Volume 127 (6) December 2010
Special issue in memory of Clarrie Handreck
Volume 127 (6) 2010
December
Victorian
Naturalist
Editors: Anne Morton, Gary Presland, Maria Gibson
Editorial Assistant: Virgil Hubregtse
Special issue in memory of Clarrie Handreck
From the Marine Research Group, FNCV 223
Contributions Marine biodiversity studies by Clarrie Handreck and the
Marine Research Group, by Robin Wilson 224
Recollections of Clarrie Handreck,
by Chris Rowley 228
Melanochlamys handrecki sp. nov: an addition to the
opisthobranch fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of south-eastern
Australia, by Robert Burn 231
Pycnogonids (Sea spiders): lists of the littoral and shallow water
species of Victoria and King Island, by David A Staples 236
The intertidal Turrids of Victoria, by Alan Monger 240
Rediscovery of the seaweed limpet Naccula parva
in Victorian waters, by Audrey Falconer and Robert Burn 246
A list of the intertidal opisthobranchs of Harmers Haven, South
Gippsland, by T Joan Hales 248
The living morphology of the marine snails Incisura remota
(Iredale, 1924) and Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877)
(Vetigastropoda: ScissureUidae), by Platon Vafiadis 255
Honours Australian Natural History Medallion 2010: Don PA Sands OAM,
by Gary Presland 266
Australian Natural History Medallion Trust Fund 268
Book Reviews
Series Overview Museum Victoria field guides 269
An introduction to marine life, by Robin Wilson, Mark Norman
and Anna Syme 270
Crabs, hermit crabs and allies, by Gary CB Poore Til
Barnacles, by Gary CB Poore and Anna Syme 273
Shrimps, prawns and lobsters 275
Book Review Australasian Nature Photography: ANZANG Sixth Collection,
edited by South Australian Museum 279
Thank you from the Editors 281
Guidelines for Authors 282
ISSN 0042-5184
From the Marine Research Group, FNCV
It has been more than a year since his passing, but memories of Clarrie Handreck remain strong in
the minds of all whose lives he touched. His boundless enthusiasm for our coastline, the animals
inhabiting it and their conservation was infectious. As anyone who knew him will attest, Clarrie
was a natural teacher w^ho never wasted an opportunity to imparl some of his knowledge to eager
and interested listeners. On the many field trips to the coast that I had the privilege of attending
with him, I was always astounded at how Clarrie could name and give a brief life history of nearly
every marine invertebrate that was encountered.
With its high percentage of endemic species and wide variety of habitats, the southern coastline
of Australia is unique, and ongoing study is required to unlock the secrets of its inhabitants. In
its various guises over more than 50 years the MRG has contributed to our understanding of the
lives of the animals found in this often harsh environment. Today the MRG continues the work
that began with the Groups inception, with an ongoing program of field trips to various localities
along our shores, documenting the animals present and adding the species observed to an already
impressive database.
Until his ‘retiremenf in 1996, Clarrie had been the organisational backbone of the Marine Re-
search Group of Victoria, as the groups secretary for more than 20 years, and was instrumental
in merging the Group with the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. Until he was too ill to continue,
Clarrie attended and contributed to both MRG meetings, and work days at Museum Victoria.
This special edition of Ihe Victorian Naturalist is devoted to increasing our knowledge of the ma-
rine fauna of our wonderful coast. It is dedicated to Clarrie Handreck and 1 tor one cannot think
of a more fitting way to honour the life of this remarkable man.
Michael Lyons
President, Marine Research Group
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria
Front cover: Clarrie Handreck in his beloved marine environment. Photo by Joan Broadberry.
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Marine biodiversity studies by Clarrie Handreck
and the Marine Research Group
Robin Wilson
Sciences Department, Museum Victoria
GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001. Email: rwilson@museiim.vic.gov.au
Abstract
The Marine Research Group (MRG), a special interest group of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, make sig-
nificant contributions to our knowledge of marine biodiversity in Victoria and Australia. Some of those contri-
butions are highlighted, as is the close and productive relationship with Museum Victoria and the role played
by a leading member of the MRG, the late Clarrie Handreck. {Vie Victorian Naturalist 127 (6), 2010, 224-227}
Keywords: marine biodiversity, amateur naturalists, taxonomy
This issue of The Victorian Naturalist commem-
orates Clarrie Handreck in a most appropriate
way, by bringing together original contribu-
tions to our knowledge of marine biodiversity
in Victoria. Knowledge of the diversity and nat-
ural history of the marine life of our region has
been a life-long goal of Clarrie Handreck and
of the many like-minded colleagues who make
up the Marine Research Group (MRG), a Spe-
cial Interest Group of the Field Naturalists Club
of Victoria {www.fncv.org.au/marine.htm). A
number of contributions here add significantly
to our knowledge of marine molluscs and pyc-
nogonids, yet these are only the tip of an im-
mense iceberg of knowledge accumulated by
Clarrie and his colleagues over many decades.
The aim of this article is to show the great value
of these contributions; to comment not only on
the tip, but on the rest of the iceberg.
A picture of Clarrie is well-painted in the con-
tributions of Chris Rowley and of Michael Ly-
ons. He was a highly motivated naturalist with
strong social and environmental morals and a
commitment to learning more about marine
life, and sharing that knowledge and enthu-
siasm with others. Clarrie w^as the unofficial
but universally acknowledged ‘General’ of the
MRG, and their values, goals and achievements
are so closely shared that it is dilficult to speak
of one without including the other.
All the enduring qualities of Clarrie and the
MRG are in evidence in this volume, and in
their wider w'ork: a fascination with natural his-
tory; a strong interest in taxonomy; recognis-
ing and distinguishing species of marine life;
a deep desire to make a permanent record of
their knowledge; and, finally, a willingness to
impart that knowledge to others. I would like
to write a little of these qualities.
The Marine Researcli Group includes many
highly skilled observers wTose local taxonomic
knowledge, especially of the intertidal and shal-
low marine fauna, is without peer. Although
their achievements are as ‘amateurs’, that word
is accurate only in the sense that they are un-
paid. Many have well-deserved national and in-
ternational reputations in the taxonomic com-
munity and have discovered and given scientific
names to many new species. Compilation of a
complete list of the species they have described
would be voluminous and beyond the scope of
this article, but a number must be mentioned
and 1 include a few token citations of their pub-
lished work. Robert Burn, whose initiative has
resulted in this volume, has by my count (and
including the new species described in this is-
sue) described 6 1 local species of opisthobranch
molluscs (nudibranchs and their relatives). The
recently-published checklist (Burn 2006) in-
cludes still more new species recognised but
awaiting description. Phillip Bock is renowned
as a bryozoan (lace coral) taxonomist, expert
on both fossil and living forms (Bock and Cook
2004). Mark O’Loughlin has described numer-
ous species of sea stars and holothurians and
has collaborated with many overseas colleagues
(O’Loughlin and Waters 2004) to better under-
stand the reproduction and genetics of these
echiiioderms. David Staples is a ta.xonomist
and photographer who is expert in pycnogo-
nids (so-called sea spiders’ although pycnogo-
nids and arachnids are only distantly related)
224
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
(Staples 2002). Jan Watson has an international
reputation as a taxonomist expert in hydroids
(Vervoort and Watson 2003). Many more
could be listed, including many with special-
ist knowledge of gastropod molluscs including
Cypraeidae, Marginellidae, Turridae and oth-
ers. Many of the above have had parallel careers
in related professional fields, but it is in the
guise of MRG members that their taxonomic
skills have been generated and published. Clar-
rie Handreck himself did not describe species
and, humble to a fault, would claim his ama-
teur’ status if pressed. Yet he was the catalyst for
much work that eventually became published
by others. Clarrie knew the local tauna better
than most and was often quickest to recognise
something apparently new, more than one of
which now bears his name in recognition, such
as Pagurixus handrecki^ a hermit crab (Gunn
and Morgan 1992). The enthusiasm of Clar-
rie and colleagues is such that the MRG con-
tinues to foster others to gain and share new
expertise. The result is to be seen in this is-
sue, with contributions from Joan Hales, Alan
Monger, Audrey Falconer and Platon Vafiadis,
all having been actively encouraged by Clarrie
Handreck. And the Group includes many more
individuals besides.
Collectively, the knowledge and published
works of the MRG represent a very signifi-
cant part of Victoria and Australia’s capability
in marine biodiversity studies. Without MRG
members, in mo.st cases there would be no oth-
er person in our region with expert knowledge
of many kinds of marine invertebrates. None of
the staff of Museum Victoria has expertise in
the organisms in which MRG members special-
ise and, in most cases, nor do the staff of other
Australian natural history museums. Australia’s
marine life is so diverse that no realistic muse-
um budget could ever hope to employ sufficient
expert scientists. We simply must rely on many
honorary experts (I shall desist from using the
misleading term amateurs’) and thus Museum
Victoria is very pleased that many MRG mem-
bers have accepted Honorary Associate status
at the Museum. Without the MRG, for many
kinds of marine life we would have no-one
capable of authoritatively identifying the local
fauna, no-one with the ability to describe the
new species that are being discovered continu-
ally, no-one able to recognise species newly
introduced from other harbours. If we want to
understand Victorias marine life fully, we need
the MRG.
Another quality that is deeply embedded in
the MRG, and was especially evident in Clar-
rie Handreck, is a desire to make a permanent
record of their knowledge. Their many pub-
lished scientific papers are one way in which
this is achieved (a tiny fraction is cited at the
end of this article). Many members of the
Group were sought out to contribute chapters
to the invaluable three volume Marine Inverte-
brates of Southern AustraHuy which is still the
closest thing we have to a comprehensive sum-
mary of the marine invertebrate life of south-
ern Australia (Bock 1982; Watson 1982; Burn
1989; Staples 1997). Another was the Coastal
Invertebrates of Victoria - an atlas of selected
species, published in 1984 (Phillips et al 1984)
but long unavailable until thankfully reprinted
in a revised edition in 2006. The Atlas was the
outcome of a carefully planned survey of Vic-
torian marine life, targeting a carefully chosen
list of common and readily identified species
which were subject to census throughout the
Victorian coast. Clarrie was a prime architect
of the field work demanded by the project and
of publication of both editions. The Atlas was
a far-sighted project which generated data in-
valuable to science and to environmental man-
agers, and anticipated by decades the current
efforts to make distribution maps of species
ranges available via websites such as Online
Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
(OZCAM; www.ozcam.org.aul a*id the Atlas of
Living Australia (ALA; www.ala.org.au). The
collections and databases of Museum Victoria
(and other Australian museums) are the irre-
placeable data source on which OZCAM and
ALA, and the MRG s 1 984 Atlas are based. And
it is these collections that are the other perma-
nent legacy of Clarrie Handreck and the MRG.
Clarrie and his colleagues always embraced
the philosophy that is the reason for existence
of natural history museums and their collec-
tions: no new species, no vScientific paper, no
distribution map, can be considered authori-
tative unless linked to preserved specimens
sitting on the shelf of a museum collection.
Those specimens are preserved in perpetuity
Voll27 (6) 2010
225
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
and are always available for critical study by
researchers throughout Australia and the world.
Clarrie Handreck and his colleagues laboured
prodigiously over many years to ensure that
this source of verification would be as complete
and useful as possible, and the MRG continues
that etfort still, contributing many volunteer
hours every week to help care for Museum Vic-
toria collections and to build associated data-
base records.
This article does not attempt to be a history
of the MRG, yet a short historical digression is
called for. Initially, the Marine Research Group
existed as a group known as the Marine Study
Group of Victoria, which had its inaugural
meeting on 4 February 1957. Clarrie Handreck
was not among the founding members, but I
think first became active in the Group in the
early 1970s. The Marine Research Group of
Victoria was inaugurated on 25 March 1980 by
amalgamation with the Underwater Research
Group of Victoria, a contemporary group of in-
dividuals with an enthusiasm for natural history
who were also SCUBA divers. On 1 0 February
1997, a special General Meeting approved the
dissolution of the Marine Research Group and
simultaneous merger with the Field Naturalists
Club of Victoria.
With so many shared goals, it was natural that
Clarrie and the then Marine Study Group of
Victoria would form an early relationship with
the then National Museum of Victoria (now
Museum Victoria). Many present and past
staff at the Museum, notably Sue Boyd and CC
Lu, have been active in continuing to support
the close relationship with the MRG, but it is
another of my predecessors at the Museum,
the late Dr Brian Smith, who deserves special
mention for having the vision and confidence
to initiate the relationship. It was Brian who
commenced, in July 1967, monthly Saturday
‘Museum Workdays in which the Marine Study
Group of Victoria would work alongside Mu-
seum staff to simultaneously build their own
expertise and the collections of the Museum.
Brian, himself an expert in land snails, recog-
nised that the Museum would never be able to
employ scientific staff with expertise in all kinds
of animals. He also recognised the genuine
knowledge and enthusiasm for marine life that
was displayed by members of the Malacologi-
cal Society of Australasia, Marine Study Group
of Victoria and Underwater Research Group of
Victoria, whom he met at local meetings. (The
Malacological Society of Australasia remains
an active organisation with many members in
common with the MRG.) Throughout the early
evolution of the Group it was Brian Smith who
fostered the enthusiasm and development of
members and encouraged them to specialise
and to publish their discoveries. In later years, it
was Clarrie Handreck who most often took the
initiative to marshal the considerable forces of
the MRG in support of Museum Victoria collec-
tions. It is a pleasure to report that the tradition
continues with a new generation of MRG mem-
bers, including contributors to this special is-
sue. The ‘Museum Workdays initiated by Brian
Smith in 1967 continue to this day: 43 years and
counting.
In my opinion, the reason that the MRG con-
tinues to flourish and to publish is due to an-
other quality of Clarrie Handreck and found-
ing members: they all had and still have an
eager willingness to impart their knowledge
and skills to others, and are always generous
with their time. Clarrie and at least one other
member, Mark O’Loughlin, were professional
educators and at times took their students on
trips to remote places that would be impossible
in todays more tightly managed schools, but
were no doubt formative for those lucky stu-
dents at the time. Many MRG colleagues have
similar skills as teachers of natural history. To
join them on a foray on the rock platform at low
tide was to see infectious enthusiasm for their
subject. Worthy environmental morals were
also displayed: there was no collecting without
good reason and, of course, a valid permit. It is
no wonder that so many newxomers to the field
responded positively to a teaching style that
somehow simultaneously achieved both humil-
ity and authority. This legacy is clearly evident
in the current membership of the MRG, and in
this special issue.
None of this would be possible without a deep
fascination with natural history, for it is that
enthusiasm that is behind all the achievements
of Clarrie Handreck and of the MRG, as it is of
the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and natu-
ralists everywhere. That enthusiasm, shared
by both professional biologists and honorary
226
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
experts everywhere, is what makes the close
relationship between the MRG and Museum
Victoria a natural and productive partnership.
Long may it continue.
References
Bock PE (1982) Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa or Ectoproc-
ta). In Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia Part /,
pp. 319-394 Eds SA Shepherd and IM Thomas. (Hand-
books Committee of the South Australian Government:
Adelaide)
Bock PE and Cook PL (2004) A review of Australian Cone-
scharellinidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). Memoirs of Mu-
seum Victoria 61, 135-182.
Burn R (1989) Opisthobranchs (Subclass Opisthobranchia).
In Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Part U, pp.
725-788. Eds SA Shepherd and IM Thomas. (South Aus-
tralian Government Printing Division: Adelaide)
Burn R (2006) A checklist and bibliography of the Opistho-
branchia (Moilusca: Gastropoda) oF Victoria and the Bass
Strait area, south-eastern Austr^ia. Museum Victoria Sci-
ence Reports 10, 1-42.
Gunn SW and Morgan GJ (1992) Anew species o( Pagurixus
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae) from southern Austral-
ia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 53> 3 1 -4 1 .
O’Loughlin PM and Waters JM (2004) A molecular and mor-
phological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoder-
mata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61, 1-40.
Phillips DAB, Handreck CP, Bock PE, Burn R, Smith BJ and
Staples DA (eds) (1984) Coastal Invertebrates of Victoria -
an atlas of selected species. (Marine Research Group of Vic-
toria and Museum of Victoria: Melbourne)
Staples DA (1997) Sea spiders or pycnouonids (Phylum Ar-
thropoda). In Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia
Part IIL pp. 1040-1072. Eds SA Shepherd and M Davies.
