animals and are killed in the ordinary 
process of dipping in the vats. But while myriads of adult flies 
are destroyed in this way, dipping for tick destruction is only 
practiced every 14 to 21 days during the season, leaving too great 
an interval between to be of the greatest practical service. Con- 
sequently, some additional method should be adopted that could 
be practiced at short intervals, or a system of dipping with in- 
secticidal materials that would serve the purpose without injuring 
the cattle. 

There are various mixtures recommended to be used as 
sprays, and the old standard insecticide, kerosene emulsion, still 
seems to be one of the best for this purpose. 

Under range conditions, however, the ordinary dipping vat is 
being so modified with high splashboards, etc., as to form a fly- 
trap, so that when the animal plunges in, the flies which escape 
immersion go to the upper part of the vat, and are killed by the 
spray made by the animal when it plunges into the solution. 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 427 


Some other methods are in vogue, such as driving the cattle 
through a large cylinder, through the sides of which a powerful 
gasoline pump causes sprays of an effective insecticide to strike 
the animals from all quarters and thoroughly wet them. 

These latter methods, of course, destroy adult flies in great 
numbers, but wherever practicable the other, and very important 
method of destroying the maggots and pupae in the fresh drop- 
pings should not be overlooked, in order that greater headway 
may be made in the control of this pest, which is costing the 
country so much in the aggregate. 

Some years ago the screw-worm-fly, chrysomyia macellaria, 
was a veritable plague in the Gulf States. However, since about 
1891 or 1892 we don’t seem to have been troubled with it to any 
extent as a severe pest to our farm animals. While its habitat is 
given as from Canada to Patagonia, the greatest damage from it 
has been within the tropical and sub-tropical belt. 

During the years of its greater prevalence, not only animals 
but human beings also suffered from its ravages. 

The fly lays a mass of some three or four hundred eggs on 
the surface of wounds, which, in a few hours, hatch into larve, 
and these make their way directly into the wound where they 
feed on the surrounding tissues until full grown, when they come 
out, drop to the ground where they pupate, and later the adult 


fly emerges. Any fresh wound, however small, seemed suff- 


cient to attract this fly at the particular period mentioned. The 
greatest sufferers seemed to be the young creatures, such as foals, 


calves, etc., while their umbilical stumps were still in a raw state, 


and the openings still unclosed. Eggs were laid on these struc- 


tures, and in a few hours the larve had gained the abdominal 


_ cavity, with enormously fatal results. 


(To Be Concluded in the Next Number.) 


Dr. JAs. CAMPBELL, one of the old-time readers of the RE- 
VIEW, located at Henderson, Ky., has recently been called to his 


maker. 


THE. VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN.* 


By Dr. E. Pecram Ftower, D.V.S., BAton Rouce, La. 


The qualified, progressive practitioner of veterinary medicine 
to-day occupies an enviable and unique position in the world of 
science. 

As graduates of modern veterinary colleges, maintaining a 
curriculum that includes courses in pathology, bacteriology, meat 
inspection, milk and dairy inspection, quarantine and hygiene, 
subjects that are of especial importance to sanitarians, in addi- 
tion to thorough courses in anatomy, physiology, medicine and 
surgery and the related collateral sciences, the veterinarian is 
peculiarly fitted as a sanitarian and public health officer. 

The number of veterinarians employed as sanitary officers 
for the various states of the Union are legion, and have accom- 
plished much indeed in the preservation of the health of animals 
in their respective states and indirectly of the people. Other 
veterinarians have rendered efficient sanitary service to many 
towns and cities in the capacity of milk and meat inspectors, but 
the principal benefits obtained by city milk and meat inspection 
alone have been in the general improvement of sanitary condi- 
tions, and consequently the maintenance of human health. A 
considerable part of the health in general of the live stock of 
our country, and indirectly of the health of the people, must be 
attributed to the qualified, energetic, wide-awake local veterinary 
practitioner, who effectively protects his community from the 
ravages of contagious and infectious diseases of live stock, com- 
municable to man. 

There are many diseases of the lower animals that are also 
common to the human family, such as anthrax, glanders, rabies 
and tuberculosis, and the veterinarian is indisputably best quali- 
fied to identify these diseases in the animal and to properly quar- 


* Presented to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, at New Iberia, October 
2, Tore. 


428 


' 


ee 4 Pe gee 


THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN, 429 
oe ee ee eee eee 


antine, destroy, disinfect and prevent the spread of such dis- 
eases to man. Anthrax, a disease affecting practically all mam- 
mals and extremely prevalent in our state annually, is transmis- 
sible to man by inoculation through wounds or abrasions, caused 
or produced generally from handling infected animals, or skin- 
ning carcasses that have died of anthrax. There have been nu- 
merous fatalities in various sections of our state during the past 
several years from this dire malady. 

Glanders, a disease which chiefly affects horses and mules, 
is also communicable to man. Only three weeks ago I was called 
to the parish of Winn to inspect a markedly suspicious case of 
glanders in a small bay mare, the owner of which had only a 
few days previous died of an acute case of glanders. This animal 
was found affected with a chronic case, and had there been a 
trained veterinarian adjacent to this community, or earlier avail- 
able, his attention would undoubtedly have been directed to her 
condition. The resulting diagnosis and complete control of the 
situation in its incipiency, by the proper adoption of sanitary 
regulations by one versed in comparative pathology, would have 
been the means of obtaining one human life from death’s toll. 

While our Live Stock Sanitary Board requires the reporting 
of infectious diseases by any citizen who may be aware of its 
existence, failure to do so is often the case through ignorance of 
the law, or perhaps of a lack of due responsibilty. 

Rabies, a disease common to the domestic animal and man. 
and mainly transmissible by means of the saliva and other secre- 
tions, can by the surveillance of the vigilant veterinarian be 
efficiently controlled in its incipiency in his community. The 
proper adoption and enforcement of sanitary regulations, which 
are too well known to the trained sanitarian to expatiate upon 
here, together with co-operation from the municipal authorities, 
are the means whereby serious outbreaks of this disease are 
prevented or suppressed. 

That tuberculosis is transmissible to man from lower animals 
is now a recognized fact. At the recent meeting of the seventh 
International Tuberculosis Congress, held in Paris during the 


430 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. 


early part of the current year, the opinion of prominent investi- 
gators connected therewith and so expressed, indicate that bovine 
tuberculosis is transmissible to man, especially children. That 
ten per cent. of the cases of human tuberculosis proceed 
from infection by bovine tuberculosis. That the majority 
of cases of human tuberculosis proceeds from contagion be- 
tween human beings, and that it is necessary to maintain 
and even increase the precautionary measures already taken 
against bovine tuberculosis. The wide publication of these inves- 
tigations should awaken health authorities and the general pub- 
lic to the need of more effective regulations and of scientifically 
trained veterinarians for their enforcement. It seems superfluous 
to argue the need of municipal meat and milk inspection. The 


many instances of meat poisoning from the ingestion of putrid 


fish and meat, outbreaks of typhoid fever, scarlet fever and other 
diseases, transmitted through the medium of milk, together con- 
stitute, in my opinion, an irrefutable argument for efficient mu- 
nicipal food inspection that cannot be denied. Milk and dairy 
products are now extensively used as human food; from one- 
sixth to one-fifth of the food consumed by the people in the nation 
is derived from the dairy cow. There is probably no one more 
adequately informed than the trained veterinarian respecting a 
knowledge of milk: the source of its contamination and the 
changes which it undergoes after leaving the animal. In addi- 
tion to this definite knowledge of the diseases of cattle, of stable 


sanitation, of milk from the standpoint of a laboratorian, he is © 


in a position to command attention and respect from the dairy- 
man. If he is tactful, an attitude of mutual helpfulness and co- 
operation can readily be established by endeavoring to make the 
work essentially educational, and not a police supervision with 
harsh orders and mandates that court the opposition rather than 
the willing acquiescence and co-operation of the dairyman. To 
instill enthusiasm in the efforts of the dairvman by endeavoring 
to demonstrate that a fairly superior quality of milk is possible 
from a meagre equipment, by a change of methods and condi- 
tions, especially where the desire is evinced to try, will be in the 
end productive of lasting success. 


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sesneeinn ileal igisl shite, biindnseaetraesaetn plainndibahautactaipdiasaial okt ee 


THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN. 431 


Milk-borne typhoid fever is charged from statistics with about 
one hundred thousand cases of this disease annually in the United 
States. It is an indisputable fact that scarlet fever and diph- 
theria are readily and dfiten transmitted through milk, and it is 
also a fact that through milk-borne endemics these two diseases 
pay a heavy mortality toll annually. 

The conservation of the health of the people is now a problem 
receiving the universal attention of the best authorities in every 
civilized nation, and the interest manifest in this consideration 
by the veterinary profession relates to the control and eradica- 
tion of the various infectious diseases of animals and to the safe- 
guarding of the milk and meat supply. 

The evolution of the modern practitioner of veterinary medi- 
cine, of the sanitarian trained in comparative pathology, from the 
old ‘* Hoss Doctor ”’ of several years ago, up to the present scien- 
tific standard, has been comparatively slow, but nevertheless re- 
markable. Now, in the place of such characters of the old régime 
have appeared well-educated gentlemen, who, by their upright- 
ness, fair dealing, courteous attitude and unimpeachable charac- 
ter, have convinced the public that the profession deserves and 
must obtain a more exalted position in the public mind. The 
public has been fast to recognize the justness of this position and 
has accordingly advanced our practitioners to a position far su- 
perior to that occupied a decade ago, and will continue to advance 
us just as fast as we demonstrate that we are entitled to it. 

To the man who specializes in comparative medicine, the 
humane service that he renders in alleviating the sufferings of 
our dumb animals, and his economic value in preserving the life 
and usefulness of man’s most faithful and efficient servant, the 


horse, from diseases not due to specific infection, is sufficient in 


itself to have earned for him the gratitude due a real benefactor 
of both man and beast. Legislation relative to veterinary require- 
_ ments and privileges is annually being enacted in the majority 
_ of the states, and as the lines are gradually more and more closely 
drawn, the poorly trained man finds himself woefully in a class 
unto himself. The value placed on a preparatory education is 


lone ee 


432 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. 


also increasing at a surprising rate in every line of work, and 
we may safely assume that the business-like, intelligent farmer 
is fast discerning the distinction between the man thoroughly 
trained for his profession and one who has jumped high and 
blindly, or who has taken a short cut to a professional degree. 
The sanitarian in his rural practice in the past has been much 
handicapped by lack of legal or state regulations prescribing pen- 
alty for their enforcement. Consequently, there has not been the 
amount of necessary attention devoted to this particularly impor- 
tant line of work regarding live stock sanitation as there could 
have been. To-day, however, with a most excellent law avail- 


able for the regulation of contagious and communicable diseases 
of live stock, placed in the hands of your Live Stock Sanitary 
Board for their enforcement, there is a mutual interest of co- 
operation evident between veterinarians, the parish authorities, 
the parish and state health boards and the Board. After many 
years of toil and effort, with, however, attending disappointments, 
to have effected a state law for the control and eradication of 
contagious diseases of live stock, those gentlemen who have 
worked so indefatigably toward this end (and I refer especially 
to our prominent colleague, Dr. Dalrymple) were at last re- ) 
warded by seeing the passage of Act 274 at the hands of the Cen- | 
tral Assembly of 1908, creating the Live Stock Sanitary Board. i 
For the first two years following its passage, however, there could 
be but little accomplished, due to an entire absence of appropria- 
tion. The following General Assembly, two years since, allowed 
an appropriation for eradication of the fever carrying cattle tick, 
and the production of hog cholera serum, but absolutely no pro- 
vision for control or sanitary work. The past General Assembly, 
only recently convened, were, by importunity, entreaties and 
forcible arguments from representative live stock owners and 
agriculturists over the state, prevailed upon to vote an appropria- 
tion for this work. This available fund, though, while not 
princely, amounting to approximately twenty-five thousand dol- 
lars per year, has nevertheless enabled us to assume charge of 
several situations without delay, where apathy or procrastination 


wy 


THE VETERINARIAN AS A SANITARIAN. 433 


would have been serious. It has been the custom of the Live 
Stock Sanitary Board to deputize as its representatives and in- 
spectors those qualified veterinarians adjacent to the locality of 
reported outbreaks of probable pathogenic maladies, when such 
action is deemed imperative. These veterinary inspectors, as 
representatives of the Board, and endowed with the same official 
power as the executive officer of the Live Stock Sanitary Board 
while in the discharge of such duties, are in a position to promptly 
and peremptorily adopt requirements suitable to the exigencies 
in the premises necessary to control, suppress or eradicate the 
prevailing infection. When the duties of the various parish 
officials, as prescribed by law, in connection with enforcement 
of these regulations, are explained and demonstrated, there have 
been, with but one or two exceptions, complete co-operation and 
material assistance rendered on their part. The old adage that 
an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure has special appli- 
cation in sanitary medicine. The veterinarian with his training 
in comparative medicine should be naturally an efficient sani- 
tarian in the maintenance of health of the domestic animal, and 
as such is accordingly in a position to conduct an available cam- 
paign educationally, throughout the rural districts where agricul- 
tural interests and live stock abound, while in the discharge of his 
erstwhile professional daily duties. 

Our work must go forward by three parallel and seemingly 
important lines: First, combating disease wherever found and 
by every known agency; second, fortifying the body by its nat- 
ural defences and other agencies; and third, waging a relentless 
warfare against pathogenic micro-organisms. 

I do not wish you to infer from the foregoing discussion of 
this subject that the veterinarian alone is the only one capable of 
officiating as a public health officer, or that he alone should be 
responsible for the preservation of the health of the public. The 
various phases and conditions, in which the veterinarian is and 
should be a factor, have been argued, but the conservation of the 
health can be brought to the highest standard by the co-operation 
of the veterinarian and the physician. Each has his particular 


434 E. PEGRAM FLOWER. 


field, and while they are essentially combined ultimately in the 
great question of prophylaxis, freedom of consultation and dis- 


cussion of paramount issues with each other will be of untold 


benefit. 

Having been shown that many of the diseases of animals are 
transmissible to the human, and that there are many diseases and 
diseased conditions that originate in the domestic animal or in 
the products of these animals, it seems only evident that veteri- 
narians should act in the capacity of sanitary officers, especially 
as milk and meat inspectors, and that every well-regulated board 
of health should have among its members one or more veteri- 
narians. 


KANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.—Secretary James H. 
Burt, of the above association, wishes to say to the veterinary 
profession of Kansas, through the Review, that everything is 
being arranged for an excellent meeting at Topeka on the 7th and 
8th of this month, and the profession of the state should come 
out in a body. 


A Bie Mute.—tThe following clipping from the Breeders’ 
Gazette of November 13 is an example of what can be produced 
in the shape of a mule by proper selection of mare and jack. The 
mule stood 17 hands high, was smooth and shapely, and weighed 
2,010 pounds at the time the man who raised it sold it for $500 
as a four-year-old. ‘‘ The famous big mule which was destroyed 
in a fire in Trenton, Mo., last summer weighed in good condition 
2,010 pounds at four years old. The dam was a Shire mare 
weighing 1,600 pounds, and the sire was a 16-hand big-boned 
Kentucky jack weighing 1,200 pounds. At one year old the mule 
weighed 1,400 pounds, and gave evidence at that time of great 
stretch of frame and immense size at maturity. At two years old 
the weight was 1,675 pounds. The third summer this mule was 
worked on the farm, and continued in the harness until sold at 
four years old to the Missouri Auction School. At three years 
old the weight was 1,790 pounds, and at four years old 1,890 
pounds’) Aaa 


—— 


5 
> 


STANDARD, PURE AND POTENT BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS.* 


» By C. A. Cary, D.V.M., State VETERINARIAN, SECRETARY OF STATE LIvE 
Stock Sanitary Boarp, Ausurn, ALA. 


The multiplicity of biological products that may be found on 
the market causes the public to open its mouth, buy, devour, suf- 
fer, get relief, or get no action, paying the price regardless of 
results. Even the general medical profession becomes now and 
then disgruntled, if not disgusted, with the great list of semi- 
patent biological products that smack of sweet and easy quackery. 

| _ All that is required is a little pressure of the hypodermic syringe, 
and the mysterious biological product will do the rest. But why 
_ this variety of products that are said to be the same? The dif- 
‘ ferences or variations in purity and potency are due to the care, 
_ honesty, ability and facilities of the maker of the biological 
products. 
: For instance, take the history of tuberculin and its record 
_ of twenty-two years has been a variable and checkered one be- 
_ cause of its commercial value and variety of makers. Some of 
: the erroneous records made by using it as a diagnostic agent, not 
; to say anything about its use as a curative agent, have been due 
_ to impotent tuberculin that was forced on the market before it 
was standardized or tested. 
Again, look at anthrax vaccines. Doubtless the indiscrimi- 
_ nate sale of anthrax vaccines to the laymen, and possibly to pro- 
af fessional men, has been the means of disseminating anthrax, espe- 
: _ cially where the germs were not properly attenuated. In all cases 
j where such vaccines as anthrax are to be used, there should be 
no possible doubt about the strength or degree of attenuation, 
and then they should not be placed in the hands of the inexpe- 
_ rienced and technically ignorant. In fact, the use of anthrax vac- 
_cines should never be permitted until a positive biological diagno- 


= * Presented to the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
_ Association, at Indianapolis, August, 1912. 


435 


436 ©. A. CARY. 


sis has been made by a competent expert. The Alabama Live 
Stock Sanitary Board has a regulation demanding that a positive 
diagnosis of anthrax be made by some recognized state authority 
or by the Bureau of Animal Industry before anthrax vaccine can 
be used even by professional men. 

The well-known outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease is said 
to have been brought about by the mistaken use of contaminated 
and infected smallpox virus that was used by a commercial fac- 
tory of biological products. 

If accurate records could be secured, it would be very interest- 
ing, if not astonishing, to find how many failures, mistakes, 
actual, serious infections and impotent results have obtained from 
the indiscriminate manufacture, sale and use of nearly all bio- 
logical products. Why should such a hazardous, heterogenous 
state of most important affairs be left the variables and unknown 
quantities in commercialism, when there are ways and means by 
which the medical profession and the public may be protected, 
without unduly restraining commercial trade. 

The best way out of this perplexing difficulty is to place 
manufacture and sale of all biological products exclusively into 
the hands of government. Public good, public welfare and public 
health demand it. Some assert that such a procedure would lead 
to paternalism. But the results to be obtained are solely for the 


good, the welfare and the protection of the public; and conse- ~ 


quently the end justifies the means. Moreover, the means or 
method is also correct and in every way right. The law regulates 
quarantine, the manufacture and sale of poisons and such drugs 
as cocaine, morphine, opium, strychnine and arsenic; why not 
biological products that are used in the treatment and protection 
of animals? There are many good reasons why the government 
should manufacture and regulate the sale of all biological prod- 
ucts. The government can secure the best experts, whose salaries 
need not depend upon commercialism. Here some one may claim 
that politics would influence the work of the expert. The same 
can be said of the commercial manufacturers of biological prod- 
ucts. They have been known to play political hands. Moreover, 


me 


ee ae ys. 


STANDARD, PURE AND POTENT BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. 437 


the biological workers at Washington have had almost an unlim- 
ited tenure of office. Again, governmental authorities can secure 
the best materials and facilities, and can thus as near as possible 
make a constantly standard biological product. 
Another plan would be to have the government and the vari- 
_ ous states make the biological products. In some things, like hog 
_ cholera serum, this plan might work equally as well, and in some 
ways better than to have the government make all the serum. 
Yet it might mean as many kinds of serum in purity and potency 
as there are states. However, there can be co-operation of states, 
and then the standard could be uniform. 
There is still another way of controlling the output of bio- 
logical products. It is the one that is now in force regulating the 
manufacture of biological products used by the human family. 
The manufacturers obtain a license from a government depart- 
ment, and this department periodically tests the products of 
licensed houses and thus forces them to make standard products. 
This method has greatly improved the products used in human 
‘Medicine. Yet there are loopholes and defects. The government 
_ department tests only a few of the products made by the private 
or commercial house, whereas, if the government or state were 
" making it, every “batch” or combination of “ batches” would 
be tested. 
In January, 1912, the Alabama Live Stock Sanitary Board, 
at the writer’s request, promulgated a regulation which required 
the manufacturers of the biological products to be sold in Ala- 
a to obtain the endorsement of the Bureau of Animal Indus- 
Some of the B. A. I. men looked upon this favorably, but 
the Secretary of Agriculture said that there was no federal law 
and no money to enforce control over the making of biological 
products. Dr. Melvin wrote me that there was an attempt being 
made to have a law passed giving the Bureau of Animal Industry 
a license control over the making of veterinary biological prod- 
cts. It is to be hoped that it, or some other good federal law, 
will be passed and put into effect at an early date. 
I do not wish to imply or to assert that much good has not 


438 CG: AIO ARY: ; 


been done by the manufacturers of biological products. In fact, 
they have done a great deal that could not have been accomplished 
without their work, but some of them—1in fact, nearly all of them 
—have pushed the commercial idea to such an extent that they are 
advertising and selling products in a way that is not commend- 
able, not to say anything about the medical or scientific aspect of 
the work. In fact, if the best houses now in existence would 
eliminate the semi-patent medicine advertisements and the 
“quack” testimonials, and then standardize their products ac- — 
cording to some fixed government standard, they would certainly 
improve and be second only to the actual government manufac- 
ture of the products. 


Dr. JoHN F. WINCHESTER, OF LAWRENCE, MAss., repre- 
sented his city at the “ National Conference of Housing,” held 
in Philadelphia December 4 to 6, 1912, and we find his name — 
heading a list under the caption “ Many Noted Speakers ” in the ~ 
Philadelphia Record of December 5. Dr. Winchester, who occu- — 
pied the unique position of being the only veterinarian who par- 
ticipated in the conference, which had for its purpose the better- 
ment of the housing conditions of the poor in the cities, was the | 
official representative from the Department of Health and from 
the Department of Charities of the city of Lawrence, and his © 
report to Alderman Robert S. Maloney, Director of Public Health 
and Charities, on his return home, was right to the point in regu-— 
lation Winchester style. 


a A 


ibe 


4 
& 
VETERINARY SURGEON BREEDS PERCHERONS.—On December ~ | 
20 we were honored by a call from Dr. W. T. Patton, of Coutts, 
Alberta, Canada. Dr. Patton, who for a number of years served } 
under Dr. John G. Rutherford in the “Health of Animals — 
Branch” of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, resigned 
from the service some time before his chief resigned, to take 
up the breeding of percherons on his ranch at Coutts, Alberta. : 
The doctor reports the outlook for draft-horse breeding as ex-7 
cellent, the markets being good. After a couple of weeks in the ~ 
American metropolis, he will return to his ranch, which demands _ 


his careful attention. j 


HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.* 
By S. H. Warp, St. Paut, Minn. 


Mention of this peculiar disease of cattle and sheep is rarely 
‘seen, even in the most recent text-books. Hutyra and Marek, 
perhaps, give the most concise account of the disease, yet there 
are points met with in our autopsies which differ materially from 
those given by these authors. 

The specific organism was isolated from cattle by Wilson, of 
Minnesota, and from sheep by Beebe, of Minnesota, hence there 
is no doubt as to the causative factor. Numerous outbreaks occur 
in Minnesota, and undoubtedly in other states, and it is very 
possible the disease may be confused with anthrax, which it 
closely resembles. The most virulent outbreaks occur among 
cattle during the months while animals are on pasture. In sheep 
the disease, while by no means as prevalent as in cattle, appears 
frequently enough to cause severe losses to owners. 

Two great peculiarities are noticed; first, the extreme viru- 
lence of the disease for a short time. Ten or twenty per cent. 
of the herd will die perhaps within twenty-four hours, with no 
further loss, although animals may be kept in the same pasture 
and under similar conditions. The second peculiarity is that 
outbreaks are far removed from each other, with no history or 
possibility of exposure, and no recurrence of the disease on the 
premises. Outbreaks are seen on high, sandy land, as well as in 
low lands. Some are of the opinion that outbreaks are more 
frequent on the higher sandy lands. Weather and pasture con- 
ditions seem to have no bearing upon outbreaks. 

Symptoms of the acute form in mature animals are that it is 
usually ushered in by a general dullness, temperature about nor- 
mal, cessation of appetite, rumination and milk secretion, bloody 
diarrhea, and sometimes a frothy, pinkish discharge from nos- 


_ ~ Read before the sixteenth annual meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Asso- 
‘ciation, Chicago, December, 1912. 


439 


440 S. H. WARD. 


trils. In the chronic form usually met with in the late winter 
months, especially when cattle are poorly kept, we find that about 
the only symptoms exhibited are the cessation of appetite and a 
paralysis of the hind extremities. 

In young animals the acute type is manifested by totally dif- 
ferent symptoms. In these cases we have animals staggering, 
running into objects, bawling as with fright, falling over, legs 
drawn up to body, and eyes rolling in the sockets. 

Sheep.—tn these animals we have had occasion to see but 
three outbreaks, each, however, being of the acute type—animals 
dying within twenty-four hours after first noticed. As a rule 
there is a slight mucous discharge, accelerated respiration and 
marked dullness. 

Autopsies—Hemorrhages in all the serous and mucous mem- 
branes. Hemorrhages are seen in the subcutaneous tissue and 
between the muscles in various parts of the body. 

In cattle there is frequently seen a gelatinous infiltration un- 
der the skin. The spleen, especially in sheep, is seen to have large, 
wine colored areas. In other cases the hemorrhagic areas are 
much smaller. The condition of the spleen in cases coming under 
our notice is at marked variance with the findings of Hutyra and 
Marek, who state “the spleen preserves a normal appearance,” 


Treatment.—Nothing in the way of treatment can be sug- | 


gested, owing to the rapid course of the disease. A recent 


article on the “Treatment of Rinderpest and Hemorrhagic ~ 


Septicemia with Permanganate of Potash,” by Major C.K 
Walker, of the Indian Civil Veterinary Department, published 
in the September issue of the Journal of Comparative Pathology 


and Therapeutics, says the result of this drug in the treatment of | 


hemorrhagic septicemia seems to be hopeful. 
The ordinary dose for medium-sized cattle may be stated to be 
2 drams, and calves may receive 14 to 1 dram. 


It is evident from the table that accompanies the article that — 
the cases met with in India are more of the chronic type, as most — 


of the cases quoted are from two to five days in duration, while _ 


the cases met with in Minnesota result in death in an exceedingly — 


i Re ea nik Syne w 


HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 441 


_ short time, making it extremely doubtful if even intravenous in- 
jection of this drug would accomplish very much. 

As to control measures, it is obvious no restrictions on in- 
fected farms can be put into operation, as the disease does not 
spread, and after attacking a certain number of animals no 
further loss is experienced, nor has the disease continued on the 
premises. 


NINTH ANNUAL Report MINNESOTA LIVE SrocK SANITARY 
Boarp.—With the compliments of Dr. S. H. Ward, secretary 
and executive officer, we have received the above-named report 
for the year ending July 31, 1912, neatly bound in cloth, wine 
color, with gold lettering, and containing a concise and compre- 
hensive report of the Minnesota live stock sanitary work, cover- 
ing tuberculosis, glanders, rabies, hemorrhagic septicaemia, an- 
thrax, blackleg, contagious conjunctivitis, malignant and catarrhal 
fever of cattle, corn-stalk disease, cerebro-spinal meningitis, etc., 
etc. Two very important and useful features of this little bro- 
chure are the “ Directory of Minnesota Breeders of Pure-Bred 
Cattle, Whose Herds Have Been Tuberculin Tested Under Di- 
rection of the Live Stock Sanitary Board” and the “ Require- 
ments of States Covering the Importation of Live Stock.” 


Hoiiwway EpItTioN 1912, BREEDER’s GAZETTE received, and 
we are impressed with its beauty and its high quality. The front 
_ cover page is graced by a beautiful head of a draft horse, and 
the supplement water-color, entitled “ Imposing on Good Na- 
ture,” is pretty enough to be hung upon the wall of any room. 
In addition there are many interesting illustrations distributed 
throughout the number, and following Mr. Alvin H. Sanders’ 
“In Hoc Signo Vinces,”’ there are a great number of articles of 
more than ordinary interest from the pens of prominent men. 
Among others of especial interest to veterinarians is one entitled 
“Motor Trucks Supplementing But Not Supplanting Draft 
Horses,’ by James E. Poole, and another entitled “ Scien- 
tific Shoeing of the Draft Horse,’ by Prof. Joseph Hughes, 
M.R.C.V.S., of the Chicago Veterinary College. Altogether it 
is a very excellent number. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN SWINE. 
By M. H. Reynotps, St. Paul, Minn. 


So far as reports in current American veterinary literature 
are concerned, this must be a very rare disease among American 
swine. The writer does not remember of seeing any mention of 
it in our current literature. Standard works on veterinary prac- 
tice merely mention it casually as a possibility. This outbreak 
is being reported for the purpose of giving it permanent record 
and in the hope that it may lead to the collection of further in- 
formation concerning its prevalence and the possible seriousness © 
of this disease. ; 

Before giving the details concerning this outbreak, it should 
be explained that this occurred on a well-managed stock farm. 
The farm superintendent is an unusually careful, capable man, 
a graduate of an agricultural college, and thoroughly practical. 

Under date of April 20 I received a letter from one of our 
agricultural college graduates, an experienced farmer and a very 
intelligent man, inquiring as to whether there was such a thing 
as infectious abortion among swine. [rom this letter, subsequent 
correspondence and personal conversation, the following has been 
gathered and verified : 

Farm A—Fleven brood sows were involved; six between one 
and two years of age and five yearlings. The boar was put with 
them on December 15, 1911. The sows were fed bundle corn 
with ordinary table refuse, but no dish-water. They had some 
potatoes, with a limited amount of bran and ground feed, with 
continuous access to a mixture of wood-ashes, sulphur and salt. 
Two or three weeks before farrowing time the sows were sep- 
arated. Each one was given an individual pen. The feed was 
changed to a slop of milk, water, bran, ground oats and corn. 
One week after this separation, the first sow farrowed eleven 
pigs, all alive, fat, in good condition, but premature. They were 
small, without hair, estimated from two to three weeks premature ~ 


442 


REPORTS OF CASES. 448 


in birth. They all died soon after birth. The pigs were buried, 
and the sow was isolated. 

Sow No. 2 farrowed three days later I1 pigs, apparently at 
about normal term, all alive; all saved. 

Sow No. 3 farrowed the same day in pen next to sow No. I. 
She had 13 pigs, about normal size, but without hair. Eight died 
at birth, 5 living. These sows, by the way, all are pure Duroc- 
‘Jerseys and dark red in color. The premature pigs were all with- 
out hair and the skin pure white. 

Sow No. 4 farrowed three days later than the preceding, 
twelve pigs: three born dead, 9 alive, but died soon after birth. 
This sow was next to a sow in pen No. 2. The sow died soon 
after farrowing. Examination post mortem showed one very 
-small pig about the size of a rat, evidently dead for some time, 
and one other dead unborn pig that was, as the superintendent 
described it, “turned in the womb, preventing birth.” Sow’s 
bladder was ruptured. 

Sow No. 5 farrowed the same day as sow No. 4, in pen next 
to No. 3. Nine pigs, all alive, but died immediately after birth. 
Pigs small, without hair, evidently a few weeks premature. 
These sows were in good breeding condition, not excessively 
fat. There does not appear anything in the feed, care or sur- 
roundings of this herd in any way to account for the trouble, with 
_ the exception that the pens are floored with lumber from the floor 
of an old cow stable, but investigation indicates that there had 
never been, so far as known, any abortion among the cows kept 
in the stables. The hog pens had never been previously used for 
hogs. I immediately wrote to the superintendent (a personal 
friend), calling attention to the possibility of serious importance 
in the trouble among his swine, and suggested that, if possible, 
‘precaution be taken to avoid dissemination, in addition to some 
advice for the local management of this individual herd. 

We were not able to secure any material for laboratory work 
on account of time that had elapsed between the last losses and 
the first report to us. 

Under date of May 161 received another communication 
from the superintendent, Mr. D., from which this further in- 
formation was secured. Sow No. 6 had farrowed since the pre- 
“vious report with about the same results. She gave birth to 
14 pigs, all alive, without hair, evidently premature. All died 
within a few hours, except two. This sow was two years old 
and the mother of the other five sows. 


444 REPORTS OF CASES. 


Mr. D., foreman Farm A, reported on September 6 that two 
of the first five aborting sows had recently farrowed full litters, 
all normal. Sows and pigs doing well. These sows farrowed 
August 24 and August 29. 

The boar used in this herd was purchased in the southern 
part of the state from a farmer who had raised him. He was 
farrowed in the spring of 1911, and therefore something less 
than a year old at the time the sows were bred. The farmer from 
whom the boar was purchased reports that he had never had 
abortion among either his hogs or cattle and had brought no out- 
side hogs onto the farm for two years, excepting one young boar 
which he bought from the Farm A, whereon the five sows 
aborted ; 7. ¢c., the two farmers practically exchanged boars. Un- 
der date of July 16, the superintendent of Farm A stated that a 
sow belonging to a neighbor, who used the boar belonging to 
Farm A, farrowed on July 14 six pigs, all mature and normal 
in every way. On July 15 another sow, bred to the same boar 
by this neighbor, farrowed, with everything normal and right. 
July 15 another sow farrowed for this neighbor. Pigs sired by 
boar in question. Everything normal. Note that these sows 
belonging to the neighbor were bred after the Farm A sows 
were in pig and before any of them had aborted. The infection 
in this case does not seem to have been transmitted by the boar. 
The superintendent of Farm A has been unable to get any in- 
formation, giving a reasonable suspicion of abortion among cattle 
on this farm where he is now superintendent. The superintend- 
ent reports in this communication of May 16 that a neighbor own- 
ing eight brood sows had had the misfortune of abortion in one 
of the sows, which farrowed about twelve days before normal 
term. The pigs were similar to those as described: small and 
without hair. ‘The superintendent, having an experimental turn 
of mind, has bred two aborting sows to the same boar which 
served them last December, with a view to watching results. Of 
68 pigs farrowing by the six sows, only 17 were living at the 
time of the report. 

We are promised material for. laboratory and inoculation 
work, in case of trouble occurring again at the next farrowing 
time. It is unfortunate, of course, that we were unable to secure 
materials for such work from the outbreak which I have reported. 

A careful study of feed, feeding, methods and surroundings, 
type of hogs, climatic conditions and general management does 
not appear to give any reasonable ground for suspecting that 
these abortions were sporadic rather than of the infectious type. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 445 


TREATMENT OF CHOKE IN THE HORSE. 
By Horace Braprey, D.V.M., Windsor, Mo. 


Choking in an animal always frightens the owner and causes 
him to seek assistance without delay, and he urges a prompt, 
quick call. While the veterinarian, unless armed with some- 
thing different for treatment than that laid down in the text- 
books, periodicals and journals, will delay making the call as 
long as possible, in the hope that the horse will be relieved before 
he arrives. 

During my early practice, cases of choke in the horse were the 
one great dread of my practice, but fortunately a large percentage 
have been relieved by nature before my arrival. These cases are 
usually rightly diagnosed by the owner or attendant, and the acci- 
dent is generally understood as to the causes, the location of 
the obstruction, physiological and anatomical construction of the 
organs involved, so it is my intention only to give to you a rem- 
edy that I have discovered that will dislodge the obstruction and 
make these cases desirable. [I say I discovered this, for I have 
never heard of it being used by anyone, and studied it out myself. 
The old lines of treatment, such as running the animal and jump- 
ing him over fences and drenching with oils, etc., are dangerous. 
The use of the probang does not always dislodge the obstruction, 
and, no matter how cautiously used, frequently injures the tissues 
and later proves fatal. 

The operation of passing the stomach tube down to the ob- 
struction, cutting down onto the esophagus and tying a cord 
tight around the esophagus anterior to the obstruction and forc- 
ing a water pressure on the obstruction, as advocated by some 
inventors of stomach tubes, would not meet with the approval 
of the owner of a valuable horse, even if it was good surgery. 

Dr. J. A. McCrank’s method, as given in an article in the De- 
cember, 1910, Review, of placing the patient in a box stall, away 


from noise and visitors, with a bucket of water in the manger 


and leave him to the mercy of nature, would hardly satisfy the 
owner, and be service for which he would be pleased to pay a 
reasonable fee. 

I have seen eserine recommended, but have never tried it. 
The drug that I use for choke in the horse is apomorphine hydro- 
chloride. The smallness of the dose gives this drug the advantage 
of being inexpensive, and it is free from irritating properties and 
may be used hypodermically. The subcutaneous dose is YZ to 4 
grain. Its action is expectorant, sedative, and produces relaxa- 


446 REPORTS OF CASES. 


tion and increase of secretion. Following are some cases in 
illustration: 

Case 1: Subject small, branded western mare, ten miles in 
country and at night. At that time Dr. R. L. Allen and I were 
partners and made this call together. It was in the fall, and she 
was running on short pasture and being fed green fodder in the 
evening. In her ravenousness, she had undertaken to swallow 
a small nubbin, husk and all, without chewing it, which lodged 
in the cervical region of the esophagus and could be felt by 
manipulation. She had not been educated above her western dis- 
position, and objected very seriously to manipulation, and when 
we placed the mouth speculum on her, preparatory to passing the 
probang, she became furious and whipped us all out of the yard. 
This was an opportunity for me to try my new remedy, and I 
told Dr. Allen 1f he would tell my wife that I had died brave, 
that I would venture to give a hypodermic injection of twelve 
1/20-grain tablets of apomorphine. Just 13 minutes after the 
injection she was relieved and ate corn blades. 

Case 2: Small, aged, emaciated pony, with very few teeth, 
brought to my place at 8 o’clock in the morning. When I saw 
him coming, frothing at the nostrils, head lowered, ears drooped, 
dejected appearance and staggering gait, I thought I had a case 
of rupture of the stomach. After examining the pulse, I changed 
my opinion and, on inquiring into the case, learned that on ac- 
count of the absence of teeth to properly masticate hard food, 
that he was being fed on roasting ears, and that he would just 
break these up and swallow them in large pieces. For the eve- 
ning feed the day before he had been fed twelve ears and had 
gotten away with only about one-half of them, which indicated 
that he had been in this condition all night. I passed the probang 
and came onto an obstacle in the thoracic region which could 
not be dislodged with safety. I then gave thirteen 1/20-grain 
tablets of apomorphine, and in thirteen minutes he was eating 
erass. 

Case 3: 1,200-pound aged mare, while being worked gather- 
ing corn, had swallowed a large husk, which lodged in the lower 
third of the cervical region. A 34-grain dose of apomorphine, 
hypodermically, brought relief in a few minutes. The owner re- 
marked: “ By George, I never would have thought of unchoking 
a horse in that way!” 

Case 4: Average-sized, aged mare. Had been choking three 
days. Apomorphine, 34 grain, was injected, and one hour after 


my 


REPORTS OF CASES. 447 


drank one gallon of water and ate some corn. Ate some the fol- 
lowing day, but died three days later. The owner posteéd this 
case and found that the foreign body had passed on into the 
stomach, and inflammation had set up where it had been lodged, 
which caused death. 

Case 5: Large three-year-old jack, supposed to be choked 
on cob; 34-grain apomorphine g given. Was able to eat in a short 
time. 


VALIDOL—SOME INDICATIONS FOR ITS USE. 
(Valerianic Acid Menthylester, C»H»O.CO. C:H» + 30% 
C»H»OH.) 

By Wa trtTER LINCOLN Bett, D.V.S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 


CHEMICAL AND PuHysICAL PROPERTIES.—Validol is a men- 
thylester of valerianic acid with 30 per cent. of free menthol. 
It is a colorless, crystal-clear liquid of the consistency of glycer- 
ine, having a refreshingly cool and very faintly bitter taste. Its 
odor is mild and pleasant, distinct from either that of valerian or 
menthol. It is decomposed by alkalies, insoluble in water, readily 
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether or oils. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTER.—The product is a non- 
poisonous, non-irritant and perfectly harmless analeptic, antihys- 
teric, carminative and stomachic, possessing the therapeutic prop- 
erties of its two components to a marked degree. Being entirely 
free from the nauseating odor of valerian and the irritating acrid- 
ness of menthol, it is well tolerated by the most sensitive patient. 
It forms an excellent vehicle for additional quantities of men- 
thol, rendering possible the administration of this most valuable 
analeptic in very large doses and in a most pleasant form. 

_Some two years ago this preparation was brought to my 
attention and I have carried out a careful and thorough trial of 
same and have adopted it in an extensive practice, specializing in 
the treatment of smaller animals, and have found the therapeutic 
indications to be; first, as a restorative in conditions caused by 
shock of any kind; second, as a gastric sedative in vomiting or 
acute gastritis, and third, in debility consequent upon canine dis- 
temper. 

Here it is also of undoubted value owing to the mentholic 
effect upon the intestinal tract, where this condition (distemper ) 
undoubtedly first manifests itself. This, as well as the sedative 
action of the valerianic acid upon the central nervous system, 


448 REPORTS OF CASES. 


places validol in the first rank as a therapeutic agent, especially 
in those extremely highly nervous breeds of dogs, in which chorea 
so frequently follows distemper. 

Another class of cases in which validol is of essential use 
is those forms of rheumatism we are so frequently called upon 
to treat in pets that are much confined to the house. In these 
cases the local use is indicated as well as the internal administra- 
tion, and I have found it particularly efficacious in rheumatisms 
of the cat. 

I append two of the cases in which I have secured very suc- 
cessful results with validol : . 

Case 1.—Bull terrier, nine years old, had always enjoyed 
good health and was in condition until 1910, when the bowels 
became impacted by reason of the non-digestion of a chop bone 
which was carried to near anal end of rectum, where it became 
lodged. This condition had undoubtedly persisted for some days 
when I saw animal, as the odor from the mass indicated. I broke 
it down with force of water from a fountain syringe (well raised 
above body height) and blunt curette. There was naturally ex- 
treme nausea present and much auto-intoxication. These con- 
ditions were very successfully combated with five drops validol 
in capsule every four hours for eighteen hours, after which time 
vomition was controlled, general condition much improved and 
above dose was continued three times daily for several days. 

This same dog later had several attacks of “lumbago” and 
these were shortly terminated with same dose of validol every 
four hours until acute symptoms abated, after which it was given 
three times daily for several days. A small amount was also 
rubbed in over lumbar muscles twice daily and undoubtedly ren- 
ered good service. 

Case 2.—Persian cat, adult, had litter of kittens six weeks 
previous; about this time developed a very acute general rheu- 
matic condition, particularly affecting the lumbar region and 
causing complete inability to walk or even crawl. Much pain 
when moved, bowels torpid, feverish. Treatment: Aloin grains 
one-twelfth every hour for six doses, when bowels showed sufh- 
cient effect, and from start the cat was given three drops of validol 
in capsule every four hours, followed by small amount of sugar 
and water solution each time; small amount of equal parts vali- 
dol and olive oil rubbed in over lumbar region twice daily, and 
the animal made a very satisfactory recovery. 

Dosage.—Internally, two to fifteen drops, according to age 
and breed of animal; best given in a little sugar-water or capsule 


oe bets at oe 


POL LS ERECT RES BA Pe MG 


eee 


ie 


REPORTS OF CASES. 449 
a 
followed by some dilutant, repeated as necessary. ‘Externally, 


as an inhalant or diluted with equal parts olive oil and rubbed in 
indicated places. 


RARE CASE OF DYSTORIA IN THE MARE. 
By D. J. Meanor, B.S., D.V.M., Selma, Ala, 


March 22, 1912, I was called to attend a case of dystokia in 
a bay mare weighing about 1,000 pounds. 

On arriving I found the mare down in a cotton field. She 
had been working at the plow and was taken out on showing 
signs of the approaching parturition. 

The owner informed me that the mare had been in labor for 
about two hours. She was in extreme pain, and being much ex- 
hausted, her expulsive efforts, while quite frequent, were very 
_ weak in force. 

After being told that no attempt had been made to remove 
the foetus I at once made examination. This revealed an anterior 
presentation with dorsosacral position. Both forefeet were in 
the vagina. A right lateral deviation of the head and neck were 
the cause of the dystokia. It was observed to my surprise that a 
live foetus was being dealt with. 

As quickly as possible preparations were made for a delivery. 
The mare being in lateral recumbency on her right side, it was 
not necessary to change her position. 

A cord was passed over both forefeet and the entire foetus 
repulsed. This allowed the head and neck to come within reach. 
The mouth of the fetus was grasped and the head and neck 
placed in proper position. Traction was now applied to the cord, 
_ while the hand guided the head and a quick delivery was effected. 
| The foal was indeed a very weak one and special effort was 
used to keep up respiration. The foal was dried and placed on a 
_ blanket, and the mare was given strychnine subcutaneously. 

. The foetal membranes did not pass out with the foal and 
_ were found to be so firmly adhered to the uterine walls that it 
_ was decided to remove them later. 
The owner was instructed to let me know if the mare was 
unable to rise after an hour or two. I heard nothing, however, 
_ and the next morning on arriving at the farm I found that the 
mare had cast her membranes and was being followed by a fine 
colt. 


450 REPORTS OF CASES. 


It seems that the preservation of the life of this foal is to be 
accounted for by the membranes remaining intact, thus insuring 
nourishment while the mare was in labor, and by the fact that 
no forced extraction or crude methods had been attempted. 


FILARTA, IMMITIS“ IN “LE DOG, 
By W. H. Datrympte, M.R.C.V.S., Baton Rouge, La. 


The accompanying photograph illustrates the presence of the 
Filaria immitis in the heart of an aged pointer bitch, in the prac- 
tice of Dr. E. Pegrim Flower, of Baton Rouge. Definite history 


and particulars in relation to the case cannot be given, beyond 
the fact that the animal was in a dropsical condition, as it oc- 
curred many years ago, but thought the photograph sufficiently 
good to be worthy of reproduction in the REVIEW. 


Ay PRCULIAR (CAS 
By J. V. Hitts, D.V.M., Gowanda, N. Y. 
An aged bay gelding, affected with heaves, had been unable 
to sw leas water or eat anything for 24 hours, when the writer 


ene pe > 


REPORTS OF CASES. 451 


was called. Temperature and respiration were normal, and the 
animal constantly attempted to eat and drink, but with no success. 
Examination of mouth and throat with speculum revealed noth- 
ing. Neither was there any soreness or swelling anywhere. I 
passed a rubber hose down his oesophagus easily; and as he had 
not drunk for 20 hours, I pumped two large pails of water into 
him through the hose with the injection pump, adding a little 
castor oil to the water. After withdrawing the hose I gave the 
horse % grain strychnine sulph. hypodermically, and pre- 
scribed mild liniment to be rubbed on the throat, informing the 
owner that I considered it nearly a hopeless case, and advised 
that if he was no better by the next day to destroy him, as, in 
addition to everything else, his age and the heaves were against 
him. This was in July. 

A month later I saw this horse and his mate hauling a load of 
gravel, and then learned the following from the owner: He told 
me he would not swallow anything, but he had poured milk and 
water into him for two days, when he went down and could not 
get up. He kept pouring water and milk into him, and put a 
poultice on his throat. It was 10 days before he could get up 
again, when he recovered quite rapidly and was soon able to eat 
again. The owner censured me for advising him to kill the 
animal, saying the trouble was sore throat, which I told him em- 
‘phatically was not the case. I am stating this as near to the 
facts as I can learn them from my observations and from the 
owner ; and if anyone has had a similar experience, kindly answer 
‘through the Review. The horse has not had another attack 
since. 


INDIANA STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EXAMIN- 
ERS holds its next meeting at the State House, on Tuesday, Jan- 
wary 14, 1913. Candidates may obtain particulars by addressing 
Dr. O. L. Boor, secretary, Muncie, Ind. 


. 


Dr. WARREN L. THAYER MArRIED.—On December 7, 1912, 
Dr. Warren L. Thayer, class of 1897, McGill, was joined in wed- 
lock with Miss Minnie E. Munson, of Worcester, Mass., where 
the happy couple will reside after their return from a short trip 
to the South. The Review invokes its blessing. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH, REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


MULTIPLE VESICAL CaLcuLi IN Doc [Henry Taylor, F.R.C. @& 
V.S.].—Retriever dog exhibited all the symptoms of blocking of — 
the urethra by urinary calculus. He is operated, and with the mis- 
chievous stone, eight others, smaller, are removed. The dog 
does well for about ten days, although his urine is a little tinged 
with blood. He has another obstruction, is operated a second 
time and thirty more calculi came away with the first rush of 
urine. ‘The animal does not seem to do well and the owner had ~ 
him destroyed. The postmortem revealed the fact that the spleen 
contained several lympho-sarcomatous tumors, the kidneys were. 
cirrhotic, the bladder contained ninety more calculi, besides a 
quantity of sabulous matter like gravel. Several calculi were 
embedded in the mucosa. The subcutaneous tissues in the region © 
of the operation were sodden and green as if the urine had in- 
filtrated and had a decomposing action.—(Vet. Record.) 


UnusuaL ABSCESS IN ABDOMINAL WALL [By the same].— 
Filly is found one morning with pus oozing from what appeared 


to be a small abscess in the muscles of the flank just inferior to | 


right stifle. As no improvement takes place under ordinary treat- 
ment, and as by probing a tract running downward under the 
skin was detected, a seton was introduced after making a de- — 
pendent opening. No improvement, discharge remains the same. — 
As the trouble exists since over six weeks, the mare is cast, the — 
tract fully incised in its whole length and the tissues underlying 
being found much discolored and unhealthy, black and infiltrated, 


necrotic in fact, they are all excised, leaving but a very delicate © | 
thin layer for the abdominal wall. Fearing its possible rupture, — 


as the animal would rise, much care was applied to guard against 
it. Recovery was looked for after this, but white granulations 
had developed and complete cicatrization apparent, there re- 
mained for weeks after, a small sinus and discharge. The ani- — 
mal being cast again, the cicatrizing wound was carefully ex- | 
amined and finally a probe was inserted into a fine tract, which 
required a minute dissection before the knife penetrated into the _ 


452 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 453 


cavity of an abscess, situated on the inside of the abdominal wall 
_and was about the size of an orange. The entrance to the cavity 
was enlarged, drainage established and disinfecting dressing 
_ with lysol or izal completed an uneventful recovery. It is unusual 
to find an abscess so deeply situated. The filly never had 
_strangles—(Veter. Record.) 


} 
' A Case or LAMEnEss [Capt. W. H. Taylor, A.V.C. ].— Eight 
“years old past, this bay gelding becomes lame—there is no his- 
‘tory previous to it. The trouble is located on the off fore leg 
‘with slight enlargement of the pastern joint. Treatment is ap- 
‘plied without benefit to the patient and the lameness becomes so 
“severe that it was decided to kill the gelding. At the post-mor- 
tem examination the articular surfaces of the pastern joint were 
found extensively diseased, with a piece of bone, the size of a 
haricot bean, being almost loose by an ulcerative process. The 
Os corona had an ulcer corresponding to it. In boiling the bone 
“the small piece fell off from the principal part of the suffraginis, 
‘on the lower third of which was a well developed exostosis.— 


a *t. News.) 


ap ee 


DILATATION OF THE STOMACH—DUODENAL Utcer [E. lWal- 
lis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.].—Gray cart gelding, with exception of 
© attacks of colic, has been in perfect health. One morning 
the is found shivering, has slight salivation, respiration accel- 
erated, frequent efforts to micturate, lays down and has some 
“Aifficaty to rise. Visible mucosa are pale, pulse quick, tempera- 
re normal. Flatus at intervals. Later on, he has eructations 

| ind oesophagal regurgitation; few grains of oats are in the nasal 
discharge—then he has a haggard expression of countenance, 
panitis and the pulse is almost imperceptible. Terebene and 
linseed oil are given. Animal is much distressed, groans, lays, 
struggles and dies. -Postmortem shows stomach much enlarged 
and looking like the rumen of an ox. There is only moderate 
ount of gas, but enormous amount of fluid. In the duodenum 
a well-marked ulcer is found extending to the peritoneal coat 
and surrounding the opening of the bile duct.—(Vet. Record.) 


Side 


VOLVULUs OF THE ILEUM [By the same].—First, aged geld- 
‘ing after a day of slow work is taken home in evening and eats 
his food. Next morning he is found in pain, much marked about 
head and quarters. He receives a cold drench. He soon has a 
aggard expression, sunken eyes, sweating, abdomen hard, tym- 

rgd 


, 


454 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


panitis, looked toward the flank. He has no violent colics and- 
passes small quantity of hard feces. Chloroform gives a little 
relief but this is only temporary and death takes place in the | 
evening. Autopsy—Abdomen much distended. Volvulus at the | 
termination of the ileum with 14 feet of the intestine much in- | 
flamed and distended with foetid blood. Stomach full of ingesta, ” 


pains and sat on his haunches for leis periods. He lies down, © 
attempts to roll and then sit on his haunches. The position seems 
to give him the most relief. Chloral brought some relief and | 
was given at intervals. Death took place after several hours of | 
suffering. {| 

Postmortem.—Intricate twist was found in the ileum toward 
the distal end. It resembled a double knot and could not be dis-— 
entangled even after removal from the body.—(Jbid.) 


PULMONARY HELMINTHIASIS IN THE Ass [A. W. Noel Pil 
ters, F.R.C.V.S.|.—This history of the patient, a yearling don- 
key, was that it had been bought about three months before and 
had gradually lost flesh. Frequent attacks of violent coughing 
with expulsion of frothy material from the nose were also 
noticed. After an illness of two months he died. Postmortem— 
Several worms were found protruding from both nostrils, 200 |} 
specimens were in the turbinated bones, many were also in the | 
passages leading to the posterior nares. The larynx was crowded | 
but the trachea contained only four worms. At the bifurcation | 
of the bronchi the parasites were so numerous as to blockade the — 
lumen almost entirely. Sections of the lungs showed the pres- 
ence of worms. There was one in the oesophagus and two in the 
stomach. Fero strongylus vulgaris were in the small colon. Un- 
der microscopic examination of the lungs many ova of strong- 
ylus and immatured forms were exposed.—(Vet. Record.) 


HYDROCHLORIDE OF UREA AND QUININE AS LocAL ANES-7} 
THETIC IN VETERINARY Practice [Prof. Geo. H. Wooldridge, | 
F.R.C.V.S.]|—The author records four cases to illustrate its” 
usefulness; in one, for the amputation of the dew claws of a fox | 
terrier, in two others for the removal of large mammary tumor 
and in the fourth for shoulder tumors in a horse. The opera- — 
tions were successful, and the professor writes as conclusions: _ 
“Tt will thus be seen that hydrochloride of urea and quinine is | 
quite an efficient local anesthetic in the strength of I per cent. to 
14 per cent. Its action, however, appears to be very limited in 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 455 


xtent, and does not spread far from the seat of injection. It 
does not appear to possess any hemostatic action, but can be 
effectively used in combination with renastyptin or other supra- 
enal preparation. Compared with cocaine it is less toxic and 
much cheaper. It is slower in action; an interval of at least half 
in hour should be allowed between injection and incision, but its 
action is more durable. In fact, it has been claimed that some 
anodyne effect persists for several days.”—(Vet. Journ.) 


_ INTESTINAL SARCOMA AND ENDOCARDITIS IN A Horse [IV. 
Lothian, M.R.C.V.S. ]—Thoroughbred mare, always in good 
ealth and good worker, is turned out after hunting season. ” She 
s observed dull one morning and on examination her heart 
Seems to be the chief seat of the trouble. Cardiac tonic and 
stimulants were prescribed, but the mare died two days later. 
Postmortem revealed croupous peritonitis and ‘along the large 
intestine a number of large lumps in the bowel substance about 
the size of one’s fist and most numerous about the diaphragmatic 
flexure of the colon.” These were round-celled sarcoma. The 
heart showed a small warty growth affecting the right tricuspid 
alve, different in character from the bowels.—(Vet. Journ.) 


DirFusE LipomarTosis IN A MuLeE [Capt. H. A. Stewart, 
1.R.CV.S., AV.C.|.—Mule has a weak thready pulse, respira- 
ions about normal, temperature 102° F. anorcexia, slight diar- 
1cea and inclination to lie down. She braces up some under 
reatment for short time, and dies without a struggle. Postmor- 
.—Abdominal organs are covered with modulated fatty 
Nasses, between the folds of the mesentery there is a fatty tumor 
weighing 40 to 45 pounds. The liver was in chronic venous 
congestion and had several small lipomata on its surface. Ante- 
1ortem clot was found in the left auriculo-ventricular opening.— 


(Ibid. ) 


GASTROTOMY WITH REMOVAL OF A Batt [Prof. Fred. Hob- 
day, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Eighteen-months well-bred bulldog swallows 
a rubber ball. He has vomiting, principally after taking food or 
after any excitement. Radiography is applied to confirm the 
condition of his stomach and the result was the demonstration 
eyond all possibility of doubt of the presence of the ball in his 
stomach. Laparotomy was performed and recovery perfect. The 
diet was carefully carried out; no food per mouth for four days, 
ectal meat suppositories every four hours, teaspoonful of water 


4 


456 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


at same intervals. On the fifth day bovinine was allowed three 
times a day and kept up with gradual increase. Then Brand’s 
essence of beef. Meat was allowed only after the eighth day. 
(Ibid. ) 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A, Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


EARLY ATTENDANCE IN THREE CASES OF SEVERE TRAU-) 
mATISM [Mr. Bonnigal].—First—Horse receives with an iron 
skiver a big laceration of the skin, on the median line of the 
abdomen, 15 centimeters from the xyphoid sternal cartilage. At- 
tended to four hours after the accident. The abdominal walls are 
perforated, three fingers can be introduced in the abdomen and 
the sternal curvature of the colon is felt by them. Antiseptic 
treatment with tincture of iodine, pressure made by the skin, 
tight bandage over. Dressing with iodine renewed daily. No 
bad reaction, moderate suppuration, recovery in two weeks. 

Second—Seen two hours and half after receiving the injury. 
The horse has dropped on the handle of a fork which, penetrated 
into the sheath, broke in two pieces, one probed its way near 
the anus and is pulled out that way, the other part of the handle 
drawn through the sheath. The tract between the two orifices | 
cannot be traced with probes. Antiseptic injection reveals its 
presence. One injection of iodine is made and followed after, — 
three times a day, with cresyled solution. Scarcely any reaction, | 
little pus, convalescence on the fifth day. : 

Third—Heavy draught horse, gets a deep punctured and 
lacerated wound of the croup. The entrance is near to the coxo- | 
femoral joint. It runs so that the sacrosciatic hgament is run } 
through. Feces can be felt in the rectum, which seems un- © 
harmed. The wound is plugged with gauze dipped in antiseptic 
solution of iodine. The dressing is renewed for five days and 
continued with cresyled injections. On the sixth day defecation | 
and micturition are getting painful. Rectal examination re- | 
vealed the presence of a purulent collection which is squeezed out | 
by the healing surface of the wound. Treatment is kept up. 
Discharge continues for four months and finally recovery fol- | 
lowed. This case was seen an hour after the accident. Con- i 


clusion of the author: with attendance applied early, one may © 


hope for success in cases even that are most dangerous in ap- 
pearance.—(Presse Veter.) 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 457 


Toxicity oF PULVERIZED Bortc Acip as ExTERNAL Dress- 
ING [Mr. Charmoy, Adjunct Professor].—In September, 1906, 
there appeared a very important recommendation of the safe use 
of pulverized boric acid in the treatment of wounds, to which 
the Review alluded in a later Chronicle. 

Professor Charmoy has tested the value of the same treat- 
ment and in several articles where he reviewed the subject he 
gives the record of his observations carried as experiments in 
eight cases where the results were entirely different and, of 
course, his conclusions not in accordance with those previously 
mentioned. Applied in dogs, the professor states: ‘1. Boric 
acid in powder, used in dogs, as external application on wounds 
is toxic at a dose varying between 2 gr. 5 and 3 gram. for each 
kilogram of the animal, when he is in satisfactory condition of 
health. 

“2. The toxicity is much greater with animals already af- 
fected with chronic disease, especially nephritis or skin affection. 

“3. The symptoms of the intoxication, though varying in 
animals and according to the dose, are characterized at the start 
by dullness, difficulty of locomotion, slight acceleration of the 
great functions; afterward by vomiting, diarrhcea and lowering 
of the temperature; at the end by complete muscular resolution, 
sometimes blood in the feces or vomits and by albuminuria. 
Death occurs in hypothermy and coma. 

“4. Death seems due to the rapid evolution of acute nephritis 
and nervo-muscular paralysis.” 

Boric acid in powder is not a harmless drug and at no matter 


in what dose its use ought not to be generalized—(Rec. de Med. 
Vet.) 


PERITONITIS By TRAUMATIC SUPPURATION OF THE GLUTEAL 
Region [Mr. Augustin, Army V eterinarian ].—Ten-year-old 
horse, harnessed to iron ploughing machine, runs away, falls 
and two teeth of the instrument enter in the gluteal and posterior 
crural region, making wounds 15 centimeters deep. The wounds 
are irregular, bleeding abundantly; their edges are ragged. A 
free incision unites the two tracts and a proper treatment pre- 
scribed. A very severe reaction takes place, enormous swelling 
is found and abundant suppuration follows. The traumatic fever 
is intense and lasted eight days, after which it subsided. The 
condition of the animal is bad and he is found dead in the morn- 
ing. The post mortem revealed lesions of very acute pelvi-peri- 
tonitis, with two litres of fluid in the peritoneum. The dissection 


458 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


of the wounded region exposes two tracts, one running through 
the mass of the semi-tendinosus and biceps femoris muscles to 
reach behind the femoro-tibial joint. The other passing upward, 
back of the coxo-femoral articulation through the small gluteus 
and entering the pelvis through the great sciatic notch, where 
it infected the parietal sheath of the pelvic peritoneum.—( fev. 
Gen. de Med. Vet.) 


OSTEOMAS OF THE DurA Marer [Dr. Marchard and Prof. 
G. Petit]|—In a communication made by the professor some 
{ime ago on the pathogeny of ossifying spinal pachymeningitis of 
dog he concluded in saying that: 

1. The pathogeny of osteoma of the dura mater in threads or 
in plates like that of most osteomas in general is unknown. 

2. Contrary to the classical opinion, those osteomas which 
result from a slow and altogether metaphysical transformation of 
the fibrous tissue do not correspond at all to a pachymeningitis. 

3. Again contrary to what has always been said they do not, 
in the immense majority of cases, have any morbid action what- 
soever. . 

As evidence, a case is reported of a dog affected with paresis 
of the hind legs by myelomalacia of vascular origin where osteo- 
mas of the dura mater were detected at the post mortem. The 
dog had only a slight paralysis of the hind legs, and presented 
on the dura mater osseous plates, principally abundant in the 
lumbar region. They had no part in the pathogeny of the ner- 
vous troubles which were due to lesions of the spinal cord, where 
centers of myelomalacia, degeneration of softening were detected 
by lesions of the blood vessels.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


Two Cases oF IMmositity [MM. Rousseau and Chicou|.— 
Immobility 1s often diagnosed only at the last stage of the disease. 
The authors suggest that a diagnosis could be made before by 
close attention and by the peculiar history of the case. From 
the two cases recorded it appears that the characters of the two 
animals pointed out at prodromes of the final ailment. They 
are considering that ugly horses, those that have a tendency to 
run away, that are nervous, irritable or even those that have the 
habit of pulling backward when tied up in their stall, all are sub- 
jects which may prove in the end to become immobile. 

At the post mortem of the two cases reported one had an 
abscess of the dura mater and two globular neoplasms in the 
lateral ventricles developed in the choroid plexuses; they were 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 459 


cholesteatomas of the cerebral choroid plexuses. In the other 
horse the pia mater was hyperemic, and the cerebral ventricles 
somewhat dilated, contained 25 c.c. of arachnoid fluid —(Rev. 
Veter. Milit.) 


INTESTINAL OBsTRUCTION—CECAL CALCULUS—RUPTURED 
NEURISM OF THE INFERIOR CEcAL Artery [Mr. Magnier].— 
Nine-year-old mare has had several attacks of chronic enteritis. 
One day she is sick again, has intermittent colics which disappear 
rapidly. She has them for one week and shows symptoms of 
intestinal obstruction. Treated, she improves and then has an- 
other attack more severe, and finally dies with evident intestinal 
hemorrhage. 

Post Mortem—Cecum black and ecchymotic, has a ruptured 
aneurism at the origin of the inferior cecal artery; in the cavity 
of the cecum there is a bezoard calculus weighing 2 kilog. 450 
‘gram.; the large and floating colon showed lesions of chronic 
enteritis. 

During life the mare assumed the dog or sphinx laying down 
position, she gaps repeatedly and almost continuously; when she 
was to be mounted by her rider she tried to bite him and moaned 
when he sat in the saddle, she could not gallop on the right, to- 
ward the last of her life she always laid on the left side—(R. 
Veter. Mil.) 


Dr. G. A. Kay, B. A. I. service, has been transferred from 
South Omaha, Neb., to Lincoln, that state, and made ‘“ Inspec- 
tor in Charge”’ at his new post. We congratulate the doctor on 
his promotion. 


Tue Turkey Buzzarp As A CARRIER AND TRANSMITTER OF 
Anta Diseases is the title cf bulletin No. 71 issued by Dr. 
George R. White, State Live Stock Inspector of Tennessee, to 
the farmers of that state. 


A FRIEND IN NEED.—An Iowa subscriber writes: ‘‘ I need 
the REviEw in my business, it aids in time of trouble.’’ 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


HORSES. IN FHE St ROries: 


Fort Wm. McKINLEY, Pizat, P. J., November 6, 1912. 
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEwW, New York: 


Replying to an article which appeared in the August REVIEW, 
under the heading ‘‘ Horses in the Tropics,” let us search a little 
deeper than the color of the skin for the cause of nervousness. 

The writer unconsciously touches the keynote when he says, 
“On review the gray horses are actually phlegmatic, the sorrels 
quiet, the bays excitable and restless, while the blacks are the 
worst of all.” 

The reason is plainly not due to the coloring, but to the breed- 


ing. Fully go per cent. of the grays are grade Percherons, phleg- 


matic in type, gentle and quiet, and a disposition to take life as 
easy as his surroundings will permit. This will hold good whether 
he is in a hot or a cold climate. 

A large percentage of the sorrels have a trace of Morgan 
(the ideal family pet for a lightweight horse), quiet and gentle 
in disposition, though with more life and spirit than the Per- 
cheron, yet easily controlled; or from the hackney, who, while 
high stepping and proud, are easily managed and sensible. 

And lastly the browns and blacks, “the most excitable and 
restless of all.” 

The reason for this is easily found. With the exception of 
the heavier horses, which I will speak of later, the majority of 
the bays and blacks are grades, either from the standard bred 
or the thoroughbred, the two most vicious, excitable and unman- 
ageable breeds of horses we have to contend with in the army. 
This temperament of the thoroughbred is well known and con- 
ceded by all standard works on horse breeding. 

The remaining gray horses (other than the Percherons), used 
in the army, are largely of Arabian blood. Those foaled in the 
states are usually from some imported Arabian stallion, and 
those used in the Philippines come from Australia and are a 
mixture of Arabian and thoroughbred, or to a lesser extent the 
native Australian pony. 

The well-known high-strung, nervous temperament of the 


460 


CORRESPONDENCE. 461 


Arabian and his descendant, the thoroughbred, is too well known 
among horsemen to require further comment here, and those who 
breed back to the white color of the Arabian show up as nervous 
_and excitable as do the bays and blacks of equal amount of 
Arabian blood. 

Yet, if the color theory held good, we would find the grays 
phlegmatic, and the bays and blacks excitable and restless, which 
is not the case. With but few exceptions (which is bound to 
occur in all breeds) the horses of one breed, regardless of color, 
all seem to possess about the same disposition. 

Now let us take up the horses of the field artillery. In Bat- 
feries “A,” “ B” and “ C,” First Field Artillery, for which I am 
at present attending veterinarian, there are about twenty gray 
horses in about five hundred, the remainder being bays, browns 
and blacks. 

Now, if this “ unknown relation between color and nervous- 
ness "' held good, we should expect to find the grays phlegmatic, 
and the bays and blacks excitable and nervous. But here again 
we would be disappointed, as the bays and blacks are as quiet 
and sluggish as the grays, thus pointing away from “ tropical 
influence on color” and toward the breeding. 

The artillery horse is primarily a draft horse, and he averages 
from 150 to 250 pounds heavier than the cavalry horse. Conse- 
quently his breeding must be different, in order to attain greater 
weight. We find occasionally a few grade French and German 
coach horses, while probably one-third are Percheron grades, but 
the majority are Clydesdales, noted the world over for their 
gentle disposition, and the effects of the tropics have failed to 
work any change in them. 

Occasionally we get a few Clydesdales in the cavalry when 
the cross-breeding has produced a horse sufficiently light and 
active to do cavalry work. These horses are known among the 
men as ** Chubbies.” They are short and blocky and of splendid 
disposition. While not quite so active and quick at drill, they 
have wonderful staying qualities on hard marches and short 
rations. 

Now, as to the reason for the gray horse living longer in the 
tropics, we can also include the bays and blacks, who are grades 
from Percheron or Clydesdale blood. 

When the Percheron or Clydesdale starts out for the day’s 
march, he quietly settles into his task with as little outlay of 
unnecessary energy as possible, and if not reined in too tightly 


462 CORRESPONDENCE. 


will try and pick his path, and when halted for rest and readjust- 
ment of equipment he immediately begins to search for something 
to eat. It may be only a few green leaves or weeds, or a bunch 
of dead grass, but it 1s astonishing how much it seems to refresh 
him and keep up his strength. 

On the other hand take the grade thoroughbred. ‘The first 
thing, he proceeds, with varying success, to buck his rider off, 
throw his pack out of balance and adjustment, which is a sure 
“saddle-sore getter.” In his fight with his rider he is worked 
into an excited condition, and starts down the road with his 
forefeet in the road and his hind ones in the ditch, or vice versa, 
and prances (‘‘ jigs,” the soldiers call it) till he has expended 
his last ounce of strength and energy (and also that of his rider), 
and then he gives out before the march is finished. I have seen 
horses exhaust themselves in this way and have to drop behind 
the column and be led the last five or ten miles of march, and 
then repeat the same process several days in succession. 

This is the reason why the gray horses have a longer life 
than those of the lighter weight breeds, and this same rule will 
hold good in the northern states, where the tropics are not a — 
deciding factor. 

Another reason (among army horses) is this: I have before 
me the sick records of the Seventh Cavalry horses while at 
Fort Riley, Kansas. The horses of Troop M were all grays, 
with the exception of seven or eight, which were blacks. The 
sick report for the year 1910 showed a total of 90 cases, while 
Troop G, a bay troop, composed largely of grade thoroughbreds, 
had a sick report of 166 for the same period. Troop M averaged 
one new case every four and one-eighteenth days; Troop G 
averaged one new case every two and one-fifth days. Troop 
M’s average period of sickness per horse was 15 days; Troop 
G’s average period of sickness per horse was 22 days. Giving 
for Troop M a daily sick report of three and five-sevenths horses ; 
Troop G, a daily sick report of ten horses. 

I am submitting these figures to show that the gray horse 
is less liable to disabilities, regardless of what climate he is in. 

Eliminating the saddle-sores from the records of both troops, 
which were about equal, the percentage of other sicknesses and — 
injuries was still larger in favor of the grays. 

The general average of the age of the gray troop was con- 
siderably larger than in the bays, and therefore they had had 
more years of service in which to accumulate chronic saddle- 


CORRESPONDENCE. 465 
eee ee LE eee 
sores. Even with this handicap, they compared favorably with 
the bays. 

The diseases of the feet, which form no small part of the 
disabilities of the army horse, are corns, canker, thrush and 
navicular disease, due largely to the army horse being kept con- 
stantly shod all the year. In Troops M and G the percentage of 
corns were about equal, but, due to the hoofs of the gray horses 
being slightly larger and more flat, the heels broader, the frog 
larger and therefore with more frog pressure on the ground, the 
percentage of canker, thrush and navicular disease was largely 
in favor of the grays. 

The gray horse’s feet being flatter, theoretically he would be 
more predisposed to laminitis when on the hard roads. This 
was not borne out by experience, however, due, probably, largely 
to the grade Percheron traveling low, thus avoiding the concus- 
sion incident to higher action, and also to his natural disposition 
to take better care of himself. 

The injuries, self-inflicted and those inflicted by their mates, 
form the greater portion of the sick records, and is largely in 
favor of the grays. This will not seem strange after observing 
the horses loose in the corrals. 

The gray horse, after his work is finished and he is turned 
into the corral, will hunt up a bit of rope, a broken halter shank, 
an old grooming cloth, or some such object, and go away by 
himself and nibble and play with it for hours, or if the flies are 
bad, he will hunt up his mate (nearly all horses choose a corral 
mate), and they will range “ alongside,” but headed in opposite 
directions, so each can switch the flies off the neck and shoulders 
of the other, which each cannot reach with his own tail. 

Go to the corral of the bay horses, and instead of resting 
when they get the opportunity, they are racing back and forth, 
biting and striking, and as for switching flies, they seem to prefer 
the use of their teeth and nails. There are more injuries self- 
inflicted and by their mates than in “line of duty.” And there 
are more injuries to treat at evening stables (provided the horses 
have been loose in the corral) than after returning from morning 
drills. 

