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SPRING 1996 VOL. 47, No. 1

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SeiENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Vol. 47 No. 1 SPRING, 1996

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

ARTICLES

Nest Box Use By Wild Populations Of White-Footed Mice
{Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis)\ny\rgm 'm. C. Term an 3

The Composition of Copper Recovered from Contact Native
American Sites in the Lower Piedmont and Southern Ridge and
Valley, Virginia. Michael B. Barber, Todd N.Soiberg and Eugene

B. Barfield. 9

Habitat Fragmentation and the Perceived and Actual Risk of
Predation. Stephen F. Matter, John F. Zawacki, and Michael A.

Bowers. 19

Toxin Producing Phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Harold G.
Marshall. 29

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES 39

COUNCIL MINUTES 49

Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 1
Spring 1996

Nest Box Use By Wild Populations Of White-footed
Mice (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis) In Virginia

C. Richard Terman, Laboratory of Endocrinology and
Population Ecology, Biology Department,

College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, V A 23185

ABSTRACT

A population of white-footed mice on an 11-ha area was studied monthly
during 1983-1989 with 600 live-traps and with 254 wooden nest boxes
attached to trees. Location, sex, age, body weight, and reproductive condition
of individual animals were recorded. Trappability of population animals was
greater than 90%. Data from nest boxes were consistent with those obtained
via trapping, but rarely did more than 40% of the population occur in the nest
boxes. Less than 20% of suckling young recorded in nest boxes were
subsequently captured in traps. Use of nest boxes declined to less than 10%
of the known population during the summer (May -September). The percent¬
age of the known population in nest boxes was inversely related to the mean
minimum monthly environmental temperature. Less than 20% of the popula¬
tion occurred in nest boxes when the monthly mean minimum temperature
rose above 8® C.. The data suggest that other nest box techniques, perhaps
subterranean nest boxes, will be required to study Peromyscus leucopus
noveboracensis during the critical mid-summer breeding hiatus (Terman,
1993)

Key Words: White-footed mice, Peromyscus, Nest Box

INTRODUCTION

Nest box techniques have been effective in studying the dynamics of Peromyscus
populations (Goundie and Vessey, 1986; Howard, 1949; Nicholson, 1941; Terman,
1961, 1963, 1968; Wolff, 1986; and Wolff and Durr, 1986). In 1968, 1 urged in the first
’’Peromyscus Book” (Terman, 1968) that nest box techniques be utilized to gain greater
insight into the behavioral ecology of Peromyscus populations because they permit
access to young in the nest, many of which may never be recorded in traps. In a recent
study of population growth and regulation, both nest box and live-trapping data were
available for the same area during the same months for several years (Terman, 1993).
This is my attempt to utilize nest box techniques to study wild populations of
White-footed mice in southeastern Virginia. I present it here for informational pur¬
poses and to suggest that, at least in southeastern Virginia, standard nest box techniques,
previously successftil elsewhere, may need to be modified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

The study area is part of the approximately 15-ha Ecological Study Area of the
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 37° 03' N, 76° 09' W, adjacent
to the Laboratory of Endocrinology and Population Ecology and has been previously

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

described in Terman (1993). Within the area, I constructed an 11 -ha grid provided
with 300 trap stations (600 live-traps) placed at 20-ni intervals and 264 wooden nest
boxes placed at 20-ni intervals on trees approximately equidistant from the four nearest
trap stations.

The trapping stations are arranged in 13 columns (A-M) on a compass bearing of
NE-SW with 24 rows (1-24) in each column except in column A which contains only
12 rows of trap stations. Two single-capture live-traps (7 x 7.8 x 25.5 cms) were placed
within a 2-m radius of each station marker. The sides and top of each trap are made of
aluminum and the floor is wooden. Each trap has a gravity-fall aluminum door and
lock on one end and 0.6 cm hardware cloth on the opposite end.

The nest boxes, patterned after Nicholson (1941) and Howard (1949) (inside
dimensions: 14.5 x 14 x 18 cm.), are made of 12.7 mm. plywood. The ceiling of the
nest chamber is plywood allowing approximately 3 cm of air space between the nest
chamber roof and the top of the box.

The floor of the nest chamber is made of 0.6 cm hardware cloth and is approximately
3 cm above the wooden floor. There are two entrances (2.5 cm diameter) to the nest
chamber of each box. Cotton was placed in each box to serve as bedding. Each box
was attached by a wooden ramp to a tree at a height of approximately 1.5m.

Trapping and Nest Box Procedures

Trapping occurred 3 nights each month from February through November from
1983 through 1989. Sunflower seeds were used as bait until 22 April 1988, after which
a mixture of vegetable shortening and peanut butter was used.

Nest box inspections were spaced at irregular intervals from May to October and
approximately monthly during the rest of the year.

The use and availability of the nest boxes varied over the study. Only 124 of the
eventual 264 nest boxes were available from March 1983 until November 1984. In
January 1989, vandals destroyed 111 nest boxes on the study area. It was not possible
to get all of these repaired until early 1990 so nest box data for 1989 are not evaluated
here.

At each inspection or trapping period, the following data were collected: date, time,
weather (cloudy, rain, wind), temperature, traps disturbed (turned over) or sprung,
species captured, animal number (individuals numbered by toe clipping) and trap
location, sex, age class (adult, young adult, juvenile, young in nest), body weight, and
reproductive condition (females: pregnant, lactating, vagina open or closed; males:
testes scrotal or non-scrotal). Age classes were based on pelage color with adults
brown, young adults molting from gray to brown and juveniles uniform gray.

RESULTS

Population Numbers

Greater than 90% of the mice known to be on the area each month were captured
in live traps even though population numbers on the study area varied widely over the
seven years of this study (1983-1989) (Terman, 1993).

Nest Box Use

The data on adult or young adult population animals obtained from the nest boxes
were generally consistent with those obtained via trapping, although the absolute

NEST BOX USE BY WHITE-FOOTED MICE

numbers recorded were smaller. Nest box use was greatest from November through
March of each year. Suckling young were found in the nest boxes most frequently
from November through March of each year but less than 20% of them were sub¬
sequently captured in traps. Calculation of the mean monthly percentage of adult
animals captured in the nest boxes during months when both trapping and nest box
inspections occurred showed that only rarely did more than 40% of the known
population occur in the nest boxes and this occurred primarily in February and March
(Figure 1). Typically, during the summer (approximately May through September), less
than 10% of the known population was recorded in nest boxes (Figure 1).

Temperature Records

Figure 1 also presents data on the mean + the standard error of monthly minimum
temperature during the seven years of this study recorded at a weather station main¬
tained by the National Climatic Data Center within approximately two miles of the
study area. Low nest box occupancy (less than 20% of the population) occurred when
the monthly mean minimum temperature rose above 8° C. Correlation analysis showed
a significant negative correlation (r = -0.9421; P<0.001) between mean minimum
monthly temperatures and the monthly percentage of the known population in nest
boxes.

DISCUSSION

Nest box utilization was markedly and consistently reduced during the summer
months (April through October, Figure 1) in Southeastern Virginia during the seven
years of this study. This decline in nest box use is negatively correlated with tempera¬
ture increases even under a forest canopy (Terman, 1993). However, other factors may
be important such as the high humidity coupled with the high average temperature
typical for this time of year in southeastern Virginia. Little information is reported from
previous nest box studies on the influence of increased environmental temperature on
nest box use. Most attention has focused on the influence of lower environmental
temperatures.

Nicholson (1941) used wooden tree boxes and ground boxes to study P. leucopus
noveboracensis in southern Michigan and gave no indication of significant variation
in the use of his nest boxes throughout the year although the number of nest boxes he
used was small (64). Goundie and Vessey (1986) used 91 wooden tree boxes on a 2
ha isolated woodlot in Ohio to study P. leucopus noveboracensis from January through
November, 1980. They recorded high use of the boxes and gave no indication of
significant seasonal variation. Wolff (1986) and Wolff and Durr (1986) used 60
wooden nest boxes (both tree boxes and boxes placed on the ground) in the Allegheny
mountains of southwestern Virginia to study both P. leucopus noveboracensis and P.
maniculatus. The boxes were inspected, however, only from November, 1984 through
March 1985, but were not used by the mice during the coldest part of the winter
(February).