(Handbooks Committee of the South Australian Govern-
ment: Adelaide)
Staples DA (2002) Pycnogonum (Pycnogonida: Pycnogoni-
dae) from Australia witn descriptions of two new species.
Memoirs of Museum Victoria 59, 541-553.
Vervoort W and Watson JE (2003) The Marine Fauna of New
Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hy-
droids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 119, 1-538.
Watson JE (1982) Hvdroids (Class Hydrozoa). In Marine In-
vertebrates of Southern Australia Part l,pp. 77-114. Ed SA
Shepherd and IM Thomas. (Handbooks Committee of the
South Australian Government; Adelaide)
Received I December 2010; accepted 2 December 2010
Clarrie Handreck pictured at the microscope, Cape Conran MRG extended field trip, February 2006.
Voll27 (6) 2010
227
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Recollections of Clarrie Handreck
Chris Rowley
Collection Manager, Marine Invertebrates, Museum Victoria
GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001
1 commenced my position in the Museum of
Victorias Invertebrate Zoology Department in
December 1988. Though I was yet to meet Clar-
rie Handreck, I soon discovered that his name
frequently cropped up in conversation around
the department, often in an air of reverence.
Unbeknown to me at the time, Clarrie was a
member of the Marine Research Group of Vic-
toria (MRG), a group of volunteers who came
into the Museum one Saturday per month, to
work in the Invertebrate Zoology collections,
then located in the basement (more affection-
ately known as the ‘dungeons^ of the old Na-
tional Museum of Victoria in Russell Street.
These monthly ‘museum workdays’ were initi-
ated by the late Dr Brian Smith in 1967 as a way
of maintaining the MRG team during the win-
ter months, when it was too cold for field work.
All came together once a month to share their
knowledge and expertise and to undertake vital
curatorial and collection-based projects. Mu-
seum workdays are still a prominent fixture on
the FNCV-MRG calendar.
My first encounter with Clarrie (and many
of the MRG team) was not until the following
year when I was asked to fill in as supervisor on
one of the workdays. It was here that I discov-
ered first hand the finely tuned machine that
was (and still is) the MRG, and at its helm was
Clarrie Handreck. In reality there was prob-
ably little need for my presence. Everyone had
their job and knew exactly what to do. This
group included as broad a cross-section of the
community as one could hope to see, with one
thing in common — an insatiable interest and
curiosity about our marine environment. Some
were generalists, keen to learn as much as they
could, whilst others were highly-regarded ex-
perts, equally as keen to impart as much as they
could. The lab hummed along with a frenzy of
activity, much the same as it had some one hun-
dred and fifty times beforehand, since 1967. At
the end of the day, as if by magic, all the speci-
mens, lab equipment and paraphernalia were
quietly and efficiently put away and the lab was
left pretty much as it was found that morning.
Throughout the day, Clarrie was on hand to of-
fer guidance, encouragement and direction to
those who needed it; thoughtful and insightful
opinion to those who sought it; and when re-
quired, simply roll up his sleeves and muck in.
Over the following 12-18 months, 1 saw (darrie
only on the odd occasion, usually just popping
in to drop something off for one of the curators,
or perhaps visit the library to check out a refer-
ence. In 1991, Clarrie retired from his position
as a primary school principal and commenced
regular volunteer work in earnest. It was during
this period that I had the privilege to really get
to know and work with him.
It is difficult to put an accurate figure on
Clarries contribution to the Museum. He
commenced at a time prior to any formal vol-
unteer programme or the keeping of attend-
ance records. As far as I can ascertain, his as-
sociation with the Museum most likely would
have started around the same time he joined
the MRG, in 1971. According to our official’
records, Clarrie clocked up an estimated 12 500
hours of volunteer work. (The actual figure may
be a lot higher!) He is in a select group of only
four Museum volunteers to have passed the
10000 hour milestone, and is currently still the
longest serving volunteer on record. The official
figures tell only part of the story. It was Clar-
ries infectious enthusiasm and incredible work
ethic that elevated him beyond the realms of a
mere mortal volunteer. Here was a man whose
work ethic could put many a full time member
of staff to shame. I often had to remind myself
that Clarrie actually was a retired man, offering
his services gratis! Though ‘retired’, Clarrie still
maintained a strict regime. If he said he would
be in by 9:00 am, then you could set your watch
by him. Lunch and coffee breaks were kept to
a minimum and there was no leaving early at
228
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
the end of the day. Clarrie would work right up
to the absolute last possible minute, allowing
just enough time to clean up and leave in time
to catch his train home. He most likely would
have arrived on the station platform just as the
train was pulling in! On the rare occasion when
Clarrie was running late or unable to come in,
he would always phone to apologise and prom-
ise to make up for lost time. (And he did!) Re-
gardless of the task he was given, Clarrie gave
110%.
Clarrie was a committed conservationist
with a broad knowledge and deep respect for
the natural world. He was passionate about the
collection and the data associated with it. Col-
lection data is an important resource for envi-
ronmental managers. For this reason, he saw
the data written on specimen labels as a huge
untapped resource waiting to be set free, and
the only way to set it free was to ‘get it onto the
database. He often said that the ‘specimen data
was not much good to ajiyone if it wasn’t on the
database’ In 1992, Clarrie began a 17-year ob-
session with databasing specimen data. Lot by
lot, he began the monumental task of chipping
away at the backlog of collection registrations.
Clarrie and Denys Phillips worked together,
and initially focused on entering data from the
old hand-written register books. Not content
with this alone, they also topped up alcohol, re-
labelled, re-housed, re-named and re-organised
specimens if required. Clarrie appreciated that
many hands make light work and so encour-
aged other volunteers to use the database. Since
many of our volunteers had little or no experi-
ence with databases, Clarrie wrote a beginner’s
user manual, which he updated from time to
time. In order to standardise database entries
he compiled a comprehensive 4S page index
detailing frequently used localities, donors, col-
lectors and information on field expeditions.
The index also included an alphabetical listing
of Victorian coastal localities, complete with
latitudes and longitudes, and a section cover-
ing projects of the MRG and its forerunner, the
Marine Study Group.
In 1998 the Museum was on the move. Con-
struction of the new Carlton Gardens com-
plex was well underway, but not due for com-
pletion until 2000. Meanwhile, the National
Gallery of Victoria wanted to press ahead with
its own refurbishment program at its St Kilda
Road complex and was in need of a temporary
exhibition venue. The solution? Bring for-
ward Museum of Victorias exit from the Rus-
sell Street campus! With the move to Carlton
Gardens still another two years away, the plan
involved relocating the Museums staff and col-
lections to various temporary premises around
Melbourne within a tight time frame. To ensure
the relocation went off without a hitch, huge re-
sources were channelled into the aptly named
Accelerated Relocation Project. Since the col-
lections were going to be moved, the Museum
quickly adopted the position that every effort
would be made to ensure that they were in a
fit state to be moved, ^fhe Museum also seized
on the opportunity not only to prepare collec-
tions for moving, but to actually improve on
their standards of curation. It was Clarries me-
ticulous attention to detail and intimate knowl-
edge of the collection that made him the natu-
ral choice to be employed as part of a team to
prepare the Natural Sciences spirit collections
for relocation. Along with his fellow Collection
Preparation Officers, the entire spirit collection
was assessed, re-curated, re-labelled, re-sorted
and packed into steel unit trays. The eflbrt put
into this preparation ultimately paved the way
for their successful relocation to our temporary
premises at Abbotsford and the subsequent
relocation to the new Melbourne Museum at
Carlton Gardens. The relocation of Natural
Sciences collection was achieved on time and
on budget. The excellent condition of the col-
lection today stands as testament to the huge
efforts of Clarrie and the team.
During the Abbotsford’ period (December
1998- August 2000), Clarrie was one of few vol-
unteers who continued their regular activities,
yet despite all the disruptions he somehow still
managed to register 4610 specimen lots.
In late 2000, the Invertebrate collection was
finally settled into its new permanent home
at Melbourne Museum. Tlie following years
would prove to be Clarries most productive.
Once again he threw himself into the seem-
ingly endless task of collection registration.
One of his first projects was the registration of
at least one representative of every species of
marine chiton and gastropod held in the .spirit
collection. Unfortunately, in December 2001
Voll27 (6) 2010
229
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Clarrie was diagnosed with an aggressive
prostate cancer and given an initial prognosis
of around two years. Not being one to quietly
fade away, Clarrie upped the ante. Instead of
giving his usual 110%, he was now operating
at 120%!
With the completion of his first project behind
him, Clarrie embarked on his most ambitious
project yet. Phase two would see the complete
registration, curation and re-organisation of
all marine chitons and gastropods in the spirit
collection. With help from the relevant experts,
Clarrie began by first compiling a detailed in-
dex of all species represented in the collection,
complete with current nomenclature, synony-
mies, bibliographic references and shelf loca-
tions. The end result was a two volume index
which became the ‘Bible for anyone entering
data, or putting specimens away in the collec-
tion. Clarrie and fellow volunteer Catherine
Guli powered their way through registering
the spirit collection. In 2004, with the intro-
duction of the Museum’s new database system
EMu, Clarrie decided that it would be more ef-
ficient if Catherine was to concentrate on data
entry, whilst he concentrated on handling and
labelling the specimens. What was perhaps not
evident to many people was the amount of time
Clarrie put into compiling lists, checking no-
menclature, synonymies and spelling errors at
home, in preparation for his next registration
session. Every hour spent at the museum was
at least matched in time spent at home. Even
more astonishing was that much of this project
was undertaken in between rounds of intensive
radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatments. In
typical Clarrie fashion, he was able to forecast
the dates his ‘good days’ would fall on, and
organise his diary accordingly. Together with
Catherine, Clarrie was able to see the project
through to completion.
Apart from his museum volunteer commit-
ments, Clarrie also continued to provide lead-
ership for the MRG, and importantly provided
a crucial link between the MRG and the Mu-
seums curatorial and collection management
staff. By 2009 the cancer was taking its toll,
and in April that year when he was physically
no longer able to carry on, Clarrie reluctantly
ceased regular volunteer work. Still keen to
keep a hand on progress, an extremely frail
Clarrie continued to call into the museum from
time to time, if only briefly to pass on his latest
list of updates or amendments to Catherine.
Always modest about his achievements, Clar-
rie often understated his contributions to the
Museum and, much to the frustration of his
colleagues, shied away from many attempts to
formally recognise him. Clarrie always insisted
that any achievements were the result of a team
effort. He frequently described his role as ‘just
doing the hack work, so that the experts could
be freed up for more important things’ In re-
ality, he could not have been further from the
truth. In his last five years, Clarrie and a band
of volunteers and staff registered approximately
18900 lots of specimens. In total, he was direct-
ly or indirectly involved in the registration of
approximately 29 300 lots. There would be very
few specimens that have not been handled per-
sonally by Clarrie at some time. In recognition
of his contributions, the holothuroid Aposo-
lidium handrecki O’Loughlin & O’Hara, 1992
and the hermit crab Paqurixus handrecki Gunn
Sc Morgan, 1992 are named in his honour. In
2001, he was honoured with a High Commen-
dation in the category of Lifetime Achievement
at the 2001 Victorian Coastal Awards for Excel-
lence.
I knew Clarrie only in the context of his mu-
seum work. It was not until I attended his funer-
al that I began to appreciate that he was a man
with many interests and talents, contributing as
freely and productively to these as he did to his
museum work. Clarrie was universally admired
and respected, and is sadly missed by all.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Sue Boyd, Catherine Guli, Aaron
Lawrence and Platon Vafiadis for their assistance and
helpful comments.
Received 19 August 2010; accepted 4 September 2010
230
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Melanochlamys handrecki sp. nov.: an addition to the opisthobranch
fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of south-eastern Australia
Robert Burn
Marine Research Group, Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Blackburn, Victoria 3130
Abstract
A new infaunal species Melanochlamys handrecki (AglajidaeJ is described from coastal embayments of central Victoria
and western Tasmania. The new species is compared with its local congener Melanochlamys queritor and the New Zea-
land Melanochlamys lorrainae. {The Victorian Naturalist 127 (6), 2010, 231-235)
Keywords: Aglajidae, new species, south-eastern Australia, lower intertidal
Species of the genus Melanochlamys Cheeseman,
1881, like all members of the bubble-shell family
Aglajidae, have a reduced internal shell hidden
away in the posterior or posterior-dorsal part
of the body. The shell is fragile, white, and in
shape closely resembles the top or posterior
quarter of the common temperate Australasian
bubble-shell Bulla quoyti. With few exceptions,
species of the family lack radular teeth in the
pharynx; instead of teeth on a ribbon acting as
a ‘pick-up and conveyor belt’ for the passage of
food to the stomach, aglajids suck in live prey
and pressure pass’ it to the stomach where it is
digested. Aglajid prey includes acoel, polyclad
and polychaete worms, shelled opisthobranchs,
other species of the family Aglajidae, even
their own species, and nenierteans which are
ingested just as a human would suck in a length
of spaghetti (Rudman, 1972b).
Gosliner (1980) includes eight species in
Melanochlamys. Since then three species have
been synonymised with others (Burn, 1974;
Chaban and Martynov, in Kantor and Sysoev
2006) and the status of some remains doubtful.
One species is common in south-eastern
Australian low intertidal and shallow subtidal
waters. Melanochlamys queritor (Burn 1957)
(Fig. 1), described in this journal a little over
50 years ago, ranges from southern New South
Wales to southern Western Australia including
Tasmania (Burn 1989). A rare and presently
r
— «PT— ^
i
^ — . .
. *• -3 4 V
e.-;
■ '.V. ■%
Fig. 1. Melanochlamys queritor - dorsal view of live specimen from Eagles Nest, Inverloch.
Vol 127 (6) 2010
231
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Lindescribed species of the genus is listed from
the Bass Strait area (Burn 2006). A third, newly
found, speciCvS is described herein.
All material has been deposited in Museum
Victoria, Melbourne.
Melanochlamys handrecki sp. nov. (Figs 2-4)
Material
Shallow Inlet, Waratah Bay, South Gippsland,
Victoria, 38"5 1 'S, 146"09’E, collected by
members of the Marine Research Group, FNCV:
18 March 2009, 1 specimen, 15 mm long, alive
(dissected Paratype MV F169259); 7 March
2001, 5 specimens, 4, 6, 6, 7, 14 mm long alive
(14 mm specimen Holotype MV F169257, four
smaller specimens Paratypes MV F169258).
Habitat
Found at low tide in areas of clean sand
surrounding small Zostera beds. Specimens
burrow just below the sand surface and are
not visible except for the track they leave
behind. The sand areas are densely populated
with polychaete worms, which form semi-
consolidated sand tubes that project one or two
millimetres above the surface.
Description
Live animal to 15 mm long, almost 6 mm at its
widest, and about 4 mm high. Body elongate
oval, a little wider towards the posterior, and
much depressed. Head shield half length
of the body, wider and shallowly arcuate in
front, narrowly truncate behind, shallowly
grooved along mid-line. Anterior edge of
head shield thickened and grooved. Visceral
hump narrower in front where it emerges from
beneath the tightly adpressed posterior flap
of the head shield, becoming wider as it frees
from the parapodia, and terminating in a pair
of short rounded lobes. Lower lateral edges
of visceral hump overhang indented groove
along body wall. Tliin margin of parapodia
very closely adpressed to body sides at about
two-thirds body height. In section, parapodia
narrowly curved out from body, together with
the indented groove forming a wide siphonal
canal along each side. Foot broad, a little wider
in front, rounded behind. Eyes not visible
dorsally or laterally. On each side of mouth is
a small cream quadrangular pad from which
short hyaline sensory bristles intermittently
project. Posterior to each pad, a large brown
cuticularised patch (Hancock’s organ).
Pharynx approximately one quarter of body
length, ovoid, muscular. Penial sheath with
an internal muscular flap, with a shoi't free
posterior penial papilla, and a single prostrate
gland. Shell with broad outer lip, the upper
edge projecting as a sharp point that is housed
within the right posterior lobe of the visceral
hump; inner whorls broadly conical and very
fragile.
Fig 2. Melanochlamys handrecki - dorsal view of live Paratype, MV F169259.
232
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Fig 3. Melanochlamys handrecki - left lateral view of live Paratype. MV F 169259.