For 1910, Troop M’s sick record shows, injured by other 
horses, 2; Troop G’s sick record shows, injured by other horses, 
ei. 


Those injuries are usually severe, are penetrating wounds, 
and therefore usually deeply infected, and account for the longer 
average sick period. 


464 CORRESPONDENCE. 


I believe that color plays no important part in the long life 
or the ability to stand the tropics, only insofar as it becomes 
characteristic of a certain breed, and that the breeding and not 
the color is the deciding factor. 

From observations I am of the opinion that if we have a cross 
between a black or brown Percheron stallion and a mare of no 
special breeding, resulting, as they frequently do, in a roan or a 
bay, that they will be as quiet and long lived as those bred from 
the gray stallion. 

At the present time there are bay horses in the Seventh Cavy- 
alry, now at Fort McKinley, that show Percheron and Clydesdale 
blood. The records show that those horses came over here from 
the States with the first expedition mounted. Some of them are 
over twenty years of age and are still doing duty with their gray 
brothers that came over at the same time. 

I wish to distinctly emphasize the fact that in this article I 
am not advocating the purchase of any particular type of horse 
for the army. That is entirely another question. The point for 
consideration in this article was, What influence, if any, has 
color on the temperament, stamina and long life of the horse in 
the tropics? 

Very respectfully, 
W.C. Van AtustynE, M.D.C., V.S., 
Veterinarian, Seventh Cavalry, Philippine Islands. 


IS THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL Asses 
CIATION A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN 
FACT AS WELL AS. IN NAME? 


Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York: 


The question we have frequently asked ourselves during the 
past few years, and more particularly since the close of the In- 
dianapolis meeting, is, “‘ Is the American Veterinary Medical As- 
sociation a national organization in fact as well as in name, or 
does it truly and adequately represent in a national capacity the 
veterinary profession, with its vast membership, on this great 
continent?” 

We would like, with your kind permission and co-operation, 
to discuss this problem with a view of getting an expression of 
opinion from your journal and from its readers. 

The first phase of this important question, that strikes us most 


ee 


CORRESPONDENCE. 465 


forcibly, is the comparatively small membership. It would appear 
in view of the large number of veterinarians in the United States, 
Canada and our insular possessions, that the percentage of A. V. 
M. A. members is so small as to be almost insignificant. Does it 
not seem possible and probable that there is some influence or 
element at work that is responsible for the anemic condition of 
our membership roll? Is it not reasonable to ask why it is almost 
necessary to anesthetize a man before he will affix his name to an 
application blank? Another question prompts itself to the effect 
that it would be most interesting to know what the A. V. M. A. 
has accomplished in the past few years, as a national organiza- 
tion, for the benefit of the veterinary profession and for the public 
at large. 

The constitution of the A. V. M. A. states that the purposes 
of the association are, to promote good fellowship; to elevate the 
standards of veterinary education; to cultivate medical science 
and literature; to enlighten and direct public opinion regarding 
veterinary problems of state medicine; to protect the medical 
interests of the veterinary profession and present to the world 
its achievements. 

Have any of these purposes or objects been accomplished, or 
have they been carried out to the extent anticipated by the found- 
ers of the association? Are we to consider it incumbent upon 
us to carry out these constitutional provisions, or are we to look 
upon Article II. of the constitution to be in the nature of a bluff? 
Perhaps some of these provisions have been carried out in part, 
but what has the national association accomplished more than 
has been or is being accomplished by any little unpretentious state 
association composed of half a hundred members? 

In discussing some of these problems, we propose to be en- 
tirely frank in the premises, hoping to be able to encourage others 
who, we trust, will avail themselves of your kind offices to enter 
into the discussion in a similar spirit. 

Perhaps the main obstacle which has been and is hampering 
the progress of the A. V. M. A. is the fact that its affairs are 
manipulated and controlled by a small coterie of men who, geo- 
graphically and professionally, represent but a small portion of 
the American continent. Perhaps we may go farther and ven- 
ture to say that the national organization is controlled and ma- 
nipulated by a few men, whose numbers can be estimated upon 
the fingers of a normal hand. We frankly admit that we are 
most willing and ready to do homage to any individual or indi- 


466 CORRESPONDENCE. 


viduals who are big enough to control a national organization 
and its policies, even if their views do not harmonize with ours, 
but at the same time we feel that the methods enlisted in gaining 
and maintaining such control should be, in the case of the A. V. 
M. A., carefully analyzed. 

The writer, among others, believes that any one who has 
attended the meetings and has studied the internal workings of 
the A. V. M. A. must have been struck with the character of the 
politics pursued by a certain element, in order to control and 
dominate its policies almost since its inception. To a student of 
such matters the affairs of the national organization seem to be 
in the hands of a political trust, who do not hesitate to resort to 
any kind of tactics to accomplish their objects. In other words, 
they appear to work on the assumption that the end justifies the 
means. 

If attempts, which have been frequent in the past few years, 
are made to overcome these conditions, such attempts are frus- 
trated by methods that are despicable and dishonorable, to say 
the least. If new or young blood is offered for injection into the 
body politic, for the purpose of stimulation and perhaps rejuvena- 
tion, it is attacked by scurrilous innuendos and insinuations to such 
an extent that a self-respecting aspirant for political honors at 
the hands of the association is debarred from further participa- 
tion, as he would naturally prefer to relinquish his candidacy and 
deny himself such honor rather than be exposed to unrighteous 
vilification, fostered as a result of intrigue and mendacity on the 
part of those who oppose for selfish reasons his candidacy. All 
this goes to show that there is an influence or an element at work 
that will stop at nothing, no matter how despicable it may be, to 
gain their ends. 

It is believed that those who attended the Indianapolis meet- 
ing will agree with us that the manner in which the affairs of the 
association were administered was not only pathetic, but deplor- 
able. The scene depicted during the evening, when the order of 
business was the election of officers, had much to recommend it 
as a prize exhibition of buffoonery. The entire session was an 
exhibition of improper conduct on the part of the temporary 
presiding officer, who resorted to or indulged in repartee and 
parliamentary usage of a very questionable character. The tem- 
porary presiding officer on that occasion was presumably acting 
according to instructions, and it reminded the spectator of noth- 
ing so much as steam-roiler politics, which would not be out of 


CORRESPONDENCE. 467 


place at a political ward gathering, where a slate was the order 
of the day. 

~ Can we wonder at the standing of the A. V. M. A., when such 
scenes can be enacted during what is supposed to be a gathering 
of dignified and scientific men, whose purpose is or should be the 
advancement and elevation of the profession and the promulga- 
tion and dissemination of knowledge for the future benefit of 
mankind. Can we expect men to travel hundreds or perhaps 
thousands of miles for scientific enlightenment when such condi- 
tions continue to prevail? 

When the California delegation reached the Middle West 
before the Indianapolis meeting, it was approached with a tenta- 
tive proposition to the effect that the profession on the Pacific 
_ Coast be requested to join with the profession in the Middle West 
to secede from the A. V. M. A. and form another organization, 
national in character. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to say, the Cali- 
fornia delegation refused to consider such a movement and stated 
emphatically that it would stay with the now national organiza- 
tion until the last gun was fired. Furthermore, it stated that it 
proposed to do everything within its power to make the present 
A. V. M. A. representative in character and a national organiza- 
tion in fact as well as in name. 

One of the reasons given by the profession in the Middle West 
as an excuse to secede, and one of the main reasons why a division 
seemed advisable, is to the effect that under the present conditions 
_ the West or Middle West has no voice, nor representation as far 
as the administration of the affairs of the A. V. M. A. is con- 
cerned. We believe that the contention of the Middle West is 
correct, and we feel that those of us from the far West are to 
some extent in a similar position; at the same time we believe 
that this entire question resolves itself into one of adjustment of 
the affairs of the national society, so that every section of the 
-eountry will have some voice in its administration. 

~ We hold that the reorganization of the national association 
is the solution of the problem. Let us reorganize upon modern 
and progressive lines, and let us do away with the antiquated, 
medieval or obsolete constitution and by-laws that permit a few 
individuals to dominate and control. matters for their own ag- 
erandizement. Let us infuse some new blood and other things 
that stand for modernity and progress, and let us frown down 
upon anything and everything that savors of chicanery and 
iniquity. 


468 CORRESPONDENCE. 


— 


Why not, Mr. Editor, reorganize the A. V. M. A. on such 
a basis that a component society of each state, province or terri- 
tory would be represented according to its membership, one dele e- 
gate for every so many members or fraction thereof? Such rep- 
resentatives to form a house of delegates and constitute the ad- 
ministrative body of the association. ‘Thus every section of the 
country would be represented and be entitled to participate in all 
business deliberations, and at the same time, which is the most 
important feature of all, the scientific and literary program of our 
meetings would not be interfered with by business or politics. 

A house of delegates, as suggested above, and a secretary 
whose entire time would be devoted to association matters, would 
mean an enormous increase in our membership and at the same. 
time would have a tendency to cement a union between the various 
sections of this great continent that could only result in ines- 
timable benefit to the profession in general and the public at 
large. 

The California State Veterinary Medical Association has 
appointed a standing committee for the purpose of inaugurating 
a campaign whose ultimate object is to assist in the upbuilding 
of the A. V. M. A. to the point of efficiency where it must be. 
recognized as one of the most important scientific organizations 
in existence, and, with a view of stimulating improvement, and 
reorganization if necessary, the committee, through its chair- 
man, the writer, desires to announce that it is particularly desir 
cus that other state associations will join in such a campaign and 
attack this problem with it. ; 
R. A. ARCHIBALD, ; 
Chairman Committee on American Veterinary Medical Associa- 

tion Affairs. 


A Correction.—As the result of a typographical error the 
word goneitis, fourth word, sixth line, page 310, December RE- 
VIEW, occurring in Dr. Cochran’s article on “ stifle lameness,” 
was spelled gonlitis. The printers mistook the script e for an ], 
and it was missed in the proofreading. 


Tue CHrIstMAS NUMBER OF THE FARMER’S ADVOCATE, 
Winnipeg, has just reached us, and certainly is a credit to its 
publishers. We regret that it did not reach us while we still had 
room to express our appreciation of it fully. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


IMMUNITY. 

IMMuNITY—MeEtHops or DrAGNosis AND THERAPY AND THEIR PRACTICAL 
AppLicaTIon, by Dr. Julius Citron, Assistant at the University Clinic of 
Berlin, Medical Division, translated from the German and edited by A. L. 
Garbat, M.D., Assistant Pathologist, German Hospital, New York. 27 
illustrations, 2 colored plates and 8 charts. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s 
Son & Co., 1912. $3 net. 

Immunity is a work designed to serve a purely practical pur- 
pose, in familiarizing the student and practitioner with the meth- 
ods of serum diagnosis, which, on account of their growing clin- 
ical significance, are constantly stimulating greater interest in all 
branches of medical science. The German author, while giving 
instruction on the subject, realized that it would be of great help 
to both the medical student and the physician to possess a short 
text-book which would review in a purely critical form the vari- 
ous methods of immunity diagnosis; and as the two systems of 
Kolle and Wassermann and R. Kraus and Levaditi, which are the 
standards on the subject in German medical literature, are large 
and expensive, being more suited to the specialist, it was the aim 
of the author to produce a work in a more concise and more 
simple form, adaptable to the general practitioner who wishes en- 
lightenment on the subject, rather than to go into an exhaustive 
study of it. 

The chapter on vaccines has been slightly revised and elab- 
orated to conform more closely with the most recently advocated 
methods of Sir A. E. Wright, otherwise the American author has 
found no need to alter the original text, except that occasionally 
some features, thought to be of especial interest to the English- 
reading public, have been inserted. And while the book was espe- 
cially written for medical students and practitioners, we are sure 
that the chapters on anti-rabic vaccination of man, tuberculin 
diagnosis, agglutination (macroscopic, microscopic and group), 
the method of complement fixation with the Wassermann-Bruck’s 
modification and the technique for the determination of the op- 
sonic index, will be just as interesting to the progressive veterina- 
rian as to the physician. The author also alludes to the place 
attained by mallein as a diagnostic of glanders in veterinary medi- 
cine. Colored plates, showing the Pirquet reaction and the oph- 
thalmo-reaction: for tuberculosis in the human, are very clear 
and very striking. The paper is good; the type clear, and, in 
fact, the publishers have spared no detail in making the work one 
that any physician or veterinarian may be proud to possess. 

469 


470 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


PHARMACEUTICAL. BACTERIOUOGHE 


PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOGY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISINFECTION 
AND STERILIZATION, by Albert Schneider, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of 
Pharmacognosy, Histology and Bacteriology, California College of Phar- 
macy; Pharmacognosist, United States Department of Agriculture; with 
86 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., I912. $2 net. 


Pharmaceutical Bacteriology should find a welcome place in 
the library of all progressive veterinarians, most of whom are 
in reality practicing pharmacists. Comparatively speaking, the 
science of bacteriology is not new, but its introduction into phar- 
macy is of very recent date; and yet, the pharmacist should have 
a fair knowledge of general bacteriology, in order that he may 
realize what important relationships bacteria bear to medical and 
veterinary practice. He should know what pharmaceutical prep- 
arations and what medical substances are likely to be attacked by 
bacteria, and what changes they are capable of producing in such 
substances. 


This little volume is the product of the progress incident to 


the recent growth and development of the professional side of 
pharmacy, and the object of the author has been to adhere strictly 
to the subject from the standpoint of the pharmacist, with only 
enough treatment of general bacteriology to make clear the col- 
lateral relationships, especially as it pertains to medical bacte- 
riology. And yet, when one glances through the work, the im- 
pression that all the bacteriology that a practitioner can ever ab- 
sorb or apply is contained in the little work, seems evident. And 
as a matter of fact, it is the practical side of bacteriology that is 
presented. Following the introduction and the general morphol- 
ogy and physiology of bacteria, comes their range and distribu- 
tion, then bacteriological technic, bacteria in the industries, giving 
the function of bacteria in agriculture, in milk and in the dairy- 
ing industry, rotting bacteria, cider making, etc.,; immunity, 
natural and acquired, Ehrlich’s side-chain theory, toxins and anti- 
toxins, agglutinins, precipitins, lysins, opsonins, etc. The manu- 
facture and use of sera and vaccines, and a thousand and one 
practical applications of pharmaceutical bacteriology. 

Disinfection ‘and sterilization receive especial attention, and 
altogether Schneider's Pharmaceutical Bacteriology is an essen- 
tial to the up-to-date, progressive veterinarian or physician. As 
in the former work by the same author, material and workman- 
ship have not been spared in its production. 


el) arrests pegs. 


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. 
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RADY 
OBITUARY. 


WILLIS. WARD. CURRY, D.V:S. 


Dr. Willis Ward Curry died at Oradel, N. J., on December 
7, 1912, suddenly, from hemorrhage of the lungs, in the fifty- 
third year of his age, although the doctor’ s health had been fail- 
ing for some time. 

_ Dr. Curry was born at Mahopac Falls, Putnam County, N. Y., 
April 29, 1860; his parents (both deceased) having been Peter 
B. and Elizabeth R. Curry. The doctor received his early edu- 
cation in the public schools of Putnam County (N. Y.) and the 
Albany State Normal School. On reaching manhood, his love 
for animals prompted him to take up the “study of veterinary 
edicine, and he entered the American Veterinary College, New 
York City, from which institution he graduated in 1888 and 
served in the hospital as House Surgeon under Prof. Liautard ; 
| afterward accepted appointment in the B. A. I. service, stationed 
at Jersey City, and finally, in 1890, entered into general practice 
“in Hackensack, N. J., where he enjoyed a successful practice and 
the confidence and respect of the community up to the time of 
his failing health some months ago. Dr. Curry was married in 
_ June, 1890, to Elizabeth Courtney Shackelton, of Hackensack, 
_who survives him. 


KIND EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY ACKNOWLEDGED. 


Complying with a request made by Arthur S. V. Brenton that 
the Review publish the details relative to the sudden death of his 
mother, in view of the fact that the family has been overwhelmed 
‘with letters and telegrams, which in the depth of their grief they 
‘feel unequal to answering, yet desire to thank their many friends 
for their expressions of sympathy, we give the following details, 
Yextracted from her son’s letter of December 13, 1912. Mrs. 
Brenton, though robust in appearance, had been ailing for about 
471 


472 OBITUARY. 


ten years, and about six years ago her physician pronounced her 


case diabetes mellitus, for which condition she had been treated 
and dieted ever since; and it was her thorough and intelligent 
comprehension of her condition and her care and strict dieting 
that kept her in such apparently good health, despite her malady. 
She hhad frequently expressed how well she enjoyed the A. V. 
M. A. meeting at Indianapolis after her return home from that 
city, but seemed to dread the approaching winter, and was about 
to make arrangements to go south during the cold weather, when 
she was stricken down. She had overexerted herself in the early 
part of the week in which she died, but did not seem to evince 
any bad effects from it until the middle of the week, when after 
an automobile ride with her son, Dr. Willis L. Brenton (during 
which she expressed great delight and enjoyment, meeting many 
friends during the ride), on returning home she became sud- 
denly very weak and had to be lifted from the car. She soon 
recovered from this weak spell, however, and began attending to 
the preparation of supper. That was on Thursday evening, and 
the following morning the weakness returned, and she made vain 
attempts to tell about her ride of the afternoon before, but was 
so weak she could not finish out a connected sentence. She con- 
tinued to grow weaker until about two o’clock in the afternoon, 
when she was put to bed, when she soon sank into a comatose 
state, from which she never aroused, but passed to her Heavenly 
Father the following noon (Saturday, November 23), sur- 
rounded by the members of her family and her physician at her 
bedside. She was buried in Grand Lawn Cemetery with Epis- 
copal services on Tuesday, November 26, 1912. Mrs. Brenton 
was born in Geelong, Australia, fifty miles from Melbourne, and 
came to this country when a girl of sixteen. Had she lived until 
December 1, 1912, she would have reached the thirty-second anni- 
versary of her marriage to Dr. Samuel Brenton, which occurred 
in Jackson, Mich., in 1880. Besides her husband, she is survived 
by three children, Arthur S. V. Brenton, Dr. Willis L. Brenton 
and her daughter, Mrs. A. P. Schiffer. 


Dr. E. M. Herrin, of Edwardsville, Ill., an old subscriber. 


to the REvIEw, died in May last, but it was not until his subscrip- 
tion expired that the Review learned of his death. Hence the 
late notice. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


NOTES ON THE RECENT MEETING OF THE UNITED 
STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION 
AT CHICAGO. 


The yearly gathering of this truly representative body, in- 
cluding stock breeders as well as sanitarians from almost every 
state in the union, which convened at the Hotel Sherman, Chic- 
ago, December 8, 1912, seems singularly appropriate as to time 
and place, occurring as it does simultaneously with the annual 
International Live Stock Show, which represents the sum total 
of human achievement in the science of stock breeding, as does 
the yearly meeting of this great sanitary organization bring forth 
all that has yet been revealed in that branch of veterinary science 
devoted to live stock sanitary control. 

The association was welcomed to Chicago in a brief but force- 
ful address by Dr. Geo. B. Young, Health Commissioner of the 
city, who said, in substance, that control over live stock sanitary 
matters would be accomplished in proportion to the degree in 
which public opinion was aroused thereto, and referring to the 
inability of the city of Chicago to demand milk from tuberculin 
tested herds owing to the anti-tuberculin laws of Illinois, stated 
that in his belief it would be difficult in Illinois in the future to 
enact any legislation adverse to sanitary progress, simply to en- 
hance the political fortunes of any candidate for public office. 
Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, of Georgia, who later was elected 
president of the association, responded in his inimitable manner 
which is so fully appreciated by his large host of friends. 

The address of the retiring president, Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
of Wisconsin, embodied data gathered from the reports of the 
British Royal and German Imperial Commissions on Tuberculo- 
sis; and, together with his own authoritative opinions, demon- 
strated still further the danger, especially to children, of bovine 
infection. The figures are omitted here, but they are startling. 
Dr. Ravenel, who is an ex-president of the National Asso- 
ciation for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, stated that one section 
of next year’s meeting of that body was to be given over to veter- 
inarians, and also that the meetings of the Philadelphia Path- 


473 


474 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


ological Association were open to veterinarians. He stated that 
inasmuch as the two professions overlap, veterinarians should be 
members, and vice-versa, the society meetings of the two profes- — 
sions being open to members of<either. 

In view of the conflicting laws of the several states he urged 
the united efforts of both professions for the establishment of a 
central body, in which both physician and veterinarian would be 
given representation. Allusion was made to the proposed estab- 
lishment of chairs of comparative pathology in some of the medi- 
cal colleges, by which the future medical practitioners might be 
better enabled to co-operate with veterinarians in matters of 
sanitary reform. | 

The essays and discussions on tick fever were supplemented — 
by a moving picture exhibition, showing the evolution of the tick 
and the methods now in use in the South for its eradication. 
Unlike some of the other communicable diseases, with this, there 
seemed to be no division of opinion as to the right way to pro- 
ceed in its eradication, and the reports submitted showed a greatly 
increased area of territory released from quarantine. Mr. W. L. 
Wardell, chairman of the Live Stock Commission of Texas, in-— 
troduced a motion which was unanimously adopted, pledging each 
member present to visit or write his congressman and senator 
to urge an increased appropriation for tick eradication and for 
the Bureau of Animal Industry in its routine work. 

The enthusiasm of the essayists and those who participated 
in the discussion of this subject, which seems to have been so © 
thoroughly worked out, was most certainly inspiring. 

Directly and indirectly the tick is responsible for an annual 
loss of over one hundred million dollars in the South, and its 
eradication is made possible by ten to sixteen dippings at inter- 
vals of fourteen days, at an average cost of ten cents a head.  ~ 

The tuberculin test, after thorough discussion of the ques- 
tion, received almost unanimous indorsement, and each succeed- 
ing year seems to establish more firmly, when used by such men 
as are truly competent, its right to be very highly regarded as a 
diagnostic agent. 

The abuse of tuberculin by men of insufficient education and 
experience is the cause of its ill-repute in some localities, and em- 
phasizes the need for renewed efforts to restrict its use to thor- 
oughly trained men. 

The paper entitled ‘‘ The Value of Physical Examination and 
Clinical Diagnosis in Detecting Tuberculosis in Cattle,” pre- 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 475 


nted by Director V. A. Moore, of the New York State Col- 
ge, was heard with deep interest, befitting the profound knowl- 
ge of the author. It appeared, however, that the majority of 
those who heard this essay were still of the opinion that the 
alue of physical examination as a dependable means of detect- 
ing even the so-called spreaders, and thus of being a factor of 
qual value with tuberculin, is greatly overestimated. A move- 
ment to free the pure-bred herds of the United States from tuber- 
culosis, requiring same to be free from this disease, in order to 
be eligible to advanced registration, was described in a paper 
read by Dr. O. E. Dyson, of Illinois. 

Probably the most spirited discussion of the entire meeting 
followed the reading of the papers on “ Hog Cholera”’ by Drs. 
Reichel, Fischer and Peters. It was the serum-simultaneous vs. 
the serum-alone method; and it must be said that the adherents 
of the serum-simultaneous method had the better of the discus- 
sion, the end of which would not yet have been reached, were 
it not for the time limit of five minutes placed upon each indi- 
vidual in the discussion, which, by a vote of the members, was 

aiterward increased to ten minutes, as the importance of the 
discussion became more apparent. 

The importance of hog cholera control to the entire United 
States may be judged by the $15,000,000 loss in Iowa during 
_ one year. 

t The successful use of the serum-simultaneous method depends 
upon the ability of the operator to comprehend the potency for 
_ good or evil of the virulent blood, and his willingness to observe 
_ with scrupulous care the technique formulated by careful work- 
ers. Used by such men, both its safety and efficacy were attested 
_ by Drs. Paul Fischer, of Ohio, and A. T. Peters, of Illinois, as 
well as others, whose wide experience gave weight to their words. 
Dr. Peters, stating that so much depended upon a full comprehen- 
sion of the technique that it had been found necessary in Illinois 
to require those men unfamiliar with same to visit the station, 
and there, under careful eyes, to go through the whole procedure 
again and again, until they showed a thorough understanding of 
each step. The failure of this method, in some instances, to ac- 
~ complish what had been expected, was said to be due to highly 
virulent blood and a serum of low potency, in which case a fatal 
attack would be caused; or to a blood lacking in a high degree of 
_ virulence, failing to produce the expected immunity; or to the 
_ neglect of the operator to observe the proper ratio between the 
dose of the virulent blood and the protective serum. To sum- 


476 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


marize, the advantage of the V. B. method is the permanent im- 
munity conferred, the disadvantage being the possibility of the 
spread of infection when carelessly used. The serum-alone 
method confers usually no permanent immunity; neither is its 
use attended by dangers of the spread of infection. The essen- 
tials for the successful use of the serum-simultaneous method are 
standardized products, V. B. and serum of known potency, to- 
gether with carefully trained and conscientious men for their use; 
and where this combination exists, there should be no hesitancy 
as to which method to choose. . 

Dr. Fred Torrance, Veterinary Director-General of Canada, 
gave a brief outline of the existing sanitary regulations of his 
country, the items of greatest interest, being the progressive 
lowering of the number of cases of glanders under the plan of 
compulsory slaughter of reactors to mallein. It is to be hoped 
that a similar regulation may be found to be practicable in the 
State of New York ere long. 

Dr. W. L. Williams presented a paper, illustrated with stere- 
opticon views and elaborate tables, in which he summarized his 
experience with infectious abortion of cattle and the treatment 
thereof with Abortus Bacterin, as well as results of efforts to 
diagnose the presence of the infective agent by use of a biological 
product, called Abortin. To many who had perhaps hastily ac- 
cepted the unqualified statements regarding the value of these 
products, Dr. Williams’ paper was a revelation, inasmuch as his 
carefully conducted tests indicated the worthlessness of both. 
Future research and experiment may reverse his judgment; mean- 
while it behooves the busy practitioner to proceed cautiously in 
the use of these and the many other biological products with | 
which the market is flooded. 

The recent horse plague in Kansas, Nebraska and other states 
was the subject of a paper by Dr. A. T. Kinsley, of Missouri, 
and was well and thoroughly discussed by those men whose scien- 
tific attainments had led to their assignment in the work of inves- 
tigation. Among these may be mentioned Drs. Mohler, Conno- 
way, Tait Butler, Gibson, Hughes, Kaupp and others. In a 
majority of those who spoke, the opinion was given that the dis- _ 
ease was a forage poisoning, careful investigation and examina- 
tion failing to reveal any specific micro-organism, and efforts to 
reproduce the disease by inoculation of spinal and cranial fluids 
‘being unsuccessful. 

A paper of exceptional interest to all was presented by Drs. 
D. J. Healy and Joseph Castle, of Kentucky, in which they dem- 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 477 


onstrated the probable determining factor in the onset of the 
pains of labor to be the calcium salts present in the normal colos- 
trum of the mammaries, which are stimulated to production by 
the approaching completion of fcetal development. 

In the experimental work the subcutaneous injection of a 
small quantity of colostrum invariably producing abortion in 
_ guinea pigs; whereas the injection of milk and cream was borne 
with no bad results. Calcium lactate and calcium lactophosphate 
were injected and also caused abortion. 

The Committee on Uniform Regulation submitted their re- 
port, a copy of which follows: 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON UNIFORM REGULATIONS PRESENTED TO AND 
ADOPTED BY THE ASSOCIATION AT CHICAGO, DECEMBER 5, IQI2. 


Section 1. The importation by railroad, boat, in wagon, by express or 

_ other common carrier; on hoof or in any other manner, of live stock diseased 

or exposed to disease Mati tie totake: Of 2 OA aes ce. LE a0 is hereby 
_ prohibited; and to determine which fact the following regulations shall be 
observed by all persons, firms, transportation companies, corporations, express 
companies and other common carriers; State Veterinarians and all other 
officials State and Federal, authorized to inspect and issue certificates of 
health for live stock. 

Sec. 2. It-is hereby ordered that any person, firm, corporation or any 
common carrier wishing to import bulls, work oxen or female cattle over six 
months old not intended for immediate slaughter, into the State of 
a must procure before shipment a health certificate 
and a tuberculin test chart in triplicate from a Veterinary Inspector of the 
B. A. I., the State Veterinarian or Assistant State Veterinarian, or a 
Veterinarian whose competency and reliability are certified to by the authori- 
ties charged with the control of diseases of domestic animals in the State 
from which the cattle are to be transported or moved. The original of this 
health certificate and tuberculin test chart must be attached to the waybill. 
The duplicate health certificate and tuberculin test chart must be sent to the 
State Veterinarian or proper official at destination in ample time to reach 
him before the arrival of the cattle. The triplicate health certificate and 
tuberculin test chart must be sent the proper State official at place of origin. 
The health certificate and tuberculin test chart must show that the cattle are 
free from Texas fever ticks, tuberculosis and all contagious, tnfectious and 
communicable diseases. The tuberculin test chart must show that at least 
three temperatures were taken before injection of tuberculin two to three 
hours apart and five temperatures were taken after injection two hours apart, 
beginning ten hours after the tuberculin was injected. 

_ Sec. 3. It is hereby ordered that any person, firm, corporation or any 
common carrier wishing to import horses, mules or asses into the State of 
8 Gace must procure before shipment or movement in any 
other manner a health certificate and a mallein test chart in triplicate from a 
Veterinary Inspector of the B. A. I., the State Veterinarian or Assistant 
State Veterinarian, or a Veterinarian "whose competency and reliability are 
certified to by the authorities charged with the control of diseases of domestic 
animals in the State from which the horses, mules and asses are to be trans- 
ported or moved. The original, duplicate and triplicate copies of the health 
certificate and mallein test chart shall be handled as certificate and tuberculin 
test chart as provided for in Section 2. The health certificate and mallein 
test chart must show that the horses, mules or asses are free from all con- 
tagious, infectious and communicahle diseases, and the test chart must show 


oo aed ae 


Saar ere TERS Ie PNY Fa 


478 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


that at least three temperatures two to three hours apart taken before injec- 
tion and five temperatures were taken after injection two hours apart, begin- 
ning ten hours after the mallein was injected. 

Sec. 4. It is hereby ordered that any person, firm, corporation or any 
common carrier wishing to import sheep or goats into the State of 
Ee ne eae eee es for purposes other than immediate slaughter, must 
procure before shipment or movement in any other manner a certificate of 
inspection issued by an inspector of the United States Bureau of Animal 
Industry, certifying that the sheep or goats are not affected with any con- 
tagious, infectious or communicable disease, including scabies, and that they 
have been dipped once within ten days of time of entry into the State in 
either a nicotine or lime-and-sulphur dip which has been approved by the 
United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Provided, however, that sheep 
and goats not accompanied by certificate as above indicated may be shipped 
by. rail’or boat to points within the State Of 22.4...) Ji\)e. beer if billed 
to or through public stock yards where Federal Government inspection is 
maintained, and there unloaded and dipped under the supervision of an in- 
spector of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Sec. 5. It is hereby ordered that any person, firm or corporation or any 
common carrier wishing to import swine into the State of ...............06- 
for purposes other than immediate slaughter must procure before shipment 
or movement in any other manner a health certificate in triplicate from a 
Veterinary Inspector of the B. A. I., the State Veterinarian or Assistant 
State Veterinarian or a Veterinarian whose competency and reliability are 
certified to by the authorities charged with the control of diseases of domestic 
animals in the State from which the swine are to be transported and moved. 
The original, duplicate and triplicate copies of the health certificate shall be 
handled as certificates and tuberculin test chart as provided far in Section 2, 
The health certificate must show that the swine are free from all contagious, 
infectious and communicable diseases and have been immunized against hog 
cholera by the Dorset-McBride-Niles Serum not more than thirty days prior 
to shipment. 

Sec. 6. It is hereby ordered that cars, boats and other vehicles used in the 
transportation of all live stock into or within the State of ............--205- 
shall first be cleaned of all litter, washed and disinfected with a mixture made 
with not more than 1% pounds of lime and 44 pound of pure carboli¢ acid to 
each gallon of water or liquid cresolis compositus (U. S. P.) (6) six ounces 


to every gallon of water. 
Dr. J. A. Kiernan, Nashville, Tenn., 
Dr. M. E. Knowtes, Helena, Mont., 
Dr, J. I. Grsson, Des Moines, Iowa, 
Committee. 


Dr. C. A. Carey, of Alabama, spoke in strong terms of the 
need of instruction in the veterinary colleges-‘of inter- and intra- 
state laws and regulations concerning communicable diseases of 
live stock and their movement, of which, he stated, so many prac- 
titioners were ignorant. Besides those previously referred to, 
papers of great interest were read by Drs. J. G. Wills, of New 
York; J. I. Gibson, of Iowa; Cassius Way, of Illinois; G. Ed. 
Leech, of Minnesota, and John Reichel, of Pennsylvania; all of 
which brought out valuable facts in the discussions. 

An official invitation from the Live Stock Commission of the 
Panama Exposition was tendered the association, to hold its 1915 
meeting in San Francisco, in connection with similar organiza- 


nd ore a 


NE re TT aE 


RR it 9 OLS a 


ah 


ie 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 479 


tions of other countries, on this occasion, to make the meeting 


_ of international concern. 


Prof. Ferguson was re-elected secretary-treasurer, and was 
given a vote of thanks for his good work, which most certainly 
has had much to do with the present prosperous condition of the 
association. 

At the adjournment of the meeting there was a feeling among 


_ the members almost without exception that the association, hav- 


ing maintained and strengthened its position as a dignified scien- 
tific body, would each year grow stronger and greater, thus jus- 
tifying the enthusiastic statement of the secretary-treasurer that 
it is the greatest organization of its kind in the world. 


NoteE—We desire to acknowledge indebtedness to our esteemed colleague, Dr. 
Percival K. Nichols, of the New York City Board of Health, for the foregoing inter- 
esting and comprehensive account of.the recent great meeting of the U. S. Live Stock 
Sanitary Association at Chicago. 


NOTES ON THE THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF 
THE ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL 
A Soa LAL TON. 


The above association went into session at the Lexington, 
Chicago, immediately following the close of the U. S. Live Stock 
Sanitary Association, and President James Smellie, of Eureka, 
had the pleasure of presiding over a full meeting, as about 350 
members were present. Owing to the fact that the U. S. L. S. 
S. A. had just preceded the Illinois state meeting, it was con- 
venient to a number of distinguished members of the profession 
from other states to participate in the proceedings. Prominently 
among them we find Dr. John R. Mohler, of the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry, Washington, D. C., presenting a paper on “ Forage 
Poisoning with Special Reference to the Recent Outbreak in the 
Western States,” and Prof. W. H. Dalrymple, of the Louisiana 
State University, who presented a most interesting paper entitled 


_ Some of the More Important Insects Affecting Our Farm Ani- 


mals.”” Dr. A. S. Alexander, of Wisconsin, discussed an impor- 
tant paper presented by Dr. J. M. Wright, State Veterinarian of 
[llinois, entitled “ Illinois Stallion Registration Law.” Prof. B. 
F. Kaupp, late of Colorado, presented a paper on “ Contagious 
Abortion.”” Dr. A. T. Peters, of the Illinois State Laboratory, 
presented an excellent paper entitled ““ Open Tuberculosis ”; and 
“Rabies as a Sanitary Problem” was the subject of a scholarly 
essay by Dr. C. A. White, of Ohicago. On the evening of the 


480 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


first day Professor Maxmillian Herzog, of Chicago, gave a most 
instructive illustrated lecture on “‘ Cancer of Domestic Animals.” 
The second evening was devoted to a banquet, which was well © 
attended; there were a number of invited guests present, and 
many excellent after-dinner addresses were heard. The last day 
was given over entirely to a clinic at the Chicago Veterinary Col- 
lege. It was altogether a most excellent meeting, and we trust 
that Secretary Merillat, whom the association honored by re- 
election, will furnish us his report of it in the near future. Dr. 
J. F. Ryan, of Chicago, one of the faithful attendants at the 
A. V. M. A. meetings, was elected president of the organization, 
and the REVIEW congratulates him on receiving this merited token 
of high regard from his colleagues in Illinois. 


CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL 
ASSOCIATION: 


The third semi-annual meeting of the above association was 
held at the Vanderbilt Hotel, Syracuse, N. Y., on Wednesday, 
November 27, 1912. As a preliminary to the business session 
a clinic was held at the infirmary of Dr. H. A. Turner, No: 812 
South Salina street, Syracuse, N. Y., at which several interesting 
subjects were operated upon. Dr. Hollingworth and Dr. Turner, 
assisted by others, performed the operations. 

When the meeting convened at the Vanderbilt Hotel, the fol- 
lowing members were found to be present: W. G. Hollingworth, 
J. A. Pendergast, A. J. Tuxill, Frank Morrow, R. M. Weight- 
man, H. A. Turner, F. E. York, E. E. Dooling, W. L. Claris 
J. C. Stevens, W. B. Switzer, J. M. Currie, Wilson Huff, A. E! 
Merry and E. W. Fitch. 

The following visitors were also present: Dr. Taylor, of © 
Henrietta, N. Y.; Dr. Cook, of Rochester, N. Y.; Dr. Tegg, of 
Rochester, N. Y.; Dr. Webber, of Rochester, N. Y., and Merritt 
A. Switzer, attorney for the Association, of Oswego, N. Y. 

The following new members were received: H. V. Crandall, 
Syracuse, N. Y.; J. H. Hewitt, from the New York State Agri-— 
cultural College, Morrisville, N. Y.; H. V. Stebbins, West Win- 
field, N. Y., and Frank Fowler, Mexico, N. Y. 

The work of prosecution of illegal practitioners within the © 
territory of this association, which has received careful attention 
during the past year, was placed before the meeting for discus- 
sion. The attorney for the association, Merritt A. Switzer, of — 
Oswego, N. Y., outlined the work which had been done by the 


) 


) 
: 
| 
| 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 481 


prosecuting committee through his office.» He showed that while 
no actual prosecutions have been found necessary, yet a consider- 
able number of men, at least 50 per cent. of those reported within 
the year, had been forced to desist, and that no further complaints 
had been received against the majority of those who had not 
been reported as having desisted. After several of the members 
had expressed their opinion that the work should be continued 
along the lines already adopted, a resolution was offered by the 
prosecuting committee authorizing the said committee to begin 
prosecution against any men or man found to be practising within 
the association’s territory illegally, and against whom sufficient 
evidence could be obtained. 

Perhaps the most interesting action taken at this meeting, 
and one which more than any other thing will tend to the ad- 
vancement of the profession and the unity of its members, was 
that taken in pursuance of the suggestion of Dr. W. G. Holling- 
worth, in relation to the matter of providing protection for the 


_ members of the association against any unjust prosecutions for 


malpractice and the like. The plan, as outlined by Dr. Holling- 
worth, will, when developed, make it the duty of the associa- 
tion, when such an action shall have been instituted against any 
member thereof, to investigate by committee the facts and cir- 
cumstances of the case, and if, in the judgment of that committee, 
the prosecution shall be deemed unjust, the association shall de- 
fend the action, providing therefor the necessary funds and legal 
talent. It is claimed for this system of protection that the mem- 
bers of the association will be more closely united in interest, 
that they will be freed from the liability of being harried by those 
who have no just grounds for complaint, and that in this way the 
association itself will become of greater value to its members 
and be more worthy of their support. The action taken upon this 
suggestion consisted of the appointment of a committee, of which 
Dr. Hollingworth was made chairman, for the purpose of out- 
lining and perfecting the plan, its report to be made in the form 
of a resolution, proper for the purpose of its inauguration, to be 
presented at the next annual meeting, to be held in June, 1913. 
This association thus becomes the pioneer for this state in taking 
such action for the protection of its members. 

Other matters of business were taken up, after which inter- 
esting papers were presented. Dr. Merry, of Syracuse, spoke 
upon the inspection and control of meat by the municipality. In 


this he advocated that there should be a uniformity in the man- 


ner of disposal of carcasses declared to be diseased; expressed 


482 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


his belief that all inspectors should be qualified veterinarians, 
and also favored the establishment of public abattoirs whenever 
practicable. Dr. Huff, of Rome, municipal meat and market in- 
spector, gave other interesting facts in the course of the discus- 
sion which followed, as did Dr. Hollingworth, of Utica; Dr. 
Tegg, of Rochester; Dr. Stevens, of Cortland, and others. 

Dr. Stevens gave an interesting case report under title of 
“An Uncommon Case,” apparently a case of colic, in which the 
patient died, and upon post mortem the abdomen was found to 
contain a large amount of crushed stone, broken nails, tacks and 
brass wire. 

A case of pleuro-pneumonia was reported by Dr. Tuxill. 
Autotherapy was not used in this case, but in the discussion which 
followed many favorable and adverse criticisms thereof were 
made. 

The thanks of the association were extended to Dr. H. A. 
Turner for the use of his infirmary for the purpose of the clinic. 

This meeting proved to be by far the most interesting of 
those yet held by this Association in the three short years of its 
existence, and it has found an important place and is filling an 
important need in the ranks of the profession for this section of 
the state. 

While no banquet was held, many of the members gathered in 
the dining-room of the hotel at the close of the session for an 
enjoyable meal together before going out to take their appointed 
place in the work of the days to come. 

W. B. Switzer, Secretary. 


THE NORTHWESTERN OHIO VETERINARY MED- 
ICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The above association convened in semi-annual session at Up- 
per Sandusky on November 20, 1912. 

President J. V. Newton opened the meeting at 10.30 a. m. 
and introduced Dr. Walter M. Smalley (M.D.), of Upper San- 
dusky, who gave the address of welcome. 

Dr. W. A. Axby, of Harrison, responded in his usual pleas- 
ing manner. 

The regular order of business of the association was then pro- 
ceeded with, and election of new members. Nine were recom- 
mended by the Board of Censors as being qualified for 
membership. 

The literary program was then taken up, the first number 
of which was a paper on “‘ Cutaneous Quiltor as a Sequel to In- 


Se ee ae 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 483 


_fluenza,” by Dr. John E. Turner of Kenton. Following the 


reading of the paper, many veterinarians present earnestly dis- 
cussed the subject. 

Adjournment for dinner was then taken. 

Dr. Newton called the meeting to order again at I.30 p. m., 
when Dr. Reuben Hilty presented his paper on “ Hog Cholera 
Immunizations and Treatments,” which was heard with great 
interest, as this malady deals out more daily loss in Ohio than 
any other disease of domestic animals. Many veterinarians en- 
tered into the discussion, making the subject of hog cholera one 
of great interest. 

Dr. J. H. Blattenberg gave some practical suggestions along 
the line of surgical technique. 

Dr. R. C. Longfellow (M.D.), Toledo, pathologist and bac- 
teriologist to the association, gave the members a cheer and 
elaborated at Jength on the advancement of the profession, and 
placed emphasis on the personal appearance of the veterinarian 
as a valuable aid to that end. 

Dr. S. W. Bailey opened the discussion on “ The Advice to 
an Owner of a Tuberculous Cow.” He said he advised that 
the animal be tested and if reacted to the test to be driven to a 
slaughter-house, where there is a government inspector, where 
the result of the test may be confirmed. 

Among the visitors were Drs. E. H. Shepherd, of Cleveland; 
L. P. Cook, secretary of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical 
Board, of Cincinnati; Drs. W. A. Axby and T. F. Jones, of New- 
ark, and W. E. Clemmons, of Granville. 

Dr. Cook, in response to a call from the Chair, made a few 
remarks along the line of present needs of the veterinarians of 
Ohio. He being a newly elected senator to the general assembly 
of Ohio, from Hamilton County, thought that he could be of 
much assistance in the legal needs of Ohio’s veterinarians. Sev- 
eral resolutions were adopted at Dr. Cook’s suggestion, but space 
will not permit us to give them here, except one, which was a 
resolution to place a veterinarian on the State Board of Health. 
Dr. Axby was endorsed by the association as being qualified for 
the position. A committee was appointed to wait on the Gov- 
ernor in relation thereto. 

The meeting then adjourned to meet in the banquet room of 
Hotel Gottfried. About 60 veterinarians and visitors (included 
among the latter, the physicians of Upper Sandusky) sat down. 
An orchestra furnished music, and several of Dr. Newton’s fa- 
vorite selections were rendered. 


484 SOCIETY MEETINGS, 


Dr. Newton acted as toastmaster and filled the place in a 
manner that delighted every one. . 
Toasts were responded to by Dr. Walter M. Smalley and 
other physicians of the city; also by Drs. Shepherd, Jones, Kline, 
Blattenberg, Longfellow, Axby, Cliffe and Clemmons. 
The meeting adjourned to meet at the call of the Chair. 
E. V. Hover, Secretary. 


FrrrieETH ANNIVERSARY MeetinG A. V. M. A.—Although 
still very early in the year, the local committees are shaping 
matters so that they will be in a position to make definite plans 
quickly later on. As a result of a recent meeting in New York, 
at which Chairman Hoskins took the reins (having been ap- 
pointed to succeed Dr. Winchester, resigned), the following 
tentative plans were outlined : 

The opening session will be held on Monday morning, Sep- 
tember 1, at 10 o’clock. There will be six other general sessions 
as follows: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday at 10 a. m.,. 
Monday and Wednesday at 8 p. m., and the closing session on 
Friday at 2 p. m. The afternoons of each day, except Friday, 
will be devoted to section work. On Friday section work will 
be conducted in the forenoon. 

On account of a resolution adopted at the last annual meet- 
ing it will not be possible to conduct the meetings of the Asso- 
ciation of College Faculties and Examining Boards as a section, 
but it is proposed to have three meetings of this association, one 
on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, during the same time that. 
the sections are in session. 

A symposium on surgery has been arranged for Tuesday and 
no session of the Section of Medicine will be held on this day, 
as it was thought that those interested in general practice will 
wish to attend the symposium on surgery. A symposium for 
the Section on Medicine has been arranged for Wednesday, 
affording an opportunity for those interested in the Section on 
Sanitary Science and Police to attend. A symposium for the 
Section on Sanitary Science and Police can be arranged for 
Thursday and those interested in the Section on Medicine may 
attend. 

It is proposed to invite five distinguished scientists to attend 
the meeting as the guests of the association, one of whom is 
to give a talk or paper at the opening of each general session, 
except perhaps the opening general session to be held on Mon- 
day morning. 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


FEBRUARY, 1913. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 
Paris, DECEMBER I5, I912. 

EcHOES OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY CoNGREss.—TI 1n- 
tended to make a general review of this Congress, but I found 
the quantity of the material offered, that of the communications 
presented and of the reports read and discussed, so enormous, 
that I preferred to limit my remarks to the few subjects concern- 
ing principally veterinarians, referring the inquirers to the two 
volumes which will contain everything which was spoken of at 
the Congress; and again in my review will refer principally to 
the conclusions of the various reporters. 


* 
* * 


In the section of Parasitology, Prof. A. de Jong, of Leyden, in 
his report on Mycosis common to man and animals has concluded: 
1. In the countries where many cases of trichopyty in man 
are observed, due to a similar disease of cattle and horses, it is 
‘recommended to fight these diseases in the animals with official 
sanitary measures ; 

2. In countries where skin diseases are common in dogs, spe- 
cially among loose and erring animals, the diseased ones must be 
secured by the police, unless the owner can show a veterinary cer- 
tificate declaring that the disease is not dangerous to man; 

3. It is the duty of veterinarians, in cases of trichophyty or 


487 


488 EDITORIAL. 


microsposy in animals, to take as much as possible all necessary _ 
precautions to avoid the infection to man; | 
4. Veterinarians must also take all necessary measures to 
avoid the infection of man by favic-animals ; 
5. Sporotrichosis being observed as cutaneous and subcu- 
taneous mycosis in horses and dogs, the preservation of the health 
of man demands inquiries upon the frequency of those affections 
in animals; 
6. As it appears possible that among the cases of diseases in | 


horses known as “ epizootic lymphangitis”’ (saccharomycosis, — 


cryptococcosis) and ‘‘ hyphomycosis destruens,” there are cases 
of sporotrichosis, a disease which can infect man, it is important 
that the study of these diseases be made over again so as to reach z 
a positive diagnosis. 

* 


ok K 


The questions of the relations of aviary and human diphtheria 
were also considered by several members of the Congress. 

Among the reports presented relating to the subject was that 
of Dr. Ferdinand Arloing, Professor at the Faculty of Medicine 
of Lyons. His deductions were as follows: 

1. Aviary diphtheria is to-day well known as far as its symp- 
tomatology and its clinical forms. It has been differentiated 
from the other diseases of birds, which present analogous localiza- 
tions (tuberculosis, mycosis and specially contagious epitheli- 
oma) ; 

2. There remain on the contrary, diversities of opinion con- 
cerning its etiology; for some it is a parastic or a microbian dis- 
ease; some attribute it to the diphtheric bacillus of Klebs-Loeffler, 
or again others make it depend upon specific microbes, different 
from Loeffler’s bacillus, and finally others say that it is due to 
non-specific common bacilli; 

3. From bacteriology, it is right to conclude to a polymi- 
crobian origin of the diseases, Loeffler’s bacillus and other various 
microbes. 

4. Pathological anatomy would allow without doubt the veri- 


EDITORIAL. 489 


fication of the data shown by bacteriology, according to the cases 
and the differences between the lesions ; 

5. All these facts show that in all the cases, there is no unity 
of cause between human and aviary diphtheria; 

6. In the present condition of the question, it is shown by 
clinical observations that reciprocal contagion is possible between 
animal and man and that pseudo-membranous sore throats may 
occur ; 

7. When animals and particularly fowls are affected with 
diphtheria by Loeffler’s bacillus, they may become for man the 
cause of a true diphtheria. 

8. To the point of view of hygiene and prophylaxy, inter- 
human contagion must always be considered as the capital cause 
of diphtheria in our species, but we also think that ought to be 
considered as contagious for man all pseudo-membranous affec- 
tions, diphtheretic or not, of fowls and that all necessary pre- 
ventive and curative measures ought to be taken. 


*k 
* Kk 


Rapies.—Rabies was evidently a disease which was to occupy 
the attention of congressists and to call for many reports. Be- 
sides those of Prof. Babes, inexhaustible document of great value, 
of Prof. Remlinger and others, there is one from Dr. (Mrs.) Luz- 
zani Negri on the etiology and diagnosis of rabies, which can 
be resumed as follows: 

It is known that for quite a long time Dr. Negri has demon- 
strated the existence in the nervous system of rabid animals of 
peculiar granulations which are commonly designated as the 
corpuscles or bodies of Negri. 

Those are nothing else than the specific parasite of rabies, so 
much so that it can be firmly said that, by the simple fact of the 
demonstration of this parasite, we have a sure and quick means 
of diagnosis of rabies, a means which includes and presents all the 
advantages that have often been asked unsuccessfully from the 
other methods used to this day. To the biological proof of the 
inoculation in animals, one can indeed substitute the research 


490 EDITORIAL. 


of the Negri bodies in all the cases of positive data, with the ad- 
vantage of rapidity and allowing the examination in even bad 
conditions of conservation. In all cases, without exception, it 
may take the place of the microscopic proof and of the searching 
for the lesions of Gehuchten and of Nelis. It is true that this 
last is quicker than the biological method, but it is also true that 
it is a longer and more difficult method than that of searching 
the parasite; besides, it requires organs in a good state of con- 
servation; and at any rate has not an absolute specific value, the 
same alterations being likely to be met in other diseases of man 
or animals and even in old normal dogs. 


xk 
*K Kk 


TuBeERcuLosIs has also occupied the attention of the Con- 
eressists. From among the reports I merely resume that of 
Director H. Vallée of Alfort, on the road of entrance of Koch’s 
bacillus in the organism of different species, a question which has 
given rise already to many discussions and experiments and 
which seems to be settled now. 

For a long time it has been known that it is sufficient for the 
existence of a first bacillar centre, to see the infection develop, 
with a variable type or different localization. 

But how is that first centre formed? What is the entrance 
door of the bacillus ? 

As an ordinary rule it is admitted that this entrance takes 
place by three great roads: pulmonary, intestinal, bucco-pharyn- 
geal. 

The importance of each one is different but their reality is 
not doubtful. 

Recognized since the first experiments of Villemin and of 
Koch, the facility of the transmission of tuberculosis by the air 
passages was first discussed. The more recent experiments of 
Chausse have established without doubt that for the future the 
capital role of the inhalation of germs in the production of pul- 
monary tuberculosis must be admitted. 


EDITORIAL. 491 


In relation to the infection by the digestive tract, various 
opinions have been advanced. 

As early as 1868 Chauveau proved that tuberculous infection 
always follows when the digestive canal is used as a road for 
contagion, when tested in bovines. At present this is denied by 
some—the difference being explained by variations in the condi- 
tions of the experiments. 

If indeed the possibility of the intestinal infection cannot be 
denied, the conditions deserve discussion. The success of the 
infection depending on the choice of the germs, their state of 
division at the time they are taken in, the age of the animals, etc. 

For the bucco-pharyngeal infection, although it is less fre- 
quent, it is not doubtful. 

The frequent presence of the bacillus of Koch in the nasal 
cavities and upon the amygdales is a serious basis to this concep- 
tion of the contagion in this way. 

To restme, outside the accidental modes of infection, by 

utaneous abrasions, traumatisms, contamination of a wound, 
physiological conditions permit the entrance of the bacillus of 
Koch, through the air passages, the digestive tract, and the bucco- 
pharyngeal region. 
But if the entrance of the bacillus can equally take place by 
either of these ways, the condition of life of the different species 
give to each of these modes of infection an unequal importance. 
ontagion by inhalation has a predominating action in the infec- 
ion of man and of bovines kept in permanent stabulation. On 
the contrary, it is ingestion which gives rise most commonly to 
tuberculosis in the other animal species and in bovines kept in 
ommon pastures or that go to public drinking places. 


*k 
*K ne 


INTRA-BRONCHIC AND INTRA-PULMONARY INJECTIONS.—lIs 
his a new open field of treatment applicable to diseases of the 
respiratory apparatus and if since several years intra-tracheal 
Injections have been resorted to with a therapeutic object by Prof. 
Levy of Italy, yet they have not entered the domain of extensive 


492 EDITORIAL. 


application. It is true that injections of small quantities have — 
been made, but still there were unbelievers of the good to be ob- 
tained and of the possibility of the penetration of the injected — 


o 
As 


Fic. 1—Lungs, showing penetration of colored liquid on the surface of the pulmonary 
tissue, in its thickness, in intertracheo-bronchic lympth glands, (Dog received to c.c. 
of blue of methylene and killed 15 minutes after the injection.) 


liquid into the lungs and of their tolerating large quantities of | 
liquids. | 

If, as Drs. Guisez and G. Stodel have done, with a special | 
syringe, with long canula, having its end pierced with holes, like | 


a watering pot, introduced through the mouth of dogs under 
the influence of morphine or chloroform, intra-bronchic injec- 
tions are made of coloring matters, of subnitrate of bismuth, 
allowing radioscopy and radiography, what are the results? 
First. Injections of Coloring Matters——Blue of tolindine | 
in suspension in oil injected can be seen as having penetrated | 
in the entire aerial tree. q 
If 10 cc. of such solution at I per cent. is used and the i 
animals killed after 15 and 30 minutes, 24 and 36 hours, in what ij ! 
conditions are the lungs found? 


EDITORIAL. 493 


After 15 minutes the respiratory tree is entirely injected and 
isolated spots of colored surfaces are observed (Fig. 1). 

After 30 minutes the external coloration is more marked 
and is nearly complete after an hour (Fig. 2.) 

After 24 to 36 hours the broncia and their ramifications are 
still colored and the pulmonary structure is colored with large 
spots plainly seen (Fig. 3.) 

Second. Injections of Subnitrate of Bismuth—Ilt an in- 
jection of 10 to 20 c.c. of oil holding in suspension subnitrate 
of bismuth in proportion of 60 per cent. is made, radioscopy 
is perfectly clear, better than radiography, yet 48 hours after 


SS Ea 


Fic. 2—Showing the penetration of coloring substances: (1) on the surface of 
the lungs; (2) in the mediastine lympth glands. (Dog was injected with 10 c.c. of blue 
of methylene and killed 30 hours after.) 


the observation radiography reveals the presence of the bis- 
muth in the intestine. 

During the experiment, the dogs evinced no trouble of 
the respiration, which remained normal. Death occurred in 
them with toxic-gastro-enteritis, between six and twelve days 
after the injection. 

These experiments show that by this method the pulmonary 


494 EDITORIAL. 


apparatus can be injected with perfect safety and also the entire — 
parenchyma can be impregnated. . 
To the point of view of therapeutic applications, the ex- 
periments have shown that administered by the trachea, the 


Aegn- 
Fic. 3—Showing the penetration and diffusion of the coloring matter en the surface 


of the lungs. (Dog had received, at 24 hours apart, two injections of 10 c.c. of blue 
of methylene and was killed 24 hours after the second injection.) 


contact of a drug with the lung tissue lasts longer than if given 
by intra-venous injection. And, besides, larger doses of blue 
of methylen can be supported without any complication when 
given by the trachea, while it would prove fatal if given through — 
the veins. | 

Now what are the practical applications of this new thera- | 
peuty ? . 
As active solutions, there were used gomenol in oil from 
5 to 10 per cent. and gaiacol in oil at 5 per cent.. Iodoform 
was sometimes added to the oil, or again 5 per cent. solutions 
of argyrol. 

In tracheal and tracheo-bronchial affections improvement. 
was rapidly manifested and radical recoveries after eight or 
nine injections. Pi 


EDITORIAL. 495 


Five cases of tracheal ozena were radically cured. Three 
cases of broncho-pulmonary infection following the presence of 
intrabronchic foreign bodies, ten cases of bronchial dilations. 
All were benefited by this mode of treatment. And even in 
pulmonary gangrene the results were peculiarly brilliant. Ex- 
periments have also been made with pulmonary tuberculosis in 
which the results were less satisfactory. 

Those applications may not all find their indications in veter- 
inary practice and yet there are probably conditions where their 
trials might be justifiable. Could not chronic bronchial affec- 
tions and even pulmonary gangrene be among them? 


SUPPURATIVE KerAtITIs.—This affection is one which is 
quite frequently met with, specially in dogs, and as complica- 
tions of infectious diseases of the cornea, they are often the 
cause of much trouble to the attending surgeon. Professor Dr. 
J. Baudry has called attention to the treatment of this disease 
which deserves publicity, says the Presse Medicale. 

The use of the tincture of iodine as disinfecting, and caustic 
in cases of corneal ulcerations and abscesses gives always satis- 
factory results, which sometimes are wonderful. With a very 
fine hair brush dipped in a small quantity of tincture, the centre 
of the ulceration is slightly touched after cocainization of the 
eye. The iodine spreads round the spot with which it has just 
been in contact and penetrates some in the infiltrated surround- 
ing region. Instead of the brush, a fine probe with a little hydro- 
philous cotton or a glass rod can be used to make the application. 
Even if these have been made several times, no inconvenience 
results. A positive contra-indication is not to use mercury salts 
at the same time as the iodine. As there will be formed a pre- 
cipitate of insoluble mercurial iodine, caustic and dangerous, 
besides the appearance of excessive pains that nothing can allay. 

The action of the tincture of iodine is generally quite rapid; 


496 EDITORIAL, 


often two or three applications being sufficient to arrest or 
remove an hypopyon. 

It is only when this mode of treatment fails, by the specific 
virulency of the microbe, the presence of a suitable soil, or 
specially a reinfection that an operation, that of Soemisch, is 
advisable, when extensive prolapsus of the iris exists. 

+k 
x xk 

INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESSES.—The celebra- 
tions at Lyons have been the opportunity for the Permanent 
Committee of the International Veterinary Congresses to hold a 
meeting. It was on the twenty-fifth of October, 1912, when 
nineteen out of the twenty-four members answered to the call of 
Dr. Lydtin, the president of the committee. These were Dr. 
Bang, of Denmark; Barrier, of France; Hauka, of Austria, 
representing Dr. Binder; Professor Degive, of Belgium; Hap- 
pich, of Russia; Heiss, of Switzerland; Hutyra and de Ratz, 
of Hungary; de Jong and Schimmel, of Holland; Kjerrulf, of 
Sweden; Locusteanu, of Roumania; Sir John McFadyean and 
Stockman, of England; Malon, of Norway; Perroncito, of Italy; 
Piot Bey, of Egypt; Theiler, of South Africa. 

The committee was received by Director Faure. 

Among the official business of the meeting were a discussion 
on the definitive acceptation of The Hague as the permanent 
seat of the committee. Then came propositions made by Sir 
John McFadyean and Stockman in relation to the organization 
of the London Congress in 1914. The first week in August 
being selected, the day to be fixed later on. Sir John McFadyean 
and Stockman stated that they were assured of contributions 
amounting to about $20,000. 

The tenth congress will be with the commemoration of the 
fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the International Con- 
gresses. 

A national committee of propaganda is to be organized by 
every member of the permanent Commission, one in each country. 


+ 


EDITORIAL. 497 


The program of the Jnternational Congress will be published 
at an early date. 


PRACTICAL TREATISE OF HorRSESHOEING (Traité Pratique 
de Maréchalerie) by Mr. J. Tasset, professor of horseshoeing 
at the cavalry school of Saumur, published by J. B. Bailliere & 
Son, 19 rue Hautefeuille, Paris. 

This little volume of 480 pages is addressed to blacksmiths, 
veterinarians, horsemen, etc., and is written well up with all 
new scientific data and practical applications. 

After a concise review of the history of horseshoeing and 
the origin of the use of nails to hold the shoe, the author con- 
siders the anatomy and the physiology of the foot, which gives 
him the opportunity to reproduce some excellent plates. 

The shop of the blacksmith, with its various tools and the 
essential material used, occupy the third part of the work, which 
is followed by a study on the shoe itself, its fabrication by hand 
or machine, that for saddle horses and for draught, light and 
heavy, that for the army horse and finally that for winter and 
ice weather, the sharpening of the shoe. 

The various manipulations of the shoeing are minutely con- 
sidered. The special shoeings and their numerous varieties to 
arrive at the pathological shoes, to those required for defective 
feet or those appropriated to accidents on horses while in action 
or at rest, for the horse that stumbles, that forges, that inter- 
feres, etc. 

Shoeing of mules, donkeys and cattle is also indicated. 

The diseases of the foot are also considered, general lame- 
ness, contracted heels, corns, laminitis, quittor, canker, seams, 
etc. A special chapter on the military horseshoeing completes 
this work. 

The 237 plates that illustrate this new book add considerably 
to the understanding of the descriptions. 

A; Te 


498 EDITORIAL. 


THE VALUE OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND 
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE CONTROE O8 
TUBERCULOSIS IN CATLTEE 


The above is the title of a paper presented by Prof. Veranus 
A. Moore, Director of the New York State Veterinary College, 
to the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association at Chicago, 
in December last, a copy of which was placed in our hands on 
Dr. Moore’s return from the meeting, and which we have read 
with more than usual interest, because we were not in sympathy 
with what we thought the doctor advocated by the title of his 
paper; we feared that his one-time belief in the value of tubercu- 
lin had been shaken; but our reading of the paper has shown 
us that Dr. Moore stands just where he always has stood since 
we have known him, in his estimation of the value of tuberculin 
as a diagnostic agent in bovine tuberculosis. He says in so many 
words: “ There is no question but that the tuberculin test ap- 
plied to all herds and properly repeated with the slaughter of 
the reactors would be the quickest way to eradicate tuberculosis.” 
But he also points out further on in his paper that: “It is be- 
cause of existing conditions in the great dairy districts that it 
seems desirable to add to the more stringent methods that are 
being applied in a fez herds some measure to eliminate from 
all herds the cows with recognizable tuberculosis of the lungs, 
intestines, uterus and udder.’’ Dr. Moore believes that it is the 
recognizable cases that are the real immediate spreaders, and 
says: “ Check the spread of the virus in every dairy herd, should 
be the slogan of the live-stock sanitarian.’’ While the title of 
Dr Moore’s paper includes under one heading physical examina- 
tion and clinical diagnosis, he desires it clearly understood that 
these are not synonymous terms and should be carefully differen- 
tiated; he says: “ The term ‘ physical examination’ means the 
systematic study of the various parts of the animal body by 
means of the ordinary senses”; and “ In applying this method, 
each system, such as the respiratory or circulatory, is carefully 
examined in every part possible, so that any deviation from 


OE mire 


EO 


EDITORIAL. ; 499 


the normal at any point that can be reached by the human eye, 
hand or ear can be detected.”’ That naturally raises the question 
as to whether or not “any deviation from the normal” can be 
detected, and we do not believe Dr. Moore means that to be taken 
literally, but rather that advanced abnormalities will naturally 
be detected on a careful physical examination by an experienced 
diagnostician. In fact, he covers just such a point further along 


.in his paper, where he says: “ The question naturally arises as 


to the degree of accuracy of such examinations in identifying 
any particular diseases’’; and follows with: “It is clear that 
a careful examination of the subcutaneous lymph glands would 
indicate whether one or more of them was enlarged. It would 
be difficult, in fact impossible, from that indication alone to state 
the specific nature of the trouble. The same would hold with 
abnormal findings in other parts. If, however, the morbid 
changes are well advanced, they usually take on a form that 1s 
more or less characteristic of the disease they represent. This 
is not always true, for not infrequently diagnosis based on such 
findings proves to be erroneous. There are certain specific dis- 
eases, such as tuberculosis, actinomycosis, glanders and some 
others that can be identified in a very large percentage of cases, 
when the tissue changes have advanced to a certain stage.” And 
our interpretation of Dr. Moore’s paper is that it is the advanced 
cases of tuberculosis that he hopes to pick out from the herds 
by the system of physical examination that he advocates. And, 
as he says further on: “ The degree of accuracy of such a diag- 
nosis is necessarily determined by the knowledge possessed by 
the examiner of the course of the disease and the relative fre- 
quency of other causes, giving rise to apparently like conditions.” 
Still further along he says: ‘“‘ The diagnosis therefore by physical 
examination in cases of specific diseases is presumptive. This 
presumptive diagnosis stands in exactly the same position as 
other presumptive tests employed in laboratory work.” And 
after giving a number of examples in laboratory tests of water, 
milk, excreta, etc., the doctor continues: “In a like manner the 
presence of obvious tissue changes suggestive of tuberculosis 


500 EDITORIAL. 


warrant the same degree of consideration as other presumptive 
tests, which are accepted as sufficient evidence for action.” If 
we have gotten a correct understanding of Dr. Moore’s paper, 
as suggested by the title and our reading of it, in his method 
for the removal of “ recognizable cases”’ from the herd he does. 
not tie himself down to physical examination, but also includes. 
“clinical diagnosis,” which he defines as: “ The finding of mor- 


bid conditions on physical examination and identifying the dis- | 


ease by any means or test that may be applied to the living ani- 
mal, such, for example, as microscopic examination of excreta, 
chemical analysis of secretions or specific reactions.” He also 
adds further along: “It is well, therefore, to recognize that 
physical examination and clinical diagnosis may be like two vari- 
ables gradually approaching the same limit.” He faces the vital 
question: ‘To what extent can tuberculosis be controlled by 
the use of physical examination only?” and admits its very 
narrow limitations without confirmation by some of the methods. 
included in clinical diagnosis, already referred to, and adds: 
“The physical examination in this country should include all 
that the Germans hope for by the clinical diagnosis. They find 
the suspicious case on physical examination, and then proceed 
with methods of precision to make a positive diagnosis. We 
should remove the suspicious cases, and if they are kept they 
should be held in quarantine until the positive diagnosis is made. 
If this were done, the physical examination here would mean all 
that the clinical diagnosis means in Germany. If this were ap- 
plied to all herds, it would be a great addition to the present . 
method in eliminating tuberculosis.” This last paragraph is: 
conclusive evidence that Dr. Moore is not tied up to the physical 
examination; he does not advocate taking anything away from: 
our present method, but would add to it the elimination from 
all herds of the cases recognizable on physical examination as a 
preliminary measure, and he would follow that with all other 
means of detecting tuberculosis in cattle, including the tuber- 
culin test. That, at least, is our interpretation of the paper, and’ 
is entirely in keeping with the scientific attainment of its learned: 


= 
AY 
at 
= 
a} 
ll 
2 


EE Ee 7 eee 


EDITORIAL. 501 


author; but what we cannot quite comprehend is, how it is to 
be accomplished. We will take, for example, the State of New 
York, where, we understand, such a system has been recom- 
mended at a recent conference on tuberculosis as expedient, and 
will in all probability be offered as an amendment to the present 
agricultural law. There are in New York State about one mil- 
lion eight hundred thousand milch cows and about nine hundred 
thousand other cattle; the physical examination of which, even 
in the most superficial manner, would require the services of a 
very large force of veterinarians for a considerable time; and 
to make a careful and thorough examination of them, such as 
Dr. Moore recommends (and as it should be done, if done at 
all), will require still longer, to say nothing of the methods of 
precision that are to follow. Dr. Moore concludes his paper as 
follows: “It is important to recognize always where the value 
of a physical examination begins and ends. The following seems 
to be determined: 1. A physical examination will enable a skilled 
examiner to detect advanced cases of tuberculosis in cattle. 2. 
It will enable one to detect the presence of lesions in less advanced 
cases, so that the suspicious animals can be removed. 3. The 
physical examination will not detect more than from I to 5 per 
cent. of the infected animals at one time. For this reason its 
value is very largely restricted to the intra-herd control of the 
disease. 4. A physical examination cannot be relied upon to 
detect all infected cattle, and consequently it is of little value in 
inter-herd control. For this protection tuberculin is the only 
diagnostic agent we have. 5. Finally, a physical examination 
will detect, if properly carried out, from 80 to 9o per cent. of 
the animals which are actually spreading the virus.” 


fee LU RN-OR Tit TIDE FOR A GREAT VICTORY; 
THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL WILL WIN. 


Important and encouraging news! The Army Veterinary 
Bill passed the Lower House of Congress unanimously on Jan- 


502 EDITORIAL. 


uary the sixth. This successfully finishes the second reading of 
the bill, as the favorable report on it by the House Committee on 
Military Affairs, April 26, 1912, constitutes its first reading. 
Now let the dynamic energy of the whole profession come into 
play for the task of pushing the measure through the Senate. 
Towards the close of our editorial on this subject in the January 
number of the Review we said: ‘* The whole profession will soon 
be called upon to rally for the bill and it will leap to the call.” 
Earnestly, confidently, we issue the call for every veterinary or- 
ganization, every loyal veterinarian to get into the scrimmage 
that we may now carry this measure to its victorious goal. The 
news that this legislation is two-thirds won will go through the 
profession like a running fire. The electric force which it will 
create will reach such a voltage that nothing can stand its 
strength. It must irresistibly break down whatever small rem- 
nant of opposition there may by chance be in the Senate—if there 
be any at all. The work of the newly encouraged, bestirred and | 
energized profession is now to carry by a single-hearted united 
effort the Army Veterinary Bill through the Senate and thus 
set at rest forever the opprobrious opinion that ours should be a 
profession outside the pale and below other professions in the 
Army. 

How do we stand in the Senate? What work already has 
been done therein for this bill? What are the chances of final 
success for this legislation in the third and last reading by the 
Senate and a vote which will pass the measure before March 
the fourth? 

By midsummer 1912 about fifty Senators had committed 
themselves to favor the bill, and during the last ten days of the 
second session of the Sixty-second Congress, closing last August, 
such additional support had been promised that, had we not at 
that time failed in the House, our bill surely would have passed 
the Senate. We have lost no ground in the Senate since last 
August; instead of that we have been extending our influence. 
The expectation is that we will surely win in that body when the 


ll — ~ 


EDITORIAL. 503 


bill comes to a vote on the floor. There is, almost without ex- 
ception, concurrence of the Senate on bills, such as ours is, when 
the House Committees favor any such bill and when the vote in 
the House is overwhelmingly for it. That our bill has received 
the unqualified endorsement of the Lower House in the unanimity 
of its vote goes a very long way to mollify any qualms tending 
to oppose it in the Senate and to make it triumphant in that 
Upper House. We may, therefore, work with strong hearts 
and unflinching zeal for passage of the bill through the Senate, 
having the assurance that our doggedness has a reasonable basis 
and that the concurrence of the Senate in the action of the House 
of Representatives not only is to be hoped for but to be expected. 

Two things remain to be done; first, to bring the most potent 
influences to bear upon the chairman and members of the Senate 
Military Committee to cause them to report out favorably the 
bill to the Senate as a whole; second, to persuade every Senator 
to favor the bill, to agree to vote for it when it comes up for a 
vote on the floor of the Senate, and to actively work among his 
coterie of friends in the Senate that all may be induced to ap- 
prove the bill. Chairman Hoskins has been working for a hear- 
ing of our professional representatives before the whole Senate 
Military Committee, to the end that that committee shall favor- 
ably report out the bill. This may happen any day. The time 
is exceedingly short before the close of Congress, March the 
third, and is full of danger. Procrastination is perilous. If the 


_ bill has not passed the Senate by the time the February Review 
_ gets to our readers’ hands they will make no mistake in urging 


their Senators to work for our measure, known as S. 5792, “A 


Bill to Consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army, and In- 
crease Its Efficiency.” The time for action being short is pre- 
cious. But time, as one of the celebrated writers has said, is not 
measured by fingers on a dial, but by heart throbs. The hearts 
of all veterinarians devoted to professional advancement will find 
strength in the impending happy consummation, after many years 
of toil, in victory at last for the Army Veterinary Bill. 