Some variation in the use of nest boxes related to placement and season of year has
been shown in some previous studies of Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis.
Nicholson (1941) and Howard (1949) have presented data indicating lesser use of
arboreal boxes and greater use of ground level or subterranean boxes during the colder
months. Telemetry studies in which animals are traced to their natural nests have

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 1. The monthly mean minimum temperatures (C ) + SE and the monthly mean percentages + SE
of the white-footed mouse population in nest boxes during 1983-1989.

shown increased use of subterranean nests compared to arboreal nests during the colder
months of the year (Madison, Hill, and Gleason, 1984; Wolff, 1986; Wolff and Durr,
1986; Wolff and Hurlbutt, 1982) Data on differential use of nest boxes during the
summer were not definitive and it may be that the negative impact of higher temperature
on nest box use is not evident in higher elevations or more northern locations. Nest

NEST BOX USE BY WHITE-FOOTED MICE

box techniques are important for wild population studies of small mammals and
additional examination of environmental variables including temperature is needed.

Low use of nest boxes during the summer months is a significant impediment to
utilizing them to study the as yet unexplained reproductive hiatus in reproduction
described for White-footed mice in southeastern Virginia (Terman, 1993). One pos¬
sible solution to this problem may be to utilize subterranean nest boxes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to a Faculty Summer Research Grant, College of William and Mary,
to the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffiress Memorial Trust, and to National Science
Foundation Grant PCM-8317636 for support of this research.

LITERATURE CITED

Goundie, T., and S. H. Vessey. 1986. Survival and dispersal of young white-footed
mice bom in nest boxes. J. Mamm., 67:53-60.

Howard, W. E. 1949. Dispersal, amount of inbreeding, and longevity in a local
population of prairie deermice on the George Reserve, southern Michigan. Contrib.
Lab. Verte. Biol., University of Michigan, 43:1-50.

Madison, D. M., J. P. Hill, and P. E. Gleason. 1 984. Seasonality in the nesting behavior
of Peromyscus leucopus. Amer. Midi. Nat. 1 12:201-204.

Nicholson, A. J. 1941 . The homes and social habits of the wood-mouse, {Peromyscus
leucopus noveboracensis) in southern Michigan. Amer. Midi. Nat., 25:196-223.
Terman, C. R. 1961. Some dynamics of spatial distribution within semi-natural
populations of prairie deermice. Ecology, 42:288-302.

— — -. 1963. The influence of differential early social experience upon spatial distri¬
bution within populations of prairie deermice. An. Beh., 9:246-262.

— — . 1968. Populations. Pp. 412-450, in Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia) (J. A.

King, ed.) Special Publication # 2, American Society of Mammalogists, 593 pp.
— — . 1993. Studies of natural populations of white-footed mice:Reduction of repro¬
duction at varying densities. J. Mamm. 74:678-687.

Wolff, J. O. 1986. Life history strategies of White-footed mice {Peromyscus leu¬
copus). Va. J. of Sci., 37:208-220.

Wolff, J. O., and D. S. Durr. 1986. Winter nesting behavior of Peromyscus leucopus
and Peromyscus maniculatus. J. Mamm. 67:409-412.

Wolff, J. O., and B. Hurlbutt. 1982. Day refuges of Peromyscus leucopus and
Peromyscus maniculatus. J. Mamm., 63:666-668.

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Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 1
Spring 1996

The Composition of Copper Recovered from Contact
Native American Sites in the Lower Piedmont and

Southern Ridge and Valley, Virginia

Michael B.Barber, Preservation Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 921,
Salem, Virginia 24153, Todd N.Solberg, Department of Geological
Sciences, Virginia Polytechnical Institutue and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia, and Eugene B. Barfield, Preservation Tech¬
nologies, P.O. Box 921, Salem, Virginia, 24153.

ABSTRACT

Excavations at three Native American Late Woodland village sites along the
Roanoke (Staunton) River in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley of Virginia
yielded artifacts of copper. Associated with European glass beads and iron
trade goods, the origin of the copper, whether American or European, would
have far reaching cultural implications. Copper analyses on specimens from
two of the sites using a scanning electron microscope indicated that the copper
was a smelted alloy and of European origin. Comparison with other Virginia
sites suggested an ornamental use of copper at the tribal level of social
organization in the western part of the Commonwealth as opposed to use as
status markers in the chiefdom level societies to the east. The minimal effect
of the trade goods on Native American cultures in the Piedmont and to the
west during the period of European contact was underscored.

INTRODUCTION

Cultures in contact have always been an inspiring topic in anthropology. Within
the context of Virginia, much time and many studies have focused on the first serious
interactions of the state level English colonials at Jamestown and the indigenous
chiefdom level Powhatans (eg. - Fausz, 1985; Turner, 1976, 1982, 1985; Potter, 1982,
1990; Feest, 1978; Rountree, 1989, 1990). As Jones (1989) points out, within a week
of the selection of Jamestown Island as the second English settlement in the New
World, the colonials documented first contacts with the Indians of the interior. The
next historic reference to these tribal groups occurred after a 63 year hiatus when a
German doctor, John Lederer, was commissioned to travel into the unknown wilds of
Virginia in 1670 (Alvord and Bidgood, 1912). Following closely behind were Batts
and Fallom in 1671 who were in search of the western waters and likely traveled as far
as the New River (Alvord and Bidgood, 1912; Barber and Barfield, 1992) but may
have reached what is now West Virginia (Briceland, 1987). In any case, the ethnohis-
toric information for the Native Americans of the interior during the seventeenth
century is meager at best. Hence, it falls to the archaeological study of the remains of
material culture to provide for an understanding of the period in areas to the west.
Recent discoveries in the lower Piedmont and southern Ridge and Valley of the
Commonwealth along the Roanoke (Staunton) River include three sites (44PY144,
44RN39, and 44RN21) dating to the contact period. These sites have led to a better
understanding of the dynamics of the period (Klatka, 1992, 1993; Barber, 1988, 1993).

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

The recovered European trade assemblages from the sites have been previously
discussed (Barber, 1994) and include glass beads, iron artifacts, shell disk beads, and
copper tags, beads, and scrap fragments. It is the purpose of this paper to present the
preliminary results of the chemical examination of one of these artifactual materials,
copper.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
In general, the compositional study of copper recovered from the Hurt Power Plant
Site (44PY144) in the Piedmont of Pittsylvania County and that collected form the
Ridge and Valley Thomas-Sawyer site was undertaken to lend insight into the cultural
nuances in operation during the period of contact. Research questions can be expressed
as follows:

1 . Were the recovered copper artifacts of Native American or European origin? Their

association with glass beads suggests a European source; however, recent studies
at other Virginia sites (ie.- Pasbahegh ,JC308) has proven that a mix of American
and European copper cannot be ruled out.

2. Is the copper homogeneous in nature on the contact sites or is variation inherent?

Are the copper trade goods chemically consistent on individual sites?

3. What are the cultural implications for the chemical make-up of the copper artifacts

at the regional and global levels?

4. What methodology might be the most appropriate for the study of copper artifacts?

Various study techniques have been brought to bear on these artifacts with various
results; which techniques have the highest potential for the production of relevant
data?

In order to ascertain at least some of the answers to the above questions, a
methodology was implemented which involved the study of the copper artifacts using
a Scanning Electron Microscope (CamScan S.E.M Series 2, HNU System, EDS System
5000) for elemental analysis. The copper material was first examined in a natural state
with no alteration of the artifact. Results were limited to the artifact surface and
determined that the surface of the artifact was copper sulfate - in essence, a naturally
forming patina. As it was information on the overall composition which was required
not just the oxidated exterior, a regime of preparation was opted for which would
expose the artifact interior for testing. The copper artifacts were first examined for
stability and those of a fragile nature currently eliminated from testing. Should the data
from these artifacts prove necessary for the study, various reversible embedding
techniques can render the artifacts stable enough for analysis.

Preparation involved carefully removing the patina from a small portion of the
surface and exposing the base material. This was accomplished through grinding on
fine grade emery cloth with further polishing with one micron diamond dust. Usually
an edge was polished with the patina removed from an area less than 5 mm in length.
The artifact was than mounted and placed within the SEM for composition analysis.
Although the normal examination provides for bulk elemental analysis, certain ele¬
ments which the authors felt were of importance were programmed for minute
consideration. These included copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, nickel, antimony, and
arsenic. In theory, this approach would provide for the widest range of natural and
added elements. A minimum of 4 readings were taken for each artifact. SEM readings
were programmed to provide for a 100 live second analysis. This was opted for in

NATIVE AMERICAN COPPER

order to eliminate dead time, regularize the time of readings, and to provide adequate
time for sampling. The majority of readings were taken as spot readings with the
microscope focusing on one minute area of the artifact. Bulk reading were also taken
sporadically but provided similar results. Due to the nature of the SEM, it should be
cautioned that results are possibly more qualitative than quantitative; however, consis¬
tent readings suggest that results have an accuracy adequate for this type of study.

As the SEM allows for magnification to roughly 3000 times, inconsistencies in
artifact composition can be noted. In the case of copper, non-incorporated inclusions
could be identified. Composition readings were taken on those particles as well as the
more homogenous parent body.