Fig 4. Melanochlamys handrecki - internal view of shell of dissected Paratype, approximately 3.5
X 2.5 mm.
Dorsal surface of head shield and visceral
hump almost black. Orangeish viscera visible
within left side of visceral hump. Parapodia light
grey dorsally, becoming much paler ventrally,
to dull white on the sole. Small specimens are
paler dorsally.
Discussion
Melanochlamys handrecki is readily separated
from its local congeners by the broad depressed
body, the closely adpressed, narrowly curved
parapodia that do not reach high up the body
sides, the broader outer part of the shell with
projecting point, the large brown Hancocks
Voll27 (6) 2010
233
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
organs, and the grooved anterior edge of the
head shield. In Melanochlamys qneritor, the
body is cylindrical, the parapodia rise higher
and are held closer to the body sides, the shell
is more posterior within the visceral hump
and is smaller and more tightly coiled, the
Hancocks organs are not colour differentiated,
and the eyes are visible anterior-laterally in
the groove separating head shield from foot.
Melanochlamys sp. (Burn, 2006), known only
from one or two specimens, has a cylindrical
body like that of Melanochlamys queritor, but
differs from that species and Melanochlamys
handrecki by the presence of a cuticularised
stylet arming the penial tip, and an opaque white
body sparsely spotted with brown. (Coleman,
2001, p 119, lower right hand figure).
The six live specimens of Melanochlamys
handrecki were very uniform in colouration,
except that the smallest specimens were not as
dark grey on the dorsal surfaces. Melanochlamys
queritor varies considerably in colour. Typically
it is black with a bluish sheen from the minute
cilia that cover the body, with lighter cream
anterior corners and posterior edge of the
head shield, but grey, brown and almost cream
animals, plain or mottled, have been observed
over the years. Brown mottled specimens were
described as Melanochlamys henri Burn, 1969
but were later synonymised with Melanochlamys
queritor {^urn 1974).
Details of the penial sheath, size of the pharynx
and shape of the shell of Melanochlamys
lorrainae (Rudman 1968) from northern
New Zealand are similar to these features in
Melanochlamys handrecki. Initially described
from a white animal (Rudman 1968), additional
specimens range from white to mottled grey
with paler anterior and posterior ends ( Rudman
1972a). Specimens of Melanochlamys lorrainae
figured on the ‘Sea Slug Forum' (Rudman 2010)
are creamy white with sparse grey mottling
confined to the median line of the head shield,
and all over the sole and parapodia. One
specimen shown has very dark grey terminal
lobes of the visceral hump. Melanochlamys
lorrainae is separated from Melanochlamys
handrecki by its more cylindrical body, and
much paler colouration.
Supplementary Notes
Subsequent to the completion of this paper,
a larger and differently coloured specimen
of Melanochlamys handrecki was submitted
to the writer for examination. Tlie following
observations were made of the specimen, which
was maintained alive for 11 days in a large Hat
bowl with sand from its habitat at one end.
Tile specimen was tbund by Trevor
McMurrich at the end of a sand track in
60 cm water depth al Curlewis, Outer Corio Bay,
Port Phillip Bay (38n0'S, 1 44*^3 pR) on 29 July
2010. Several additional animals were seen at
the same time, including an apparently mating
pair. All were much the same size, the collected
specimen measuring 30 mm in length and 11
mm in breadth. All were glossy black dorsally,
making the margins of the posterior flap of the
head shield and of the parapodia very difficult
to distinguish. The anterior corners of the head
shield and the sole of the foot were a more
smoky black colour, and the inner surface of the
parapodia was pale blue-grey. The sole of the
foot of the collected specimen was demarcated
from the parapodia along each side by a narrow
shallow muscular groove, otherwise il matched
exactly the description above, even to the
presence of short hyaline sensory bristles each
side of the mouth.
jMclanochlamys handrecki creates a mucous
tube to protect its body as it burrows through
the sandy substrate approximately 3 mm below
the surface. It is only rarely visible from above.
The mucous tube collapses immediately behind
the moving animal, resulting in a distinctive
shallow groove, 11-12 mm wide, narrowly
deeper in the mid-line and margined each
side by a 2-3 mm high ridge. Rive days after
collection, the specimen laid a small, soft
spherical hyaline egg-mass 13 mm in diameter,
anchored by a very short stout holdfast to a
mucous-bound mass of sand grains buried in
the sediment surface. Numerous very small but
well spaced oval egg capsules, 440 x 320 pm in
size, each containing a single creamy white egg,
measuring 380 x 220 pm, were clustered within
an approximately 9 mm diameter sphere within
the egg-mass. This egg-mass is very similar to
234
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
that of Melanochlamys cylindrica from New
Zealand, but in that species the eggs appear to
fill the whole of the egg-mass and the holdfast
is a long slender thread (Rudman 1972a).
Melanochlamys handrecki has also been found
in Macquarie Harbour on the west coast of
Tasmania. Nine small preserv^ed specimens,
2-5 mm in length, are present amongst
Museum Victoria material sorted from three
bottom samples located within the Harbour,
taken during a survey carried out in August
- September 1995. The median groove is well
marked on the head shield in all specimens,
which though now uniformly decoloured still
show signs of brownish pigmentation of the
Hancocks organs. Unfortunately, the shell has
decalcified within each specimen.
Acknowledgements
The writer is grateful to Val Stajsic, Margaret Rowe,
Audrey Falconer and Leon Altoff for discovering the
living specimens of Melanochlamys handrecki and
bringing them tohis attention, to l.con Altofl and Pla-
ton Vafiadis for photography, and to Audrey Falconer
for typing the manuscript. Tliis paper and species is
dedicated to the memory of the late Clarrie Handreck
(1936-2009), who, had he been well enough, would
have greatly cnjo)Tid the two days in March 2009 that
the Marine Research Group, FNCV spent .surveying
the wonderful marine fauna of Shallow Inlet.
References
Burn R ( 1957) A new species of Opisthobranchia from Victo-
ria. Vie Victorian Naturalist 74, 1 15-117.
Burn R (1969) A memorial report on the Tom Crawford col-
lection of Victorian Opisthobranchia. Journal of the Mala-
cological Society of Australia 1(12), 64-106.
Burn R (1974) Notes on some benthonic opisthobranchs
from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Journal of the Malacological
Society of Australia 3( 1 ), 47-49.
Burn R (1989) OpisUiobranchs (Subclass Opisthobranchia).
In Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Part ll pp.
725-788. Eds SA Shepherd and IM Ihomas. (South Aus-
tralian Government PrinUng divisloni Adelaide)
Burn R (2006) A checklist and bibliography of the Opi.stho-
branchia (Mollusca; Gastropoda) of Victoria and the Bass
Strait area, .south-eastern Au.stralia. Victoria Sci-
ence Reports 10. 1-42
Coleman N (2001) lOOl Nudibranchs - Catalogue of
Indo- Pacific Sea Slugs (Neville Coleman’s Underwater Geo-
graphic Pty I.td: Springvv4K)d. Queen.sland)
Gosliner TM (1980) Syslcmatics and phylogeny of the Agla-
jidae (Opistobranchia: MoUusca). Zoological Journal of the
l.innean Society 6H, 32.5-360
Kantor YI and Sj’.soev AV (2006) M^irme and Brackish water
Gastropoda of Russia and adjacent countries: an illustrated
catalogue. (KMK Sclenlitic Press^Ltd: Moscow)
Rudman WB (1968) 'Ihree new species of the opisUiobranch
family Aglajidae from New Zealand. Transactions of the
Royal Society of New Zealand. Zoology 10(23), 2 J 1-2 1 6.
Rudman WR (1972a) On MelanochJamy.s Cheeseman 1881,
a genus of the Aglaiidae (Opi.sthobranchia, Ga.siropoda).
Pacific Science 26(1), 50-62.
Rudman WB (1972b) Structure and functioning of the gut
in the Bullomorpha (Opisthobranchia). Part 4, Aglajidae.
Journal of Natural History 6, 547-560.
Rudman WB (2010) Sea Slug Forum. (Australian Museum:
Sydney) <http://www.seaslugforum.net>
Received 9 September 2010; accepted 28 October 2010
One Hundred and One Years Ago
THE TASMANIAN NATURALIST— The October issue of this journal contains an excellent article, en-
titled " Guide to the Mollusca of Tasmania, adapted for Young Students," by Mr. W. L. May, which has the
additional advantage of being illustrated by drawings of thirty-three species of Tasmanian shells. As the
conchology of Victoria and Tasmania is very similar, the article should be useful to beginners here. Copies
of the journal can be obtained from the hon. sec. Tasmanian Field Naturalists’ Club, Hobart, at a cost of
sevenpence (including postage).
From The Victorian Naturalist WW, p. 83, November 9, 1909
Vol 127 (6) 2010
235
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Pycnogonids (Sea spiders): lists of the littoral and shallow water
species of Victoria and King Island
David A Staples
Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001. Email: dstapiesia'imuscum. vie. gov.au
This note is based on the pycnogonid collec-
tions made by members of the Marine Research
Group (MRG) of the Field Naturalists Club of
Victoria and its predecessors (the Underwater
Research Group and the Marine Studies Group
of Victoria). Records date back to the late 1940s
and includes specimens gathered by current
and former members, in many cases independ-
ently of Group activities.
Most records have been collected anonymous-
ly under the umbrella of the MRG. Records are
derived from field research along the entire
Victorian coastline including bays, inlets and
estuaries. As for almost all invertebrate groups
the Ninety Mile Beach is devoid of coastal
records. The collection represents species found
in the low-intertidal zone, sometimes in tidal
pools hut mostly in knee-deep water immedi-
ately adjacent to the exposed coast. Most speci-
mens found in the intertidal zone are small; their
size enabling them to shelter in damp areas be-
neath rocks, algal mats and in crevices mainly in
association with algae, polychaete worms,
anemones and encrusting bryozoans. Only
three species recorded, Ammothea austral-
iensis Flynn, 1919, Ammothella biunguiculata
(Dohrn, 1881) and Pycnogonum aurilineatum
Flynn, 1919 are consistently recorded from
the true intertidal zone but these are also well
known from local shallow waters. Many of
those species collected from near-shore are also
found in deeper water, h^^ically associated with
sponge surfaces, soft bryozoans and hydroids.
Collections by Group members are invariably
supported by excellent data that provide a solid
basis on which to focus further ecological re-
search into this neglected group.
These records also include species collected
on the King Island expedition in March 1980
(marked ‘K’ on the list) and the Southern Port
Phillip Survey (1986-1993) replicating the
work ot J Bracebridge Wilson a century earlier.
Species recorded from King Island are also rep-
resented along the Victorian coastline. Because
the Southern Port Phillip Survey collection was
sampled from deeper water using both natural-
ist dredge and SCUBA, this material is listed
separately.
Each species record may consist of multiple
specimens. Of the 47 species recorded, 17 are
either new or undescribed.
Acknowledgements
Without detracting from the magnificent contribu-
tion by individual members to our knowledge of the
Victorian pycnogonid fauna, I am sure no one will
take exception to my acknowledging the outstanding
contribution by Clarrie Handreck. Clarries enthu-
siasm and dedication to the task of expanding our
knowledge of the Victorian coastal fauna was noth-
ing short of extraordinary.
Reference
.Staples DA (1997) Sea Spiders or Pycnogonida (Phy-
lum Arthropoda). In Marine Invertebrates of Southern
Australia. Part ULpp. J040- 1 072, Eds SA Shepherd and M
Davies (South Australian Research and Development Insti-
tute (Aquatic Sciences): Adelaide)
Received 23 September 2010; accepted 4 November 2010
236
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Appendix 1. Littoral and shallow- water pycnogonids of Victoria and King Island (K)
AMMOTHEIDAE (13 species, 5 new).
Achelia assimilis (Haswell, 1885). 15 records.
Achelia shepherdi Stock, 1973. 23 records.
Achelia sp. nov. ‘C! (K) 22 records.
Achelia sp. nov. T*. 1 record.
Achelia transfugoides Stock, 1973. 1 record.
Ammothea ovatoides Stock, 1973. 5 records.
Ammothea australiensis Flynn, 1919. (K) 74 records.
Ammothella biunguiculata (Dohrn, 1881). 8 records.
Ammothella cf. stauromata Child, 1982. 1 record.
Ammothella sp nov. % 1 record.
Ammothella sp. nov. ‘B’. 4 records.
Nymphopsis bathursti Williams, 1940. 26 records.
Nymphopsis sp. nov. ‘B*. 4 records.
ASCORHYNCHIDAE (2 species)
Ascorhynchus compactus Clark, 1963. (K) 5 records.
Ascorhynchus longkolUs (Haswell, 1885). 2 records.
NYMPHONIDAE (3 species, 2 new)
Nymphon aequidigitatum Haswell, 1885. 13 records.
Nymphon sp. nov ‘A 1 record.
Nymphon sp. nov. ‘C’. 5 records.
CALLIPALLENIDAE (16 species, 5 new)
Anoropallene sp. nov 3 records.
Callipallene emaciata (Dohrn, 1881). 2 records.
Callipallene emaciata unnamed sub. sp. Stock, 1954. 5 records.
Cheilopallene sp. nov. 2 records.
Pallenoides sp. nov. 1 record.
Parapallene australiensis {Hock, 1881). 1 record.
Parapallene sp. nov. 2 records.
Propallene vagus Staples, 1979. 15 records.
Pseudopallene sp. nov A 5 records.
Pseudopallene pachycheira (Haswell, 1885). 1 record.
Pseudopallene spp. Unidentified juveniles. 2 records.
Pseudopallene watsonae Staples, 2004. 1 record.
Pycnothea jlynni Williams, 1940. 5 records.
Stylopallene cheilorhynchus Clark, 1963. 3 records.
Stylopallene dorsospinum Clark, 1963. 1 record.
Stylopallene longicauda Stock, 1973. 1 record.
PYCNOGONIDAE (1 species)
Pycnogonum aurilineatum Flynn, 1919. 11 records.
PALLENOPSIDAE (1 species)
Pallenopsis macneilli Clark, 1963. (K) 20 records.
Voll27 (6) 2010
237
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 1. Ammothea australiensis Flynn, 1919. West Head, Flinders. Found on underside of rock on reef
flat at low water. Photo by John Chuk. Leg span to about 20 mm. Most often a pale-straw colour but
variable, lypically recorded from under boulders and protected crevices. There is a particularly strong
association with the polychaete worm Galeolaria on which it has been observed feeding but also re-
corded from algal sortings and sievings. Australian distribution: Garden Island W.A. to Port Jackson
N.S.W. and Tasmania.
Appendix 1. (Coni.) Littoral and shallow-water pycnogonids of Victoria and King Island (K)
PHOXICHILIIDAE (4 species, 2 new)
Anoplodactylus evansi Clark, 1963. 25 records.
Anoplodactylus cf. pycnosoma (Heifer, 1938). 16 records.
Anoplodactylus sp. nov. 'B’ 1 record.
Anoplodactylus sp. nov. ‘C' 2 records.
Anoplodactylus juvenile. Undetermined species (1 record)
Appendix 2. Southern Port Phillip Survey
AMMOTHEIDAE (6 species)
Achelia assimilis. (Haswell, 1885), 3 records.
Achelia shepherdi Stock, 1973. 1 record.
Ammothea ovatoides Stock, 1973. 8 records.
Tanystylum cf. orbicidare Wilson, 1878. 1 record.
Nymphopsis bathursti Williams, 1940. 1 record.
Nymphopsis sp. nov. 2 records.
238
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Fig. 2. Nymphon aequidigitatum Haswell, 1884. Kitty Millar Bay, Phillip Island. Collected from underside
of intertidal rock at low water. Photo by John Chuk. Leg span to about 40 mm. This species can be locally
common, often found in isolated populations. Colour varies from almost clear to yellowish orange. Eggs
are of a similar colour. Found intertidally beneath rocks but more commonly subtidally on hydroids and
algae. Australian distribution: Gulf St Vincent S.A. to Cape Byron N.S.W. and Tasmania.
Appendix 2. (Cont.) Southern Port Phillip Survey
ASCORHYNCHIDAE (1 species)
Ascorhynchus longicoUis {HsiS'weW, 1885). 4 records.
CALLIPALLENIDAE (9 species. 3 new)
Callipallene emaciata (Dohrn, 1881). 4 records.
Callipallene sp. nov. 'A 1 record.