504 EDITORIAL. 


BETTER ORGANIZATION FOR STATE LIVE Sta 
SANITARY CONTROL WORK. 


In our February number one year ago, in publishing some 
notes on the meeting of the Minnesota Veterinary Medical Asso- 
ciation, which had been held the previous month, we referred to 
the evidence of progression, and expansion in importance, of the 
Minnesota Association in relation to the live-stock industry of 
the state; and it would seem that the “ Minnesota Plan” of or- 
ganization for State Live Stock Sanitary Control Work is be- 
coming generally recognized and is attracting the attention of 
other states, some of which have already organized along similar 
lines, and another contemplates doing so. This last one has been 
brought about, largely, by an address made by Prof. M. H. 
Reynolds, of the University of Minnesota, member of the State 
Live Stock Sanitary Board, before the Kansas Veterinary Med- 
ical Association, at its meeting in Topeka, January 7 and 8. 
The Kansas association gave a considerable amount of time to 
the consideration of better organization of state live-stock sani- 
tary control work, especially on account of the recent epizootic 
among horses in that state; and by special arrangement Prof. 
Reynolds gave an address on “ Fundamentals of State Live Stock 
Sanitary Control Work.” The State Live Stock Breeders’ Asso- 
ciation, which was in session in Topeka at the same time, invited 
Dr. Reynolds to come over to their meeting and repeat the ad- 
dress for their benefit. Dr. Reynolds complied; with the result 
that the two organizations, each appointed a committee to co- 
operate for the purpose of securing from the present legislature 
a good State Live Stock Sanitary Association with a suitable 
appropriation. What has come to be known as the Minnesota 
plan was organized in that state something like ten years ago 
by Reynolds, and has since been adopted by North Dakota and 
several other states, and we understand that Kansas proposes 
to accept a suggestion for a further improvement of that plan 
by having a majority or possibly all of the board members ex- 
officio representing the State Live Stock Breeders’ Association, 


Be aes CO ET aE I 


a ee oe. Fete 


EDITORIAL. 505 


State Dairyman’s Association, Agricultural College and Experi- 
ment Station, State Veterinary Medical Association, etc., rather 
than take the chance of political appointees. In our last month’s 
edition of the REVIEW we referred to the ninth annual report of 
the Minnesota Live Stock Sanitary Board, and may add that the 
accomplished work reported therein is something that any state 
might be proud of. 


The following paragraph extracted from the report on glan- 
ders indicates pretty clearly that they have that disease under 
control in Minnesota: 


“Owing to the requirements of North and South Dakota, 
Montana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Canada, compelling all importa- 
tions of horses to be accompanied by a mallein test chart, certify- 
ing that animals are free from glanders, over 6,644 horses were 
mallein tested, of which number 20 reacted and were later re- 
tested, appraised and slaughtered on request of owners.” 


If such percentages of reactors prevailed in all states, our 
country would be practically ridded of one of the most deadly 
scourges that horse flesh is heir to. At least it would be under 
control. 


Must Do Fretp Work BerorE RECEIVING DEGREE—At the 
last moment, after our forms were all made up, we received from 
the Iowa State College, about a page and a half of matter, rela- 
tive to a plan for giving to the candidates for the degree of vet- 
erinary medicine, two weeks of practical training in the field, 
either of general practice or the meat inspection service, accord- 
ing to which of the fields the candidate expects to enter upon re- 
ceiving his degree. 

Arrangements just completed by President R. A. Pearson, 
will make it possible for students to go to Omaha, accompanied 
by Prof. Dimock and do practical work in the abbatoirs, and 
attend lectures in the evenings on different phases of the work. 
Others who expect to enter general practice, will be apportioned 
among the leading veterinarians of the state. After this practical 
course, they return to the college for graduation. We regret 
that our space does not admit of the interesting details. 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


——____ 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.* 


By J. R. Mou er, Cuier, PatHotocicAL Division, B. A. I., WasHINGTON, 
LENG? 


Introduction.—About one hundred years ago (1813) there 
appeared in Wurtemburg a fatal disease of horses which was 
termed ‘‘ head disease,’ owing to the pronounced manifestation 
of brain symptoms. ‘The affection spread through certain sec- 
tions of Europe from 1824 to 1828 and was described as “‘ fever 
of the nerves.” In 1878 the attention of the veterinarians of 
Saxony was attracted to the disease which was then termed 
“nervous sickness,” and within the next ten years it assumed 
an epizootic character. In fact the malady became so prevalent 
in and around Borna during the go’s that it became known as 
the Borna disease. ‘The affection had spread like a plague on 
two occasions in Belgium, and has also exacted a heavy toll in 
Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Hungary and elsewhere. Its 
appearance in America is by no means of recent occurrence, for 
the affection was reported by Large in 1847 and by Liautard in 
1869 as appearing in both sporadic and enzootic form in several 
of the eastern states. Since then the disease has occurred period- 
ically in many of our states in all sections of the country, and 
has been the subject of numerous investigations and publications 
by a number of the leading men of our profession. It is prev- 
alent with more or less severity every year in certain parts of 
the United States, and this year the Bureau has received urgent 
requests for help from Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, 
South Dakota, North Carolina, Kentucky, Texas, Virginia, 
Lseeeeneea to the thirtieth anniversary of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Associa- 


tion, Chicago, December, 1912, and with slight modifications at the thirtieth anniversary 
of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Harrisburg, January, 1913. 


506 


—r. > le 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 507 


Maryland, New Jersey, West Virginia, Oregon, Kansas, Ne- 
braska, Colorado, Missouri and Iowa. While this year the brunt 
of the disease seemed to fall on Kansas and Nebraska, other 
states have been seriously afflicted. In previous years, for in- 
stance, in 1882 as well as in 1897 the horses of southwestern 
Texas were reported to have died by the thousand, and in the 
following year the horses of Iowa were said to have “ died like 
rats.” However, Kansas seems to have had more than her 
share of this trouble, as a severe outbreak that extended over 
almost the entire state occurred in 1891, while in 1902 and 
again in 1906 the disease recurred with equal severity in various 
portions of the state. 

Nomenclature.—There have always been considerable discus- 
sion and criticism regarding the different names which have been 
given this malady, and various terms have been applied accord- 
ing as each author in past outbreaks has considered certain symp- 
toms or lesions as the paramount feature of the affection. Thus 
the disease has been termed cramp of the neck, head disease, mad 
staggers, sleepy staggers, etc. Through the recent investigations 
of Grimm, Schmidt, and others, it has been quite definitely es- 
tablished that ‘ head disease,” Borna disease and cerebro-spinal 
meningitis are one and the same, and Hutyra and Marek have 
accepted this opinion and incorporated it in their Special Path- 
ology. While at first the Borna disease was considered as a 
form of cerebro-spinal meningitis, the work of Johne and Oster- 
tag (1900) indicated that it was an independent disease because 
they failed to find any inflammatory changes in the central ner- 
vous system. Accepting this view, Friedberger and Frohner 
have separated the two diseases in their Theory and Practice, 
basing their differential diagnosis chiefly on the absence of in- 
flammation in the brain and cord of Borna’s disease. However, 
since the publication of this excellent work in 1904, Oppenheim, 
Dexler, Schmidt and others have shown conclusively that in- 
flammatory lesions are present in the central nervous system, 
although Dexler has pointed out that in some cases it is necessary 
to make a systematic examination of a number of slides to dis- 


508 J. R. MOHLER. 


cover the inflammatory changes. As a result the more recent 
writers have adopted the viewpoint that the two terms, Borna 
disease and cerebro-spinal meningitis, are synonymous. When 
this disease appeared with such severity in certain sections of 
the United States last summer there were a number of persons 
who claimed that it was the Borna disease appearing in the new 
world for the first time; others diagnosed it as a new horse 
disease, as influenza, parasitism (due to the palisade worm), 
paralysis similar to poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) of man, 
epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis of man, and equine malaria 
from the fact that mosquitoes were prevalent and the horses 
were in lowlands. Fortunately for our profession, these erron- 
eous diagnoses while participated in to a certain extent by some 
veterinarians, were usually the opinion of physicians, chemists, 
bacteriologists, who were not veterinarians, and others of limited 
veterinary experience. However, the vast majority of veterinary 
practitioners recognized the disease as their old torment, cerebro- 
spinal meningitis, staggers or forage poisoning. The latter name 
came into the literature of the disease as a synonym in 1900 
following the investigation of an outbreak by Pearson. He was 
able to reproduce the disease in experiment horses by feeding 
them on damaged ensilage, and by giving them water to drink 
which had percolated through this silage. Doubtless influenced 
by the frequent absence of macroscopic lesions of the central 
nervous system, and by the analogy between this disease and 
meat poisoning of man, Pearson proposed the name forage 
poisoning which has been more or less in favor ever since. 
There are certain objections to this term, principally from the 
fact that it may suggest a form of poisoning produced by vege- 
tation that is specifically poisonous, such as lupines, loco, lark- 
spur, etc., or by ordinary forage that is poisonous of itself. This, 
however, was not the intent of Pearson, for by his analogy to 
meat poisoning it is evident that he did not wish to convey the 
impression that all forage was poisonous any more than all 
meat is poisonous. But when meat becomes contaminated with 
pathogenic bacteria, such as the Bacillus enteritidis, Bacillus 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 509 


botulinis, etc., such meat is dangerous to man in the same manner 
that ordinary forage contaminated with certain unknown infec- 
tive agents becomes dangerous to horses and produces forage 
poisoning. In other words, the forage is the carrier and not the 
primary factor in the disease. On the other hand, this term had 
a direct advantage in being readily understood by our clients 
and in conveying to the laymen’s mind that an absolute change 
in feed is essential. After years of study and experimentation 
it is the consensus of opinion of practically all workers that the 
disease can be controlled effectively only by a total change of 
feed and forage, in other words, by preventive measures and 
not by medicinal treatment. That there is direct connection be- 
tween the ingestion of green forage, exposed pasturage, newly 
cut hay and fodder, and the development of the disease is quite 
obvious, and that the ingestion of such forage when contaminated 
is the most important factor is equally obvious, as almost 100 
per cent. of the cases in Kansas and over 95 per cent. of the 
cases in Nebraska of which we have any record were main- 
tained all or part of the time under such conditions. Even such 
negative history is not always dependable, as the owner on one 
farm informed me positively that the dead horses had eaten 
nothing except old hay and grain, but when I noticed the closely 
cropped grass in an adjacent pasture, he innocently remarked 


_ that he always turned the work horses into the pasture over 


night. In fact in some sections it has been termed the “ pasture 


 disease.”’ 


Other names which have given to this affection are epizootic 


_encephalomyelitis, meningo-encephalitis and meningomyelitis, 


enzootic cerebritis, leuco-encephalitis, etc., but personally I prefer 
the old-fashioned terms cerebro-spinal meningitis for the scienti- 


fic term and blind staggers for the lay term. That the symptom 


4 


of staggering is one of the most common manifestations of the 
disease is shown by the clinical observations of Schmidt who 
has made a close study of 415 cases, 377 of which developed 
staggering symptoms while standing or walking. The only 


_ symptom which occurred more frequently was the loss of appetite 


510 J. R. MOHLER. 


appearing in 410 animals, while the symptoms next in promin- 
ence were grinding of the teeth which was observed in 349 
cases, and difficulty in swallowing which occured in 335 cases. 

Etiology.—Unfortunately no specific bacteria, fungus, virus, 
or other toxic principle has yet been found which can be con- 
sidered as the cause of cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse. 
It is quite true that bacteriological investigation has given us a 
number of different organisms by an equal number of different 
investigators, each of whom has thought his particular organism 
to be the causative agent of the disease, but the fact remains that 
the four rules laid down by Koch have not been met with suff- 
cient regularity to make the results satisfactory to the disinter- 
ested worker. [Further investigations are necessary to decide 
which, if any, of the reported organisms is the true cause of the 
disease. ‘That the disease may not have an etiological entity has 
been suggested by Weichselbaum, Hutyra and Marek. This 
would seem quite probable if all the claims for the following dif- 
ferent etiological factors were to be accepted. For instance, 
Siedamgrotsky and Schlegel incriminated a micrococcus as the 
cause of the disease. On the other hand, Johne found diplococci 
in the cerebro-spinal fluid which he termed diplococcus inter- 
cellularis equi. Again Ostertag recovered streptococci in short 
chains from the blood, liver, urine and brain of affected horses. 
These organisms he termed Borna streptococci. Harrison, of 
Canada, isolated a streptococcus from the brains of horses af- 
fected with cerebro-spinal meningitis which was quite similar to 
Ostertag’s, although it differed in forming capsules, staining by 
Gram’s method, refusing to grow well on gelatin and in proving 
virulent for laboratory animals. In Minnesota, Wilson and 
Brimhall have also incriminated a diplococcus as the cause of 
cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses, cattle, sheep and pigs, and 
proved it to be the diplococcus pneumonia of Frankel. They 
likewise claimed to have isolated the micrococcus intercellularis 
meningitidis of Weichselbaum from the central nervous system 
of a cow showing symptoms of spinal meningitis. This latter 
organism is also reported to have been found by Christina in 


ti —_~ ale 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 511 


primary sporadic meningitis in the horse and in a goat. The 
remarkable part of all the above investigations is that each 
author considers his particular organism as the etiological factor 
of the disease and the majority of these writers believe they 
have succeeded in producing the disease in horses by the inocula- 
tion of these differing agents. Some of these positive results 
are readily explained by the large quantity of turbid fluid in- 
jected under the dura. The inoculation of 5 and Io c.c. doses 
of a heavy emulsion of any organism is likely to produce a head- 
ache in a horse or elephant for that matter, and the irritation 
set up by such a foreign material will necessarily produce exuda- 
tion with accompanying mechanical pressure, so that it is not 
surprising to read in the post-mortem notes of some of these 
cases that the meninges bulged through the opening on cutting 
through the bones of the skull. Schmidt, of Dresden, is of the 
opinion that the nature of the infectious principle is not settled, 
and believes that the cocci and diplococci which have been ascribed 
as causative factors will in the future be deprived of their path- 
ogenic relationship. Grimm, working in Zwick’s laboratory in 
Berlin, isolated streptococci from horses affected with head dis- 
ease or staggers which were not essentially different from the 
Borna streptococci of Ostertag. Owing to the regularity with 
which these cocci were taken from the brains of horses with 
“head disease,” cocci which Grimm states possessed slight, if 
any, properties necessary to make them causal factors of dis- 
ease, the question arose whether the same microorganisms are 
not also found in the brains of healthy horses. Grimm ob- 
tained the heads of 10 horses which were killed at the Zoological 
Garden for the animals, and which were by examination found 
to be free from any indication of cerebro-spinal meningitis. In 
the brains of these healthy horses he found cocci (staphylococci 
and streptococci), although cultures were made within a few 
hours after death, and at least one strain has shown many 
similarities to the streptococcus found by Ostertag. These re- 
sults are very similar to the results of the Bureau. In horses 
which have died of forage poisoning it is not a difficult task to 


ol2 J. R. MOHLER. 


recover various forms of cocci, in fact too many forms to make 
them all of etiological significance, while in those cases which 
have been killed in the late stages of the disease it is of common 
occurrence to have all the culture media inoculated with the 
various tissue remain sterile. On the other hand, we found 
micrococci, diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci so fre- 
quently in the brains of horses which have died of dourine, swamp 
fever, influenza, etc., that we have come to consider these organ- 
isms as representing an agonal invasion from the intestines with- 
out causal connection with any definite disease. Like Grimm, 
we have found some of these same cocci in the brains of horses 
that died of forage poisoning, and we have also recovered other 
species, all of which have been inoculated into experiment horses 
by various methods, including intravenous, subcutaneous, sub- 
dural and intralumbar injection as well as by spraying the nasal 
mucous membrane, with the result that two horses died following 
a nasal douche and a subdural injection respectively of a pure 
culture of two different cocci. The post-mortem on the former 
showed death to have been due to a strangulated intestine, while 
the second animal died suddenly without evincing any character- 
istic symptoms, although extremely nervous. Post-mortem ex- 
amination showed an absence of any pathological lesions pos- 
terior to the brain. The dura mater was inflamed and distended 
with a yellowish exudate. The veins and capillaries of the cere- 
brum were dilated and engorged with blood while the third ven- 
tricle contained a cholesteatoma the size of a walnut. While the 
same organism which was injected was recovered from the brain 
tissue other horses injected with the recovered culture have con- 
tinued to remain in a healthy condition. With the view of ob- 
taining additional information regarding the significance of these 
various cocci to the disease in question, an antigen was prepared 
from a culture of each organism and tested against the blood 
serum obtained from affected horses in the field for complement 
fixation and agglutination as in glanders. In no case was a 
positive reaction to these tests obtained by the use of any of the 
antigens prepared from the different cocci isolated from diseased 


ny Senate see ae 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 513 


horses. In this connection it may be noted that from the num- 
ber of affections of the horse produced by coccoid organisms, 
this animal appears to be particularly susceptible to their action. 
In two outbreaks of forage poisoning investigated by Moore 
of Cornell, one gave him negative results from a bacteriological 
standpoint, while in the other pure cultures of the colon bacillus 
were obtained from the brain. 

Another cause has been suggested for this disease in the find- 
ing of nuclear inclusions by Joest and Degen in the nerve cells 
of the hippocampus. These inclusions are similar to the Negri 

_ bodies of rabies, and are rounded or oval in shape, staining in- 
_tensely with eosin. A large number of brains from affected 
horses have been examined in our laboratory for these bodies, 
but thus far with negative results, although the same technique 
applied to the brains of rabid animals brings out the Negri 
bodies with great clearness. There remains one widely accepted 
theory as to the causation of the disease which must be given 
consideration, namely, fungi on the feed. While most investi- 
gators have obtained negative results when feeding experiment 
animals upon moldy feed, some few have reproduced the disease 
by such feeding. Thus Mayo reports that a colt fed experiment- 
t ally upon some of the moldy corn, which was held responsible for 
_ the serious outbreak in Kansas in 1890, developed the disease and 
died on the twenty-sixth day. Again the Kansas outbreak of 
1906 was said by Haslam to have been produced by immature 
ears of corn infected by molds, although the exact mold was not 
discovered. By feeding horses upon this immature corn badly 
‘infected with molds, typical fatal cases of staggers were produced 
in four out of seven horses. Haslam also records the fact that 
“severe losses of horses have occurred in other states when the 
"grasses in the pastures become moldy. Klimmer commenting 
upon the negative results obtained in experiments with moldy 
feed asserts that the numerous losses occuring from the feeding 
of such material indicates the probability that the experiments 
“were not sufficiently extensive from which to draw conclusions, 
and believes that the use of such feed should be discouraged. 


t 
j 
i 


514 J. R. MOHLER. 


Among other writers who have attributed the disease to toxic 
fungi are Michener, Trumbower and Harbaugh. The latter 
investigated the serious outbreak of this disease which occurred 
in Virginia and North Carolina in 1886, and claimed that every 
case of the disease could be traced directly to moldy feed. This 
theory of toxic fungi is not antagonistic to the facts in many 
of the best observed outbreaks, and knowing that fungi vary 
greatly in growth and in the elimination of various products 
under different climatic conditions, we may explain the irregu- 
larity of the symptoms as well as the occurrence of the disease 
under what may appear to be identical conditions. Thus Ceni, 
of Italy, states that molds are capable of producing poisons, but 
only at certain stages of their growth, and at other times they are 
entirely inactive. A case of this character was investigated by 
the Bureau several years ago in an outbreak among the army 
horses at an encampment in Pennsylvania. Many horses had 
died of cerebro-spinal meningitis as a result of eating moldy 
baled hay, and as soon as the hay was eliminated the deaths 
ceased. Other horses in the vicinity not fed upon this hay failed 
to contract the disease. At the suggestion of State Veterinarian 
Marshall the bales were opened and exposed to the sun for three 
or four weeks, after which time this hay was fed sparingly at 
first and later in usual quantities without producing any ill effect. 
Forage poisoning, therefore, seems to be an autointoxication 
rather than an infection and due to certain chemical poisons or 
toxins formed by organismal activity. These toxins may be 
present when the forage is taken into the body or formed in the 
gastro-intestinal canal and therefore the disease is a specific form — 
of autointoxication. The nature of the substance which causes 
these harmful changes or the poisonous bodies that are formed 
remain unknown. 

On account of this very old and very plausible theory so often 
advanced that the disease is due to toxic substances existing in 
damaged grain and fodder, a number of species of fungus were 
isolated during the past year from damaged corn and forage 
and grown on a sterilized corn medium or alfalfa infusion in 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 515 


an effort to produce some toxic substance that would create dis- 
ease when fed to horses. The pure cultures were allowed to grow 
for periods of one month’s duration, in flasks containing 250 
cubic centimeters of the nutrient medium and the contents of one 
flask was fed each day for a period of 30 days along with a suffi- 
cient quantity of sound corn and hay to make a normal ration, 
but no symptoms have thus far developed in the experiment 
animals, although only about one-half of the number of pure 
cultures isolated have thus far been used in this experiment. 

It is possible that laboratory conditions alone cannot be made 
to parallel sufficiently close those which exist naturally in the 
growing plants and that toxic substances which might be pro- 
duced in a natural state would not be generated in a corn meal 
medium in the laboratory. The by-products of the growth of 
both fungi and bacteria on corn and forage should certainly 
receive more consideration in future work. In view of the above 
information it must appear to the unbiased mind that the cause 
of forage poisoning remains an obscure and puzzling problem. 

Occurrence.—Like cerebro-spinal meningitis of man, forage 
poisoning occurs in sporadic as well as enzootic and epizootic 
forms. The sporadic cases occur either in different localities 
from the epizootic outbreaks or in such sparse numbers as not to 
amount to an enzootic. Thus the outbreaks are quite variable 
in extent and severity. Sometimes it becomes very widespread, 
causing heavy losses, as in the recent outbreak in Kansas and 
Nebraska, while at other times there are only sporadic cases. 
Liebener believes that the development of the cause of the dis- 
ease in Germany is favored by the rainfalls and warmth of the 
earth during summer and autumn. No conclusive evidence has 
ever been presented to indicate that the disease is ever trans- 
mitted directly from one horse to another. Sick animals have 
been placed alongside of susceptible horses in the same stable 
without conveying the disease to the latter and healthy horses 
have been placed in stalls previously occupied by animals which 
died of the disease, and have eaten from the same mangers with- 
out previous disinfection, but in no case has the disease been 


516 J. R. MOHLER. 


= = 


transmitted in this manner. In the recent outbreak it was quite 
noticeable that livery and other work horses were not affected 
so long as they were fed on clean, dry: forage, although they 
were constantly exposed to the disease by coming in contact with 
diseased horses. For instance, Dr. Busman, who was in charge 
of the Kansas field force of veterinarians, reports a case where 
horses were kept in adjoining corrals separated only by a wire 
fence. ‘Those on one side were fed on green forage and recently 
cut cane and died from the disease, while those on the other side 
were fed dry feed and not one became sick. He also reports a 
similar occurrence in a livery barn where the horses had been 
fed on clean, dry feed without sickness, but when fresh cut 
bottom-land hay was substituted for the former feed the horses 
became sick within a few days. Another similar instance was 
reported by Davison, in charge of the field force in Nebraska, 
in the case of a farmer who owned a work team that was strictly 
barn fed. While attending the State Fair at Lincoln these horses 
were turned out on pasture for two days and both horses came 
down with the disease on the fourth and fifth day respectively 
after being taken off the pasture. It is such cases as these which 
have incriminated the forage and caused the disease to be known 
as “ pasture disease”? in some localities. Indeed some veterin- 
arians report that all the animals affected had been on pasture, 
or having been removed from pasture, had been fed on recent 
cuttings of alfalfa, prairie hay, cane or kaffir corn, while no 
cases came under observation where the animals had been on dry 
feed all summer. A long period of dry weather followed by rain- 
fall with considerable humidity and heat seems to favor the 
development and dissemination of the disease. The period from 
August I to October 1, 1912, presented exceptional climatic con- 
ditions in western Kansas and southern Nebraska, and it was 
observed that crops cut and cured before this date could be fed 
with impunity. During the first week in August a heavy rainfall 
started in Kansas and nearly twice the usual amount was re- 
corded, mostly falling during the night and soaking in. This 
was followed by very high temperatures, the seventeen days from 


I i ol al oD een Be 


a 


-I 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 51 


August 23 to September 9 being the hottest series of days on 
record in Dodge City. There were also more than the usual 
number of cloudy or partly cloudy days with high relative humid- 
ities. The dew point was reached early at night and the deposit 
of dew was abundant, which is uncommon in that section. High 
humidities certainly continued throughout the day among the 
grasses near the soil. These grasses, which usually cure into 
hay on the root, became dotted with both parasitic and sapro- 
phytic fungi. Water holes, draws and buffalo wallows remained 
filled with water throughout most of the period. During the 
latter part of September frosts occurred accompanied: not only 
by cooler weather but with lower humidity which are the signi- 
ficant factors in the subsidence of the disease, and after the first 
week in October the disease practically disappeared. Since then 
many owners have placed their horses back on the same pastures 
used during the serious stages of the disease and there has been 
no ill effects noted. This would indicate that there are good rea- 
sons to believe that the forage is no longer in condition to pro- 
duce the disease and hence its use is safe, as in the case of the 
Pennsylvania baled hay previously mentioned. Somewhat similar 
conditions of climate obtained in Nebraska during the prevalence 
of the disease, but on September 25 a killing frost was recorded 
followed by several light frosts and a reduction in the relative 
humidity. After this time the disease rapidly subsided and 
finally disappeared. There is not much question but that some 
of this infected forage has been baled and shipped to various 
points, and it is therefore not unlikely that sporadic cases of the 
disease will appear in these sections under favorable climatic con- 
ditions. In this connection, attention should be called to the 
marked prevalence last summer and fall of the disease of cattle 
known as mycotic stomatitis which simulates the foot-and-mouth 
disease of Europe and is caused also by contaminated forage. 
This disease first appeared in Florida and spread over Georgia, 
North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Mary- 
land and into Pennsylvania. The climatic conditions were evi- 
dently appropriate for the development of the causative agent 


Demet 


51S J. R. MOHLER. 


on the forage, and as soon as the animals were brought out of 
the pastures and stall fed, the disease immediately subsided. 

Symptoms and Lesions.—In most of the cases disturbance of 
the appetite, depression and weakness are the first manifesta- 
tions observed, although all the symptoms vary within wide 
limits. This feature of the disease has been so ably presented by 
Reichel in the October number of Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin, 
by Campbell in the October number of the Journal of Veterinary 
Medicine, and Kinsley in the November number of the AMERI- 
CAN VETERINARY Review, that I shall pass over the subject 
briefly. 

Very soon the real symptoms of the disease appear. There 
is trouble in swallowing, drooping of the head and sleepiness 
which may give way to excitement and attacks of vertigo. An 
impairment of vision is noted with loss of co-ordination, result- 
ing in a staggering gait or reeling while standing. There is 
muscular twitching, cramp of certain muscles, chiefly of the neck 
and flanks, and grinding of the teeth. Sometimes colicky pains 
are noted. If in an open space, the animal will walk in a circle, 
sometimes to the right, at other times to the left, and will try to 
push through any obstacle with which he comes in contact. In 
the stable he will press his head against the stall or rest it on 
the manger. Sometimes he will crowd backwards or sideways 
until he gets in a corner and remains there. If the tempera- 
ture is taken at the beginning of the disease it will be found to 
be from 103 to 107 degrees Fahrenheit, but within 24 hours the 
temperature gradually falls until it reaches normal and then be- 
comes subnormal. The pulse is from 40 to go and weak, while 
the respirations are fluctuating from normal to as high as 48 per 
minute. There may or may not be drooling of saliva, depend- 
ing on the extent of the paralysis of the pharynx. The animal 
is often down on the second or third day and may or may not get 
up when urged to do so. While down he will go through auto- 
matic-like movements of pacing or walking, resulting in accelera- 
tion of the pulse and respiration. At this time the legs are held 
out stiffly and parallel to the ground. The hind legs of many 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 519 


of these animals that have gone down are paralyzed and there 
is loss of sensation of the skin of these parts. The expired air 
is extremely: fetid and there may be a croupous-like deposit of 
the throat which has caused the name “ putrid sore throat.” The 
conjunctiva may show injected blood vessels-or petechiae on a 
yellowish tinted background. Coma or somnolence may be 
_ marked in those animals going down within the first few days. 
Those which remain standing may become violent or delirious, 
but ordinarily the horse is tractable and easily managed. Death 
usually occurs in from four to eight days, although in the acute 
form death may follow within 10 or 12 hours after the first symp- 
toms are observed, while in the chronic cases the disease may last 
two or three weeks. The prognosis is very unfavorable, as 85 
to 9O per cent. of the affected animals died in the beginning of the 
outbreak, but later the cases became milder with a consequent 
drop in the mortality. 

On post-mortem the amount of lesions observable to the naked 
eye is in marked contrast to the severity of the symptoms noted. 
The pharynx and larynx are inflamed in many cases, and some- 
times coated with a yellowish white glutinous deposit, extending 
at times over the tongue and occasionally a little way down the 
trachea. The lungs are normal, except from complications fol- 
lowing drenching or recumbence for a long period. The heart 
_is usually normal in appearance, except an occasional cluster of 
petechiae on the epicardium, while the blood is dark and firmly 
coagulated. The mucosa of the stomach indicated a sub-acute 
gastritis, while occasionally an erosion is noted. An edematous, 
gelatinous infiltration is observed in the submucosa of such cases. 
The first few inches of the small intestines likewise may show 
slight inflammation in certain cases, while in others it is quite 
severe; otherwise the digestive tract appears normal, excluding 
the presence of varying numbers of bots, strongylus vulgatus 
-and a few other nematodes. The liver is congested and swollen 
in some cases, while it appears normal in others. The spleen is, 
as a rule, normal and at times the kidneys are slightly congested. 
The bladder is often distended with dark colored urine, and oc- 


520 J. R. MOHLER. 


casionally a marked cystitis has been observed. The adipos: 
tissue throughout the carcass may show a pronounced icteric 
appearance in certain cases. On removing the bones of the skull 
the brain appears to be normal macroscopically in a few instances, 
but in most cases the veins and capillaries of the meninges of the 
cerebrum, cerebellum and occasionally the medulla are distinctly 
dilated and engorged, and in a few cases there are pronounced 
lesions of a leptomeningitis. An excessive amount of cerebro- 
spinal fluid is present in most of the cases. On the floor of the 
lateral ventricles of several brains there was noted a slight soften- 
ing due to hemorrhages into the brain substance. There is always 
an abundance of fluid in the subarachnoid spaces, ventricles and 
at the base of the brain, usually of the color of diabetic urine, 
and containing a limited amount of flocculi, but in a few cases it 
was slightly blood-tinged. The spinal cord was not found in- 
volved in the few cases examined. 

A comparative microscopic examination of the brains of 
horses which died in Kansas, New Jersey, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia this year with those of horses from previous outbreaks 
showed the same characteristic perivascular round-cell infiltra- 
tion, especially in the olfactory lobe and the hippocampus. The 
piameter showed an increased amount of connective tissue with 
dense round-cell infiltration which extended into the adjacent 
cortical portion of the cerebrum. The capillary blood vessels were 
engorged with cells and their walls were greatly infiltrated. 
Limited areas of leucocytic infiltration and small hemorrhages in 
the brain tissue were not infrequently observed. No cellular 
inclusions in the ganglionic cells were detected after prolonged 
examination. 

Treatment.—One attack of the disease does not confer 1m- 
munity. Horses have been observed which have recovered from 
two attacks, and still others that recovered from the first attack 
but died as a result of the second attack. 

Inasmuch as a natural immunity does not appear after an 
attack of cerebro-spinal meningitis, it might be anticipated that 


> se 


mn Oe is ok esyy any ene 


FORAGE POISONING OR CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 521 


serum of recovered cases would possess neither curative nor pro- 
phylactic qualities. Nevertheless experiments were made along 
these lines with serum from recovered cases, but without any 
positive results. Similar investigations have been conducted by 
others in Europe with precisely the same results. With the tend- 
ency of the disease to produce pathological lesions in the central 
nervous system, it seems scarcely imaginable that a medicinal 
remedy will be found to heal these foci, and even where recovery 
takes place there is likely to remain some considerable disturb- 
ance in the functions, as blindness, partial paralysis, dumbness, 
etc. Indeed when the disease once becomes established in an 
animal drugs seem to lose their physiological action. Therefore, 
with all the previously mentioned facts before us it is evident 
that the first principle in the treatment of this disease is preven- 
tion, which consists in the exercise of proper care in feeding only 
clean, well cured forage and grain and pure water from an un- 
contaminated source. These measures when faithfully carried 
out check the development of additional cases of the disease upon 
the affected premises. While medicinal treatment has proved un- 
satisfactory in the vast majority of cases, nevertheless the first 
indication is to clean out the digestive tract thoroughly, and to 
accomplish this prompt measures must be used early in the dis- 
ease. Active and concentrated remedies should be given prefer- 
ably subcutaneously or intravenously owing to the great diffi- 
culty in swallowing even in the early stages. Arecoline in one- 
half grain doses intravenously has given as much satisfaction as 
any. After purging the animal the treatment is mostly sympto- 
matic. Intestinal disinfectants, particularly calomel, salol and 
salicylic acid have been recommended and mild antiseptic mouth 
washes are advisable. Anti-pyretics are of doubtful value, as 
better results are obtained if the temperature is high by copious 
cold water injections. An ice pack applied to the head is bene- 
ficial in case of marked psychic disturbance. One ounce doses of 
chloral hydrate per rectum should be given if the patient is violent 
or muscular spasms are severe. If the temperature becomes sub- 


ay) J. R. MOHLER. 


normal the animal should be warmly blanketed, and if much 
weakness 1s shown this should be combatted with stimulants such 
as strychnine, camphor, alcohol, atropine, or aromatic spirits of 
ammonia. During convalescence the usual tonic treatment is 
indicated. Many of the so-called “ cures” made their reputation 
at the time the outbreak was abating and when non-interference 
was proved to be equally effective. One of the most unpleasant 
developments of the outbreak this year was the great amount of 
‘faking’ which seemed to be the only contagious feature con- 
nected with the disease. All kinds of drug specifics, serums and 
vaccines developed like mushrooms and were exploited in almost 
every community devastated by the disease. Many tainted dol- 
lars were obtained from the suffering horse owners who grasped 
at every newly advanced treatment like drowning men clutching 
at straws. One aged farmer who had a very fair idea of the 
disease himself said to the quack who had injected streptococcus, 
diplococcus, pneumococcus and several other bacterins into his 
horse: ‘ Well, you have used all the kinds of remedies I ever 
heard of on old Nell but one and now you might as well inject 
her with cowpox vaccine.” In Nebraska, blackleg vaccine was 
reported to be used as a preventive on at least 1,600 horses and 
nearly 1,500 of them are said to have died as a direct result of 
the vaccine. ‘This feature is now being investigated by the 
government. Dr. Munn, of Kearney, Neb., had apparently good 
success from the use of diphtheria antitoxin as a prophylactic 
agent and not a single animal developed the disease out of over 
500 injected. It may be with this treatment as with others that 
the good results were due to the fact that the disease was on the 
wane before treatment was commenced, but no other line of treat- 
ment gave as good apparent results. Dr. Kaupp also reports 
in the Breeders’ Gazette that only one horse died of goo inocu- 
lated with a diplo-streptococcic bacterin he prepared, but the in- 
jections were made so late in the outbreak that its value is still 
problematical since thousands of horses in the affected area at 
this period failed to develop the disease, although they had re- 
ceived no preventive treatment whatsoever. 


A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OPENED BY 
SCHMIDT’S MIRACULOUS TREATMENT OF MILK 
FEVER IN COWS.—A NEW THEORY OF 
AZOTURIA IN THE HORSE.* - 


3y JoHN A. McLaucuuin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. 


In the last few years a treatment has been discovered for 
milk fever in cows that infallibly cures that once fatal malady. 
It is probably the greatest discovery in therapeutics of this or 
any other age. Milk fever was (and is when not treated in this 
particular manner) the most generally fatal of any disease which 
attacks any species of animal, including man himself. The mor- 
tality previous to Schmidt’s discovery was approximately one 
hundred per cent; now the recoveries are approximately one hun- 
dred per cent. (I believe the exact figures are ninety-eight per 
cent.) It is a genuine specific; its results are marvelous and be- 
wildering. This is not the experience of one individual; it is 
the experience of all. 

A treatment that is so uniformly successful under all circum- 
stances must be extraordinary indeed, and too far out of the 
common to be relegated to the ordinary sphere of therapeutic 
measures ; it must reach far beyond, deep into the very nature of 
the disease itself. I firmly believe could we but follow whither 
it leads we would find its termination in the very origin of milk 
fever itself, and the secret which has for so many centuries baffled 
all investigation would be ours at last. In this paper I propose 
to follow the treatment whither it leads as far as my light per- 
mits; if I fail in solving this riddle of the sphinx, I will be con- 
tent, believing I have attempted its solution along those lines in 
which the riddle will be eventually solved. 


* Presented to the November, 1912, meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of 
New York City. 


523 


524 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. 


The history of this specific is as follows: A veterinarian 
named Schmidt conceived the idea that milk fever originated in 
the mammary gland. (The correctness of this idea marks 
Schmidt as a really great man, and I wish to do him reverence 
right here.) Schmidt originated a treatment, which has been 
modified somewhat, but has remained essentially the same in 
principle. It consisted originally of an aqueous solution of iodide 
of potash, one dram to the quart, injected into the mammary 
gland through its ducts. Schmidt’s idea was that toxins origi- 
nated in that gland, passed into the general circulation, producing 
the phenomena we name milk fever, parturient apoplexy, ete. 
Schmidt's mistake was in thinking toxins were formed in the 
gland, and that iodide of potash was the curative agent. It was 
soon found that any medicinal agent in solution was equally as 
efficacious as iodide of potash. Then oxygen was tried, and 
occupied the field for a short time. Oxygen was supposed to be 
superior as a germ destroyer and antitoxin; being a gas, it pene- 
trated further into the ducts, even into their finest ramifications. 
The practical results seemed to justify its therapeutical applica- 
tion, for it proved a specific, but alas for its reputation as a 
superior therapeutical agent when another veterinarian, who was 
also a great man but a‘sorely perplexed one, forgot his oxygen 
tank one day, and in his extremity used a bicycle pump. The 
bicycle pump, forcing just common, ordinary, atmospheric air © 
into the tubes, proved quite as much of a specific as oxygen. 
After this various syringes were patented or “patent applied 
for,’ which proved specific also. These syringes were all 
arranged with the idea that the air entering the ducts should be 
aseptic. (The aseptic part, I make free to say, was a failure.) 
It soon became apparent that asepsis had no part in the treatment, 
and its simplicity seemed to add mystery instead of enlighten- 
ment. 

A few months ago another veterinarian, whose name, I regret _ 
to say, | forget, conceived the idea (diametrically the opposite — 
to that conceived by Schmidt), that it was not a matter of germs, 
or toxins, or anything he could imagine, but that the disease 


yl 


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A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 525 


could be cured by almost anything. He tried some experiments 
along lines the very reverse of asepsis: he injected solutions, or 
rather, mixtures, into the udder containing stable sweepings 
which he swept off the floor—cow manure, sour milk, filth, ete— 
in every instance curing the cow. In one experiment he removed 
a portion of the cow’s skull and found the brain very anemic; 
he then dilated the ducts and the blood returned to the brain and 
there was quite a hemorrhage. He killed this cow. It was cer- 
tainly bold and original experimenting and it deserves high 
praise. 

From this short synopsis of the history of the treatment of 
milk fever I think three points are made apparent: First, that 
the disease originates in the mammary gland; second, that local 
treatment cures it; third, that the results of the treatment do not 
depend in the slightest degree on the medicinal properties of the 
ingredients used, one agent being quite as efficacious as another, 
even when that other is as injurious a substance as cow manure, 
urine, or other filth. 

Suppose we now take a typical case and apply Schmidt's 
treatment. A cow is quite suddenly attacked; when we arrive 
she is down, completely paralyzed and unconscious, cannot even 
swallow—in fact she is dying. A milking tube is inserted into the 
duct of each teat, and atmospheric air, oxygen, or a solution of 
iodide of potash, or some other medicinal agent, or a mixture 
of some agent that is the opposite of medicinal, like cow manure, 
urine, stable floor sweepings, sour milk, etc., is propelled with 
considerable force into the ducts. Ina few hours, usually two to 
four, this dying cow is on her feet as well as ever. 

This clinical history of a typical case of milk fever simply 
accentuates the wonderful results of the treatment, but it does 
not tell us its etiology. I have said, however, the treatment held 


_ the secret in its grasp, and I now propose to follow whither it 
leads. 


The air, oxygen, or solutions or mixtures mentioned, has 
entered the ducts; it is forced far into them, to their terminal 
endings in their finest capillary ramifications. And then where? 


526 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. 


In my opinion no further. Beyond the tubes is a slight amount 
of connective tissue, then the lacteal cells, then the blood vessels. 
If it enters the cells or blood vessels, then are my endeavors to 
solve the problem, to grasp its secret, futile, for if a mixture of 
cow manure, urine or other filth can, by entering the circulation. 
cure milk fever, or 1f curing, would not produce other and serious 
trouble, then am I astray in the very beginning of my investiga- 
tion. A slight amount might enter the connective tissue, but no 
further, and this small amount must be injurious, retarding in- 
stead of advancing recovery. J am convinced the treatment does 
not pass beyond the tubes. 

I have now followed the treatment whither it leads, from its 
beginning to its terminal. I first proved it was local, that it was 
confined in its influence to the mammary gland; now I have 
narrowed this sphere of influence to a part of the mammary 
gland. Within this small area does Schmidt’s treatment infallibly 
cure milk fever; within the lacteal ducts does it perform this. 
modern miracle of therapeutics. Has it yet given up its secret? 
Have we yet discovered the nature of milk fever? I think so. 
Positively we are in possession of one fact (else all that has gone 
before is error). Milk fever is intimately connected with the 
lacteal tubes. Pursuing our study from this point onward, we 
find ourselves immediately confronted with two alternatives: 


First, it is caused by something in the tubes but foreign to them; ~| 


or second, something is wrong with the tubes themselves. 

Between these two alternatives I choose to discard the former 
and accept the latter. I discard the former because I cannot 
imagine a mixture containng filth of all sorts ivariably curing 
a fatal malady by its action in the tubes any more than I can % 
imagine it curing the same malady by its action in the circula- — 
tion. To believe so would be destructive of every recognized 
theory in medicine. If it is a germ, filth could only cultivate and 
multiply it; if an abraided surface, it would assuredly set up ~ 
sepsis; there is nothing I can imagine that might exist within the — 
tubes, or, for that matter, without, that such treatment would | 
benefit in the slightest degree; therefore I discard it without any 
reservation whatever. 


A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 


on 
tw 
=1 


I accept the second alternative as unreservedly as 1 discard 
the former, and my reasons for accepting it are as follows: The 
tubes, as we are aware, are but passive factors in the production 
of milk, but because passive are none the less important; they 
receive the milk after it is manufactured; if they should by an 
accident or some other cause be unable to receive the milk, the 
lacteal cells, having no outlet for their product, would necessarily 
be arrested in their function of producing milk, and simulta- 
neously cease removing those products from the blood from which 
they manufacture milk, with the result that these products in the 
blood, still being produced, would accumulate in the circulation. 
I express my conviction that an accident has happened to the 
tubes, that the accident is of such a character it could be dupli- 
cated if the cow herself was a man-made machine and the ducts 
the only outlet; that it is purely mechanical in its nature and no 
more a disease than a broken leg, and the symptoms no more the 
result of a micro-organism, a toxin, or an auto-infection, than 
are the evolutions of a “ winged ”’ bird as it falls to earth; that 
it is an accident that might happen to any set of tubes made of 
soft tissue inside the body or outside; that they have simply re- 
fused to open; that all the phenomena occurring, including its 
generally fatal results, are due to a very simple cause—a simple 
closing of the tubes. 

The question which now confronts me is, what causes the 
tubes to close? As far as I can conceive, it may be due to three 
causes: First, over-distention; second, pressure from the en- 
gorged blood vessels; third, a glueing together of their walls by 
some plastic material after they have been emptied by the act of 
milking. Back of all these and all other reasons, however, is the 
overwhelming fact that the mammary gland of the domesticated 
cow is an abnormal gland. Intended by nature to supply milk 
for one calf (occasionally two), it is bred wholly for commercial 
‘purposes, and has been so bred for centuries. It seems strange 
that with such a history it has never been conceived that the 
gland might happen with an accident, either such as I have de- 
scribed or some other, as the horse bred for racing may rupture 


528 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. 


a tendon by simple extension, an impossible feat for an under- 
bred one to perform. 

I have now followed the treatment to its terminal and the 
disease to its beginning; both meet at the same place. The treat- 
ment found itself confronted with closed tubes; these tubes it 
dilated ; the cause being removed, the lacteals resumed their func- 
tion of removing the toxic products which had accumulated in 
the blood, and did their work so well that in a few hours the all 
but fatal toxeemia was removed and the cow well. 

I have now followed the problem in all its intricacies, and 
have made every point clear, all but one—the nature of the treat- 
ment and its essence. 

Let me ask a question—two, in fact: First, what are you doing 
when you are dilating the ducts with your gas or air; of what 
are you thinking as you see the gland grow and grow to enor- 
mous dimensions and the skin becoming more and more tense; 
are you not thinking on the same lines as a person who is blowing 
up a football, or a boy who 1s blowing up soap bubbles? That is 
its nature. Are you not always thinking, can it stand more, and 
saying to yourself I think it can, I think it cannot, and whenever 
it is a failure it is the timid one who fails? That is its essence. 
That was always my thought long before I got the idea in my 
head that simple dilation constituted the cure. We all seem to 
know instinctively just what the cure consists of, and often when 
the air escaped in spite of my efforts to prevent it by the usual 
method of ligating the teats I dilated them again, and if neces- 
sary, again. The trouble seems to be that the treatment is entirely 
too simple; it certainly stands unique in that particular, and to ac- 
cept it at only its face value seemingly threatens destruction to 
all preconceived ideas on the subject of therapeutics. Even more 
difficult of acceptance was the inference that the disease must 
prove even more innocent in its nature than its treatment. It 
meant revolution. I must admit it staggered me until I got used 
to it, but when a veterinarian cures milk fever, a disease that has 
successfully resisted every therapeutical agency since the dawn 
of medicine by injecting cow manure and other filth into a cow’s 


eS we 


A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 529 


udder, the time for revolution is ripe. I believe it is here now. 

As far as the discussion of milk fever is concerned, this paper 
might end, but the thought urges me on, the thought that 
Schmidt’s discovery does not end with its explanation of the 
etiology of one disease—rather it is but a beginning. I myself 
believe it has opened up an entirely new field of etiological re- 
search; that we have by an accident stumbled upon a fertile but 
fallow plain filled with wonderful discoveries for the future in- 
vestigator, a field based on the idea that a single gland in the 
body may be subject to the same disabilities as a particular part 
of a machine made by man; that it may get out of order in the 
self-same manner that accidents may happen to it, some slight, 
some serious, and some severe enough to put the whole machine 
suddenly and entirely out of commission. 

There are many diseases that are still enshrouded in mystery 
that may possibly be explained on this theory. We are still very 


much at sea regarding the nature of such diseases as Graves’, 


Addison’s, Hodgkin's, Bright's, diabetes, rheumatism, gout, etc. ; 
sudden deaths often occur in the midst of apparently good health, 
which cannot be explained by heart failure, apoplexy, ptomaine 
poisoning, acute Bright’s, or acute indigestion; nor are those 
slighter ailments, designated as headache, nausea, nervous, 
fbilious, “that tired feeling,’ the blues, etc., explained satisfac- 
torily by a “ disordered liver” or “ stomach,” constipation, etc. 
To-day epilepsy is considered to be a derangement of the nervous 
system; yesterday milk fever was so considered, with even more 
justification. It would be less surprising to find epilepsy having 


-a simple origin than it was to find that milk fever had. 


But the subject grows beyond me. I began this paper at Dr. 
Cochran’s request meaning simply to pass tribute to a member 
of the profession whose discovery, I believe, constitutes an epoch 
in medicine, and to draw a parallel between milk fever and azo- 
turia. As I said, the paper has grown and grown, and it was 
with difficulty I kept even within the bounds I have; I hope, how- 
ever, that it has not made the paper less clear, nor befogged the 
new theory I am advancing of azoturia in the horse. 


530 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. 


In studying this latter disease, I propose advancing along the 
lines pursued in the study of milk fever. Azoturia has many 
analogies to it: the attack is sudden; it occurs (usually) under 
supreme activity of certain organs (not the mammary, of 
course) ; 1s very fatal; recovery is often rapid and complete; there 
is no organic lesion as a primary cause, and its etiology is as 
much in the dark as ever. 

As milk fever has always been connected with the period of 
lactation, when the mammary gland is in supreme activity, so 
azoturia has been connected with a period of supreme activity of 
digestion. The theories advanced are a hyper-nitrogenous con- 
dition of the blood, a defective liver, auto-infection, and in our 
extremity we have even requested the laboratory to discover a 
micro-organism. 

I agree that azoturia is due to a hyper-nitrogenized condition © 
of the blood, also that this hyper-nitrogenized condition of the 
blood is due to a defective liver. J propose to give my reasons 
for considering the liver the guilty gland, and to specify the 
defect. | 

The liver is the first to receive the blood from the intestines, 
it all passes through its tissues, it has the lion’s share in blood 
metamorphosis. This is the one and only reason I hold the liver 
responsible. The special defect is with the bile ducts, and the 
nature of the defect—the same accident I have described as hap- 
pening to the lacteal ducts, the same reasons given as producing 
closure of the lacteal ducts—hold good for closure of the bile 
ducts, excepting, of course, the emptying by milking. The ducts 
may possibly collapse normally in the intervals of digestion, and 
it may be that the absence of a gall bladder has some bearing on 
the matter. I would like to add, parenthetically, that I know of 
no reason why this accident could not happen to both ducts at 
other times than those of supreme activity. 

To me there is a great analogy between the role played by 
the liver and that played by the mammary gland; the liver, as 
I have just stated, is the first to receive the blood for metamor- 
phosis; the mammary gland receives it last.’ (In this respect it 


Ps. 


A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 581 


is analogous to the kidneys.) The function of the liver may be 
said to be to feed the tissues, the function of the mammary to 
feed the calf. The liver, while producing blood metamorphosis, 
incidentally produces bile, and the mammary, while producing 
milk, incidentally produces blood metamorphosis, but though the 
processes are reversed yet are they the same, and an accident to 
the bile ducts would produce the same results in the liver as an 
accident to the lacteal ducts would produce in the mammary. 

I wish now to refer back for a moment to the two theories 
of azoturia I am partly in accord with; I wish to call attention 
to an exaggeration, if not a misinterpretation, of a physiological 
fact, and to accentuate my point of departure. 

It is universally admitted there is a lack of correlation be- 
tween the different parts of the animal body (there must be) ; 
its exaggeration or misinterpretation is that this lack of correla- 
tion is extreme. These two theories are built on this error. Both 
theories may be summed up ina few words: the increased activity 
of intestinal absorption overcomes the system, is one; it Over- 
comes the liver, is the other. That is, a perfectly normal system 
or a perfectly healthy liver (by way of a note here, I may add it 
is usually young and healthy horses that are affected) is over- 
come by a perfectly healthy set of cells in the intestinal villi. It 
sounds paradoxical. It is where I part company with these 
two theories. There is no proof of such lack of correla- 
tion in the system (but how many theories and what numberless 
diagnoses are advanced on the same misconception). Admitting 
there is great activity of intestinal absorption, how can we accept 
the inference that there is not an adequate increase in the system, 
or in the liver. These theories practically say that one set of 
cells (which cells, though part of the same system) can produce 
nutritive material so rapidly that it is impossible for the rest of 
the system or the liver to keep pace with it, in fact are so laggard 
that a condition of azoturia is induced in twenty-five minutes 
How prodigal of energy nature was in one case, and how nig- 
gardly in the other. When we consider that this difference of 
activity is the difference between parts performing the same func- 


337) JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. 


tion, and intended by nature to work in harmony, the misin- 
terpretation of the physiological fact mentioned seems almost 
like asserting that in an automobile race the hind wheels of the 
same car may crash into the front ones. I think without further 
proof both theories would be disproved by the fact that some 
severe cases of azoturia recover quite rapidly, but we have further 
proof, the proof that Schmidt’s treatment gives us in milk fever, 
where we found the cow all but dead from toxic blood, yet the 
mammary cells rose so nobly to the occasion that in a few hours 
the blood was normal. 

Before closing I would like to say a word on the treatment of 
azoturia. According to my theory the only scientific treatment 
would be to dilate the bile ducts; this being impossible, it must 
be treated on general principles and along the lines pursued in 
uremia. In fact, I recognize a great analogy between that disease 
and the two I have been discussing, and if I might be permitted 
I would coin new names for these two to show their relationship 
to it. Azoturia I would call bilemia, and milk fever I would call 
lactemia, and as ureemia demands all possible means of ridding 
the system of the accumulating and accumulated toxins, so I 
would advise in bilemia the stimulation of the kidneys, the bowels, 
the skin, and in addition, the use of those medicinal agents which 
may combine chemically with the toxins, or act as physiological 
antidotes. 

As all treatment must in the nature of the case be empiric, 
each practitioner's experience is worthy of note. In my own I 
have found but three drugs which I thought influenced the disease 
favorably; they are aloes, sweet spirits of mitre and aconite. I 
have found hot blankets of benefit. In my own practice I have 
never bled a horse, but I had the privilege of seeing Dr. Cochran 
bleed about fifteen with a recovery of about seventy-five per cent. 
(Iam speaking from memory). Expressing my opinion, I would 
say bleed extensively, if necessary replacing the lost blood with 
salt solution, and even repeating the operation. Bleeding acts 
in two ways: it removes the toxic blood from the system and 
lessens the pressure on the ducts from the engorged capillaries. 


A NEW FIELD OF ETIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 533 


Always remember azoturia is a self-limited disease; when ab- 
sorption from the villous structure ends, the disease begins to 
recede. 

At the last meeting I ended this paper with several questions ; 
acting on the knowledge received from that discussion, I have 
taken the liberty of leaving all of them out this time and formu- 
lating a new one. I thought it would confine the discussion to 
the point at issue better. This is the question: What other 
pathological condition than the one I have mentioned (a simple 
closing of the lacteal tubes) can exist in a cow’s udder, that 
Schmidt's treatment will infallibly cure? 


News NOTES ON THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF A. V. M. 
A.—In a recent communication from Secretary Marshall of the 
A. V. M. A., he enclosed the following copy of a letter received 
from the New England Passenger Association : 


* DEAR StrR—In connection with your application for reduced 
fares for the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Vet- 
erinary Medical Association, am pleased to advise you that the 
lines in this association, excepting the Bangor and Aroostook 
R. R., Dominion Atlantic Railway & Steamship Lines and East- 
ern Steamship Corporation, have concurred in the tender of the 
Trunk Line Association and authorized reduced rate on fare and 
three-fifths, certificate plan basis, from the points named in the ex- 
planatory circular enclosed. Fee of twenty-five cents will be 
charged for each certificate vised. If any further detail 1s re- 
quired in connection with fares from this territory will appreciate 
your advice. Very truly yours, 

““M. L. Harris, Secretary.” 

The following lines constitute the New England Passenger 
Association: Bangor & Aroostook R. R., Boston & Albany R. 
R., Boston & Maine R. R., Canadian Pacific Ry., Central Ver- 
mont Ry., Dominion Atlantic Ry. and Steamship Lines, Eastern 
Steamship Corporation, Maine Central R. R., N. Y., N. H. & 
Hartford R. R., Quebec Central Ry., Rutland R. R. No other 
passenger association had been heard from to date, January 18. 


Tue Ricut MAN IN THE RicHt PLace—Dr. Walter G. Hol- 
lingworth, at the request of Commissioner of Agriculture Huson, 
eedesed the Stallion Registration Law propieny at the New York 
Breeders’ Association meeting, Utica, January 22. 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES).* 


By Dr. F. J. Campon, NEw ORLEANS, LA. 


When asked by your J. Arthur Goodwin some few weeks ago 
for a paper, I consented to place my services at your disposal. 
While, however, I found willingness to oblige came readily 
enough, I discovered that the choice of a suitable subject came 
only tardily. Therefore, I decided to pen a few notes under the 
heading Hydrophobia. 

‘“ Hydrophobia’”’ and “ Rabies’ 
the same disease; the former is derived from the Greek word, 
meaning dread of water. Consequently, as we find only in the 
human subject the dread of an attempt to drink water, the term 
‘““Hydrophobia”’ is properly used in such a case. A rabid dog 
will repeatedly attempt to drink water, even though the act in- 
duces a spasm of the deglutitory muscles. ‘ Rabies,’’ meaning 
rage or madness, applies more especially to the disease as we 
find it in the maniacal form in the lower animals. 

The relation of water to the disease in the lower animals, 
chiefly dogs, is very much overrated. A dog never develops 
rabies from a lack of water—a common fallacy. A dog may 
be overheated during the hot summer weather; in addition it 
may not have sufficient water to quench its thirst, but these con- 
ditions alone cannot cause the disease. Invariably, whether the 
disease exists in man or animal, the history will point to a pre- 
vious subjection by a diseased animal, for the transmission from 
animal to animal is necessary for the maintenance of the dis- 
ease. Its occurrence is not limited to the hot weather, as was 
believed until recently ; moreover, it should not be confused with 
a disease known as fits, common among dogs. This disease 


‘) 


are two different terms for 


* Presented to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, at New Iberia, October, 
1912. 


534 


ol 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 53 


differs from rabies in that it is of short duration, from thirty 
minutes to two hours. A rabid dog, on the contrary, is sick 
from three to seven days. A second part of differentiation be- 
tween the two diseases is that rabid dogs seldom froth at the 
mouth; they may drool as a result of deglutitory paralysis, in 
which there is a drooping of the lower jaw, where, as in fits, 
there is profuse frothing accompanied by generalized clonic con- 
vulsions. Again, a rabid dog invariably dies as a result of this 
disease; on the other hand, one with fits often recovers. The 
latter disease should not be confused with rabies if the history 
is carefully investigated, and this confirmed by negative animal 
inoculations and absence of Negri bodies. The number of cases 
of rabies in Kansas City during the winter of Ig09 and I9IO 
tends to disprove the ‘‘ Dog Day” theory. The records of the 
Pasteur Institute for the winter showed an increase of about 
thirty-three per cent. in the number of cases over the summer 
months; these conditions, it should be added, were exceptional 
and largely due to the occurrence of an epidemic. Ordinarily 
we have only sporadic cases, yet veritable epidemics may occur 
as the result of negligence on the part of those whose duty it is 
to protect and preserve the public health. 

All mammals are subject to the disease; it is, however, con- 
fined chiefly to dogs, owing to the fact that they naturally attack 
their own species. Although the canine by nature follows this 
rule, in the excitement stage it goes to the other extreme and 
bites even its own master, not to mention numerous horses, 
cattle, hogs, etc. The most vicious breeds are, of course, the 
most dangerous and do the most damage. About ninety per cent. 
of the cases are due to rabid dogs; the next most important 
factor in spreading the disease in this country is the cat, which 1s 
responsible for about four per cent. of the cases; the remaining 
six per cent. are due to horses, cattle, wolves, etc. In some coun- 
tries, as in Russia, the wolf contributes a high percentage of 
cases. 

Hydrophobia is an acute inoculation disease communicated 
to man by the saliva of an animal suffering from rabies. It is 


536 ¥. J. CAMBON. 


due to a definite specific virus which is transmitted through the 
saliva either by the bite of a rabid animal or by the saliva com- 
ing in contact with a wound already existing. The normal 
habitat of the virus is the nervous system, and it retains its viru- 
lence only temporarily when introduced into any other system 
of organs. The fresh fixed virus injected into the blood stream 
does not usually cause the disease; morever, its injection by the 
intramuscular route does not give a high mortality, about fifty- 
nine per cent. If moderately thick homogeneous emulsions in 
collodion sacs are introduced into the peritoneal cavity, it is 
found that the virus is destroyed in six hours. The virus rap- 
idly loses its virulence when not in its normal habitat; it 1s read- 
ily destroyed by heat and desiccation. In short, laboratory ex- 
periments prove that it cannot exist “in nature.” When in- 
oculated into a wound, this virus must come in immediate con- 
tact with a broken nerve trunk in order to survive and repro- 
duce itself. If it gains entrance to the nerve trunk it is protected 
from the antagonistic action of the blood and lymph streams; 
it slowly extends to the cord and brain. Here a favorable media 
exists; the virus grows rapidly and the characteristic toxic 
symptoms are produced. 

In considering the danger of infection from a wound in- 
flicted by a rabid animal we find it advisable to classify the 
patients according to the following: (1), Location of the bite; 
(2), severity of the wound; (3), the degree of cauterization; 
(4), the lapse of time before reporting for treatment; (5), the 
stage of the disease in the animal at the time the wound was 
inflicted. 

It may not be amiss to mention the great importance of the 
proper cauterization of the bite in dealing with the disease. The 
free use of fuming nitric acid is a satisfactory method of cauter- 
ization. The penetration of the acid makes it a valuable cauter- 
ization agent, but even when this procedure is carried out, about 
10 per cent. of the experimental animals die. It is advisable, 
after sufficient application of the.acid, to wash the wound freely 
with sterile physiologic salt solution, thus removing the acid and 


se 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 537 


preventing unnecessary destruction of the tissue. If nitric acid 
is not to be had, full strength phenol may be used. 

It is, however, eminently important that this cauterization 
agent be washed from the wound by the free use of absolute 
alcohol. This procedure prevents subsequent ulceration which 
is so common when the alcohol is neglected. 

The two agents, nitric acid and phenol, destroy the virus by 
virtue of their cauterizing action; yet in high dilution, neither 
has a disinfectant action on the virus. In fact, a one per cent. 
solution of carbolic acid is an excellent preservative for this par- 
ticular virus; for instance, an emulsion of rabid brain made 
up in a one per cent. phenol solution, or any of its numerous 
derivations, will preserve the virulence for several weeks. In 
formaldehyd solution, on the other hand, we have a specific 
disinfectant for the virus. The specificity of the antiferment 
action of formaldehyd on rabies virus is easily demonstrated by 
laboratory experiments. 

Formaldehyd in as high a dilution as 0.025 per cent. will 
destroy the virus in a short time. In the treatment of wounds 
inflicted by rabid dogs, the use of a 5 per cent. formaldehyd 
solution applied to the wound for twelve hours is preferable to 
the cauterizing action of nitric acid or phenol because of the 
specific disinfectant and penetrating action of the former. 

Especially should this preliminary preventive measure be 
instituted in severe lacerated wounds, for in such wounds the 
degree of infection is high. The immediate treatment should 
not be neglected even after the lapse of a couple of days; more- 
over, under the latter condition, the wound should be opened 
and thoroughly scrubbed. If every wound, especially severe ones 
on the head, be thoroughly cauterized, and this immediately 
followed by anti-rabic treatment, the mortality would be nil 
among those bitten. 

As to the time of exposure, it can reasonably be said that a 
wound on the hand after a delay of three weeks is quite as dan- 
gerous as a bite on the head exposed only a few days. The 
cumulative action and extension of the virus along the nerve 


538 F. J. CAMBON. . 


trunk to the central nervous system during the interval of ex- 
posure should always be borne in mind. Therefore, it is quite 
as necessary to prescribe an intensive form of treatment to a 
patient bitten slightly on the extremities with a prolonged ex- 
posure as it is to one with a recent head wound. 

It is quite safe to say that the virus is not transmitted by 
the bite of a rabid animal until two days previous to the appear- 
ance of the first symptoms. ‘The early symptoms, however, are 
often very obscure and so slight that they are not recognized. 
So it is with some difficulty that a decision is reached in advising 
patient bitten slightly on the extremities with a prolonged ex- 
ment. If a dog which is naturally not a vicious kind suddenly 
bites without provocation, it should be tied securely and kept 
under close observation for at least seven days. Should the dog 
develop symptoms of rabies during its confinement the bite 
should be considered dangerous. An investigation of such a case 
will usually reveal the fact that the external cause inciting the 
dog to bite was not sufficient to cause the same act in the dog 
when normal. Occasionally the only recognized symptom in 
the early stages is a tendency to bite, but such cases, if kept under 
observation, develop well defined symptoms within a few days. 

The first symptoms in rabies are those of mild or marked 
excitement, nervousness, irritability and often a tendency to 
stray away from home. This stage of the disease has a duration 
of about two days, seldom more than four days. As the dis- 
ease progresses, the excitement becomes more marked, and un- 
less this is cut short by generalized paralysis, the dog becomes 
furiously rabid. In this condition the dog is uncontrollable, it 
has hallucinations, and may, without provocation, bites its own 
master. 

Partial paralysis marks the onset of the second stage of the 
disease. The paresis may be unilateral, or it may be limited to the 
hind extremities or the lower jaw. If there is paralysis of the 
posterior extremities the dog walks with a humped back and an 
apparent stiffening of those parts. Later they become weak and 
tremulous, and it is with difficulty that the dog walks. The droop- 


a 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 539 


ing of the lower jaw is a diagnostic sign, although it is not pres- 
ent in more than about thirty per cent. of the cases. The unt- 
lateral paralysis is characterized by a turning of the head to one 
side, and a tendency to cross the fore paws. 

As this condition becomes more pronounced the animal is 
inclined to, and may run or walk ina circle. During the second 
stage the voice may change; it is at first low and muffled, finally 
it becomes difficult to evoke and is a succession of low pitched 
howls coming from far back in the throat. As the paralysis of 
the cheeks, mouth and lower jaw becomes more evident the 
power to bark is completely lost. 

Although few rabid dogs eat and drink without discomfort, 
yet we find in the majority of cases repeated attempts will be 
made without success. In some cases, solid substances may be 
swallowed without discrimination, and on post mortem, when 
foreign material is found in the stomach there is sufficient evi- 
dence to arouse suspicion of rabies. Food may be held in the 
mouth for a short time and then dropped, a condition which may 
occur in advanced paralysis of the deglutitory muscles. As was 
stated in the opening paragraph, the rabid dog has no fear of 
water; a dread of water is, however, characteristic of hydro- 
phobia in the human subject. The dog may not be able to 
swallow; despite this fact it will make many attempts, succeed- 
ing only in emptying a dish of water by splashing the water 
over the sides in the eager attempt to lap it up. The owner of 
this dog usually makes the statement that it could not be rabid 
because it drank one or more dishes of water. 

When the paralytic stage appears early in the course of the 
disease the dog is usually morose but not aggressive; under such 
conditions we have the so-called dumb rabies. This type, how- 
ever, is not as common as the maniacal form, in which there is 
a condition of furious rage, in the diagnosis of which there can 


be no mistake. This is the most common diagnostic feature of 


rabies in dogs. In this state of delirium.the animal runs amuck, 
furiously attacking all animals, including man, and even its own 
master. It may travel as far as forty miles, leaving in its path 


540 EF. J. CAMBON. 


numerous bitten animals which in turn may act as spreaders of 
the disease. 

The stage of paralysis lasts from one to four days, after 
which the third stage appears with complete loss of equilibrium. 
This period of paralysis varies from a few hours to two days. 
Finally, from two to seven days after the appearance of the first 
symptoms, death results from complete paralysis of the respira- 
tory center. 

The only method of treatment found so far, to be of any 
value in this disease is prevention. 

The prevention of rabies infection resolves itself into two 
procedures. (1) The destruction of all ownerless and vagrant 
dogs, and the muzzling of all dogs that appear upon the streets 
or in public places; thus preventing the propagation of the virus. 
It is of interest to learn that rabies has been so completely eradi- 
cated from Great Britain by the enforcement of the muzzling 
regulations that the pathologists of that country were obliged 
to send to this country for material from which to make a study 
of the Negri Bodies when the discovery was made that the latter 
bore a most intimate relation to the transmission and develop- 
ment of rabies. 

(2) The preventive inoculation known as the Pasteur Treat- 
ment, by which an immunity is produced by the subcutaneous 
injection of the virus of rabies in an attenuated form, beginning 
with the mildest virus and gradually going to up to one which 
possesses nearly or full virulence. 

In the preparation of material for the preventive treatment, 
rabbits are inoculated with “ fixed virus,” a term given by Pas- 
teur to virus, that is so exalted in virulence by successive in- 
eculations (100 rabbits), that it will produce the death of these 
animals in six or seven days. Beyond this point no increase of 
virulence can be obtained, hence the name, “ fixed virus.” The 
spinal cord is removed aseptically from rabbits killed by the in- 
oculation of fixed virus, cut into three pieces and suspended over 
a solution of caustic potash in a dark chamber. Here the cords 
are kept in the dark at a constant temperature of 23° C. for four- 


a 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). 541 


teen days. Emulsions of the dried cord are prepared in sterile 
salt solution or broth and injected every day, or sometimes 
more frequently during a period of fifteen to twenty-one days. 
As a rule, the most attenuated material (14-day cord) is injected 
first, and this is followed by virus of gradually increasing 
strength. The method is ‘essentially one of active immunization, 
and involves a race between the action of the attenuated virus and 
the virulent virus, introduced by the bite of the rabid animal. It 
follows therefore that the preventive treatment must always be 


‘begun at the earliest possible moment after the bite. 


_ While the anti-rabic vaccine has been extensively used for 
the last twenty-four years for the prevention of rabies in the 
human, it 1s of comparatively recent date that it has been used 
in veterinary medicine. Its use by veterinarians has been made 
possible by its preparation in a form that can be sent to the 
practitioner at a point remote from the laboratory. Such a. 
vaccine is of inestimable value in the control of rabies, and it 
is of considerable economic importance to the live stock in- 
dustry. 

During the month of March, rg1t, Dr. Nisbet, of the Ameri- 


'can Biologic Company, of Kansas City, gave several animals 


bitten by a rabid dog the Pasteur Treatment. (The dog during 
the inoculation was found by miscroscopic and subdural inocu- 


lation to be rabid.) The treated animals did not contract rabies, 


while on the other hand, an untreated cow, bitten the same day 
by the same dog which bit the treated ones, died four weeks 
later of rabies. 

Dr. Nisbet also supplied data on nineteen other cases as fol- 
lows: Nine dogs, eight horses, one mule and one cow which 
were treated with anti-rabic vaccine supplied by H. M. Alex- 
ander & Co. Three of the 19 cases died of rabies; one dog died 
on the thirteenth day; one horse was destroyed after the treat- 


ment was completed because symptoms of rabies became evident, 


and the cow developed rabies one day after the treatment was 
completed. The dosage for the before mentioned ten cases was 
the same as given by Dr. Nisbet, but twenty-four doses were 


542 F. J. CAMBON. 


given instead of twenty-one. Judging from the fact that the 
fatal cases developed rabies after treatment was completed, or 
near the end of the treatment, it seems advisable to use a more 
intensive treatment, that is, the doses given should be of a less 
attenuated cord. 

Record of treatment administered to horse at Kansas City 
College of Comparative Medicine from March 6 to 23, I9gII, 
inclusive. Each dose consisted of one centimeter of cord emul- 
sified in five cubic centimeters of sterile salt solution. 


— Z = = 
Number of 
Dose. Proposed. Age of Cord Number Injections Given 
and Dosage. of Cord. Each Day. 

INCH GieodbospoooooUbe 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 8 days 2233 E 1st day 10 A.M. 
INOW 2 ae iorarine's aisleteyeust 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 7 days 2070 t 1st day 3 P.M. 
INH his anebans OO Con 3- 6-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 6 days 2070 1st day 6 P.M. 
ING FP Mixa cade Done 3- 7-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 5 days 2233 B 2d day 10 A.M. 
ISIN IGS Aw aaeo nomaoed 3- 7-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 4 days 2070 t 2d day 6 P.M. 
ING: @o.dauioo.c0len 03 bao 3- 8-11 A.M. 5 ce. of 3 days 2233 D 3d day 10 A.M. 
INGER  ~“Sfaw ao bdot so doo 3- g-11 A.M. 5 cc. of 2 days 2071 J 4th day 10 A.M. 
ING Mga Sivaierevets ei eeiclorekons 3-10-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2070% 5th day 10 A.M. 
INGH POG cinanitetlertesee 3-10-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2071 G 6th day 10 A.M. 
ING Sip iO ate is ep cos sakesersle ihe 3-12-11 A.M. 4 ce. of 5 days 2072 D 7th day 10 A.M. 
Noe TTesh a chet toeie ee herons 3-13-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 D 8th day 10 A.M. 
INS eRU Zia aioe oe eve eeietorens 3-14711 A.M. 4, cc. of 2 days 2072 D oth day 10 A.M. 
INO aIgelewioas sete miemiars 3-15-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 5 days 2072 D 10th day 10 A.M. 
IGEN LA er acaisiaya claraersithe 3-16-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 4 days 2072 D 1ith day 10 A.M. 
In@\s ASUSR AL ero Otaiiab OO. by 3-17-11 A.M. Ace: of 3 days 2072 D 12th day 10 A.M. 
NIGER, BtSision oly Sinan oc 3-18-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 D 13th day 10 A.M. 
ING eeB RL it sarah level .obal oroterers 3-19-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2072 D 14th day 10 A.M. 
INCOME EL Gittins eines exc tetsvexeirie 3-20-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 4 days 2072 E 15th day 10 A.M. 
ING el Onters ss cueysiersicls cele 3-21-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 E 16th day 10 A.M. 
DINO 22 Otsicleloleverevoreisisveotele 3-22-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 3 days 2072 E 17th day 10 A.M. 
IN OS Me2 Warr clageyareia wueyele rey ave 3-23-11 A.M. 4 cc. of 2 days 2072 E 18th day 10 A.M. 