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS

Two sample artifacts were ran for the Thomas/Sawyer Site (44RN39), This site is
located in Salem, Virginia, and has a minimum of 6 occupation episodes. The last was
a proto-historic hamlet occupation with radiocarbon dates of A.D. 1600 ± 90 and A.D.
1630 ± 90. One glass bead, 5 pieces of iron wire, one iron needle, and 7 pieces of
copper were found within an undisturbed Native American context. Elemental read¬
ings are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Copper was consistently the highest in compo¬
sition with circa 66% to 69%. Zinc was next accounting for roughly 28% to 29%. Lead
made up from 1.58% to 2.14%. Remaining elements were incidental. The inclusions
are of interest and are high in lead content - 24% to 40% overall. Hence, the make-up
of the copper artifacts recovered from the Thomas/Sawyer site is roughly 2/3 copper
and 3/10 zinc with particles of lead within the matrix. As Klatka (1992) relates, this
mix of copper and zinc is identified as the alloy yellow brass.

At present, 8 copper artifacts from the Hurt Power Plant Site have been analyzed.
The major village site likely dates to the period later than the Thomas/Sawyer site ,
probably resting between A.D. 1630 and A.D. 1650. Two copper compositional
patterns were found: the first included 6 artifacts and the second 2 artifacts. Within
the first group, as seen in Tables 3 and 4, copper accounts for 95% to circa 97% of the
alloy. Zinc and lead compete for the second most frequent element at usually 1% to
2%. Inclusions were also noted within this category. Of interest, the particles noted
were high in antimony - 63% to 66%. Antimony is an additive which aids in the
temperature contraction and expansion process. In addition, in two of the examples,
the antimony formed elongated stringers the result of a rolling process of manufacture.

The second pattern closely resembles the Thomas/Sawyer copper as presented in
Table 5. Copper content rests at circa 65% with zinc at roughly 33%. Inclusions are
lead with a reading varying from 24% to 44%. Hence, the Hurt Power Plant Site
contains copper of a yellow brass as well as a purer variety copper containing particles
of antimony.

DISCUSSION

The copper artifacts recovered from the earlier Thomas/Sawyer Site (44RN39) are
of a brass with a two-thirds copper and just less than one-third zinc composition. The
artifacts from the slightly later Hurt Power Plant Site (44PY144) exhibit 2 patterns: the
first and most numerous were of an almost pure copper with a low content of zinc
and/or lead with inclusions of antimony. Artifacts of the second category exhibit the
Thomas/Sawyer pattern of two-thirds copper and one-third zinc with lead inclusions.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 1. SEM Analysis of Copper Artifact CU2 from Thomas/Sawyer Site (44RN39).

44RN39 FEATURE 5 (West 1/2, Level 2) CU2

Copper artifact -

Triangular in shape (21.60 mm L, 7.25 mm W, 0.57 mm T)

SEM POSITION

ELEMENT

WEIGHT %

SURFACE

67.99

28.76

2.14

0.61

0.33

0.17

SURFACE

65.82

28.21

2.86

1.99

0.67

0.45

INCLUSION

36.60

24.37

17.27

10.16

4.18

3.82

2.94

0.66

INCLUSION

40.88

29.86

17.61

9.04

2.61

While it is obvious that the analysis has determined that 2 different manufacturing
techniques for copper alloy are present, the implications remain a bit murky. As with
most aspects of archaeological study, the important variables are time, space and
technology. Are the different alloys tied to different production origins with varied
raw material availability? Or it is possible that production innovations through time
led to metallurgical advances which altered recipes? And finally, were different alloys
used in different products? While this is obviously true in the range of functional
artifacts produced by Europeans for their use, what were the "products" from which
the rolled beads and tags were manufactured? If these hypotheses are to be tested, it
is required to extend the study through Jamestown to England and the rest of Europe
in order to reconstruct manufacturing patterns during the late sixteenth and seventeenth
century.

NATIVE AMERICAN COPPER

TABLE 2. SEM Analysis of Copper Artifact CU3 from Thomas/Sawyer Site (44RN39).

44RN39 FEA l URE 5 (East 1/2 Level 2) CU3

Copper Artifact -

Rectangular in

shape (21.17 mm L, 8,46 mm W, 0.53 mm T)

SEM POSITION

ELEMENT

WEIGHT %

SURFACE

68.96

28.71

1.58

0.66

0.07

0.02

INCLUSION

31.68

27.19

20.56

8.59

6.92

2.81

2.25

INCLUSION

37.60

34.87

20.75

4.28

2.48

0.01

When considering patterns within a Virginia context, two other analyses of copper
are of interest. The first included 5 samples recovered in a sealed Native American
context at the third-quarter seventeenth century contact occupation at the Gra¬
ham/White site, Ridge and Valley village site found in Salem, Virginia, within one-half
mile of the Thomas/Sawyer Site. These artifacts were analyzed-fe. elemental compo¬
sition through inductively coupled plasma emission spectronometry. This technique
has the advantage of high resolution, accurate results but the disadvantage of complete
artifact destruction. The Graham-White specimens were found to contain between
64% and 70% copper with a zinc content between 26% and'33%«-(K1atka, 1992). This
"yellow" brass appears to be very close in make-up to the material at Thomas/Sawyer
and the minority copper at the Hurt Power Plant Site.

Copper analysis was also implemented on 31 artifacts from the Governor's Land
excavations at 44JC308. This site was the prehistoric and contact village of Pasbehey
on the James River. The copper assemblage tested was made up of 28 tubular beads, 1
ring bead, and 2 pendants. Of interest here is the analytical technique of Proton-In¬
duced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectronometry. Due to high copper purity, 8 artifacts
were determined to be of Native American origin. The remaining 23 artifacts are also
high in copper purity but contained lead, antimony, and nickel impurities. Fleming

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 3. SEM Analysis of Copper Artifact CU51 from Hurt Power Plant Site (44PY144).

44PY144 Feature 89 (North 1/2 Level 2) CU51

Copper artifact -

Rolled bead (5.48 mm

L, 2.75 mm W)

SEM POSITION

ELEMENT

WEIGHT %

SURFACE

95.25

1.76

1.30

0.78

0.74

0.44

SURFACE

97.18

1.23

0.63

0.54

0.42

INCLUSION

63.21

21.59

9.80

2.24

2.08

0.70

0.37

INCLUSION

52.59

32.73

9.41

1.99

1.89

0.90

0.49

and Swann (1994) indicate that the "compositions and ranges" so closely resemble
European patterns for smelted copper that they are surely of European origin. The
composition for the European artifacts compares favorably to the majority group from
the Hurt Power Plant where copper content is in the 95 to 97 percentile with lead and
nickel in low percentage and antimony inclusions noted. The presence of circa 1 .0%
of zinc, however, may eventually place the Hurt artifacts in a different category.

The trade of copper at the Governor ’ s Land on the coastal plain consisted of smelted :
copper, the artifacts recovered in the lower Ridge and V alley brass, and those recovered
in the southern Piedmont of brass and purer copper. Studies of sixteenth century ;
Iroquoian artifacts have led to the recognition of similar mixes of brass and purer copper i
with ties to 2 trade networks, the Basque purer copper trade and the Norman brass trade
(Bradley and Childs, 1991). Although these sources are of interest, the varied history i

NATIVE AMERICAN COPPER

TABLE 4. SEM Analysis of Copper Artifact CU32 from Hurt Power Plant Site (44PY144).

44PY144 Feature 28B (West 1/2 Level 3) CU32

Copper artifact -

Scrap (38.65 mm L,

7.24 mm W, 0.40 mm W)

SEM POSITION

ELEMENT

WEIGHT %

SURFACE

97.65

1.02

0.82

0.32

0.15

0.05

SURFACE

97.26

1.04

0.88

0.52

0.30

INCLUSION

66.84

21.70

4.85

2.49

1.56

1.39

1.04

0.13

INCLUSION

61.44

22.42

11.03

2.34

1.81

0.81

0.14

of European settlement along the Atlantic seaboard suggests that alternate sources of
trade goods would be in play in a Virginia context.

CONCLUSION

The copper and copper alloy artifacts recovered from the Hurt Power Plant site
and the Thomas/Sawyer site are definitely of European origin consisting of smelted
copper and brass. While only brass has been identified at Ridge and Valley
Thomas/Sawyer and Graham-White, purer copper as well as brass was present at the
Piedmont Hurt Power Plant Site. Studies to the north suggest that different trading
networks may have brought artifacts of different composition. While in the latter
seventeenth century this might reflect differences in commerce between the Virginia
trade and the Carolina trade, the earlier periods would likely be tethered to indirect

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 5. SEM Analysis of Copper Artifact CU22 from Hurt Power Plant Site (44PY144).