Callipallene sp. nov. 2 records.
Cheilopallene sp. nov. Al record.
Parapallene obtusirostris Clark, 1963. 3 records.
Parapallene avida Stock, 1973. 2 records.
Pseudopalterie (unidentified protonymphon) 4 records.
Stylopallene chdhrhynchus Clark, 1963. 2 records.
NYMPHONIDAE (1 species)
Nymphon singulare Stock, 1954. 1 record.
Voll27 (6) 2010
PYCNOGONIDAE (1 species)
Pycnogonum carinatum Staples, 2002. 4 records.
239
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
The intertidal Turrids of Victoria
Alan Monger
10 Hiscock Court, Benalla, Victoria 3672. Email: alanjen@netvspace.net.au
Abstract
Descriptions are given of the various species of the gastropod molluscan family Turridae likely to be
encountered in the intertidal region of Victorian shores. {The Victorian Naturalist 127 (6), 2010, 240-245)
Keywords: Mollusca, Turridae
Introduction
The Turridae forms one of the largest of all
molluscan families, there being as many as
four thousand species world-wide and about
four hundred recorded from Australian seas. A
great percentage of these shells are found only
in deep water and it is probable that there are a
large number still to be described. The waters
around the south-eastern Australian coastline
are no exception and there are numerous spe-
cies that have been collected in the last few
years that await formal description and nam-
ing. Because of this, and also the fact that so
many turrids are small, most being less than 15
mm in length, they are not at all well-known
or represented in collections. For the same rea-
sons, accuracy of identification is difficult to
achieve for many collectors.
In general, Turrids (along with the Conidae
and the Terebridae) are predatory molluscs,
with a rapid-strike, chcmically-aided system
that paralyses their prey. Cones, with their ven-
omous harpoons, are best known for this. How-
ever, a similar system is used by all the families
in the Superfamily Conoidea (to which the tur-
rids belong). An anterior elongation of the buc-
cal tube and radula is modified to form large
marginal teeth that are specialised for hypoder-
mic injection.The shells are generally spindle-
shaped with a large body whorl. The main shell
character is the posterior ‘turrid-noteffi or sinus
on the aperture — sometimes a deep slit on the
outer lip, sometimes an obscure concavity. Size
range is from 1 mm to about 160 mm in length.
In Victoria, the biggest are about 35 mm long,
the smallest 1 or 2 mm.
In 1993, a paper by Taylor, Kantor and Sysoev
described work on the foregut anatomy of the
Superfamily Conoidea, and assigned the group
to five different families. Further study by
others has not been successful in replicating
this work and so there is still not a general con-
sensus regarding the family status of the tur-
rids. For simplicity, this paper therefore retains
the ‘traditionaf family and genera for the spe-
cies described below.
Of the hundred or so taxa recorded from Vic-
toria, relatively few live intertidally. A number
of different species live below low tide level and
dead specimens can sometimes be found in the
sand at the waters edge. For those who have an
interest in the turrids, the following are brief
descriptions of species most likely to be found
alive when collectors are fossicking on our rock
platforms. Without exception these shells live
at or near low tide level and below, and so are
best searched for around the edge of the rock
platforms, where they live under stones among
the algae that grow there.
Etrema bicolor (Angas, 1871)
(Fig. 1)
Shell solid and very narrow. Whorls rounded,
sculptured with radial ribs crossed by con-
centric narrow ridges, slightly nodulose at the
points of intersection. Outer lip with a strong
varix behind and denticulate within; the pos-
terior sinus is not particularly prominent. Col-
our creamy, with the base of the body whorl
chocolate brown. The apex and interior of the
aperture are brown. Length 6-7 mm. Range:
Port Jackson, NSW, Tasmania and westward to
near Perth, Western Australia. In Victoria, the
FNCV Marine Research Group has recorded it
from Inverloch, San Remo and Torquay.
240
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 1. Etrema bicolor Inverloch. Photo by Joan Hales.
Etrema denseplicata (Dunker, 1871)
(Fig. 2)
Shell solid and comparatively broader than E.
bicolor. Sculpture of strong axial ribs, about
18 on the body whorl, and quite strong spiral
threads that override the ribs. Lip of the aper-
ture thick, denticulate within; posterior sinus
prominent. Colour fawn but living specimens
purplish, occasionally white-banded; apex pur-
ple. Length about 13 mm, width 4-4.5 ram.
Range: Tasmania, Bass Strait, central Victoria
and into South Australia. Not uncommon in
Western Port, particularly Flinders and Shore-
ham.
Austrodrillia beraudiana (Crosse, 1863)
(Fig- 3)
Shell solid, with 6 mature whorls; sutures deep-
ly impressed and sinuous. Sculpture of eight or
nine thick rounded ribs which start a quarter of
the way down the whorl; the ribs do not line up
on adjacent whorls, and taper off towards the
bottom of the body whorl. They are crossed by
faint white spiral striations. The sinus is small
and callused. Colour greyish brown with white
knobs on the ribs. Interior of aperture purplish
brown. Length 12-15 mm. Range: northern
NSW to western Victoria and northern Tas-
mania. Probably the least uncommon of the
family in Victoria, particularly in Western Port,
but also recorded from Walkerville, Inverloch,
Point Lonsdale, Aireys Inlet and Port Fairy.
Voll27 (6) 2010
Fig. 2. Etrema denseplicata off Cowes. Photo by
Platon Vafiadis.
241
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 3. Austrodrillia beraudiana Cat Bay, Phillip Island. Phoioby Platun Valiadis.
Guraleus alucinans (Sowerby, 1896)
(Fig. 4)
Shell attenuate, with seven to eight angulate
whorls. Sculptured with thick and rounded ax-
ial ribs and numerous close, fine spiral grooves.
Body whorl less than equal in length to the
spire and somewhat attenuated at the base; ap-
erture fairly wide, with a small posterior sinus.
Colour creamy white with interrupted thin spi-
ral brown lines on the spire, a thicker line on
and above the angle of the spire whorls and at
the centre of the body whorl. Length 6-10 mm.
Range: Victoria, South Australia and prob-
ably Tasmania. In Victoria, it is found mainly
in Western Port (various localities), Torquay,
Clifton Springs and aLso Portland. There is con-
siderable confusion with this species, consid-
ered by many workers to be a synonym of the
next species, G. pictus, and also G. vincentinus
(Crosse and Fischer 1865), a species that is also
found in NSW.
Fig. 4. Guraleus alucinans Portland. Photo by Platon Vafiadis.
242
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Guraleus pictus (Adams and Angas, 1864)
(Fig. 5)
Shell attenuate with sculpture of oblique axial
ribs, eight per whorl, gradually fading out on
the base of the last whorl; slightly angled at the
upper third of the whorls. The axial ribs have
wide interspaces covered with faint spiral stria-
tions. The aperture is equal to the spire length
- comparatively longer than in typical G. alu-
cinans (above); posterior sinus small. Colour
creamy with a broad chocolate brown band
beneath the shoulder. There is also a band of
paler brown between the ribs immediately be-
low the sutures. Length to about 17 mm. Range:
southern Queensland to Victoria, Tasmania
and central South Australia. Our records are
from Inverloch, Shoreham, Point Nepean and
Portland.
Fig. 5. Guraleus pictus Portland. Photo by Platon Vafiadis.
Paramontana rufozonata (Angas, 1877)
(Fig. 6)
Shell solid, with six convex whorls. Sculptured
with axial ribs, crossed by transverse ridges that
become sharply and prominently nodulose on
the ribs. Outer lip with a varix and denticulated.
Posterior sinus moderate. Colour white with a
zone of double interrupted chestnut lines near
the base of the last whorl and similar chestnut
markings here and there on the upper portions
of the whorls. Length 5 rnm, width 1.5 mm.
Range: central NSW to Victoria, Tasmania and
west as far as the south of Western Australia. In
Victoria, it is found at Port Albert, San Remo,
McHaffie Point on Phillip Island, Portarlington,
Port Fairy and Portland.
Voll27 (6) 2010
243
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Macteola anomala (Angas, 1877)
(Fig. 7)
Shell solid with five whorls, sharply angled at
the upper part. Sculptured with rather distant
axial ribs that are quite stout, rounded and
nodulose at the angle in the whorls. There are
also fine spiral ridges, which are seen to be deli-
cately grained when viewed under a lens. The
outer lip is gently curved and the columella has
a callus; posterior sinus not at all prominent.
Colour white with a brownish-orange band
spotted with black encircling the last whorl
and appearing just above the sutures on upper
whorls. Length to 1 1 mm. Range: central NSW
to Tasmania, Victoria and as far as South West
Australia. This beautiful little shell is some-
times to be found living along the north shores
of Bellariiie Peninsula, Victoria.
Daphnella botanica Hedley, 1918
(Fig. 8)
Shell solid and contracted at the base. Ihe apex,
of up to three whorls, is beautifully reticulated
with a diagonal lattice of fine threads. ’Ihe six
adult whorls are sculptured with numerous spi-
rals, about 40 on the body whorl and 12 on the
penultimate, with smaller threads between the
larger ones. There are also small, sharp axials,
about 80 per whorl and these override the spi-
rals to form minute beads at the intersections.
The aperture is half the length of the shell and
has a narrow and deep notch. The columella has
a thin callus. Colour buff with darker brown
splashes. Length up to 20 mm. Range from cen-
tral Queensland to Tasmania, Victoria, South
Australia and as far as Western Australia. Oc-
casionally recorded at Inverloch and San Remo,
in Victoria.
Fig. 7. Macteola anomala Portarlington. Photo by Leon Altoff.
Fig. 8. Daphnella
botanica Inverloch.
Photo by Joan Hales.
244
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Turrella morologus (Hedley, 1922)
(Fig. 9)
Shell thin and slender, the upper whorls with a
sloping shoulder meeting a perpendicular pe-
riphery at a sharp angle. The major sculpture
is of prominent longitudinal ridges, about 9 to
12 on the last whorl. Narrow spiral cords cross
these ridges, latticing the spaces between them,
with about 20 spirals on the last whorl. From 3
to 10 minute threads are packed between the
cords; these spirals cover the whole shell and,
under a lens, can be seen to be made up of
strings of minute grains. The aperture is nar-
row, the sinus broad and shallow. Colour pale
brown, length about 8 mm, width about 3 mm.
The range is from southern NSW to central
Victoria, generally in fairly deep water. Re-
corded from mud flats at about low tide level at
Toora, Victoria.
Acknowledgements
This study began some years ago when Clarric
Handreck invited Ihe author to ‘sort out’ the lurrid
collection in Museum Victoria. As soon as the work
started, it became apparent that the family needed
substantial study in order to obtain and be certain of
the accuracy of names for the many species involved.
This study has continued, with great encouragement
from Clarrie and other members of the Marine Re-
search Group of the FNCV. My thanks go to the fol-
lowing MRG members who supplied me with photos
of all the species described above: Joan Hales, Frank
Steuart, Leon Altolf, Audrey Falconer and Platon Va-
fiadis.
Reference
Taylor JD, Kanlor Y! and Sysoev AV (1993) Foregut Anato-
my, Feeding Mechanisms, Relationships and Classification
of the Conoidea (=lbxoglossa) (Gastropoda). Bulletin of
the British Museum (Natural History) London Zoology
Series 59 (2), 125-170.
Received 9 September 201 0; accepted 1 1 November 201 0
Fig. 9. Turrella morologus Toora. Photo by Leon Altoff.
Voll27 (6) 2010
245
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Rediscovery of the seaweed limpet Naccula parva
in Victorian waters
Audrey Falconer and Robert Burn
Marine Research Group of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria
Abstract
After an lapse of 90 years, the small limpet Naccula parva is again reported as living on the seagrass Atnphibolis
antarctica at Portland, western Victoria. {7he Victorian Naturalist 127 (6), 2010, 246-247)
Keywords: small limpet, seagrass, live specimens, western Victoria
Ninety years ago in 1920, Melbourne pharma-
cist and amateur conchologist Charles Gabriel
(1897-1963) and family holidayed at Portland,
western Victoria, where he studied the marine
molluscan fauna. Shortly afterwards, he and
GatlifF wrote a paper (Gatliff and Gabriel 1922)
listing 10 additions to the marine molluscan
fauna of Victoria, all from Portland. Among
them was the small limpet Nacella [now Naccu-
la] parva Angas 1878 *fbund living on the sea-
weed Cymodocea [now Amphibolis] antarctica'
(Wire Weed or Sea Nymph). Apart from Cot-
ton (1959) who included Port Fairy, Victoria,
as the easternmost point of distribution of Nac-
cula parva, and Valentine (1965) who found a
posterior fragment from quaternary fossil beds
at Port Fairy, which is thought to have been
from a species of Naccula, the authors are una-
ware of any further records of the species from
Victorian waters.
During the Marine Research Groups ex-
tended field trip to the Portland area in Feb-
ruary 2007, the fauna in the lower intertidal
Amphibolis antarctica beds at Anderson Point
were carefully sampled for their fauna by run-
ning small (120 - 150 mm diameter) kitchen
sieves through the lower wiry stems and upper
leafy fronds. Much to the delight of the authors
each found one live specimen of Naccula parva.
Both shells were about 5 mm long, with the
bluntly pointed apex projecting just beyond the
anterior edge of the shell. The live animals were
a bright light green colour, which undoubtedly
made them impossible to see when positioned
upon the darker green leaves of Amphibolis. The
shell has a medial row of pale bluish spots, and
although transparent, it appears green from the
colour of the animal within. Both specimens
are now deposited in the marine invertebrate
collection. Museum Victoria, registration
number F126956.
Hickman (2005) studied living Naccula par-
va at Esperance, southern Western Australia.
There she found live specimens on three spe-
cies of the seagrass Posidonia as well as on A.
antarctica, and commented (Hickman 2005:
226-227):
Live individuals were most common on Posidonia
australis, occurring on the clean lower portions
of the blades and between the leaf sheath and the
blade. Animals were able to crawl either forward
to backward. Animals excavate the blade surface
with the radula and feed on chloroplasts in the
epidermis.
Esperance specimens had a cream-coloured
mantle within the shell, in marked contrast to
the bright green of the Portland animals. Hick-
man (2005: 221) also noted that:
identification oi the Patellogastropod limpets
on Australian seagrasses is hampered by lack of
photographic illustrations in the literature and
conflicting accounts of the diagnostic features as-
sociated with the available species names.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of live Naccula parva,
Anderson Point, Portland, 23 February 2007
246
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 2. Ventral view of live Naccula parva,
Anderson Point, Portland, 23 February
2007
Fig. 3. Left lateral view of live Naccula
parva, Anderson Point, Portland, 23 Feb-
ruary 2007
The authors are therefore pleased to provide
dorsal (Fig. 1), ventral (Fig. 2) and lateral (Fig.
3) images of the live Portland animals, and to
again report Naccula parva from Victorian
waters.
Acknowledgements
We thank Leon Altoff for photographing the speci-
mens. This note is dedicated to the late Clarrie
Handreck, who shared our delight that day upon dis-
covery of the specimens.
References
Cotton BC (1959) South Australian MoUusca. Archaeogastro-
poda. (Government Printer: Adelaide)
Gatlilf JH and Gabriel CJ (1922) Additions and alterations in
the Catalogue of Victorian marine MoUusca. Proceedings of
the Royal Society of Victoria 34(2), 128- 161.
Hickman CS (2005) Seagrass fauna of the temperate southern
coast of Australia II: the limpetsS Naccula parva and Aster-
acmea stowue. In Ihe Marine Flora and Fauna tyf Esperance,
Western Australia, pp 221-23.1. Kds FR Wells, DI Walker
and GA Kendrick (Western Australian Museum: Perth)
Valentine JW (1965) Quaternary MoUusca from Port Fairy,
Victoria, Au.slralia, and their palacoccologic implications.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 78 (1), 15 - 73.
Received 10 June 2010; accepted 21 October 2010
Vol 127 (6) 2010
247
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
A list of the intertidal opisthobranchs of Harmers Haven,
South Gippsland
T Joan Hales
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Marine Research Group.