Laymen will ask, “ Where did the first case come from?” 
It is useless to discuss this question. Science is unable to solve 
the question of the origin or the end of things. 

Rabies is never spontaneous. A dog may be exposed to con- 
ditions that are directly contrary to his habits of life, such as 
cold, heat, abuse, bad food, no food, too much food, yet he 
will never develop rabies unless infected with it. It is always 
the result of a bite or infection from a rabid animal. If we are 
to follow the teaching of scientific investigation, we are led to 
the conclusion that rabies is transmitted to man and to beast 
very largely through the bites of rabid dogs, and that the dog 
carries it from one locality to another. This being the case, the 
question of the control and eventually the eradication of rabies 


HYDROPHOBIA (RABIES). DAS 


resolves itself into the single and not over difficult problem of 
the elimination of the homeless, wandering dogs, and the care- 
ful watching and better care of the others. Whether this will be 
brought about by a general enactment of the chain and muzzle 
ordinance that has been so successfully enforced in other coun- 
tries, or by a special dog tax, or by some other means, | am not 
prepared to say. 

As a member of this association, I do earnestly recommend 
that we, either as a body or as individuals, take a firm stand on 
this question. We owe such action to our fellow men, also to the 
animals we are trying to save, and above all, to the faithful 
friend of man, the dog. 

The period of incubation is quite variable, depending on the 
site of the wound, which is almost always a bite, the amount of 
virus introduced and its virulence. In general it may be said 
for all animals that the period of incubation seldom exceeds 
sixty days, the average period as given by Ravenal is as follows: 

Man, 40 days; dog, 21 to 40 days; horse, 28 to 56 days; 
cats, 14 to 28 days; pigs, 14 to 21 days; goats, 14 to 21-days; 
birds, 14 to 40 days. 

In rabbits inoculated subdurally with the brain from rabid 
animals, I found the period of incubation to vary from twelve 
to sixty-two days, and the duration of the disease to range from 
a few hours to three days. 


AT A CONFERENCE ON GLANDERS, called in the Second As- 
sistant Commissioner’s office, in New York City in January, 
Commissioner Huson stated that 1,631 cases of glanders had been 
destroyed by his department during the fiscal year beginning 
October, 1911, and ending October, 1912; and out of that num- 
ber 1,260 had been in New York City and Brooklyn. The object 
of the conference was to get an expression from the veterinarians 
and horse owners leading to an amendment of the agricultural 
law relative to the control of that disease. Detailed report in 
next issue. 


Dr. F. I. Pocopa, Troop M, Fifth Cavalry, Schofield Bar- 
racks, Honolulu, H. I., has been transferred with his troop to 
Fort Huachuca, Arizona. 


SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING 
OUR FARM ANIMALS.* 


By W., H. DALRympLe, M.R.C.V.S., Louistana State UNIvERSITY. 


(Concluded from January number.) 


The flies, however, seemed to pass from us, in plague-like 
numbers at least, and although present more or less all of the 
time, we do not now hear of any great damage being done 
by them. 

Eggs are said to be laid not only in or on fresh wounds, but 
also in decaying vegetable matter, carcasses, etc., so that it would 
appear this fly is somewhat omnivorous in its taste, and this may 
account, in some measure, for its attacking fresh wounds when 
other classes of its food become scarce or difficult to obtain. 

The usual line of treatment was to apply to or pack the 
wounds with some effective agent to destroy the larve or mag- 
gots, and, if possible, repel attacks of the fly. 

Belonging to the family oestridz are the bot-flies, some of the 
species being extremely destructive in various ways. 

You are all, doubtless, quite familiar with this family of 
dipterous insects, and I will only touch upon some of the more 
important phases of their life history and the damage occasioned 
by them. 

The mouth parts of this group are either rudimentary or 
entirely wanting, so that the flies can neither bite nor pierce the 
animal's skin. 

According to Verrill, the eggs of the gastrophilus equi, the 
horse bot-fly, contain more or less perfectly developed larve 
when laid, and when they are mature, or have been a few days 
attached to the hair, they burst open and allow the young to 
escape almost instantaneously when moistened. Thus, when the 


* Paper presented at the thirtieth anniversary of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical 
Association, Chicago December 6, 1912. 


544 


at 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 545 


horse licks itself or its companions, the warm moist tongue 
hatches the eggs, and the young larve are transferred to the 
stomach, where they fasten themselves to the lining membrane 
by two hooks. 

It has been said that the grub or bot spends about eight 
months in the alimentary tract, six weeks in the pupal stage out- 
side of the body, and after the fly emerges from its pupal case it 
occupies the remaining ten weeks of the twelve months proceed- 
ing with the business of providing for another generation of 
bots. 

But in addition to the gastrophilus equi there are other bot 
flies affecting the horse; viz., the gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis or 
red-tailed bot-fly, and the gastrophilus nasalis or * chin-fly.” 
Their habits are similar to the equi. There are certain distinguish- 
ing characteristics, however, as to color and size and the tendency 
to attack the neighborhood of the lips and nose within easy reach 
of the tongue. 

As a matter of prevention, the indications would necessarily 
point to preventing the fly from laying her eggs by suitable repel- 
lents; the use of a solution, such as carbolic acid, some of the 
coal tar dips, kerosene, etc., to destroy the eggs attached to the 
hair, or shaving the eggs off with a sharp knife or razor. 

In case of stabled animals, ordinary good grooming will 
generally serve to remove any eggs present, but with horses, 
colts, etc., at pasture the case is different, as the animals may, in 
some cases, not be seen for considerable periods. However, it 
may be possible, during the late summer and early fall, to have 
this class of stock examined at short intervals, of a week or two, 
and the eggs removed or destroyed, which may be accomplished 
in the manner and with the materials just suggested. 

It is difficult to recommend any single, definite line of action 
that may be considered par excellence. However, a working 
knowledge of the life history and habits of the insects may often 
suggest methods that will prove more or less effective in many 
cases. . 

- As to remedial measures, well, all sorts have been recom- 


546 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


mended. Those which happen to be administered at or about 
the time the bots are leaving the digestive tract in considerable 
numbers, and of their own accord generally get the credit of 
being “‘specifics.”’ 

So far as my information goes, the bi-sulphide of carbon 
seems to have given the most satisfactory results in the removal 
of the oestrus larve. It was Perroncito, I think, who was the 
first to report on the use of this agent in this connection. It is 
recommended to be given to adult horses in gelatin capsules con- 
taining 10 grams each, and 8 grams for colts. One capsule is 
given an one-hour intervals until three have been administered, 
and the last capsule followed 12 hours later by a purgative. 

Passing to the bot-fly of cattle, sometimes called warble or 
wolf-fly, the interesting announcement was made by Dr. Cooper 
Curtice some years ago, and which seems to have been verified 
since, that the larve reached the backs of the animals through 
the mouth, and by way of the oesophagus, which was quite a 
discovery, and indicated that our common form was not the 
oestrus bovis of Europe, but oestrus lineata, or heel-fly, likewise, 
however, European in distribution. The larva is said to occupy 
several months in getting to the skin, while the development after 
reaching this location is more rapid. 

The losses from warble-flies may be considered from three 
points : 

1. Loss on hides perforated by the grubs, subjecting 
them to discount or rejection in the markets. 

2. Loss in milk and beef supply, caused by fretting 
and stampeding, due to the presence of the flies when 
depositing their eggs. 

3. Loss of vitality and weakened condition, and con- 
sequent loss in milk or beef, due to the presence of the 
warbles in the back, and possibly the sores occasioned by 
them. 


It is difficult to obtain an accurate estimate of the sum total 
of these losses, but as the result of many inquiries and testimony 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. DAT 


from numerous sources, the late Miss Eleanor Ormerod, the 
British entomologist, estimated the loss in England at $5 per 
head for cattle. What the aggregate amount in this country 
would be, it is hard to say, but it would certainly run away up 
into the millions of dollars. Prof. Herbert Osborn states that 
omitting the creature’s comfort as a matter of mere sentiment, 
and considering the question from the practical standpoint of 
money returned, it requires only the very modest estimate of the 
loss of $1 per head to the cattle of the United States to show a 
loss of about $36,000,000 sustained by the country on the basis 
of the census of 1880. But in 1910 there were something over 
69,000,000 milk cows and other cattle in the United States which, 
at $1 per head, would make the loss from the ravages of the 
warble-fly total up the enormous sum of, approximately, $69,- 
000,000. 

The remedial measures recommended are several; viz., those 
to present the deposition of eggs, those to destroy the eggs and 
young grubs, and those to kill the larve after passing under the 
hide. I am firmly of the opinion, however, that if the standard 
arsenical solution was systematically used all over the country as 
it is with us in the South for the destruction of cattle ticks it need 
not be many years before the country was practically free of 
these expensive parasites. It is our experience that in sections 
where dipping in this solution has been practiced regularly and 
systematically for a season or two, cattle are practically free of 
these grubs, wolves, or warbles, in their backs. 

The last of this group which I[ will mention, briefly, is the 
sheep bot-fly—oestrus ovis. 

The older authorities claimed that this fly laid its eggs in the 
nostrils of sheep. Later observers state, however, that the living 
larve, or maggots, are deposited, and that this point may now be 
considered as well established, except, perhaps, when the flies are 
fortunate in finding their victim without delay, eggs may be 
deposited, but in such cases they doubtless hatch immediately 
after deposition. 

The larva at once begins to work its way up the nostrils and 


548 W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


nasal passages, and frequently reaches the sinuses. It attaches 
to the membrane by two small hooks and feeds upon the mucus. 
When ready to assume the pupa form, those grubs that are able 
to do so pass down to the ground where they quickly bury them- 
selves. They remain in this dormant stage for about 40 or 50 
days, or more, according to weather conditions, when each fly 
pushes open a little round cap-piece at the head-end, and thus 
arrives at maturity. 

The grubs found in the head may range from two or three 
to quite a considerable number. I have, myself, taken forty-two 
of these larvee from the head of a sheep that had died from 
parasitism of a different nature, however. 

The prevention of the deposition of the young larve is gen- 
erally the point aimed at, and various means are resorted to to 
accomplish this end. One that is quite common is to bere two- 
inch auger holes in a log, fill the holes with salt, and smear tar 
around the upper edge so that the sheep, in obtaining the salt, tar 
their own noses, which acts as a repellent to the flies. 

Valuable animals may be trephined to remove the grubs from 
the sinuses. 

I am rather inclined to the opinion that the country butcher- 
‘pen 1s a great harborer and breeder of these flies, and that if 
sheep's heads, which are often thrown away as offal in such 
places, were carefully destroyed, to destroy the larve that may 
pass from them to the ground to pupate, it might materially re- 
duce the number of these flies in each locality. 

Another source of great annoyance to certain classes of live 
stock, and which it is believed is also responsible for the trans- 
mission of some of the important infections, is the family taban- 
idze, to which the horse-flies belong. 

The members of this family are large, some of them being 
among the largest of the order diptera, and the females are pro- 
vided with powerful mouth-parts, by means of which they inflict 
painful bites upon horses, cattle and other animals. Their flight 
is very strong and rapid, and is attended with a buzzing, tor- 
menting noise. 


a 


air eke. 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR*FARM ANIMALS. 549 


Such of the larve as are known are either aquatic or live in 
moist earth, and are carnivorous. ‘But notwithstanding the 
abundance of the insects, comparatively little has been done to- 
ward determining the early stages of the species. 


Being carnivorous, and predatory upon snails, injurious in- 
sects, etc., the larve of the tabanids have sometimes been classed 
as beneficial, which may compensate, in some degree, for the 
bloodthirsty habits of the adult females. They are, unfortun- 
ately, so far as the animal is concerned, not open to successful 
attack in the larval stage. 


Tabanids are widely distributed—species occurring in all 
parts of the world. Up to about 1896 it was said that 1,300 or 
more species were known, of which 150 were credited to North 
America. Since that time, however, the number has been con- 
siderably added to, cver 300 having been catalogued so far. 


The circumstantial evidence with us in the South is strong 
enough to force the conviction that these flies are wide distribu- 
tors of anthrax infection, as it seems to be in seasons of their 
greater prevalence that this disease is most abundant. 


Powerful repellents are recommended, or nets, in the case of 
animals that are being used. A thin film of kerosene over pools 
of stagnant water, frequented by the flies, will destroy large num- 
bers of them, which was recommended some years ago by Porch- 
inski, a Russian entomologist. But the greatest relief will come 
through clearing, draining, and the cultivation of the land areas 
which at present form the breeding places of these animal pests. 


Just a word about buffalo gnats, family simultide. 


There are several species of buffalo gnats, and the injuries 
caused by them are among the most serious resulting from insect 
attack on domestic animals. They are small black flies, with a 
humped thorax and the head bent under, somewhat resembling 
the buffalo, and from which, I presume, they received their name. 
The early stages are aquatic, and the larve of the southern 
buffalo gnat (simulium pecuarum) is carnivorous, and probably 
others have a similar habit. 


550 “W. H. DALRYMPLE. 


These gnats evidently emit a poison when biting, and a num- 
ber of remedies have been tried to counteract it, but without any 
uniformity of effect. Aqua ammonia externally, and, internally, 
ammonium carbonate and whisky, have been used with fair re- 
sults, at the same time keeping the animal in a cool, darkened 
stable, and also immersion in the cold water of running streams. 
Burning smudges attached to the hames is a method frequently 
adopted when the work stock are in the field. 

While it has not been absolutely shown that these gnats are 
responsible for the transmission of disease—except their pre- 
sumed connection with the transmission of pellagra—their habits 
of feeding upon so many different varieties of animals, as well 
as man, make it possible for them to act as carriers of infec- 
tion. 

Being aquatic, or semi-aquatic, in the early stages of their 
development, it would seem that attention should be given to 
their breeding places, and the attack directed toward their de- 
struction in the immature forms. 

My paper is already considerably longer than I had hoped to 
make it, but I think it would ill-become me—from the tick-in- 
fected section of the country—to close without making brief 
allusion to the “ margaropus annulatus,”’ the common cattie tick, 
or fever tick, which has been and is costing the country so much. 

The cattle tick is not a dipterous insect; in fact, is not a true 
insect, like those we have just been discussing. That is, it does 
not have any wings, “but it gets there just the same.” It be- 
longs to the order acarina, and the family ixodide, and is the 
most important tick attacking cattle in North America. 

As there is a large amount of available literature concerning 
this pest, it seems unnecessary to go into detail regarding it. 
Suffice it to say that the eradication of this tick from the south- 
ern states is, perhaps, the greatest agricultural and industrial 
problem before the people of that section of the country to-day. 
That is can be accomplished is evidenced by the large amount of 
territory already cleared of ticks and in the free area through 
the co-operative effort of federal and state authorities, aided 


IMPORTANT INSECTS AFFECTING OUR FARM ANIMALS. 551 


by the dipping vat and the standard arsenical solution. Or, as 
some of our poetic veterinary inspectors have rhymed it: 


“The dipping vat’s the famous trick 
To eradicate the cattle tick.” 


It is a practical proposition and only needs money to make it 
an absolute success. And the more money appropriated by Con- 
gress and the different states affected for this work the sooner 
will we have a tick-free country, with the most profitable markets 
free and open to the product of every section of it, without let 
or hindrance. 

This will not only benefit the southern section in having an 
open market, but it will open up a vast rich cattle-raising 
country which will have to depend, for some time to come, upon 
the northern breeder of pure-bred animals to supply the demand 
for improved breeding stock, and it will also open up a rich field 
for a largely increased number of members of the veterinary 
profession. 

The last Congress appropriated $250,000 to cover the federal 
government’s assistance in this work, and it is the desire of those 
interested in this great uplift for the South to make an appeal, 
through every available and appropriate channel, to the present 
Congress to increase the amount to $400,000 for the coming 
season. 

I do not know of any investment that Congress could make 
that would give to the country such valuable returns, and if not 
out of place here, I would like to suggest that the Illinois State 
Veterinary Medical Association pass a resolution recommending 
that Congress appropriate at the present session $400,000 
to further facilitate the work of tick eradication in the infected 
area of the country. 


KENTUCKY VETERINARIANS Hotp SuccessFUL MEETING 
AT LEx1ncton—Too late for publication in this number, we re- 
ceived from Secretary Robinson, of the Kentucky Veterinary 
Medical Association, a report of a very successful meeting at the 
State University, which we will publish in our next issue. 


MATERIA MEDICA— PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS.* 


By Gerorce JupiscH, Proressor oF PHARMACY, Iowa STATE COLLEGE, 
Ames, IA. 


The days of faith and mystery are, very happily, passing into 
medical history. Competent and careful practitioners no longer 
accept authority without the facts. Chemical analysis and phar- 
macologic investigation have confirmed or condemned the reputa- 
tion of many an agent employed in the healing art. 

The therapeutic nihilist is rapidly passing away because in- 
vestigation and experimentation, laboratory and clinical, have 
proven the potency and value of many drugs. 

Some years ago the medical profession insisted that prescrip- 
tions or proprietary compounds should be pleasing to eye and 
palate. This desire for pharmaceutical elegance, associated with 
“mixture’’ exercised some subtle aia 


the ancient idea that a 
fluence, caused the market to become flooded with many more 
or less useless products. That influence has left its mark on our 
present pharmacopoeia. Practitioners employing their highly 
exploited and wonderfully compounded products were disap- 
pointed with results and “ therapeutic nihilism ’’ was the natural 
outcome. 

Pharmacology is lighting the way to rational medicine. It 
enables us to separate the grain from the chaff. Being able to 
select the useful and reject the less useful or useless it seems high 
time that the veterinary profession adopt the system proposed by 
a committee of the American Medical Association. This com- 
mittee suggests, and the suggestion will doubtless be adopted, 
that only the most useful drugs be included in the materia medica 
or pharmaco-dynamics course. In this way the student would 
acquire a thorough knowledge of his remedial agents, whilst at 


* Presented to the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at 
Ames, November 12, 1912. 


552 


MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. yay] 


“present, being obliged to give consideration to a large number in 


order that he may pass state and other examinations, he has 


little more than a conversational knowledge of them. We all 


know that the average doctor limits himself to 20 or 25 drugs, in 


fact, very few employ that number. Why befog the student’s 
mind with a long list of diuretics, diaphoretics, etc., when two or 
three will meet all indications? Why teach slightly efficient when 


we have highly efficient products? Whilst thinking of effi- 
ciency and potentiality let us devote a few moments’ considera- 
tion to “ new products,” “less toxic,” “ more efficient ’’ products 
than the old standards. A bee without a stinger is a drone. A 


toxic drug, or one producing unpleasant symptoms, when pre- 


sented in a new form that will not produce those symptoms has 


_been partially or completely robbed of its efficiency. 


Iodides are iodides, salicylates are salicylates and if admin- 


istered in an assimilable form will produce their characteristic 


effects. If they do not produce these symptoms they are lacking 
in iodine or salicylic acid contents. 

Ethpharmacal products having value and lauded by enter- 
prising manufacturers will, upon close investigation, prove to owe 


their virtue to an old and time tried drug. You will observe that 


the formula, if printed on the package, mentions drugs with 


which you are unfamiliar. In order to add to the mystery and 
the more thoroughly befog the doctor, the full botanical names 
are usually expressed. If the product, by way of illustration, 
happens to be a blister you will, upon strict search, find that the 
really active and valuable ingredient is your old friend red mer- 


-curic iodide. 


Why pay an extravagant price for a product that you can 
prescribe or dispense at a nominal figure? It is the doctor’s duty 


_to restore his patient to health as quickly, as safely and as cheaply 


7 


as the nature of the case will admit. 

The following is a partial quotation from a letter published in 
the last number of The Journal of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. “It seems as if there were a large percentage of the pro- 
fession waiting for some salesman to come along and hand him 


554 GEORGE JUDISCH. 


green or pink pills, telling him that they are good for almost — 
everything, from nephritis to the vomiting of pregnancy, and — 
explaining how much more cheaply than the other fellow he can 
sell to you—————_._ It seems as if the average physician could 
not say ‘no’ to these semi-patent medicine agents, and this ac- — 
counts for the number of thrifty proprietary houses which are ~ 
supported by the ‘ gullible doctor.’ If the average man will — 
just ‘mix a few brains’ with his prescription work and not — 
depend on the inert proprietary drug, but insist on his prescrip- — 
tion being filled with drugs from a reputable house, 1 feel sure 
that more of us would have much faith and better results in our 
drug therapy.” 

No new drug has, within the last year, illuminated the medi- 
cal sky with its achievements, yet there is progress to report. © 
There is as much advancement in ascertaining that a drug is inert — 
as there is in adding a new one to our already long list of 
remedies. Within the last year Dr. Hatcher, if my memory 
serves me rightly, an eminent pharmacologist, reported his phar- 
macologic investigations of cactus grandiflorus. In order that 
his research might be as free as possible from errors, he re- 
quested a botanist of high standing to collect a quantity of the 
plant. It was carefully preserved, extracted by competent men _ 
and the alcoholic extract administered, hypodermically, to cats, — 
dogs and guinea-pigs. He also, at the same time, injected into 
a control animal a hydroalcoholic liquid containing the same ~ 
percentage of alcohol as the extract of cactus grandiflorus. The © 
kymographic readings were identical. He then prepared an ex- 
tract, in vacuo, so as to eliminate the alcoholic influence. If my © 
memory serves me rightly the quantity of solid extract injected 
into a cat was 6 drams. Proportionate quantities were used in 
the same way on other animals with uniform results; absolutely 
no influence on the heart. This product was introduced into 
medicine about thirty years ago and it was claimed by some 
that it possessed all the heart tonic properties of digitalis without 
any of its disadvantages. Dr. Hatcher’s careful and thorough 
pharmacologic investigation has proven it worthless and, as Dr. 


MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. 5590 


Hatcher in his article stated, is interesting only in the fact that it 
is absolutely worthless. 
A product quite generally employed in human medicine with 
favorable results that might prove of value in veterinary medi- 
_ cine is hexamethylenamine, also known as hexamethyltetramine, 
urotropin, formin, aminoform, cystogen. This product is found 
on the market as a white crystalline powder and is obtained by 
the action of formaldehyde upon ammonia .6CH2 Nq4. It is 
freely soluble in water and the slightly bitterish sweet taste is im- 
perceptible if properly administered, dissolved in 8 to 16 ounces 
of water. Prof. A. Nicolaier, of Berlin, introduced this product 
into therapeutics and recommended it as a urinary antiseptic, 
and it heads the list in that class of remedies. Formin, at body 
temperature, is gradually decomposed in the stagnant fluids of 
the body, formaldehyde being liberated. The decomposition is 
more rapid if the fluid, as urine, is acid in reaction, but it exer- 
cises a decided bactericidal influence if decomposition does not 
occur. It is alkaline in reaction, but in some way, not as yet - 
‘understood, causes an alkaline urine to become acid. Cases have 
been reported of its administration before operation on the brain 
with decided benefit due to its antiseptic influence on the cerebro- 
spinal fluids. 
Dr. Zak was impressed with the scanty bacteriologic findings 
in the rusty sputum of a pneumonic patient who had been given 
hexamethylenamine in the treatment for another affection. The 
same writer found that the drug is eliminated in the saliva and 
bronchial secretions. 
Dr. Crowe states that the following conditions may be favor- 
ably influenced by the administration of formin. Infections of 
the genito-urinary tract and typhoid bacilluria. Infections of 
the bile ducts and gall bladder. Infections of the cerebrospinal 
system as epidemic meningitis, meningeal infections following 
injuries or infectious processes elsewhere in the body. Infec- 
tions of the respiratory tract, including infections of the parana- 
sal sinuses and ears, acute rhinitis and some forms of bronchitis. 

Casper injected formin under the skin of a rabbit and found 


556 GEORGE JUDISCH. 


formaldehyde in the blood. This is the only experiment on ani- 


mals that I have been able to find, but the drug certainly is 


worthy of a thorough trial by veterinarians. 
Sulphocarbolates——At the last meeting of the society the 
sulphocarbolates were highly recommended as intestinal anti- 
septics by several members. At the time of the discussion it 
seemed to me that these products were credited with a value 
they do not possess and I decided to inquire into the subject. 
The three sulphocarbolates usually employed are those of potas- 
sium, sodium and zinc, the latter two being official in the U. S. 
P. They were, at one time, employed in a limited way as in- 
testinal antiseptics in human medicine, but were soon abandoned 
as ineffective. I quote the following from Dr. Torald Sollman, 
Professor of Pharmacology and Materia Medica in the Medical 
Department of Western Reserve University: “ The great toxicity 
of phenol, its very pronounced local irritant action, and its rapid 
absorption, all lessen very greatly its therapeutic value, and active 
search has been made for compounds devoid of these undesired 
properties. The following methods have been tried. By substitut- 
ing an acid radicle for an H in the CH’ of the phenol relatively 
non-toxic compounds are produced. Such are the phenolsul- 


phonates. This combination is, however, useless, since it de-— 


troys the antiseptic power as well.’”’ Dr. Arthur R. Cushny, Pro- 
fessor of Pharmacology in the University of London, has the 
following to say regarding sulphocarbolates: ‘The sulphon 
group lessens the toxicity in the same way as carboxyl and the 
sulphocarbolates or para phenol sulphonates are therefore less 
poisonous than carbolic acid. The sulphocarbolates of sodium 
and zinc have been used as external antiseptics, and the sulpho- 
carbolate of sodium has been administered to arrest fermentation 
in the stomach. The zinc salt possesses some astringent action 


and has been used with good results as an injection in gonor- — 


thea. The sodium salt is probably excreted in the urine un- 
changed.” Dr. H. C. Wood, Jr., Associate Professor of Phar- 
macology, University of Pennsylvania, in Wood’s Therapeutics : 
‘Both the sodium and zinc salts sulphocarbolates are official in 


r MATERIA MEDICA—PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS. 557 


the U. S. P. The sulphocarbolates were introduced some years 
ago as intestinal antiseptics, for which purpose it was evidently 
expected they would possess the antiseptic virtues of carbolic acid 
and the innocuousness of the sulphocarbolates. It has been 
shown, however, by Withers that they are not possessed of any 
direct antiseptic power. More recently it has been claimed for 
them that they are decomposed in the intestinal tract with the 
liberation of carbolic acid, but we know of no experimental or 
scientific evidence tending to show the truth of this belief, and 
their value is extremely doubtful.” You will observe that au- 
thorities are agreed that the sulphocarbolates are not decom- 
posed in the intestinal tract, the chemical bond between the sul- 
' phonic acid and base being a strong one. It is my understand- 
ing that the usual dose for a hog is 30 grains or % dram. For 
_ purpose of argument we will say that the product is decomposed 
and grant for the time that absorption does not take place. The 
_ decomposition would result in soda sulphate and phenol. Thirty 
_ grains composed of equal parts of the sulphocarbolates of potas- 
sium, sodium zinc would, upon decomposition, liberate 11 52/100 
grains of phenol. According to Fred Smith’s Veterinary Phy- 
' siology the average bowel capacity of the pig is 5 9/10 gallons. 
This would if absorption did not occur and the phenol were uni- 
formly distributed throughout the intestinal tract result in .o15 
of a grain to each fluid ounce. 
Bacteriologists tell us that a solution of 1/400 of phenol 
- exercises some influence on bacteria, but weaker solutions do not. 
_A solution of .o15 of a grain of phenol to one fluid ounce will 
result in a solution of approximately I in 30333. 
Sulphocarbolates were highly recommended for hog cholera 
at last year’s meeting. You will observe from the foregoing that 
if decomposition did occur the resulting antiseptic action would 
be a negligible quantity. We must remember, however, that hog 
cholera virus is unusually resistant to antiseptics. Uhlenhutt 
reports the following results from numerous experiments with 
‘hog cholera virus: 5/10 per cent. solution of phenol did not 
mdestroy the virulence of the virus after twelve days. A I per 


pean PO 


5S GEORGE JUDISCH. 


cent. solution did not affect the virulence in four days and a 
25/10 solution did not affect the virus in three days. In an- 
other experiment it did not affect it in thirteen days. He then 
employed a 3.3 per cent. solution with negative results. In view 
of these facts the original conclusion that sulphocarbolates are 
worthless as intestinal antiseptics must stand. 


EARNESTNESS OF PURPOSE AND PROFESSIONAL EFFICIENCY 
RECOGNIZED BY GOVERNOR OF MatNne.—Dr. Achilles Joly, of 
Waterville, Maine, has recently been appointed Live Stock Sani- 
tary Commissioner of that Commonwealth by Governor Wil- 
liam T. Haines, and it is needless to add 
that the appointment meets with the 
hearty approval of the Maine veterin- 
arians, as Dr. Joly is highly esteemed 
by his colleagues, who on three different 
occasions have elected him president of 
their state organization, of which he was 
one of the founders in 1893, and has 
held about all the offices in it at one time 


member of the A. V. M. A., and repre- 
sents his state in that organization as 
resident state secretary. He has always 
been an active worker along the lines of 
sanitary medicine, is a member of the 
Pe | Central Maine Anti-Tuberculosis So- 

Live Stock Sanitary Commis- ciety, of Sidney Grange, and Patrons 
sioner. Augusta, Me. of Husbandry. His ambition for the 
uplift of his profession in his state found vent in the active part 
taken by him with his fellows in organizing the State Board of 
Veterinary Examiners, and in his services as secretary of that 
board during the past eight years since its organization. The 
ReEvIEw congratulates Dr. Joly on the recognition of his worth 
shown him by his state after twenty-three years as a veterinary 
practitioner there, and congratulates still more the veterinary 


profession and live stock owners of the state of Maine in having ~ 


Dr. Joly to direct so important a branch of agriculture. 


Dr. Joun McCartney, for some years assistant to Dr. E. B. 
Ackerman, Brooklyn, has located in Middletown, N. Y. 


or another. The doctor is also an old — 


FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS.* + 


By JoHN REICHEL, GLENOLDEN, PA. 


Hog cholera is at present correctly classed as one of the in- 
visible-virus diseases. Little has been added to the work of 
Dorset, Bolton and McByrde (1) in which they proved the speci- 
ficity of the virus. Aside from knowing that it is invisible, filter- 
able, demonstrable only by injecting suspected material into sus- 
pectible hogs, easily destroyed by heat and unusually resistant to 
some of the well-known disinfectants we have no clue to its real 
nature. The work of Dinwiddie (2) presented at the forty-ninth 
annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association 
encourages the hope that the tissue-element, the red blood cor- 
puscles, of the hog may perhaps be demonstrated as the host of 
the specific cause. 


Judging from the natural outbreaks of the disease the varia- 
tion in the virulence of virus is a very important characteristic, 
upon which preventive measures including the success in the 
immunizing and curative treatment with hog cholera serum 
largely depends. In preparing virus or virulent blood for 1,181 
hyperimmune hogs, 1,964 supposedly susceptible hogs were in- 
jected subcutaneously with from 2 to 5 c.c. doses of virus, and 
only 144 or 7.3 per cent. resisted infection. The 1,720 or 93.7 
per cent. all developed the disease in less than 40 days. 

The virus hogs were kept in regulation virus pens, 8 by 10 
feet, elevated 18 inches from the ground on four legs, waterproof 


* Read at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, December 
4o 1912. 

7 Published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, January, 1913. 

(1) Dorset, Bolten and McByrde, B. A. I. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bulletin No. 72. 

(2) Dinwiddie, Report of the 49th Annual, Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical 
Association. 


559 


560 JOHN REICHEL. 


metal lined floor, slant roof, 
both sides solid, small nar- 
row drop door for ventila- 
in back, with door and two 
window in front. Each 
pen is equipped with a 
wooden feeding trough and 
card holder to accommodate 
a card for each hog, )) Tie 
pens are placed in two rows 
of five each, from 4 to 5 feet 
apart. The two rows are 
separated by a fenced alley 
approximately 10 feet wide. 
The group of pens in turn is — 
surrounded by a fence which 
prevents all communication 
from pen to pen except by 
Ouriine or Vrrus- Pen Enctosure. the doorway of each pen. 


Although 19 strains are listed in Table No. 1 not all of the 
strains were continually passed through susceptible hogs. No 
more than six were passed through hogs in the virus pens at any | 
one time. The table records 13 separate, but not consecutive 
months. In fact a number of the strains listed were acquired 
several years ago, and when not passed through hogs during any 
one month the “ seed” of the strain was kept in sealed bulbs at 
a low temperature, the month was not counted in the tabulation. — 
A strain passed through hogs during a number of separate but not 
consecutive months was injected into not less than one lot of hogs | 
each month and during that month the strain may have been 
passed through two or more hogs. Although the hogs were 
injected for the chief object of producing virus or virulent blood 
for the injection of hyperimmune hogs every effort was made to - 
increase the virulence of the strains and to keep them pure, so — 
that the stronger would not supplant the weaker. All the hogs : 
for the production of virus were purchased by one who was thor- 


‘ 


| FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS. 561 


ee Ee 


‘Taser Novas 


Passage of Hog Cholera Virus Through Susceptible Hogs. 


Pears ah ans bee Se i ha ees 
g Source. 42 52 PE Be sa G2 52 BE GE Ze Se ee ES 
i. SitsO (OD) Va On oo so Eee Rot a ES GS. eee. aS 
> es SS oS oS ge we ne 8S ZA fe Ba ae be 
ee ee 
FAG) 200 «5A GAD 937) tT eee po Us 
Vi. North Dakota.. {9.5 10-9 7-7 7-5 11-5 17-8 7-6 9-7 11.3 
of 21 5 49 36 30 12 10 17 16 
Vz. Minnesota .... 7.2 8.8 9-3 5-4 7-I 7-7 7-1 TO.6) 6.7 
: 43 (yagi 76°), 261 ", Z0 4 8 3 
V3. Pennsylvania .. 19.4 Asse Fels On 50-4 7-219 <9 1063 
: 6 6 7 9 8 8 5 3 6 
V4. Pennsylvania .. 14.4 8.6 6.4 5-9 5-5 9-2 8 6.6 5.6 
8 83 6 I 12 6 
Vs. North Dakota.. 12.1 12.2 19-5 15 9-9 G2.600re2? 17.5 
; 6 2 De cee 2 
RE RIO: “aie Geiss TreG SS 922) 10-2 (6256-6 5.2 
. 4 
V7. Pennsylvania .. 7-7 
I 9 
V8. Minnesota .... Si 738 
‘ Bre <5 
Vo. Minnesota .... SP 623 
. 7. 
Vio. Minnesota... 6.8 
29.~—=s 28 18 31 16 
Vir. Delaware ... 40.1 27.1 10.3 11.2 9-4 
E 5 4 : 
Wie! 10) 0 Seer Tac2= Ss 
25 G4 s moe 16 25 4 59 Tr S— 179° (121) 120) 37 
Ree atin ea's.2 «=r a0cTo2i62 2025 30 36.2 Lee ey A 5 19-2 11.4 20.4 14.1 21-3 
& 3 ° 
Vi14 Pennsylvania . 22.3 
El. Sou jet 
ice  ISagiGdS 2.5. Sos) 9.2) Feo 
15 5 : 
W16. New Jersey .. 14.2 
20 oi 
V17. New Jersey .. 10.2 
Vi8. Missouri .... 6.5 se in ahs =x ss ad om ea 4 ar ar 25 
Vig. Missouri .... 9.6 He he ce Ag Se Le hd ae ee axe Sve se 


eS eal 


* Number of susceptible hogs injected. : é 
+ Average number of days in which hog cholera was developed before killed for virus 
or died. 


562 JOHN REICHEL. 


oughly familiar with our needs. That they should be corn-fed 
and from hog-cholera-free sections of the country where chief 
requisites, that susceptible hogs were supplied is known by the 
fact 93.7 per cent. succumb. If, as happened several times, there 
was reason to believe that the hogs were infected upon arrival, 
no ‘* seed’ was saved to carry the strain from the suspected lot. 

Upon the arrival of a lot of hogs for the virus-pens, each hog 
was injected with from 2 to 5 c.c. of the seed-virus, and placed 
in the virus-pen assigned to the strain. The pens were not cleaned 
during the time each lot of hogs were kept in them. Grain was 
fed twice daily and water placed in the feed troughs without 
entering the pens. Temperatures, however, were taken daily and 
recorded. This was usually entrusted to one man who went from 
one pen to the next. Therein lies the possibility that infection was 
carried from one pen to the other, but a careful study o: the tables 
show that any increase in virulence was gradual. Moreover the 
care exercised in selecting the strain for “seed” reduced to a 
minimum the possibility that a weak strain was supplanted by a 
stronger. 

According to this the 19 strains had their origin in natural 
outbreaks in 8 States. The top figure in each square opposite 
the number of each strain includes the number of hogs injected 
during each month; the lower figure gives the average number 
of days from the time the hog was injected until the disease 
had sufficiently developed for us to kill the hog for virus or viru- 
lent blood. Sudden deaths, before the hog was bled, are in- 
cluded as hogs killed. 

With the exception of virus No. 1, the strains show a gradual 
increase in virulence, and we believe that we have had some of 
the strains under observation sufficiently long for us to regard 
them as having attained the maximum virulence possible—in 
other words, that these strains have or are rapidly approaching 
what Pasteur, working with rabies virus, called a “ fixed virus.” 
These strains are capable of producing the first symptoms, loss 
of appetite, occasionally reddening of the skin, and temperature- 
rise on the fifth or sixth day, with death on the seventh or eighth 


FIXED HOG CHOLERA VIRUS. 563 


day as a direct result of the injection subcutaneously in 2 to 5 
c.c. doses. The hogs killed in less than 5 days, included in the 
table, were probably of the small class infected before arrival. 


It is interesting to note at this time that fixed rabies virus 
will bring about symptoms of the disease in rabbits following 
subdural injection on the sixth or seventh day, and death on 
the eighth or ninth day. The period of incubation of fixed 
strains of the so-called invisible viruses may be quite similar in 
length. 


The virus or virulent blood collected from 1,720 hogs was 
entirely used up in hyperimmunizing 1,181 hogs, of which only 
6.7 per cent. received one or more intraperitoneal injections, 
and 2.7 per cent. one or more subcutaneous. All the injections 
were made intravenously except in the percentage referred to, 


when intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections were alone pos- 
sible. 


Virus propagated in the manner outlined above and injected 
intravenously will yield a uniformly potent serum, as has been 
proved by the accepted standard test of injecting 6 susceptible 
pigs each weighing not less than 50 pounds with 2 c.c. doses of 
virus, fixed virus being invariably used; 2 are then injected with 

15 c.c. and 2 with 20 c.c. doses of the serum under test, and 2 
are left untreated with serum, to serve as controls or checks on 
the virulence of the virus used and the susceptibility of the pigs. 
The virus used should kill the controls in at least 21 days, while 
the serum should save pigs treated. 


Dr. RUTHERFORD ON THE JUDGES’ STAND.—In scanning the 
pages of the January number of Bit and Spur, we were 
pleased to observe a striking likeness of our good friend Dr. 
John G. Rutherford, standing in an easy, happy attitude upon 
the judges’ stand at the Ottawa Hunt Club race meet. The 
doctor was the center figure of a little group, with His Royal 
Highness the Duke of Connaught on his right; Mr. T. C. Bate, 
on his left, and Dr. R. E. Webster, M.F.H., to the right of the 
Duke. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


POLIOMYELITIS “IN THE HORS He 
By JoHN F. WINCHESTER, Lawrence, Mass. 


On the 13th of October, 1912, a dog owned by Mr. E. A. 
K. made the acquaintance of a skunk. For a few days before 
this he did not act natural. He was about five years old, very 
fat, had been in the family since a pup. 

The dog officer was called on the 14th and found him weak 
in the hind legs, but would stand and walk, although he did 
not have full control of the legs. Would respond to the call of 
the owner. No salivation, no snapping, not vicious, swallowed 
normal. When placed in the wood-shed, he did bite the door 
jamb and barked. When urinating he squatted like a pup. Did 
not in any way act excited, and did not rest when lying down; 
was uneasy. 

The officer informs me that there were no symptoms to cause 
him to suspect rabies. When the officer gave him cyanide, he 
held the dog’s mouth open with his bare hand. The officer was 
sent for, as the owner thought the dog had been poisoned, and 
the odor of the skunk was very marked. 

After disposing of the dog, the owner was anxious to know 
if a disease in a dog could be transmitted to the horse. The 
officer said such could occur if the horse was bitten, especially 
if the dog had rabies. This opinion led to an examination of 
the horse, which was frequently loose in the yard, and barb 
wire was on the fence, and they found a scratch about the center 
of the upper lip, and superficial. The scar was about one inch 
long, and the owner considered this due to the barb wire. 

The horse in question began to manifest symptoms that were 
first noticed soon after the dog was killed. 

Mr. and Mrs. K. told me they were not sure that the dog bit 
the horse, which confirmed what the officer had told me. 


This interesting case forms part of a report to the Director of the Department of 
Public Health and Charities of Lawrence, Mass., by Dr. John F. Winchester, in the 
capacity of Inspector of Animals of that city; and seems to point to the importance of 
microscopical examinations of the central nervous system, where clinical symptoms 
seem to indicate derangement of the nervous system.—T[Ep.] 


564 


REPORTS OF CASES. 565 


As described by the owner to me, the horse would drive side- 
ways, stagger, was languid and at times excited. These symp- 
toms continued up to and including the week of November 3, 
1912, when, in addition to the above, he would snap his teeth, 
salivate and drag both hind feet. About one week before the 
horse was shot he was newly shod, and then the toes of both 
hind-feet were worn so much as to attract attention. 

The last week of his life the symptoms remained the same, 
although more marked, especially as regards the wearing of the 
toes of both hind hoofs and shoes. The owner informs me 
that he would carry his head high and, when left near a post, 
would rub his face. He drove him for the last time on the 
15th of November, and then took the precaution to tie him, the 
first time in three years. This day he rubbed the side of his 
head severely and bit the rope in two. 

The following day he became very excitable, hitting his head 
against the side of the stall, and was unsafe to approach or 
care for. 


REPORT FROM THE PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MASSACHU- 
SETTS GENERAL HospITAt. 


Report of Microscopical Examination of Paraffin Sections 
from the Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, Medulla and Cervical 
Cord of a Horse for Dr. J. F. Winchester.—Sections from the 
medulla show much cellular infiltration of the adventitial lymph 
spaces of many of the blood vessels, and also aggregations of 
cells about some of the large nerve cells. Degenerative appear- 
ances in the nerve cells are not well marked. 

Sections from the cervical cord also show cellular infiltration 
of the adventitial lymph spaces of the blood vessels, both in the 
gray and white matter, and also striking lesions in the gray mat- 
ter, especially in the anterior horns. These lesions are in the 
form of foci of cellular infiltration, occupying areas several times 
the diameter of a large nerve cell. In the midst of these foci, 
nerve cells may be seen. In one of them a large nerve cell is 
present, showing hyaline changes, an irregular outline, and in- 
dentations produced by the cells which surround it. 

The cells infiltrating the adventitial lymph spaces and agere- 
gating about the nerve cells and in the foci in the cervical cord 
are of several kinds. Most of them cannot be distinguished from 
small lymphocytes ; some have resemblances to plasma cells; some 
are larger and apparently represent the polyblasts of Maximow. 


566 REPORTS OF CASES. 


Their nuclei are often fragmented. No polymorpho nuclear 
leucocytes can be positively recognized. 

Sections from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum show no 
definite lesions. 

No signs of meningeal inflammation observed in any of the 
sections. 

Negri bodies so characteristic of rabies are not to be found 
in any of the nerve cells. 

It is impossible to make a definite diagnosis from these find- 
ings. While lesions similar to these have been described in 
rabies, they have been shown not to be diagnostic of that dis- 
ease, but to occur in other diseases as well, especially in the 
acute stages of poliomyelitis. The absence of Negri bodies 
points strongly against rabies, but does not absolutely exclude it. 
The similarity of the lesions in these sections to those found 
in poliomyelitis is very striking, and the possibility should be 
seriously considered that this is a case of that disease in a horse, 
although the spontaneous occurrence of it in this or any other 
animal is not yet recognized. 


(Signed) JAMEs Homer WRIGHT. 


TRAUMATIC “PERICARDEITS: 
By Bruce M. Wattace, D.V.M., Bergen, N. Y. 


On the morning of June 5th I received a call to come and 
see a cow, which the owner said was off her feed. It was only a 
short distance from town, so I was not long in getting there. 
On arriving I found a fine specimen of a Holstein cow, 8 years 
old and weighing about 1,000 pounds, standing in a stanchion, 
with the nose resting on the floor; respiration 25, temperature 
normal, pulse 60 and intermittent. A swelling was noticed be- 
tween the rami of the inferior maxillary bone, and also a swell- 
ing of the dew-lap, which would pit on pressure. Auscultation 
over the heart revealed a gurgling sound. Appetite was just 
fair, and the animal in good condition. The case was diagnosed 
as one of traumatic pericarditis, telling the owner that treat- 
ment was useless, and that the cow could then be used for food. 
He doubted my diagnosis and wanted her treated. 1 complied 
with this request, giving 114 pounds magnesia sulphate, applied 
mustard to the sides and put the patient on a good tonic. I 
again advised the owner to butcher her, informing him she 
would be dead in four weeks. She lived five weeks, and I asked 


<s 


REPORTS OF CASES. 567 


him if he would let me know when she died, which he did, and 
I went to his place and held a post mortem. I placed the animal 
on her back, removed both of the fore-legs just as close as I 
could to the ribs, then took out the ribs, opening the entire 
thoracic cavity without disturbing the diaphragm. I then took 
a large knife and followed down the anterior surface of the 
diaphragm about half-way, when the knife struck something 
gritty. I told the farmer there was his nail or piece of wire, 
whichever it may be; and he pulled it out himself—an eight- 
penny finishing nail. He believed now what he doubted before. 
The pericardial sac was as large as a half-bushel basket and filled 
with a dark colored fluid; the heart was soft and flabby, and 
the tube through which the nail worked contained a very thick 
pus. The lungs were also inflamed, but all other organs normal. 


THE CORNELL VETERINARIAN, Vol. II, No. 2, reached us 
early in January, and in addition to some excellent moral teaching 
and other valuable matter editorially, contains some excellent 
articles by prominent members of the profession, the name of 
Dr. David W. Cochran, President New York State Veterinary 
Medical Society, heading the list. 


HorsEMEN AND VETERINARIANS CO-OPERATE TO SECURE 
STALLION ReEGistRATION Law.—The following clipping from. 
the Breeders’ Gazette suggests a co-operative spirit between the 
veterinarians and the horse breeders in Oklahoma. “ 1n recent 
years Oklahoma has been a dumping ground for scrub stallions 
and quack veterinarians. Owing to the laxity of the laws in that 
state there has been no way to prevent this unfortunate condition. 
The legislature convened January 7. An effort will be 
made by Oklahoma horsemen and veterinarians to secure the 
passage of a stallion registration law, patterned after the ones 
which have been so successful in checking the use of unsound and 
badly bred stallions in the North. The State Veterinary Medical 
Association, of which C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City, is secretary, 
will also push a bill for the protection of the qualified veterinarian. 
These measures deserve support because they look toward im- 
provement in horse breeding, and a higher grade of professional 
assistance for stockmen.”’ 


DISTINGUISHED VisiTors.—On December 31 we were hon- 
ored by a call from President John R. Mohler, of the A. V. M. A., 
and Dr. John Reichel, of Glenolden, Pa., the gentlemen being 
in attendance at the meeting of the Society of American Bac- 
teriologists, which was then in session in New York City. 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH REVIEW. 
By Prof, A; Liaurarp, M. D., Ve'M, 


CasE OF DousLeE Jziac THrRomeosis [W. Hunting, F.R.C. 
V.S.|.—The record of a bay gelding, which having exhibited 
all the evidences of this affection, was destroyed and presented 
at the postmorterm the following conditions: Heart appeared 
a little larger; circulatory system free from parasites; throm- 
bosis commencing about 1!” inch in front of the origin of the 
external iliac; the artery on the off side was most seriously in- 
volved, and in it the thrombosis could be traced down the leg 
to where the femoral artery crosses the shaft of the femur. A 
similar condition was also found on the artery of the opposite 
side. The internal iliacs were thrombosed on both sides, but 
that of the right side the most extensively. All the branches 
given off from these two vessels were also diseased. Likewise 
was the middle sacral—(Vet. Record.) 


Lesions ON PENIS OF STALLION [J. H. L. Lyons, M.R.C. 
V.S. and R. P. Jones, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Entire chestnut is reported 
having sores and ulcers on the penis, observed during copula- 
tion. There is no swelling nor heat of the sheath. When the 
penis is extended or in erection there are on the anterior four- 
teen inches about, of the near side, some vesicles and ulcers. 
The glans penis is normal. No trouble in micturating. The 
vesicles contained clear fluid. The ulcers are shallow and con- 
tained little yellow pus. Dourine was suspected. But as the 
fore legs had been blistered some days before, and as there 
were no cutaneous placques, and a negative microscopic exam- 
ination of the blood, the case was considered as due to brushing 
of the penis against the blister. In thirty-six hours every bad 
symptom had disappeared.—(Vet. Record.) | 


Enormous RenAaL Tumor oF a Horse [S. J. Hewitt, 
M.R.C.V.S.|.—Concise record of a case of colic in a mare, which 
had died and where at the postmortem an enormous tumor was 
found under the right side of the loins, involving and com- 


568 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 569 


pletely surrounding the kidney. It weighed exactly 106 Ibs. 
The specimen proved to be a neuro-carcoma.—(Vet. Journ.) 


INTERESTING FRACTURE OF THE TIBIA IN A Mare [W. 
Lothian, M.R.C.V.S.].—Mare is very lame, because of a kick 
on the inside of the leg, although there was no mark. Frac- 
ture without displacement is diagnosed. The animal is put and 
remained in slings for five or six weeks. When taken out and 
walked, there was noticed a certain abnormal movement. After 
some time, the mare was put to grass but yet remained lame 
and entirely unfit for use. She was destroyed. The postmortem 
revealed a “fracture involving the joint, and consists of the 
anterior tuberosity for 6 inches or so down the bone and em- 
bracing nearly one-third of the surface of the bone.’’ Great deal 
of fibrous tissue had formed and held the fractured part in posi- 
tion.— (Vet. Journ.) 


Septic Metritis FoLLOoweED By RENAL Asscess [E. Wallis 
Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Great Dane bitch had a litter of fourteen 
pups. Four days after had one more dead. This is followed 
by symptoms of illness with a temperature of 106° F. Tense 
abdomen, frequent straining, abundant stinking vaginal dis- 
charge; vaginal examination negative. After two days a de- 
formed, decomposed pup is got rid of. A slight improvement is 
the result, but soon the rigors returned and the temperature 
goes up to 107° F. Antistriptococcic serum is given. Uterine 
disinfecting injections are kept up. Then came up a series of 
fluctuations in the temperature. The slut began to pass blood 
in clots when urinating, she lost considerable flesh, showed loss 
of power behind and was destroyed. Autopsy: The left kidney 
was enlarged and was tumor-like. A large abscess existed in the 
cortex containing a great amount of bright green pus. The kid- 
ney weighed 10% ounces. The right organ was also enlarged 
and weighed 9 ounces and 2 drachms. The uterus showed 
thickening of the mucous membrane.—(Jbid.) 


SARCOMA OF THE OMENTUM IN A SPANIEL [By the same]. 
—Six-year-old, small sized spaniel bitch has lost condition and 
gradually her abdomen has grown larger. It is indeed much dis- 
tended and looks ascitic. Puncture of the abdomen gives free 
hemorrhage. Destruction was advised. A tumor was found 
in the abdomen filling up the entire abdominal cavity, the vis- 
cera being pressed upwards towards the spine. The tumour 
was movable, soft in consistency, and weighed 3 lbs. 7 ozs. 


570 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


There were also small white growths on the peritoneal surface 
of the diaphragm and on the spleen. The neoplasm proves to 
be a round-celled sarcoma of the omentum.—(Jbidem.) 


Foot AND MouTH DIsEAsE IN INpiA [E. W. Oliver, Super. 
C.V.D.].—That disease is known in India by many names, 
among the chief being Khur-pakka, Nuh-pakka Khura, Bekhra, 
Chhapra-pakka, Khoosita, Pairana. As the relative price of 
cattle is so small there is no need for the serious view of the 
matter as necessary at home. Animals are treated with sulphate 
of copper baths, through which they are driven twice a day. 
‘The mouth is washed with alum, borax and carbolic acid. Whén 
the feet are first affected, to prevent the mouth becoming in- 
fected, the feet are encased in leather bags to prevent rubbing 
the vesicles with the lips and gums. Foot and mouth disease is 
almost constant in India, and is not treated as a serious disease 
by the owner except at the busy time of harvest, when working 
oxen may be put out of action — (Vet. Record.) 


ASCARDIES SUILLOE IN THE PERITONEAL Cavity [f. Ben- 
nett |.—A ten or eleven weeks’ old sow, in good condition, seems 
not to be very well, refused her food, and is found dead the 
next morning. On opening the abdomen a dozen or so of worms 
Ascarides Lumbeicoides, in the peritoneal cavity. They were 
alive and distributed all over the abdomen, some between the 
coils of the intestines, one was on the posterior face of the liver. 
There was lesions of general peritonitis with deposits of yellow 
lymph-like exudate. The intestines were much inflamed and all 
the coats thickened. No perforation was found to explain the 
exit of the worms from the intestinal canal.—(V et. News. ) 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
By Prof, A. Liavtarp, M..D., V. M. 


DIAPHRAGMATIC Hernia [Mr. Bigot, Army Veterinarian. ] 
—Violent, gelding of 11 years, has intermittent colic which 
lasted several days. After two weeks, the respiration is ac- 
celerated, auscultation and percussion are negative, except some 
dullness on the left side, with hypersensibility of the costal wall. 
Exploration with puncture is negative. Violent borborygms are 
heard in the thorax, and diaphragmatic hernia suspected. This 
condition lasted for about a month. The attacks of colic are 
more severe and are not relieved with morphine. ‘Temperature 


=F 


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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. BY @ i 


rises to 39° 2C. The animal dies. Postmortem: Two or three 
litres of yellowish serosity in the abdomen; peritoneum exten- 
sively congested. The whole intestinal mass has an abnormal 
aspect, the coecum is right across the abdomen and is twisted in 
spire upon itself, the large colon has also assumed a transversal 
direction; the liver is the seat of a passive congestion, and under 
its left lobe appears a very large laceration of the diaphragm, 
running vertically down and measuring 25 centim. Through 
it the small intestine has passed into the thoracic cavity, con- 
gested and of color varying between a bright red tint and a 
dark purplish gangrenous hue. The stomach and spleen also 
in the chest are pressing against the left lung, which is squeezed, 
congested, hepatized here and there. The pleura and pericar- 
dium were inflamed. The heart showed lesions of acute endo- 
carditis. And with all that, the horse lived nearly 40 days.— 
(Journ. de Zootech.) 


SUTURE OF THE LoWER JAW IN A SLuT [Dr. Roussel].— 
Four-year-old slut, weighing 6 lbs., falls down a pair of stairs 
and breaks her lower jaw, between the last two molars. There 
is displacement, one segment overlapping the other one-half a 
centimeter. The only possible treatment is the suture. The 
slut is chloroformed. The segments of the maxillary are per- 
forated below the last two molars, the pieces of this bone are 
well adapted together and a big silver wire passed through the 
drilled holes, keeps them in place. By the next day the little 
slut can take nourishment, and after fifteen days consolidation 
is strong.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


RADICAL OPERATION OF Fisro SARCOMA OF THE FACE 
[By the same].—Dog five years’ old had a fibro-sarcoma of the 
face. The orbital fossa is partly invaded by the tumour, which, 
while it projects outwards, has ramifications on the internal 
face of the superior maxillary and the palatine bone. ‘The last 
upper left molar is surrounded by neoplastic tissue. ‘There is 
muco-purulent discharge from the left nostril and left eye. Sav- 
ing a large fold of the skin, the maxillary sinus was entered 
and minutely curetted. The left molar extracted, the superior 
maxillary and palate bone were scraped thoroughly. The large 
cavity left was packed the first day with iodurated solution and 
big drainage tube inserted. The nasal discharge stopped im- 
mediately after the operation. Cicatrization went. on rapidly, 
and on the 16th day the animal went home cured and without 


572 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


a visible mark of the operation. Two months after his health 
seemed to be perfect.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) 


CoLo-REcTAL INVAGINATION OF Doc [Adjunct Prof. R. 
Lesbouyries|.—This was ina year-old fox terrier. He suddenly 
stopped eating, vomited, passed bloody feces and his condition 
alarmed the owner. The dog seems gay, has normal tempera- 
ture, but the mucosa are pale. The abdomen is slightly painful. 
The dog remains in its kennel, quiet, but shows himself gay 
when he is approached. His appetite is gone, the tongue is 
coated, his walk is staggering. The nausea, vomiting and ex- 
pulsive straining are gone. The feces remain the same, then 
he passes blood, mixed with pieces of straw. Rectal examina- 
tion is negative. The loss of flesh is very great, muscular emacia- 
tion well marked. Careful examination of the thorax and 
abdomen gives no clue to a diagnosis. Death finally occurred 
without agony. Postmortem revealed lesions of slight colitis 
and a colo-rectal invagination. Ten centimeters of invaginated 
organ are of red brownish hemorrhagic color. The mucosa of 
the rectum was ulcerated on a surface measuring 4 or 5 centi- 
meters.— (ev. Veter.) 


GENERALIZED TUBERCULOSIS IN A CALF [Mr. A. Chaillot]. 
—A fifteen-day-old calf has a swelling of the left testicular 
region. It is warm, painless, firm in consistency and movable 
towards the epididymis. The animal is in good condition, has 
good appetite, he carries his left hind leg in abduction when 
walking. Orchitis is diagnosed and prescribed for. After a 
few days the condition instead of improving grew more serious 
and the owner decides to send the calf to the butcher. 

At the postmortem, besides a marked generalized tubercu- 
losis, a localization of the disease is noticed on the left testicle. 
All the glands of the body are diseased—the parenchymatous 
organs are free. ‘The left testicle is three times its normal size. 
There is no trace of suppuration. The prostate gland was also 
tuberculous. The tuberculous orchitis has been noticed only 
once in a boar by Mouss 1.—( Rev. Veter.) 


GERMAN REVIEW. 
By JoHn P. O’Leary, V.M.D, 


AT a recent meeting of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, 
Professor Orth discussed the question of bovine and human 


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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


tuberculosis. The progress made in the direction of research 
work, the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis was 
described and demonstrated. Facts were brought forth to show 
that the number of human beings infected through the bovine 
bacillus was very large; that from the standpoint of human 
pathology and hygiene, some means should be adopted for the 
eradication of bovine tuberculosis. This line of work should be 
directed chiefly against the bacterium in food stuffs, particularly 
that derived from tuberculous sources. According to Orth, 
human infection through contact with the organism of pearly 
disease is much more frequent than can be approximately deter- 
mined.— (Berliner Tierarstliche Wochenschrift, No. 9, 1912.) 


BriEF REPORT CONCERNING Pantopon [Veterinarian Nag- 
ler Munchen]|.—In cases of canine distemper, attended with in- 
testinal and gastric complications, the author injected an opium 
preparation, “ Pantopon.” Small dogs were given 0.1 to 0.2 
grams of a two per cent. solution subcutaneously; large dogs 
were given proportionately larger doses, 0.5 grams. When the 
maximum dose was administered, and in some instances after 
the first injections were made, vomiting was produced, but this 
did not occur after subsequent doses were given. Two to three 
injections were sufficient to effect a cure—(Miinchener Tier- 
arzthche Wochenschrift, 1911, No. 29.) 


THE APPLICATION OF Prix LIQUIDA FOR NAVEL DISINFEC- 
TION [District Veterinarian Bichlmecier of Weiler|.—For many 
years Bichlmeier applied exclusively pix liquida for navel disin- 
fection. Immediately after birth the navel string was smeared 
throughout its entire length as far as its entrance to the abdomen 
with tar for three successive days. The application of tar in 
every instance averted infection. Excellent results were ob- 
tained by the author in this manner in large cow-barns, where 
for years past great mortality prevailed among calves, owing to 
infection of the navel, and where all possible experiments failed 
to eradicate the infection. Since the application of tar was prac- 
ticed in these barns the evil has entirely disappeared.—(Miinch. 
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, No. 13, 1912.) 


DIGALEN, A SPECIFIC IN THE TREATMENT OF HAEMOGLOBI- 
NAEMIA OF THE Horse [District Vet. Johann Furthmaier in 
Brixen].—Furthmaier calls attention to the fact that, according 
to his experience, digalen has a rapid and effective action not only 
in severe cases of pneumonia, but also in haemoglobinaemia. 


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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


Veterinarian Kofler also corroborates this statement with regard 
to the action of the drug. Both practitioners prescribed and 
used digalen in the following manner. In cases of extreme 
restlessness, with profuse perspiration, a solution containing 0.5 
grams of morphine hydrochlorate is injected subcutaneously ; 
after the symptoms of uneasiness subside 15.0 grams of digalen 
are given subcutaneously. In two or at most four hours after, 
the horse is able to stand up and remains standing, apparently 
at ease. Only in rare cases is it necessary to repeat the treat- 
ment on the following day. The dark color of the urine dis- 
appears gradually.—(Tverarstliche Centralblatt, 1912, No. 25.) 


OBSERVATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING INFEC- 
TIoUS OSTITIS AND OSTEOMYELITIS IN CATTLE AND HorsEs 
[Dr. Alfred Baumgarten, Interlaken|.—As a result of his obser- 
vations, the author arrives at the following conclusions: 


Ist. There occurs among horses and cattle a very painful 
ostitis and osetomyelitis, presumably due to the necrose bacter1- 
um alone, or in symbosis, with a grampositive coccus. 


2d. That the same produce a constant state of agitation of 
a pronounced character, a paralysis with tendency to seek sup- 
port, frequency of the pulse, and often accompanied by fever. 


3d. In some cases abscess formation. 


4th. The disease has a most destructive influence on bone 
tissue without a reactive osteophytic formation. Consequently 
the regeneration of bone tissue was never observed. 


sth. The course of the disease is of a lingering character, 
and chronic. 


6th. The iodine preparations supercede all others in the 
treatment of this disease. 


7th. Up to the present time, these diseases were occasionally 
considered of a rheumatic nature. —(Schweizer Archiv. fur Tter- 
heilkunde, LII. Band, 3. Heft.) 


CONCERNING THE ADRENALIN THERAPY IN Morsus MAcu- 
LOSIS OF THE HORSE, AND IN PARTURIENT PARESIS OF CATTLE 
[By George Lichtenstern in Rottalmunster.|.—The author recom- 
mends the use of adrenalin in morbus maculosis of the horse. 
He cites two cases in which repeated intra-muscular injections 
of 10 c.c.m. adrenalin (1-100) were given in the side of the 
neck, resulting in rapid recovery. In parturient paresis of cattle 
the author used adrenalin. In order to effect a cure the infusion 


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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 


| 
On 


of air must be used freely in conjunction.—(Miinch. Tierarst- 
liche Wochenschrift, 1911, No. 18.) 


A PrRactTIcAL: METHOD OF ADMINISTERING FLuID MEDICA- 
MENTS TO THE Horse [By Combaret].—The administration of 
fluid medicines to the horse is always a tedious process, and very 
trequently the animal refuses to swallow the fluid, so that the 
greater portion is lost in running out the sides of the mouth. 
The author describes the method which he has adopted for 
many years, and which has given him entire satisfaction, as fol- 
lows: The head of the horse is fastened in the usual manner 


‘and held at a proper elevation. The operator stands upon an 


object of sufficient height to enable him to pour the fluid into 
the mouth from one side, the neck of the drenching bottle is 
placed over the tongue; when a sufficient quantity of “fluid is in 
the mouth, and when the horse will not swallow, an assistant 
pours a small quantity of clean, luke-warm water into the nasal 
chamber. The water coming in contact with the sensitive nasal 
mucuous membrane immediately produces a reflex action which 
results in the involuntary sw allowi ing of the liquid in the mouth. 
This manipulation is to ‘be repated until the whole dose is swal- 
lowed, and not a drop is lost in consequence. It is important to 
note that only a small quantity of water is to be used for nasal 
irritation—about three or four teaspoonfuls. As soon as the 
animal has swallowed the contents in the mouth, the trickling 
of the water into the nasal chamber should cease immediately. 
—(Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, No. 12, 1912.) 


ANNUAL SMOKER OF VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF 
New York City.—-The popularity of these annual gatherings 
with veterinarians of Greater New York and surrounding states 
has pretty clearly demonstrated the need of relaxation of that 
kind by men closely confined to the exacting duties that their call- 
ing demands of them. So that at the last meeting President Mc- 
Kinney appointed a committee to arrange for such a function; 
and we are advised by Chairman MacKellar that it is to be held 
on Wednesday, February 19, in the “Beef Steak Garret,” Reis- 
senweber’s, Fifty-eighth street and Eighth avenue. Excellent 
talent has been secured, and a good time is-assured. Tickets may 
be procured from Drs. R. W. MacKellar, 351 West Eleventh 
street: Maffit Smith, 43 West Ninetieth street, or C. Rhorer, 128 
West Fifty-third street. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


NERVOUS AND INTESTINAL ATONY IN CADIS 
FROM UNCERTAIN CAUSE. 


WoRMS IN PROTEID—HYPERSENSITIZING?. 


Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEW, New York: 


I would be very much pleased for your opinion of a disease 
among cattle I’ve had in 1911 and 1912, latter part of August 
and September, about the same time both years. 

History. 1%911—One farmer, pasture low land with several 
swamps and timber; one crude oil well and one gas well in pas- 
ture, not operated ; lost three cows and one bull. Called in Assist- 
ant State Veterinarian and B. A. I. employee; concluded to call 
it malaria from stagnant water, although were watered night 
and morning from well, but had access to the stagnant water. 
Food all examined and apparently best. Flies and mosquitoes 
worst I ever saw. 

I912——Same farmer lost two or three and treated three or 
four others successfully. Same condition as 1911, only flies and 
mosquitoes worse. One neighbor lost two, same symptoms, not 
treated; also low land. Another farmer, high lands, hilly pas- 
ture, running spring water, lost six so far; last two treated 
unsuccessfully. Looked carefully for ticks several times; none 
found. This farmer on hills bought several head from neighbors 
also on high lands but none from stock yards. 

Symptoms—Pulse 90-130; temperature, 100-101%° F.; 
peristalsis ceases ; no intestinal nor gastric fermentation ; anorexia 
sets in only from 24 to 48 hours before death. Examining the 
herd in pasture, would find the pulse to be the first symptom, 
some apparently well with pulse 90. Marked anzemia of all 
visible mucous membranes, as in a fatal case of hemorrhage, be- 
coming paler as case progresses. After pulse reaches 100 and 
anorexia present, they die in from 6 to 24 hours. About two- 


Note—The Review editor being confirmed in his opinion by one of the collaborators 
engaged in cattle practice, that the symptoms described in the above query were out of 
the ordinary, submitted it to one of the profession’s highest authorities, whose answer, 
following Dr. Michael’s inquiry, will be found most interesting and instructive reading, 
and furnish an abundance of food for thought. 


576 


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CORRESPONDENCE. 


thirds treated while still eating and pulse not over 85 would 
recover, with full doses of quinine, digitalis, nux, and Spts. Fru- 
ment. 

Post-Mortem Lestons—Subcutaneous and visceral regions in 
an anemic. condition; lungs normal; liver slightly more yellow 
than normal, and litle softer ; gall bladder enlarged, filled with 
very thick, flaky gall; spleen soft and pulp darker in color; in- 
gesta normal except in abomasum a little dryer than normal; 
kidneys normal; bladder and urine always normal. Circulation: 
Heart muscle blanched; patches of ecchymosis on pericardium; 
left ventricle and auricle filled with large, tough, reddish clot 
extending into blood vessels for about 18 inches; right ventricle 
and auricle filled with dark, tough clot. At ends of clots an amber 
jelly-like mass not so tough; these clots cut about like normal 
liver. Bones normal, brain and meninges bleached. Post mortem 
held about six hours after death. Might it be some protozoa 
inoculated by flies or mosquitoes ? 

Yours very truly, 
Dr. L. B. MicHAEL, Collinsville, Il. 


REMARKS BY PROFESSOR LAW. 


In a second letter from Dr. Michael he gives the following 
additional points: 

The oil and gas wells were on one farm only; the disease 
occurred on three farms. 

A large lead smelter works is operated 3 to 6 miles from the 
farms, and near this, several horses and cows have died from the 
arsenical fumes. 

The farmers haul no manure from the city, therefore this 
source of lead may be excluded. 

Cattle are the only animals affected. Dr. M. does not believe 
they go near the wells. Sex and condition seem to make a dif- 
ference. 

As cool weather set in the disease disappeared. Emaciation 
is not evident. Pulse rapid, 90+ from the first. Breathing is 
only accelerated in the very last stage. There is no uneasiness, 
pain, nor anorexia at first. 

Necropsy shows very extensive blood clots. Dr. M. estimates 
from this that one-fifth of the peripheral blood supply had been 
"used up in this way before death. 

There was no microscopical examination made of anything. 

There was a complete absence of peristalsis, yet the abdomen 


57S CORRESPONDENCE. 


felt normal on palpation. One farmer gave 6 pounds Sodii 
sulphas to a patient with no result. To two cases in the advanced 
stage Dr. M. gave physostigma-pilocarpin compound without 
effect. Both died about two hours after. 

It may be well to here deal shortly with different supposed 
causative factors: 

Ist. Arsenical Poisoning—Vhis in certain chronic forms has 
been found to be associated with fatty degeneration and muscular 
atony or even paralysis. But beside the distance from the lead 
smelter (3 miles and upward), arsenic is discredited by the fol- 
lowing considerations: (a) The Collinsville disease is confined 
to cattle, whereas the arsenical precipitate would have affected 
other herbivora on the same pastures and especially on such as 
were closer to the smelter; the Collinsville disease is confined to 
a month of the hot season instead of continuing through the year, 
or the season of pasturing, as with an arsenical precipitate; the 
Illinois disease rapidly develops to a fatal acuteness following its 
first manifestation, whereas the arsenic from the smelter would 
have rather caused a slowly advancing affection as the poison 
accumulated ; in the two successive years (1911 and 1912) the 
malady has been shown in the hot autumn months only, and in 
1gt2 after the heavy rains of August, when the poison should 
have been largely washed off from the vegetation; finally, the 
symptoms don’t agree with those of acute arsenical poisoning 
which usually eventuate in mucous gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea 
as stated by Dr. M. 

Lead Poisoning—This is more probable than the last, as 
plumbism causes spasms and even paralysis not only of voluntary 
muscles but even of the involuntary muscles of the bowels, womb, 
etc., and is habitually productive of obstinate constipation as in 
the Collinsville affection. The same objections may be made to 
lead poisoning as to arsenical poison from the smelter. Dr. M. 
is positive that no city manure has been put on the lands, so that 
we must apparently discard the idea of paint, paint-pot scrapings, 
sheet lead, oil cloth, leaded papers, etc., which might be admitted 
through sucha channel. There remains the lead and cotton waste 
packings from the oil and gas wells, though these have not been 
operated for some time. The paint used in such joint packings 
is not altered by time nor exposure, and it is no uncommon thing 
to find that it has been turned under by the plow one year and 
plowed up and left on the surface one, two or three years later, 
so that the cattle chew and swallow it to their own undoing. 
Cattle, especially cows, have a special penchant for chewing non- 


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CORRESPONDENCE. 579 


alimentary matters, so that apart from the sweetness of certain 
lead compounds (acetate), they are exposed to plumbism above 
other'domestic animals. Dr. M. does not think the cattle went to 
the wells, but evidently the way was open for them to go if they 
chose, and it would be rather surprising if they never did. The 
probability that the lead was the toxic factor is, however, much 
diminished by the fact that the disorder occurred in two suc- 
cessive years on three farms, whereas the suspected wells were 
only on one of them. If the fences were good, this seriously dis- 
credits the wells as a source of the poison. There is the further 
drawback that, when lead poisoning proves so rapidly fatal as 
in the cases before us, there are usually such marked symptoms 
of nervous disorder (dullness, stupor, clonic spasms, bellowing, 
delirious dashing about, pushing against a wall or other ob- 
stacle) as can hardly be overlooked. But it is such a common 
experience that the lead has been introduced in an unsuspected 
way that, in any future cases, a careful examination should be 
made of the contents of the stomachs and analysis of these, the 
liver and spleen, so as to exclude this possibility and narrow the 
inquiry down to other channels. 