44PY144 Feature 2 (West 1/2) CU22

Copper artifact -

Scrap (6.72 mm L, 2.72 mm W, 0.45 mm W)

SEM POSITION

ELEMENT

WEIGHT %

SURFACE

64.77

33.62

0.84

0.61

0.16

SURFACE

64.61

33.93

0.82

0.41

0.24

FNCLUSION

44.18

29.39

20.37

5.17

0.90

INCLUSION

37.40

24.16

23.92

5.81

3.71

2.82

2.16

0.02

trade to Jamestown. As such, the Virginia Company and later Jamestown sources as
well as products deemed appropriate for trade with the Native Americans are of interest.

A varied battery of techniques are being brought to bear on the analysis of copper
artifacts in order to determine chemical composition. While these techniques are all
applicable in differentiating European from Native American copper, the varied
analytical techniques lead to varied sets of data. These sets are not particularly
comparable and, hence, certain similarities and contrasts may not be apparent. Some
techniques are likely better than others. For example, plasma emission spectronometry
requires that the artifact be liquified leading to complete destruction. As PIXE analysis
relies heavily on surface composition, it is not particularly well geared for an analysis
of base metal composition. Likewise, the scanning electron microscope has its draw¬
backs as it is felt to be more qualitative than quantitative. Future work with the electron
microprobe may prove of highest accuracy. In any case, archaeologists, geologists,
and metallurgists dealing with archaeological remains will need to swallow the bitter

NATIVE AMERICAN COPPER

potion and regularize their analytical approaches in order to produce comparable data
in the fiiture.

Scholars have long examined the role of and the evolution of copper exchange
within the Commonwealth, More recently, Potter (1989) has demonstrated the im¬
portance of copper artifacts as symbols of status for the late prehistoric Native
Americans on the coastal plain of Virginia. Hantman (1990) has made a case for the
exchange of copper from the interior of Virginia (and possibly beyond) by a Monacan
chiefdom to the Powhatan. Whether traded by the Monacan or others, the prehistoric
flow of copper in prehistoric times was from west to east. At contact, however, the
pattern reversed with small amounts of European copper making its way into the
interior. While the ornamental copper pieces never reached the social importance seen
at the chiefdom level to the east, copper was a sought after accoutrement by the tribal
groups of the interior. An increased understanding of its chemical composition can
only lead to an increased understanding of trade networks and cultural contact through
time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Michael B. Barber was the Principle Investigator at the Thomas-Sawyer Site
(44RN39) and the Hurt Power Plant Site (44PY144). He is also responsible for artifact
curation and analyses at both sites. Todd Solberg was instrumental in the SEM analyses
providing the analytical framework as well as means to implement that research design.
Eugene Barfield worked at both 44RN39 and 44PY144 and carried out much of the
SEM analyses.

REFERENCES CITED

Alvord, Clarence W., and L. Bidgood. 1912. The First Explorations of the Trans-Al¬
legheny Region by the Virginians. The Arthur Clark Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
Barber, Michael B. 1988. The Thomas/Sawyer Site: A Proto-Historic Site in the
Roanoke Valley. On file with Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Rich¬
mond.

.1993. The Contact Period within the Lower Piedmont of Virginia. On file with
Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond.

_____ .1994. Seventeenth Century Trade Goods along the Roanoke River: Three
Piedmont and Ridge and Valley Sites. On file with Virginia Department of Historic
Resources, Richmond.

Barber, Michael B., and E.B. Barfield. In press. Native Americans on the Virginia
Frontier in the Seventeenth Century: Archaeological Investigations along th Inte¬
rior Roanoke River drainage. In Cultural Diversity on the Virginia Frontier,
M.Puglisi (ed.), University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

Bradley, J.W., and S.T. Childs. 1991. Basque Earrings and Panther’s Tails: The Form
of Cross-Cultural Contact in Sixteenth Century Iroquois. In Metals In Society:
Theory Beyond Analysis, 7-17, MASCA Research papers in Science and Archae¬
ology #8, Part II, University Museum, Philadelphia.

Briceland, Alan V. 1987. Westward From Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-
Carolina Frontier 1650-1710. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville.

Fausz, J. Frederick. 1985. Patterns of Anglo-Indian Aggression and Accommodation
along the Mid-Atlantic, 1584-1634. In Cultures in Contact, W.W. Fitzhugh (ed.),

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Anthropological Society of Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washing¬
ton, D.C., pp. 225-268.

Feest, Christian F.1978. Virginian Algonquians. In Handbook of North American
Indians: Northeast. B.G. Trigger (ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Vol.15, Washing¬
ton, D.C.

Fleming, Stuart and C. Swann. 1994. Final Report on the Technical Analysis of
Copper-base Artifacts from Site 44JC308, Governor’s land, Virginia. On file with
James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., Williamsburg, Virginia.

Hantman, Jeffery L. 1990. Between Powhatan and Quirank: Reconstructing Monacan
Culture and History in the Context of Jamestown. American Anthropologist
Voi.92, pp. 676-690.

Jones, Joe B. 1989. Anglo-Siouan Relations on Virginia’s Piedmont Frontier: 1607-
1732. M.A. thesis. Department of American Studies, College of William and Mary,
Williamsburg, Virginia.

Klatka, Thomas S. 1992. Preliminary Report on the Graham- White Site: a Contact
Period Site on the Roanoke River. On file with Roanoke Regional Preservation
Office, Roanoke, Virginia.

_ . 1993. The Graham- White Site: A Contact Period Site on the Roanoke River,

Virginia. On file with Roanoke Regional Preservation Office, Roanoke, Virginia.

Potter, Stephen R. 1990. Early English Effects on Virginia Algonkian Exchange and
Tribute in the Tidewater Province. In Powhatan’s Mantle, P.H. Wood, G.A.
Waselkov, and T.M. Hatley (eds.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Rountree, Helen C. 1989. The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional
Cultures. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

_ . 1990. Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four

Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Turner, E. Randolph. 1976. An Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Study on the Rank
Societies in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State
University, College Station.

_ . 1982. A Reexamination of Powhatan Territorial Boundaries and Population,

Ca. A.D. 1607. Quarterly Bulletin: Archaeological Society of Virginia, Vol.37,
pp.45-64.

_ . 1985. Socio-Political Organization within the Powhatan Chiefdom and the

Effect of European Contact, A.D. 1607 - 1646, In Cultures in Contact, W.W.
Fitzhugh (ed.). Anthropological Society of Washington Series, Smithsonian Insti¬
tution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 193-224.

Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 1
Spring 1996

Habitat Fragmentation and the Perceived and Actual

Risk of Predation

Stephen F. Matter, John F. Zawacki, and Michael A. Bowers,

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA 22903 and The Blandy Experimental Farm

Boyce, VA 22620

ABSTRACT

We used live-trapping and tethering trials to evaluate differences in both
predatory risk assessment and actual predatory events for two small mammal
species in fragmented and unfragmented (control) landscapes. We found no
difference between the mean number of individuals captured in the frag¬
mented or unfragmented landscapes for either species, however Peromyscus
leucopus tended to be captured less frequently near patch edges in the
fragmented treatment; Microtus pennsylvanicus did not exhibit this response.

The total number of predatory events was low over both the fragmented and
unfragmented landscapes. Two confirmed predation events, out of a total of
40 trials, occurred in the unfragmented landscape suggesting if any difference
in actual predation risk exists it may be greater in continuous than in frag¬
mented landscapes. The combination of these results indicates that edge
avoidance may an innate response to habitat structure rather than to the actual
risk of predation.

INTRODUCTION

Habitat fragmentation has been shown to lower species abundance/density, increase
the probability of local extinction, and alter community structure (for reviews see
Simberloff, 1988; Saunders et al., 1991). Several studies have also suggested that
predation may be greater in fragmented than in continuous habitats. Andren et al.
(1985) reported that predation by corvid birds on artificial nests resembling those of
woodland grouse tended to increase with increasing amount of fragmentation, and
demonstrated that the proportion of nests preyed upon within woodlot fragments
increased towards habitat edges (Andren and Angelstam, 1988). Increasing woodlot
fragmentation also resulted in increased corvid density (Andren, 1992). However,
because the preferred habitat of corvids, cropland, also increased with woodlot frag¬
mentation it is not clear whether increasing densities were related to fragmentation per
se or changes in habitat. Bowers and Dooley (1993) found seed removal by small
mammals, particularly during full moon periods, to be higher in patch interiors than
on patch edges, and interpreted this as a predator avoidance response.