110 McDonald Rd, Glen Alvie, Victoria 3979. Email: phasianella@dcsi.net.au
Abstract
Over a period of 12 years, records have been kept of the molluscs, including opisthobranchs, seen during
surveys at Harmers Haven, Victoria. An annotated list of the sixty-four opislhobranch species recorded to date
is presented, with selected images. {The Victorian Naturalist 127 (6), 2010, 248-254)
Keywords: opisthobranchia, Harmers Haven, sea slugs, littoral, Bunurong Marine Reserve
Harmers Haven is a small coastal locality about
6 km south of Wonthaggi, South Gippsland,
Victoria, adjacent to the western end of the
Bunurong Coastal Reserve. A rocky reef lies
along the shore providing some protection
from the swells and occasional storms from
Bass Strait.
Opisthobranchs belong to the Phylum Mollus-
ca, Class Gastropoda. Surveys of the intertidal
reef began in 1997 with one survey each year
until 2001. More regular surveys have been un-
dertaken recently, particularly since 2005, cov-
ering from the high to the low intertidal zones
but predominantly the mid-intertidal zone due
to accessibility. The areas surveyed are approxi-
mately 8 km south-east of the outlet pipe of the
desalination plant currently being constructed.
For various reasons, such as tide height, tide
time, and weather, some surveys have been of
much shorter duration than others.
The habitat surveyed is another variable. A
number of species are very habitat specific. It
various species of the green alga Caukrpa are
not examined then Edenttellina typica or Mi-
dorigai australis will not be found. Ascobulla
fischeri has been found only in the sand at the
base of Caulerpa brownii. The sea grass Amphi-
bolis antarctica hosts another opisthobranch
community. Many of the nudibranch species
are found hiding under rocks or crawling on
algae.
It should also be noted that initially very few,
if any, opisthobranchs could be identified with
confidence, but as knowledge has increased so
has the ability to find and identify many of the
more common species. New records are con-
stantly being added. The current number of
species recorded is 64. Many species have been
248
found only once, the majority between two and
six times with a few species, as noted below,
often encountered.
The unnamed species have been given the
numbers allocated by Burn (2006). An aster-
isk indicates additional species recorded by the
FNCV Marine Research Group.
Acknowledgements
I am greatly indebted to Robert Burn for confirming
names for the species that have been found. VVitliout
his continuing assistance most species would have
remained nameless. His advice on habitats and dif-
ferentiating characteristics has been invaluable. The
members of the FNCV Marine Research Group have
been most helpful. Leon Altofl'and Audrey Falconer
forwarded Harmers Haven data gathered by MRG
members. Images and input from Platon Vafiadis
have also assisted in identification.
Bibliography
Burn R l2O06). A checklist and bibliography of the Gpistho-
branchia (Mollusca; Ga.stropoda) of Victoria and the Bass
Strait area, south-eastern Australia. Museum Victoria Sci-
ence Reports 10, 1 -42.
Coleman N (2001) WOl Nudihrimchs. Catalogue of Indo-Pa-
cific .Seti Slugs. (Neville Coleman’s World of Water: Spring-
wood, Queensland)
Dcparimont of Sustainability and Environment (2006)
I'lora and fauna Guarantee Act ]9SS. Vxreatcned Spe-
cies List. http://\vww.<lpi.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B62
8/0/41 FECE20C4AA23O4CA257lCO00lAE.072/$File/
FFG-f-threatened-t-iisH-july+2006.pdf Accessed 9 March
2010 .
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Marine Research Group
(2006) CofURii Itivertchrates of Victoria. An Atlas oj Selected
Species. Rev ed. (Held Naturalists Club of Victoria: Mei-
biiurne)
Wells FF-, Bryce CW (1993) Sea Slugs and their Relatives of
Western Australia. (Western Australian Museum: Perth)
Rudman, W. 2010. Ihe Seaslug Forum http://wvvw.seaslugfo-
rum.net/specieslist.cfm
Received 10 June 2010: accepted 7 October 20/0
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Appendix 1. List of untertidal opisthobranchs
ORDER CEPHALASPIDEA
Family Cylichnidae
Tornatina sp. 1
An unnamed species with opaque white blotches in the white shell Common.
Tornatina sp.
An unnamed species with a translucent, broadly domed protoconch. Rare.
Family Philinidae
Philine sp. 1
An unnamed small orange species.
Philine sp. 2
An unnamed even smaller white species with minute white spots (Fig. 1).
Family Aglajidae
Melanochlamys queritor (Burn, 1957)
Noalda exigua (Hedley, 1912)
Family Haminoeidae
Haminoea maugeansis Burn, 1966
A small bubble shell commonly found in intertidal rock pool algae.
Family Diaphanidae
Colpodaspis sp. 2
An unnamed tiny dark brown species.
Diaphana tasmanica (Beddome, 1883)
This rare species has been located a number of times recently. It has been recorded
between November and April in rock pool algae (Fig. 2).
Family Runcinidae
Runcina australis Burn, 1963
Rundna sp. 1
An unnamed minute dark species with posterior external shell.
Family Ilbiidae
llbia ilbi Burn, 1963
An inhabitant of rock pool algae where it is quite common in summer and autumn.
Fig. 1. Philine sp. 2 - 4 mm in
length.
Voll27 (6) 2010
249
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 2. Diaphanci tasmanica - shell 1.5 mm in length.
ORDER SACOGLOSSA
Family Volvatellidae
Ascobulla fischeri (A. Adams & Angas, 1864)
Family Oxynoidae
Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861)
Rohurtiella wihoni (Tate, 1889)
Family )uliidae
Edenttellina typka Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911
From about November to May this bivalved gastropod species is common on Caulerpa
brownii.
Midorigai australis Burn, 1960
Common in late summer and autumn but less frequent than the previous species.
Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965
This species is the least common of the bivalved gastropods intertidally.
Family Plakobranchidae
Elysia coodgeensis Angas, 1864
A small species that can be found all year.
Elysia furvacauda Burn, 1958
A red-brown species with minute white, yellow and blue dots. Appears to be
reasonably common from January to April.
Elysia maorio Powell, 1937
Elysia sp. 1
An unnamed brown species with a pair of tongue-like lobes projecting from
each parapodial margin. Common and appears to be present all year.
Elysia sp. 3
An unnamed greenish species.
250
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Family Caliphyllidae
Polybranchia pallens (Burn, 1957)
Not common but easily overlooked due to the camouflage of its leafy cerata.
Family Limapontiidae
Ercolania sp, 4
An unnamed black species with red ceratal tips and white stripe to each rhinophore.
Hermaea sp. 2
An unnamed reddish-brown species.
Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
This species can often be found if the host alga Codium fragile is located.
Placida sp.
An unnamed species that is smaller and lighter in colour than the preceding species.
Stiliger smaragdinus Baba, 1949
An uncommon green species with rounded cerata associated with and
closely resembling Caulerpa vesiculifera (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Stiliger smaragdinus - 35 mm.
ORDER ANASPIDEA
Family Aplysiidae
Aplysia parvula Guilding in Morch, 1863
A sea hare with dark edges to the parapodia. Found occasionally.
Aplysia Sydney ensis Sowerby, 1869
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In memory of Clarrie Handreck
ORDER PLEUROBRANCHIDA
Family Pleurobranchidae
Berthella medietas Burn, 1 962
A common, pale coloured side-gilled slug under rocks at mid-tide level and below.
Berthella serenitas Burn, 1962
Much less common than B. medietas.
ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA
Family Polyceridac
Polycera janjiikia Burn, 1962
Family Acgiridae
Aegires exeches Fahey & Gosliner, 2004
Family Dendrodorididae
Doriopsitla carneola (Angas, 1864)
This is a common intertidal species found under rocks. Colour varies from white
through shades of yellow to deep orange.
Family Actinocyclidae
Hallaxa michaeli Gosliner & Johnson, 1994
Family Chromodorididae
Ceratosoina brevkaudatum Abraham, 1876
An attractive brightly coloured species up to 100 mm in length.
Chromodoris epicuria (Basedow & Fledley, 1905)
Noumea haliclona (Burn, 1957)
Family Dorididac
Doris camerotii (AWdoi, 1947)
A common dull yellow species with dark spots in the top of the nodules on the mantle.
Family Discodorididae
Hoplodoris nodulosa (Angas, 1864)
Jonmna hartleyi (Burn, 1958) (Fig. 4).
forunna cf. pantherina (Angas, 1864)
Jorunna sp. I
An unnamed white species with black spots.
Paradoris dubia fBergh, 1904)
Platydoris galbcma Burn, 1958
Tliis species is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, 1988. It has been found
only once, on the underside of a low intertidal rock.
Trippa albata Burn, 1962
Sclerodoris tarka Burn, 1969
Family Tethydidac
Melibe australis (Angas, 1864)
Melibe maugeana Burn, 1960
Family Zephyrinidae
Caldukia affinis (Burn, 1958)
Family Madrellidae
Madrella sanguinea (Angas, 1864)
Only small patches of the bryozoan, Mucropetraliella elleri, on which this
bright orange-red species feeds, seem to occur in the area, but the nudibranch has been
recorded four times.
252
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 4. Jorunna hartleyi - 25 mm.
Family Flabellinidae
FlabelHna poenicta (Burn, 1957)
Flabellina sp. 2
An unnamed purple species with orange cerata.
Family Aeolidiidae
Anteaeolidiella foulisi (Angas, 1864)
Spurilla madeayi (Angas, 1864)
ihe most commonly encountered species in the intertidal zone. It hides under rocks
but juveniles are sometimes found on seaweed. It is present all year.
Family Facelinidae
Austraeolis ornata (Angas, 1 864)
Another species that is frequently found under rocks.
Cratena lineata (Eliot, 1905) (Fig. 5).
Facelina newcombi (Angas, 1864)
Facelina sp. 2
An unnamed pinlcish species with yellow rings on cerata.
Palisa sp.
An unnamed pale species with white markings.
Phyllodesmium macphersonae (Burn, 1962)
Phyllodesmium serratum (Baba, 1949)
Family Tergipedidae
Trinchesia sp. 3
An unnamed small fawn species on Amphibolis antarctica, sometimes present in large
numbers in late summer.
Vol 127 (6) 2010
253
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig 5. Cratena lineata - 1 mm.
One Hundred and One Years Ago
ADDITIONS TO THE FISH FAUNA OF VICTORIA. No. 2.
BY ). A. KERSHAW, F.E.S., National Museum.
{Read before the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, 13th Sept., 1909.)
LOPHOTES CRISTATUS, Johnson.
In the early part of last month, Mr. W. H. Baldwin, while riding along the shore about 20 miles east of
Apollo Bay, noticed what appeared to be a strange fish floundering about in the shallow water. On dis-
mounting, he found it to be a fish about 4 feet long, with an unusually square-shaped head, surmounted by
a long, erect spine, and large and slightly prominent eyes, giving to it a rather fierce appearance.
Being, atraid to handle it, tor lear, as he explained, of being poisoned, he endeavoured to land it by means of
a stockwhip he was carrying. Finding the animal altogether too lively, however, he secured a net, by means
of which he succeeded in capturing it without serious injury.
The specimen W'as forwarded to the National Museum, where it arrived in a perfectly fresh and firm condi-
tion, although a week had elapsed since its capture.
It proved to be a fine example of a species of the extremely rare Crested Band-fish, Lophotes, five species
of which have, so far, been described. Of these L cepedianus, Giorna, and L. siculus, Swains., are recorded
from the Mediterranean; L. cristatus, Johnson, from Madeira; L. capellei, Temm. and Schl., from Japan;
and L. Jiskei, Gunth., from Cape Colony, South Africa, and New Zealand. Of the species already described,
the specimen here dealt with agrees most closely with L cristatus, Johnson,* and 1 have little hesitation in
referring it to that species.
From The Victorkm Naturalist WW, p. 83, November 9, 1909
254
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
The living morphology of the marine snails Incisura remota
(Iredale, 1924) and Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877)
(Vetigastropoda: Scissurellidae)
Platon Vafiadis
Marine Research Group, Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Locked Bag 3, PO Blackburn, Victoria, 3130.
Abstract
The collection of living specimens of the minute scissurellid gastropods Incisura remota (Iredale, 1924) and
Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877) has enabled, for the first time, a report on the external mor-
phology of these species. General discussion of the family Scissurellidae is also provided. {The Victorian Naturalist
127 (6), 2010, 255-265}
Keywords: Head-foot, operculum, southern Australia.
Introduction
This paper reports on the living morphology of
the scissurellid species Incisura remota (Iredale
1924) and Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison
Woods 1877), both having been described
on shell features alone (Tenison Woods 1877;
Iredale 1924). The family Scissurellidae Gray
1847 is a world-wide family comprising minute
molluscs whose shell possesses a slit in the
body whorl. At maturity the slit remains open
to the outer lip in some groups, whilst in others
it is closed by the outer lip to form a foramen.
A spiral groove called the selenizone represents
earlier positions of the slit (exceptions are seen
in the genera Ariella Bandel, 1986 which has
a foramen but no selenizone, and Coronadoa
Bartsch, 1946 which lacks selenizone and
slit/foramen — see Geiger 2003; Geiger and
Sasaki 2009). The slit facilitates exhalent water
movement from the gills and release of waste
and reproductive products (Wilson 1993) and
is functionally analogous to the slit present in
the Pleurotomariidae, the line of open holes in
the Haliotidae, and the single hole, midline slit
or internal dorsal groove of the Fissurellidae.
Typical of such primitive groups, the scissurellid
mantle cavity is bilaterally symmetrical, with
paired gills and cardiac auricles, osphradia,
hypobranchial glands and kidneys, but a single
right gonad (Hickman 1998). Sexes are separate
and fertilisation is external (Hickman 1998).
As at 2003 there were about 150 described
Scissurellidae species, with many more
awaiting description (Geiger 2003). Six
species occur in Victorian waters: Incisura
remotUy Incisura auriforrnis Geiger & Jansen,
2004, Scissurella cyprina Cotton & Godfrey,
1938, Sinezona beddomei (Petlerd 1884),
Sukashitrochus atkinsoni and Sukashitrochus
pulcher (Petterd 1884) (see Geiger and Jansen
2004b; Macpherson and Gabriel 1962).
Methods
Specimens were studied in dishes of seawater
using a stereomicroscope at magnifications up
to x45, under fluorescent lighting. Photography
used a Canon 300D digital SLR camera with a
Canon MP-E65mm f/2.8 1-5X macro photo
lens and ring flash, mounted on a stand with
a remote shutter release. Shells were drawn at
the Marine Invertebrate Laboratory, Museum
Victoria, using a stereomicroscope fitted with
a drawing tube. Specimens were preserved in
70% ethanol.
Taxonomic placement of examined species
The classification below for the species discussed
herein is based on Bouchet and Rocroi (2005)
and Geiger (2003). Generic diagnoses are
provided by the latter, and synonomies by
Geiger and Jansen (2004b).
Voll27 (6) 2010
255
I
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
'1
Family Scissurellidae Gray, 1847
Subfamily Scissurellinae Gray, 1847
Genus Incisura Hedley, 1904
Type species: Scisstirella lytteltonensis Smith,
1894
Incisura remota (Iredale, 1924)
Genus Sukashitrochus Habe & Kosuge, 1964
Type species: Scissurella carinata A. Adams,
1862
Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods,
1877)
Abbreviations
a - examined alive; c - complete specimen (shell,
operculum, and whole animal), preserved in
70% ethanol; LS: Lynton Stephens collection;
MV - Museum Victoria; PV - Platon Vafiadis
collection; s - empty shell (beach collected);
SEM: scanning electron microscope.
Results
Incisura remota (Iredale, 1924) (Figs. 1-3)
Material examined:
Victoria: Loch Ard Gorge, Victoria, on
shallow subTittoral algae, 16/2/2005 (2c, a,
MV FI 13334). Popes Eye, Port Phillip Bay,
Victoria, sub-tidal, 6-1 2m, on mixed ben-
thic samples: 19/4/2008 (2c, MV FI 62 108),
19/10/2008 (4c, a, MV F162109), 7/1 1/2009
(24c, MV F162110). Western Port Bay: Point
Leo: 12s, 2005-2006 (LS); Honeysuckle Point,
Shoreham: 10s, 2005-2006 (LS); Flinders: 2s,
2004-2005 (LS); Cat Bay, Phillip Island, Victo-
ria, in shell sand: 4s, 18/10/2000 (PV); Silver-
leaves Beach, Phillip Island: 4s, 2006 (LS).