Narcotics—Among narcotic plants we have a long list, in- 
digenous or acclimatized, which should be looked for in the pas- 
tures where animals suffer. I may name crowfoot, milkweed, 
sneezeweed, aconite, veratrum, larkspur, poppy, belladonna, hyo- 
scyamus, thornapple, lobelia, conium. maculatum, cicuta virosa, 
potato tops, sunned (green) potatoes, lily of the valley, yew, 
poison ivy, poison sumac, spurge and narrow-leaved laurel, etc. 
Poisonous ryegrass or darnel is always injurious, but many of 
the grasses and legumes are likely to be dangerous only when 
ripening. Thus ripening ryegrass has long been associated with 
staggers in horses and cattle in Europe; the same is shown to a 
lessened degree in the different small grains, millets, and no- 
toriously so in vetches, lupins, peas and various trefoils. 

Forage Poisoning; Cryptogamic Poisoning—This brings us 
to the question of analogy with the Kansas equine enzootic of 
the past year (1912). It is true that horses only suffered in 
Kansas, and cattle only in Illinois, but the two outbreaks agree 
perfectly as to date of appearance and time of prevalence, in that 
they both followed a wet spell, prevailed during the hot weather, 
and subsided abruptly on the onset of cold. Both involved the 
nervous system and showed a remarkable intestinal atony, and 
both are said to have been attended by extensive ante-mortem 
blood clots and consequent embolism. Horses suffered more 


580 CORRESPONDENCE. 


from cerebral disorder, while cattle had early circulatory excite- 
ment and rapidly advancing anemia. Forage poisoning appears 
to have been extensively prevalent in adjoining states as lowa 
(Dimock) and Nebraska for years past. It is a convenient name 
under which may be included a number of different forms of 
poisoning due to various diverse factors. Even if we change the 
name to Cryptogamic poisoning, it helps little in this respect, as 
the cryptogams growing on or in forage are multifarious, and 
the ‘Heneneation of sn with its posuleane symptoms, remains 
an important desideratum. Besides, it is a common experience 
that the pathogenesis of a cryptogam often varies according to 
its stage of growth, to the environment in which it has been 
grown, to the abundance or paucity of light and air supplied, and 
to the food, etc., of the victim. It follows that it may vary accord- 
ing to the genus or species of animal upon which it operates, and 
to the constitution, condition, food, etc, of such animal. The com- 
plexity of the subject, the imperfection of the knowledge as yet in 
our hands, and the discrepancies in the records of observations 
on particular cryptograms, make the field an uninviting one; 
yet it is well to know that two reports on the action of the same 
cryptogam, which seem to be mutually contradictory, are not to 
be taken as indicating that the pathogenesis described in the one 
is to be absolutely rejected. It may mean only that the condi- 
tions have been different in the two, and that in identical con- 
ditions the results would have been the same. The difference in 
results may indeed be of the highest value to the careful investi- 
gator as opening up new truths through a study of the varying 
conditions. In this, too, we find an explanation of the notorious 
fact that a spreading disease carrying a rapidly advancing de- 
struction like the Kansas equine affection will promptly undergo 
arrest and rapidly disappear without obvious cause. 

The recent Kansas outbreak reminds me forcibly of an ex- 
perience which I had in the Sunflower State in the early ’80’s. 
The whole country was suddenly startled by the report of an out- 
break of foot-and-mouth disease in southeastern Kansas. I was 
at that time chairman of the U. S. Treasury Cattle Commission, 
but was well satisfied by the published reports that the trouble 
was the old and well-known gangrenous ergotism. I did not feel 
justified in spending government money in personally visiting the 
afflicted state to investigate a delusion that must very soon col- 
lapse like the bubble it was, and show its own insubstantiality. 
But the delusion spread rapidly and gained impetus as it ex- 
tended. The state veterinarian and a veterinary commissioner 


; 
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CORRESPONDENCE. 581 


from Canada agreed that the malady was the genuine foot-and- 
mouth disease. The Governor quarantined the affected herds, 
other states were preparing to lay an embargo on all Kansas 
ruminants, Kansas live-stock industry was threatened with tem- 
porary ruin, the enormous domestic trade of the country bade 
fair to be seriously injured, and the next step could not fail to 
be the exclusion of American live stock by outside nations. I felt 
now that the mistake was becoming a national calamity and that 
I could no longer resist the renewed and increasingly urgent re- 
quest of Judge French, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, that 
I should go west to the seat of trouble at once. I accordingly 
went and found, as I expected, a very imposing exhibition of 
gangrenous destruction of distal parts. Whole herds were 
affected so that infection had been a plausible explanation and 
too easily and universally accepted. Some had necrotic sores 
around the coronets which had been sunk in the black mud of 
the spring thaws; others had the hoofs separated and either shed 
or semi-detached from the quick which showed the beginnings of 
the necrotic processes; others were sloughing, or had already 
sloughed off the digits at the fetlock, or the limb through the 
lower or upper metatarsal region; others were shedding the 
withered tips of the ears or tail; others had small necrotic sores 
on the lips or buccal mucosa. But at no point were there the large 
vesicles, covered by cuticle and with serous contents, as in foot- 
and-mouth disease, and in no case did sheep or. swine suffer 
though kept in the same muddy yards with the stricken cattle. 
Horses, when affected at all, showed only the small necrotic sores 
on the buccal mucosa. There was no room for doubt that the pub- 
lic scare was the result of an error, but the error had got the start 
of the truth, it had already secured the ear of authority, of the 
general public, and of an antagonistic trade competition. Truth 
was placed in a woeful minority and the errorists were very con- 
fident in their position. It was evident that a demonstration was 
necessary to carry conviction not only to the general public, but 
even to the veterinarians who had fallen into the mistake. I there- 
fore inoculated sheep, swine and new-born (sucking) calves, and, 
after two days’ interval, obtained no trace of infection or in- 
flammation. at the points of inoculation. The demonstration 
having been successfully accomplished, report was made to the 
Governor, the quarantine raised, and, with attention to the need- 
ful instructions as to food, the “ foot-and-mouth disease’ in 
Kansas was definitely ended. In the genuine foot-and-mouth 


_ disease invasion in 1908, mistakes of the same kind were common 


582 CORRESPONDENCE. 


and inevitable. In New York, in counties far outside the real 
area of infection, cases of mycotic stomatitis were reported as the 
infectious disease which, if accepted, would have subjected a 
great part of the state to quarantine and the live-stock industry 
to very heavy losses. In Delaware County, Pa., I stood beside 
the open trench dug to receive the carcasses of a considerable 
herd, which had been condemned as suffering from the pesti- 
lential disease because they bore on their mouths these spots of 
mycotic gangrene. In this case the condemned animals had come 
from Baltimore, West Virginia and Ohio, and if the error had 
not been corrected, and the stock saved from destruction, the con- 
templated act would have logically entailed the quarantine of the 
States of Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania at least, 
and untold losses upon the American live-stock industry. 

Cryptogamic Poisoning is the result of different non-flower- 
ing plants in different cases, and as such plants are often toxic, 
they are common objects of suspicion. Many, however, like the 
common field mushroom and its edible allies, are, when fresh, 
justly estemed as food. Our common yeast is almost indis- 
pensable to our modern civilization. Yet even this produces its 
narcotic alcohol and irrespirable carbon dioxide. The monasces 
purpurens, growing in silage exposed to air, has proved fatal to 
horses (Buchanan). Blue mould has been the supposed cause, 
on many occasions, of mycotic stomatitis and intense cerebro- 
spinal disorder. Bitting found it especially lethal when compli- 
cated with fusarium. The other moulds at the period of their full 
strength, fed in spoiled grain, are credited with the loss of hun- 
dreds of thousands of dollars yearly. Ergot has been already 
referred to. Smuts under given conditions are similarly incrim- 
inated. Space would forbid a fuller list of these. Though not 
always equally poisonous, the specimens named and others of the 
same family groups are always to be dreaded when conditions 
favor toxic action and receptivity. 

Bacteria Poisoning—Bacterial ferments and their products in 
grain and fodders are chargeable with similar troubles as those 
just laid to the charge of cryptogamic invasion. ‘They have the 
same uncertainty in successive cases, often reaching a great 
potency, with a high mortality which may be maintained for a 
time and then suddenly disappear. The pathogenicity may also 
be dependent on the nature of the food furnished in the seed in- 
vaded, on the variation in the supply of air or sunshine, on the 
state of the weather, wet or dry, on electric disturbance, on the 
presence of other bacteria and their products, and on the suscep- 


<2 a hee VE 


a 


CORRESPONDENCE. 583 


tibility of the animal exposed. It will be most interesting to 
notice the coccus which has been advanced as the cause of cerebro- 
spinal meningitis or the Borna disease in Europe. 

Coccus, Diplococcus or Streptococcus of Borna Disease—This 
has been found in many outbreaks in Europe and America in the 
subarachnoid fluid of affected animals. It may be found as a 
gram positive monococcus, 0.6 m. in diameter and less frequently 
as a diplococcus (Siedamgrotzky ), or, again, as a streptococcus 
with 6 to 9 cocci in the chain (Ostertag). It grows readily on 
a gelatine plate, forming a sharply circumscribed colony, the size 
of a linseed, raised in the centre, and of a dirty grayish white; 
also in bouillon producing turbidity with a flocculent appearance 
beneath. Cocci have been found in the blood as well (Johne) 
and in other domestic animals showing similar symptoms. It has 
been largely accepted as the essential factor in the disease and 
attempts at immunization by sera have been resorted to. The 
apparent temporary success of such a measure can mean no more 
than does the, habitual, sudden subsidence and disappearance of 
the malady in the entire absence of such a resort. This charac- 
teristic feature of the disease is far better in harmony with the 
introduction of a poison from outside than with the modification 
of a bacteridian poison in the body. If the observer comes to 
the question with a preconceived opinion in favor of bacteridian 
infection as the essential cause, he finds much to accord with the 
idea. But is the mere presence of a germ absolutely conclusive? 
Does similarity of the germ in two different outbreaks prove the 
identity of the two germs? Does a wider acquaintance with the 
disease sustain or lessen confidence in the constant and essential 
potency of this germ factor? In answer we may quote, Ist, the 
difference in physical or evolutionary structure of the germ found 
in different outbreaks—a monococcus (Siedamgrotzky, Schlegel), 
diplococcus (Johne, Marcq, Wilson, Brimhall, Christian, Weich- 
selbaum, Ostertag), micrococcus (Wilson, Brimhall), strepto- 
coccus (Ostertag, Streit, Grimm). If it is claimed that all are 
spherical and that the distinction depends on the promptitude of 
separation of the individual cocci (before or after the forma- 
tion of the chain), it must still be conceded that this difference 
of form constitutes a clear distinction, and it is for the advocate 
of identity to show why in the same temperature and environ- 
ment (circulating blood, cerebro-spinal fluid) there should be 
these different forms in different outbreaks. It is not due to a 
difference in genus of the victim, is it then to a difference in the 
blood and spinal fluid from food, water, concurrent disease, 


584 CGRRESPONDENCE. 


peculiar individual metabolism, special quality or amount of 
secretions, or to the presence of another germ (as when Bacillus 
acidt lactict enhances the potency of Bacillus anthracis). 2d, 
There is a wide difference as to the certainty of the asserted 
propagation of the disease by giving or inoculating the alleged 
germ in successive outbreaks. It has been assumed that infec- 
tion is introduced casually in food or water, but this is but an 
inference, there is no experimental demonstration of such a re- 
sult. Hutyra says the disease is not transmitted directly from 
animal to animal. As regards susceptibility, he places the horse 
first, followed by the sheep and at a greater distance by the ox, 
while swine and dogs prove resistant. Susceptible animals are 
not readily infected when the germ 1s administered by the mouth, 
nose, alimentary canal, subcutem or even intravenously, but much 
more frequently when injected under the dura mater. In the last- 
named method there is the risk of mechanical injury or complex 
infection. 3d, Hutyra further assures us that an animal recov- 
ered from an attack has no immunity against a future invasion. 
This agrees much more perfectly with a simple poisoning (cryp- 
togamic or chemical) than with a bacteridian infection. If estab- 
lished, it would put artificial immunization out of court, for, how- 
ever the animal system becomes habituated to and tolerant of 
poisons, this tolerance does not rise to the degree of obviating 
entirely the toxic action of an excessive dose. It certainly for- 
bids us to accept the theory that the sudden cessation of new 
cases is due to a tolerance induced by a first attack. It turns the 
observer back to seek, in cryptogamic or other poison, the ex- 
planation of the sudden destructive outbreak, and its equally 
sudden ending. 4th, If the theory of bacterial infection must be 
accepted, its advocate must explain the absence of the disease 
through the great heats of summer and until the end of July or 
August, and no less its disappearance in September, before the 
really cold weather has set in, in the latitude of Kansas or 
southern Illinois. 5th, If he should appeal to rain as well as cold, 
he must show how a microbe, living and multiplying in the animal 
body with a blood temperature of 99° to 102° F. constant all the 
year, is to be affected by outside conditions. In Germany cases 
are reported in January and February, rising to large numbers 
in May and June and gradually decreasing through the third 
quarter of the year. This is on a latitude much higher than that 
of Kansas, Missouri, lowa or Illinois. 6th, Flies and other preda- 
tory insects may be invoked as carriers of the germ, but these do 
not delay their yearly advent until August and do not cease their 
attacks in September. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 585 


Protogoa—Dr. M. questions whether a protozoon carried by 
insects may not explain the Collinsville disease? Located as this 
place is on a line of rail, a short distance east of St. Louis, it 
would not be surprising if the fever tick bearing the Piroplasma 
biguninum should have been dropped in the pastures. The dis- 
ease occurred at the right season, produced the requisite anaemia 
in the victim, was sufficiently fatal, and subsided after a heavy 
rainstorm which habitually interrupts the activity of the tick and 
might seal its fate and arrest the disease if followed by cold. But 
there was an absence of ticks on the cattle; there is no evidence 
of engorged spleen nor enlarged liver; the high temperature of 
Texas fever is wanting; the remarkable intestinal atony and con- 
stipation are not characteristic of Texas fever, nor is the coagula- 
tion of the blood before death. Another protozoan disease of 
cattle known to exist in this country is the chronic Texas fever 
associated with the round Anaplasma marginale in the blood, but 
the absence of Southern cattle and of the ticks virtually decide 
against this, even if the Collinsville disease had been more 
chronic and less fatal. The Trypanosoma Americana is common 
in American cattle, but so far no visible illness nor fatality has 
been found to attend its presence. Next to these should be named 
Coccidiosis, but severe cases of this are usually seated in the 
bowels and give rise to a red diarrhoea, exactly the opposite of 
the condition in the Collinsville disease. Cattle have been so 
often exposed to the malarial parasites affecting man without 
any evil result that we may dismiss the question of this at once. 

Blood-Sucking Worms—Dr. Rogers, of Manhattan, is 
strongly of the opinion that the Kansas horse disease is the result 
of the wandering larve of the Strongylus armatus (Sclerostoma 
equinum) and the resulting clots and embolisms of the arteries. 
The worms have been found in the blood and coagula in the 
arteries of the brain and lungs as well as of the abdomen. But 
he fails to note that these larval worms are found everywhere 
where the mature worms abound, yet a long experience with such 
verminous epizootics of the most severe and destructive types has 
failed to show elsewhere outbreaks with the symptoms and lesions 
of the Kansas disease. One swallow does not make a summer, 
and one or ten cases of arterial brain embolism, even if larve are 
found in some of the clots, will not prove that 20,000 or 30,000 
horses died within two months from the wanderings of these 
larve into the brain and lungs. We have seen high-class breed- 
ing studs affected with severe strongliasis, where emaciation, 
anemia, stunted growth, cachexia, rachitis, marasmus, and even 


586 CORRESPONDENCE. 


verminous colics were common, but they developed no such con- 
tinuous line of cases showing the nervous and pulmonary attacks 
of the Kansas victims. In a pure parasitism of this kind, is it 
conceivable that all cases in Kansas should take on this form, 
while everywhere else they take on other symptoms? Something 
in addition to the parasites must be found in the Kansas cases to 
explain the interesting anomaly. Whatever this superadded 
pathogenic factor in the Kansas outbreak may turn out to be, we 
may rest assured that such a factor was present. The symptoms 
and lesions recorded have from the first suggested one or other 
of the cryptogamic poisons, and it would not be surprising if this 
should be the final verdict. 

Proteid Poisoning—Dr. Rogers’ arraignment of the strongles, 
however, suggests to us another probable explanation in which 
the blood-sucking and migrating worms may bear a prominent 
pathogenic part. Modern medicine has made us familiar with 
anaphylaxis. It may be shortly stated that this implies a poison- 
ing by a proteid foreign to the animal exposed, but a dose of 
which has been taken a certain number of days before and has 
aroused an extreme sensitiveness to a second dose of the same 
agent. Such alien proteids introduced through the healthy 
stomach or other intact mucous membrane undergo a form of 
digestion that makes them safe and wholesome; to hypersensitize 
the system to a second dose, the proteid must have been injected 
unchanged into the tissue or circulation (lymphatic or hematic), 
and thus have escaped the protective action of the cells of the 
mucosa. Here, then, 1s where it seems possible for the worms 
to prove a baneful or deadly factor. In sucking the blood, each 
of the myriads of worms plunges its circle of buccal lancets 
through into the capillary vessels, and when it has finished its 
meal it leaves a row of many fine bleeding points. Multiply these 
many hundreds or thousands of times and we have ample entrance 
channels for the solution of dangerous proteid. Add to this the 
many holes through which the larval worms have penetrated the 
mucosa to find a home for their development in the submucous 
cysts, the serous cavities and the blood vessels. Not only does 
each larval worm make an entrance channel for the inimical pro- 
teid, but it may further carry the proteid with it on and above 
all in its body. The proteids may be from different sources, they 
may be from the fodder, from injurious plants mixed with the 
fodder, from cryptogams and ferments (bacterial and otherwise), 
parasites of the food, or of other vegetable or even animal origin. 

Nothing can be more deadly than such proteids when enabled 


CORRESPONDENCE. 587 


to operate anaphylactically. The bland white of egg is one of 
the most potent. The proteids of hempseed, flaxseed, castor 
bean, Brazil nut, cocoanut, pea, vetch, wheat, barley and maize, 
respectively, each produce a most deadly hypersensitiveness to a 
second dose like itself. 

It need not be added that this has not been proven to be the 
true explanation of either of the diseases dealt with above. But 
as we have been dealing with theories, which are confessedly 
as yet but speculations, it cannot be out of place to advance one 
speculation more, which may form the basis for future investi- 
gation. The new speculation has at least the merit of a sound 
scientific basis in a known truth. It has the additional recom- 
mendation that should it be borne out by observation and experi- 
ment, it would explain the delay of the outbreak until the in- 
criminated proteids had reached the stage of growth and metab- 
olism at which they could operate as deadly anaphylactics, and 
no less the sudden suppression of the malady when the same 
metabolic products had passed beyond the stage when they could 
operate with deadly effect. Just as the seeds of certain gram- 
inez in maturing reach a stage at which they cannot be safely 
fed, yet later become again perfectly wholesome, so the sensitiz- 
ing poisons may be most deadly at a given stage, and become 
later comparatively harmless when that stage has been safely 
passed. 

Once proven the application of this to the Collinsville cattle 
disease is obvious. The different symptoms and lesions may be 
explainable on the basis of distinct forms of proteids introduced. 
Then the entrance channels for these may be formed by different 
plood-sucking or migrating worms—the hook-worm, uncinaria 
radiatus, strongylus radiatus or filicollis, cooperia curticei, pec- 
tinata, punctuata and onchophora, the whip-worm, cattle filaria, 
cysticercus bovis and tennicollis, esophagostoma, and, though 
outside the worm family, the embryo gad-fly and the bilharzia. 
Apart from the worms, infection atria may be found in tuber- 
colous ulcers of the mucosa, vomice, invasion by acid-fast bacilli 
or by coccidia with attendant abrasions, and all kinds of wounds 
by sharp-pointed bodies in the food. The mind should be open 
to the great variety of dangerous proteids, and no less to the 
fact that in case of recovery from an anaphylactic shock an 
immunization has been established against that particular proteid 
by the formation of its anti-bodies. 

James Law, Ithaca, N. Y. 
| 
| 


588 CORRESPONDENCE. 


AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION:® 


Kansas City, Mo., January 14, 1913. 
Editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REvIEwW, New York: 


In an open letter in the January, 1913, number of the AMER- | 


ICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, page 464, over the signature of one 


R. A. Archibald, and reinforced with the apparent authority | 
and responsibility of a very important office, namely, “ Chair- — 


man Committee on American Veterinary Medical Association 
Affairs,” the readers of the REVIEW are invited to join with the 


author of the letter in a discusssion of the affairs of the A. V. | 


M. A., using the pages of the Review as a forum. ‘To those 
who have little or no knowledge of the association’s affairs, the 
numerous affirmations and innuendoes contained in the letter will 


naturally be construed to mean that the A. V. M. A. is not de- | 
voting its efforts to the purposes set forth in the portion of the © 
constitution quoted, and that the author of the letter is such a — 
loyal and faithful member that he will not listen to proposals of | 


secession (it is regrettable that the names of the proposers of 


secession were omitted from the letter), but has set himself to | 


the task of leading the association out of the clutches of a design- 


ing few (not more than four) who have been using this organ-— 


ization for selfish purposes. This organization of over 1,500 


hundred veterinarians is composed of sturdy practitioners, state | 


board examiners, state veterinarians, federal officers, executive 


heads of departments of public service, college professors, editors, | 


etc. Oh! The monstrous four! The predatory coterie! The 
despicable and mendacious grafters! The call is for volunteers 
to help unhorse this mighty few. 

Those who are really acquainted with the affairs of the Amer- 
ican Veterinary Medical Association are astonished at the 


rapidity of its growth in members, and are proud of its achieve- | 
ments along the various lines of its several activities. Only the | 
chairman of the aforesaid committee is blind to the splendid and 
general goodfellowship manifest at every annual meeting. | 
Brotherhood and true fraternity permeates and dominates all the 
association’s doings. The members from British Columbia, Man- | 
itoba, or Quebec are as cordially greeted and as heartily ap- | 
plauded as the member from California, New York or Illinois. — 
The association certainly exemplifies international goodfellow-— 
ship. The fulfilment of the other announced purposes of the 9) 
association are as patent to the unbiased observer as the one just 7 | 


discussed. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 589 


True, the ideals have not been reached and we trust will ever 
lead the membership to greater achievements, and if the afore- 
said Chairman and one or two others, well known to the mem- 
bership, will put aside their active political aspirations and de- 
vote their energies to the promotion of Article II. of the Con- 
stitution quoted in this aforesaid letter, their good works will 
be duly rewarded. When they learn that office in scientific bodies 
should seek the man, rather than the man seek the office, they 
will get themselves into harmony with true fraternalism, true 
fellowship among members of the profession. 

If the young blood alluded to in the CHAIRMAN’S article 
is made up of those who are applicants for membership, that 
they may become “ self-respecting aspirants for political hon- 
ors,” regardless of their compliance with the accepted code of 
‘professional ethics, there can be no doubt that the Association 
will better fulfil the purpose for which it was created without 
their inclusion in the membership. 

The plaint of the CHAIRMAN is born of failure to control 
Association affairs by political tactics, undertaken in utter dis- 
regard of the distracting and blighting effects experienced by the 
Association through such tactics heretofore, and which methods 
the Association put aside in 1905, by adopting the present meth- 
ods of nomination to fill offices. The Association will put the 
present method aside as soon as a still better method is found. 

The harsh and uncomplimentary language used in this letter 
concerning the presiding officer was made without taking into 
account his, the CHAIRMAN’S, somewhat recent violations of 
the Association’s code of ethics and consequent blasting of his 
immediate opportunity for high office. The old saying about 
glass houses and throwing stones is applicable. Let the good 
brother get right and keep right, and we will jointly help make 
the A. V. M. A. grow more rapidly toward the ideal. 


(Signed) H. JENSEN. 


THE INSULAR VETERINARY SERVICE. 
BLACKSBURG, Va., January 6, 1913. 


To the Editor of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: 
__. I was much interested in the criticisms by Dr. Ward in the 
December Review of the report that I made as chairman of the 
Committee on Insular Veterinary Service to the A. V. M. A. 
annual meeting in 1911, and his glowing account of the splendid 


590 ; CORRESPONDENCE. v: 


opportunities, financial and otherwise, that the Bureau of Insular | 
Affairs now offers to veterinarians in the Philippines. I regret — 
that the published report of the A. V. M. A. for 1911 omitted my 
verbal remarks made preliminary to the report I presented, as I 
stated that the report presented was mine alone, and I only was — 
responsible. 

My friend Dr. Ward is correct when he assumes that the 
report was made at “ the eleventh hour and without all available 
information.” I had waited a year for the valuable information 
that Dr. Ward possessed, and not receiving anything from him 
until it was too late to get a letter to the Philippines and a reply, 
I made the report referred to, a report that I still maintain was 
substantially correct at that time. 

In the summer of 1909 on my return from five years’ service 
in Cuba, I went to Washington at the request of the Bureau of 
Insular Affairs to consider with them the acceptance of the posi- 
tion which Dr. Ward now so ably fills. I declined to consider the 
place for two of the reasons given in my report, insufficient pay 
and unsatisfactory political conditions that existed among the 
American civil officials in the Philippines. I got my information 
from the published reports and from the members of the Bureau 
of Insular Affairs and other civil employees who had seen service 
in the Philippines and in whose conservative judgment I had con- 
fidence. Later when I was visited by one of the high civil officers 
of the Philippines he fully confirmed the absolutely unbiased | 
opinion that I had previously formed. I rejoice with Dr. Ward | 
that this serious hindrance to veterinary progress there has been 
eliminated, although one of the officials who was said to be a 
stumbling block is still in the service there. Dr. Ward has un- 
doubtedly converted him from the error of his ways. 

The question of adequate remuneration is one of opinion, 
and, taking the figures given by Dr. Ward, I still hold that for 
foreign tropical service the pay is not adequate. At the time I 
mention it was very difficult to get veterinarians even without 
special qualifications for that service to enter. They are un- 
doubtedly swamped with able men now. As to promotion, Dr. 
Ward states that there are 28 positions with five vacancies in 
two years. Surely the vacancies did not occur from death in 
such a health resort as the doctor pictures the Philippines, so we 
must assume that they retired to live on the wealth they had saved 
from the salaries he mentions. 

It was unfortunate that I used the quotation “ grim destroyer 
fever.’ It was one of the unfortunate errors that my awkward 


CORRESPONDENCE. 591 


pen is frequently committing. I assumed that it would be un- 
derstood as a figure of speech. There is one statement in Dr. 
Ward’s criticism of my report that is correct and to which I 
agree and that is that my report was “altruistic.” There was 
not the slightest idea of personal gain in making the report. It 
was made solely in the hopes that it might be of benefit to others. 

The report that Dr. Ward attempts to criticise was really a 
plea for a properly organized army veterinary service. As our 
insular possessions, Porto Rico, Canal Zone, Hawaii and the 
Philippines, are administered by a bureau of the War Department, 
I believe that the veterinary work could be better and more 
logically administered by a properly organized army veterinary 
department than it now is in the haphazard way. I cannot say 
plan, for there is none at present in force. 

I am fond of the tropics and have visited many different 
countries and lived in the tropics longer than has Dr. Ward, and 
probably under as favorable living conditions. I know how ex- 
pensive life is there and how great is the isolation. The risk from 
febrile and intestinal diseases is greater there than in the tem- 
perate zone in spite of Dr. Ward's statistics, and there is no re- 
tired pay in case of disability. I hope that nothing I have 
written will be interpreted as reflecting in any way on the ex- 
cellent work that I believe my friend Dr. Ward is doing in the 
Philippines. We need many such men in our insular service and 
I hope that the ideal conditions pictured by Dr. Ward will attract 
many to this service that in the past has been begging for quali- 
fied men. With such conditions as now appear to exist we shall 
expect splendid results from the Philippines. 


N. S. Mayo. 


Cottonwoop, Minn., January 6, 1913. 


Editor, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: 


This comes from a constant and careful reader of the REVIEW. 
A magazine such as yours, that brings to us the cure and treat- 
ment of ailments from European and American scientists and 
veterinarians, is certainly a great help to the practitioner, whether 
he be engaged in the business for a long or a short time. For 
we never are too old to learn and a beginner may be initiated 
with great advantage, especially so when the information comes 
from a reliable source. A back-number veterinarian will never 
dare to make a statement or a suggestion. 


592 CORRESPONDENCE. 


Now I have in mind to have a short chat with Dr. Horace 
Bradley. I agree with him that we are taught many ways to 
cure a disease or an ailment in a text-book, but when carried from 
the dead leaf into practice, that treatment sometimes fails. Do 
we not have Dr. S. H. Ward’s statement in January issue that 
“there are points met with in our autopsies which differ ma- 
terially from those given by these authors (Hutyra and Marek)? 
Further on under “ Autopsy,” on page 440, Dr. Ward says, “ the 
condition of the spleen in cases (not one) coming under our 
notice is at marked variance with the findings of Hutyra and 
Marek, who state ‘ the spleen preserves a normal appearance.’ ” 

Of course there is no thought to dispute the reliable writings 
of these authors. But the way I always figure it in my mind in 
all cases, whether veterinary medicine or otherwise, is “ have the 
other fellow’s advice as a passive and use your own judgment 
as an active means.” In other words, to use the common parlance, 
“use your horse common sense.” 

After all this preface my chat with the doctor commences. 

Dr. Bradley, I like your way of treating choke in animals. I 
like it just because it requires not much work and is very simple. I 
had an opportunity in the June issue of this paper to write of treat- 
ing azoturia with KNOs. This KNO: treatment applies also for 
laminitis. I have used this treatment frequently and it has seldom 
failed. 

Now for choking. Apomorphine has been used with great 
advantage, and subcutaneously, as it is more quickly absorbed that 
way. Its action is expectorant and sedative, and produces relax- 
ation and increase of secretion. 

If I understand the doctor right, in a case of choking all 
we need is relaxation and increase of secretion. Won’t hot, very 
hot compresses of H:O on the oesophagus render the same serv- 
ice? I do not mean to discard the apomorphine treatment, as in 
all probability the next time I am called to a case of choke I may 
use it. But I have used more than once the hot water treatment, 
and a gentle downward manipulation with the fingers on the 
gullet, and never failed. If Dr. Bradley labels his treatment No. 
I. I shall label mine No. II]. A few cases in which No. II. treat- 
ment was used with great advantage: 

Case 1.—A bay mare, a family horse and a pet to the children, 
swallowed a corn cob that was lodged in the middle of the cer- 
vical portion of the oesophagus. The mare would shake her 
head in all directions in a spasmodic way, some glairy liquid ran 
from the nostrils, the cervical muscles would contract so as to 


CORRESPONDENCE. 593 


clearly show the direction of the fibres. The jugular furrow was 
_ obliterated. The fluid would occasionally flow down and I was 
summoned ina great hurry. Being desirous of locating the cob, 
‘I requested the owner to hold the halter and I laid my right arm 
around the neck and with my left hand got hold of both nostrils 
and interfered with respiration for about half a minute. Did 
this three or four times. Water by that time was gotten and the 
“mare was greatly relieved after ten minutes’ application, and the 
children were singing “ Hosanna” when they saw their dear 
pet drinking water and eating. 

Case 2.—A gelding choked. Hot water and extension of neck 
as much as possible, so as to enable one to push down the foreign 
body, brought prompt relief. 

These two cases are a few months old. The horses are doing 
their daily duties as if never anything had happened to them, 
but I treated a case about two weeks ago and I do not know the 
outcome as yet, as the farmer lives many miles from me and has 
no ’phone. I was afraid some oats had entered the trachea in 
that case. 


Respectfully, 
S. J. Atcaray, D.V.M. 


MICHIGAN VETERINARIAN BANQUETED By HIs COLLEAGUES. 
—Dr. Cummings, of Port Huron, Mich., was tendered a banquet 
by his professional friends in Michigan at the Hotel Richter, in 
Detroit, on January 7. He was induced to go to Detroit on a 
pretext by his friends and was thoroughly surprised and de- 
lighted. He was presented with a beautiful leather chair as a 
testimonial of the esteem in which he is held by members of the 
state association. Dr. Brodie, of Pontiac, presided, and im- 
promptu toasts were responded to by nearly every man present. 
Dr. Cummings has practised veterinary medicine in Michigan 
since 1870. The following were present at the banquet: Drs. 
Brenton, Hawkins, Joy, Veldheuis, Krey and Morrison of De- 
troit; Drs. Dunphy and Wilson of Rochester, Mich.; Dr. Wil- 
kinson, of Holly; Dr. Brodie, of Pontiac; Dr. Gibson, of Adrian; 
Dr. Baldock, of Birmingham; Dr. Cavell, of Northville; Dr. 
J. B. Stevens, of Yale; Dr. M. J. Smead, of Port Huron; Dr. 
Black, of Richmond. 


ERTS 
OBITUARY, 


WILLIAM DOUGHERTY, V.55 Drs. 


Dr. William Dougherty died suddenly at his home in Balti- 
more, Md., on the morning of January 2, 1913, in the 69 year of 
his age, having been sick but five days. The cause of death was 
fatty degeneration of the heart. Dr. Dougherty was born in 
Gortin, Tyrone County, Ireland, in 1844, and came to America 
when quite young, and entered the U. S. Army as Director of 
Transportation in the Quartermaster’s Department, located in 
New Orleans. On leaving the service he went to Lakewood, 
N. J., where he was successfully engaged in the stable business 
until 1870, and afterward trained race horses until he finally en- 
tered the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, from which 
he graduated in 1874, receiving the degree of V.S., and two 
years later graduated from the American Veterinary College, 
receiving the degree of D.V.S., at which time, 1876, he went to 
Baltimore and began practice, continuing the same up to a few 
years before his death, when he retired. During his years of 
retirement he traveled considerably; had made several trips to 
Europe, always spending some pleasant days in Paris with his 
tutor and life-time friend Professor Liautard. Dr. Dougherty 
was one of the loyal veterinarians that always put his profession 
first, and by his life and business methods did much to uplift it. 
Being an old and faithful member of the A. V. M. A., he was 
well known to veterinarians everywhere. He was a charter mem- 
ber of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association, and dur- 
ing his membership occupied the several offices in the organiza- 
tion. Dr. Dougherty was a widower at the time of his death, 
having lost his wife (who was before her marriage Miss Matilda 
Sproul, of Philadelphia) in 1899. The doctor is survived by a 
nephew and niece, who reside in Massachusetts. His genial 
presence will be missed by his host of friends at the A. V. M. A. 
meetings, as well as by his fellow veterinarians in Maryland. At 
a meeting of the Maryland Veterinary Medical Association on 
January 14 a committee was appointed to draft resolutions of 
regret on the death of Dr. Dougherty. Some of his close friends 
in the profession acted as pall bearers at his funeral. Among 
whom were Drs. H. A. Meisner, Joseph P. Grogan, Frederick L. 

594 


2 ee ee 


OBITUARY. 595 


Filber, C. L. Mackie, H. F. Mackie, Daniel R. Hoffman, Joseph 
M. Heagerty and Horace A. Hedrick. 


FIELDEN. LEST, JR3AM.D.C. 


Dr. Fielden Lett, Jr., died at his home in Seymour, Indiana, 
from the result of an injury to the spine received more than four 
years ago in falling from a hay-mow; which, despite the best 
medical care, rendered him powerless below the waist at the time, 
and he remained so up to the time of his death. Dr. Lett was 
married to Miss Pearl Hudson, in 1900, while a student at the 
Chicago Veterinary College. On graduating from that institu- 
tion, in 1902, he began the practice of his profession at Seymour, 
Indiana, and enjoyed a lucrative practice up to the time of his 
injury in August, 1908; the four long years since which time, 
until he was called to his Maker, have found his faithful wife 
always at his side, never faltering in her unfailing love and care 
for him. His jolly disposition that made him many friends in 
his college days remained with him during the long period of 
helplessness, and a smile and a handshake was ever ready for 
a calling friend. Up to the time of his injury he was an active 
member of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association, and was 
a faithful attendant at its meetings. He is survived by his par- 
ents and two sisters, as well as the widow, to whom the sym- 
pathy of the veterinarians of Indiana and his class-mates of the 
Chicago Veterinary College, 1902, are extended. 


Business House CELEBRATES FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY.—In 
the closing week of 1912 The Farbwerke-Hoechst Company cele- 
brated the fiftieth anniversary of its establishment, and it is inter- 
esting to know that, from a small beginning, the concern has 
grown until, at the time of reaching the half century mark, it has 
twelve thousand people in its employ. 


Tue names of the followmg veterinarians are included in the 
membership of The Society of American Bacteriologists: J. W. 
Connaway, Columbia, Mo.; C. F. Dawson, Jacksonville, Fla. ; 
P. C. Fitch, Ithaca, N. Y.; Ward Giltner, East Lansing, Mich. ; 
John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Mx 
R. C. Reed, Newark, Del.; John Reichel, Glenolden, Pa.; E. C. 
Schroeder, Washington, D. C.; W. J. Taylor, Bozeman, Mon. ; 
Leunis Van Es (Agricultural College), N. Dak., and A. R. 
Ward, Manila, P. I. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, NEW YORE 
CITY, DECEMBER MEETING. 


The regular monthly meeting of this association was called 
to order by the Vice-President, Dr. R. H. Kingston, the Presi- 
dent, Dr. Berns, being absent on account of illness. 

The minutes of the October and November meetings were 
read and approved, also the minutes of the special meeting of 
November 18, 1912. 

Dr. McLaughlin, chairman of the committee appointed to 
investigate the case of Mr. Benj. H. Mount, who was supposed 
to be infected with glanders, reported as follows: 

Mr. Mount had his second finger of his right hand affected, 
said to be due to a cut received while dressing an abscess on 
a horse which was shortly afterward destroyed as a positive 
case of glanders. 

This finger when seen by the committee was considerably 
swollen, the skin being white in appearance, thick and two slight 
openings, one at each end, from which pus issued very slightly. 
From one of the openings Dr. Schlesinger took two specimens 
to grow cultures. 

About three inches above the wrist on the inside of the arm 
there was a pustule. This pustule was healing. Around the 
pustule and running around the arm was a discoloration of the 
skin. This discoloration was not present, according to Mr. 
Mount, until after he had been treated at the hospital, and ap- 
peared to be the result of some irritant application. 

A rash extended over the arm in the shape of a great many 
small, brownish red colored spots. 

There was no swelling in the arm, although it was stated 
that there had been a great deal of swelling. 

The shoulder was complained of.as being sore, and it looked 
somewhat larger than the other, but the soreness was explained 
to be due to the driving of an automobile, his sore finger caus- 
ing the exercise of unused muscles in the shoulders. 

596 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 597 


The axillary gland was normal, but Mr. Mount said it had 
been swollen. 

The left hand had a sore, which was thought to be due to 
some local irritation. This was on the index finger. On the 
wrist there was a pustule which was slightly moist but healing. 

Mr. Mount said that the finger had caused him great pain, 
but now the pain was comparatively slight. 

He assured the committee that he felt fine, and he appeared 
to be in perfect health. Hevalso stated that he had been very 
much frightened, but now he had no fear. 

The committee concluded that the patient did not exhibit any 
positive symptoms of glanders. 

This report was on motion received. 

Mr. Mount was then presented by Dr. C. L. Antony (M.D.), 
who had the dressings removed from the finger and the patient 
stripped to the waist.. Dr. Antony stated that the lesions on the 
right hand have the appearance of a burn, but are not in a heal- 
ing condition. Guinea pigs, inoculated, have developed no signs 
of glanders. Smears show nothing; no fever. 

Dr. Schlesinger stated that guinea pigs, inoculated 31% weeks 
ago, gave negative reactions. 

Dr. Blair asked if blood specimens had been taken for the 
sera tests. Dr. Antony stated that up to the present time this 
had not been done. 

The patient was examined by the members and visitors pres- 
ent with a great deal of interest. 

Dr. Killilea (M.D.) examined this case and stated that he 
would recommend the use of mallein, and suggested that it 
would be an excellent thing if the patient could be placed in the 
Rockefeller Institute. 

Dr. Moffitt Smith cited a case of human glanders, which was 
discharged from one of the local hospitals as cured, but in a 
short time suffered a relapse, was returned to the hospital and 
died. 

Dr. H. D. Gill gave an interesting account of a case of 
glanders in a horse in which the temperature and respiration 
were abnormal. Reacted to the blood and mallein tests. Tem- 
perature reduced to 1or° F.; discharge from nostril stopped. 
Week elapsed, and two typical farcy buds developed on the hock. 

On post mortem extensive lesions were found. The doctor 
stated that invariably when glander lesions are found externally 
they will also be found internally. 

Also cited another case in which post mortem was held, and 


598 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


the condition of the lesions found indicated that healing was 
taking place and recovery would have probably resulted. 

Dr. E. B. Ackerman also mentioned several interesting cases 
of glanders that he had come in contact with. Held post-mor- 
tem examinations on two cases that had external farcy lesions, 
but no visible internal lesions. 

Dr. Ellis asked if a horse in which the glander lesions had 
healed was a safe animal to keep? It was the general opinion 
that such an animal would be safe: 

Dr. McLaughlin cited a case of positive clinical glanders 
in a horse owned by a druggist which was cured and worked for 
years afterward. 

The secretary mentioned three cases of glanders in human 
subjects which had come under his personal observation, all of 
which resulted fatally. 

Dr. R. W. Gannett stated that six years ago he was supposed 
to be infected with glanders, but the sera tests proved negative, 
and symptoms and lesions cleared up. 

Dr. Gill asked Dr. Killilea (M.D.) if in his opinion a human 
subject may be infected with glanders, and not show any posi- 
tive symptoms, and if any symptoms are present if it is not pos- 
sible that they may clear up. 

Dr. Killilea said that without doubt local lesions may occur 
and clear up. 

A general discussion of this subject then took place. 

A unanimous vote of thanks was tendered Drs. Antony and 
Killilea. 

A list of veterinarians which Chief Veterinarian J. G. Wills, 
of the Department of Agriculture, requested corrected was then 
read by the secretary and changes of addresses noted, also those 
known to be deceased. 

Dr. R. W. Ellis, chairman of the committee on glanders reso- 
lutions, read the resolutions adopted by this association, and sub- 
mitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture for his consideration. 

This report was accepted and a vote of thanks extended to 
the committee. 

This being the annual meeting, the reports of the officers 
and committees were then called for. 

Dr. McKinney, chairman of the prosecuting committee, gave 
a brief account of the work done by this committee, and stated 
that he would render a detailed report of the finances at the next 
meeting. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 599 


The Secretary and Treasurer’s report was on motion duly 
accepted. : 

The next order of business being the election of officers for 
the ensuing year, resulted as follows: 

President, W. J. McKinney; Vice-President, R. H. King- 
ston; Secretary and Treasurer, R. S. MacKellar. 

Dr. McKinney in his usual inimitable way thanked the asso- 
ciation for the honor conferred in electing him President, and 
asked for the co-operation of every member during the com- 
ing year to make it a successful one. 

No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. 


R. S. MacKE rar, Secretary. 


VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW 
YORK CITY, JANUARY MEETING. 


The regular monthly meeting of this association was called 
to order by President-elect McKinney, January 8, 1913, at 8.45 
p. m. 

The minutes of the December meeting were read and ap- 
proved. 

Dr. McKinney, chairman of the prosecuting committee for 
1912, reported a balance of $243.95 in the prosecuting fund. 

The president then made a few pleasing and appropriate re- 
marks eulogizing the veterinary profession; also strongly ad- 
vocated the use of anesthetics in both major and minor opera- 
tions. 

The following appointments were then announced: 

Board of Censors—Dr. D. W. Cochran, chairman; Dr. C. E. 
Clayton, Dr. J. E Crawford, Dr. H. D. Gill and Dr. W. Reid 
Blair. 

Judiciary Committee—Dr. R. H. Kingston, chairman; Dr. 
D. J. Mangan and Dr. P. Burns. 

Prosecuting Committee—Dr. Charles Jamieson, chairman; 
Dr. Moffitt Smith and Dr. L. Griessman. 

Dr. John A. McLaughlin, of New York City, then read a 
paper entitled ‘‘ Outlines of a New Physiology.” This paper 
was productive of quite an animated discussion, in which some 
of the members expressed themselves as directly opposed to the 
theories advanced by the essayist. 

On motion regularly made, seconded and carried, the discus- 
‘sion of this paper was discontinued. 


600 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Dr. R. W. Gannett, of Brooklyn, N. Y., then read an inter-¥ 


esting paper on “ Fistulous Withers and Poll Evil.’”’ The doctor 


cited several cases where extensive operations had given very | 


good results after other treatments had failed. 


Dr. Ryder, in discussing this subject, mentioned a black mare — 
which had a cicatrix of at least three years’ standing on one side 
of the neck. <A fluctuating fistulous swelling appeared on the — 
other side, which was opened freely, and auto-therapy treatment — 


used with good results. 
Dr. Mangan stated that he has had remarkably good results 


with auto-therapy in the initial stages of these conditions, and © 


considers it almost specific where no necrosed bone or dead tissue 
act as a foreign body, necessitating surgical interference. 


Dr. Cochran mentioned having a case in which he trephined © 
the scapula to drain a pus-pocket which had formed behind that | 


bone. 


Dr. Chase gave the history of two cases which he had treated 
by auto-therapy, resulting in a cure in about three months. 


Dr. Mangan also stated that the interest in auto-therapy was 


wide spread, as he had received inquiries regarding the same } 


from as far away as Australia. 

Dr. P. K. Nichols stated that he was making some experi- 
ments along this line in the treatment of hog cholera, but had 
not progressed far enough to make any definite statement as to 


its efficiency as yet, but was inclined to believe that some benefit | 


had been derived from its use. 

Dr. C. C. Cattanach, owing to having permanently located on 
the Jersey coast, and being unable to attend the meetings, ten- 
dered his resignation, which was regretfully accepted. 

It was regularly moved, seconded and carried that the discus- 
sion of Dr. McLaughlin’s paper be continued at the next meeting. 

It was also on motion unanimously decided to hold a 
“ smoker” in the near future, and the following committee was 
appointed, with full power to make arrangements for the same: 
R. S. MacKellar, chairman; Moffitt Smith and C. G. Roher. 

Dr. Moffitt Smith stated that it was reported that Benj. 
Mount had developed a positive case of glanders. 

Dr. R. W. Ellis reported that he had received the good news 
from Dr. Hoskins that the Army Bill had passed the House, and 
urged that every veterinarian exert himself to the utmost to have 
the Senate take similar action. Dr. Ellis asked President Mc- 
Kinney, who was to leave on the midnight train for Ithaca for 


Ves 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 601 


the State conference, to bring the Army Bill before the veteri- 
narians of the State and get them into action. 

On motion, which was unanimously carried, the secretary 
was instructed to write Senators Root and O’Gorman in the name 
of this association, urging them to support this measure. 

Several members promised to contribute to the program of 
the February meeting. 

There were over forty members and visitors present. 

Meeting adjourned. 

R. S. MAcKE rar, Secretary. 


RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE IOWA VETER- 
INARY ASSOCIATION, IN SESSION AT AMES, 
NOVEMBER, 1912. 


The following resolutions were unanimously adopted at the 
Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Associa- 
tion: 

At this twenty-fifth anniversary annual meeting we con- 
gratulate ourselves on the phenomenal growth, influence and 
standing of this association, whose members past and present 
are now filling a large number of the most important positions 
in the veterinary world. 

We greet with pride the charter members present, chief of 
whom is our President, Dr. E. E. Sayers, and we sincerely hope 
these charter members present to-day may continue to meet with 
us during the coming annual conventions until we meet twenty- 
five years hence to celebrate the golden anniversary of our be- 
loved association. 

At this meeting, held in the newly erected Veterinary build- 
ing, we congratulate the veterinary faculty and students on the 
fact that they are now being cared for in the best built and finest 
equipped veterinary college in America, and we, the members of 
this association, pledge to the educational board of control and 
the veterinary faculty our heartiest support for the coming years 
in the securing of larger classes than heretofore known in this, 
our department, of the great Iowa State Agricultural College. 

We compliment the ladies of the Department of Domestic 
Science on their display of floral decorations in the magnificent 
“Mound of Beauty” centerpiece, and the table decorations of 
the numerous varieties of Ames chrysanthemums, more beautiful 
than any ever imported from the “land of the setting sun,”, and 


602 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


we tender to these ladies our sincerest thanks for the best ban- 
quet menu ever prepared and served for this association at its 
annual convention, and recognizing the important place the De- 
partment of Domestic Science occupies in this great industrial 
school in the training of our girls in the art of housekeeping and 
home-making, we unanimously oppose the removal of this de- 
partment from Ames, and most earnestly request of the State 
Educational Board that they reconsider and rescind their recom- 
mendation suggesting its removal to Iowa City. 

To the members of the Des Moines Male Quartet we tender 
our thanks for their well-rendered selections, which added much 
to the enjoyment of the evening after the banquet. 

To the associated faculties of the Iowa State College and the 
business men of the city of Ames, we tender our most hearty 
thanks for the magnificent welcome accorded this association 
and the splendid banquet given by them, and to the fraternities 
and the people of Ames for their hospitality and splendid enter- 
tainment of our members during their sojourn here. 

To the ladies of the faculty we are deeply grateful for the 
beautiful manner in which they entertained our wives at luncheon 
and during our stay in the city, which more than anything else 
insures our return to Ames for future conventions. 

We congratulate the veterinary faculty and students on their 
success in securing the material and conducting one of the best 
and most instructive clinics ever held during an annual conven- 
tion. 

(Signed. ) 
Dro Jj. Gissom, 
Dr. S. H. BAUMAN, 
Dr. L. U. SHiera 
Committee on Resolutions. 


FURTHER RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE IOWA VETERINARY 
ASSOCIATION. 


Whereas, The livestock interests of Iowa are subject to great 
losses because of infective diseases ; and, 

Whereas, The losses from these diseases may be restrained, 
prevented and the diseases even eradicated by the intelligent use 
of biologic laboratory products, such as vaccine, bacterins, 
serums and antitoxins; and, 


? 
i 
: 

. 


el set acter i tig ee et, Ee GE 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 603 


Whereas, Such biologic products are manufactured or pro- 
duced and sold to the people of lowa by individuals, companies 
and corporations located in all parts of the United States and in 
other countries; and, 

Whereas, These biologic products have not proven uniformly 
dependable and ofttime have served to spread disease through 
ignorance, negligence, or mercenary unscrupulousness of some 
producers ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That we, the members of the Iowa Veterinary As- 
sociation, urge upon Congress the necessity of making provision 
for federal inspection of all plants engaged in the manufacture 
of Veterinary biologic products offering such products for inter- 
state trade, and forbidding such trade excepting where the prod- 
uct shall equal a standard ‘of quality to be established by the gov- 
ernment, and that the standardization, inspection and licensing 
shall be made the duty of the Bureau of Animal Industry, De- 
partment of Agriculture; and be it further 

Resolved, That we request the United States senators and 
members of the United States House of Representatives from 
Iowa to give the matter particular attention in behalf of the live- 
stock interests of Iowa. 

C. H. Stance, Secretary. 


INDIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The seventeenth annual meeting of the association convened 
at ten o’clock, January 15, at The Denison Hotel, Indianapolis. 
The following officers were elected for the year 1913: President, 
J. G. Heighway, of Ladoga; vice-president, W. B. Carter, of Cov- 
ington; secretary, A. F. Nelson, of Lebanon, and treasurer, J. W. 
Klotz, of Noblesville. 

Resolutions were passed opposing an internal revenue tax 
on veterinarians for the dispensing of cocaine, opium and its 
alkaloids, etc., and also the recording of each case in which they 
are used, as proposed in a bill now before the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the present session of Congress, the resolutions 
setting forth that, so far as we know, no graduate veterinarians 
are engaged in the practice of dispensing habit forming drugs, 
and that to keep a record of each case would work an unnecessary 
hardship on the busy practitioner, especially those that are 
humanely inclined, and use local anesthesia for minor opera- 
tions. The following papers were read and discussed: “ Pyzemic 


604 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Arthritis,” by Dr. T. A. Sigler. Dr. Sigler’s paper, though an 
excellent one, failed to elicit much discussion. probably from the 
fact that the next paper was on the same subject. ‘‘ Pyo-Septi- 
cemia of Sucklings,” J. C. McDaniel. This was another good 
paper and was fairly well discussed; each of these papers covered 
the ground so well that there was not much left to discuss. 
“ Horse Doctoring As It Was,” C. I. Fleming. This being a sub- 
ject so much different from those generally discussed, and the 
author in his reminiscences picturing the past so vivid to us, 
left no opening for a discussion. ‘‘ Report on Vaccination of the 
Hog,” J. H. Mills. This was to be a case report but as the doc- 
tor, after looking over the record of herds vaccinated, found that 
he had vaccinated 219 herds, it was impossible for him to get 
his report ready for the meeting. As is usual, vaccination was 
thoroughly discussed, and from the discussion the usual good, 
bad and sometimes unlooked-for results were reported. ‘“ Autog- 
enous Vaccines,’ Geo. H. Roberts. The author described in 
full his methods of making and administering the various autog- 
enous products. There was a liberal discussion and question 
asking on this paper, bringing into prominence one of the most 
potent factors in treating bacterial infection, and no doubt arous- 
ing in the minds of most of those present the sound logic of auto- 
therapy. “ Parturient Paresis,’ H. A. Miller. Another ‘eager 
lent paper, well handled by the author, and incidentally bringing 
out many theories as to the etiology of the disease. 

On Thursday, January 16, at 9 a. m., the association met at 
the Indiana Veterinary College for clinics, Dr. J. W. Klotz in 
charge. There were various interesting operations, among them 
being the removal of a tumor of the mammary gland of a mare, 
this tumor weighing about twenty pounds and being the third one 
removed; the two previous, were removed at periods of six and 
three months intervals. Operators, A. B. Carte and R. ©. 
Applegate. “ Demonstration of Vaccination of the Hog.” J. H. 
Mills did the injecting of the animals, assisted by various others. 
“Operation on Perineum of Mare.’ This operation was done 
by Dr. J. W. Klotz and others, the doctor demonstrating to those 
present his method fully for this operation. “ Poll Evil Opera- 
tion,” consisting of the resection of the ligamentum nuchea; op- 
erators, Drs. Geo. H. Roberts and W. J. Armour. There were 
various other operations; in fact, the clinics lasted all day, giving 
those late in arriving plenty to entertain them. 

A meeting was called at 1.30 p. m. in the senior class room 
for the purpose of receiving the report of the outstanding com- 


eee 


6 eke I poe eee * 


ied 


7 


eee ee ee eS eee ee eS ll 


a 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 605 


mittees, and at this session four new members were submitted, 
making in all a total of 26 new members at this meeting, which is 
not so bad when you consider that we had the A. V. M. A. meet- 
ing this year, and as the “ boys” were all in attendance at it we 
would naturally suppose it took some of their reserve fund. 

The Necrology Committee reported the deaths of E. H. 
Pritchard and Fielden Lett, Jr., and resolutions of condolence 
to the families of each were adopted. 

A Legislative Committee of nine members (one from each 
Congress District) was appointed to look after proposed legis- 
lation, both state and national, detrimental to the veterinary pro- 
fession. 

Notwithstanding the inclement weather, the seventeenth an- 
nual meeting was a decided success, and demonstrates that the 
veterinarians of Indiana are alive, and anxious to co-operate with 
each other in any manner that may lead to the advancement of 
the profession. 

A. F. NEtson, Secretary. 


KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The regular monthly meeting of the above association was 
held on the evening of January the fourteenth in Donaldson’s 
Hall, Philadelphia, with President Yunker in the chair. 

The essayist for the evening was Dr. M. Dorset, of Washing- 
ton, D. C., the topic presented was the “ Differentiation of Hog 
Cholera and Swine Plague,” which was delivered in a most in- 
teresting way and deeply appreciated by every one present. Dr. 
Dorset said that in most all of the outbreaks described as as a 
pulmonary affection among hogs they invariably were proven 
to be hog cholera. Also that he believed that this disease can be 
safely controlled by the use of the serum and virus, and that its 
dispensation should be under the control of the state government. 
That in order to get the best results hogs should be inoculated in 
the early stage of the disease. 

It was the consensus of opinion that the serum was of little 
value in animals whose temperatures were above 104 at the time 
of inoculation. Dr. Reichel thought that when it got that high 
that it was due to the secondary invaders. Dr. C. J. Marshall 
reported that they were getting very good results throughout the 
state with the use of the serum. 


606 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Dr. W. H. Hoskins reported the passage of the Army Bill 
through the House and urged the members to get after their 
Senators as there would be a hearing before the Senate Military 
Committee soon. 

Several members reported favorably on the use of Equina- 
Lintz, both as a curative and prophylactically. 

Dr. C. J. Marshall offered a motion seconded by Dr. W. L. 
Rhoads to send night letters to Senators Penrose and DuPont 
from the association telling them that the association urged their 
support in the passage of the Army Bill. 


CHESTER M. HosKINs, 
Secretary. 


NATIONAL COUNCIL ALPHA PSI FRATERNITY 


The third biennial convention of the Alpha Psi Fraternity 
was held at Philadelphia, November 29 and 30, 1912. The vis- 
iting delegates and national officers were the guests of the Epsi- 
lon Chapter of the University of Pennsylvania. The national 
officers in attendance were: Dr. H. E. Kingman, President, of 
Fort Collins, Col.; Dr. A. M. Jansen, Treasurer, of Columbus: 
Ohio, and Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary, of St. Paul, Minn. 
Alpha Chapter was represented by Mr. J. C. Schoenlaub, of 
Marion, Ohio; Beta, by Mr. A. Cameron Goff, of Caniesteo, N. 
Y.; Gamma, by Mr. R. S. Gerard, of Chicago; Ill); Delta) haya 
George W. Brower, of Cheyenne, Wyo.; Epsilon, by Mr. John 
T. E. Dinwoodie, of Bottineau, N. D., and Theta, by Mr. J. Isaac 
Handley, of Linesville, Ala. 

The business meetings occupied the greater part of both days. 
Those who arrived on the 28th were taken to the Cornell-Penn- 
sylvania football game in the afternoon. On the evening of the 
29th the visitors were given a theatre party at the Garrick Thea- 
tre, and the usual banquet was held at the Majestic Hotel on 
the evening of the 30th. 

The election of national officers resulted as follows: Presi- 
dent, Dr. H. E. Kingman, of Fort Collins, Col.; Vice-President, 
Dr. E. S. D. Merchant, of Glen Cove, N. Y.; Secretary, Dr. H. 
Preston Hoskins, of St. Paul, Minn. ; Treasurer, Dr. GX rage 
of Cherry Valley, Mass. 

The next convention will be held in 1914 at Cornell. 


H. Preston HoskIwns, Secretary. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 607 


SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE, NEW YORK 
STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. 


The above society has held its semi-monthly meetings during 
the semister. On November 8, 1912, Dr. D. H. Udall gave a 
very interesting talk on his visit to the continent. Dr. Udall 
visited all the larger veterinary colleges, among which were those 
at Berne, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Hanover and Copenhagen; 
the larger part of his stay being with Dr. Hess at Berne. 

On November 22, Dr. V. A. Moore spoke on the work of 
Pasteur. Dr. Moore, as usual, held the close attention of the 
student body. 

The last meeting, held December 6, was addressed by Dr. 
C. E. Clayton, of New York City. Dr. Clayton gave a practical 
talk on “ The Work of the Field Veterinarian.” This talk filled 
a vacant place and was heartily enjoyed. 

D. W. CLARK, 
Corresponding Secretary. 


Tue Firrh ANNUAL CONFERENCE FOR VETERINARIANS, 
held at the New York State College, Ithaca, N. Y., January 9 and 
10, was, the largest yet held. Prof. W. L. Williams’ paper on 
“ Diseases of the Internal Generative Organs in Relation to Dairy 
Inspection,’ was very instructive. The doctor showed his audi- 
ence a specimen of a diseased uterus, from which pus had been 
discharging through the vagina, collecting and drying on the 
hindquarters and tail, scales from which were falling into the 
milk pail during milking. Dr. Phyfe’s paper on “ Dairy Inspec- 
tion”? was also very instructive, covering proper sanitation, con- 
crete floors, etc. The doctor advised clipping the hindquarters 
of cattle and bedding them. The discussion which followed dealt 
fully with a clean milk supply. Following the address of wel- 
come extended by Dean Hull, of the Department of Arts and 

Sciences, in the evening of the first day, Prof. B. Kingsbury, 
M.D., Ph.D., of the Department of Histology and Embryology, 
gave an illustrated lecture on “ The Determination of Sex in the 
Offspring,” explaining that this problem has been discussed for 
over two thousand years. The professor showed a series of 
embryology specimens. The rest of the evening was given over 
to relaxation in the form of a “smoker.’’ The following day 
was filled with interesting papers, discussions and a clinic. Dr. 
Frank H. Miller gave a talk on anesthesia as a factor in the 


608 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


advancement of the veterinary profession, which was discussed 
by Drs. Williams and Law. Dr. Adams, of Philadelphia, gave 
a very interesting and instructive lecture on surgery. This was 
followed by an address by Dr. White, of Cornell University, 
who was in turn succeeded by Dr. Augustus S. Downing, First 
Assistant Commissioner of Education, who discussed the educa- 
tional law as it now stands. At the clinic, Dr. Williams removed 
a thickened septum due to a fracture of the nasal bone, and oper- 
ated on a case of osteomyelitis due to a diseased tooth. Dr. Frank 
H. Miller had a canine diagnostic clinic, and also did an oopho- 
rectomy ona collie bitch. In the evening of the second day the 
Society of Comparative Medicine of the New York State Veter- 
inary College held a banquet, to which the veterinarians attend- 
ing the conference were invited. 


Note—We are indebted to Dr. David W. Cochran for notes from which this brief 
report was written. 


Society oF AMERICAN BacTErioLocists Meret In NEw 
YorK.—This society held its annual meeting in New York City, 
December 31, 1912; January I and 2, 1913. All-day ses- 
sions were held in the University and Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, American Museum of Natural History and 
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 

The society aims to include in its membership any one who 
may appreciate the purpose of the society: “ That, while the 
purpose of this society is primarily for the advancement of micro- 
biology as a pure science, this must not be interpreted as ex- 
cluding papers of applied microbiology which involve funda- 
mental microbiological laws and technical principles, or* which 
embody important discoveries. 

The following veterinarians attended at least a part of the 
three day sessions: J. R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; E. W. 
Mumma, Glenolden, Pa.; M. J. Harkins, Glenolden, Pa.; E. Rec- 
ords, Glenolden, Pa.; V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.; C. P. Fitch, 
Ithaca, N. Y.; R. C. Reed, Newark, Del.; Ward Giltner, East 
‘Lansing, Mich., and John Reichel, Glenolden, Pa. 

“ Studies on the Etiology of Hog Cholera,” by Walter E. 
King and F. W. Baeslack, Detroit, Mich., and the paper read 
under the title of “‘ The Production of Peptotoxins by the Bacillus 
of Contagious Abortion,” by John Reichel and M. J. Harkins, 
Glenolden, Pa., were of considerable interest to veterinarians. 


AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 


MARCH, 1913. 


EDITORIAL. 


EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. 
Paris, January 15, 1913. 


CHOLESTEATOMAS.—The study of these tumors has been 
the subject of a paper presented at the Association for the Study 
of Cancer, of which I find in the Presse Medicale an interesting 
résumé. The paper was due to Dr. Roussy, who presented a 
very documented series of facts, expressed as follows: 

A. Actual Conception of Cholesteatomas.—This name was 
given for the first time by Muller to encapsuled pluristratified 
malformations, containing concentric shining masses, rich in 
cholesterine. 

Because of these concentric masses, Cruveillhier designated 
these tumors by the name of “ pearled tumors.”’ 

They are observed on the level of the meninges, rarely in 
man, very commonly in horses—near the middle ear; in some 
glandular organs (mammae, testicles, ovaries, uterus); in the 
urinary apparatus (pelvis of the kidneys, bladder, urthra) ; near 
the skin, and finally in bones, particularly those of the cranium, 
whether the tumor presented or not colloid degeneration, cal- 
careous infiltration or was or not the seat of hemorrhages. _ 

The microscopic aspect varies. The only constant fact is the 
presence of cholesterine, which always gives the tumor a yellowish 
coloration, some hardness and has a shining aspect on its sections. 

The nature of the histogenesis of cholesteatomas according to 


611 


612 EDITORIAL. 


the description of classical authors appears complex. Most of 
them agree in distinguishing them as: ' 

1. False cholesteatomas, which include, on one side, those of 
the middle ear, of the nose, those of the urinary tracts; they are 
inflammatory tumors secondary to chronic suppurations, and re- 
markable by the accumulation of cholesterine in their thickness, 
but without any neoplastic character. | 

And, again, the cholesteatomas of the skin which are con- 
genital malformations, much like epidermoid cysts from which 
they differ only by the rich presence of cholesterine in the de- 
generated epidermic products : 

2. The true cholesteatomas, which have for type that of the 
meninges, and which form a peculiar class of neoplasms with spe- 
cial histogenesis. 

-Virchow, Billroth, Rindfleisch, French authors, consider these 
tumors as arachnoid endotheliomas, and Klebs goes so far as to 
say that cholesteatoma of meninges is the purest form of endo- 
thelioma. 

On the contrary, Baratrom, Borsi and their followers con-. 
sider the meningeal cholesteatomas nearly as those of the skin 
and make also of them congenital malformations comparable to 
epidermoid cysts. . 


* 
* *k 


Dr. Roussy then relates his personal investigations. Based 
on the complete histological study of more than twenty cases of 
cholesteatomas of meninges of horses, of one case in man and 
cne in the mammae of a woman, these investigations have brought 
him to conclusions which simplify very much the difficult question 
of the pathogeny of those tumors. 

The study of series of sections of meningeal cholesteatomas 
of horses shows that they are not neoplasms, but chronic inflam- 
matory lesions of the choroid plexuses, and in some cases mani- 
festly of tuberculosis. 

The study of the cholesteatomy of a breast shows that it was 
a fibro-adenoma. That which, in all these cases, forms the pe- 


EDITORIAL. 613 


culiarity of structure of these tumors, is the accumulation of 
cholesterine, whose crystals are easily studied to the polari- 
_ metrum with frozen sections and which, after dissolution, with 
sections closed in paraffine, which defines their geometric outside 
lines. 

It is an error to divide cholesteatomas into true and false. 
They are all false in the meaning given them by classics, viz.: 
that the tumors described under that name have no peculiar histo- 
logical origin. What groups cholesteatomas is not a common his- 
togenesis but a common degeneration. 

This same can be still applied to tumefactions which are some 
nodules of ordinary inflammation, others tuberculosis, some tera- 
tomas, others neoplasms. But it must be well understood that 
because these various tumefactions have a same name which in- 
dicates a same degeneration, they must not be considered as be- 
longing to the same nosological group; no more than could be 
put in a same classification the fatty tuberculous liver and the 
hypernephrosis, because in the neoplastic kidney as in the degene- 
rated liver there is fat, which in both cases gives the tissues a 
yellow coloration, soiling paper and taking an intense tint by 
some special reacting agents. 


* 
* * 


Lrporps.—Since the wonderful works in which Brown 
Sequard recommended in cases of weakness, debility and asthenia 
_ the injection of organs’ extracts, a vast science has developed 
which is, so to speak, the inheritance of the ideas of that great 
scientist. Actually there are extracts of organs which are ex- 
tensively used in therapeutics. The opotherapic indication has 
made its way in general practice. The mode of action of those 
extracts has been the object of careful investigations and it is 
known that they act as to take the place of organs whose func- 
tions have become insufficient. Their action is in general due to 
a substance which has some of the properties of fats and on that 
account have received the name of lipoids. 


614 EDITORIAL. 


Among the many workers who have investigated and made a 
special study of lipoids Dr. Iscovesco is one, and at the last medi- 
cal congress he presented the final results he had obtained with 
bis researches and specially demonstrated that lipoids have for 
special action the stimulation of the functions of a given organ. 

He has taken one of these lipoids, isolated from a. special 
organ, injected it into rabbits for a certain length of time, and 
after two months observed that the organ from which the lipoid 
came had increased in size and in weight. In other words, each 
organ contains a lipoid which, thrown in the circulatory system, 
goes and surexcites the organ from which it has been taken. 

Carried further, the observations of Dr. Iscovesco have shown 
that this tonic lipoid, homo-stimulating, has also a general action 
necessary to the organism. Women submitted to double ovari- 
otomy are also relieved of all the troubles that they were other- 
wise having. 

And again experiments have shown that the red corpuscles 
of the blood also contain a lipoid, which, injected into an animal 
which has been bled or has anemia, the lipoid stimulates the for- 
mation of red corpuscles. 

From general conclusions, Dr. Iscovesco says in the Presse 
Medicale that there are a number of diseases whose morbid con- 
dition depends from the bad functions of one organ, and that by 
the discoveries which have been made of the lipoids, of their 
physiological functions and their therapeutic actions, with the 
proper application of opotherapy, the treatment of these diseases 
is now altogether indicated. 

The pathology of small animals can derive advantages by bor- 
rowing from the literature on this subject in human medicine. 


eae 


INFLAMMATORY TUBERCULOsIS.—Under that name is under- 
stood that tuberculosis which, deprived of all anatomical speci- 
ficity, leaves lesions which are not characterized by the presence 
of visible tubercules, or even of the microscopic follicles, which 


EDITORIAL. 615 


represent the initial stage of their formation and in which the 
tuberculous poisons determine far and in most varied organs or- 
dinary inflammatory reactions, often attributed to some other 
cause. 

This is an important question which interests the medical 
world and upon which an excellent book has just been written by 
Professors Poncet and Lebiche. The subject has a double im- 
portance; first, because no one can remain disinterested to any 
new doctrines relative to the pathogeny and unsuspected mischiefs 
of tuberculosis, but also because comparative pathology can en- 
lighten by this present new conception of specific tuberculosis 
some of its yet remaining obscure problems. Indeed, says one of 
our best veterinary pathologists in reviewing the work on inflam- 
matory tuberculosis, there might be great advantage to take hold 
_ again of the entire veterinary pathology to bring the subject up 
to the new conception. 

In a recent article Professor Cadiot, in studying a certain 
number of osteo-arthropathy of tuberculous origin in the dog, has 
drawn the attention to the originality and the attraction of this 
new theory. Veterinarians would no doubt derive benefit by the 
reading of this new work, where they would find a complete ex- 
posure of the doctrine, where they will be shown how the entire 
organism can be injured by the tuberculous toxines that the cir- 
culatory system carries all over. 

A peculiar fact, very persuasive by itself, is that experimentors 
and histologists having shown the possibility of the existence 
_ of lesions free from tubercles or of tuberculous follicles and 

yet being produced by the toxines or the bacilli themselves, can 
it not be admissible to consider as tuberculous many alterations 
which are observed during the life or after the death of a patient, 
carrier of occult tuberculous centers or even only suspicion of 
having them. 

This is what Professors Poncet and Leriche have done in at- 
tributing a tuberculous origin to osteo-arthropathic lesions of 
horses, such as ankylosis, exostosis, spavins, etc. A theory which 
certainly can be refuted by many powerful objections. The ob- 


616 EDITORIAL. 


servations of facts gathered from man, relating to possible inflam- 
matory tuberculosis of the osseous and fibrous systems, of joints 
and tendinous synovial, may have an apparent or real resemblance 
to the lesions of the apparatus of locomotion of horses, but that 
is all. To go further is certainly an overstretched conclusion. 


x 
*k *k 


ARSENICO-MERCURIAL MEDICATION IN VETERINARY |HERA- 
PEUTICS.—This has been the subject of a valuable work by a 
Mr. Boulin, veterinarian, and which has been the subject of 
a very interesting report presented at the Societe Centrale de 
Medecine Veterinaire in Paris. The author has made experiments, 
which proved most successful, against three serious diseases, the 
hemorrhagic septicaemia of sheep, the infectious typho-anemia 
of horses and the septicemic polyarthritis of new-born equines. 
Yhe results that were obtained by the use of those mercurial and 
arsenical compounds and which are minutely analyzed and re- 
corded are deserving of great attention, the statistics of the dis- 
coveries speaking for themselves. 

The method resorted to by Mr. Boulin consists in intra- 
muscular injections of benzoate of mercury and disodical methyl- 
arseniate in the following proportions: equal part of the benzoate, 
chemically pure, and of methylarsinate, 1 gramm, in 100 gramms 
of dissolving serum. One cubic centimeter of this solution con- 
tains I centigram of each salt. It is necessary to have the solu- 
tion prepared in ampoules sterilized, at a temperature close to zero. 
As there will be a precipitate, the ampoule to redissolve the salts 
will be dipped for a few minutes in warm water. If the salts used 
are pure, the conservation will last indefinitely. The injections 
have to be made with all antiseptic precautions. 