From the perspective of a prey species, predation can be partitioned into two distinct
components: the perception of predatory risk and actual predation. It is important to
note that avoidance of areas perceived to be ’risky’ may be an innate behavioral
response and unrelated to the actual risk of predation or an individual’s experience e.g.
the general avoidance of open areas by small mammals (Lima and Dill, 1990).
Separating these components of predation is important. Actual predation may be a rare
event, however the impact of predation on an individual basis is quite severe. Hence

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

we may expect behavioral responses to be overly sensitive to regions of differing
predatory risk.

Habitat fragmentation may affect both the perceived risk of predation and the actual
rate of predation. Because fragmentation often results in the imposition of habitat
edges, if a prey species perceives habitat edges or ecotones to be ’riskier’ areas, these
areas may be avoided and under-utilized, whereas habitat interiors may be viewed as
safer and proportionally over-utilized (Bowers and Dooley, 1993). A variety of
mechanisms have been proposed to account for greater predation rates in fragmented
habitats. Success by ’edge predators’ that forage on habitat peripheries may be
increased by the introduction of habitat edges (Andren and Angelstam, 1988). Frag¬
mentation may also create localized patches containing prey species that can be more
efficiently exploited by predators (Weins, 1976; Taylor, 1976a). Finally, habitat
fragmentation may increase the diversity of a landscape thereby increasing the number
of predatory strategies that can be supported, ultimately increasing the overall predation
rate (Wolff, 1980; Keith, 1983; Andren et al., 1985; Andren, 1992).

The main objective of our research was to examine behavioral responses possibly
related to predator avoidance in relation to the actual predatory risk for small mammals
residing in fragmented and unfragmented landscapes. Based on previous work by
Bowers and Dooley (1993), we hypothesized that in a fragmented landscape patch
edges would be avoided and that predation rates would be greater than in a similar
continuous landscape.

METHODS

We conducted our study June through August 1993, at the University of Virginia’s
Blandy Experimental Farm (BEF) located in the Northern Shenandoah Valley, Clarke
County, Virginia. The study site was a 20 ha old-field, bounded by a 50 ha mature
oak-hickory woodlot, the Orland E. White arboretum, and a commercial alfalfa field.
Prior to 1986 the site was used primarily as pasture, but has been unmanaged since.
Subsequently, the field has come to be dominated by successional species such as
Carduus acanthoides, C. nutans, Celastrus scandens, and Rhus radicans as well as
several grasses eg. Dactylis sp., Agrostis sp., and Festuca sp. (for a complete vegeta-
tional description see Bowers, 1993).

Study Species

The meadow vole {Microtus pennsylvanicus) and the white-footed mouse
(Peromyscus leucopus noveborcensis) were the dominant small mammals. Although
P. leucopus is generally considered a woodland species, at BEF it also inhabits
early-successional old-fields (Halama, 1989; Dooley, 1993; Bowers and Dooley,
1993).

Mammalian predators observed at BEF include: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), striped
skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and feral cats (Felis catus). The
northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) was occasionally captured during
trapping and has been reported as a predator of juvenile Microtus (Getz et al. 1992).
Avian predators include red-tailed hawks (Buteo borealis) and bam owls (Strix
pratincola). Snakes and other predators capable of feeding on Peromyscus or Microtus
are seldom observed at BEF, but may also be present.

FRAGMENTATION AND RISK OF PREDATION 21

Experimental Design and Trapping Protocol

We established eight 50 x 50 meter patches/grids: four patches were in a fragmented
treatment, isolated from other patches and surrounding vegetation by 25m wide mowed
areas; and four trapping grids within unmanipulated, continuous vegetation which
served as controls (Figure 1). The arrangement of patches/grids in the fragmented and
unfragmented treatments was not identical due to logistic constraints. Twelve large
folding Sherman live traps were used per patch/grid to quantify habitat use by small
mammals. One trap was placed at each comer of each patch/grid, one on the middle
of each side, and four traps, separated by 10 m, in the interior (each interior trap was
25 m from the nearest comer). This pattern provided four interior traps, four traps on
edges, and four traps on the comers of each patch/grid. For patches, comer traps were
surrounded by 25 % cover, and edge traps by 50 % cover. Comer and edge traps for
grids and all interior traps were completely surrounded by unmanipulated vegetation.
Vegetation around patches was initially mowed one month before trapping began, and
subsequently when vegetation reached 12 cm in height.

Live trapping was conducted once per week from July 6 to August 3, 1993. Traps
were baited with peanut butter approximately 2 hours before sunset and checked at
dawn the following morning. Upon initial capture, individuals were tagged and
toe-clipped for identification, and species, sex, age, reproductive condition, and weight
were recorded. Between trapping sessions traps were locked open to allow free
exploration.

To assess actual predation risk between the experimental landscapes, Peromyscus
captured in a nearby woodlot were tethered using 20 cm of steel cord secured to the
ground. To exclude avian predation and allow for identification of terrestrial predators,
mice were also tethered in a similar manner within large Hav-a-heart traps. Each
patch/grid had one tethering station on a randomly selected edge. Two patches/grids
within each landscape had open tetherings while the other two patches/grids had avian
exclusion tetherings. Five trials were mn, totaling 40 tetherings. Mice were tethered
in the evening prior to baiting and checked the following morning. Mice were scored
as surviving, injured, preyed upon (evidence of remains), or missing (either escaped
or no evidence of predation).

Statistical Analyses

To evaluate differences in spatial usage patterns between landscapes, we examined
the proportion of captures at each trap type (comer, side, or interior) using repeated
measures analysis of variance (RMA). Trap location and landscape type were the
between subjects factors while trapping date was the within- subjects effect. Data were
expressed as the proportion of captures at each trap type, and were angularly trans¬
formed prior to analyses (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). To test for differences in abundance
between fragmented and unfragmented landscapes, the mean number of individuals
captured per patch/grid was evaluated using Student’s t-test. All tests were conducted
separately for each species.

RESULTS

Over seven trap sessions (672 trap nights), 75 Peromyscus and 92 Microtus
individuals were captured a total of 136 and 1 10 times, respectively. No difference in
the mean number of individuals captured over the seven trap periods in fragmented

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

UNFRAGMENTED

FIGURE 1. Experimental design and landscape configuration. Dottedareas indicate unmowed vegetation
(unfragmented), while cross-hatched regions indicate mowed vegetation (fragmented). The grey area
represents an oak-hickory woodlot. Solid black squares symbolize trapping grids within the continuous
region and patches within the fragmented region. Each patch/grid was 50 x 50 m, and separated from the
nearest patch/grid by 25 m.

M, pennsylvanicus R leucopus

I Unfragmented Fragmented

FIGURE 2. Mean number of individuals (± SE) trapped within patches in the fragment and control
landscapes over the seven trap periods.

versus unfragmented patches was found for either Microtus (t=0.82, df=6, p=0.44) or
Peromyscus (t=-0.13, df=6, p=0.90) (Figure 2).

FRAGMENTATION AND RISK OF PREDATION 23

TABLE 1 . Analysis of variance table based on the mean proportion of traps occupied by Peromyscus
leucopus (arcsine square root transformed). Main effects tested were fragmentation (frag) and trap position
(comer, side, interior) (zone). Trapnight (nite) was the within subjects factor.

Source of Variation

WITHIN CELLS

3.19

0.18

CONSTANT

21.32

120.19

0.000

FRAG

0.03

0.19

0.669

ZONE

0.27

0.13

0.76

0.483

FRAG BY ZONE

1.26

0.63

3.54

0.050

Within-Subject Effect

Source of Variation

WITHIN CELLS

9.31

108

.09

NITE

2.08

0.35

4.02

0.001

FRAG BY NITE

0.62

0.10

1.21

0.308

ZONE BY NITE

0.69

0.06

0.67

0.776

FRAG BY ZONE BY NITE

0.32

0.03

0.31

0.989

(Huynh-Feldt Epsilon =

1.00000)

TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table based on the mean proportion oflraps occupied by Microtus pennsyl-
vanicus (arcsine square root transformed). Main effects tested were fragmentation (frag) and trap position
(corner, side, interior) (zone). Trapnight (nite) was the within subjects factor.