Shell
Length to 1.2mm (Wilson 1993, as 1. vincen-
tiana (Cotton 1945)). Shell thin, transparent to
semi-opaque. Number of whorls approximately
2.5. Protoconch detail not discernible under
light microscopy. Spire flattened, body whorl
large and auriform in some specimens, in oth-
ers more globose. Selenizone short, extending
Fig. 1. Shell (Cat Bay, Phillip Island, Victoria,
18/10/2000, PV). Key: s — selenizone, si — slit All
scale bars: 1.0mm. Drawings by Platon Vafiadis.
256
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 2. Incisura remota (Iredale, 1924) Living animal, Popes Eye, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (MV F162109).
Key: bmp— black mantle pigmentation, ct— cephalic tentacle, et— epipodial tentacle, pig— pinnules of left gill,
prg— pinnules of right gill, s— selenizone, st— smooth tentacle. Scale bar: 1.0mm. Photo/drawing by Platon
Vafiadis.
Vol 127 (6) 2010
257
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Fig. 3. Incisura remota (Ircdale, 1924) Living animal, Popes Eye, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (MV F162109),
depicting a different specimen from that of figure 2. Key: ct — cephalic tentacle, et— epipodial tentacle, Ig— left
gill, m — mouth, o — ova, op — operculum, rg— right gill, rst — right subocular tentacle, st — smooth tentacle.
Scale bar: 1.0mm. Photo/drawing by Platon Vafiadis.
258
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
to just over half a whorl in some specimens, not
elevated, shallow. Slit open. Shell smooth except
for microscopic growth lines and faint axial sub-
sutural ribs. Umbilicus narrow, bordered by a low
rib. Aperture large, ovate. Operculum thin, trans-
parent, concentrically ridged and covers less than
half of apertural area.
Animal
Animal opaque to semi-opaque white. Dense
black mantle patch dorsally, persisting after alco-
hol preservation, with lighter black region around
distal selenizone and yellow tissue beneath spire,
all visible through shell. Cephalic tentacles long
and densely micro-papillate. Eyes black, each at
outer base of cephalic tentacle, no eye stalks. Snout
and mouth yellowish. Snout rounded, displaying
some black spotting, with the pharyngeal appara-
tus visible centrally. Peri-oral region and mantle
edge around aperture speckled thinly in black.
Head posterior and inferior to each eye bears
short, blunt, smooth, club-like processes, one on
each side (sometimes spotted in black), which
Bourne (1910) calls sub-ocular tentacles, of which
the right side in one specimen is duplicate, bearing
two such processes closely applied to each other.
Sub-ocular tentacle on right side more anteriorly
placed compared to left. Dorsum of posterior
head speckled finely and confluently brown. Neck
lobes and cephalic lappets lacking. Two gills in
roof of mantle cavity, stoutly bi-pinnate, left pass-
ing dorsally over the head and larger than right.
No pallial tentacles observed protruding from slit.
Eggs creamy yellow-white, visible though shell.
Three pairs of tapering, micro-papillate epipodial
tentacles, with a shorter, dorsoventrally flattened,
blunt, smooth tentacle- like structure behind each
first epipodial tentacle, its relationship to the lat-
ter not examined to detail, but may represent an
enlarged ba.sal sensory papilla (see also comments
below under S. atkinsorii). Basal epipodial sen-
sory papillae otherwise not seen, but could not be
definitively excluded. Foot smoothly rounded at
both ends. Margin of the dorsal fool lined with
black, this under high magnification composed of
fine, densely aggregated black spots. Dorsal foot
and body marked with black on the right and left
sides, and black pigmentation also present around
opercular margin. Sole white and smooth. An-
terior fool margin not examined closely, but
photographs suggest it bears a transverse slit
representing an anterior pedal gland. Foot
can be longitudinally folded. When crawling.
anterior foot does not project beyond snout; in
some specimens, posterior foot projects beyond
the shell margin. Animal crawls with a slightly
jerky motion.
Distribution
Southern Australia, from central NSW south
and west to Shark Bay, Western Australia, in-
cluding Tasmania, at 0-50 m, on algae (Geiger
and Jansen 2004b).
Remarks
Gieger (2003) and Geiger and Jansen (2004b)
provide SEM images (of the same shell) of I.
remota, including protoconch detail. Indsura
auriformis Geiger & Jansen, 2004, the only
other Indsura recorded from Victoria, is distin-
guishable by the closed slit (Geiger and Jansen
2004b). The New Zealand species Indsura rosea
(Hedley, 1904) and Indsura lytteltonensis E. A.
Smith, 1894 are also similar, but the former has
peri-umbilical spiral lirae and a different pro-
toconch microsculpture (Geiger and lansen,
2004b) while the latter is more auriform with a
very short slit and selenizone (see Geiger (2003)
where, contrary to caption, 1 remota is in left
column, and 7. lytteltonensis in right column).
Bourne (1910) studied the New Zealand spe-
cies /. lytteltonensis^ noting sensory micro-pa-
pillae on each of the cephalic tentacles arranged
in two rows on either side, three pairs of micro-
papillate epipodial tentacles, micro-papillae
on the mantle edges and digiform processes
lining the mantle slit. Bourne (1910) reported
no smooth processes between the first and sec-
ond epipodial tentacles, as seen here in /. remo-
ta. The eyes of /. lytteltonensis bear a lens and a
cornea, and the right sub-ocular tentacle in the
single sectioned male was ‘enlarged and spatu-
late in fornV rather than digiform (Bourne,
1910). I. lytteltonensis has an anterior pedal
gland opening bn the anterior face of the foot
in the groove between it and the lower surface
of the snouf, and many small posterior pedal
glands, each opening via its own duct to the
posterior sole (Bourne, 1910: 30). Observations
herein on pedal gland openings in 7. remota are
insufficient, but photographs suggest that the
anterior pedal gland opens to a transverse slit
on the anterior foot margin, as in S. atkinsoni
(see below). Bourne (1910) considered move-
Voll27 (6) 2010
259
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
merit in 1. lytteltonensis of 12 mm in 15 minutes
to be rapid. I. remota can comfortably move 1
mm in 10 seconds, or 90 mm in 15 minutes, as-
suming a sustained effort along a straight line.
Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods,
1877) (Fig. 4-9)
Material examined:
New South Wales: Huskisson: 2s, 8/3/2006
(LS); Quarantine Bay, Two Fold Bay: Ic, a (MV
F 1 62 1 1 1), 1 s (P V), both shallow sub-tidal, from
amongst sand/silt and Heterozostera seagrass,
21/9/2009; Victoria: Western Port Bay: San
Remo: 2s, 9/11/2004 (LS); Point Leo: 7s, 2004-
2006 (LS); Tasmania: Black River estuary: 10s,
17/10/2003 (PV).
Shell
Length to 2.5 mm (Wilson 1 993). Depicted shell
has 3 whorls. Dead shell white, semi-opaque.
Living shell yellowish-white, semi opaque to
opaque. Protoconch smooth on light micros-
copy. Selenizone extends a little over one whorl,
edges prominently raised to form a concave
groove; slit enclosed distaily to form an elon-
gate foramen. Whorls shouldered, selenizone
comprising the shoulder. Area between suture
and selenizone with spiral lirae and fine oblique
axial sculpture. Whorl anterior to selenizone
concave and bearing spiral ribs crossed by fine
oblique-axial riblets, bordered abapically by a
stronger spiral rib. Below the latter, spiral ridges
encircle the prominent umbilicus, themselves
crossed by fine oblique axial riblets. Umbilical
floor a thin shelf with axial growth lines merg-
ing to the columella. Operculum circular, thin,
transparent, bearing close concentric sculpture,
about two thirds of apertural area.
Animal
Animal white, yellowish beneath apex. Snout
bilobed, moderately long. Cephalic tenta-
cles semi-translucent, long, tapering, retrac-
tile, somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened and
densely micro-papillate. A black eye present
at lateral base of each cephalic tentacle. No eye
stalk. Postero-inferior to each eye is a solidly
cylindrical, smooth, blunt lobe, similar in size
on each side. Flattened neck lobes are lack-
ing, as are cephalic lappets. Two gills in roof
of mantle, visible on apertural inspection, left
Fig. 4. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Teni-
son Woods, 1877) Shell (Black River estuary,
Tasmania, 17/10/2003, PV). Key: s — selenizone, f—
foramen. All scale bars: 1.0 mm. Drawings by Platon
Vafiadis.
260
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 5. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877) Living animal, Quarantine Bay, New South Wales (MV
F162111). Photo by Platon Vafiadis.
gill passing dorsally over head, and larger than
right. Gills thickly bi-pinnate and semi-opaque.
Media! pinnules longer than lateral pinnules.
Lateral pinnules of right gill very short and ru-
dimentary; medial pinnules of right gill extend
across distal portion of slit. No pallial tentacles
observed. Three pairs of epipodial tentacles,
these being thin, tapering, mobile, semi-trans-
lucent and densely micro-papillate. From the
postero-lateral aspect of each first epipodial ten-
tacle arises a dorso-ventrally flattened, translu-
cent, smooth, bluntly rounded tentacle, long but
shorter than first epipodial tentacle. This struc-
ture, absent on other epipodial tentacles, may be
a (greatly enlarged) basal sensory papilla. Basal
epipodial sensory papillae otherwise not seen,
but could not be definitively excluded. Tliird
pair of epipodial tentacles longer than anterior
pairs. Foot bluntly square anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly, with a deep transverse slit at anterior
margin, representing a pedal gland. Sole smooth
with no visible openings or slits. When crawling,
posterior foot protrudes slightly behind poste-
rior shell margin, and epipodial tentacles visible.
Crawls with a smooth gliding motion.
Distribution
Found mainly in temperate southern Australia,
but ranges from north-east Queensland south
and w^est to north-east Western Australia, in-
cluding Tasmania, at 0-165 m, under stones,
on algae (Geiger and Jansen 2004b) or among
Heterozostera seagrass (as herein).
Remarks
Geiger and Jansen (2004b:48-50) provide SEM
images of several specimens of S. atkinsoni in-
cluding protoconch detail.
Haszprunar (1988) reported on the animal
of a Sukashitrochus sp., noting large black
eyes on short eyestalks, a small ‘setose tenta-
cle’ (termed epipodial) fused to each eyestalk,
with three epipodial tentacles behind this, an
operculum on the left side of the toot, and a
laterally compressed metapodium w^hich, when
flapped with the animal inverted, could gener-
ate bursts of swimming. Hasegawa (2004) ob-
served similar swimming behaviour in Japan
in Scissurella staminea (A. Adams 1862), an
undescribed Scissurella and Sinezona plicata
(Hedley, 1899), noting the animals to have
Voll27 (6) 2010
261
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 6. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877) Living animal, Quarantine Bay, New South Wales (MV
F1621 11). Key: aps— anterior pedal slit, ct— cephalic tentacle, et— epipodial tentacle, f— foramen, Ig— left gill,
Ipt—left post-optic tentacle, op— operculum, rg— right gill, rpt— right post-optic tentacle, st— smooth tenta-
cle. Scale bar: l.Omm. (Photo/drawing by Platon Vafiadis.)
262
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory of Clarrie Handreck
Fig. 7. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods,
1877) Living animal. Quarantine Bay, New South
Wales (MV F16211I). Key: et— epipodial tentacle,
f— foramen, Ig — left gill, Ipt — left post-optic ten-
tacle, op— operculum, prg— pinnules of right gill,
rpt — right post-optic tentacle, so — sole, st — smooth
tentacle. Scale bar: 1.0mm. (Photo/drawing by Platon
Vafiadis.)
large eyes and a laterally compressed foot with
operculum on the left side. Hickman and Por-
ter (2007) reported swimming in Scissurella
spinosa Geiger & Jansen, 2004, noting it to
have a white head and foot, large black eyes on
short eyestalks, reddish-orange eggs in females,
a fine line of purple-black pigment granules
bordering the sole, and a laterally compressed
metapodium (see also Discussion below). Al-
though Geiger (2003) did not dispute Haszpru-
nars (1988) generic diagnosis of his Sukashitro-
chus, it is questionable for three reasons: first,
the similarity of his animal to the swimming
species of other genera as discussed; second,
Haszprunars (1988) lack of mention of spiral
basal keels on his shell; and third, the lack in S.
atkinsoni, as reported herein, of a modified foot,
left-sided opercular displacement and swim-
ming behaviour.
Discussion and concluding remarks
Little is known on the anatomy, biology and
ecology of scissurellid gastropods, with most
data based on shell and radula characteristics.
Information is, however, gradually becoming
available. Reports on swimming in scissurellids
(Haszprunar 1988; Hasegawa 2004; Hickman
and Porter 2007) note the animals attracted
in large numbers to light in order to spawn
(Hasegawa, 2004; Hickman and Porter, 2007).
Hickman and Porter (2007) observed mass
swarming (tens of thousands of snails) and mass
broadcast spawning of S. spinosa in and around
light traps in French Polynesia, the traps being
2 metres off the sea floor. The animals swam to
them using the modified metapodium. Male
to female numbers were equal. Shells were not
sexually dimorphic. Females bore red-orange
eggs released from the apertural margin only,
whilst males released pale white clouds of
sperm through both the foramen and apertural
margin (Hickman and Porter 2007). Fifty spec-
imens of Sinezona plicata (Hedley, 1899) were
also collected in the light traps (Hickman and
Porter 2007), confirming Hasegawas (2004) ob-
servation of swimming in this species. Whether
Hasegawas (2004) undescribed swimming Scis-
surella was 5. spinosa is speculative.
Hickman (1999) reported sexual dimorphism
and contact pairing in active 1 . auriforrnis from
Rottnest Island, Western Australia, with the
smaller male positioned on the spire and upper
body whorl (but adapical the selenizone) of the
female, with the right or both cep>halic tenta-
cles extending across the female’s foramen but
never obstructing it (suggesting that eggs are
fertilised as they emerge through the foramen).
The smaller males lacked selenizone and slit/
Voll27 (6) 2010
263
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
Fig. 8. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods,
1877) Living animal. Quarantine Bay, New South
Wales (MVF162111).
Key: ct — cephalic tentacle, e — eye, Ipt— left post-op-
tic tentacle, rpt— right post-optic tentacle, sn— snout.
Drawing by Platon Vafiadis.
foramen, but females at comparative sizes also
lacked these features. Possible causes of sexual
dimorphism include differential growth rates,
differential mortality, or protandry (Hickman,
1999). Burn (2010, unpubl. pers. comm.) ob-
served similar contact pairing in 1. remota
from SLibtidal algal samples collected 5 Febru-
ary 2006 from Popes Eye, Port Phillip Bay, but
notes were not taken on the relative features of
the smaller, presumably male, shell.
The Anatomidae McLean 1989, recently sepa-
rated from Scissurcllidae (Geiger and Jansen
Fig. 9. Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877) Living
animal, Quarantine Bay, New South Wales (MV 162111). Sche-
matic diagram, ventral aspect, of left front epipodial and smooth
tentacle.
Key; let— front left epipodial tentacle, st— smooth tentacle.
Drawing by Platon Vafiadis.
2004a), are a closely allied family for which
anatomical information is available for com-
parison to the work herein. 'Ihe Anatomidae
have an open slit with the selenizone placed
peripherally on the whorl, and, with rare ex-
ceptions, occur only in deep w'ater (Geiger and
Sasaki, 2009). They are represented in Victoria
by Anatoma toheyoides Geiger & Jansen, 2004
and Anatoma australis (Hedley, 1903), spe-
cies known only from their shell (Geiger and
Jansen, 2004a). The South African Anatoma
yaroni Herbert, 1986 has papillate cephalic
tentacles, with each eye on a very short stalk, a
non-papillate post-optic tentacle (analogous to
Bournes (1910) subocular tentacle), a non-pap-
illate neck tentacle (interpreted as analogous to
the neck lobes of other vetigastropods), one to
two micro-papillate pallial tentacles that can
protrude through the slit, three pairs of micro-
papillate epipodial tentacles (the most anterior
264
The Victorian Naturalist
In memory ofClarrie Handreck
tentacle dividing basally to form ‘two tentacles’,
presumably of similar morphology) with the
second and third each bearing a large basal sen-
sory papilla, a papillate mantle edge bordering
the slit and two delicate gills similar to those
of the northern hemisphere Anatoma crispata
(Fleming, 1828) (Herbert, 1986). Anatoma
crispata bears micro-papillate cephalic tenta-
cles, smooth post-optic and neck tentacles {one
of each), interpreted as epipodial by Fretter and
Graham (1962), and, additionally, at least three
pairs of micro-papillate epipodial tentacles, mi-
cro-papillate pallial tentacles that can protrude
through the slit and two delicate gills with fila-
mentous pinnules (Fretter and Graham 1962).