The lateral face of the neck is the place to make the injection 
in horses and cattle. The needle of an ordinary Pravaz syringe 
is thrust perpendicularly at about a depth of 3 centimeters and 
drawn away rapidly after the injection is made. So as to avoid 
the contact of the liquid with the connective tisue, the piston of 


EDITORIAL. 617 


the syringe shall be raised a few millimeters to empty it thor- 
oughly. Small colts will be operated on while down, sheep while 
standing. In this last animal the internal face of the thigh, near 
the posterior border, is the place for injection. 

The doses have been carefully experimented. For large ani- 
mals, horses and cattle, 40 cubic centimeters of the solution; in 
very severe attacks only the injection is repeated the next day; 
afterwards they are of 20 centimeters and renewed according to 
the severity and progress of the disease every three or four days. 
This last dose can also be used as a preventive. For poly-arthritic 
colt, even when only a few hours old, an injection of 20 c.c. has 
been used from the start. This same dose injected into the mother 
will grant immunity to the milk. In sheep affected with 
hemorrhagic septicaemia, the curative doses are of 10 cubic cen- 
timeters and the preventive of 5 repeated at even intervals, three 
times in fifteen days. 

The stated results mentioned by Mr. Boulin are valuable evi- 
dences of the good results obtained by this treatment, which cer- 
tainly justify trials. 


* . * 


New Cestopa or SHEEP.—Under this heading Adjunct Pro- 
fessor Marotel has called the attention of the Societe des Sciences 
Veterinaires de Lyon to his mode of studying cestodce and to a 
new parasite of sheep that he has discovered. The method is 
simple. Spread the worm on glass slide after its being colored in 
mass with borated carmine. In a few minutes and without any 
other preparation one can be documented upon the form, dimen- 
sions, structure of the helminth and all of its annexes. 

Since a number of years Marotel has applied this method, 
principally with the cestodes of sheep. These worms, which be- 
long to about ten species, are described in classical works by their 
character of external morphology, characters which vary con- 
siderably, according to whether the worm is dead, extended or 
contracted. For these reasons the dimensions varying, the classi- 
fication may be contradictory and without positive determination, 


618 EDITORIAL. 


and Marotel has decided to resort for base of a classification to 
characters more fixed and certain, the anatomical or structural, 
which are more rapidly exhibited and observed by his method than 
than the morphological. 

In working up this new classification, which will be published 
when completed, Marotel has discovered a new species which he 
describes as follows: “ The normal worm (without excessive ex- 
tension or contraction, and completely developed) measures 
between 2 meters and 2 meters and a half in length, with 3 to 5 
millimeters maxima width; it is then relatively short and. spe- 
cially narrow, hence the name of minima proposed for it. The 
head is followed by a long neck. A chain of two meters consists 
of about 1,850 rectangular rings, with their posterior angles, little 
developed. The interannular glands are enormous, three times 
iarger than the testicles, in small number and arranged in trans- 
versal line, not occupying the entire intralacunar space. The 
hermaphrodite zona has approximately 400 rings, which are rela- 
tively elongated. The first ones are wider than long. The last 
ones are square. 

“The genital pores are open slightly in front of the middle, 
in a notch situated on the summit of a round projection (not a 
sexual nipple). The testicles not numerous (150 about), form a 
rectangular surface which scarcely fills up the posterior third of 
the ring; sometimes this rectangular surface is very thin on the 
median une. Germigene and vitellogene well developed and ap- 
parent. Ovigerous rings from the 180th—z2ooth centimeters, 
with genital pores on the anterior third.” 

These are the essential characters of this new. cestodce which 
has close characters to those of the Manieszia expansa and trigono- 
phora, with which it may have been mistaken to this date. 


* 
* x 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Rapies.—I have received from the publishing house of J. B. 
Bailliere & fils a new work on Rabies by Prof. V. Babes, the emi- 


EDITORIAL. 619 


nent director of the Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology of 
Bucarest. 

There are probably few subjects of medicine which have a more 
abundant literature and yet in the presence of the valuable works 
and progress that has been realized and also of the present knowl- 
edge that is possessed, the publication of such Treatise on Rabies 
had become necessary. 

Thanks to the existence of numerous antirabic institutes it is 
known to-day that rabies is much more prevailing and on a wider 
extent than was supposed years back. At the present time there 
are some hundreds of those institutions which among their work 
give out much information relating to rabies which is of very 
great value. And yet there is no specific work except the German 
work of Hoggis which gives all the facts now realized by science. 

Babes has endeavored to produce one and has well succeeded. 
In the Treatise on Rabies he has given a large space to the experi- 
mental study of the disease, has treated in detail of the history of 
that fearful affection, one among the virulent diseases which is 
that whose history is most interesting, and considered the subject 
in all its various points of view. 

We cannot give this good work the thorough review that it 
deserves. It could not do justice to its contents. The legisla- 
tion, the sanitary medicine, the clinical history, the pathological 
anatomy * * * all are the object of most interesting con- 
sideration, without saying anything of the personal researches of 
the author and of the critics which he makes of the most recent 
investigations, and discoveries upon the etiology of rabies and the 
indicated changes in the preventive. 

The work of Babes forms one volume of 677 pages with I1 
illustrations. The contents are presented to the reader in 36 chap- 
ters—among which we will call specially the attention of veteri- 
narians to Chapter V, treating of rabies from the point of view of 
general practice, the conduct indicated for a practitioner, physician 
or veterinarian, or a person that has been bitten; Chapter VIII, 
symptomatology of rabies in the principal biting animals, dogs, 
wolves, cats, horses, ruminants, pigs; Chapter XXXIV, the anti- 


620 EDITORIAL. 


rabic treatment in animals: vaccination of dogs and vaccination 
of herbivora. Every chapter is very interesting, but those three, 
we believe, call principally the attention of the daily practitioner. 


* 
* * 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—4 chives des Sciences 
Biologiques (Archives of Biological Sciences), published by the 
Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine at St. Petersburg, 
Vol Sova sNoss 

Program of the 16th Annual Meeting of the United States 
Live Stock Sanitary Association. A special notice of which will 
be given as soon as the Proceedings are published. 


The Introduction and Spread of the Cattle Tick and of the 
associated disease, tick fever, in Australia, by J. A. Gilruth, 
DVS MRC. ys 

Further Observations on Onchocerca Gibsoni, the cause of 


worm nodules in cattle, by J. A. Gilruth and Georgina Sweet, 
Di S¢: 


The Score-card system of dairy inspection by George M. 
Whitaker, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 


The November number of the Agricultural Journal of the 
Union of South Africa, with an article on Afrikander Cattle, of 
good interest from the zootechnician point of view. The souvenir 
program of the 30th annual meeting of the [linois State Veteri- 
nary Medical Association, which took place last December, and 
where Dr. J. H. Mohler, Dr. W. J. Martin, Dr. J. M. Wright, Dr. 
H. Crawford, Prof. Dalrymple, Dr. A. T. Peters, Prof. E. L. Quit- 
man, Prof. White, Dr. Arthur Hughes, Dr. G. B. Jones, Prof. B. 
I’. Kaupp presented papers of great interest. Program gives a list 
of the officers since the organization in 1883, and also that of its 
active members, some two hundred and fifty in number. 

Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin 152: Studies on the Bi- 
ology of the Texas Fever Tick, by H. W. Graybill, D.V.M., and 
W. M. Lewallen. 


EDITORIAL. 621 


Bulletin 153: The Action of Anthelmintics on Parasites Lo- 
cated Outside of the Alimentary Canal, by Brayton Howard Ran- 
som and Maurice C. Hall. 

The Lawrence Telegram, from Dr. John F. Winchester. 


Ves We 


PRESENT STATUS OF ARMY VETERINARY BILL. 


At this writing (February 24) the Army Veterinary Bill 
stands on the brink of success! And yet, the outcome cannot be 
predicted with any degree of certainty. Chairman Hoskins of 
the Legislative Committee, President Mohler of the A. V. M. A., 
and other members of the legislative committee have been 
strenuously at work in Washington during the past few days, 
with the result that they have secured a promise from the sub- 
committee on military affairs that they will bring the bill for 
action before the Senate Military Committee on Febery 27; 
and while the final battle of the campaign is being waged, the 
whole veterinary profession of America anxiously, yet confi- 
dently awaits the outcome. And should success crown their 
efforts, it will be the result of one of the fairest, hardest fought, 
non-partizan battles for a cause that has ever been waged in 
this or any other country. Espérons-le. 


[ADDENDUM FEBRUARY 28TH.] ARMY VETERINARY BILL 
DEFEATED—CAMPAIGN FOR RECOGNITION IN THE 62D CONGRESS 
Lost.—This last week has been devoted to a special appeal to the 
members of the Senate Military Committee and a summonsing to 
Washington of representatives of the profession from New 
Jersey, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the filing of appeals from 
military officers in the states, urging this recognition; but all to 
no purpose. Nothing could move the chairman of the sub-com- 
mittee, Senator Bristow, to a report. But that indefatigable 
worker, Chairman Hoskins, courageously announces that “ we 
must now begin anew our battle with the 63d Congress, and 
every veterinarian must at once make the close acquaintance of 
his Congressman, and familiarize him with the justice of our 
cause, and early secure his co-operation in behalf of the same.” 
The profession appreciates Dr. Hoskins’ valiant services, and are 
a unit in supporting his renewed efforts for the cause. 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN.* 


By James McDonoucu, D.V.S., Montcra, N..-J. 


I. deem it a great honor to be allowed to address this body of 
veterinarians, for 1 am conscious of my inability to say any- 
thing upon any subject pertaining to veterinary science that can 
add to the knowledge of any man present. The only excuse 
I can offer in the form of an apology is my irresistible desire to 
place before you, for your consideration, a subject that has oc- 
cupied my attention for the past ten years or more, the title 
of which is “ Knuckling of the Hind-Limbs as a Symptom of 
Spavin.”’ 

Knuckling is a voluntary disarrangement of the bones at 
the ankle that can be reduced at will by the animal. Where we 
have present conditions that we know cause knuckling, it is 
very evident that the changes in the relation of the bones of 
the ankle are the result of the animal’s effort to relieve the parts 
affected. As in a punctured wound of the foot, when the loca- 
tion of the wound is in the region of the heel, the ankle will 
immediately be thrown forward that the work may be lessened 
at the point of injury, so it is in the case of sprained tendons, 
or any other exciting cause found below the hock. But in all 
of these cases, where the cause is evident, the location can easily 
be determined by the presence of heat, soreness or swelling, and 
when the soreness has been relieved the knuckling will disappear. 

This applies to a very small percentage of knuckled animals, 
for in most cases the cause is obscure, and there is not the slight- 
est evidence of heat, pain or swelling, nor is lameness present 


* Presented to the American Veterinary Medical Association, at Indianapolis, August, 
1912. 


622 


Ee 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 623 


oftentimes for years after a horse goes knuckled, and sometimes 
never. | 

It will oftentimes show itself first in one limb and then the 
other, or it may be confined to one limb, or may appear in both 
at nearly the same time, as often seen in young horses, say at 
the age of from two to five years. In these cases its develop- 
ment is very gradual; the first symptom detected is a very slight 
displacement of the ankle, when the foot first comes in contact 
with the ground, to disappear when the limb takes weight. This 
will be followed by an interrupted condition of knuckling while 
at rest, when the animal will be seen to stand knuckled for a 
minute or longer at intervals. 

This condition is apt to progress, and the animal may begin 
to stumble or “ break over’ behind. He may or may not show 
lameness, but at this time I challenge the skill of any person 
to detect the presence of a condition that can in any imaginary 
way be responsible for these changes, but here are effects, and 
a cause must be present, and our inability to find it must not be 
accepted by us as proof that it does not exist. 

I will here quote the remarks of Prof. Liautard as they ap- 
pear in the book on the disease of the horse issued by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. I do this for the reason that the causes 
and treatment, as given by Prof. Liautard are, so far as I know, 
accepted by all horse owners and veterinarians and taught by 
veterinary colleges. Prof. Liautard writes as follows: “As a 
consequence of the last-mentioned lesions of the tendons a new 
condition presents itself in the articular disposition, constituting 
the deformity known as the knuckling fetlock. 

“ By this is meant a deformity of the fetlock joint, by which 
the natural angle is changed from that which pertains to the 
healthy articulation. The first pastern or suffraginis loses its 
oblique direction and assumes another, which varies from the 
upright to the oblique, from before backwards, and from above 
downwards; in other words, forming an angle with its apex in 
front. 

“ Cause—This condition, as we have seen, may be the result 


G24 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


of chronic disease producing structural changes in the tendons, 
and it may also occur as the result of other affections or some 
peculiarity independent of this and situated below the fetlock, 
such as ringbone, sidebone or traumatic disease of the foot 
proper. Animals are sometimes predisposed to knuckling, such, 
for example, as are naturally straight in their pasterns, or ani- 
mals which are compelled to labor when too young. The hind- 
legs are more predisposed than the fore to this deformity, in con- 
sequence of the greater amount of labor they are required to 
perform as the propelling levers of the body. 

‘“ Symptoms—The symptoms of knuckling are easily recog- 
nized. The changes in the direction of the bones vary more or 
less with the degree of the lesions. Sometimes assuming such 
a direction that it almost becomes a true dislocation of the 
pastern. 

“The effect of knuckling upon the gait also varies according 
to the degree of the deformity. As the different degrees of the 
shortening of the leg affect the motion of the fetlock, the lame- 
ness may be very slight or quite extreme. Another consequence 
of this shortening is such a change in the position of the foot 
that the heel ceases to come in contact with the ground and 
assumes a greater elevation, and the final results of this is soon 
witnessed in the development of a club foot. 

“ Treatment—To whatever cause the knuckling may be 
ascribed, it is always a severe infirmity, and there is but little 
room for hoping to overcome it, unless it be during the very 
first stages of the trouble, and the hope dwindles to still smaller 
dimensions, when it is secondary to other diseases below the 
fetlock. If it is caused by overworking, the animal’s first indi- 
cation will, of course, be rest. Line firing has proved very 
efficacious in these cases. The animal must be turned loose and 
left unemployed. Careful attention should be given to the con- 
dition of his feet and to the manner of shoeing, while time is 
allowed for the tendons to become restored to their normal state, 
and the irritation caused by excessive stretching has subsided. 
A shoe with a thick heel will contribute to this. But if no im- 


Bore Pe 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 625 


provement can be obtained and the tendons, though retracted, 
have yet been relieved of much of their thickening, the case is 
not a desperate one and may yet be benefited by the operation of 
Tenotomy—single or double—an operation expedient which 
must be committed to the experienced surgeon for its per- 
formance.” 

From the above quotation it will be seen that the cause of 
knuckling is always attributed to some condition below the hock, 
and treatment always applied to that part of the limb with 
acknowledged poor results. 

That my position may be more easily understood I will 
divide knuckling into two classes: The one that is caused by an 
injury below the hock, when the seat of injury can always be 
detected, and lameness is usually present, to disappear when the . 
condition has been relieved; the other, which develops where 
lameness is seldom present early enough in its development to 
cause us to suspect the one of being associated with the other. 

Of the first class, which constitutes probably about 5 per 
cent. of all cases of knuckling behind, I have already referred 
to. Its cause can be easily detected and usually treated with 
success. Of the remaining 95 per cent. I think we have much 
to learn. 

If we hope to relieve knuckling, we must do so in its inci- 
pient stage, and in order to do this, we must know its early 
cause. | 

As I said before, knuckling is a voluntary act; the change 
in the relation of those bones is made for the express purpose 
of relieving some part of the limb of its work, for we know 
that we cannot change the relation of any parts of the limb with- 
out causing a transfer of work from one part to the other. If 
the degree of knuckling increases, it signifies that a greater 
change in the relation of the parts is necessary that more relief 
may be extended to the affected part. And where lameness is 
present, it can be accepted as proof that the relief so extended 
is not sufficient to permit the affected part to perform its work 
with comfort. 


626 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


That this is true is shown in the condition of spavin. When 
we have a lame horse and suspect a spavin as the cause, we look 
for certain symptoms and conditions that exist below the hock, 
and when found to exist, they always strengthen our diagnosis. 
The symptoms consist of the animal starting off slightly on the 
toe, with the weight inclined in that direction and a limited 
flexion of the limb at the hock. The conditions that we would 
expect to find would be knuckling of the ankle, an increased 
growth of the hoof at the heel, and, if of long standing, a very 
pronounced thickening of the tendons, but no heat, swelling or 
soreness can be detected. In cases of lameness we look upon 
these as symptoms of spavin, but they are the very same condi- 
tions found and described by Prof. Liautard as caused by knuck- 
_ ling. He refers to the change in the direction of the weight 
through the foot, for he says we have an increased growth of 
the heel. He says this growth may continue until we have what 
is known as a club foot, when the weight will pass through the 
toe in a vertical direction. He refers to the shortening of the 
flexer tendons and recommends tenotomy as a possible means 
of relief, but we, as well as he, look upon them as conditions 
caused by knuckling when lameness is absent, while when lame- 
ness is present we consider them symptoms of hock trouble. In 
the one case we look upon the conditions as a cause, while in 
the case of spavin, as an effect, to the extent of allowing their 
presence to strengthen our diagnosis. 

There is probably nothing more difficult for us than to dis- 
criminate between cause and effect, for many conditions that at 
first are effects later become causes. 

As a cause must precede the effect, it is hard to understand 
how thickened tendons and high heels can ‘be considered as a 
cause of knuckling, when knuckling always precedes these con- 
ditions. As a matter of fact we see many horses that have been 
knuckled for years with normal heels and tendons. If this be 
true, then it is hard to understand how we can expect to relieve 
knuckling by lowering the heels or cutting the tendons. 

When the conditions, referred to above, are present, they 


\ 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 627 


will be seen to increase as the knuckling increases This would 
lead us to believe that one must be the cause and the other the 
effect; so if we exclude the high heels, etc., as a cause, we must 
look upon them as an effect, and accept the knuckling as the 


cause. For this reason we treat the ankle by blistering, firing, 
etc., but never with beneficial results. 


These animals may continue sound and serviceable for years 
or may never take a lame step. Again, they may come from the 
stable some morning too lame to be put to work, as shown in 
the acompanying cut No 1. This animal had been used in a 
coal yard for the past seven years under my personal observa- 
tion and care and had never gone lame. One Monday morning, 
after playing in the yard the day before, he was found too lame 
to be put to work, hardly taking any weight on one hind-limb. 
I had some liniment applied to the hock and allowed him to rest 
for a week, when he again traveled sound. But had this animal 


628 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


continued lame for a month or more, there is no veterinarian 
who would not pronounce him lame in the hock. To confirm 
our diagnosis, we would point to the high heels and other con- 
ditions referred to in cases of knuckling and recognized by 
vetrinarians and many horsemen, as symptoms of hock joint 
lameness. The only condition never referred to and always 
present in those cases, as a symptom of spavin, is the knuckling. 
But why ignore the knuckling at this time? We haven’t ac- 
counted for its presence; we haven't as yet determined whether 
it be a cause or an effect. We have admitted that it is not the 
effect of any of the conditions found below the hock, for it 
always precedes them; we cannot claim that it is the cause of 
these conditions, for we now acknowledge them to be well- 
recognized symptoms of a spavin. 

If we have a cause, that cause can only be determined by its 
effect, and having acknowledged our failure to relieve knuckling 
by the treatment of any or all conditions below the hock, we are 
compelled to look upon it as an effect. 

If knuckling be an effect, then where is the cause? This 
we must know if we expect to relieve it. When caused by an 
injury to the limb below the hock, we immediately and unques- 
tionably recognize it as an effect, for the cause can easily be 
detected, and if we are asked why the injury causes knuckling, 
we will explain that it is the animal’s effort to relieve the injured 
part of a portion of its work. If that be true in these cases, why 
is it not true in all cases of knuckling? 

With this theory in mind, let us look to the hock. If a horse 
is lame from a spavin, this lameness signifies that that part of 
the limb is unable to perform its work with comfort, and instinct 
has taught the animal to relieve the parts by placing the limb 
in a position where the work of that part will be lessened. This 
the animal always does in a case of spavin lameness by volun- 
tarily adjusting the parts to a position that will throw the weight 
in the direction of the toe. If the soreness increases, he will 
continue his efforts until the wall at the toe will be forced from 
an oblique to a vertical position. 


— e 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 629 


Now we know that the more oblique the direction of the 
pastern bone, from behind to before, the more weight is thrown 
upon the heels, while the more vertical its direction, as seen in 
short-pastern horses, the more weight comes upon the toe. This 
anyone can determine by the wear on the shoes It will be seen 
by this that it would be extremely inconvenient for an animal to 
increase the weight in the direction of the toe, while allowing 
the ankle to continue in a position that will force it upon the 
heels. So it is quite natural that his first efforts will be to change 
the position of the bones from this angle and place them in a 
position that will lessen the angles and similar to the position 
they occupy in a short-pasterned horse. This can only be done 
by forcing the ankle upward and forward—the beginning of 
knuckling. As the ankle is forced forward, the weight on the 
heels is relieved, and the support they offer the limb has become 
lessened, and nature now comes to the rescue by increasing the 
growth of the wall at that point. If the condition of the hock 
requires it, these changes will continue until the ankle has 
formed an angle with its apex in front, and the length and direc- 
tion of the wall at the heels will correspond to that of the toe 
and is known as a club foot. But this change in the contour 
of the limb necessitates other changes. What about the flexor 
tendons, whose ability to perform their work of flexing the 
limb depends upon their power to contract, but by raising the 
heels we have shortened the distance between their points of 
attachment, which is equal to increasing the length of the tendon, 
and it becomes necessary that they be shortened, and as they are 
shortened they become thicker, and this is the condition so often 
mistaken for a cause of knuckling. 

As it has been admitted that injury to the tendon will cause 
knuckling, I wish to remind you of what was previously said. 
Where the injury is the cause, heat, swelling and soreness will 
always be present, and the knuckling is the result of the animal’s 
efforts to relieve the work of the tendons by shortening the dis- 
tance between their points of attachment, while the thickening 
found in the other cases is never accompanied by any of these 
symptoms. 


630 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


When a horse has been lame for a long time from the effects 
of a very large spavin, we expect to find all of these abnormal 
conditons of the limb below the hock, and don’t hesitate to say 
that they are caused by the spavin, but. while a horse continues 
to go sound, we look upon them as a group of conditions pecu- 
liar to that part of the limb below the hock. 

Before saying more upon this subject of knuckling and its 
cause, it might be well to say a few words about spavin. Most 
of us veterinarians, and nearly everybody who owns or drives 
a horse, think they can detect the presence of a spavin. To be 
reasonably sure of its presence they depend upon one of two 
things or both; either a bony enlargement on the inside of the 
hock that can easily be detected, or the character of the lame- 
ness, but few owners think a horse spavined if he is not lame. 
But if one will carefully study the condition in all of its stages 
in several thousand horses, he will find that it presents a very 
interesting study. We will see animals not showing the slight- 
est enlargement at the seat of spavin so lame that they cannot 
be driven off a walk. We will see others showing quite a large 
spavin, but slightly lame, while again we will find others with 
a spavin as large as a hen’s egg going perfectly sound and per- 
forming hard work. 

Of those that go lame there are some that will start off on 
their toe and drive entirely out of their lameness, while others 
of this class will continue to show some lameness, but the heels 
will come upon the ground after going a short distance, to again 
go off on his toe and very lame if allowed to stand a short while; 
some will start off lame with the heels upon the ground and 
are slow to drive out of their lameness; some will start off lame 
with both heels upon the ground and continue lame, while others 
will start off sound and suddenly go very lame and continue so 
to the end of their journey, and likely for several days even 
refusing to put that foot on the floor when led out. This animal 
is likely to respond readily to treatment. 

We have found among those animals a great difference in 
the condition and appearance of the hock, a great difference in 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 631 


the character and degree of their lameness. There was but one 
condition always present—that was knuckling of the fetlock joint. 
This will be present to some degree where the slightest lameness 
exists. 

If this is the only one condition that is always present, may 
we not consider it as a symptom of spavin? 

Some years ago my attention was attracted by this condi- 
tion of the ankle. The thing that interested me most was the 
fact that many of the worst cases did not show the slightest 
lameness, while many others showing but a slight knuckling 
were very lame. For this reason it seemed impossible the 
knuckling could be the cause of lameness and must surely be an 
effect, but as lameness was not always present it seemed hard 
to associate the one with the other. However, it became evi- 
dent that when lameness was present the cause of lameness 
always existed in the hock joint, while in many of the worst 
cases of knuckling, when no lameness was present, a well-de- 
veloped spavin could be found, and vice versa. Now this seemed 
a mixed-up affair, for there were knuckled horses showing no 
lameness, knuckled horses showing no spavin and spavined 
horses showing no knuckling, but always a knuckled horse when 
lameness was present. 

At about this time there came under my care a number of 
colts sired by a spavined horse. They were well-bred animals, 
with fairly long pasterns. Before reaching the age of two years, 
every one showed a tendency to knuckle, and at the age of five 
years every one was knuckled and spavined. Those that re- 
mained free from lameness, the degree of knuckling remained 
about the same, while those that went lame showed a rapidly 
increased degree of knuckling. These animals, having a small 
and finely bred limb, rendered it easy to detect the slightest ab- 
noramal condition, and a most careful examination failed to 
detect the presence of the slightest unsoundness below the hock. 

A spavined horse going sound and showing no sign of 
knuckling, if from any cause of injury to the seat of the spavin 
he suddenly goes lame, he will immediately go knuckled, and 
continue knuckled until the lameness disappears. 


632 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


If a spavined horse going sound and free from kpuckling 
begins to show lameness, if the lameness is caused by the spavin, 
knuckling will always precede it. Should the ankle remain in 
its normal position, never treat the spavin, for it is positively 
not the seat of lameness. 

As we know, a large percentage of spavins, some of which 
are very large, never cause lameness, while again many very 
small and some obscure spavins cause intense lameness, we are 
compelled to recognize some influencing factor other than its 
size. We all know that it is possible for a spavin to develop to 
an enormous size and never cause a minute’s lameness. While 
it may be hard to explain these things, the fact remains that the 
proof is before us, so that while dealing with this condition 
we must confine ourselves to a study of the symptoms as mani- 
fested by the animal itself. 

We may not know why some horses go sound with a large 
spavin and lame with a small one, but there are some things we 
do know, for the animal tells us as plainly as it can be told in 
the sign language. The trouble is we are not familiar enough 
with their language. However, we understand their reason for 
doing some things, for every animal will do the same thing when 
the same cause exists. For instance, if a spavin hurts a horse 
to the extent of causing lameness, that animal will invariably 
adjust the limb to a position where the weight is thrown more 
in the direction of the toe. His first move in an effort to do 
this is to change the relation of the bones at the ankle. 

This is absolutely necessary, for he is powerless to change 
the direction of the weight on any part of the limb, unless he first 
changes the relation to each other of the parts that support the 
weight. . 

If the soreness increases, as manifested ‘by the degree of 
lameness, a further change in the position of the bones at the 
ankle (increased knuckling) becomes necessary, this to be fol- 
lowed by the high heel, thickened tendon and other conditions 
seen in chronic spavin lameness. Of this group of conditions 
there is but one that can be designed or controlled by the animal 


a ee eee ee 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 633 


—the displacement of the bones, the condition known as 
knuckling. He is surely powerless to control the growth of 
the hoof or thickening of the tendons. 

If high heels and thickened tendons are recognized as con- 
ditions that contribute to the comfort of the animal suffering 
from the effects of a spavin, and admitted that their presence is 
caused by and secondary to the knuckling, then we are compelled 
to accept the knuckling as the one and only symptom and the 
other conditions as an effect. 

This makes it easy to account for some things that at first 
seemed difficult to understand, such as the presence of knuckling 
in the absence of lameness, or when a careful examination of the 
hock failed to reveal the presence of a spavin. For when we 
remember that many horses with very large spavins go sound 
with their ankle in a normal position, showing that no relief to 
the limb was necessary, it is only reasonable to think that others 
suffering a slight soreness could be relieved to the extent of 
going sound by a slight knuckling. If a slight knuckling re- 
lieves a slight soreness at the seat of spavin, then the degree of 
knuckling would depend upon the severity of the soreness. 

If the soreness be sufficient to cause a slight knuckling at 
the time when it first begins to form and the development of 
the spavin checked, the degree of knuckling will remain the 
same. This condition is often seen in young horses. If a spavin 
can be relieved by knuckling and the degree of knuckling con- 
trolled by the will of the animal, why is it not possible under 
some conditions for the relief so given to permit of the full 
development of a spavin without the animal showing lameness, 
as shown in cut No. I and seen in many animals? The knuckling 
of these hmbs continued to increase, the spavin continued to 
develop, and the animal continued to go sound, while perform- 
ing his regular work. Everything seemed to be nicely adjusted 
to the requirements of the’ conditions he was subjected to, but 
when the animal, through play, kicked both hind-feet into the 
air, the jar occasioned by the weight of his body, when his feet 
were returned to the ground, passed through the limb in a dif- 


634 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


ferent direction from that occasioned by work, with the result 
that he immediately went lame. 

It is not uncommon for knuckled thorses to suddenly go 
lame, and if the cause is at the seat of spavin, the degree of 
knuckling will immediately be increased. 

I have nothing new to offer in the treatment of spavins. The 
form of shoe I apply will be referred to later. 

It is better to try to prevent this condition than relieve it, 
and if knuckling can be accepted as a positive and never-failing 
symptom of an approaching spavin, it will prove a long stride 
in that direction, as it will permit of our removing the effect 
by treating the cause at a time when no other manifestations of 
its presence can possibly be detected. This might result in pre- 
venting the development of many spavins, lessen the degree. of 
knuckling and number of knuckled animals. 

It is generally acknowledged that a spavin is caused by too 
much strain being thrown upon that part of the limb, as a result, 
either of a peculiar or abnormal conformation of the limb, known 
as a hereditary cause, but more generally by an unbalanced limb. 

When caused by the former, not much can be done to relieve 
it, but if caused by the latter, very much assistance can be given. 
For the amount of work performed by any part of the limb is 
influenced by the shape and position of the foot, and in many 
cases, where spavin lameness is present, the lameness can be re- 
lieved, often permanently, by simply adjusting the weight. 

The method usually employed to relieve a spavined animal 
is the application of a shoe with thickened heels, but this is 
only contributing to the relief of a condition that now exists, 
and could not be useful as a means of preventing it. It seems 
very necessary that we make a nice distinction between the two, 
for the reason that many of us think that that which will relieve 
a condition, 1f employed sooner, might prevent it. 

Horses that develop spavins are usually seen to stand high 
on the inside, with the weight passing through the foot in the 
direction of the outside toe, and for the reason that spavins 
usually develop very slowly, it is hard to determine if this is a 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 635 


cause or any effect. While trying to determine this it is well 
to bear in mind that those animals with a foot with the outside 
wall nearly vertical from the heel to the outside toe are usually, 
if not always, spavined. Again a horse when first showing lame- 
ness, if he stands low on the outside, as he usually does, will 
often be relieved by raising that side of the foot. This coupled 
with the fact that we know the voluntary displacement of the 
foot, when seeking relief, is forward, as shown by the knuckling 
and high heels, leads me to look upon it as a cause. 

If a low outside be accepted as a cause, it would be well to 
shoe him in a way that will not only place the limb in a balanced 
position when first shod, but cause it to remain in this position 
until he requires shoeing again. 


No. 2 


Cut No. 2 shows the hind-limbs of a horse that was used 
for saddle work nearly every day for 22 years. During the 
last 18 years of that time I lived on the block where he was 
stabled, and saw him in use many times during each week. All 
of this time the animal went sound behind. 

The position of both ankles corresponded to the position of 
the right ankle, as seen in the cut; and while the wear on the 
shoe was greater in the direction of the toe, the hoot retained 
its normal shape. The inside of both hock joints were smooth, 


636 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


but slightly ‘* rounded,” and he would be a brave, but indiscreet 
man who would attempt to convince the owner, or any horse- 
man, that this animal was spavined in both limbs. 

One morning following his average drive of the day before, 
he was found in his stall so lame in the left hind-leg that he re- 
fused to do more than touch the toe to the floor when compelled 
to move. 

The position of his ankle was now very much flexed, as 
shown in the cut. The ankle was placed under treatment for 
three weeks by the owner, and as he showed no improvement and 
was about 27 years old, he decided to have him destroyed. 

I saw him for the first time, since getting lame, passing my 
place on the way to be destroyed. I asked that he be left with 
me for an hour, which was done. I immediately took the pic- 


ture as shown in cut No. 2. I then cocained the seat of spavin, 
and in 20 minutes took the picture shown in cut No. 3. 

The lameness was now very much relieved, and, as shown in 
the picture, the knuckling was very much reduced. 

The animal was taken a distance of about half a mile, when 
the owner called me up on the ’phone and said he was going 
sound and acting like a two-year-old, and he didn’t think he 
would have him destroyed, but after I had explained the case 
to him he was put to death, and I got the limb. Upon dissection 


ee ee ee ee nt = 


-—_— = ove 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 637 


the condition of the tarsal and metatarsal bones on the inside of 
the joint would cause one to wonder how this animal had con- 
tinued to perform work without showing lameness. 

I know I have already overtaxed your patience, but I feel 
that I would not be fulfilling my obligations as a veterinarian, 
if I allowed this opportunity to pass without saying a few words — 
about the use of the old-fashioned three-calked shoes, for I 
consider them responsible for more spavined horses than all other 
conditions combined. 

The broad quarters of the unshod hoof provides the limb on 
either side with sufficient support to prevent its rotating in that 
direction, but place a three-calked shoe upon a table and attempt 
to rotate it, and you will find that absolutely no resistance is 
offered to its displacement in the direction of either side. How 
could there be? As the support, provided by the shoe, corre- 
sponds to the length of the toe in front and the distance between 
the two heels behind. It robs both sides of the limb of every 
particle of its support. There is no one who can deny this state- 
ment and, unless we are prepared to prove that support at that 
place is not essential to its health and comfort, there should be 
a law passed prohibiting the use of such a shoe. 

I consider it a waste of your time to dwell longer upon this 
subject. The evidence of the injurious effects of such a shoe 
is too apparent to make it necessary to point it out to this intel- 
ligent body of men, but I cannot help but express my surprise 
that we, as veterinarians, have not taken a more active part in 
trying to abolish their use. 

The long and continued use of these shoes can only be ac- 
cepted as proof of the amount of suffering they have caused 
millions of horses, as well as a loss of service to their owners, 
and cannot be offered by us as a reason why their use should be 
longer continued, when conscious of their injurious effects upon 
the limbs. 

When a horse is lame in the hock, I always apply a shoe as 
shown in cut No. 4. In very many cases, when the animal first 
goes lame, no other treatment is required, and my experience 


638 JAMES MC DONOUGH. 


along this line with hock-joint lameness has convinced me beyond 
any question of doubt that the support provided by the two 


No, 4. 


calks situated under the quarters is essential to the comfort of 
the limb. 


SUMMARY. 


That breaking over (stumbling behind) is always caused 
by a slight knuckling, when the weight comes upon the limb. 
That knuckling is always present when there exists any condi- 
tion of the hock joint, at the seat of spavin, which renders that 
part of the limb unable to perform its work with comfort. 

That absence of knuckling in cases of lameness behind can 
be accepted as proof positive that the cause does not exist in the 
region of the inside of the hock joint, no matter how large the 
spavin is that may be found there. 


KNUCKLING AS A SYMPTOM OF SPAVIN. 639 


That absence of support under the quarters is responsible for 
more hock-joint lameness than all other causes combined. That 
there exists on the inside of the hock joint of 75 per cent. of 
all horses, more than six (6) years of age, an abnormal condi- 
tion, the result of strain, which renders that part of the limb 
less able to perform its work. 

Now, gentlemen, I thank you for your attention and display 
of patience, for I know I have said some things that seem radical 
to many of you, but I solicit your careful investigation of this 
subject and assure you that I am willing to abide by your 
findings. 

I will now conclude by asking that this association be ap- 
pointed as a committee to determine the effects of three-calked 
shoes upon the limbs of horses. And if in their opinion the use 
of these shoes are as injurious as claimed by me, that this asso- 
ciation at their next regular meeting, if they deem it wise, take 
some action to prevent the use of any form of shoe that does 
not provide the sides of the limbs with support equal to the sup- 
port offered by the quarters of the unshod hoof. 


Horse PoPpuLATION IN UNITED STATES INCREASED 58,000 
IN THE PAst YEAR; BuT Foop PropUCcING ANIMALS HAVE DE- 
CREASED.—Statistics of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture show that on January I, 1913, the total number of horses 
on farms and ranges in the United States was 20,567,000, valued 
at $110.77 per head, with an aggregate value of $2,278,222,000. 
Compared with January 1, 1912, horses had increased 58,000; 
mules increased 24,000; milch cows decreased 202,000; other 
cattle decreased 1,230,000; sheep decreased 880,000; swine de- 
creased 4,232,000. In average value per head horses increased 
$4.83 ; mules increased $3.80; milch cows increased $5.63; other 
cattle increased $5.16; sheep increased $0.48; swine increased 
$1.86. In total value horses increased $105,528,000. 


Dr. JAMEs B. CouGHey, an old subscriber to the REVIEw, 
died recently at his home in Pittsburg, Pa., at the age of 53 years; 
apoplexy being the cause of his death. Dr. Coughey was a goy- 
ernment veterinary inspector for a number of years. He is sur- 
vived by a widow and one daughter. 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN 
HEALTH.* 


By M. H. Reyno tps, St. PAut, MInn. 


Prevalence.—l have the impression that the prevalence of 
bovine tuberculosis is not usually appreciated by physicians and 
sanitary workers in the human field and feel that I should first 
of all emphasize this matter of prevalence. We have more or 
less of it all over this country where there are cattle; more pre- 
valent, of course, in city dairy herds and in pure bred herds; less 
prevalent under range conditions, but it exists, more or less of it, 
practically wherever there are cattle. 

Wherever there are tubercular cattle there are tubercular 
hogs, as a very general rule. In fact, it has come to be recognized 
in recent years that a herd of hogs intimately associated with a 
herd of cattle gives a very reliable means of diagnosing tuber- 
culosis among the cattle of that farm. 

Abundant statistics are easily available showing prevalence of 
bovine tuberculosis in Massachusetts, Maine, New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska and other 
states. From these states we have reliable evidence that should 
be accepted as satisfactory by any scientific man for the pre- 
valence of tuberculosis under all possible conditions of breeding, 
stabling, and even lack of stabling. 

The following figures may be startling to those who have not 
been studying this question. I quote from reports of the Federal 
Bureau of Animal Industry. | 

Cattle and hogs inspected and carcasses condemned, 1901 and 
1905. (Bear in mind that approximately only one-half of tuber- 


* * Presented at a joint session of Minnesota Association for the Prevention and Relief 
of Tuberculosis with State Conference of Charities and Corrections, Austin, Minn., 
October 27, 1912. 


640 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. O41 
cular carcasses are condemned; f. e., one-half of tuberculin re- 
actors. ) 


fear Cattle carcasses inspected: ... 6. Sade we 5,219,149 
Prprvertned CarcassGS scsi. kk es came a sane 6,454 
Mere (cattle. carcasses inspected 6... ee 6,096,597 
Condemnéd carcasses :.......... ibe OE, See 10,956 
Bue toes carcasses inspected... cc a ee. 24,642,753 
MeemiG@ermned CALCASSES i fice cor ces os ae le 8,650 
Mees 210pS carcasses inspected... 0... ee. 25,323,984 
RPeTTINIEC CATCASSOS oo nee nce ee st ee ee 64,919 


The following table shows the number of animals of each kind 
slaughtered under government inspection during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1908, and the number and percentages found 
affected with tuberculosis. Note in hogs and cattle going to 
market an enourmous increase in proportion of the tubercular. 


Number Number Percentage 


Slaughtered. Tuberculous. Tuberculous. 
a 7,116,275 68,395 0.961 


a 35,113,077 719,309 2.049 


The comparison here is on a somewhat different basis from 
the preceding for years 1901 and 1905. In the one case “ car- 
casses condemned,” in the latter “ proportion found tuberculous.” 

The actual situation is undoubtedly better than these figures 
would indicate, for the inspection was probably more rigid and 
careful in 1905 than in 1901 and better still in 1908. The inspec- 
tion of swine carcasses has been much more thorough during the 
past few years. Further, the number of known tuberculous 
cattle sent to the abattoirs has increased,greatly on account of 
rapidly enlarging state and municipal work with the tuberculin 
test. 

But the critical student of the tuberculosis situation will soon 
convince himself that these considerations do not explain the 


642 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


difference between the figures of 1901 and those of 1908, nor for 
any similar period that might be selected. 

I presume the best general statement now available as indicat- 
ing the general prevalence of tuberculosis among cattle is one 
made a few years ago before an international congress on tuber- 
culosis by Dr. Melvin, chief of our Federal Bureau of Animal 
Industry. This was to the effect that during a period of 15 
years preceding 1908 they had received reports of 400,000 tuber- 
culin tests from all over the country. These showed on a large 
average 9.25 per cent. reactions. Veterinary sanitarians will all 
agree that this is higher than would be shown if it were possible 
to test all cattle of the United States at any one time, for the 
reason that while much of the testing was done indiscriminately 
in the course of city and state work, some of it was done with 
herds that were already suspected and therefore presumably in 
bad condition. 

It may be interesting to note how Minnesota stood in this 
series of 400,000 tests collected by government officials. Includ- 
ing only individual states from which 1,000 or more tests were 
taken, the average percentage of tuberculin reactions ranges all 
the way from the lowest figure, 4.56 per cent. for Maine, to 25.14 
per cent. for New Jersey. Minnesota’s showing is 4.99 per cent. 
Vermont shows 6.54 per cent. Massachusetts 13,75 per cent. 

In the course of some work at the Minnesota Experiment Sta- 
tion a few years ago I had occasion to study the prevalence of 


Num- Per 


ber of Number Num-_ Cent. 
Class Herds Animals ber Re- Tuber- 
Tested. Tested. actions. culous. 
Natives.) icc. (neem pets 1,375 1) 2.536 22 7.8 
Elighrotadesiy. acu ee. 5 157 17 10.8 
Pore breds::..20 eee ee 6 258 43 16.6 
With “ fair ventilation”’.. 45 1,087 67 6.16 


With “ poor ventilation ”’. 48 Lote 201 16.6 


TS" 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 643 


bovine tuberculosis under specific conditions of stabling and 
breeding. We investigated the stabling and breeding of some- 
thing over 3,500 cattle tested with tuberculin with a showing of 
results that should be interesting to those engaged in the work of 
sanitation. Yet the actual conditions correspond very closely with 
what any well informed person should expect. 

Minnesota’s showing for the year ending August I, 1908, was 
for pure bred cattle tested 1,329, of which 36.8 per cent. reacted. 
Of grade cattle there were tested 25,887, of which 7.7 per cent. 
reacted. The average percentage of reactions among cattle for 
the year regardless of breed was 9.3 per cent. I would call atten- 
tion to the very close agreement of Minnesota’s average for this 
year with the general average for the United States, 9.25 per cent. 
for the 15-year period reported by Dr. Melvin. 

Under the new law, which took effect January I, 1910, or- 
dering official tuberculin test of pure bred cattle sold for breed- 
ing purposes, there were tested during the first seven months 
3,035 cattle with I1.2 per cent. reactions. For the following 
year, which began August I, 1910, 1,717 cattle were tested, of 
which 1,214 were given their second test with only .9 per cent. 
reactions. These figures quite plainly suggest the serious pre- 
valence of tuberculosis among pure bred cattle and the pos- 
sibility of controlling the disease in this particular class of cattle. 

It has occurred to me that it might be helpful for those who 
are fighting tuberculosis in the human family to know something 
concerning our Minnesota state work with tuberculosis among 
cattle. 

Minnesota in Relation to Bovine Tuberculosis.—By state laws 
and official regulations it is provided that when a herd is tested 
in Minnesota and cattle react, the usual procedure in order of 
occurrence is appraisal of reactors on the owner’s premises; ship- 
ment to South Saint Paul or to any point within the state where 
there is a packing plant and provision made for federal inspec- 
tion. Such cattle are sold in the regular channels of trade sub- 
ject to inspection. The owner receives the carcass, returns what- 
ever that may be and three-quarters of the difference between 


644 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


carcass returns and the appraisal, this difference being paid 
directly from the state treasury. 

Admitting that tuberculosis is a common disease among 
cattle, there is required only a little knowledge of bovine tuber- 
culosis, a bit of practical knowledge of cows and stables and an 
ordinary measure of common sense to realize that there are in 
constant operation, easy and frequent means of transfer from 
the bovine to the human. 


ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITY AND MEANS OF TRANSFER TO THE 
HuMAN. 


It is a matter of common knowledge among veterinarians 
and pathologists in general that cows have open lesions of the 
respiratory organs; that cows do cough and spray out material 
from the mouth and pharynx; that cows, unlike horses and some 
other animals, usually or always swallow any discharge reaching 
the nose or pahrynx. Any infection in this material is, of course, 
liable to be discharged in the feces. It is equally well known that 
cows have open tubercular lesions of the intestines which con- 
stantly and certainly infect the bowel contents. It then becomes 
just a matter of plain common sense to see how easy it is to 
develop a general contamination of mangers, feed boxes, atmos- 
phere, and stables in general from cough or from bowel discharge 
or from both. 

Contamination of milk is a disagreeable phase of the question 
but one which should not be ignored in this discussion. Some 
tubercular cows have been proven beyond question to pass viru- 
lent tubercle bacilli from the bowels. In our own experimental 
work at University Farm, Reynolds and Beebe(1) found one 
cow, a fat and very handsome pure bred polled angus cow that 
was constantly passing abundant and virulent tubercle bacilli in 
the manure. We were able to reproduce tuberculosis in guinea- 
pigs at will by simple direct inoculation from a cotton swab 


(1) Dissemination of Tuberculosis by the Manure of Infected Cattle, Minnesota Ex- 
periment Station Bulletin No. 103. 


ee pe ae 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 645 


thrust into the nostril; in other words, the nasal secretion and the 
feces of this cow were both constantly distributing virulent tuber- 
cle bacilli. 

Schroeder has reported in detail work showing beyond ques- 
tion that tubercular cows do pass virulent tubercle bacilli in the 
bowel discharge. Everyone who is at all familiar with cow 
stables and milking knows how extremely easy it is for fine 
particles of dry manure from the tail or flank or udder to gain 
access to the milk pail; in fact, some little care in the way of 
wiping with damp cloth is necessary to prevent this. The sug- 
gestion is obvious. Granted a tubercular cow giving milk and it 
does not require a very vivid imagination to trace a virulent 
bovine tubercle bacilli from the cow to the susceptible child for 
whom raw cow’s milk constitutes the sole or most important 
article of diet. 

The British Royal Commission agrees in its final report with 
statements of many individual workers on another point that has 
become a matter of common knowledge among intelligent veter- 
inarians; namely, that bovine tubercle bacilli are almost certainly 
found in milk from udders having tubercular disease; and that 
virulent bovine tubercle bacilli may and frequently do appear in 
milk from tubercular cows having apparently quite normal 
udders. This, of course, does not say that such bacilli always 
come through the udder. The contamination may occur in the 
pail. 

We can safely assume that cows are frequently tubercular; 
that they have open lesions; that there are frequent and easy 
opportunities for transfer. Are tubercle bacilli from the bovine 
virulent for the human? 


VIRULENCE OF BOVINE BACILLI FOR THE HUMAN. 


Types of Bacilu.—The British Royal Commission in its final 
report, IQII, recognized three types; human, bovine and avian. 
This grouping is commonly accepted and has been for several 
years. The avian type has no important bearing in this discus- 
sion. Leaving this out of consideration this commission states 


G46 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


plainly that it prefers to regard the two types; 7. e., the bovine 
and human type of the bacillus, as simply environmental varia- 
tions of the same bacillus and the lesions which they produce are 
regarded as manifestations of one disease. They experimented 
with a large variety of animals and say that the disease produced 
in susceptible animals by both types of the bacilli are histologi- 
cally identical. 

They report in plain words investigations of many instances 
of fatal tuberculosis in the human where the disease was un- 
doubtedly caused by bacilli of the bovine type and that alone. 
Comparing these lesions histologically and otherwise with similar 
fatal cases due to bacilli of bovine origin, they conclude that the 
lesions were anatomically indistinguishable. This great com- 
mission after years of study unhesitatingly adds man to the list 
of animals notably susceptible to bovine tubercle bacilli. 

Referring to variations in virulence of tubercle bacilli at the 
International Congress on Tuberculosis four years ago Arloing, 
a great Frenchman, made the following statement: 

“From the standpoint of hygiene, they emphasize the unity 
and fusion of the classic types and demonstrate the necessity of 
taking precautions against the tuberculous virus, whatever may 
be its origin.” 

At the same congress Fibiger and Yensen, of Copenhagen, 
announced the following conclusions in connection with an ad- 
dress on the relations of human and bovine tubercle bacillus : 

“There are some cultures, however, that must be considered 
as transition forms, having some of the characteristics of the 
bovine and others of the human eye.” 

There is available plenty of clinical evidence of intertrans- 
mission. Repp collected a series of 32 human cases of tubercu- 
losis from the bovine. These had been carefully studied and 
accepted by such men as Hills, Denne, Ernst, Pfeiffer, Law and 
Ravenel as evidently due to bovine bacilli. In the judgment of 
these men the circumstantial evidence was so clear and so com- 
plete as to give a strong probability that the cases were due to 
infection from the bovine. Plenty of such collections are avail- 


wy 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 647 


able. ‘There are pages and pages available for any one who 
wishes to study this question. Moss(2), of John Hopkins Uni- 
versity, has collected and reports 16 cases of cutaneous infection 
in the human in which either the bovine bacillus was found or 
case histories and clinical evidence gave a clear and strong prob- 
ability of bovine origin. These 16 cases were studied and ac- 
cepted by such men as Tschering, Smith, Ravenel, DeJong. In 
this same series collected by Moss are 40 alimentary tract cases 
in the human. These cases were studied and accepted by such 
men as Ernst, Adami, Ever, Johne, Ravenel, Bang, Klebs, Bo- 
vaird. In addition to these skin and alimentary cases there are 
plenty of cases of cervical adenitis with laboratory demonstration 
of bovine bacilli origin. 

The British Royal Commission has given us several interim 
reports and a final report after years of work. The German 
Royal Commission and other commissions have reported after 
apparently unbiased and competent study of these questions. 
Their reports are easily available, their statements positive and 
clear. ; 

The final report of the British Royal Commission in IQII 
presents information which sanitarians can not reasonably be- 
little or ignore. This commission has set for its task to inquire 
and report: 

First, whether the disease in animal and man is common and 
the same. Second, whether animals and man can be reciprocally 
infected with it. Third, under what condition, if at all, the trans- 
mission of the disease from animal to man can take place and 
what are the circumstances favorable or unfavorable to such 
transmission. 

It was evident from the start that answers to these questions 
which could be accepted by scientific medical men must be based 
upon work conducted on a large scale and through a long period 
of time. Animal work was conducted upon actual farms with 
actual cattle as well as in the laboratory. 


(2) The Relation of Bovine to Human Tuberculosis, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 
20, Number 21s. 


648 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


In their first interim report issued in 1904 the commission 
stated that they had inoculated cattle with bacilli of the bovine 
type derived from the human and produced generalized tuber- 
culosis in the bovine. 

In their second interim report of 1907 it was shown that 
fatal cases of human tuberculosis had been proved, due to bacilli 
typically of the bovine type, but added that all cases examined 
up to that time was abdominal tuberculosis and occurred in in- 
fants and children. 

The final report of 1911 states that it has been proved that 
fatal cases of phthisis in the human adult may be caused by 
typical bovine bacilli. You will remember that Dr. Koch, after his 
memorable address of 1g01, conceded in 1908 that fatal cases of 
mesenteric tuberculosis might be caused in children by bovine 
type bacilli, but still insisted that all cases of phthisis in the adult 
were due to bacilli of the human type. 

The British Commission recognized in its final report in 
positive statement that man is clearly suspectible to at least two 
of the three types of tubercle bacilli; 7. ¢., to the bovine and 
human. 

A summary of cases studied and presented by this commission 
shows in one connection 128 cases of tuberculosis in the human 
adult. Very few lung cases in this list were referable to the 
bovine tubercle bacillus, but their report for abdominal tuber- 
culosis and especially for children was very different. Nearly 
one-half of the studied cases in young children which died from 
primary abdominal tuberculosis were attributed to the bovine 
bacillus alone. 

Some of the best work that has been done by those who are 
studying this question has come from the Research Laboratory 
of the Department of Health, New York City. I can only call 
your attention here to a few features of one of the latest reports 
from Dr. Park and his associates. This appears in the Journal 
of Medical Research for September, 1912. 

In a careful study and tabulation of cases reported by others 
they have summarized a study of 252 tuberculous children under 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 649 


five years of age. Of these 252 there were 201 due to the human 
type of bacillus and 51 to the bovine type of the bacillus, about 
20 per cent. due to the bovine type. Park and his associates had 
already reported a study of 478 cases of human tuberculosis and 
in this later publication they have combined their 478 cases with 
those previously mentioned as reported on by others. The com- 
bined showing is a total of 1,511 cases of all ages. There were 
368 cases among children under five years of age. Of these 368 
cases 292 were due to bacilli of the human type and 76 to bovine 
tubercle bacilli, if there be two distinct varieties. If, on the other 
hand, we accept the unity of tubercle bacillus, then tuberculosis 
of the bovine becomes at once identical with human tuberculosis. 
You see it makes no difference which horn of the dilemma may be 
taken by those who belittle the importance of bovine tuberculosis. 
He can have his choice and accept on the one hand two types with 
20 per cent. of the cases in children under five years of age re- 
ported by others and accepted by Parks and his associates and a 
trifle over 21 per cent. in the combined series of 368 cases in 
children under five years of age; or he may accept the unity of 
the bacillus and identity of disease. 

The location of tuberculosis due to bovine infection as shown 
in this recent study by Parks is interesting. Suppose we omit 
from this study by Parks and associates all but the fatal cases 
in children under five years of age, a comparison of infections 
with bacilli of human and bovine types shows as follows. The 
following figures are for total cases reported and exclude mixed 
infections : 

Of total 13 cases of abdominal tuberculosis in children under 
five years of age there were three due to the human type and ten 
due to the bovine type of bacillus. 

Of generalized tuberculosis of alimentary origin in children 
under five years of age, 30 cases, there were 16 due to bacilli of 
human type and 14 for the bovine. | 

Of 69 cases of generalized tuberculosis, regardless of prieie) 
there were due to the human type bacilli 64; bovine 5. 

Of 15 meningeal cases, secondary to tuberculosis of alimen- 


650 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


tary origin, there were due to human type bacilli 5 and bovine 
10. ) 

This series of 237 cases includes 91 fatal cases in young chil- 
dren investigated by Parks and his associates added by these 
workers to those previously reported by others. In their own 
series of fatal cases of non-selected tuberculosis in children under 
five years of age 12.5 per cent. were due to bovine infection. In 
their list were included nine cases from a foundling asylum and 
fed exclusively on cow’s milk. Of this particular group, five 
were plainly of bovine infection. 

In view of the present information it appears to me surpris- 
ing and regretable that health officers and even practicing phy- 
sicians should ever be inclined to ignore or belittle a reasonably 
probable, important relation between bovine and human tuber- 
culosis. This is surprising in the face of a large amount of care- 
fully reported statistics and practical clinical experience. If it 
can be shown, as it undoubtedly has been, that a few or any 
cases of human tuberculosis are due to directly to infection from 
bovine, it seems logical and reasonable to infer that these per- 
sons are not unique and that there must be others susceptible. 
A disease or an infection which destroys any human life is of 
itself a serious matter and can not be reasonably ignored. 

Frazier, reporting from the Research Laboratory, Royal Col- 
lege of Physicians, Edinburgh (see Journal of Experimental 
Medicine for October, 1912) presents a study of the relative 
prevalence of human and bovine type of tubercle bacilli in bone 
and joint tuberculosis of children. 

He reports for a total of 70 cases studied. All were of chil- 
dren under 12 years of age, with exception of three cases. Of 
the total 70 cases 39 were point disease, 31 bone disease. Each 
individual case was worked out systematically along lines that 
are fully reported. 

Of the total 70 cases the bovine bacillus alone was present 
in 41; the human bacillus alone in 26. Both forms were found 
in three cases. 

The associated study of age, family history, milk supply and 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 651 


—— 


environment is interesting. This series of cases is significant be- 
cause the study is confined to a specific age limit. Associated 
family histories showed for children under one year four cases, 
all four due to bovine bacillus. 

One to two years, 12 cases, 8 due to bovine, 2 to human, 2 
bovine and human. 

Two to three years, 15 cases, II to the bovine and 3 to the 
human type of bacillus, one bovine and human. After three 
years of age the proportion due to human bacillus gradually in- 
creases. In this series there were no more cases due to mixed 
infection with both types after three years. This, of course, may 
have been merely a coincidence. 

The family histories gave interesting data. Where there 
was family history of tuberculosis 71 per cent. of the cases were 
due to the bacilli of human type. Where there was no family 
history of tuberculosis only 17 per cent. were due to the human 
type and approximately 82 per cent. of the bovine type. 

_ So far as the milk supply was concerned it is shown in this 
study that there were a number of children less than one year of 
age that had been nourished entirely upon cow’s milk and in 
these cases only the bovine bacillus was found. In the total 12 
cases under two years of age there were 8 due to bovine bacillus 
and each had been fed from birth upon cow’s milk. 

The general conclusion is that a serious proportion of bone 
and joint tuberculosis among children in Edinburgh is due to the 
bovine bacillus coming from cow’s milk. 

There has been a most unfortunate tendency for medical 
opinion and public opinion so far as the latter has been guided 
by the former to swing from one extreme to another in its view 
of this problem. Not long since we were told by great men 
who were considered authorities that people commonly became 
tubercular as children; that the chief route of infection was 
through the as yet imperfectly fortified alimentary canal; and 
the inference was plainly given that since cow’s milk constituted 
the most important or sole article of diet of many young chil- 
dren that therefore cow’s milk was the great offending factor— 


652 M. H. REYNOLDS. 


an extreme view, of course, and not resting on any careful scien- 
tific demonstration. 

Later, and we are just emerging from that period now, came 
the other extreme, a tendency to belittle or even ignore bovine 
tuberculosis as an important factor in human tuberculosis. 

In a communication to the Sixth International Congress on 
Tuberculosis in 1908 Sims Woodhead, Cambridge, closed his 
address as follows: 

‘As for myself, I am so satisfied with the nature of the evi- 
dence that has already been obtained, not only in England but 
in Germany, in France, in Denmark, not to speak of important 
investigations carried on in other countries, that I am unwilling 
to countenance the relaxation of a single regulation for the con- 
trol of bovine tuberculosis. Indeed, I will go further, and state my 
strong conviction that in the interests of hygiene, and with a view 
to the final stamping out of tuberculosis from the human race, 
additional and more stringent regulations will undoubtedly have 
to be drawn up and applied.” 

It has been my privilege for several years to associate rather 
closely as a member of the International Commission on. Control 
of Bovine Tuberculosis with the members of this body. I have 
been with them in commission sessions and in private conversa- 
tions repeatedly and feel sure that not one of the 14 members 
now has any question concerning the frequent transmission from 
bovine to human or that this is an important phase of the ques- 
tion. On this commission are such men as Ravenel, V. A. Moore, 
Mohler, Hodgetts, Hurty and Schroeder. Dr. Hodgetts repre- 
sents the public health officers of the Dominion of Canada. Dr. 
Hurty, secretary, State Board of Health, Indiana, was selected 
to represent American health officers. There are 14 members 
on this commission, but these are the men whom we consider our 
guides for this particular phase of the problem. In the reports 
of this commission occur such statements as the following, 
adopted without any dissenting vote or opinion: 

“ Young children fed on such milk (milk from the tubercular 
cow) often contract the disease and it is a frequent cause of 
death among them.” 


THE TUBERCULOUS COW IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH. 653 


I remember distinctly that the exact wording of this sentence 
was given careful consideration and the sentence stands in its 
report exactly as the commission believed that it should stand. 

Again this commission states “that all milk and milk by- 
products used as food (human) should be properly pasteurized, 
unless from cows known to be free from tuberculosis.” 

The British Royal Commission consists of such men as Sir 
Michael Foster, Sims Woodhead, Sidney Martin, Sir John Mc- 
Fadyean, Robert Boyce and Sir William Powers, and has studied 
this question. The International Commission on Control of 
Bovine Tuberculosis, the German Commission, and many indi- 
vidual workers have studied this question carefully and thought- 
fully and they agree that whether the bacillus of bovine tuber- 
culosis and the bacillus of human tuberculosis be mere varieties 
of one specific organism or are two distinct types, incapable of 
converging mutations, the tubercular cow must be considered as 
an important factor, and as a direct cause of tuberculosis in the 
human. 

Surely there is but one reasonable—only one safe position 
to take regarding the tubercular cow. It is that she is an im- 
portant—not the most important, but an important source of 
tuberculosis for the human, and that under present conditions 


she is an ever present constantly operating menace to human 
health. 


THe ReEcENT MEETING oF THE MICHIGAN STATE VETERI- 
NARY MEDICAL AssocIATION AT LANSING was probably the most 
largely attended in the history of the organization and, in fact, 
was in every sense an exceptionally good meeting. The proceed- 
ings of this association have attained such volume and importance 
as to make their publication advisable; and a publication com- 
mittee was therefore appointed at the last meeting. The follow- 
ing gentlemen were elected to guide the affairs of the organiza- 
tion the coming year: Dr. G. D. Gibson, president; Dr. R. P. 
Lyman, Ist vice-president; Dr. M. J. Smead, 2d vice-president; 
Dr. H. A. Haynes, 3d vice-president; and the re-election of Dr. 
W. A. Ewalt, of Mt. Clemens, as secretary-treasurer ; so that the 
success of this active body for 1913-14 is assured. 


THERAPEUTICS.* 


By H. D. Bereman, D.V.M., PuystoLocist, Division OF VETERINARY MeEpI- 
cINE, Iowa StaTE CoLLece, Ames, Iowa. 


The general term Therapeutics certainly covers a multitude 
of sins. Primarily, the term is derived from the Greek ‘‘ Thera- 
pevo,” meaning “to attend upon,” and as now used comprises 
all the science and art of healing, and includes the use of drugs 
and all other agents and measures which are known to alleviate 
pain or favorably influence diseased conditions. Hence, it may 
be seen that any treatment from the administration of the pro- 
verbial bull-frog per orem in impaction with the idea that he 
may burrow his way to freedom via the anus, to the scientific 
administration of vaccines and serums might be included in the 
general term Therapeutics. Even the operations of Nature her- 
self are properly embraced in this term.. Therefore, in order 
that we may understand upon just what basis we are working, 
we usually subdivide therapeutics as follows, namely, into nat- 
ural and applied therapeutics, and we may further subdivide 
applied therapeutics into empirical and rational therapeutics. 

Natural therapeutics includes the great and all important 
healing powers of Nature, whose processes occur independently 
of art and tend to the spontaneous decline and cure of disease. 
There is no scientific dogma, or doctrinal notion asserted with- 
out regard to evidence, better established than this, “that the 
living organism is in itself adequate to cure all of its curable dis- 
orders.” This natural law sustains the medical skeptic in his 
infidelity as to the value of medicines, enables the crudest quack- 
ery to report cures, and helps all of us out of more close places 
in practice than we are generally willing to acknowledge. While 
scientific medicine admits and welcomes the indispensable assist- 


* Presented to the twenty-fifth annual meeting, Iowa Veterinary Medical Associa- 
tion, Ames, November, 1912. 


654 


for) 
ou 
oO 


THERAPEUTICS. 


ance of nature in fighting diseased conditions, yet the art of ap- 
plied therapeutics, embracing the applications of agents foreign 
to the living organism for the purpose of aiding nature to restore 
the body to a healthy condition, is now recognized as a subject 
as broad as the universe. We may subdivide applied therapeu- 
tics into empirical and rational therapeutics. By empirical thera- 
peutics we mean the use of certain therapeutic agents, for the 
sole reason that they have been tried previously with successful 
results in cases apparently identical with the one under treat- 
ment, or in other words, it is merely an elaboration of Mrs. 
A recommending Mrs. B to use peppermint tea because it cured 
Mrs. C of the very same trouble. Empirical thérapeutics, some- 
times styled the therapeutics of experience, was the original 
method in therapeutics and has certainly conferred many rich 
gifts upon medical science. The use of salicylic acid in rheuma- 
tism, potassium of iodide in various paralyses, arsenic in anorexia 
and cachexia are examples of empirical use of remedies. Per- 
mitted to reign supreme, empirical therapeutics would be de- 
structive to all exactness in therapeutical progress, as the so- 
called experience of one observer is too often overbalanced by 
the experience of another equally competent, and also, as failures 
are seldom reported, there can be no scientific comparison of the 
failures with the reported successes. So it may be seen that em- 
pirical methods alone tend toward a minimum degree of accuracy 
in a science, which in the very nature of things can never be 
exact. 

Rational therapeutics means the use of remedies for reasons 
based upon knowledge of the pathological conditions present in 
the subject and the physiological action of the agent employed. 
This method is the very antithesis of empiricism, and has been 
the leading idea in every revolt against empirical therapeutics 
in the past, and many of our old doctrines, such as Stimulism, 
Chemicism, Galenism, etc., originated in efforts to find a more 
rational system than the prevailing methods of*their day of ad- 
ministering medicine. Albrecht von Haller, the father of phy- 
siology, was the real originator of modern physiological thera- 


656 H. D. BERGMAN. 


peutics, his dogma being that “ drug proving is the only true 
basis of drug using.” This idea is now inspiring the minds of 
medical scientists and students all over the world. Medical col- 
leges are recognizing physiological drug experimentation as a 
part of their regular curricula; laboratories are being fitted up 
with costly instruments of precision for the more exact prosecu- 
tion of this study; and systematic researches are being conducted 
upon animals to ascertain the physiological action of every agent 
hitherto used in medicine. The alkaloids and other active prin- 
ciples of vegetable drugs, together with the numerous synthetic 
compounds which chemistry is giving to medicine, are subjected 
to the same rigid experimentation, and the various medical jour- 
nals are being filled with the results of this work. Hence the con- 
viction that physiological experimentation with drugs must be 
the basis of their proper therapeutic employment is certainly and 
rightly growing into a fixed law of professional belief, and the 
future advance of experimental therapeutics depends on the co- 
operation of pharmacological and clinical experimentation. 


A Few Drucs AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION. 


Perborate of Sodiuwm.—Perborate of sodium is a white, odor- 
less, tasteless peroxide powder, which may be applied to wounds, 
bruises, abscess cavities, ulcerative surfaces, hemorrhages, etc., 
either in powder form or solution, as dissolving the powder in 
water forms an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide, the 
germicidal power of which is greater than that of ordinary hy- 
drogen peroxide solutions. Sodium perborate solutions seem 
to have numerous advantages over hydrogen peroxide solutions, 
namely, they are alkaline in reaction, rather than acid, as are the 
majority of hydrogen peroxide solutions. Solutions of any 
strength desired may always be freshly prepared, as the powder 
is very stable, while hydrogen peroxide solutions deteriorate: 
rapidly after opening, and hence one cannot be certain as to the 
strength of solution he is using. Perborate solutions contain 
sodium borate and sodium carbonate or hydrate, while hydrogen 
peroxide solutions contain sulphuric or phosphoric acid, barium 


ee 


THERAPEUTICS. 657 


salts and often preservatives. The oxygen evolved by the use 
of perborate solutions or by tthe powder, when it is brought into 
contact with moist surfaces, not only acts as a powerful germi- 
cide, but tends to renew and vitalize worn-out and diseased tis- 
sue, for the value of active oxygen as germicide as well as a 
healing agent is now firmly established by science as well as ex- 
perience. Perborate of sodium powder of solutions are also 
valuable for their deodorant properties in cases of excessive 
mucous secretion, oral fetor, etc. In cases of hemorrhage the 
powder, if applied, shows a marked styptic action, checking the 
blood flow rapidly. The solubility of perborate of sodium is 
limited to 20 to 30 grams or approximately one ounce to a quart 
of water at ordinary temperature. Such a three per cent. solu- 
tion amounts to two volumes of hydrogen dioxide, which would 
be approximately a twenty per cent. solution of hydrogen perox- 
ide, or a one to five thousand solution of bichloride of mercury. 
By raising the temperature of the water to not over 105 degrees 
F. the solubility gradually increases, or by adding a few grams 
of citric, tartaric or other acids the solubility may be increased 
until a ten to forty per cent. solution may be derived, or a solu- 
tion of two to three times the germicidal strength of hydrogen 
peroxide. We have observed excellent results from the use of 
the powder as a dry dressing in a variety of suppurative condi- 
tions in preference to various other antiseptic ducting powders. 

Alcohol.—The value of alcohol and alcoholic solutions as 
antiseptics and disinfectants has been the subject of a number of 
researches lately, particularly by two Germans, Alfred Beyer 
and Schumburg. One would naturally suppose that absolute 
alcohol, which contains not more than one per cent. by weight of 
water, would be the most powerful alcoholic germicide. Such, 
however, is not the case, for it has been shown that alcohol fails 
to penetrate and destroy the organisms, unless in the presence 
of water. Hence dry bacteria or bacteria dried artificially are 
not killed when exposed to absolute alcohol; in fact, the alcohol 
seems to preserve them by abstracting moisture. Certain dry 
bacteria may be exposed to absolute alcohol for twenty-four 
hours without losing any of their vitality. However, absolute 


658 H. D. BERGMAN. 


alcohol will kill moist bacteria, and bacteria in bacterial fluids 
die almost immediately when exposed to absolute alcohol. Hence 
it may be seen that alcohol fails to penetrate the organism, un- 
less in the presence of a certain amount of water. According to — 
Beyer, a 70 per cent. solution of alcohol by weight, which equals 
approximately a 76.7 by volume, showed the highest bactericidal — 
power, being thirty times as effective as a 60 per cent. solution, | 
and forty times as effective as an 80 per cent. solution. In fact, 
he says that solutions under 60 per cent. of over 80 per cent. by 
weight are comparatively ‘useless for all practical purposes. 
Higher concentrations than 70 per cent. are comparatively in- ~ 
active, since they contain such a small percentage of water that 
the alcohol through its hygroscopic properties tends toward dry- 
ing and preserving the bacteria rather than penetrating and de- 
stroying them. Mixtures of alcohol with chloroform, ether, 
benzol, acetone, glycerine, etc., do not exceed properly diluted 
aqueous solutions of alcohol in bactericidal power. Neither are 
the actions of phenol, lysol, creoline, etc., appreciably increased 
by dissolving in alcohol. Alcoholic solutions of iodine, such as | 
the tincture of iodine, probably exceed all other antiseptics in — 
germicidal power, killing anthrax spores in one minute. Weak — 
solutions of iodine, even as low as 4 per cent., have proven ~ 
themselves effective against stphylococci. Decolorized tincture q 
of iodine is inferior to the tincture of iodine, but however is a — 
strong bactericide. The practical importance of these few facts 
concerning the antiseptic action of alcohol would be especially — 
applicable in surface or skin disinfection at the seat of an opera- | 
tion or hypodermic injection, in cleaning hypodermic syringes 
and, in fact, under any condition where the organisms present — 
would be in a more or less dry condition. 

Stovaine and Adrenalin.—It appears to the writer that as a 
local anaesthetic stovaine possesses certain advantages over 
cocaine, which are worthy of consideration. Stovaine is a syn- 
thetic compound, the hydrochloride of an ester of benzoic acid, 
appearing as small white lustrous crystals, very freely soluble 
in water. Although stovaine is decomposed by alkalies and mer- 


i ll i alla iia eal 


THERAPEUTICS. 659 


curic salts, yet, generally speaking, it is much more stable than 
cocaine, and its aqueous solutions may be sterilized by heat below 
248 degrees F. It is less than one-half as toxic as cocaine and 
is equally powerful as an anaesthetic. Every veterinarian has 
noted the toxic effects of cocaine exhibited in the form of excite 
ment and restlessness in horses following the injection of a dram 
or upward of a 5 per cent. solution, or, in other words, these 
toxic effects may be noticed with as low as three grains subcu- 
neously. Less than a 5 per cent. solution does not give the best 
of results injected locally, and it is often necessary to use two 
drams or more of the solution to satisfactorily inject the seat 
of operation. This would be equivalent to six grains of cocaine, 
and toxic effects are often observed with this amount. These 
toxic results are not observed with stovaine. Cocaine is a vaso 
constrictor, while stovaine is a vaso dilator, which point might 
also have its advantages. The extra hemorrhage or rapid ab- 
sorption with resultant shortened local action, which might be 
experienced due to the vaso dilator effects of stovaine, may easily 
be controlled by the use of adrenalin chloride solution. If 
stovaine is used alone for skin anaesthesia it should be injected 
into the dermis and not subcutaneously. Stovaine is being used 
in preference to cocaine with great satisfaction in human prac- 
tice for local and spinal or lumbar anaesthesia. We have been 
observing excellent results in our clinics at the hospital from the 
use of stovaine and adrenalin chloride solution as a local anaes- 
thetic and hemostatic agent. From one to two drams of a 5 per 
cent. solution of stovaine in a I-1000 or I-2000 solution of adre- 
nalin chloride give excellent results in minor operations in the 
larger animals, and I c.c. or so of the same for operations, such 
as trimming ears, etc., in dogs. 