Source of Variation

WITHIN CELLS

4.18

0.23

CONSTANT

12.90

55.48

0.000

FRAG

0.13

0.56

0.463

ZONE

0.30

0.15

0.64

0.541

FRAG BY ZONE

0.54

0.27

1.15

0.339

Within-Subject Effects

Source of Variation

WITHIN CELLS

9.63

108

0.09

NITE

3.64

0.61

6.81

0.000

FRAG BY NITE

0.49

0.08

0.92

0.486

ZONE BY NITE

0.60

0.05

0.56

0.869

FRAG BY ZONE BY NITE

0.65

0.05

0.60

0.835

(Huynh-Feldt Epsilon =

1.00000)

Analyses of the proportion of captures revealed some effects of habitat edges.
While the tests for the main-effects of fragmentation and trap location alone were not
significant for either species there was a significant interaction term involving frag¬
mentation and trap location for Peromyscus (Tables 1 and 2). The mean proportion of
captures was highest in patch interiors, and lowest at comers in the fragmented

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

1.6

1.4

Unfragmcntsd Fragmented

R, ieucopus

Unfragmented Fragmented

M. pennsylvanicus

H Corner ^Side [D Interior

FIGURE 3. Results comparing the mean ( SE) number of traps occupied, either corner, side, or interior, in
fragmented or unfragmented landscapes for P. Ieucopus and M pennsylvanicus. Bars represent the mean
across all trap sessions.

landscape, while in the continuous landscape captures were higher on sides and comers
than for interiors (Figure 3). Analyses of Microtus captures showed no significant main
or interaction effects, but the smallest proportion of captures was on comers of patches
in the fragmented landscape. The within-subjects factor, trapping date, showed sig¬
nificant effects for both species resulting from an increasing number of captures
throughout the study, but no significant interaction with any main effects factor.

Five nights of predatory trials (8 replicates per trial) resulted in one mfssing mouse,
one wounded mouse, and two confirmed predatory events (one striped skunk was
caught in a Hav-a-heart trap containing a tethered mouse, while one event was an open
tethering and the predator could not be identified) all within the control landscape. All
mice tethered in the fragmented landscape were unharmed.

DISCUSSION

These results suggest that predation rates did not greatly differ between fragmented
and continuous habitats, and if any trend actually exists predation rates may be greater
in continuous than in fragmented landscapes. This result is contradictory to previous
studies, where predation levels were greater in fragmented landscapes or at habitat
edges (Andr^n et al., 1985; Andr^n and Angelstam, 1988; Andren, 1992). Several
factors may be operating in conjunction to produce the observed predation results. The
lack of greater predation in the fragmented landscape may result from predators also
avoiding open areas where they too may be at risk. Alternatively, predators may be
responding to the distribution of prey. Habitat fragmentation produces a distribution
of prey that is highly clumped. And this clumping of prey may be further exacerbated
by edge avoidance behavior creating prey-poor areas within habitat patches. If

FRAGMENTATION AND RISK OF PREDATION 25

fragmentation produces a course ’grain’ distribution of prey and predators are adapted
to a uniform distribution of prey, then fragmentation may actually reduce rates of
predation (Vine, 1971; Taylor, 1976b; Weins, 1976; Kareiva, 1987; Turchin and
Kareiva, 1989).

Although actual predation rates were roughly equal in both landscapes, within the
fragmented landscape, Peromyscus tended to avoid patch edges which is consistent
with the notion that the perceived risk of predation is higher in the fragmented
landscape (Bowers and Dooley, 1993). Given that fragmentation produced no differ¬
ence in abundance between landscapes, but resulted in the avoidance of edges, implies
that most activity of animals was concentrated in the interior regions of patches in the
fragmented landscape. Thus, edge avoidance behavior may increase intra- and inter¬
specific interactions in fragmented habitats thereby eliciting changes in social and
community structure. However, the mechanism of edge avoidance may be unrelated
to the actual risk of predation.

It is difficult to explain why Peromyscus avoided edges while Microtus did not.
Part of the explanation may be related to microhabitat preferences. Peromyscus
leucopus is typically a woodland species, whose microhabitat contains a high degree
of vertical stratification and whose movement is generally restricted to protected areas
(Bamum et al, 1992). Microtus pennsylvanicus is typically found in grassy habitats
(Klatt and Getz, 1 987), and although Desy et al. ( 1 990), found that increased vegetative
cover decreases the risk of predation for M. pennsylvanicus, the difference between
mowed vegetation and preferred cover for Peromyscus is probably much greater than
for Microtus. A second possibility may be that Microtus is more tolerant of edges.
This finding is in accordance with those of Harper et al. (1993) and Dooley (1993),
who found that densities of Microtus pennsylvanicus were unaffected by habitat patch
shape (a varying edge to interior ratio), which would be expected if edge avoidance
were not a strong factor. A third possible factor relates to the use of space and home
range position. Traps may not be equal in their accessibility to small mammals. Traps
at comers of unfragmented patches may be encountered by more animals that do not
have the opportunity to be trapped elsewhere, while in the fragmented patches the
opposite pattern is tme - comer traps are the least likely to be encountered. The
magnitude of this effect will increase for species with larger home range sizes. The
data presented here tend to support this notion, as activity areas of Peromyscus are
approximately twice as large as Microtus (Dooley, 1993). Thus some of the ’edge
avoidance’ seen in the fragmented landscape may be more of a methodological problem
than a biological reality. However, radio telemetric data indicated that Peromyscus
routinely moved the 50m distance from edge to edge in both the fragmented and
unfragmented landscapes, suggesting that this problem may be minimal (Zawacki,
personal observation). Unfortunately similar data were not collected for Microtus.
Innate individual behavioral responses resulting from fragmentation have the potential
to influence populations, and such issues need to be addressed in any evaluation of the
effects of habitat fragmentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank J. Dooley, E. Connor, and G. Kirk for helpfiil comments
on this manuscript. B. Arnold’s knowledge of tractor repair was invaluable. The three
authors contributed equally to the conception and execution of this research. The data

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

was analyzed and manuscript prepared by S.F.M. This research was funded in part by

NSF grants DEB-9207722 and DIR-9322093 to M.A.B.

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FRAGMENTATION AND RISK OF PREDATION

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WPS*!

28 So 3 '•‘VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

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Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 1
Spring 1996

Toxin Producing Phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay

Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Domin¬
ion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266

ABSTRACT

Three diatoms and nine dinoflagellates, known to be associated with toxin
production, have been identified within Chesapeake Bay. Over the past
several decades this number has increased to its present level so that they now
represent approximately 1.7% the total number of phytoplankton species
reported for the Bay.

INTRODUCTION

Hallegraeff (1993) and Smayda (1989) indicate there is a global increase in the
occurrence and geographical distribution of marine phytoplankton blooms, including
blooms produced by species that are toxin producers. Hallegraeff offers several
reasons to explain the increased reports of bloom events. These are: 1) the scientific
community is more alert regarding the presence of bloom producers and is now
reporting blooms more frequently, 2) the greater use of coastal waters for aquaculture
has provided additional favorable sites for blooms to develop, and represent additional
sources for reporting toxic events, 3) there has occurred in recent years greater nutrient
enrichment of coastal and estuarine waters that fosters increased phytoplankton abun¬
dance, including bloom events, and 4) the resting cysts of many algae can be transported
in ballast water of ships that move from one global port to another, providing a
mechanism for expanding the distribution range for species, including those that
produce blooms.

For the past three decades the author has reported on the phytoplankton from
Chesapeake Bay, plus many of the regional tributaries associated with this estuary,
identifying 708 taxa from Chesapeake Bay (Marshall, 1994a). Since 1985, monthly
phytoplankton collections have been taken at 7 stations within Chesapeake Bay.
Reports based on the analysis of these collections have identified phytoplankton
composition, productivity, plus spatial and temporal relationships to water quality
variables and algal composition (Marshall, 1994a; Marshall and Alden 1990). The data
obtained in this monitoring program, personal records, and other publications, have
provided the information on toxin and bloom producing taxa used in this report. The
purpose of this paper is to identify species in Chesapeake Bay that have been linked to
toxin production in either field or laboratory studies.

Historical Records:

The earliest listing of phytoplankton taxa in Chesapeake Bay is by Wolfe et al.
(1926), who reported on several seasonal collections within the Bay taken between
1916 and 1922. From these samples they noted 99 species. Subsequent systematic
studies by Cowles (1930), Griffith (1961), Patten et al. (1963), Mulfbrd (1967), and
Marshall (1967) gradually added to the phytoplankton species identified in Chesapeake
Bay . From these earlier papers the diatoms Amphora coffeaeformis, Nitzschia
(Pseudo-nitzschia) f multiseries, and the dinoflagellates Cochlodinium heterolo-
batum, Dinophysis acuminata, D. acuta, D. caudata, Prorocentrum minimum, have

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

since been recognized as potential toxin producers (Steidinger, 1993). Also noted by
Morse (1947) and Mulford (1967) is Gonyaulax catenella Whedon-Kofoid (now
classified as Alexandhum catenella (Whedon-Kofoid) Balech) and Gonyaulax polye-
dra Stein in the Patuxent River, and a single record of G. polyedra at the Chesapeake
Bay entrance by Marshall (personal records). They both produce toxins, with A.
catenella one of the causative agents for paralytic shellfish poisoning (Steidinger,
1993).