Geiger (2006) shows the preserved animal of
Anatoma janetae Geiger, 2006 having four pairs
of epipodial tentacles and no eyes (owing to its
existence at great depth).
It is hoped that simple observations as pre-
sented here will contribute to a better under-
standing of the overall biology of the minute
but striking species of this family.
Acknowledgements
I thank Ken Bell, Robert Burn and Lynton Stephens
for valued guidance and critical review of the manu-
script. Living Incisura remota were obtained from
Jeanette Watson and Robert Burn (subtidal) and the
Marine Research Group of the FNCV (intertidal).
Robert Burn shared his unpublished observations of
living 1. remota, and, together with Lynton Stephens,
supplied several major references. Lynton Stephens
provided dry specimens from his personal collection
for study. The Marine Invertebrate Department at
Museum Victoria made accessible their microscopes
and library, for which I am very grateful. I thank Co-
rey Whisson of the Western Australian Museum for
kindly sending me the Hasegawa reference. An anon-
ymous reviewer provided helpful feedback. 1 also ac-
knowledge and remember the late Clarrie Handreck,
whose kindness, guidance and support have made
this work also a fruit of his own labours.
References
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Received 10 June 2010; accepted 28 October 2010
Vol 127 (6) 2010
265
Honours
Australian Natural History Medallion 2010
Donald PA Sands OAM
Dr Don Sands is presented with
the Austalian Natural History Me-
dallion 2010, by Professor Lynne
Selwood, President of the Royal
Society of Victoria. (Photo by Joan
Broadberry).
The winner of the 2010 Australian Natural His-
tory Medallion is Dr Donald PA Sands OAM,
an Honorary Research Fellow with CSIRO
Entomology in Brisbane. Although Don
retired in 1997, following a career that spanned
30 years as an entomologist at CSIRO, he has
continued to be actively involved in a number
of major projects that focus on insect conserva-
tion. These projects include ecological studies
on the natural history of insects and their food
plants, and their interactions. Tliis work often
takes place within the context of involvement
with local community groups.
Since 2004 Don has visited the United States
regularly and participated in several biologi-
cal control projects with staff from the US De-
partment of Agriculture. These natural history
projects have included: feasibility studies for
controlling American fruit flies with Australian
parasitoids associated with the family Oleaceae;
surveys of insect herbivores of Lygodium ferns
(mainly L. microphyllum) on Cape York, north-
ern Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Northern
Territory and northern Western Australia; de-
velopment of methods for rearing and testing
for European insect herbivores of an invasive
weed, giant grass Arundo\ and the development
of new methods to rear a dia.spid scale insect
and a gall-forming wasp, for use against the tar-
get weed. Dons contributions to the rearing of a
diaspid scale insect have been acknowledged as
saving more than a million dollars in the US.
Dr Sands has a long-standing interest in fire
ecology, which has led to his measuring the
266
The Victorian Naturalist
Honours
impacts of fire on insect biodiversity, initially
in New South Wales and then in Papua New
Guinea, during a period with the PNG Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries. This
focus was continued in Brisbane, where Don
monitored the butterflies of Mount Coot-tha
for several years, observing major detrimental
effects including loss of Lepidoptera species
and plants from deliberately lit and control-
led burns' conducted by the local Council. This
work resulted in the publication in 2005 of an
advisory document on fire management (a Tire
Code'), which Don co-authored.
Between 2007 and 2009 Don presented a
series of invited lectures in Queensland, NSW
and Victoria, on insects and fire ecology. He
was an invited participant in the Queensland
reviews of threatened species, in the ‘Back on
Track’ seminars and a member of the Conser-
vation Committee (2003-2009). His views were
presented also at an insect/fire workshop in
Victoria in 2009, which was sponsored by DPI
and La Trobe University.
Don’s dedication to public education and in-
volvement in natural history studies is evident
in his own commitment in these areas. He was
a founding member of The Hut Environmen-
tal & Community Association (THECA) at
Chapel Hill in Queensland, which has spon-
sored a series ofbiennial community workshops
on a range of environmental topics. Don has
assisted in the organizing of these workshops,
provided presentations, and published articles
in the THECA newsletter. He is also a member
of the Moggill Creek Catchment Group and has
participated in their habitat and plant nursery
activities.
Dr Sands is a regular speaker to a range of
natural history groups, including natural his-
tory societies, garden clubs, native plant soci-
eties and entomological societies. In the past
10 years he has given numerous presentations,
including public talks and PowerPoint presen-
tations at environmental events, where he em-
phasized the importance of the identities and
ecology of insects in implementing all conser-
vation programs. Don has also led exploratory
and natural history expeditions to places of in-
terest for studying Lepidoptera, including Iron
Range (several visits including 2007); Cape
York Peninsula (2005); and Flinders Ranges,
South Australia (2006).
He is no less committed in his written out-
put for both scholarly and popular audiences.
His published work comprises more than 120
refereed articles, books and chapters, of which
about 27 have been published within the past
10 years. Tltese more recent papers have con-
centrated on the natural enemies of insects and
weeds, methods for safety testing agents as bio-
logical control agents, and taxonomic and insect
conservation projects. In the same period, Don
has also authored a further 1 5 popular articles
on these subjects, published in newsletters and
community publications. Ihese works include
Conservation of Birdwing Butterflies, published
in 2002, which Don edited with Sue Scott.
Don’s work on the conservation of the
Richmond Birdwing butterfly began in the
1990s, as a conservation endeavour involv-
ing schoolchildren. This project enjoyed some
success; in 2005 heightened awareness and re-
quests from the community induced Don and
Sue to form a new Group, the Richmond Bird-
wing Recovery Network Inc. (RBRN) involving
members of the community in recovery of the
butterfly and its rare food plant. Between 2005
and 2009, RBRN grew to have more than 400
members and promoted a number of meas-
ures aimed at conserving the iconic butterfly
species. These included planting food plant
vines to re-establish corridors for the butterfly;
studies on in-breeding depression occurring in
fragmented habitats; propagation by nurseries
of the rare food plant for habitat rehabilita-
tion; and education programs. Don served as
President of RBRN until mid 2009.
Don Sands was nominated for the Australian
Natural History Medallion by the Australian
Entomological Society for his contribution to
biodiversity, conservation and education.
Gary Presland
40 Willliam Street
Box Hill, Victoria 3128
Voll27 (6) 2010
267
Honours
Australian Natural History Medallion Trust Fund
Donations were gratefully received during 2010 from the following:
$
Helen Handreck
24.00
Julia Davis
35.00
Helen Aston
120.00
Alan Reid
12.00
Geoffrey Paterson
10.00
Kenneth Simpson
50.00
Alena Glaister
10.00
Phyllis Western
10.00
SEANA (Sponsorship)
500.00
Geelong Field Naturalists Club Inc
50.00
Northern Territory Field Naturalists Club Inc
50.00
Latrobe Valley Field Naturalists Club Inc
50.00
Launceston Field Naturalists Club Inc
50.00
The Royal Societ}' of Victoria
200.00
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc
200.00
George Kendrick
20.00
Field Naturalists Association of Canberra
100.00
Arthur and Denise Carew
10.00
Neil McFarlane
38.00
Gary Presland
28.00
Mike Lau Gooey
10.00
Peter Spark
5.00
Elizabeth Sheedy
10.00
BrendanMurphy
50.00
Dorothy Mahler/Noel Schieiger
10.00
David Cheal
30.00
If you would like to contribute to this fund, which supports the Australian Natural History
Medallion, donations should be sent to: The Treasurer, Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Locked
Bag 3, Blackburn, Victoria 3130. Cheques should be made payable to the ‘Australian Natural His-
tory Medallion Trust Fund’.
The medallion is awarded annually to a person who is considered to have made the most
significant contribution to the understanding of Australian natural history in the last ten years.
Gary Presland
Secretary
ANHM Committee
268
The Victorian Naturalist
Book Reviews
Museum Victoria field guides
Museum Victorias series of field guides to the
marine life of Victoria is so a propos of the
theme of this issue of The Victorian Naturalist
that it should not fail to be mentioned here.
What follows is less a review of the books mak-
ing up the series than an overview of the series
itself, a series of booknotes relating to the con-
stituent parts. The Editors thank the publisher
of this series. Museum Victoria, in particular
the Managing Publisher Patty Brown, as well as
Dr Mark Norman, Head of Science at Museum
Victoria, both of whom willingly and readily
provided material for the purpose of making
readers aware of this series.
Drawing on the wide expertise of the institu-
tion’s staff— curators and collection managers —
as well as Museum Victorias vast collections,
the series provides both an introduction to the
subject and a source of tiirther detailed infor-
mation about the range of marine fauna to be
found around our coast, and in adjacent waters.
To date four volumes have been published, and
four more are scheduled for release in the com-
ing months.
These field guides are aimed at naturalists,
beachcombers znd environmental scientists;
the intent is to enable observers in these groups
to identify the marine animals most common-
ly found along the shore or in shallow waters
along the Victorian coast. The series aims to
cover the common animals, each book dealing
with a different group.
Titles in the series published so far include:
• An introduction to marine life by Robin Wil-
son, Mark Norman and Anna Syme;
• Crabs, hermit crabs and allies by Gary CB
Poore ;
• Barnacles by Gary CB Poore;
The forthcoming titles are:
• Shrimps, prawns and lobsters by Gary CB
Poore (available in early 2011);
• Sponges by Lisa Goudie, Mark Norman and
Julian Finn;
• Bivalves by Sue Boyd and Mark Norman;
• Nudibranchs by Robert Burns;
• Sea Spiders by David Staples;
• Seastars and relatives by Mark O’Loughlin
and Tim O'Hara;
• Feather Corals by Jan Watson;
• Lace corals by Phil Bock.
In each of the guides, descriptions of the spe-
cies are accompanied with full colour illustra-
tions and detailed drawings, for easy recogni-
tion. Also included are maps, comprehensive
reference information, scientific and common
name indexes and a glossary.
Museum Victoria is to be commended for
this magnificent series of books on a part of the
natural world that is a source of fascination, but
at the same time a source of mystery, to many
people.
Clarrie’s Hermit Crab Pagurixus handrecki. Photo
reproduced from page 49 of Crabs, hermit crabs and
allies, with permission of the publisher.
V0II27 (6) 2010
269
Book Reviews
An Introduction to Marine Life
by Robyn Wilson, Mark Norman and Anna Syme
Publisher: Museum Victoria Publishing, 2007. 176 pages, paperback, colour photographs.
ISBN 978 0 9758370 5 4. RRP $19.95
An introduction to
marine life
TV ••
For many people, the first experience
of marine environments is amaze-
ment at the bewildering variety of life
in the oceans. Without experience or
a good guide, the untrained observer
cannot identify easily the many dif-
ferent marine plants and animals;
cannot tell the difference between a
shrimp and a prawn.
Sea anemones and corals, sea stars
and sea urchins, octopuses and
squids are just a few marine creatures
that we never encounter on land or
in freshwater. Many other creatures
are even less familiar, and it is often
difficult for those interested in ma-
rine life to learn more about them.
The aim of this introductory book
is to introduce the diversity of life in
the seas and to help newcomers to
marine biology recognise the main
kinds of marine organisms. The ex-
amples selected in this introductory
guide focus on Victoria and southern
Australia. The emphasis is on animals
and plants that are commonly seen
by divers, snorkellers, beachcombers,
rock poolers, and by anyone with an
interest in marine life.
This G 'aide has a simple and easy-
to-follow layout, and is divided into
two major sections. The first section com-
prises a series of nine Quick Guides, which are
grouped around particular themes. The first
four Guides compare and contrast types of
creatures that often puzzle people new to iden-
tifying marine life;
1 - plants and plant-like animals
2 - organisms that make coral-like growths
3 - worms, slugs and similar animals
4 - jelI)Tish and other floating animals
The next two Quick Guides treat groups of
commonly-encountered marine life:
5 - beach-washed remains and skeletons
6 - species commonly used as fishing bait
The last three treat potentially dangerous and
introduced species;
7 - hazardous marine life - stings and venoms
8 - hazardous marine life - poisons, bites and
other dangers
9 - introduced species
This first part of the book can be used to help
readers find the scientific name and classifica-
tion for many common creatures.
The second major section of An Introduction
270
The Victorian Naturalist
Book Reviews
is the Gallery of Marine Life, in which all com-
monly encountered marine creatures are treat-
ed in their correct classification. The Gallery of
Marine Life covers all creatures that are already
mentioned in the Quick Guides, but now related
organisms are grouped together. Each Phylum,
Subphylum or Class is described and illustrated
with local examples. Tips on identification and
comments on diversity and ecology are also
provided. Those readers who wish to identify
marine invertebrates to a greater level of detail
are directed to the ‘Further Information at the
end of the book, where pointers are provided to
relevant publications and other resources.
This initial book in the series of guides is pro-
duced in stunning colour, as indeed are all of
the volumes in the series.
Gorgonian fan coral.
Photo reproduced from
page 44 of An Introduc-
tion to Marine Life, with
permission of the pub-
lisher.
Vol 127 (6) 2010
271
Book Reviews
Crabs, hermit crabs and allies
by Gary CB Poore
Publisher: Museum Victoria Publishing, 2007. 68 pages, paperback, colour photographs.
ISBN 978 0 9758370 4 7. RRP $19.95
I Crabs,
f hermit crabs
1 and allies
Crabs, hermit crabs and allies is the second
title of a new series of Museum Victoria
field guides to marine life. This guide will
familiarise the amateur naturalist, beach-
comber, diver and others who have an in-
terest in the marine environment of crabs,
hermit crabs and their close relatives. It
looks at their environments, what these
creatures do, how they behave, their ecol-
ogy and their diversity.
This guide is a practical and comprehen-
sive guide for the amateur and professional
naturalist
Giant Spider Crabs
swarm in Port Phillip
Bay. Photo reproduced
from page 15 of Crabs,
hermit crabs and allies,
with permission of the
publisher.
Ill
The Victorian Naturalist
Book Reviews
Barnacles
by Gary CB Poore and Anna Syme
Publisher: Museum Victoria Publishing, 2009. 78 pages, paperback, colour photographs. ISBN
978 0 9803813 5 1. RRP $19.95
This guide is the third in the series of in-
troductory books on Victorias marine life
and is about marine barnacles. It covers
barnacles of mainly south-eastern Aus-
tralia and begins with information about
their biology, habitats and diversity.With
a variety of habitats and many distinc-
tive animals, the marine environments of
south-eastern Australia fascinate amateur
naturalists and divers alike. Field guides
such as this one (as well as others in this
series) can be helpful in answering ques-
tions for those wishing to learn the names
and the biolog)^ of these animals and to
discover what they are called.
Barnacles are one of the most abundant
and obvious animals found in the inter-
tidal zone - that area covered by water at
high tide and exposed at low tide. Other
barnacles, those that live in the open seas,
may be found on the beach. All are enig-
matic creatures.
The authors note that barnacles hold a
special place in the minds of marine ecol-
ogists and evolutionary biologists, because
of a connection with Charles Darwin. The
famous biologist is credited, along with
Alfred Russell Wallace, with formulating
the theory of natural selection, which he subse-
quently set out in Origin of Species. Through-
out his life Darwin worked on the taxonomy
and biology of barnacles; even today his works
remain the basis of our understanding of this
group of animals.
General information about the biology, habi-
tats and diversity of barnacles in the region of
Victoria is followed by descriptions and photo-
graphs of the twenty commonly found species.
A key is provided tor the identification of com-
mon barnacles in this region. Tliis guide also
deals with some of the rarer and less visible
barnacles, including those that are parasitic on
other animals. At the end of the book, a bibliog-
raphy of relevant references has been compiled
for those seeking further information about
barnacles.
A description of each animal is accompanied
by a colour photograph. A key is also provided
for easier identification of common barnacles,
with some of the more rare and less visible
animals related to barnacles. The endmatter
includes both a scientific and common name
index, further references and a glossary.