Yohimbine-—Yohimbine is an alkaloid obtained from the 
bark of the yohimbehe tree, and is probably one of the most power- 
ful aphrodisiacs we possess. In human practice it has been em- 
ployed with excellent results in pure forms of sexual impotence, 
but not in those due to constitutional organic disease or old age. 
Especially good results have been observed in sexual neurasthe- 


660 H. D. BERGMAN. 


nia and in impotency of neurasthenic origin. Following the 
use of the drug in animals, Muller states that the genital reflexes 
are rendered more acute, and that all the symptoms of sexual 
excitement are observed in both the male and female. Aside 
from stimulating sexual appetite, a marked vaso dilating effect 
is noticed throughout the body following the administration of 
yohimbine. As a result of this vaso dilation a marked conges- 
tion of the genital organs is noticed in both males and females. 
Authorities cannot quite agree as to whether the drug exerts a 
selective action on the genitals, or whether the congestion of the 
sexual organs is due to the general vaso dilating effect. Accord- 
ing to a number of German investigators the drug causes a 
marked local congestion of the genital organs and thereby in- 
creases sexual desire. Male experimental animals following the 
administration of yohimbine showed erection of the penis and — 
swelling of the testicles and epididymus. [females showed swell- 
ing of the horns of the uterus, hyperemia of the uterine mucous 
membrane, bloody discharge from the vagina and swelling of the 
vulva, together with other symptoms or signs of heat. The un- 
desirable results following large doses were slight hemorrhages 
from the intestines and bladder. According to Holterbach the 
action of yohimbine per orem is unreliable and also expensive, 
and he recommends the subcutaneous injection in small doses. 
One injection he says is usually sufficient, as in 3 to 6 hours the 
animal in question shows full sexual desire, which lasts from 
30 to 60 hours, and from which impregnation occurs in 9O per 
cent. of the cases. 

Pfab, another investigator, cites the following interesting 
experience with yohimbine: Out of 79 cases treated for impo- 
tency and to produce heat he secured 62 positive results, or an 
average of about 78) per cent. These animals consisted of two 
stallions, three bulls, one boar, eight mares, fifty-three cows and 
heifers, and twelve sows. For each of the larger animals he 
used one-half gram or seven and one-half grains of yohimbine 
hydrochloride dissolved in 200 c.c. of water, adding five minims 
of chloroform as a preservative. He administered one table- 


ee 


; 


THERAPEUTICS. 661 


spoonful three times daily. To the smaller animals he adminis- 
tered one-tenth gram or one and one-half grains in the same 
amount of water and in the same way. He also tried adminis- 
tering one decigram or one and one-half grains subcutaneously 
in the large animals, but discontinued, because the cows failed 
to react as readily as when given per orem. One mare developed 
colic twelve hours after injection and twenty-four hours later was 
in heat. Our own experience with bulls and stallions has been 
only with the subcutaneous method, with which we have had 
excellent results. In the case of boars we have observed good 
results both hypodermically and by administering the drug with 
the food. Yohimbine hydrochloride costs about $10 per gram, 
hence the cost of treating the larger animals per orem would he’ 
approximately $5 each and subcutaneously $1 each, the smaller 
animals approximately $1 each. Solutions of the salts of yohim- 
bine deteriorate quite rapidly, hence should be freshly prepared 
and kept in brown bottles while using. 


‘LoutstanA NEEDS MorRE QUALIFIED VETERINARY SANITA- 
RIANS ”’ is the caption of an article appearing in the Baton Rouge 
Country Review by “Sanitas,” whom most of us know as one 
of our most prominent veterinarians and a past-president of the 
A. V. M. A. The reasons given for this need and the sugges- 
tions offered for its accomplishment are examples of the resource- 
fulness of the writer. The live stock interests are increasing, 
and more veterinary sanitarians are needed to protect them from 
disease; the laws are such that the stock owners are protected 
against “‘ fraudulent fakers in the guise of veterinarians”; and, 
in order to get qualified veterinarians in country parishes where 
none are at present available, it is suggested that these parishes 
employ a veterinary sanitarian to look after its periodic outbreaks 
of contagious diseases, just as they have their health officer to 
look after the contagious diseases among the people, pay him 


a reasonable salary, and allow him his private practicé to enable 


him to make up his income. It is believed his salary would be 
saved many times over, and that he would be one of the most 
valuable citizens in the community 


FORT KEOGH REMOUNT DEPOT.* 
By VETERINARIAN G. E. GRIFFIN, THIRD FIELD ARTILLERY. 


The Fort Keogh Remount Depot is located between the Yel- 
lowstone and Tongue Rivers in the State of Montana, about 
three miles west of Miles City. 

The reservation is ten miles square, well watered and drained, ~ 
and its southern half is excellently sheltered from cold northern 
winds by a chain of tall bluffs. Its pastures abound in the nu- — 
tritious and bone building “ buffalo grass,” which as a horse — 
forage has no superior, and in addition to this valuable grass 
there is present a good supply of “ blue stem” and “ gramma.”’ 

This station has been in operation for about three years, and 
in that short period, under the able management of Captain H. P. 
Howard (Cavalry), it has done remarkable work in developing 
among the horse raisers of the territory tributary thereto an in- — 
tense interest in the type of animal needed by the service. | 

From time immemorial the Northwest has been satisfied with 


the native “ Cayuse’ horse, which appears to have filled the needs 


of the stock raiser. Agricultural pursuits are more and more cur- — 
tailing the area devoted to stock raising and as a consequence ~ 
there has been a demand for a heavier type of animal to do the | 
planting and harvesting of crops. To meet this demand, draft — | 
stallions of the Percheron, Clyde and Shire breeds were intro- — 
duced and these animals crossed on the native mares with not — 
altogether pleasing results. 

It is true that a heavier type of horse has been produced, but 
he is devoid of symmetry and of clean, easy action; in fact, as a 
rule, he is something of a nondescript, heavy of head, short of 


neck, straight of shoulder, large of joint, wide of breast, small of — 


barrel, weighty of croup, shaggy of leg, flat of hoof, and nasty 


* Reprinted from Journal of the U. S. Cavalry Association, January, 1913. 


662 


FORT KEOGH REMOUNT DEPOT. 663 


in disposition, but nevertheless possessing good bone, wind and 
hardiness. 

It must be admitted that the native horses were not much 
improved by the introduction of the draft sire. The cross was 
too violent to begin with, for it is a well known fact that among 
horse breeders, of whom there are many in the Northwest, violent 
blood crosses among horses are repugnant to nature. 

It should be understood by the interested reader that these 
remarks on the draft cross apply to horse raisers, not horse 
breeders, horse breeding being a profession, horse raising a trade. 

While horse conditions were at their worst in the Northwest, 
viewed from a purely military standpoint, the Fort Keogh Re- 
mount Depot was established, and not a moment too soon either. 
Had it been established ten years earlier the Northwest could . 
now be depended upon to creditably horse the army in any 
emergency. 

The first attempts of Captain Howard to furnish the service 
with mounts from this depot were, to say the least, discouraging. 
He had little that was even fair to choose from. The horse 
raisers did not know what the service needed and they were dis- 
appointed to discover that the best of the material on hand was 
barely suitable for army needs, and even this was purchased 
grudgingly on account of a start having to be made. 

The horse raisers were unacquainted with the conformation 
of desirable military horses; therefore, it was a large part of the 
duty of the depot to educate and enlighten them along desired 
lines. This duty was up-hill work, but it has borne fruit and at 
present many of the ranch owners are breeding with the army 
in view as a market. For this purpose standard Hackney and 
Morgan sires have been secured and a few cases coach and thor- 
cughbred. These sires have been crossed on selected mares with 
apparently good results so far as one may judge by the youngsters 
produced. 

The strangest part of the cross with the drafters is that the 
second or third generation has produced many excellent artillery 
horses. 


664 G. E. GRIFFIN. 


In conjunction with the difficulties encountered in procuring 
suitable military horses in the first two years of the depot’s exist- 
ence. Captain Howard had to contend with the prejudices of the 
service itself against Northwest horses with their disfiguring 
brands and notoriously bad dispositions. 

Many of the older mounted officers had been educated in a 
school of good military equine conformation established by Mis- 
sourt and Kentucky horses. This well known conformation has 
for many years been accepted, subconsciously no doubt, as a 
standard until now any minus deviation therefrom is looked 
upon with disapproval, contempt and even scorn. This is natural 
enough, too, but we, for the next two years at least, must become 
reconciled to a minus standard; for it should not be forgotten 
that the trolley car and the automobile have practically supplanted 
ihe light type of horse in those states on which the army has been 
in the habit of depending for its mounts. Even in the state of 
Missouri the draft animal is taking the place of the desirable com- 
bination horse so dear to the heart of every true cavalryman, and 
to such an extent that it is becoming more difficult each year to 
find a decent representative of the cavalry type of horse. 

Had the Remount Depots not appeared when they did our 
horse problem would have been by this time a very serious one 
indeed. 

Superficial observers of horse conditions frequently remark 
that there are more horses in the country now than there were at 
any other period since its settlement. This remark is undoubtedly 
true, and the price is higher too, but if the markets are searched 
and the class of horses considered, it will be found that eighty per 
cent. of the horses are of the draft type and that where we could 
find ten good cavalry horses five years ago, two cannot be found 
now. 

It has been my own custom to purchase, train and develop a 
youngster each year. This year I have been unable to fine one at 
a reasonable price, and only two at an exorbitant one. It is not 
that my standard has become more exacting that I am unable to 
find a decent colt, but it is due to the fact that they are very scarce 


ee 


FORT KEOGH REMOUNT DEPOT. 665 


and expensive even in the famous Platte County, Missouri. Such 
is the condition of the military horse market and such it will 
remain until the Remount Depots have convinced the people that 
it will pay them to raise a military type of horse. 

There is considerable after-dinner horse talk now-a-days; 
some of it sentimental twaddle about the disappearing thorough- 
bred. The thoroughbred may disappear from the race course, 
where he was usually a weedy looking, short distance racing ma- 
chine on which to foolishly bet money, but he will always remain 
here with credit to himself so long as decent, healthy men and 
women ride to hounds and demand speed, spirit, endurance, 
cleverness, weight and height in their mounts. 

We do not need the thoroughbred horse in the ranks; as a 
cavalry horse he is undesirable mostly on account of temperament, 
conformation, inability to carry heavy weights for long periods, 
and an alarming loss of condition when exposed to the elements 
and skimped in his rations. He will do to cross with selected 
dams from which the cavalry conformation must come if it comes 
at all. Very little has been said of the “saddler ” as a sire when 
breeding for the service is considered, nevertheless I venture the 
opinion that the true cavalry and light artillery horse will be pro- 
duced from such a sire on carefully selected dams of good an- 
cestry. 

With all its discouragements the Fort Keogh Remount De- 
pot is remarkably well organized and runs as smoothly as a well 
oiled machine in good order. 

At this depot horses are first gentled by polite man-handling 
and then trained without the use of spurs and oaths. Cavalry 
horses are given a course of several months in the saddle, and 
artillery horses a less time in saddle and draft, before they are 
considered ready for distribution. 

The methods of handling differ slightly at the different Re- 
mount Depots, but the general principle is the same. At Fort 
Keogh they have to use a ‘“ squeeze gate” to halter the new.ar- 
rivals and draw a plan of the unsightly brands, which are now 
beginning to disappear entirely. It is believed that the “ squeeze 


666 G. E. GRIFFIN. 


gate’ may be dispensed with in a year or two when the new crop 
of desirables with good reliable dispositions begins to arrive. 


The cavalry horses now at that station are good. It is true 
they have not the style and class we have been accustomed to, but 
they are such an improvement over those of two years ago that 
our trust is in the depot and we believe our faith to be well 
founded. , 


The internal economy of this depot was something of an 
agreeable surprise; here was a small herd of sheep which fur- 
nished a carcass of mutton at least once a week; over there was 
a decent looking beef herd which supplied the American staff of 
life; yonder was a graded dairy herd furnishing an abundance of 
milk, cream and butter, while in a well sheltered swale was ob- 
served a large flock of white leghorns, carefully kept up to 
standard. 


On the lowlands of the Yellowstone River were extensive 
fields of alfalfa, oats, corn, and some wheat, all of which were 
used to advantage in the feeding scheme. There was no hap- 
hazard farming indulged in at Fort Keogh; everything was done 
in a manner that indicated intelligent knowledge of the subject. 
A strict system of accounts is maintained and the profits from 
sheep, cattle, chickens and crops known exactly. 


A special page could be devoted to the system of hog raising 
employed here. Suffice it to say that the animals composing this 
herd were first class in every respect and a source of considerable 
profit to the station. Perhaps it will be thought by some that the 
farm products are the perquisites of those connected with the 
station. Such is not the case. All profits are turned into the 
station fund and used for the running of the machine. 


It is believed that this station will be self-supporting in a 
few years under management similar to that of the present. 


We have it figured out for us at regular intervals that the 
price of a cavalry horse laid down at final station, under the re- 
mount system, is all the way from two hundred and fifteen to 
three hundred and fifty dollars. When all overhead expenses are 


—————————E————————————————— eee 


FORT KEOGH REMOUNT DEPOT. 667 


considered it is probably high, higher than what the animals 
would cost under the old system of purchase. 

In any new extensive industry, where the original investment 
is large, the first few thousand articles manufactured would cost 
enormously if the investment were charged against them. It 
certainly is not a business method of fixing cost price early in the 
campaign; consequently those who are now crying against cost 
of production at Remount Depots must eliminate the original in- 
vestment from their calculations for a few years more at least, 
until these depots are firmly established and have a decent oppor- 
tunity to demonstrate their usefulness and economic value to the 
service. 

It was not the writer’s good fortune to see much of the com- 
manding officer, Captain Howard, he having to depart on a pur- 
chasing expedition, but he had the good luck of becoming well 
acquainted with his assistant, Captain Archie Miller (Cavalry), 
who proved to be an energetic, painstaking, hard-working officer ; 
a thorough horseman whose knowledge of the horse situation in 
the Northwest was surprising. This officer had every subject con- 
nected with the depot and its work tabulated in his brain in a 
wonderful manner. His whole heart seemed to be in his work 
and to such an extent that not a detail was overlooked. For the 
interest of Fort Keogh may the time be long until he is Manchued. 

It might not be amiss at this point to say something about 
the proper time at which to make requisitions for young horses 
All of us know that it has been the custom to call for remounts 
in the spring: at that season they were expensive and were be- 
ginning to shed their winter coats. On arrival at station the 
dealer’s condition melted like snow in the sunshine; the coat 
dropped out in patches, and often with it the pen or pasture lice 
that had bred there during the winter. By May these young 
horses looked like “ the devil” ; nevertheless, out they went to be 
trained—save the mark—and hardened for the summer ma- 
neuvers, which killed a goodly number of this class of mount eacl: 
year. 

All remounts should be requisitioned for just after the sum- 


668 G. E. GRIFFIN. 


mer’s work. On arrival they should all be placed in one building, 
under the supervision of a sensible Fort Riley graduate and 
worked until the following spring under his direction. About 
April or May they may be turned over to the units to which they 
pertain. 

Under a system similar to this there is little doubt but what 
remounts would give a good account of themselves during the 
summer. 

The chances are that some one will remark: What are these 
Remount Stations for anyway if they cannot shape horses and 
put them in condition to be issued for immediate service? Are 
they not supposed to do the training? 

It may be proper to reply that we do no expect Recruiting 
Depots to turn out finished and hardened soldiers, ready to take 
the field under all conditions on arrival at station; they need as 
much, and perhaps more, additional training and conditioning as 
the Remount Depot youngsters. 


Tue New York STATE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION meeting at 
Utica, January 22-23, presented a most excellent program, which 
was prepared for the purpose of presenting the claims of the 
various types of horses that can be profitably raised in the Em- 
pire State. Among the authorities who addressed the meeting 
were, Messrs. Forest Henry, Dover, Minn.; Francis M. Ware, 
Brookline, Mass.; Samuel Walter Laylor, New York, N. Y. 
(Editor Rider and Driver) ; Sidney S. Loman, New York, N. Y. 
(Editor Trotter and Pacer), and many others from Illinois, lowa 
and Ontario, Canada; and our own Hollingworth, representing 
the veterinary profession, gave them some hard facts on some 
needed changes in the stallion registration law. This meeting 
was presided over by the Hon. Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner 
of Agriculture of the state, who is president of the organization. 


REVIEW INVALUABLE TO THE YOUNG PRACTITIONER.—An 
Iowa veterinarian, in renewing his subscription, writes: ‘I find 
the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW to be a very great help to 
me in many ways, and consider it invaluable to the young prac- 
titioner just starting out.” 


—— 


—— ee 


LEGISLATIVE TOPICS.* 


By W. J. Martin, V.S., KANKAKEE, ILL. 


As a member of your Legislative Committee I desire to call 
your attention to the existence of certain defective legislative 
enactments now in force in this state that concern your welfare 
both as citizens and professional men, and which it is your duty 
to have amended or repealed. The first and most important 
one that demands your immediate attention is the repeal of the 
anti-tuberculin law of 1910, which is still in force in this state. 
This law, in my opinion, is one of the most pernicious pieces 
of legislation that was ever placed upon the statute books of this 
state. It was conceived in ignorance and intolerant bigotry and 
passed by deceit and misrepresentation of well-known scientific 
facts that were self-evident to the whole civilized world, by a 
class of cheap politicians, working in the interests of a small 
class of milk producers and dealers, who wished to have a free 
hand in furnishing the people of this state with a grade of milk 
that might be obtained from any source they saw fit—either 
from diseased or healthy cows. The special sponsors of this 
law set up the plea that the tuberculin test was unreliable for an 
accurate detection of bovine tuberculosis; furthermore that it was 
injurious to the general health of the animals, upon which it was 
used. 

It seems like a waste of time and energy in this day and 
age for any person or group of persons to combat the assertion 
that the tuberculin test is unreliable or injurious in its effects, 
when performed by a competent veterinarian. Yet such were 
the contentions of the members of the legislature in 1910 that 
passed this law. This assertion on their part has been the means 
of subjecting the people of this state to contempt and ridicule 
by nearly the whole civilized world. We saw this finely illus- 


* Read before the thirtieth annual meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical 
Association, at Chicago, December, 1912. 


669 


670 W. J. MARTIN. 


trated in this city one year ago, when the United States Live 
Stock Sanitary Association, at their annual convention in this 
city, passed a set of strong resolutions condemning the legisla- 
ture of this state for placing such an infamous law upon ‘the 
statute books. I wish to say to you, gentlemen, that it was the 
most humiliating experience that I have ever witnessed, when, 
as citizens of Illinois, we were compelled to sit and listen to the 
reading of those resolutions, without being able to say one word 
in defense of this commonwealth. 

By the passage of this law the legislature of this state turned 
backward the hand upon the dial of scientific progress, whereon 
is written the medical investigations and discoveries of the past 
25 years, pertaining to the prevention and eradication of human 
and animal tuberculosis—this foul and awful disease that bears 
that dread name, ‘ The Great White Plague.” And it is appro- 
priately named, for about 200,000 human beings die annually 
from it in this country alone. It is estimated that of this number 
about 15 per cent. of these deaths were caused by the tubercle 
bacilli of bovine origin. Statistics show that of all the people 
who die in this country annually between the ages of 15 and 45, 
one-half of them die from tuberculosis. There is no disease in 
existence in this country that causes so much human misery and 
suffering as tuberculosis. It is common, world-wide knowledge 
among medical men and veterinarians, and even a large number 
of the general public, that drinking milk obtained from a tuber- 
cular cow will cause tuberculosis in the human subject; Dut 
you could not convince the members of the Illinois legislature 
of 1910 that such was the case, because they spent $10,000 of 
the taxpayers’ money to prove the contrary, at least to their own 
satisfaction; and, what is more important, they tried to con- 
vince the people of this state to view the matter in the same light 
as themselves, by depriving them of the right and privilege to 
protect themselves from this important source of the disease— 
milk from diseased cows. 

Now, let us pause for a moment and see who advocates the 
use of tuberculin as a reliable diagnostic agent for the detection 


LEGISLATIVE TOPICS. 671 


of bovine tuberculosis, also of its non-injuriousness to the ani- 
mals, to which it is administered. First, the U. S. Government; 
secondly, the Canadian Government, together with the legisla- 
tures of some forty-two states in this country, who have passed 
laws requiring the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent. It 
is hardly necessary to state that nearly all civilized governments 
throughout the world recognize the value of this test. The legis- 
lature of Illinois is the only law-making body in the world (so 
far as I know) who has placed itself on record against this test, 
thereby casting odium upon the intelligence of the people of this 
state and subjecting them at the same time to humiliation and 
inconveniences in interstate live stock traffic with her sister states. 
But you cannot stop scientific progress by legislation; as well 
try to stop and sweep back from the shore the waves of the 
ocean at high tide. 

If the members of our legislature who passed this law had 
devoted a few hours of their valuable time to reading some of 
the bulletins and reports issued by the United States Govern- 
ment on the nature and cause of human and animal tuberculosis, 
or the reports of the British Royal Commission on Human and 
Animal Tuberculosis, a commission that spent ten years in in- 
vestigating tuberculosis and the tuberculin test, I believe they 
would never have placed this obnoxious law on the statute books 
of this state. 

The opponents of the tuberculin test in this state make the 
assertion that in the pasteurization of milk from tuberculous 
cows we have an efficient method of preventing the spread of 
human tuberculosis. This is true only in part. Where this 
process is carefully performed it is true that a large number 
of the disease germs contained in the milk is destroyed. But, 
unfortunately, the method of pasteurization that is conducted in 
many milk producing establishments is nothing but a farce. The 
only way in which a disease can be cured is by removing the 
cause, and just as long as you have tubercular milk just so long 
will you have tubercular people, tubercular hogs, calves, poultry, 
ete. 


672 W. J. MARTIN. 


During the past summer there was great excitement here in 
Chicago over the question of how to procure pure, healthy milk 
for the people. The great cry was and is, “Save the babies.” 
We witnessed the spectacle of the mayor of this city hurrying 
here from his summer home among the shady dells of Wiscon- 
sin to preside over deliberations of a special session of the city 
council, called at the demand of the people to frame some kind 
of an ordinance, by which the milk supply of the city could be 
improved and to obtain clean, healthy milk. 1 thought it pass- 
ing strange at the time that among all the speeches made and 
resolutions passed by the various individual and civic bodies 
not a single voice was raised (so far as I could learn) demand- 
ing the repeal of the very law that deprived them of the right to 
demand of all milk producers that every gallon of milk shipped 
into the city should be from cows that were known to be free 
from disease. The medical profession appears to me to be 
strangely silent upon this important subject, viz., the obtaining 
of milk for human consumption from cows that have passed the 
tuberculin test and are thus known to be free from the disease 
beyond the peradventure of a doubt. Whether this apathy on 
their part is due to lack of interest in the subject or fear of arous- 
ing some concealed opposition, I am unable to say. Suffice it 
to say that as a class the medical profession in this state has ren- 
dered us very little aid in the war against bovine tuberculosis, 
and if they are afraid to engage in the effort to have this law 
repealed, we should not be, because we are a body of progressive 
scientific men, interested in the health and welfare of the gen- 
eral public; and we will have the moral support not only of the 
majority of the people of this state, but of our professional 
brethren in this country and Canada as well. 

With this object in view, I recommend that a resolution be 
passed by this association and signed by the president and secre- 
tary demanding the repeal of the anti-tuberculin law now in 
force in this state, and that a copy of the said resolution be 
mailed to the Governor and every member of the legislature in 
this state. 


LEGISLATIVE TOPICS. 6738 


I would also recommend the passing of a resolution by this 
association asking for an amendment by the legislature of our 
present live stock sanitary laws, whereby the Board of Live 
Stock Commissioners be given ample authority to enforce proper 
sanitary rules and regulations regarding the importation of do- 
mestic animals into this state from adjoining states or foreign 
countries, that said animals be accompanied by proper certifi- 
cates, showing that they have passed the tuberculin and mallein 
test, as the case may require. Also that the Board of Live Stock 
Commissioners’ authority be amplified, so as to give them power 
to enforce quarantine and disinfection measures against any 
farm or other premises in this state where hog cholera or other 
contagious diseases of swine may exist. 

The law pertaining to the contagious diseases of swine, that 
became effective July 1, 1895, does not, in our opinion, fully 
cover this subject, as no authority is given the Board of Live 
Stock Commissioners to enforce quarantine and disinfection 
measures against premises that may be affected with hog chol- 
era. Millions of dollars are lost annually by the hog raisers 
of this state from cholera, and in our opinion they will continue 
to sustain this great loss annually, until a rigid system of quaran- 
tine, isolation of diseased animals, together with the thorough 
disinfection and cleaning up of the premises where the disease 
exists, and the enforced use of hog cholera serum. Such a sys- 
tem of hygienic measures is in force in Canada and has been 
highly successful, to a large extent, in reducing the ravages of 
hog cholera. 

There is no reason why any person who is known to have 
hog cholera on his premises should be permitted to endanger all 
the hogs in his immediate vicinity by driving or hauling his 
cholera-exposed hogs to the public markets or elsewhere. Neither 
should he be permitted to allow his hogs, dead from cholera, to 
remain unburied for several days or until eaten by other hogs, 
dogs, crows, etc.; or that water courses may become polluted 
with the infection and be scattered over wide areas of country 
by flood waters. 


674 W. J. MARTIN. 


It is a well-known fact among veterinarians that there is at 
least 50 per cent. of the hog owners of this state that are averse 
to taking even the most rudimentary measures to prevent the 
spread of hog cholera. Such people should be compelled by 
law to enforce sufficient sanitary measures to aid in eradicat- 
ing hog cholera from their premises. Glanders has been prac- 
tically eliminated from this state by a rigid system of quaran- 
tine, slaughter of the diseased animals and the thorough disin- 
fection of the premises, and it is my opinion that we will never 
be free from the destructive ravages of hog. pe until like 
measures have been put into effect. 

Tuberculosis is a common disease among hogs in this state. 
The percentage increases each year, and it will continue to in- 
crease just so long as the dairy-man with the tubercular herd of 
milch cows continues to feed the by-products of his diseased cows 
to his hogs. When these tubercular hogs are sold and shipped ~ 
to markets that are under federal inspection, the animals of 
course will be detected and the meat condemned. But only about 
50 per cent. of all the animals slaughtered for food in this coun- 
try comes under federal inspection. The balance is slaughtered 
in private slaughtering establishments, over which there is no 
form of inspection. At least in the country districts. A few of 
the large cities in this state have meat inspectors. 

Our present meat inspection law, passed and in force since 
July I, 1907, is, in my opinion, wholly inadequate to cover this 
important subject. It should be repealed or amended so as to 
more fully cover the problem of giving the people of this state 
clean, healthy meats. We are still, I believe, a long way off in 
this country from the magnificent system of state or municipal 
slaughtering establishments that are so common in many parts 
of Europe, though the leaven of good example from these is at 
work in some parts of this country, a few cities and towns hav- 
ing established their own slaughtering establishments under the 
control of competent meat inspectors. 

The Board of Live Stock Commissioners should be given 
a larger control over the country slaughter house. You all know 


LEGISLATIVE TOPICS. 675 


the conditions that prevail in and around these places. It always 
seemed to me an anomalous state of affairs for the federal meat 
inspection system to apply only to meats designed for interstate 
or foreign shipments, and leave the large majority of the people’s 
meat supply without any sort of supervision, but the conscience 
of the country butcher, and you all know what an elastic organ 


that is. Every ounce of meat in this state, intended for human 


consumption, should bear the tag of inspection from the federal 
authorities or the Board of Live Stock Commissioners of this 
state. Then, and then only, will the public be enabled to procure 


clean, healthy meats. 


SoME News Notes ON THE Kansas City MEETING OF THE 
Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY MEpICAL AssociaATION.—Dur- 
ing the luncheon served by the college to the visiting veterinarians 
at the noon hour Thursday, the college band boys did themselves 
proud in the rendition of several excellent numbers. 

The visiting ladies were given a reception on Tuesday after- 
noon at the Coates House by the local ladies, and this innovation 
proved a most pleasing affair. 

Tuesday night, while the association was in active session, the 
ladies had a theatre party at the Orpheum, and on Thursday the 
college ladies served the visiting ladies a luncheon in the college 
library, following which some fifty ladies spent an hour or more 
in attendance at the clinic. This is only another evidence that 
the wives of veterinarians generally are taking a live and per- 
sonal interest in the progress of veterinary science. 

All sessions of the meeting held the close attention of the 


members, showing clearly that veterinarians in that section of the 


country are determined to not only keep abreast of the times, 
but to have a part in the things that make for progress in the 
veterinary profession. 

The association adopted resolutions to publish its proceedings 
in book form, so the doings of this association will hereafter be 
available for reference. 

The makers and venders of surgical instruments and other 
supplies made a most extensive exhibit, and the display exceeded 
that of any previous meeting of the association, and the spirit 
of friendly rivalry elicited many favorable comments. 


PURULENT INFECTION OF THE NAVEL IN THE NEW 
BORN.* 


Dr. A. D. Gover, LABELLE, Mo. 


Puruient Infection of the Navel is greatly favored by many 
of the circumstances attending the birth of the young animal, 
When it is born in surroundings of filth and dirt there is constant 
exposure of the newly made wound. The carnivorous and, toa 
lesser degree, the herbivorous mother, habitually cleanses the 
broken cord by licking, and thereby withdraws from it a large 
part of the Whartonian jelly, thus favoring the early desiccation 
of the stump. It appears, in spite of the fact that the mouth 
usually abounds in pathogenic bacteria, the process of licking the - 
navel is, according to clinical observation, comparatively safe and 
tends to protect the parts against infection. 

We observe infection most frequently in the foal, the mother 
of which animal pays less attention to the navel than most other 
domestic animals. Purulent infection of the navel often arises, 
also, as an indirect result of ligating the umbilical cord. The 
danger from ligating the cord lies usually in two principal ele- 
ments, the infection of the wound by careless application of the 
ligature and the provision of a breeding ground for bacteria by — 
the inclusion (retention) of the Whartonian jelly. 

From a surgical standpoint nothing can be more dangerous 
to the new-born animal than the careless or filthy ligation of the 
umbilical cord. Most ligatures are applied by laymen without 
sterilization or even washing of hands or ligature. Even when ~ 
the ligature is applied under some of the rules of modern surgery, 
other important ones are habitually neglected, and the ligature 
nevertheless wrongly and dangerously placed. The exterior of the 
cord consists of the impermeable amniotic sheath, which encloses 
within it the vessels surrounded by the Whartonian gelatin; if the 

* Presented to the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, at Kansas City, January, 


1913. 
676 


PURULENT INFECTION OF THE NAVEL IN THE NEW BORN. 677 


cord is tightly ligated the gelatin is enclosed, and its fluid portion 
cannot readily escape to permit the proper desiccation of the 
stump. Even when the ligature is applied under aseptic condi- 


tions, if it retains the Whartonian jelly, the procedure is unsafe, 


as it furnishes a medium for pathogenic bacteria. The danger 
from infection is emphasized if the ligature is placed at a point 


too distant from the umbilicus, thus increasing the amount of 


tissue to undergo desiccation or putrefaction. 

Another danger is the incarceration of the two umbilical 
arteries and the urachus. If the ligature is applied very tightly 
before the cord is severed the retraction of the urachus and 
arteries into the abdominal cavity may be prevented, leaving the 
open ends freely exposed to infection during the period of putre- 
faction of the tissues. When a living tissue is ligated and the 


_ ligature so tightly applied as to cause necrosis, it appears clinically 


to cause a prompt leucocytosis on the proximal side of the liga- 
ture which largely serves to prevent infection; but when applied 
to a dormant tissue, like the umbilical stump, no such reaction 
takes place, and the stump goes on to putrefaction or desiccation, 
as the circumstances may favor. If the cord is divided at the 
proper point the Whartonian gelatin pressed out thoroughly, and 
the stump ligated under perfectly aseptic precautions and kept in 
an aseptic condition (a very difficult process in the domestic ani- 
mals), the operation is safe. 

Navel infection occurs within a few hours after birth, and the 
symptoms usually follow very promptly, although in the initial 
stages of the disease they may be overlooked by the owner. The 


'parts,-instead of desiccating normally, become inflamed; there 


_ exudes from the center of the cord a dirty, thin, watery, flocculent 


serosity which may be grayish white or tinged with blood. It 
will generally be found possible to pass a small probe upward and 


_ forward for some distance toward the liver along the course of 


the umbilical vein. If the infection has been interrupted at the 


_ umbilical ring the probe will not pass beyond it. 


; 
; 


The behavior of the case will depend upon the degree of ex- 
tension of the infection. It is an important clinical fact that the 


678 A. D. GLOVER. 


gravity of navel infection is usually in inversed proportion to the 
local disturbance; when the infection remains localized in the 
umbilicus itself, the parts become swollen, somewhat tender to 
the touch and soon suppurate. Small abscesses form in and about 
the umbilicus, which open and discharge pus, or a fistula may 
follow. 

The swelling from local umbilical infection may be quite ex- 
tensive; the course of such local infection is usually chronic, con- 
tinuing for week after week. A somewhat limited amount of pus 
is discharged, which is generally of the ordinary consistency, and 
without odor. Such inflammation does not involve the general 
well-being of the young animal. It takes its food in the normal 
manner and amount, its digestion is undisturbed, it is playful 
and its growth is usually unaffected. 

When the infection, instead of expanding its virulence upon 
the tissues of the umbilicus, gains admission to the open umbilical 
vein, and extends along its course toward the heart, and the 
bacteria and their products enter the blood stream, the symptoms 
are wholly different. The coagulated blood within the umbilical 
vein breaks up under bacterial invasion, liquefies, and may be 
partly discharged into the hepatic circulation from the central end 
of the umbilical vein, and externally from the stump of the cord, 
as a dirty, flocculent, reddish-gray liquid, consisting of the dis- 
integrated blood clot mixed with the pus. The discharge may 
appear in three or four days after birth and may continue for 
two or three weeks or longer, should the animal survive. Soon 
after the commencement of suppuration in the umbilical vein 
there frequently occurs a corresponding infection in the broken 
end of the urachus, which results in the duct becoming reopened 
and a consequent dripping from the navel. Usually this condition 
is attributed to failure of the urachus to close, and while this 
condition may sometimes occur, it seems to cause no bad results 
if promptly treated, but I believe the leakage is generally secon- 
dary to the invasion of infection. 

The symptoms of general infection vary widely in intensity, 
from the rapidly fatal cases, which only live a few hours, to 


PURULENT INFECTION OF THE NAVEL IN THE NEW BORN. 679 


those which for a time do not attract any notice. In some of the 
mild cases no febrile symptoms occur of such a character as to 
attract the attention of the owner, and only when the secondary 
symptoms of infection arise is his attention called to the diseased 
condition of the patient. 

The young anirnal may be left apparently well in the evening 
and is found the next morning severely lame in one of its limbs. 
Upon examination one of the prominent articulations is found 
swollen, hot and painful upon manipulation. The inflammation 
usually affects the more important articulations, especially the 
hock or stifle, and less frequently the elbow and carpus or other 
joints. The inflammatory condition may suddenly abate, while 
another articulation becomes involved. As the disease continues 
there is a well marked tendency for the arthritis to become fixed 
in a given articulation, and at the same time others become. in- 
volved, until three or four are simultaneously diseased. 

We recognize two distinct forms of arthritis, one a serous 
inflammation without the formation of abscesses, the other char- 
acterized by the presence of abscesses, the contents of which are 
often mixed with synovia. In the serous form, which is prob- 
ably most common, the inflamed articulation is greatly enlarged, 
tense, hot and painful. The distended synovial sac may fluctuate, 
but does not point; later the articular tissues hypertrophy, the sub- 
cutis, synovial membrane and other parts thicken and become 
more or less sclerotic. At the same time the contents of the Sy- 
novial sac may increase, causing severe distention, which may 
remain permanent. 

When involving the femoro-patellar articulation, the synovial 
distention floats the patella upwards until it reaches the level of 
the top of the external femoral condyle, when the patella slips 
out laterally to constitute floating luxation of the patella, which 
may prove temporary or permanent. 

Less frequently the arthritis is of the purulent character, and 
the joints soon become the seat of extensive suppuration, the 
pain is very severe and the constitutional symptoms are exceed- 
ingly marked. After the lapse of a few days the pus in the 


6S0 A. D. GLOVER. 


synovial sac becomes so abundant that distinct fluctuation is 
present, the abscess soon ruptures if the animal survives, or if 
opened surgically, the young animal generally succumbs from 
septic poisoning. 

The severe lameness caused by the arthritis exerts an im- 
portant influence upon the course of the disease, aside from the 
septic condition. The lameness interferes with the animal taking 
proper nourishment, because in many cases it is unable to rise or 
stand while it sucks, and thus it suffers from starvation. In 
chronic cases it suffers greatly from decubittis gangrene upon 
various portions of the body, abscesses may also form in the 
lungs and, rupturing into the bronchial tubes, cause death from 
septic pneumonia. 

The disease is the result of the entrance into the freshly 
broken cord of pyogenic micro-organisms, and so far as we are 
aware is not limited to any one form of infection, as in addition 
to the lesions mentioned there may occur tetanus, infectious — 
diarrhoea, septic inflammation of the pleura, inter-muscular ab- 
scesses, ophthalmia, catarrhal enteritis, pneumonia, bronchitis, ete. 

The prognosis is grave in all cases in which the infection has 
gained the general circulation. It is most hopeless in the foal, 
in which animal the mortality probably exceeds ninety-five per 
cent. 

Therapeutic treatment consists in stimulants and alteratives, 
along with the injection of poly-valent bacterin every three to 
five days, but I do not believe the bacterin is of much value in the 
serous form. 

Prophylactic treatment which is far more successful would 
consist in the use of some antiseptic, desiccating powder, and 
thorough cleanliness.’ Do not ligate the cord. 


The powder should be dusted over the stump freely and re- 
peatedly, until the remnant of a cord has become completely 
desiccated and hermetically sealed. Few diseases of animals are 
more subject to safe, convenient and economic prevention than 
navel infection of the new born. Its success calls for fidelity to 
cleanliness on the part of the owner, preceded by timely and in- 
telligent advice by the veterinarian. 


INTERSTATE LIVE STOCK INSPECTION.* 
By T. T. Curristran, D.V.S:, Deputy State VETERINARIAN, TEXARKANA, TEX. 


Interstate live stock inspection involves the inspection of all 
live stock being shipped, driven, or in any manner transported 
from one state to another, and must not be confused with the 
federal quarantine inspection for fever ticks, scabies, etc. 

The primary causes for the enactment of state live stock sani- 
tary laws which require and prescribe the inspection of all live 
stock coming into a state, is the insatiable desire of man to dispose 
of diseased animals in the most expedient manner available when 
he finds that he has such in his possession; and he can always 
find a dealer who is willing to buy this class of stock at the re- 
duced figure, which they demand, and assure the owner that it 
will not become known in his immediate locality that he has 
knowingly disposed of diseased animals, and in this manner 
wilfully distributed an infectious disease from his own herd to 
that of his netghbors. 

Also there is a large percentage of infection among live stock 
of which the owner and purchaser is entirely ignorant, such as 
the tuberculous cow and glanderous horse—which are the most 
dangerous of all and which cannot be apprehended without an 
honest test by a competent veterinarian. This being the major 
class which really demands interstate inspection. 

_In this manner infectious diseases have been distributed from 
one state to another, until it has become obviously a necessity that 
the states must pass laws requiring that all live stock coming 
within their borders should pass a rigid examination by com- 
petent veterinarians, so that in some measure the spread of the 
infection might be restricted. . 

The object of interstate live stock inspection is to restrict the 

* Presented to the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, at Kansas City, January, 


1913. 
681 


682 T. T. CHRISTIAN. 


distribution of infectious, contagious and communicable diseases 
and to prevent infection of tininfected areas, and in this manner to 
protect the health and wealth of the populace by shutting off from 
their food producing animals the source of infection, and to 
obviate the necessity for a state to expend vast sums of money 
in the eradication of a contagious disease after it has once become 
definitely established. 

The legislative body of any state has the power to enact laws 
prescribing the regulations under which live stock shall enter 
their bounds. Also they have the power to put inspectors in the 
fields and vest in them what authority they may deem necessary 
to protect the health and wealth of their populace. 

The methods to be employed in the inspection of live stock 
must be formulated to meet the demand of each peculiar locality. 
Where inspected in transit, such as at a point of entry into a 
state, the stock should be unloaded, fed, watered and allowed to 
rest before inspection. 

The live stock yards at such points should be so equipped that 
animals being held for inspection could be amply protected from 
inclement weather, but where emigrant cars are handled that 
contain but few live stock, and those with ample room to lie down 
to rest, and on short hauls, it is often advisable to inspect in the 
car. This is not recommended however where the tuberculin or 
mallein test is given. 

In giving the tuberculin test the cattle should be allowed a good 
rest, say from five to eight hours, before starting on initial tem- 
peratures, and we consider no test valid unless at least three 
initial temperatures distributed over a period of twelve hours, and 
four or five subsequent temperatures beginning not less than ten 
hours after time of injection of tuberculin and taken at two hour 
intervals, and if the temperature is seen to be rising at the expira- 
tion of this time, the animal should be held for at least two more 
temperatures. 

Inspection of stock for transportation should be made on the 
day they are to be moved and not at some indefinite date prior 
to the time of movement. | 


INTERSTATE LIVE STOCK INSPECTION. 683 


In order to have and maintain a more efficient inspection 
service, all the states should endeavor to establish uniform regu- 
lations, among which should be included the adoption of a uni- 
form health certificate on the back of which should be printed a 
list of the official inspectors and a digest of the sanitary live stock 
requirements of the issuing state. This certificate should me 
made in triplicate, the orignal to accompany live stock, the dupli- 
cate to be sent to the Live Stock Sanitary Board of the state of 
destination, the triplicate to be sent to the Live Stock Sanitary 
Board of the state of origin. A great many of the states have 
adopted the uniform health certificate already. 

Also a more uniform scale of fees should be universally 
adopted. This has also been adopted by several states and has 
proven to be one of the most efficient manners in which to elimi- 
nate the all too frequent claim of graft and overcharges. Local 
conditions however should govern, in a great measure, the charge, 
as what might be considered a reasonable fee at one point would 
not be applicable at another. 

An inspector should not be expected to make a trip where it 
takes a day’s time away from his local business, and additional 
expenses, for the same fee that he would do the work at his local 
point. 

A great many complaints arise in regard to overcharges, but 
I am pleased to say that the bulk of these when ferreted out can- 
not be substantiated. It is my opinion that the scale authorized 
by the Live Stock Sanitary Commission of Texas, which is also 
used by some other states, is the most satisfactory that can be 
adopted and is as follows: 

At home—Tuberculin and mallein test: One head, $5.00; for 
the next five head, $3.00 per head, etc. Physical examination: 
For first three head and under, $3.00; for over three head and up 
to one carload, $5.00; for each additional car, $2.50 per car. 

Abroad—Tuberculin and mallein test, $10.00 per day and ex- 
penses for ten head or under; over ten head, $1.50 for each addi- 
tional animal. Physical examination—The same as at home 
with mileage. 


OS4 T. T. CHRISTIAN. 


This scale of fees has proven adequate compensation for the 
veterinarians’ services, and satisfactory to the majority of 
shippers. 

The scope of inspection should be widened to cover strangles, 
influenza, and all so-called shipping fevers. At present very few 
of the states pay the slightest heed to this class of diseases. It 
appears that they have come to look upon it as a necessary evil. 
In fact Alabama is the only state that I know of which absolutely 
prohibits the importation of stock with these diseases. 

More stringent legislation along this line would bring about 
some remarkable cleanups and changes in the horse and mule 
markets in this country, and would save shippers a vast sum of 
money each season. 

There is no field of work which presents more opportunities 
for dishonest service than that of live stock inspection. Nine 
shippers out of ten will make an effort to secure a certificate with- 
out an actual inspection. They will advance arguments in regard 
to their knowledge of the stock they are handling and point out 
the fact that they never talk, and that they want to be released as 
quickly as possbile. Very few of them submit willingly to the 
tuberculin and mallein tests, and it is a deplorable fact that some 
veterinarians seem to prefer to make out a temperature chart in 
their office to going into the pens and doing the actual work. 

An inspector who is wont to continue such practices should 
be punished by having his commission annulled and his name 
published so that such practices might be forever discouraged. 

Every inspector at a point of entry to a state is often con- 
fronted with the proposition of the disposition of animals con- 
demned en route. In many instances, as has been the case with 
the writer, this stock is in a state other than the state of origin, 
and which prohibits the entry of uninspected animals, yet with- 
out the state of destination, and in complying with the require- 
ments of one state you indirectly violate those of another. This 
is a point I would like to hear thoroughly discussed. 

The results obtained from sanitary live stock requirements 
are of two clasess, the first of a psychologic nature, which pre- 
vents the shipment of animals known to be infected. 


INTERSTATE LIVE STOCK INSPECTION. bdo 


The second is the apprehending and condemning of attempted 
shipments of diseased animals, both of those known by the shipper 
to be infected, and those of which he is ignorant. 

The common result is the prevention of the distribution of in- 
fectious, contagious and communicable diseases from infected 
areas to uninfected areas. 

The two states which, from my observation, are doing the 
most toward live stock sanitation are Alabama and Montana, and 
it is evident that their state veterinarians, Doctors Carey and 
Knowles, are in a great measure responsible for their efficient 
requirements. 

I am free to acknowledge that in the past Texas has been 
somewhat backward, along the points noted, but it affords great 
pleasure to call attention to the fact that within the past two years 
great changes have been wrought and that she is now striving to 
maintain an efficient safeguard to her live stock industry by plac- 
ing veterinary inspectors at each point of entry, and at various 
points throyghout the state. 

These changes have been brought about by our present admin- 
istration. We are indeed fortunate in having as governor His 
Excellency, O. B. Colquitt, who is a staunch friend to the stock 
man and veterinarian. He has*indeed shown excellent judgment 
in his appointment of a Live Stock Sanitary Board, the chairman 
of which, the Honorable W. N. Waddell, of Ft. Worth, Texas, 
stands eminently fitted as a live stock sanitarian, but the man at 
the helm who has made our present achievements possible and to 
whom we are looking for future developments, is our State Veteri- 
narian, Dr. E. R. Forbes, whose extensive experience in the field 
of veterinary science amply qualifies him for the trying duties of 
his present office. 


Encacep: Dr. S. J. Alcalay, Cottonwood, Minnesota, an- 
nounces his engagement to Miss Julia Rubin, of Chicago. We 
voice the sentiment of all their friends when we congratulate 
the happy couple on this their first official step leading to the 
matrimonial state. 


LAND MARKS OF PROGRESS.* 


By W. J. Martin, V.S., KANKAKEE, ILL. 


As one of the oldest members of this association it gives me 
great pleasure in having the honor of addressing you to-day 
and at the same time to extend a cordial welcome to you all on 
this the 30th anniversary of this association. I can assure you 
that it affords me sincere gratification to see before me the fami- 
liar faces of so many of the older members—men who have so 
heroically borne the many burdens of this association in the 
early days of its struggle for existence; men who have so often 
experienced the bitter pangs of its defeats, as well as the joys 
of its victories. [These men have indeed been loyal, brave and 
true to the association and to their profession, and their example 
may be safely emulated by those who come after them. 


When I look over this large assembly of professional men 
gathered together here from nearly all parts of the country, my 
mind cannot but revert backwards over the long vista of years 
that have passed, to the time when a small group of earnest men, 
imbued with the highest ideals of their profession, met in this 
city thirty years ago and laid the foundation of this association. 
A few of these pioneers, I am happy to say, are still with us, 
and they are just as full of youthful enthusiasm and professional 
zeal as they were thirty years ago. We all sincerely hope that 
their days will be long in the land of the living. Others, less 
fortunate, have joined the silent majority—full of years and 
honors. Let us pause a moment and drop a wreath on their graves 
and cherish their memories, ever green in our hearts, while we 
murmur: “ Well done, thou good and faithful servants.” 


* Presented to the thirtieth annual meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medica) 
Association, at Chicago, December, ro12. 


686 


tlh i. te 


LAND MARKS OF PROGRESS. 687 


“They’re passing away, these dear old friends, 
Like a leaf on the current cast; 
With never a break in the rapid flow, 
We watch them as one by one they go 
Into the beautiful past.” 


From the annals of this association for the past thirty years 
we are able to obtain a fairly accurate record of the progress 
that has been made by our profession in this country up to the 
present time. That this progress has been rapid, as well as bril- 
liant, none will deny, but this progress of the past thirty years 
is but the precursor of a still more rapid and brilliant advance to 
be made by our profession during the next thirty years. 

Progress has always been a prime incentive in human nature, 
ever since man first made his appearance on this earth. The 
prehistoric cave-man, originally endowed by nature with the 
most primitive means of defense and offense—viz., teeth, hands 
and a rude club of wood or stone, wherewith to procure food 
and defend himself against the attacks of savage beasts and his 
even more savage fellow beings—found himself seriously handi- 
capped in the struggle for existence, made an important step 
forward in progress when he discovered that by chipping a piece 
of flint to a sharp point and fastening that point into the end of 
his club he had a much more efficient weapon, viz., a spear. 
Again, when he discovered the principle of the bow and arrow 
he had made still greater progress, because this weapon enabled 
him to kill or disable his enemies without coming into personal 
contact with them. And so it has been from that early age for- 
ward. Every important discovery made by man in the arts and 
sciences has been a step upward and onward in the evolution of 
the human race. Evolution, now a recognized science, is but 
another name for progress. 

All animate and inanimate nature obeys that primordial law 
which is a tendency of matter to advance from the simple to the 
complex; and veterinary science is no exception to the rule. 
When we see revolution, peaceful or otherwise, shaking the 


6S8 W. J. MARTIN. 


foundations of governments, overturning the long-existing order 
of established customs and usages, that is progress, though some 
of our ultra-conservative fellow beings would fain make us be- 
lieve it to be chaos. . 

The science and art of human and animal medicine has ad- 
vanced since its first inception, as a rule, slowly; at other times 
with such great rapidity as to form an epoch or new age. A 
few only of these can be mentioned here; viz., ligation of blood 
vessels, by Ambrose Pare; the discovery of the circulation of 
the blood, by Harvey; vaccination, by Jenner; chloroform, by 
Guthrie; fermentation and bacteriology, by Pasteur; antiseptic 
surgery, by Lister; and at the present time we stand on the 
threshold of a new era or epoch in medicine, viz., sero-thera- 
peutics. 

The humblest worker in the field of human endeavor or 


achievement, be his condition or environment what it may, is — 


often an important factor in making for human progress. Some 
of the greatest discoveries in the evolution of mankind have quite 
often been made by men who worked the greater part of their 
lives in some obscure walk in life. 

The race is not by any means always won by the great or 
strong. Neither are all the important inventions or discoveries 
made in the halls of great schools or universities, or by those 
working under the auspices of powerful nations, but more often 
by the patient worker, faithfullly performing his allotted tasks 
in the field of every-day life. This holds true in our profession 
as in every other important occupation of mankind. 

Thus we see, in order to be successful in our chosen calling, 
we should devote as much of our time as possible to study, ob- 
servation and clinical investigation, and record our experiences 
for the benefit of our present-day fellow workers, or for those 
who may come after us. 

In this day and age we are passing through a rapid. cycle 
of change. New methods of preventing as well as curing dis- 
eases of men and animals are constantly being brought forward. 
Some of these systems will become permanent weapons in our 


ee 


LAND MARKS OF PROGRESS. 6SY 


armamentarium against disease. Others will be found to be 
defective and will quickly disappear, never to be heard of again. 
In order to be able to intelligently discriminate among this vast 
amount of material, we must keep ourselves by study abreast 
of the times; in fact, we must progress, because if we do not, 
we will quickly find ourselves cast upon the scrap heap of in- 
competency. 


GLANDERS CONFERENCE IN NEw Yorx.—Hon. Calvin J. 
Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York, 
called a conference on elanders at the office of the second Assist- 
ant Commissioner in New York City, on January 17. Twenty 
veterinarians were in attendance, also representatives from two 
of the leading horse marts. The first side of the question attacked 
was the causes of the prevalence of glanders, especially in Greater 
New York. Some of the causes cited were the large number 
of horses in our streets, the crowded conditions of our stables, 
their unsanitary condition, public watering troughs, the indis- 
criminate use of glanders vaccine, and the tendency to unlawfully 
dispose of reactors, thereby disseminating the infecting centers. 
Some of the obvious remedics offered were the licensing of build- 
ings used for stables, and only issuing licenses to those reaching 
a satisfactory standard of sanitation, systematic inspection to 
keep them up to that standard, the same inspection to apply to 
the horses housed therein, the abolition or regulation of the use 
of the watering trough and the restriction of the use of glanders 
vaccine to horses that have been shown to be free from glanders 
infection by the blood tests. 

Another point raised as being objectionable and possibly tend- 
ing to the dissemination of the disease | is the delay caused by wait- 
ing for the order to destroy the animals from Albany. A remedy 
to this was offered in having some one in the city with power to 
act for the Commissioner in that capacity, to which the Commis- 
sioner cheerfully acquiesced. In fact, Commissioner Huson, by 
word and act, throughout the entire conference, gave evidence 
of the fact that he was looking for remedies to overcome this 
great menace to the horse population of the state, and looking 
mighty hard; and we hope that he got enough suggestions to aid 
him in amending the agricultural law, so as to be in a better 
position to cope with the situation. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 


SOME. CASES, ILLUSTRATING THE USES:\OF AREG@as 
LINE IN ACUTE, PLEURISY ANDI SOME 
OTHER TROUBEES? 


By D: D. LEFEvre, D:V.M., Newark, N: Y. 


Year after year we come together for the purpose of relating 
our experience, good or bad, so as to assist each other, and in 
order that we may profit one by the other’s experience. It is only 
a short while ago, about two years I believe, that to me there was 
one particular trouble that I dreaded to come in contact with, 
namely, acute pleurisy in the horse. Well do I remember some 
of my cases. In the early stage they were a regular nightmare 
of hot applications, counter irritation and dosing with various 
drugs, only to be followed a little later by hydrothorax and the 
tedious job of tapping and drawing off of from thirty to forty 
quarts of water every two or three days, and next a dead horse 
and dissatisfied client. But it is all past now like a bad dream, 
and at the present time a case of acute pleurisy is approached 
with the same degree of certainty as a case of parturient pareces 
or laminitis. In fact, it is just a race or a game to scare the 
owner all you can; to get there just as often as you can so as to 
get as large a bill as you can before the patient gets well, because 
he certainly will get well, and no dropsy follow. And all of this 
comes from a little mistaken diagnosis made now going on two 
years ago. April 28, 1911, I was called to Harry Ford’s, arrived 
just about dusk, and being in a great hurry to make another call did 
not examine patient thoroughly, though I did write down on the 
window casing a record of his temperature, pulse and respiration. 
Patient was not taken out of his rather dark stall, but it was ob- 
served in backing him up a little that he was rather stiff and sore. 
It was hard to get him to move. Temperature, 105; pulse, 80; 
respiration, 22; and the pulse was difficult to count, one of those 
kind where you get a couple of “struck wire” ones, then you 
don’t get it for three or four beats, then a couple of strong ones 
again. Books don’t describe it, they say a struck wire pulse; 


* Read before the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, July, 19r2. 
690 


REPORTS OF CASES. 691 


that is part right and a bigger part wrong. In my cases of 
pleurisy though that I am telling you about, those that finally 
died (usually in the acute stage, if my memory serves me right), 
T had to count the pulse by osculation of the heart if I got it at 
all correct. I suppose you all know what kind of a pulse this was 
now since the diagnosis is made, but at that time I did not sense 
the meaning of that pulse, and just took the case to be one of 
founder and hurriedly gave one-half grain of arecoline and about 
ten minutes later another half grain; left some non-important 
medicine and hurried on to the next case. 

Returning the next morning, April 29, and starting to back 
patient out of the stall he gave a distinct pleurisy grunt, and then 
I began to sit up and take notice that the doctor had blundered 
on a diagnosis, and, upon careful examination, it was found that 
there was absolutely no laminitis, but a very severe case of acute 
pleurisy. Animal was so sore through chest that he could hardly 
move. Temperature, 10314; pulse, 52, and respiration, 28. 
Notice the drop in temperature from 105 to 103% and the drop 
in pulse beat from 80 to 52. I reasoned that as one dose of areco- 
line had not killed him perhaps another would not, and, as he had 
made such a big improvement, I would just chance another dose 
anyway, and so gave one-half grain arecoline, and in ten minutes 
another half grain, and in a few minutes animal began to slobber, 
seemed relieved of his suffering, breathed more easily, was not so 
stiff, moved around of his own accord; he soon laid down and 
apparently seemed to be comfortable on a good bed of straw in 
a box stall that was provided. I always give box stall, believing 
that it is important for the patient to secure this great but tem- 
porary amount of rest and comfort that is afforded by the peculiar 
action of arecoline. Next day owner told me that patient re- 
mained down nearly two hours and appeared to be quite com- 
fortable. On that day, April 30, temperature, 102% - respira- 
tion, 15; pulse, 46. I repeated the arecoline, and again the patient 
laid down and appeared to take some comfort. May 1, tempera- 
ture, 100.8; pulse, 36; respiration, 22. Same treatment repeated 
followed by same results. May 2, temperature, 101; pulse, 34; 
respiration, 15. Left a little nux and digitalis and discharged 
patient as cured, but saw him occasionally afterwards to ascer- 
tain if any dropsy occurred, and there did not. 

My next case was at Christopher Stingle’s. Called at ten 
o'clock at night, May rr. Animal had ploughed in the forenoon, 
but in the afternoon was found to be sick, and that night I was 
summoned, and found a bad case of plain acute pleurisy; tempera- 


692 REPORTS OF CASES. 


ture, 104; pulse, 70; respiration, 40. Treatment and results a repe- 
tition of the former case. May 12, temperature, 104; pulse, 68; 
respiration, 36. May 13, temperature, 100.5 ; pulse, 58; respiration, 
18. Discharged as cured, and no dropsy followed. And so I might 
go on and mention a number of cases that I have tried this on 
and had the same results. But now mind you I am not saying 
that it cures all cases of pleurisy. I believe the drug is absolutely 
worthless in a case that has become at all chronic, say past two 
days old at the most; but since I have been using it I have not 
had a single case develop hydrothorax where the arecoline was 
used in the acute’stages, say during the first twelve or twenty-four 
hours. And it is the same with laminitis. They all seemed to be 
aborted in from four to five days. Arecoline is no good if the 
disease has become at all chronic. My results have not been so 
favorable when there has been a complication of distemper, but 
I do believe that the drug is the most valuable one that we have 
in the treatment of plain acute pleurisy. I have tried it in acute 
pneumonia and have never seen it do any harm, and believe it 
gave valuable aid and cut short the acute inflammatory stage. Of 
course absorption had to take place slowly. I have used it in 
several cases of sunstroke with apparent brilliant results. The 
first case was a large black mare, found her lying in the road 
panting and struggling, gasping for breath; gave one-half grain 
of arecoline; five minutes later another half grain; and in twenty 
minutes the animal lay quietly on her breast, slobbering and 
nibbling at grass. In about one hour patient was up and eating 
grass, apparently well. A report of other cases would only be a 
repetition of the same story. 

In blind staggers I have had only one case to try it on. This 
horse had been driven forty miles the day before, fed mouldy hay 
at night, and when I saw him the next day four men were trying 
to keep him in the stall. He was blind as a bat, ramming in first 
one side of the stall and then the other, falling down and getting 
up, muscles twitching and jerking, respiration stertorous; could 
hear him a block away. Giving medicine orally was out of the 
question, but I did give several half-grain doses of arecoline pretty 
close together. Patient now quieted down and at the end of two 
hours was standing quietly and appeared to be much improved. 
I was anxious to see elimination of the bowel content, so gave 
one grain of eserine, and in a few minutes all of the violent 
symptoms returned, muscles twitching and jerking, patient strug- 
gling and plunging around, shortly fell to the floor and died. I 
am now anxious for another case to give arecoline another trial, 


REPORTS OF CASES. 695 


as patient showed marked improvement while under its action. I 
would say that in colic, laminitis, acute pleurisy and sunstroke 
arecoline is my main drug, and that it is a valuable drug in acute 
pneumonia. I also believe that we will find it a great helper in 
aborting any acute inflammatory disease. 


IM PACTION. ‘OF THE SINGLE COLON: 
By Epcar Heiny, V.M.D., Hattiesburg, Miss. 


The subject, a 9-year-old gelding, was brought to me for 
treatment about Io a. m., showing alternate colicky pains. 

Symptoms: 10 a. m., pulse 60, full and bounding; tempera- 
ture 102° F.; mucous membrane slightly injected; breathing’ ac- 
celerated and heavy, sweating; would lie down flat on side and 
lay quiet for a short time, roll a little, get up, stand a few minutes 
and repeat the performance. No flatulence and very slight peri- 
stalsis. 

Treatment: Gave aloetic physic ball and also gave /2 gr. of 
eserine and I gr. pilocarpine hypodermically. 

10.30 a. m.: Patient much more uneasy due to eserine and 
pilocarpine; passed a little flatus; repeated the eserine and gave 
% gr. of arecoline and % gr. of strychnine. Gave rectal injec- 
tion of several gallons of warm water and soap, rectum empty, 
forcible straining on introducing arm into rectum. 

II.30 a. m.: Patient much easier, drank a little water and 
nibbled at hay, would still lie down on side most of the time, 
but did not roll. Pulse had dropped to 50 and not so full and 
bounding; breathing still labored; mucous membrane about the 
same; temperature same. 

2.30 p. m.: Patient about the same as at 11.30. Gave 2 
ounces carbonate ammonia and I ounce powdered nux vomica 
in ball (Reeks). Gave rectal injections warm water and soap, 
several gallons, which was at once thrown off as before. 

4.30 p. m.: Patient more uneasy again; breathing more ac- 
celerated ; sweating; pulse 70 and full; getting up and down and 
rolling. Urinated; urine of high color. Gave 1 ounce of chloral 
and hypodermic injection, arecoline 1% gr. and eserine / gr. 
Gave rectal injection, warm water and soap. Peristalsis good. 

5.30 p. m.: Patient much easier. Lying down most of time. 

8 p. m.: Patient restless again. Pulse 60; breathing accel- 
erated; temperature 102; mucous membrane about the same as 


694 REPORTS OF CASES. 


at first; peristalsis good. Gave more rectal injections. Gave 
2 ounces turpentine and 2 ounces spr. nitr. ether in a quart of 
linseed oil as drench. 

12m.: Patient easy lying down on side; pulse 50 and strong; 
mucous membrane about same; breathing heavy. Patient drank 
considerable water. Peristalsis good. Temperature Iot. 

3.30 a. m.: Patient uneasy, getting up and down; rolling, 
sweating; breathing accelerated again; pulse 50 and strong; tem- 
perature 101. Gave I ounce chloral ; hypodermic injection a.eco- 
line 72 gr. Rectal injections which were immediately thrown 
off. Urinated; drank a little water. 

6.30 a. m.: Patient easy and standing; pulse 50 and mucous 
membrane slightly more injected and slightly icteric. Tempera- 
ture 102; peristalsis good; breathing good. Gave rectal injec- 
tion, part of which was retained some time. 

January 12, 8.30 a. m.: Patient still easy, lying down on side. 
Symptoms about same as at 6.30. 

10 a. m.: Patient rolling a little at times. All symptoms 
about same. Gave 2 ounces carbonated ammonia and I ounce 
powdered nux yomica in ball. Rectal injection was thrown off 
again and much straining on introducing arm into rectum. 

1.30 p. m.: Patient about same as at 10 a. m., except lying 
down most of the time quietly. 

5 p.m.: Patient a little uneasy at times, otherwise symptoms 
about same as at 1.30. Gave % gr. arecoline and /% gr. strych- 
nine. Rectal injections were thrown off again; patient urinated. 

10.30 p. m.: Patient about same as at 5 p. m. Gave another 
ball of carbonated ammonia 2 ounces and powdered nux I ounce. 

January 13, 8.30 a. m.: Patient much improved; seemed bet- 
ter all day; gave one quart linseed oil; rectal injections which 
were not retained. Patient drank several buckets of water dur- 
ing the day. Gave same treatment as day before. 

Tuesday, 14, 8 a. m.: Patient a little uneasy again; pulse 70, 
but still strong; breathing labored; temperature 102.5; mucous 
membrane about same as day before. Gave carbonated ammonia , 
and nux ball. 

12 m.: Patient same as at 8a. m. Drank a bucket of water. 
Lying down most of time; rolled a little at intervals. Gave 
rectal injections which were immediately thrown off; pulse about 
70 and strong and regular; temperature 102.5; mucous mem- 
brane slightly more injected. 

4.30 p. m.: Patient a little more uneasy; pulse 80, but still 
full and strong; breathing faster and labored; temperature 104.2. 


REPORTS OF CASES. 695 


Gave I gr. arecoline and /% gr. strychnine. This produced a 
very distressing condition to patient. There was extreme sali- 
vation and attempts at vomition, and patient did emit quite a 
little sour smelling frothy material from nostrils at these 
attempts; sweating and nervous trembling. Did not lie down 
and roll. After the effects of the arecoline passed off, patient 
drank a bucket of water and seemed easier and brighter for two 
hours. 

8 p. m.: Patient lying down; rolling a little at intervals; pulse 

2, but still strong, although not so full, seemed smaller but reg- 
ular; temperature 105; breathing very labored, and _ patient 
seemed much distressed. Patient died at 10 p. m. 

Wednesday, 11.30 a. m.: Held post mortem. Carcass had 
scarcely swollen at all and was not very stiff. On opening ab- 
domen there was—no doubt formed after death—quite a little 
straw-colored fluid in cavity from slight peritonitis. There was 
very slight inflammation of intestines. All other organs normal. 
On examining single colon, came across two hard objects, about 
midway of colon. On opening up colon I took out two trian- 
gular-shaped calculi. One has a perfect triangular base and three 
triangular sides and weighs 134 pounds. The other has a rec- 
tangular base and four triangular sides like a pyramid, and 
weighs 2% pounds. 


_ History: This horse was 9 years old, weighing 1,200 pounds, 
was shipped to Meridian from Fort Worth, Texas, and sold to 
the Meridian Fire Department and had been in their service 3% 


696 REPORTS OF CASES. 


years. Had never been affected with colic up to this time. He 
had been off his feed and had a depraved appetite for about two 
months; would eat dirt and wood, and would paw the plastering 
off an old wall and eat it. His bowels had been irregular for 
about two weeks, and an attendant told me he had had only two 
small actions the day and night before he was brought to me 
for treatment. 


TWO. CASES OF METRO-PERITONITIS IN THe 
epi Ci oY 


By Rozsert W. Ettis, New York, N. Y. 


Two cases presenting practically identical symptoms and 
reaching fatal terminations in about the same length of time, 
having recently occurred in my practice within five days of each 
other and died within three days of each other, I report them 
for any benefit a brother practitioner may derive from them. 

Case 1.—A female pug dog, ten years old, had never been 
bred. Had terminated a rutting period about two weeks prior 
to the development of the symptoms that caused the little animal 
to be brought in for treatment. The most noticeable symptom, 
and the one which alarmed her mistress most, was a profuse 
flow of blood from the generative apparatus. There were, in 
addition to this, distention of the abdomen and great tenderness 
evinced when the slightest pressure was applied, especially over 
region of the uterine horns; temperature 103 2/5, respirations 
hurried, appetite impaired and occasional vomiting. Diagnosis: 
Inflammation of the uterus and uterine horns. Treatment: A 
heavy coat of antiphlogistine applied hot over the surface of the 
abdomen, covered with absorbent cotton and bandaged, and in- 
ternally 2 grain of ergotin at three-hour intervals. Two days 
later found patient much improved in spirit, apparently not in 
pain, eating a little, but still flowing. At this visit gave hot 
douche per vagina, with one chinosol tablet to two quarts of 
water. A considerable amount of blood in various stages ac- 
companied the return flow from the vagina, and the little animal 
seemed to suffer great pain during the douching. Antiphlogis- 
tine and ergotin continued. On returning to the case the fol- 
lowing day, the owner reported a great decrease in the flow of 
blood, and the dog seemed much improved. The hot chinosol 
douche was repeated, and this time the return flow of water was 


REPORTS OF CASES. 697 


scarcely changed—yjust a slight coloring in the first few jets of 
it; but the patient seemed to suffer pain while giving it. On 
visiting the patient the following day, my clients happily informed 
me that the haemorrhage had been entirely controlled, and that 
the little dog seemed much better, but at times vomited after 
eating. They seemed to feel that that was the only abnormal 
symptom present, and felt very hopeful of a speedy recovery. 
That symptom was prescribed for, and the patient was not seen 
again until the third day thereafter, when I was called because 
of a return of the pain. I found the little animal panting and 
evidently in great distress; ordered renewal of hot applications; 
prescribed anodynes, and gave a grave prognosis. In less than 
seven hours from that time my patient was dead, having seemed 
to respond to the treatment up to the last hour, when she became 
suddenly worse and collapsed. Post mortem: What the post 
mortem revealed, made me wonder how it had been possible for 
the little animal to live as long as it had, cheerfully wag its tail 
when spoken to in a kind voice, and to apparently improve for 
a few days. On making an incision into the abdominal cavity 
a reddish muco-purulent discharge flowed copiously from the 
opening; after this had subsided, the opening was enlarged and 
the digestive organs removed en masse (leaving the generative 
organs intact) and examined from end to end carefully upon the 
table, and nothing unusual was noted. The generative organs 
were then detached and placed upon the table for examination. 
The uterus and cornuae presented the appearance of pregnancy ; 
their’ general calibre was enlarged, and at regular intervals 
dilated, so as to give the appearance of containing foetuses; but 
upon manipulation were easily compressible, and on being 
opened were found to be filled with the same muco-purulent fluid 
that had flowed from the abdominal cavity on opening it. The 
entire mucous membrane lining the uterus and horns, and the 
peritoneum enveloping those organs, was literally ‘eaten up”’ 
with the inflammatory process that had been responsible for the 
symptoms presented. 

Case 2 was a female Maltese terrier, nine years old, had 
never been bred, and presented all the symptoms of case I, except 
that there was a nasty discharge from the vulva instead of the 
flow of blood when the case was presented. Vaginal douches 
were ordered, but were not given (the owner not being in a 
position to carry out that part of the treatment); course and 
termination the same as former case. No opportunity for post 
mortem was afforded in this case. 


69S REPORTS OF CASES. 


EARLY )} DEVELOPMENT (‘OF (ASCITES: 
By THE SAME. 


A small female bull pup, four weeks old, was brought to the 
office, presenting a very peculiar spectacle. This little animal 
weighing approximately not more than three pounds, had its 
abdomen distended to such an extent as to give it a grotesque 
appearance. Laid upon its back, it resembled more than anything 
else a fat frog. A small trocar being introduced, sixteen ounces 
of fluid was drawn off. The weight of the fluid withdrawn, 
representing one-third of the approximated weight of the pup. 
The pup was not returned for treatment, and the outcome is not 
known. 


GORE FROM A COW—IN A MARE.* 
By Cuester L. BLaxety, M.D.V., Augusta, Me. 


The subject was an eight-year-old mare, small, and worth about 


$125, and was hooked by a cow in the groin on the median line 


very close to mammary glands. The owner telephoned me that 
two or three feet of her intestines were hanging out, and would not 
listen to anything but that I should go to his place as soon as pos- 
sible. I instructed him to tie the mare so she could not lie down, 
and to get a clean sheet, soak in hot water that had been boiled, 
and wrap it around her securely to keep the intestines warm and 
free from dirt, and I arrived at his farm about two hours after 
accident had occurred. I gave a large size tablet of H. M. C. con- 
taining 2% grains of morphine, and as soon as we could get help 
I cast the mare and removed the sheet. On washing bowels off 
I found them free from injury and very little discolored. The 
bowel had escaped through a hole 3 or 4 inches long and formed 
a sac half the size of my head between skin and muscular tissues, 
and 2 to 3 feet protruded. I enlarged both the outside hole 
through the skin and inside through the muscle and peritoneum, 
and replaced the bowel as carefully as possible. I then sewed 
muscle and peritoneum with heavy silk suture (on account of 
lack of confidence in my supply of catgut), and left long ends out- 
side of the knots. I then packed the sac between muscles and the 
skin with carbolated gauze and stitched the skin securely, leaving 
small end of gauze exposed and hanging out slightly. 


* Presented to the Maine Veterinary Medical Association, Augusta. January, 1913. 


en 


REPORTS OF CASES. 699 


We then allowed the mare to rise, and I advised him to keep 
her up for twenty-four hours or more, and feed soft feed, and 
to watch very carefully. On the third day I again visited the 
mare and found her apparently as well as she ever was. I re- 
moved the gauze and washed with solution of lysol, using foun- 
tain syringe, peroxide, carbolated gauze, etc. I left the fountain 
syringe, lysol, solution and peroxide and instructed the owner to 
dress it again on the second day and thereafter every day. Several 
of the silk sutures sloughed away after first week, and in two to 
three weeks the wound healed as clean and smooth as it possibly 
could. I saw the mare for the third time on about the fourteenth 
day and found her free from fever or any signs of infection. The 
case terminated very satisfactorily, recovery being rapid and com- 
plete. 


UNDER REstriIcTIoNs: In view of the fact that at the De- 
cember meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- 
ciation the impression was received by many members that there 
were no restrictions on the application of the tuberculin test by 
laymen in Wisconsin, the following reply to an inquiry by Sec- 
retary Ferguson, which is self-explanatory, is here reproduced: 


* Dear Sir: I acknowledge herewith receipt of your letter of 
December 19, 1912. In reply will say that a Wisconsin state 
law allows laymen to administer the tuberculin test under cer- 
tain restrictions after passing an examination given by the Live 
Stock Sanitary Board. Permits for such testing are issued sub- 
ject to revocation at any time by said board. In no case are tests 
made by laymen approved for interstate shipment by the State 
Veterinarian of Wisconsin, nor have they ever been. The matter 
of approving certificates of health for interstate shipments is 
wholly in the hands of the State Veterinarian. 


“Very truly yours, 
(Sgd.) “ Geo. WYLIE, 
“President, Wisconsin Live Stock Sanitary Board.” 


WELCOMED IN THE PHILIPPINES.—A subscriber in the far- 
off Philippines says, in renewing his subscription: ‘‘ The bene- 
fits gained by a careful perusal and study of contents of the RE- 
VIEW are too numerous to mention; and the monthly receipt of 
each copy is looked forward to with supreme anticipation.” 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


ENGLISH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. 


RUPTURE OF THE DiaPpHRAGM [A. T. M.].—A six-year-old 
gelding, while crossing a railroad track, had the right hind shoe 
jammed in the flange of the rail and so tightly fixed that he could 
not withdraw it. He threw himself down, and when his foot got 
loose he got up very lame. He had a bad contusion of the left 
shoulder and partial rupture of the muscles of the right hip. He 
was put in slings and placed under treatment. Two days after 
he was quite paralyzed on the shoulder but improved behind. A 
day or so after his respiration became distressed—the animal re- 
fused food and died in collapse. Post mortem shows great bloody 
extravasation in the hip and shoulder and a rupture of the mus- 
cular part of the diaphragm through which the bowels had entered 
into the chest.—(Vet. Record. ) 


AN INTERESTING CASE OF TympaniTis [W. Penhale, 
M.R.C.V.S.].—Two-year-old heifer is very much “ blown.” 
Trocar is resorted to and laxatives prescribed. The condition was 
such that the canula had to be left permanently in position. After 
some time the appetite and rumination (which had first returned 
to normal) began to fail. On examining the part where the 
puncture had been made, it was found that the rumen had become 
firmly attached to the peritoneum and abdominal walls, at the 
place occupied by the canula, which was then useless. An in- 
cision was made through the abdominal muscles, as in case of 
rumenotomy, passing the hand into the abdominal cavity and 
tearing the adhesions existing between the peritoneal covering of 
the rumen and the walls of the abdomen, thus liberating the organ 
from these attachments. An india-rubber tube was passed into 
the rupture of the rumen and secured there with a stitch and its 
free end passed through the external opening in the muscles. By 
this way any tympany that might otherwise occur was prevented. 
Appetite and rumination soon returned and the heifer progressed 
favorably.—(Vet. Rec.) 

700 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. TOL 


YEW PoIsoNING IN Cattle [F. Hicks|.—Out of a herd of 
cattle six have died. The majority of the beasts that remained 
were showing signs of tympanitis. Post mortem of the dead ones 
confirmed the diagnosis of yew poisoning. The symptoms mani- 
fested after a few hours were: Marked dullness, depression, sali- 
vation, loss of appetite, tympanitis, constipation ‘followed by 
diarrhoea. Faeces were foetid, green, and in one case mixed witb 
twigs of yew tree. In some cases there was dyspnea. Death was 
quick with a few animals. Fifteen animals in all died out of 
about forty. The treatment for the first day was sulphate of 
magnesia, bicarbonate of soda, carbonate of ammonia in water 
—and the next day liq. ammo. acet., bicarb. of soda and extract of 
belladonna.— (Vet. Nevws. ) 


SALIVARY CALCULUS IN STENON’s DucT—REMOVAL [Capt. 
E. P. Argyle, A.V.C.|.—A polo pony has a calculus forming in 
the parotid duct, which was left without interference for several 
inonths, to allow the animal to end the polo season, as the case 
did not appear urgent. After four months the swelling of the 
duct had become larger and harder, the parotid was cedematous, 
the animal showed pain and difficulty in opening the mouth, and 
as there seems to be no possibility to move the stone in the canal 
its removal was decided. Anesthesia was realized with repeated 
application of solution of cocaine, and with the animal cast a 
careful dissection of the skin was made, isolating it from the 
tissues underneath. The duct was exposed, incised, a blunt di- 
rectory introduced in it made the stone loose, when it was ex- 
tracted. It weighed 40 gr. and measured 2.6 centimeters at its 
widest part. Recovery was uneventful in comparatively short 
time.—(l’et. Record.) 


BaAcTERIAL NECROSIS OF THE LUNGS OF A Horse [Prof. G. 
IVooldridge, F.R.C.V.S.].—Black gelding had abscess of the 
coronet of one hind foot, very painful. After two or three days 
others are formed in the vicinity of the pastern and fetlock. Pul- 
monary complications set in and death followed in a few days. 
Examination of the lungs shows a large number of grayish 
nodules of various size. They were more numerous at the apex 
of the lungs and looked them as small tumors. On cutting the 
lung tissue was somewhat cedematous. On examination of the 
scraping of one of these tumors the bacillus of necrosis was 
democrated.—Ict. Journ.) 


702 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


TREATMENT OF FOLLICULAR MANGE IN DoG WITH AND 
WirHovut Vaccines [R. H. Smythe, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Record of 
the treatment applied to six dogs suffering with follicular mange, 
three receiving vaccines and three without it.- One of the first 
got well, had a relapse and was destroyed. A second case also 
treated with vaccine improved, got distemper and died of broncho- 
pneumonia. A third case got quite all right, became fat and lively. 
He, however, died of unknown cause. A fourth case received a 
polyvalent vaccine, but was afterwards treated by ordinary skin 
dressings. Had to be destroyed. The fifth case recovered with- 
out vaccine, also the sixth with being painted daily with iodine 
and bin-iodide of mercury in alcohol.—(Vet. Journ.) 


FRENCH REVIEW. 
By Prof. A. LrAutarp, M.D., V.M. 


Curious PatTHoLocicaL Case [Mr. A. Chazeau].—Halt 
thoroughbred, 6 years old, this mare is the daughter and a sister 
to others which have always been rebellious to being harnessed. 
She has been broken with much difficulty and finally beame quiet, 
not afraid and gave satisfactory work. One afternoon while driv- 
ing she is taken ill on the road, stiff on her hind quarters and has 
profuse perspiration. Put in a stable she passes red urine con- 
taining large clots of blood. The tail is amputated as a local 
bleeding and the animal is walked home. The next day she is in 
perfect condition. Several months after it is noticed that when 
the crupper is passed under the tail, while she is to be harnessed, 
she staggers, falls as a mass and then rises alone. These mani- 
festations returned every time at the same moment. She stands 
quiet for all the other parts of the harness, but staggers and falls 
suddenly when the crupper is passed under the tail. The eyes 
are normal, no saliva flows from the mouth. Again after a few 
seconds the animal gets up alone. The diagnosis is uncertain as 
the symptoms of loss of power are not explained. Prognosis 
serious. Was the first attack one of mild azoturia, which left the 
spinal cord in a pathologic condition; At any rate treatment was 
attempted. Massage of the lumbar region, irritating applications, 
bromide of potassium, phosphate of lime, sedative sachets, even 
very severe blistering. Temporary relief was obtained, but after 
a short time all the symptoms returned. Actual cauterization and 
electricity were not tried—perhaps they were the proper indica- 
tions. The animal was sold.—(Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) 


EE 


ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. TOS 


Prostatic HypertropHy oF Doc [Messrs. L. and E. Lepi- 
nay |.—Nine-year-old dog has a perineal tumor, some urinary 
troubles, difficult and painful micturation, retention of urine. On 
the perineum the tumor is quite big, soft and fluctuating; it gives 
the impression of a distended full bladder. Rectal examination 
confirms the diagnosis of hypertrophied prostate. The owner will 
not allow an operation. The dog is destroyed. At the post- 
mortem the bladder was found in its normal condition, but the 
prostate, enormously large, has at its inferior part on the right 
a large diverticulum which communicates with the urethra and 
where the urine collected. The histological examination reveals 
its nature, of adenoma.—(ev. de Pathol. Comp.) 


ENCEPHALITIS FROM UNSUSPECTED STRANGLES [Vr. Bonet, 
Sanitary Veterinarian|.—Six-year-old Anglo-Arab stallion has 
no record of sickness. He is taken sick while at work, suddenly 
drops on the ground, rises and continues walking home. Put in 
a box, he is prostrated, head down, conjuctiva and pulse are 
normal; the respiration is diaphragmatic, slow, jerky and diffi- 
cult. He refuses.all food. Temperature 40°6 C. drops the next 
day to 37°8 C. The second and third day the animal is sleepy, 
resting against the wall, the back arched, neck 1s flexed, eyes half 
closed. Thorax and abdomen show no lesion. Rectal examina- 
tion is difficult, as the animal rebels against it. Percussion of head 
gives rise to pain. Digestive functions are stopped, no appetite 
and constipation. On the fourth day agony sets in and lasts a few 
hours. Post mortem: Every organ healthy except the brain. The 
left hemisphere is larger than the right and contains a large 
abscess containing dirty white pus. Smaller collections are found 
with creamy yellowish suppuration. The right cerebral lobe 
shows a center of encephalitis. Streptococci were found in the 
lesions in large quantities.—(Jbid. ) 


PARTURIENT APOPLExY FoLLOWING ABorTION [Mr. L. 
Paris|.—This is a rare case, as the author, in a large practice of 
obstetrics since ten years, has never before observed one. A nine- 
year-old Normandy cow had an attack of milk fever once, which 
was relieved five hours after the treatment of Schmidt-Even. 
Lately she is again pregnant and is due in two months. She gives 
8 litres of milk. But now the secretion subsides, the udder becomes 
soft. One morning she aborts a female foetus. An hour later she 
is dull, her appetite is gone, rumination stopped and she staggers 
in walking. She lays in sterno-abdominal position, the neck bent 


704 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


in S, she moans, makes some expulsive efforts, glairy purulent 
mucous at the vulva, temperature 39° C. Vaginal exploration 
reveals the presence of another foetus, which is extracted easily. 
The envelopes are removed. The cow is made to get up, walks a 
few steps and suddenly drops and lays in complete lateral decubitus. 
The treatment of Schmidt-Even is applied and five hours after 
the cow has recovered.—( Rec. de Med. Vet.) 


SULPHATE OF HORDENINE IN CANINE EnTeriITIs [ Mr. Char- 
moy, Adjunct Prof.|.—After a minute history of the drug with 
which the author has experimented he gives the record “of 15 
cases of enteritis which he has treated and in which he has ob- 
tained 13 complete recoveries, whether the cases were simple 
diarrhoea or dysentery. The treatment consisted in the subcu- 
taneous injections of sulphate of hordenine in doses varying be- 
tween 2 and 5 centigrams for each kilogram of the weight of the 
animal. Bie or two injections only had been required except in 
two patients, when four injections were required. 

The author concludes: 1. Sulphate of hordenine, extract of 
the products of barley, is a medicament very ‘efficacious in the 
treatment of enteritis with dogs. 2. It can be given sub-cutane- 
ously in doses varying between 2 and 5 centigrams per kilogram 
of the animal, the maximum of the effects being generally ob- 
tained with an average dose of 3 to 4 centigrams. 3. The symp- 
toms produced are: Immediately after the injection the animal is 
quiet, the respiration is accelerated, nausea occurs, vomiting that 
lasts a few minutes, then gradually all subside. 4. Practically 
there is no fear of toxicity.—(Rec. de Med. Vet.) 


ITALIAN REVIEW. 
By Erotara LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. 


ABDOMINAL LOCALIZATION IN DISTEMPER [Dr. Germant]. 
—A six-year-old horse has sore throat and distemper. He is 
treated with antistreptococcic serum, receiving every day for five 
days 30 c.c. of the serum, divided in two doses, twelve hours 
apart. The sixth day the manifestations of the throat have 
disappeared, and the temperature is normal. A week later, re- 
lapse takés place. The horse has broncho-pneumonia, which 
with antistreptococcic serum injections is relieved in ten days. 
The animal resumes work. Twenty days after he has violent 


ARSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 705 


colics and dies in a few hours. At the post mortem a large dis- 
temper abscess was found in the thickness of the intestinal coats, 
in the last portion of the small colon. It partly closed the intes- 
tine. Similar sequelae of distemper have already been recorded. 
They prove the possibility of abdominal localizations in distem- 
per, and these may always be suspected, especially in young 
army horses, after recovery from an attack of distemper.—(lJ1. 
Mod. Zoo. & R: G.) 


RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN IN A Horse [T. Favero].— 
Heavy draught horse, seven years old, is subject to colics since 
several months; they appear every twenty days and are accom- 
panied with general digestive troubles. One day he is taken with 
severe symptoms, lays on the left side, struggles violently and 
dies. At the post mortem it was found that the horse had died 
because of internal hemorrhage by rupture of the spleen near 
the median line, due probably to passive congestion of the organ. 
The liver and kidneys are anemic, the stomach considerably dis- 
tended with the mucous membrane, ecchymotic in places. The 
intestines present the same lesions. The diaphragm was torn 
near the great convexity of the liver—probably a post-mortem 
lesion.—(R. Gen. & Il Moderno Zoia.) 


NepHRO-LITHIASIS OF THE Horse [G. Blanchedi].—This is 
the record of lesions found at the slaughter of a 16-year-old 
horse. The right kidney is represented by a large pouch, look- 
ing as made of connective tissue. The cortical and medullary 
substances are gone. In the pouch there is a muriform calculus, 
7 centimeters long and 5 wide, weighing 155 grams. It is made 
of carbonate of lime with some oxalic acid, phosphates and prob- 


ably hippuric acid. The left kidney was much hypertrophied — 
(biden. ) 


606 IN DourINnE [T7. Favero].—It was tried with experi- 
mental dourine of dogs. Six dogs were used, one kept as con- 
trol. They were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of 10 
c.c. of virus, taken from a dog after several passages by guinea 
pigs. The 606 was injected in the veins at doses of 12 centig, for 
each kilogram of the weight of the animal. The injection was 
made simultaneously or curatively. In this last case either 
during the period of incubation or after the apparition of the 
parasites in the blood. 

These experiments have shown that the injection of 606 at 
the same time as the virus, or during the period of incubation, 


70S ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


prevents the evolution of the disease, by destruction of the para- 
sites. 606 has a trypanolitic action, marked and immediate, 
which is manifested even after the apparition of the parasites 
in the blood, even when they are in great number. In one animal, 
treated during the period of infection and expected to die soon, 
the symptoms subsided, and after twenty days the dog was well. 
The conclusions of the author are that intravenous injec- 
tions of 606 have a very active action upon trypanosum equi- 
perdum in dogs in arresting the infection, if injected at the same 
time as the virus, or during the period of incubation, and in 
rapidly destroying the parasites either at the onset of the infec- 
tion, during its course or even when it has assumed a certain 
severe character —(Clin. Veter, ho 7G.) 


GERMAN REVIEW. 
By Joun P. O'Leary, V.M.D. 


A PHOTOGRAPH WITH TEXT [A. Kragerud].—The photo- 
graph of this horse shows numerous lymphatic nodules and is 
accompanied by the following report: 


ARSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. TOT 


On superficial examination the disease somewhat resembles 
glanders. The body of the animal is covered with a number of 
round nodules, partly arranged in serial order, varying in size 
from a hazelnut to a walnut. From both nasal cavities a gray- 
ish, serous discharge appears, and upon both sides of the septum 
nasi small, round erosions are visible. The appetite of the ani- 
mal is good; no fever present; and the general health is not 
disturbed. At the autopsy the lesions on both sides of the nasal 
septum are somewhat inflamed. All lymph glands in the body 
are swollen. Apart from the pathological condition mentioned, 
no other morbid changes are visible. 

The history of this case is as follows: The owner states 
that the horse has been slightly affected for the last three years. 
At one time a veterinarian treated the animal for a mild attack 
of strangles; a few nodes appearing at first under the skin, these 
nodes increasing in number and size. A year and a half later 
a slight nasal discharge appears. Within the last three months 
the nodules underneath the skin, and the nasal discharge in- 
creased. 

Apparently we have to deal with a case of lymphadenitis.— 
(Norsk Veterinaer-Tidsskrift, XXIV, Arg. Nr. 8-9. August, 
September 1912. Seite 227-228.) 


STATISTICS CONCERNING INOCULATIONS FOR THE CURE OF 
RABIES IN THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE FOR THE YEAR IQII [S. 
Valia, Paris|.—During the year 1911, 342 persons were inocu- 
lated as a preventive of rabies in the Pasteur Institute. All 
were cured. Comparative figures for the previous years show 
that the mortality among human beings since the year 1886 
(0.94 per cent. mortality) has gradually decreased, until it 
reached in the present year (1910) 0 per cent—Q(Deutsche 
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, No. 50, 1912.) 


DECISION OF THE ENGLISH “ RoyAL CoMMISSION ON TU- 
BERCULOSIS ’’ CONCERNING THE RELATION BETWEEN HUMAN 
AND ANIMAL TuBERcULOsIS [Titze].—In the human subject 
three groups of tubercle bacilli are found; namely, the type hu- 
manus, the type bovinus and a third group which presents some 
deviations from the two first types. The type bovinus is found 
only in cattle and horses. In swine the commission found in 
59 cases among these animals 50 harboring the bovine type, 3 
animals the human type and one infected with the bovine and 
avine type. Ina gnu, a monkey, a chimpanzee and antelope the 


708 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 


human type was found. The commission considered the bovine 
and human bacillus as varieties of one and the same species. 
Animals and men infect one another reciprocally. Cattle are not 
wholly immune to the human type of bacillus, and also the adult 
human being can be infected with the type bovinus, which can 
even produce pulmonary tuberculosis in man. 

In almost 50 per cent. of the primary fatal abdominal cases 
of tuberculosis in children the bovine tubercle was found. Simi- 
larly, tuberculosis of the cervical glands of children and youths 
for the most part. The organism of lupus in 6 cases out of 20 
was traced to the bovine type of bacillus. These infections are 
due in reality to the use of cow’s milk containing tubercle bacte- 
rium. The government is nie induced to adopt more 
stringent measures with regard to the control of food stuffs.— 
(Deutsche Tierarstliche Wochenschrift, No. 19, 1912.) 


CONTRIBUTION TO THE ARSENICAL Cure [Military Veterina- 
rian Karl Halast] .—After a series of military manceuvres some 
horses remained in poor physical condition, notwithstanding that 
they were given a period of rest and increased rations. The 
author made some experiments with arsenical preparations. He 
gave daily in increasing doses from 0.20 grams to 0.80 grams of 
natrium arsenicum, continuing the treatment for 10 weeks. 
Later he treated 14 other horses, which were in poor condition 
also. In these latter cases the initial dose was 0.20 grams, in- 
creased every second day by 0.05 grams until the maximum dose 
was reached, 1.20 grams. The arsenic was administered in each 
instance with bread before the noon-day feed. The effect was as 
follows: In the first case the horses increased in weight from 
12 to 20 kilos. In the latter cases the horses increased in weight 
on an average of 16 kilos and maintained their condition during 
and after subsequent manceuvres.—(Allatorvosi Lapok, 1912, 


39.) 


ACETONAEMIA IN CaTtLe [Dr. Jonk, Bern|.—The author 
observed frequently in cattle a form of indigestion, which oc- 
curred about fourteen days post partum. The malady was char- 
acterized by the formation of acetone and the excretion of this 
matter through the expired air, urine and milk. The circulatory 
apparatus and pulmonary organs presented nothing abnormal. 
The bowels were sluggish, the faeces had a dark green color and 
a sticky consistence and appeared glazed with mucus. The 


ARSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 709 


sensorium was somewhat dulled. Jonk successfully treated this 
disease with the following remedies: 


empract AIOES< 2 Foss eos aes 25-30 grammes 
Mateniin: Dicarbotiate «3... 05 350-400 “ 
Maritim «Sulphate: ....455 200%. 75 3 
BedeaGentiant 2.222400 75 “ 


Misce, fiat pulv. One-third part to be given three times 
daily. 

An accurate diagnosis can only be established by a chemical 
examination, of which there are several methods employed. The 
simplest test is that for the urine, practised by Blumenthal. 
Three to five drops of a freshly prepared dark red aqueous solu- 
tion of nitro-prussiate of sodium are mixed with five cubic centi- 
meters of urine, to this is added drop by drop a 15 per cent. solu- 
tion of potassium hydrate until the dark red color disappears. 
After the lapse of an hour the red color changes to a greenish 
blue. In the same manner milk can be examined; the resulting 
color is then a greenish yellow. If a concentrated solution of 
acetic acid is added immediately and the mixture shaken, with 
the precipitation of the casein the solution assumes a rose red 
color. Further it may be remarked that the expired air, particu- 
larly when the mouth is opened, also the surface of the body, the 
milk and the urine emit a typical sharp, disagreeable odor. The 
cause of the accumulation of the enormous quantity of acetone is 
due, in the opinion of Jonk, to the disintegration of the albumen. 
Without doubt the gastric glands participate in the etiology of the 
disease —(Miinchener Ticrarztliche Wochenschrift, 1911, No. 
Ig and 20.) 


VETERINARIAN SusTAINs Heavy Loss By Fire.—tThe build- 
ing containing stable, hospital and office of Dr. C. E. Burchsted, 
Concord, N. H., was recently destroyed by fire, in which the 
doctor lost his beautifully equipped office, including his diploma 
and many valuable dachshunds, all prize winners, two of which 
were entered for the dog show in New York, February 20-21-22. 
The doctor has our sincere sympathy and, we are sure, that of 
every one. 


A PROGRESSIVE VETERINARIAN in Nebraska writes: “ En- 
closed find draft for $3 for the ‘ Good old Review ’; have taken it 
since three months before I graduated and could not live without 
it. Yours for best success, etc.”’ 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


GLANDERS. 
Brook yn, N. Y., February. 9, 1913. 
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: 


GENTLEMEN—The AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW is al- 
ways a welcome visitor, especially since I can claim to be one of 
its founders. I take pleasure in watching its substantial growth, 
which is ample proof of its adaptation to the wants of the pro- 
fession. 

Your reports of society meeting's are always interesting read- 
ing, particularly to non-society members. I take it for granted 
that your report of the December meeting of the Veterinary 
Medical Association of New York City is correct. 

The chairman of the committee appointed to investigate the 
case of Mr. Benj. H. Mount, who was supposed to be infected 
with glanders, concluded “ that the patient did not exhibit any 
positive symptoms of glanders,”’ as per said report upon the case. 

Now, gentlemen, take the history of this case and the clinical 
lesions exhibited: they could lead to one conclusion only, 7. @., 
glanders. \Vith such history and lesions, what else could it be! 
But bide a wee. 

In your January number it is reported that Mount had de- 
veloped a positive case of glanders. From the history and lesions 
indicated there could be no other termination. 

As to the views expressed and discussed at the December 
meeting, of cases of glanders and farcy making complete re- 
coveries : in my sixty years of active practice | never have known 
of an animal affected with glanders or farcy to recover to a 
normal condition. 

One member, in his official capacity, relates that he had made 
post mortem examinations on two cases that had external farcy 
lesions, but no visible internal lesions. In the name of equine 
pathology what did he expect to find? 

Both the medical and veterinary professions in Brooklyn have 
had ample opportunities of becoming familiar with the etiology 
and pathology of equine glanders. There is no other city where 


710 


CORRESPONDENCE. 711 


the scourge is so prevalent and widespread. It is more prevalent 
to-day than it was twenty years ago, taking into consideration the 
relative number of horses. 

The increase is what might be expected, when one knows the 
method of stamping out adopted by the local authorities. Veteri- 
nary surgeons are expected to report all cases of contagious dis- 
eases in animals to the Department of Health, including glanders 
and farcy. Then the Department veterinary expert visits said 
animal, sometimes the same day, but frequently not until the 
elapse of four or five days, in order to give the veterinary in- 
spector from Albany time to get here and confirm the diagnosis. 
The affected animal all this time is allowed to cohabit unrestricted 
with the other animals. No isolation of said suspected case dur- 
ing the interval. 

The inspector makes no further examination, though there 
may be other animals showing pronounced clinical lesions. He 
is in too great a hurry. Then follows a form of disinfecting the 
individual stall occupied by the condemned animal. He calls for 
2. pail of water, into which he drops so many tablets of bichloride 
of mercury, with which he sprinkles said stall, using, usually, an 
old broom. This so-called disinfecting extends also to the feed 
remaining in the stall, which may be used by the next tenant. 
The disinfecting of the harness and blanket used by the affected 
animal is completely ignored. 

Such being the system employed for the stamping out of 
glanders, are you surprised at its perceptible increase in this city? 

The vital point is that the local authorities have in their em- 
ploy so-called members of my profession who, for the past twenty 
years, have sanctioned these lax and ineffectual methods, result- 
ing in discredit to the veterinary profession. 

Those in charge of the stamping out of glanders must give 
more attention to the life history of this germ which propagates 
this disease. It has a latent period, in the system, of undefined 
duration, showing no clinical symptoms, at which time the mal- 
lein test should be used in every case of animals that have co- 
habited with affected cases; mallein being, in my experience, a 
reliable test. 

Until the great importance of a test during this latent period 
is realized there will continue to be a criminal propagation in- 
stead of a wholesome stamping out of this disease. 

Some years ago I had the honor of being appointed veterinary 
inspector by Governor Robinson in stamping out bovine con- 
tagious pleuro-pneumonia in this state, and was strictly successful 


712 CORRESPONDENCE. 


within a period of two years; but certainly not by such methods 
as the local authorities of to-day have been using in stamping 
out glanders. 

Yours truly, 


L. McLean, M.R.C.V.S. 


THE SECRETARY OF WAR DECIDES THAT Vii 
NARIANS MUST TAKE THE ANNUAL 
OBSTACLE BIDE: 


Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York; 


Farly in December, 1912, the Secretary of War decided that 
such portion of a previous order excusing chaplains and veteri- 
narians from taking the annual obstacle ride be rescinded as to 
that part pertaining to veterinarians, and that commanding of- 
ficers would have the veterinarians take such ride with the officers 
of the regiment. 

This decision will no doubt be taken with disfavor by some 
of the Army veterinarians, but it seems that we should all be well 
up in matters pertaining to horsemanship as wellas to their medi- 

cal attention, and it is no greater hardship for the older veteri- 
narians than the older line officers 

It is true the Army has become very enthusiastic over jump- 
ing and steeplechasing, but it is not without its good results, since 
it is bound to make better horsemen and bolder riders. 

Now that we are recognized in this matter I think it is up to 
us to take up this work cheerfully and show the line officers that 
we are their equal at least in horsemanship. 

Both veterinarians of one regiment were ordered out after 
this decision was rendered and made the ride, finishing within the 
time, and did it in as good form as any officers of the regiment. 

The ride as now prescribed consists of a course three miles 
long over rolling country, with nine obstacles, consisting of 
ditches, logs, rail fences and brush hurdles arranged three to 
each mile, and the time limit is eleven minutes. This is not fast 
time, just an extended gallop, and a horse well conditioned can 
make it easily in eight or nine minutes, as has been proven by 
the tests made since the ride was inaugurated. 


(Signed) ArMy VETERINARIAN. 


wey. - 


\ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


VETERINARY TOMM@OLOGY. 


VETERINARY ToxiIcoLocy, by G. D, Lander, D.Sc., F.I.C., Professor of Chem- 
istry and Toxicology, Royal Veterinary College, London. More than 
300 pages, with 39 illustrations. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1912. 
This excellent work of Professor Lander, the bulk of the 

analytical data of the text of which is based upon cases of poison- 

ing coming under his observation during the past nine years, 
is of inestimable value to practising veterinarians. The author 
has also done a tremendous amount of reference work, so that 
the compilation includes the findings of an imposing list of 
authorities on the subject. Thirty pages are devoted to the intro- 
duction of the subject, in which the definition of a poison, gen- 
eral chemistry of poisons, conditions governing the action of 
poisons, variations of action due to species, variations of action 
due to the individual, classification, common causes of poison- 
ing, kinds of poisoning, diagnosis of poisoning, treatment, post 
mortem and chemical analysis are severally treated. This is fol- 
lowed by chapters on Mineral or Organic Poisons, under which 
arsenic, antimony, lead, mercury, copper, zinc, silver, barium, 
chromium, iron, phosphorus, ammonia, strong acids and alkalis. 
common salt, nitrates, sulphur, halogen elements and their com- 
pounds, and carbon monoxide are treated in the order named, 
and on Organic Poisons and Drugs, in which hydrocyanic or 
prussic acid, strychnine, morphine and opium, eserine or physo- 
stigmine, pilocarpine, ipecacuanha and emetine, gelsemium, vera- 
trine, curarine, yohimbine, cocculus indicus, cannabis indica or 
Indian hemp, santonin and wormwood, turpentine, camphor and 
essential oils, oxalic acid, alcohol and cantharides are considered 
in the order given. One hundred and thirty-six pages are then 
devoted to poisonous plants, in which the 39 very excellent illus- 
trations occur. In discussing these poisonous plants, the grains 
per body weight in the horse, ox, sheep, goat and pig are given 
in each. The closing chapters treat of Chemical Toxicology and 

Ptomaines. The author’s very clear manner of expression ren- 

ders the profound and complex subject, which he presents in 

Veterinary Toxicology, pleasant and comprehensive reading, 

which is destined to make the work popular with students and 

practitioners. The publisher has executed his part of the work 
well, and given the book a quiet elegance in the binding, in keep- 
ing with the weight of the author’s subject. 


713 


714 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ANIMAL PARASITES PAND PARASITIC DISH Astes 


ANIMAL PARASITES AND Parasitic DISEASES, second edition, revised; 
by B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S.,. Protessor of Pathology ame 
Parasitology, Veterinary Department, Colorado Agricultural Col- 
lege. Late Professor of Parasitology, Kansas City Veterinary College. 
Late Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States 
Department of Agriculture, etc. More than 200 pages, with 120 illus- 
trations. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1912. 

This excellent little work is one of the most useful reference 
books for the practitioner in type; because it embraces a subject 
upon which the average practitioner gets rusty, especially in 
terminology, differentiation and specific treatment, after a few 
years in routine practice, and finds a work of this kind very con- 
venient to refer to. By its use in that way a practitioner can 
treat parasitic conditions much more satisfactorily to himself 
and his clients, and can keep up on a branch of medicine that is 
as important as it is intricate. The work is concise and is divided 
into four chapters as follows: External Parasites, Internal Par- 
asites, Protozoa and Preparation of Specimens. The names of 
the parasites are arranged in tabular form at the beginning of 
each of the first three chapters. In the first column of the table 
will be found the Branch; in the second the Class; in the third 
the Order; in the fourth the Family; and in the last the Genus 
and Species, names by which we know the parasites. So that 
by reference to this table, one can readily trace each species 
down through the classification to the starting point, the branch. 
The facts about each are noted under headings: Synonym, Dis- 
tribution, Life Cycle, Animals Infested, Conditions Produced, 
and Treatment, when treatment is indicated. The photomicro- 
graphs used in illustrating the work were made by the author 
with an ordinary kodak placed over the ocular lens of the 
microscope, giving a time exposure, and are excellent. The 
concise information and arrangement for ready reference makes 
Animal Parasites and Parasitic Diseases indispensable, alike to 
the student and the practitioner of veterinary medicine. The 
paper is smooth, the type clear and sharp, and the binding in red 
and gold very pretty and a credit to the publisher. 


THE BOOK OF LIVE STOCK CHAMPIONS: 


Tue Boox or Live Stock CHAmpions; an Artistic Souvenir Supplement of 
the National Farmer and Stock Grower; by_Philip H. Hale, Editor. 
352 pages, with 679 illustrations. 1912. Hale Publishing Co., St. Louis, 
Mo. 


This work is as interesting as a spicy novel and as instructive 
as a text-book; and the best part of it is, it is fact. Reproduc- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 715 


tions right from life of live stock champions of the day; horses, 
cattle, sheep and swine—the best that has been produced; the 
creme de la creme of the live stock world. Can anything more 
instructive or more interesting be imagined than the portrayal 
of these champions in animated poses, making the pictures strik- 
ingly life-like, with a brief but accurate description of each ani- 
mal beneath the picture, giving the name of the animal, name of 
the owner and exhibitor, where and when exhibited and the 
prizes taken? Every veterinarian who learns of this book will 
want it, and 2o veterinarian can afford not to have it. Because if 
he attends stock shows it will interest him, and if he is not in a 
position to attend such shows it will instruct him in the very 
line in which veterinarians are so deeply interested, and with 
which they are so closely allied to-day. The Book of Live Stock 
Champions is virtually a live stock show in your own library with 
nearly seven hundred entries, and all champions; affording its 
readers a splendid opportunity of becoming connoisseurs in live 
stock judging, as nothing but the best is exhibited, and they 
may give as much time to each class as they desire, for which 
they are under great obligation to Mr. Hale, editor of the Na- 
tional Farmer and Stock Grower, who has edited and published 
the “ Live Stock Champions” as a souvenir supplement to his 
paper. 


PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 


PRINCIPLES oF Economic ZooLocy, by L. S. Daugherty, M.S., Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor of Zoology, State Normal School, Kirksville, Mo., and M. C. 
Daugherty, Kirksville, Mo. I2mo. of 410 pages, with 3o1 illustrations. 
Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1912. Cloth, 
$2.00 net. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London. 


Principles of Economic Zoology is one of the most interest- 
ing books that it has been our pleasure to review for some time. 
From the moment that you begin with the protozoa until you 
finish with the mammalia—theories of development, history and 
theories of evolution—it continues to get more fascinating with 
each chapter. The illustrations are beautiful, and are in them- 
selves an education in natural history. 

The paper used in this work is of a very high quality, the 
type clear and sharp, and the binding neat and elegant, befitting 
the character of the book. Principles of Economic Zoology 
should find a place in the library of all scientific men and is essen- 
tial to the student of structural zoology. 


716 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES. 


MULFoRD's VETERINARY BULLETIN for January arrived at 
the REvIEw office during that month and has been read with a 
very great amount of pleasure and satisfaction. Pleasure be- 
cause of the many interesting and helpful articles it contains; 
satisfaction because of its ethical character. This little bulletin, 
although published by a drug house, has much to commend it 
from a scientific standpoint; and the cleanness of its pages merits 
the emulation of more pretentious journals. 

The January, 1913, number seems to be an especially good 
one. An interesting discussion of the hog cholera problem, 
editorially, is followed by several articles by prominent members 
of the veterinary profession. Among others, H. Caulton Reeks, 
F.R.C.V.S., on “Impaction of the Caecum in the Horse,” of 
unusual interest, and John Reichel, V.M.D., on “ Contagious 
Abortion Bacillus Vaccine.” Altogether, it contains quite a 
goodly number of original articles and case reports, and is a 
valuable little booklet. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE U. S. CAVALRY AssocIATION for Jan- 
uary, 1913, is an especially good number, containing many excel- 
lent articles; among others, one by Dr. Gerald E. Griffin, entitled 
“Fort Keogh Remount Depot.’’* one by Capt. Edward Davis, 
13th Cavalry, on “ The New Cavalry Equipment,” and several 
reprinted articles on needs and scarcity of horses, American 
horses for cavalry, saddle-bred army horses, etc., etc., that make 
especially interesting reading for veterinarians. 


Our Dumps Antmats for February reached the office early 
in the month, with its usual store of good advice and lessons of 
mercy—and its work is much to be commended. 


OTHER PeErRtopIcALs RECEIVED, are The Veterinary Journal 
(London), Berliner Tierarstliche Wochenschrift, Deutsche Tier- 
arztliche Wochenschrift, Indian Civil Veterinary Department 
Memoirs, Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, 
The Philippine Journal of Science, The American Journal of 
Clinical Medicine, North-American Journal of Homoeopathy, 
The Bacterial Therapist, The Farmer's Advocate (Winnipeg), 
The Rider and Driver, Breeder's Gazette, Hoard’s Dairyman, 
The Live Stock Journal and several bulletins. 


* Published in this issue of the Review, on page 662. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


NOTES ON THE SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 
MISs@URT VALLEY VETERINARY, ASSO- 
CIATION AT KANSAS CiEY. 


The Missouri Valley Veterinary Association held a three- 
day meeting in Kansas City, January 21-22-23, which was 
attended by over 250 practitioners. General interest in the pro- 
gram was sustained throughout the entire meeting. So spirted 
was the discussion of some of the papers that the literary program 
was extended into the third day, which had been set aside for the 
clinic. 

Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Chicago, Ill., presented the subject of “ Con- 
tagious Abortion,” and his paper drew out an interesting and 
very practical discussion. 

Dr. S. L. Stewart read a paper on “ Equine Meninges and 
Some Pathological Alterations,’ and the subject was made 
intensely interesting by the exhibition of several prepared speci- 
mens illustrating the chief points made in the paper. The ana- 
tomical problems brought out in the paper and illustrated by the 
specimens was a very good introduction to the topic which fol- 
lowed, namely, “ The Recent Horse Plague” in western Kansas 
and related parts of adjacent states. This latter subject was to 
have been presented by Dr. A. Bostrom, of Lincoln, Neb., but 
as he was unable to attend, the several persons assigned for 
the discussion of this paper gave the theme an instructive and 
extended presentation. The general opinion as to the etiology 
concurred with the forage poisoning theory, there being only 
a few who advocated the theory of verminous origin. The fla- 
grant violation of professional ethics by many, both resident vet- 
erinarians and those who flocked to the scene of possible grait- 
ing, from outside, received special attention, and several speak- 
ers urged punishment of the offenders. 

The session held on the evening of the first day was opened 
by a letter from Dr. R. W. Ellis, of New York City, explaining 
his unavoidable absence, and the reading of his paper by the 
Secretary, entitled “ The Trend of Veterinary Practice in East- 
em ites: 

The second paper was presented by Dr. F. M. Starr, of 


“17 


718 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Odessa, Mo., describing some cases of bovine pneumonia, which 
simulated contagious pleuro-pneumonia. ‘The discussion brought 
out the probability that the cattle had been affected with the 
pectoral form of hemorrhagic septicemia. It was made plain 
that a number present had observed similar cases. 

A paper by Dr. A. D. Glover, of La Belle, Mo., on “ Purulent 
Infection of the New-Born,” touched the experiences of many 
and led to a lengthy discussion. 

Wednesday morning, January 22, the meeting reconvened 
with a full attendance, the first paper presented being on “ Em- 
bryological Operations and Forced Traction in Dystocia of Large 
Animals” by Dr. J. V. Lacroix, Kansas City. The discussion 
of this very practical paper was quite general. 

Dr. Julius A. Jessen, of Irwin, Iowa, presented a very care- 
fully prepared paper on “ The Descent of Animals,’ which 
attracted close attention. 

Dr. J. Harvey Slater, Richmond, Mo., read a paper on “ Teta- 
nus,” which was of a practical character, and the extended dis- 
cussion given to the subject was indicative of a very wide interest 
in the problem that seems to be ever with us. 

“The Surgical Treatment of Bone Spavin” was the title 
of a paper presented by Dr. R. R Dykstra, of Manhattan, Kan., 
and which offered some new points in the treatment of this mal- 
ady and developed the diversity of the opinions held by prac- 
titioners, so fully brought out by the extended discussion. 

The feature of the afternoon session was a paper illustrated 
by lantern projection on the ‘“ Diagnosis of Hog Cholera,” by 
Dr. J. W. Connaway, of Columbia, Mo. Every member present 
took a lively interest, as there are new features of the problem 
developing with each day’s experience. The discussion in part 
centered around the finding of complications, which ofttimes 
obscure the diagnostic lesions of cholera. The old distinctions 
between hog cholera and swine plague were in part revived. 
Another point brought prominently to the fore was the belief” 
by many that the use of virus in the simultaneous method of 
immunizing against cholera led to the propagation of cholera 
more widely throughout the States. 

Resolutions of endorsement of the pending Army Veterinary 
3111 were adopted and the Secretary instructed to inform Senator 
Bristow by wire of the action of the association. Further the 
members generally agreed to individually send communications 
to United States Senator Bristow, expressing their personal ap- 
proval of the bill. 


bf 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. TAQ 


The several case reports occupied the remainder of the after- 
noon session. 

In the evening of the second day about 150 veterinarians sat 
around the banquet board at the Coates House, and after en- 
joying a lively visitation, while participating of a splendid repast, 
terminated the evening’s exercises by attention to numerous short 
addresses by the President, Dr. George R. Young, of Omaha, 
Neb.; Dr. Joseph Hughes, of Chicago, IIl.; Dr. D. B. Morgan, 
of Neosho, Mo., and others. Mrs. S. L. Stewart, of Kansas 
City, responded to a toast to the ladies in a most happy and pleas- 
ing manner. The speeches were interspersed by the musical 
numbers rendered by the Kansas City Veterinary College Glee 
Club and some lady friends of the local members. 

On Thursday morning, January 23, the association convened 
in the auditorium of the Kansas City Veterinary College, there 
to complete its literary program, consisting of a paper on * Inter- 
state Inspection of Live Stock,’ by Dr. T. T. Christian, of 
Texarkana, Texas. The points in the paper particularly relating 
to honesty of inspection, and reasonable charges therefor, elicited 
a spirited discussion and hearty approval. 

“A Retrospect of the Results of Tuberculin Testing,’ by 
Dr. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo., and the discussion which 
followed sustained the superiority as well as convenience and 
economy of time of the intradermal method over all others. 

During the several sessions many applications for member- 
ship were presented and acted upon, there being received in all 
about 30 new members. 

After the disposition of routine business the literary session 
was adjourned to participate in the clinic, which took place in 
the college amphitheatre. This feature of the meeting continued 
to hold the attention of the members until the shades of night 
came on, and with all it was generally stated that this had been 
a record-breaking meeting in volume of work done and in its 
educational and ‘social features. 


MEETING AND SESSION OF THE PERMANENT COM- 
MISSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.* 

Friday, the 25th of October, 1912, at Lyon in the Library 
Hall of the National Veterinary School, at 9 o’clock a. m. 


* Translated for publication in the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review by Prof. L. Van 
Es, North Dakota Agricultural College. 


720 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


Mr. Faure, the director, receives the members in the con- 
vocation hall of the school and bids welcome to the president 
and to the members, a large number of whom have come in order 
to assist at the same time in the celebrations of the school. 

He thanks them very cordially for the splendid photograph 
of all the members of the commission, which offering to the Lyon 
school is exhibited on a table of the hall. At the same time he 
delivers an official letter expressing the thanks of the teaching 
corps of the school for this high token of sympathy. Mr. Faure 
says finally that the commission will find a hall more quiet and 
appropriate for its work in the library. At the same time he 
invites the members to a breakfast offered by himself and the 
professors of the school. 

The president thanks Mr. Faure very sincerely for his hospi- 
tality and his good care for the commission, after which Mr. 
Faure withdraws and the commission begins its labors. 

Are present: Mr. Lydtin, Germany, president; Mr. Hutyra, 
Hungary, and Mr. Degive, Belgium, vice-presidents; Mr. de 
Ratz, Hungary, adjunct secretary; Mr. Happich, Russia; Mr. 
Hangka, Austria; Mr. Hess, Switzerland; Mr. Theiler, South 
Africa; Mr. Piot, Egypt; Mr. Perrincito, Italy; Mr. McFadyean, 
England; Mr. Stockman, England; Mr. Schimmel, Netherlands; 
Mr. Locusteanu, Roumania; Mr. Barrier, France; Mr. Kjerrulf, 
Sweden; Mr. Malm, Norway ; Mr. Bagg, Denmark, and Mr. 
de Jong, Netherlands, secretary. 

Order of Business. 
I. Report of the secretary on the activity of the commis- 
sion since the meeting at Baden Baden in June, rg1t. 

II. Resolution on the installation of the permanent secre- 
taryship at the Hague (thirteen countries represented in the com- 
mission have approved, eight countries have until now not re- 
sponded ). 

III. Resolution on the proposals of the English executive 
committee : 


a. On the date of the London Congress. 
b. On the questions to be treated at the London Congress. 
c. On the organization of this Congress. 


IV. Measures to be taken to obtain the participation of 
veterinarians, physicians and agronomists of all countries in the 
London Congress and the aid of the press. 

V. Wishes and proposals of the members of the commission. 

1. The president, in opening the session, once more thanks 


-1 
te 
H 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


the director of the Lyon school for the hospitality and reads a 
letter from the Austrian Minister of Agriculture announcing that 
Mr. Hangka has been delegated to take the place of Mr. Binder. 
He puts the question if Mr. Hangka would have the right to 
vote. The assembly responds in the affirmative. After this he 
reads a letter from the Bulgarian Minister, who excuses the ab- 
sence of Mr. Tuleff, of Sofia. 

2. The photograph of the members, offered to the school of 
Lyon, has cost about 260 francs, including the frame and the 
naming of the members upon a metal plate. The president hopes 
that the members will be so kind as to pay their part of the 
expense to the secretary. The photographer has added a reduced 
reproduction for the record. ‘The members who likewise desire 
such a reproduction should apply to the secretary. 

3. The committee of the library exposition of Leipzig in 1914 
has invited the commission to organize an excursion to Leipzig 
on the occasion of this exposition. The president had to answer 
that this excursion will not be possible on account of the London 
Congress. 

4. The secretary reads the report on the labors of the com- 
mission since the session of Baden-Baden in June, 1911. The 
report is approved and accepted. 

5. The president gives the floor to Mr. de Jong to report on 
the installation of a permanent secretary’s office at the Hague. 
Mr. de Jong relates the correspondence as a result of the resolu- 
tions passed at Baden Baden. The members of eight countries 
represented in the commission have not yet made answer. Of 
thirteen countries the answer was favorable. The majority thus 
far approved the project, while a few members have, it would 
seem, not yet made the desired efforts. Mr. de Jong adds that 
the remnant from the Congress of the Hague, resulting from an 
extraordinary contribution of the Netherland Government has 
been quite diminished after the meeting of Baden Baden, not 
only by the expenses caused by the Congress of the Hague, but 
also by the expenses of the commission itself and which are quite 
important. It would be well to recommend to the Executive 
Committee of London to bear in mind those actual and future 
expenses of the commission if the situation remains the same. 
In spite of this the surplus of the Congress of the Hague will 
probably be sufficient for the provisional installation of the secre- 
tary’s office at the Hague. 

Mr. de Jong consequently believes that it will be in the interest 
of the commission to obtain this surplus for the installation of 


=I 
bo 
bo 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


its secretary's office at the Hague, which aside would have the 
projection of the Minister of Agriculture of the Netherlands. 
Not only the congresses of medicine, but also those of pharmacy 
and hygiene and demography already have their office at the 
Hague, and it seems a little peculiar that the veterinary con- 
gresses, of which the permanent commission is older than that 
of the congress of medicine, are much behind in this respect. 

Mr. de Jong proposes thus to wire to the Netherlands Min- 
ister of Agriculture that the commission definitely accepts His 
Excellency’s offer. He has authorized Mr. de Jong to let the 
permanent commission know that he has always had the inten- 
tion to be favorable to the installation of the secretary's office 
at the Hague. 

During the discussion a few members excused themselves of 
not having had the opportunity to state the answer of their Min- 
isters, while a few wish to see the question treated through diplo- 
matic channels, and still others wish to submit it to the London 
Congress in 1914. But the majority of the members expresses its 
great obligation toward the Dutch Minister, who thinks so gener- 
ously regarding the commission. ; 

Messrs. Barrier, Malm, Theiler, Biot, and others wish to 
accept the secretary’s office at the Hague, while Mr. Hess pro- 
poses to ask the Dutch Minister of Agriculture to first ask the 
approval of the other countries, a proposal which is regarded as 
very importunate by Mr. de Jong. 

The president says that paragraph 14 of the by-laws of the 
congresses of medicine says simply “the office is stationary at 
the Hague.” This decision has been made by the physicians 
without asking beforehand the approval of the government or 
competent ministers of their countries. At this time the com- 
mission, which is authoritative only, has to see if there are 
obstacles which oppose themselves to the realization of the pro- 
visional resolutions of Baden-Baden. If not, the present as- 
sembly can pass a definite resolution, and when the commission 
wishes to address the Dutch Minister of Agriculture, it can only 
do so to thank His Excellency very much for his good intentions 
regarding the permanent commission. The latter has to write 
in its by-laws: “‘ The commission has a fixed office at the Hague.” 
This, besides, does in no way limit the freedom of action and the 
independence of the commission. 


After some discussion on the organization of the office, the 
president first puts the proposal of Mr. Hess (Switzerland) to a 
vote. The latter retires, but wishes that this be recorded in the 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 723 


minutes. Then the proposal to establish the office at the Hague 
under the conditions established at Baden-Baden is unanimously 
accepted. 

The president expresses his thanks to the Dutch Minister of 
Agriculture. The commission sends a message to His Excel- 
lency, communicating to him the resolution and expressing to him 
its gratitude. In the course of the meeting an amiable answer 
from His Excellency is received. 

6. On the proposal of the English members, and after some 
discussion, the date of the next Congress at London is fixed for 
the first week in August, 1914 (6 days). 

As to the organization, Mr. McFadyean, who with Mr. 
Stockman had presented a provisional program, says that he 
borrowed it from the Congress at the Hague, but that he has 
proposed less general sessions. Many members, among others 
Messrs. Degive and Barrier, on the contrary, desire more general 
sessions. After some discussion on the subjects to be treated and 
on the sections, the organization of the Congress is entrusted to 
the English executive committee, which will reckon with the 
desires of the permanent commission, which recommends above 
all to avoid conflicts between the general sessions and those of 
the sections. Among the questions which should be treated by 
the general sessions were named: Tuberculosis, foot and mouth 
disease, intoxication by animal food-stuffs, sanitary milk control, 
the causes of abortion, veterinary education, and others. As sub- 
jects for the sections were recommended questions of pathology 
and bacteriology, enzootics, medicine and surgery and the tropi- 
cal diseases. 

Mr. de Jong recalls, besides the questions to be treated re- 
maining over from the Congress of the Hague, and made known 
that Messrs. Van Es (United States), Ligniéres (Argentine) 
and de Blieck (Buitenzorg, Java) have expressed special wishes 
concerning the Congress. 

Of this he makes report to the English members to whom also 
was forwarded a wish from a veterinarian of the Allgau. 

To a question of Mr. Barrier, relating to the budget of the 
future Congress, Mr. McFadyean gives a very reassuring answer. 
From three to four thousand pounds sterling are already avail- 
able, and a still more considerable sum is expected. The Con- 
gress finds a good deal of sympathy in England. The official 
invitations will be made by the Minister of the Exterior of Great 
Britain. Mr. Barrier recommends to send the invitations early. 

The president thanks Messrs. McFadyean and Stockman for 


724 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


their reports. Concerning the London Congress the formation of 
National Committees in all countries is recommended and Mr. 
McFadyean wishes that the members of the commisison would 
also kindly encourage the attendance of the Congress of London, 
which will celebrate the semi-centennial of International Con- 
gresses. The president remarks that it will be urgent to ask 
above all for the assistance of the press, including the political 
press and especially the English one. 

Mr. Stockman wishes communication of the names of the 
secretaries of the national committees as soon as possible. 

7. Before the closing of the session Mr. Barrier expresses 
thanks to the president. It is true that the commission is an in- 
stitution of great usefulness, but it is also true that especially the 
president does much work in the interest of the tasks of the com- 
misison and of the congresses. He deserves the homage of all 
the members for this. 

The president thanks Mr. Barhes for those words, emphasiz- 
ing that all he has been able to accomplish is due to the support 
of the members and above all to the indefatigable labors of Sec- 
retary de Jong. He closes by rendering homage to France and 
the School of Lyon in consideration of the hospitality and cordial 
reception, which the permanent commission has met there. 


(Signed) Dr. Lyprin, President, 
D. A. DE JonG, Secretary. 


VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW 
JERSEY. 


The twenty-ninth annual meeting of the above association 
was held at Achtel-Stetter’s, Broad street, Newark, Thursday, 
January 9; President T. E. Smith in the chair and the following 
members present: Drs. Dickson, McDonough, J. T. Glennon, 
A. W. Smith, R. E. Mosedale, Lubach, Baldwin, Mitchell, Will- 
iam Herbert Lowe, Conover, George Smith, Bair, Hurley, Jones, 
Thompson, A. G. Hopper, J. B. Hopper, Charles Magill, 
Churchill, Lindsay, Paulin, Fredericks, Harrison, Ramsay, J. 
Payne Lowe, Harker, T. B. Rogers, Belloff, Schlommer and 
Loblein. Visitors, Dr. McLaughlin, of New York; Dr. Hos- 
kins, of Philadelphia; Dr. Runyon, of Freehold, N. J. 

A motion to suspend the roll call was offered and passed. 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 725 


The minutes of the semi-annual meeting and the two special 
meetings were read and approved. 

One proposition for membership was received, that of Dr. 
Bruce Blair, of eee: City. Dr. Blair was later elected to 
membership. 

In his annual address the president recorded the history of the 
association during the past year and made a number of sugges- 
tions. He touched very feelingly upon the death of ex-President 
T. Earl Budd, of Orange, who succumbed to the dreaded disease 
anthrax, after posting an animal which had died from the dis- 
ease. ‘The address was well received by the members present. 

President Smith reported on the Army Legislation Bill, and 
Dr. Hoskins, father of the bill, made an earnest appeal for the 
members to use every effort for the passage of the bill by the 
Senate, the House having already passed it unanimously. 

The Prosecuting Committee reported that one case of unlaw- 
ful practice had come to their notice, but that the man had left 
the state before any action was taken. 

Dr. J. Payne Lowe, chairman of the Public Health Commit- 
tee, reported that the committee was active and made some ex- 
cellent suggestions toward progress in public health matters. 

The Special Legislative Committee presented an extensive 
report in the form of a rough draft of a bill entitled, “An Act 
creating a Bureau of Animal Industry in New Jersey.” 

This bill seeks to form a Bureau of Animal Industry com- 
posed of the president and secretary of the State Board of Agri- 
culture, the president of the State Board of Health, and the hus- 
bandman of the State Experiment Station, with a veterinarian as 
the executive head of the bureau. As outlined in the bill, the 
work of this bureau will be the handling of all diseases of 
animals. 

The association passed a resolution approving of the bill and 
sent it back to the committee for corrections and finishing, so that 
it can be presented at the present session of the Legislature. 

The resignation of Dr. S. G. Hendren was read and the fol- 
lowing resolution was adopted: 

“Resolved, That the Veterinary Medical Association of New 
Jersey accepts with deep regret the resignation of Dr. S. G. 
Hendren, and the secretary is hereby instructed to place the 
name of Dr. Hendren on the list of honorary members of the 
association.” 

The report of the treasurer; Dr. McDonough, was read and 
approved by the auditing committee. 


726 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


The secretary reported that 21 members had been dropped 
from the rolls during the past year for non-payment of dues. 
It was reported that Dr. A. Brown, of Heightstown, N. J., was 
an invalid and a resolution was adopted continuing his name on 
the roll and remitting his dues. 

President Smith, in behalf of the association, presented Dr. 
T. B. Rogers, president of the association in 1911, with a beauti- 
ful gold watch as a mark of the appreciation and esteem in which 
he is held by the association. Dr. Rogers responded very 
graciously. 

A motion was passed giving the president power to appoint 
a committee of three to draft suitable resolutions on the deaths 
of Drs. Budd, Stage and Buhler, which occurred during the past 
year. President Smith appointed the following committee: 
Chairman, Dr. W. H. Lowe, and Drs. J. B. Hopper and] Tea 
Rogers. 

Election of officers was then held and all of the officers of the 
past year re-elected as follows: President, T. E. Smith; 1st Vice- 
President, J. T. Glennon; 2d Vice-President,-J. Payne Lowe; 
Treasurer, James McDonough; Secretary, E. L. Loblein. 

The literary program consisted of two excellent papers. 

Dr. J. A. McLaughlin, of New York City, read a very deep 
original paper entitled ‘“‘ The Outlines of a New Physiology,” 
which left much food for thought. 

Dr. James McDonough discussed “ The Effect of Hoof Ex- 
panders on the Foot.” 

Both papers were well enjoyed and brought forth excellent 
discussions. 

E. L. Losiein, Secretary. 


THE NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- 
TION. 


A special meeting of the above association was held in the 
veterinary building at the University Farm, Lincoln, Neb., on 
December 30 and 31, 1912, for the purpose of discussing various 
legislative measures. 

Particularly the creating of a State Live Stock Sanitary 
Board and the proposed amendments to the Veterinary Practice 
Act. ; 

Dr. J. S. Anderson, chairman of the Legislative Committee, 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


=| 
is 
-1 


reported that amendments to the Veterinary Practice Act had 
been drawn up and were ready to be presented to the association 
for discussion, and which were adopted after considerable dis- 
cussion when they were submitted. The committee had also been 
working on a bill to create a Live Stock Sanitary Board. 

It was then moved and carried that the Legislative Committee 
be authorized to act with the committee appointed by the live 
stock associations as they deem fit, with a view of arriving at 
some agreement of co-operation in drafting a bill whose provi- 
sions should be fair to all concerned. 

Meeting adjourned, to meet again the following morning in 
the same place at 9 o'clock. 

On Tuesday morning, December 31, the meeting was called 
by Dr. J. D. Sprague. Dr. Anderson reported that during the 
interview which the Legislative Committee had just had with 
Mr. Crocker, secretary of the Live Stock Committee, it was 
mutually decided that a bill should be drafted to create a Live 
Stock Sanitary Board; said board to be composed of four stock- 
men and one veterinarian, these to be appointed by the Governor, 
and they to appoint the State Veterinarian, who shall be the 
executive officer of the board. 

After considerable discussion it was decided that the mem- 
bers render all possible support to this bill in the next legislature. 

Dr. W. H. Tuck, chairman of the Prosecuting Committee, 
was then asked to report and replied by asking that Dr. Norden, 
the secretary of this committee, be asked to render this report, 
as he had more of the data. Two empirics had been prosecuted, 
one in Lincoln by the name of Vincent, who was convicted and 
fined $25 and costs upon being rearrested after having had his 
bond of $200 forfeited a week previous for non-appearance ; the 
other was Mr. Gregg, at Litchfield, Neb., who was prosecuted 
and fined $25 and costs in the County Court at Loup City, Neb. 

A motion was then made and carried authorizing the com- 
mittee to collect more contributions to the prosecuting fund from 
the veterinarians over the state to provide for the continuance 
of this work. 

Association adjourned until the regular meeting in January. 


* 
* * 


The annual meeting of this association was held in the veteri- 
nary building at the University Farm, Lincoln, Neb., January 
14, 1913, which was called to order at 1 o'clock p. m. by the 
president, Dr. J. D. Sprague. 


728 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


After the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting by 
the secretary, Dr. W. H. Tuck, and their approval by the asso- 
ciation, Dr. Anderson, as chairman of the Committee on Legis- 
lation, was asked to report, in response to which he reported 
good progress with the Live Stock Sanitary Board Bill and the 
one providing for amendments to the Veterinary Practice Act, 
both of which would soon be ready to introduce into the legis- 
lature. 

This report was made to a most appreciative audience, as 
every one felt that the committee had worked hard and earnestly 
in trying to obtain these two important measures, which are so 
badly needed, and the tact and diplomacy used was most com- 
mendable. 

Dr. J..A. De Cow, chairman of the Executive Committee, 
reported on twenty-eight candidates for membership as being 
properly vouched for, who, on motion, were all unanimously 
elected members of the association. 

After the disposition of various business matters the follow- 
ing officers were elected for the ensuing year: 

President, Dr. J. C. Bowman, Tecumseh; Vice-President, Dr. 
L. P. Carstenson, Columbus; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. Carl 
J. Norden, Nebraska City. 

Association adjourned. 


Cart J. NorpDEN, Secretary and Treasurer. 


VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY “MEDICALE 2 e2 
CIATION. 


The nineteenth annual meeting of the above association was 
held in Richmond, January 9 and 10, 1913. The meeting was 
called to order in the spacious parlors of the Jefferson Hotel, 
at 8 o'clock p. m., by President Ferneyhough, of Burkeville, 
State Veterinarian. After the usual routine of opening, the asso- 
ciation adjourned to await the report of the Board of Censors 
and other committees. 

Upon the recommendation of the Board of Censors five new 
names were added to the roster. Several instances of unqualified 
practitioners and other violations were reported, and the whole 
subject was referred to a committee on resolutions, with a re- 
quest that they report at the next meeting. 

January 10, 1913, President Ferneyhough called the associa- 
tion to order, promptly at 9.30 a. m. After the reading of the 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. T29 


minutes the president, in a few well-chosen words, introduced 
Hon. Roswell Page, a brother of the distinguished Virginia novel- 
ist, who delivered a very excellent address of welcome, which 
was responded to by Dr. Faville. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of 
Philadelphia, who was present, addressed the meeting in his usual 
happy style. While the doctor is still a young man, his allusions 
to the early history of the profession in the United States made 
some of us feel that time is surely flying. 

Dr. W. G. Chrisman, State Veterinarian of North Carolina, 
gave a very full report of his work in the prevention of hog 
cholera by the use of anti-hog cholera serum. His work in North 
Carolina has been eminently successful, but from the discussion 
of the subject, and the experience as related by the members 
present, it would seem that the serum supplied by the State of 
Virginia is not uniformly reliable. 

Dr. R. W. Hickman, chief of the Quarantine Division of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, read a very interesting paper on 
the prevention of the introduction of disease through the im- 
portation of live stock from foreign countries. Dr. Hickman’s 
paper recited several instances, where surra, rinderpest and Malta 
fever had been stopped at quarantine through the careful work 
of the division of which he is chief. 

Promptly at 1.30 p. m. the association adjourned to the Palm 
Room of the Jefferson, where an elegant banquet was served. 
We had as our guests the Hon. William Hodges Mahn, Govy- 
ernor of the state; Hon. J. Thompson Brown, chairman of the 
State Live Stock Sanitary Board; Prof. W. D. Saunders, State 
Dairy Commissioner; Hon. Henry C. Stewart; Dr. George Ben 
Johnson, of the Virginia Medical College, and Dr. W. Horace 
Hoskins, of the A. V. M. A. Dr. George C. Faville acted as 
toastmaster and introduced each of these guests, who responded 
in the happiest possible vein, and all of their talks were greatly 
enjoyed. A peculiar fact is that each of these speakers pressed 
home the lesson of the duty of personal service for the public 
good. Such influences as are represented by these men are of 
incalculable benefit to the profession. 

After the banquet the election of officers took place and re- 
sulted as follows: 

President, Dr. R. R. Clark, of Hampton, Virginia. 

First Vice-President, Dr. J. S. Meyerhoffer, North River, Va. 

Second Vice-President, Dr. H. Bannister, Roanoke, Va. 

Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. George C. Faville, North Em- 
poria, Va. 


730 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


The Committee on Resolutions reported a resolution request- 
ing the Attorney-General of the state to call the attention of 
the Commissioners of Revenue of the counties to the law regard- 
ing the issue of licenses to practice veterinary medicine in this 
state. A resolution was adopted, urging our senators to do all 
possible to secure the passage of the Army Bill by the Senate. 
After the usual votes of thanks to those who had helped to make 
the meeting such a success, the association adjourned, to meet in 
semi-annual session at Old Point Comfort, Va., the second 
Thursday in July. 


GeorGE C. FaviLe, Secretary-Treasurer. 


COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION: 


The annual meeting of the above association was called to 
order by President Woodliffe in Denver, January 23, 1913, with 
a representative attendance, considering the small numbers in the 
state. 

Dr. Dickey, president of the State Examining Board, made a 
rather extended report of the efforts of that board to drive out 
the non-licensed men from the state. It was stated that the re- 
sults had been uniformly successful without necessity for legal 
action, except in one or two cases, and these were causing some 
worry, because of the fact that the men most vitally interested 
had very prominent political friends backing them. It was sug- 
gested that the probability is that in a very short time the cases 
would be carried to the Supreme Court so that we may know 
whether or not our law is of value. 

The following officers were elected: Dr. A. B. McCapes, presi- 
dent; Dr. R..N. McCarroll, first vice-president; Dr. A. G. Fisk, 
second vice-president; Dr. I. E. Newsom, secretary-treasurer. 

A very interesting program was rendered, an important topic 
of which was the discussion of the Kansas Horse Disease by Dr. 
H. Busman, of the Bureau of Animal Industry ; Dr. G. H. Glover, 
of the Colorado Experiment Station, and Dr. C. V. Williams, a 
practitioner at Lamar, Colo., who had had wide experience in the 
vaccination of horses at the time of the outbreak in the Arkansas 
Valley. 

All three papers were discussed vigorously, Dr. Busman tak- 
ing the view of the Bureau, that all consideration pointed to the 


SOCIETY MEETINGS. 731 


cause of the disease as being forage poisoning ; whereas Dr. Glover 
and Dr. Williams were inclined to the belief that forage poisoning 
did not explain all the phenomena, but that a microorganism was 
probably at the bottom of the difficulty. 

“The Use of Serum in Hog Cholera”’ was the title of a paper 
given by Dr. J. F. Meinzer, of La Jara, Colo. Dr. Meinzer re- 
ported on something over 1,200 head of hogs to which he had 
given the “Serum Alone” method, with about 70 per cent. of 
recoveries. He stated that the disease with which he had been 
battling shows a chronic form and that in a number of herds the 
disease had existed for several weeks before treatment had been 
given. He was very strong in the belief that the ““ Serum Alone” 
method, where there was an outbreak in progress, was of ad- 
vantage over the simultaneous method; however, he took par- 
ticular pains to keep the sick hogs with the well ones for at least 
ten days following the injection of the serum. 

This subject created a great deal of discussion, as hog cholera 
has been quite prevalent in the state. 

The following resolutions of general interest to the profession 
were passed: 

Resolution No. 1.—Resolved, that the Colorado Veterinary 
Medical Association is in favor of a federal constitution for the 
A. V. M. A., whereby state associations have voting representa- 
tion therein and recommends the appointment of a committee to 
gather information thereon. Passed. 

Resolution No. 2.—That none but graduate veterinary sur- 
geons licensed to practice in the state of Colorado be allowed to 
conduct tuberculin and mallein tests. Passed. 

Resolution No. 3.—Whereas, Only men who are graduates of 
rec gnized veterinary colleges are legally entitled to the title of 
“veterinary surgeon”’; 

And Whereas, There are various positions in the state in 
which the law specifically provides for the appointment of a 
veterinary surgeon. 

And Whereas, Under the Civil Service Law now in force in 
this state, the Civil Service Commission will in all probability hold 
examinations for such positions, be it 

Resolved, By the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association in 
convention assembled, that the State Civil Service Commission be 
and is hereby requested to rule that in all examinations held by 
them in which the law provides for a position to be filled by a 
veterinary surgeon, only graduates of recognized veterinary col- 
leges shall be eligible to take such examinations. Passed. 


732 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


The next meeting will be held at Fort Collins during the latter 
part of May or the first of June. 


Very truly yours, 
I. E. Newsom, Secretary-Treasurer. 


MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The quarterly meeting of this association was held at the 
Augusta House, Augusta, January 9, 1913. 

The meeting was called to order by President Wescott at 
3.30 o'clock. As this was the annual meeting, there was a large 
attendance. 

The minutes of the October meeting were read and approved. 

The president gave his report. The reports of secretary and 
treasurer to be given at the next meeting; executive committee 
also to report at next meeting. 

Dr. Salley gave a report of the clinic, which was held the 
day after the Skowhegan meeting. 

The operation of trephining a horse with chronic nasal gleet 
(the discharge confined to one side) proved a success; at the end 
of eighteen days all discharge had ceased. 

Election of officers resulted as follows: President of the asso- 
ciation, Dr. H. B. F. Jervis, of Houlton; Vice-President, C. W. 
Purcell, of Biddeford; Secretary, H. B. Westcott, Portland; 
Treasurer, I. L. Salley, Skowhegan. 

Reading of paper by Dr. H. B. Wescott. Subject: ‘“ Forage 
Poison in the Horse,” giving the names of it in different states, 
also symptoms in the different stages of the disease, also giv- 
ing treatment to a certain extent and preventive treatment. A 
general discussion by all the members present followed the read- 
ing of this paper. Dr. Lynch said they had an outbreak of 
“forage poison” at Portland, and he thought he could trace it 
to the mouldy feed, corn, ete. 

Dr. H. B. F. Jervis was booked to read a paper at this mcet- 
ing, but was not prepared. 

New Business: Vhe state board of veterinary examiners had 
a meeting and talked over the veterinary bill; the veterinary bill 
passed in 1905 was very good, but was repealed in 1907; the 
proposed new bill is to amend the 1905 bill. 

The subject of testing cattle was discussed, the question be- 
ing ““ How many readings of temperature should be taken be- 


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SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


fore infecting the tuberculin?’ This subject was discussed by 
all the members. 

Meeting adjourned at 6 o’clock p. m. Banquet served at 
7 o'clock p. m., Dr. G. F. Wescott acting as toastmaster. The 
banquet was a great success, for which credit is due the banquet 
committee. A good time was reported by all. 

Adjournment at 10.15 p. m. 

C. W. Watson, Secretary. 


KENTUCKY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The annual meeting of this association was held at the Agri- 
culture Building of the State University, Lexington, Ky., on 
January 7, 1913. 

The meeting was called to order by President F. T. Eiseman 
at 10.30 o'clock. The regular routine of business of the asso- 
ciation was then proceeded with, and the following officers were 
elected for the coming year: President, C. A. Miller, Louisville, 
Ky. ; First Vice-President, Dr. S. F. Musselman, Cynthiana, Ky. ; 
Second Vice-President, Dr. John T. Shannon, Lexington, Ky. ; 
Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. W. B. Robinson, Mt. Sterling, Ky. 
Thirty members and four visitors were present at the opening of 
the meeting. 

Dr. Robert Graham, of Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky., 
gave a practical and very interesting talk on “ Hog Cholera, and 
Its Immunization and Treatment.” It was followed by many 
questions and much discussion. Adjournment for dinner at 1.30 
o'clock. The meeting was again called to order by President 
C. A. Miller, and the applications of new members were then con- 
sidered. There were five applicants for membership, and four 
were accepted. 

Dr. Robert Graham and Dr. Lewis McElyea, both of Ex- 
periment Station, Lexington, Ky., skillfully demonstrated to the 
association the vaccination of two pigs, weighing 60 pounds each. 
Each pig received 30 c.c. of serum and 2 c.c. of virus. This was 
followed by Dr. A. J. Payne’s talk on sheep scabies and its eradi- 
cation. After the discussion on sheep scabies the following pa- 
pers were read: Dr. Jameson on “ Symptomatic Anthrax,” dis- 
cussion by Dr. Jameson; Dr. L. M. Land on * Pneumonia and 
Its Treatment,” discussion by R. P. Moody; Dr. F. T. Eiseman 
on “ Tuberculosis,” and discussion by M. A. Purdy. 


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SOCIETY MEETINGS. 


This association is rapidly becoming stronger, the members 
binding together their original thoughts and scientific knowledge 
of veterinary medicine. We hope to become so organized that in 
the near future we will be able to secure a law that will put our 
profession on a higher base as a scientific profession and put 
the empirics to flight. 

W. B. Rogrnson, Secretary. 


KANSAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The ninth annual meeting of this association was held in 
Topeka January 7 and 8. 

A good attendance was present and an excellent program 
was presented, which brought out much instructive discussion, 
besides the interesting subjects taken up by Drs. Kinsley, Max- 
well, Kern, Shetler and other members of the association. 

“The Fundamentals of Good State Live Stock Sanitary Con- 
trol Work,” by Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of Minnesota, was much ap- 
preciated and discussed. Dr. Reynolds pointed out how a live 
stock sanitary board, free from political fear or favor, is of in- 
estimable value to the live stock interests of a state. 

Resolutions were passed favoring the passage of the Army 
Veterinary Bill, and the secretary was instructed to send a copy 
of the resolutions to each member of the association and to the 
Kansas Delegation at Washington. 

A resolution favoring President H. J. Waters, of the Kansas 
State Agricultural College, was also passed. 

The following officers for the coming year were elected: Dr. 
J. F. Hemphill for president, to succeed Dr. W. N. Hobbs; Dr. 
C. B. Kern for member of executive board, to fill a vacancy 
caused by the expiration of Dr. Hemphill’s term of office. Dr. 
J. H. Burt re-elected secretary-treasurer. 

Twenty-three new members joined the association. The as- 
sociation members number five-sixths of the graduates in the 
state, which can be considered a good showing for the state as- 
sociation that began its career nine years ago with a membership 
of thirteen. 

The association adjourned to meet at a time and place to be 
decided upon later by the Executive Board and notice of which 
will appear in this publication. 

J. H. Burt, Secretary-Treasurer. 


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