Voll27 (6) 2010
273
Book Reviews
Secret Four-plated Barnacle Austrominius covertus. Photo reproduced from page 36 of Barnacles, with
permission of the publisher.
Striped Barnacle Amphibalanus
Amphitrite. Photo reproduced
from page 38 of Barnacles, with
permission of the publisher.
274
The Victorian Naturalist
Book Reviews
Shrimps, prawns and lobsters
by Gary Poore
Publisher: Museum Victoria Publishing, 2009. 78 pages, paperback, colour photographs.
ISBN 978 0 9803813 4 4. RRP $19.95
For most of us, shrimps, prawns and lobsters
immediately bring to mind something edible
and tasty. Some species are edible but many are
small inconspicuous inhabitants living on our
shores and in shallow water.
This guide, the fourth in the marine series,
focuses only on those small Crustacea species
known as shrimps prawns and lobsters, and
kindred animals, that inhabit marine environ-
ments close to shore. These are the species that
are likely to be encountered by divers, natural-
ists and members of the beach-going public,
around the Victorian coast. As with other titles
in this series, this book is profusely illustrated
in colour and includes a description of each
animal, as well as information about each ani-
mals behaviour, diversity and ecology. It also
includes a glossary of unfamiliar terms.
Shrimps,
prawns and
lobsters
-I
¥ *
;
The Double-banded Hinge-beak
Shrimp, Rhynchocinetes kuiteri,
is one of the most colourful and
largest shrimp seen by divers in
Victorian waters. Photo repro-
duced from page 65 of Shrimps,
prawns and lobsters, with per-
mission of the publisher.
Voll27 (6) 2010
275
Book Reviews
Serrated Hinge-beak Shrimp Rhynchocinetes serratus Photo reproduced from page 67 of Shrimps Prawns and
Lobsters, with permission of the publisher.
American Bumble-bee Shrimp
Gnathophyllum cf american.
Photo reproduced from page 82
of Shrimps Prawns and Lobsters,
with permission of the publisher.
276
The Victorian Naturalist
Book Reviews
Slender-spined Porcupine Fish. Photo
reproduced from page 114 of An Intro-
duction to Marine Life, with permission
of the publisher.
Caulerpa flexilis (Caulerpales) Photo reproduced from page 35 of An Introduction to Marine Life,
with permission of the publisher.
V0II27 (6) 2010
111
Book Reviews
278
The Victorian Naturalist
Australasian Nature Photography:
ANZANG Sixth Collection
edited by South Australian Museum
Book Reviews
Publisher; CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, 2009. 144 pages, paperback,
colour photographs. ISBN 9780643097193. RRP $39.95
What a pleasure it is to peruse the images in
this book, to drool over animal behaviour, mar-
vel at animal portraits and thoroughly enjoying
all the quality photographs of nature subjects in
Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and New
Guinea reproduced here.
ANZANG is an annual competition of pho-
tographs of nature subjects. In 2009 over 1500
photographers from around the world entered
the competition in 10 different categories. This
book is a compilation of the best photographs
in each category.
The first photo is that of the overall winner.
This is where judges considered the photo-
graphic technique and the aesthetic, artistic
and unique qualities of all images.
Next presented is the portfolio prize awarded
to the photographer who entered the best port-
folio of six or more entries. The photographs by
the portfolio winner are all of marine creatures,
both in an out of the water.
Following these are the best photos in the cat-
egories of entry, beginning with the winner and
runner-up in each section. Details given for
each photo include the name of the photogra-
pher, a title, a paragraph about how the photog-
rapher was able to capture the image, where it
was taken and details about the camera, model,
lens, aperture, shutter speed and supporting
equipment used. For the winner in each cate-
gory there is a short com ment by the judges and
including why the photo appealed to them.
The first category is animal behaviour where
the subjects must be engaged in natural activity.
A complete range of species has been present-
ed from birds, to mammals, to invertebrates
(terrestrial and marine), from tiny to big— leaf-
hopper nymphs tended by ants, to Keelbacks
devouring Cane Toads, a Willie Wagtail attack-
ing an Osprey, to a Humpback breaching, and
more. What an appetiser for the next category
of Animal Portrait.
In this section the subject must be photo-
graphed close-up and occupy at least 30% of
the frame. Considering that the subject of the
winning photo in this section is a Red-bellied
Black Snake the judges’ comment A brave shot
of a dangerous animal ...’ is particularly apt.
From this impressive start follow many other
great portraits: a squid, various birds, a crab,
butterflies, an eyeball photo of a Silvereye, stink
bugs on a lime tree, mantids, a reptile and a
frog.
The Wilderness Landscape category is a col-
lection of photos in which there is minimal evi-
dence of human interference. There are some
wonderful ice sculptures from Antarctica fea-
tured here as well as intriguing photos of reflec-
tions, time exposure of waterfdls, a sand dune
at sunset and a pelican at dawn.
The next category is Tlireatened Animals and
Plants. All entries in this category must be ac-
companied by an official reference verifying the
subjects threatened, rare, vulnerable or endan-
gered status. This section can be of a subject in
portrait, natural activity or natural habitat.
Other categories are: Botanical subject, as por-
trait or habitat shot; Underwater subject (with
the jellyfish on the book’s cover as the winner in
this section); a category for Black and White in-
cluding images from all categories; Interpretive
Photography, which is designed for photogra-
phers who wish to experiment graphically with
their images; Our Impact with subjects relating
to the danger of plastic bags at sea, impact of
fences and pollution.
Ihe last category is for Junior Photography
for those under 18. Some stunning images have
been captured— starfish, frog, echidna and a
butterfly on a crocodile’s back— many beautiful
images, some with a long lens and some close-
up.
Voll27 (6) 2010
279
Book Reviews
I read through every paragraph on every pho-
to and was amazed at the lengths to which many
of these photographers would go to get their
photos. Tlie results speak for themselves.
This is a beautiful book of wonderful images,
an inspiration to all the wanabes who own cam-
eras. Essentially a coffee table book, it is much
more than that. Many of these images would be
ideal as artwork on a wall, to replace the arty
paintings or abstracts that are often seen in
built environments.
Anne Morton
10 Rupicola Court
Rowville, Victoria 3178
ANZANG SIXTH COLLECTION
AUSTRALASIAN
NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM
280
The Victorian Naturalist
Thank you from the Editors
The Victorian Naturalist could not be published, and would not be successful, without the
enormous amount of time and effort given voluntarily by a large number of people who
work behind the scenes.
As always we particularly thank our authors, too numerous to name, who provide us with
excellent material for publication.
One of the most important editorial tasks is to have papers refereed. The Editors would
like to say ‘thank you, therefore, to the following people who refereed manuscripts that were
published during 2010:
Melanie Birtchnell
Emma Carlos
Chantal Carrigan
John Chuk
Nick Clemann
Matt Dell
Margaret Elrick
James Fitzsimons
Maria Gibson
Martin Gomon
Dean Hewish
Richard Marchant
Jenny Martin
Kelly Miller
Sharon Morley
Tim New
Anneke Veenstra-Quah
Rob Wallis
Neville Walsh
The Victorian Naturalist publishes articles for a wide and varied audience. We have a
team of dedicated proofreaders who help with the readability and expression of our
articles. Our thanks in this regard go to:
Andrea Ballinger
Lucy Bastecky
Arthur Carew
Chantal Carrigan
Leon Costermans
Ian Endersby
Aaron Floyd
Ken Green
Pat Grey
Murray Haby
Virgil Hubregtse
Michael McBain
Geoffrey Paterson
Jo Schofield
Rob Wallis
Sincere thanks go to our reviewers for 2010 who provided interesting and insightful
comments on a wide range of books and other materials:
Nick Clemann
Ian Endersby
Maria Gibson
Peter Gill
Sarah Lloyd
Anne Morton
Dale Nimmo
Gary Presland
Michael Weston
Desley Whisson
On the production side, thanks are due to:
Ken Bell, who prepares the annual index,
Virgil Hubregtse for editorial assistance,
Hali Ferguson for printing the mailing labels,
Dorothy Mahler for administrative assistance, and
Printers, BPA Print Group, especially Tom Markovski.
V0II27 ( 6 ) 2010
281
Guidelines for authors
Guidelines for Authors - The Victorian Naturalist
Jlte Victorian Naturalist welcomes the submission of
papers presenting original and significant research.
When preparing a paper for publication, please fol-
low the journal style as closely as possible.
Submission of a manuscript will be taken to mean
that the material has not been published, nor is be-
ing considered for publication, elsewhere, and that
all authors agree to its submission.
Authors may submit material in the form of Research
Reports, Contributions, Naturalist Notes, Letters to
the Editor and Book Reviews. All Research Reports
and Contributions are peer reviewed by external ref-
erees. A Research Report is a succinct and original
scientific paper written in a form that includes an ab-
stract, introduction, methods, results and discussion.
Research Reports should be written in third person.
A Contribution may consist of reports, comments,
observations, survey results, bibliographies or other
material relating to natural history. Ihe scope of a
contribution is broad in order to encourage submis-
sion of material on a wide range of topics and in a
range of styles. This allows inclusion of material that
makes a contribution to our knowledge of natural his-
tory but for which the traditional format of scientific
papers is not appropriate. Naturalist Notes are gener-
ally short, personal accounts of observations made in
the field by anyone with an interest in natural history.
These notes also may include reports on excursions
and talks, where appropriate, or comment on mat-
ters relating to natural history. Letters to the Editor
must be no longer than 500 words. Book Reviews are
usually commissioned, but the editors also welcome
enquiries from potential reviewers.
Guidelines for presentation of papers
If submitting by post, three copies of the manuscript
should be provided, each including all tables and
copies of figures. If submitting by email, only a single
copy is necessary. Original artwork and photos can be
withheld by the author until acceptance of the manu-
script. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced
with wide margins and pages numbered. Please in-
dicate the telephone number (and email address if
available) of the author who is to receive correspond-
ence. Submission of manuscripts should be accompa-
nied by a covering letter.
Tlie title should be concise, interesting and inform-
ative and not stated as a question.
Research reports and contributions must be accoin
panied by an abstract of not more than 1 50 words.
The abstract should state the scope of the work, give
the principal findings and be sufficiently complete for
use by abstracting services.
A maximum of five Keywords should be included,
following the Abstract in Contributions and Research
Reports.
References are cited chronologically in the text by
author and date. All rclercnccs in the text must be
listed in alphabetical order at the end of ihe paper.
Entries in this list must correspond to references in
the text.
An electronic version and one hard copy of the
manuscript are required upon resiibniission after ref-
erees’ comments have been incorporated. Documents
should be in Microsoft Word, The bibliographic
software ‘EndNote’ should NOT be used.
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations should be used in the
manuscript where appropriate (italicised as indicat-
ed): et ai; pers. obs.; unpubl. data; pers. comm, (fol-
lowed by a date); subsp.’ for subspecies.
Units
The International System of Units (SI units) should be
used for exact measurement of physical quantities.
Figures and Tables
All illustrations (including photographs) arc consid-
ered as figures and will be laid out to fit the width
of a page (115 mm) or a column {55 mm) width. It
is important that the legend is clearly visible at
these sizes. Photographs should be of high quality/
high contrast which will reproduce clearly. They may
be colour slides or colour or black-and-white prints,
or digital images. Line drawings, maps and graphs
may be computer generated or in black Indian Ink on
stout white or tracing paper. The figure number and
the papers title should be written on the back of each
figure in pencil. If a hand- drawn figure is scanned it
must be done at a minimum of 300 dpi resolution.
Computer-generated figures should be submitted
as high quality TIKE encapsulated postscript (EPS)
or high quality JPG files scanned at 300 dpi resolu-
tion or more, separately on disc and not embedded
into a MS Word document. Low-resolution JPG files
will not be accepted.
Tables must fit into 55 mm or 115 mni. It using
a table editor, such as that in MS Word, do not use
carriage returns vsithin cells. Use tabs and not spaces
when setting up columns without a table editor.
All figures and tables should be referred to in the
text and numbered consecutively. Their captions
must be numbered consecutively (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.)
and put on a separate page at the end of the manu-
script. Tables should be numbered consecutively (Ta-
ble 1, Table 2, etc.) and have an explanatory caption
at the lop.
Please consult the editors if additional details are
required regarding document formats and image
specifications.
Permits
Papers reporting work that required permits should
quote the apropriate permit type and numbers.
The Victorian Naturalist
282
Guidelines for authors
Sequence data
All nucleotide sequence data and alignments should
be submitted to an appropriate public database, such
as Genbank or EMBL. The accession numbers for all
sequences must be cited in the article.
Journal style
A style guide for The Victorian Naturalist is available
on our website. For further informal ion on style,
write to the editors, or consult the latest issue of The
Victorian Naturalist or edition of Style Manual for
Authors, Editors and Printers (John Wiley & Sons:
Milton, Qld).
Authors are advised to note the layout of headings,
tables and illustrations as given in recent issues of
the journal. A full stop is followed by a single space;
single quotation marks are used throughout.
in all papers, first reference to a species should use
both the common name and binomial. This journal
uses capitalised common names for species, followed
by the binomial in italics without brackets, e.g. Kan-
garoo Grass Therneda triumlra. However, where many
species are mentioned, a list (in the form of an ap-
pendix at the end), with both common and binomial
names, may be preferred. Lists must be given in the
order provided below under the heading ‘Taxonomic
names’
References
References in the text should cite author and year, e.g.
Brown (1990), (Brown 1990), (Brown 1990; 1991),
(Brown 1995 unpubl.), (Brown and Green 1990),
(Brown and Green 1990 ; Blue 1990 ; Red 1990).
If there are more than two authors for a paper use
(Brown et ai 1990 ). All references mentioned in the
text should be included, in alphabetic order, at the
end of the text under References (see examples be-
low). The use of unpublished data is accepted only
if the data are available on request for viewing. Pers.
obs. and pers. comm, should not be included in the
list of references. Journal titles should be given in
full.
Leigh J, Boden R and Briggs J (1984) Extinct and
Endangered Plants of Australia. (Macmillan: South
Melbourne)
Lunney D (1995) Bush Rat. In The Mammals of Aus-
tralia, pp. 651-653. Ed R Strahan. (Australian Mu-
seum/Reed New Holland: Sydney)
Phillips A and Watson R (1991) Xanthorrhoea: con-
sequences of ‘h{>rlicuUural fashion’. The Victorian
Naturalist 108 , 1 30 - 1 33 .
Smith AB (1995) Flowering plants in north-eastern
Victoria. (Unpublished PhD thesis. The University
of Melbourne)
Wolf L and Chippendale GM (1981) The natural
distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia. Australian
National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publi-
cations No 6. Canberra.
Other methods of referencing may be acceptable in
manuscripts other than research reports, and the
Editors should be consulted.
Manuscript corrections
Page proofs are sent to the corresponding author for
checking prior to publication. At this stage only mi-
nor alterations may be made.
Complimentary copies
Following publication of an article in the journal, five
complimentary copies of that issue are sent lo the
author(s) for each paper. Authors of Naturalist Notes
and Book Reviews will receive two complimentary
copies of the journal. Please notify the editors before
publication if more copies are required.
Taxonomic names
Cite references used f<»r taxonomic names. Check-
ing species names is the responsibility of authors.
The sources we use as references for articles in Vie
Vic/orm« Naturalist are listed below. Authors should
refer to the source used for species names in their
manuscripts. For the books, the latest edition should
be used.
Mammals - Menkhorst PW (ed) (1995) Mammals
of Victoria: Distribution, Ecology and Conservation.
(Oxford University Press: South Melbourne)
Reptiles and Amphibians - Cogger H (2000) Rep-
tiles and Amphibians of Australia, 6 edn. (Reed
Books: Chatswood, NSW)
Invertebrates and Fish - ABRS: <http://www.
environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-
resources/fauna/index.html>
Birds Christidis L and Boles WE (2008) Systematics
and taxonomy of Australian birds. (CSIRO: Colling-
wood, Victoria)
Plants - Walsh NG and Stajsic V (2007) A Census of
the Vascular Plants of Victoria, 8 edn. (Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens of Victoria: Melbourne)
Please submit manuscripts and enquiries to:
The Editor
The Victorian Naturalist
Locked Bag 3, RO.
Blackburn, Victoria 3130
Phone/Fax (03) 9877 9860.
Email vicnat@fncv.org.au
Web www.fncv.org.au
Voll27 (6) 2010
283
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