Phytoplankton Blooms:

The term phytoplankton bloom is generally applied to a rapid increase in abundance
within the phytoplankton community. There are seasonal blooms where cell concen¬
trations increase annually within entire bodies of water usually during spring, summer,
or fall. In contrast, there are blooms that are more limited in their scope and compo¬
sition. The term bloom used in this paper refers to a situation where over a relatively
short period of time, there is a major increase in the cell concentrations of usually one
primary species, with this growth more localized, and limited in its development and
duration (e.g. days, few weeks). The water color during these events will typically have
a red, brown, or green coloration, depending on the species producing the bloom, and
its abundance. Cell concentrations of the primary bloom producer will vary with the
taxon, and its cell size. Some of the large dinoflagellates will reach bloom concentra¬
tions at 10^ cells \'\ whereas with other taxa, bloom concentrations may level off at
10^ to 10^ cells f ^ Blooms are commonly recognized as isolated surface patches of
various sizes, or be concentrated along tidal fronts, appearing as streaks of discolored
water.

Marshall (1989) reviewed the records of bloom events in the Chesapeake Bay from
1963 through 1989. The majority (67%) of these blooms occurred in tributaries to the
Bay (near their river mouths), and 25% were located within the Bay, with the remaining
(8%) in adjacent ponds and outside the Bay entrance. Blooms were recorded in each
season, but the majority occurred during Summer (54%), followed by Fall (26%),
Spring (15%), and Winter (5%). These blooms were not associated with toxin
production, major fish kills, or shellfish poisoning, and may be produced by toxin or
non-toxin producing species. Yet, there is wide variation in the ability of toxin
producing species to produce toxins, and in the strength of toxins they produce
(Hallegraff, 1 993). The presence of a species reported to produce a toxin does not mean
a potent toxin will be produced.

Dinoflagellates:

The following are dinoflagellates recorded since 1985 from Chesapeake Bay that
have been associated with toxin production.

During mid-summer to early fall in 1992, a bloom of the dinoflagellate Co-
chlodinium heterolobatum Silva (=Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef) spread from
the mouth of the York River into and out of the lower Chesapeake Bay, and was then
transported in near shore waters southward to North Carolina. Concentrations reached
1 0 - 10 cells 1 and at one time was spread over 215.7 km of the central and western
Chesapeake Bay (Marshall, 1994b). Prior to this event, blooms of this species were
generally localized in the York River (Mackieman, 1968; Zubkoff and Warinner, 1975;
Zubko ff et al., 1979; Zubkoff, 1982). Since 1992, Cochlodinium heterolobatum has

CHESAPEAK BAY TOXIC PHYTOPLANKTON

apparently expanded its regional range, and has become established as an annual bloom
producer in several rivers of the lower Chesapeake Bay, where previously it had not
been reported (e.g. James, Elizabeth, Pagan, and LaFayette Rivers). The cells reproduce
rapidly, often occurring in rows of 2,4, or 8 connected cells. The blooms generally last
several days and often extend into nearby inlets. This species is expected to produce
summer blooms annually in the local rivers, and a more frequent appearance in the
lower Chesapeake Bay is expected to occur. Although no major toxic events were
associated with these blooms in Chesapeake Bay, Yuki and Yoshimatsu (1989) have
linked this species with deaths in fish culturing grounds in Japan, and Steidinger ( 1 993)
lists this dinoflagellate as a toxin producer. This species will reach bloom concentra¬
tions at river sites generally in late July with major development typically occurring in
August. It is often accompanied by several non-toxin producing dinoflagellates in
lesser abundance, including Scrippsiella trochoidea and Gymnodinium splendens,
along with cryptomonads and several diatom taxa.

Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller is well documented in the early reports
of Bay phytoplankton, in addition to an account of a small Prorocentrum mentioned
by Cowles (1930), that was probably P. minimum. Prorocentrum minimum is reported
to produce a toxic substance directly responsible for fish and shellfish kills (Okaichi
and Imatomi, 1979; Steidinger, 1993). Tyler and Seliger (1978) have associated this
species with seasonal blooms in the upper Chesapeake Bay and its transport to these
sites within sub-pycnocline waters. In the lower Bay this species is generally ubiqui¬
tous, and increases in abundance in spring, reaching higher levels in summer and fall.
It is also a frequent sub-dominant species during bloom events and is one of the most
common dinoflagellates in the Bay (Marshall, 1994a).

The genus Dinophysis is represented in the Chesapeake Bay by five species that
are known to produce okadaic acid, or other toxins causing diarrhetic shellfish poison¬
ing (Yasumoto, 1990; Steidinger, 1993). These substances when concentrated in
clams, oysters, etc. may cause this illness in humans who eat the infected shellfish.
These include Dinophysis acuminata Claparede and Lachmann, D. acuta Eherenberg,
D. caudata Saville-Kent, D.fortii Pavillard, and D. norvegica Claparede and Lach¬
mann. These species are present within Atlantic coastal waters and their cells may be
found frequently in sub-pycnocline waters entering Chesapeake Bay. Major outbreaks
of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning have occurred in european waters due to D. acuminata
and off Nova Scotia by D. norvegica (Kat, 1985; Rao et al., 1993). Although not
abundant, and often rarely noted, each of these Dinophysis spp. have been recorded in
the lower Chesapeake Bay. In addition, Dinophysis tripos Gourret, reported by
Yasumoto (1990) as a toxin producer, has also been identified from shelf waters in the
vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay entrance (Marshall, 1982).

Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt has a broad geographic distribution and is known
as a toxin producing bloom species that has been associated with massive fish and
invertebrate mortality (Tangen, 1977; Jones et al., 1982). This species was first
reported in Chesapeake Bay by Marshall (1980a), but was not noted again till over a
decade later in an isolated inlet at the U.S. Naval Amphibious Base in Virginia Beach
(Marshall, 1994b). Its presence there was possibly due to ballast water discharged in
the harbor.

The most recent event regarding a potent toxin producing dinoflagellate was the
discovery of Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger and Burkholder from Jenkins Creek in the

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

upper Chesapeake Bay (Lewitus et al., 1995). It is a polymorphic species, possessing
flagellated, amoeboid, and cyst life stages, with the cysts in the substrate activated into
motile cells by the presence of fish (e.g. by their excreta)(Burkholder et al., 1992).
These cells attach to the fish and produce the toxin that will poison them, and then
return to the substrate and form cysts. This species has produced extensive fish kills in
North Carolina estuaries with its toxin producing various neurosensory ailments in
humans (Burkholder et al., 1995; Franklin, 1995).

Although mentioned above in the earlier literature, the following species were not
found in the present monitoring program (1985-1996): Alexandhum {Gonyaulax)
catenella (Whedon-Kofoid) Balech) and Gonyaulax polyedra Stein. Marshall (1982)
has also reported Gymnodinium breve Davis, the agent causing neurotoxic shellfish
poisoning, off the Chesapeake Bay entrance, but this species has not been noted since
for this area. This is primarily a tropical and sub-tropical species that is not expected
to be common in these waters.

Diatoms:

To date, four diatoms that are recognized as domoic acid producers, have been
recorded for Chesapeake Bay. These are Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle,
P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, P. seriata (Cleve) Peragallo, and Amphora
coffeaeformis (C. Agardh) Kiitzing.

Amphora coffeaeformis is a pennate diatom rarely reported in the Bay, but has been
found in the barrier islands of Virginia (Marshall, 1980b). This species is not consid¬
ered a major bloom threat, although it has been associated with domoic acid production.

Over 30 years ago Hasle (1965) first identified the diatom Nitzschia pungens f
multiseries Hasle from water samples that included those taken in lower Chesapeake
Bay. This is a small pennate diatom, found usually in colonial chain-like filaments of
3 to 4 cells in length. It is so similar to the ubiquitous Nitzschia {Pseudo-nitzschia)
pungens Grunow that it would be very difficult to distinguish the difference between
these two species with light microscopy. In fact, it has not been reported in Chesapeake
Bay since Hasle (1965). Nitzschia pungens f multiseries gained international attention
in 1987 when a food poisoning event in Canada was traced to cultured blue mussels
{Mytilus edulis) containing high concentrations of domoic acid produced by this diatom
(Bates et al., 1989). Domoic acid is the agent that is transmitted to shellfish by these
diatoms, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. N. pungens f multis¬
eries and related species, have recently been reclassified (Hasle, 1995) into another
genus and is now identified as Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. In examin¬
ing current phytoplankton samples with electron microscopy, Marshall (1994a) did not
find Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, but reported an abundance of Pseuso-nitzschia
pseudodelicatisssima, noted for the first time in Chesapeake Bay, and this species is
another domoic acid producer (Martin et al., 1990).

Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, P. seriata (Cleve) Peragallo,
and the non-toxin producer P. pungens are common members of this genus in lower
Chesapeake Bay. Past records of these species have probably included P. pseudodeli¬
catissima with P. pungens. Annual mean abundance for P. seriata and P. pungens
(combined with P. pseudodelicatissima) over a 10 year period are 3.3 x 10^ and 9.9 x
10^ cells 1"^ respectively. Of the three, both P. pungens and P. pseudodelicatissima
appear to be increasing in abundance and P. pseudodelicatissima has become estab-

CHESAPEAK BAY TOXIC PHYTOPLANKTON

lished over the past decade in Chesapeake Bay. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle)
Hasle may still be existing somewhere in the Bay, but is not abundant compared to
these other members of the genus at this time. There are no records to date of any of
these species producing toxic blooms in Chesapeake Bay. It is feasible that the absence
of toxin production by these species is because these are local strains that do not produce
high levels of domoic acid, or the appropriate environmental conditions that may
initiate this bio-product have not been present.

Non-toxic bloom producers:

The Bay also contains numerous non-toxin producers within its phytoplankton that
have seasonal blooms which on occasion have resulted in reduced oxygen levels within
the water column, and could negatively impact the fauna. The dinoflagellate species
seasonally include: Early spring Heterocapsa triquetra, Katodinium rotundatum,
Summer: Ceratium furca, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Gymno-
dinium splendens, Fall: Noctilucascintillans, Prorocentrum minimum and others. Most
prominent with these dinoflagellates, would be seasonal developmental peaks (spring,
summer, fall) of the diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Cyclotella
choctawhatcheeana, Rhizosolenia fragilaria, Asterionella glacialis, Leptocylindrus
minimus, etc., in addition to the ubiquitous cryptomonads and autotrophic picoplank-
ton. The various species (mostly cyanobacteria) in the autotrophic picoplankton
become very abundant during summer. Their summer concentrations may reach 1 0^
cells 1'^ with a basic abundance level during other seasons between 10^-10^ cells 1’^
(Marshall, 1995). The settling of high concentrations of any of these bloom cells and
other summer components within the water column and to the bottom substrate is a
contributing factor to summer hypoxia conditions that occur in the deep basins within
the Chesapeake Bay. The relationships of many of these seasonal blooms to nutrients,
total suspended solids, light availability, etc., within the Chesapeake Bay have been
discussed by Fisher et al. (1988), Harding et al. (1986), Marshall and Alden (1993),
and others. In addition to these algae, the ciliated protozoan Mesodesmium rubrum,
which contains a red cryptophycean as an endosymbiont, also produces extensive
blooms in the Bay. For instance, in October 1995, cell concentrations during a bloom
covered a large extent of the lower Chesapeake and reached concentrations of 5.1 x
10^ cells r'.

DISCUSSION

The Chesapeake Bay estuary does not presently have a historical record of major
phytoplankton toxic induced events. However, there are 3 diatoms and 9 dinoflagellates
known to produce toxins that have been reported within the last decade in Chesapeake
Bay (Table 1). Historically, 2 additional dinoflagellates and 1 diatom known to be
toxin producers have been reported in earlier literature from within Chesapeake Bay,
for a total of 15 toxin class species of record. With a total of 708 phytoplankters
identified in the Bay (Marshall, 1994), the 12 species represent 1.7% of the present
population, or if the earlier 3 species are included 2.1% of the total taxa, as toxin
producers. Soumia et al. ( 1 99 1 ) report there are globably approximately 4400 marine
phytoplankton species, with 50 to 60 of these (1.1-1 .3%) described as toxin producers
(Steidinger, 1993). The presence of these potential toxin producers in Chesapeake Bay
is slightly greater than the global relationship noted above. However, due to the more

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 1. Phytoplankton recorded within the Chesapeake Bay system that have been reported in the
literature to be toxin producers.

A. Recorded between 1985 and 1996.

I. Diatoms:

Amphora coffeaeformis (C. Agardh) Kutzing
Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Cleve) Peragallo

II. Dinoflagellates:

Cochlodinium heterolobatum Silva
Dinophysis acuminata Ciapardde and Lachmann
Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg
Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent
Dinophysis fortii Pavilard
Dinophysis norvegica Claparede and Lachmann
Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt
Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger and Burkholder
Prorocentnim minimum Pavillard and Schiller

I. Diatoms:

B. Recorded prior to 1985

Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle

II. Dinoflagellates:

Alexandrium catenella (Whedon-Kofoid) Balech
Gonyaulax polyedra Stein

favorable conditions for growth, a larger number of toxin producers would be expected
within estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay than in global seas. This level of repre¬
sentation in Chesapeake Bay, may be expected within other comparable estuaries.

Although there is an apparent absence of toxin related events at this time in the
Chesapeake Bay, the potential for these to occur exists from species already present in
this ecosystem, in addition to new species that may be introduced. There is also
evidence that concentrations of potential toxin producers now living in the Bay are
increasing. Several Dinophysis spp. and Psuedo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, which
represent potential sources for outbreaks of diarrhetic and amnesic shellfish poisoning
respectively, are gradually becoming more common in Bay. The rapid increase in the
range and frequency of blooms by other species, such as Cochlodinium heterolobatum,
indicates species once more limited in their range of development, can over a short
time period become a dominant component within the phytoplankton community. It is
species of this type, gaining a more dominant role within the ecosystem, that may have
more significant long term impact on the water quality and trophic relationships in
these waters. Their success may be due to increased anthropogenic factors (e.g. nutrient
enrichment within the watershed), or changing environmental parameters that favor
their development. These conditions may also enhance the development of newly
observed and dangerous species such as Pfiesteria piscicida, which has the potential
for expanding its distribution within the estuary. New phytoplankton taxa are certainly

CHESAPEAK BAY TOXIC PHYTOPLANKTON

expected to be recognized for the Chesapeake Bay, and among these other toxin
producing species are also likely to be found.

The enigma regarding many phytoplankton species is that not all of the potential
toxin producers will produce toxins, or blooms in their respective habitats. For
instance, high concentrations of a particular dinoflagellate may be a toxin producer and
contaminate shellfish in an estuary or entire coastal region, but the same morphological
species at another site may not produce toxins. This difference may be due to some
environmental factor, or more likely a combination of particular environmental condi¬
tions, that alter a physiological response in these cells to produce, or not produce a
particular bio-product (e.g. a toxic substance). Another explanation is that there are
numerous species, that contain within their populations, physiological deviants from
the norm (physiological species, or different strains of a species), with or without the
capability of producing toxins. Such differences within these populations would not
be considered unusual, since the incidents of mutational events that may impact their
genetic make-up and cell metabolism would be expected to occur.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special appreciation is given to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
and the Environmental Protection Agency for their support of the phytoplankton
component in the Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Minutes of the Executive Committee
Virginia Academy of Science

Nov 5, 1995, Room 187 Ruffiier Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Present: Thomas O. Sitz (President), Elsa Q. Falls (Immediate Past President), R.
Dean Decker (President-elect), Carolyn M. Conway (Vice President), Joseph W.
Rudmiii (Secretary), Greg Cook (Treasurer), Donald R. Cottingham (Director,
Junior Academy of Science), James H. Martin (Editor, the Virginia Journal of
Science), Lisa L. Martin (Administrative Assistant, VAS-VJAS).

The meeting commenced at 10:12 am.

1. There were no introductions.

2. Adoption of the agenda was moved by T. Sitz, and was seconded and ap¬
proved.

3. The minutes of the May 24 and May 25 Executive Committee meetings and
the May 25 Academy Conference were corrected and approved.

4. Officers’ Reports
a. President’s Report

Tom Sitz recounted the Executive Committee’s actions during the summer
concerning the Science Museum of Virginia. Three letters were distributed. For
more detail on this, the reader is referred to the minutes of the Nov 5 1995 Council
meeting.

Tom Sitz asked Dean Decker to report on the Ad Hoc Committee to Study
Academy Needs with Regard to Fund Raising which he did as follows. The
Committee consisted of Dean Decker, Carolyn Conway, Art Burke, Richard
Brandt, and Jim O’Brien. The Committee defined the terms "endowment/en¬
dowed", 'hamed endowment”, 'Virginia Academy of Science”, and 'Virginia Junior
Academy of Science”. The Committee then made recommendations that the
following categories of fiinds be established: E?q3ansion and continuation of the
awards program of the VJAS, support to establish a paid director of the VJAS,
support for the education and research activities of the VAS, and a discretionary
fond for the VAS/VJAS management. Since anticipated returns are greater than
5%, this amount should be guaranteed to the Academy for use, with the rest
returned to increase the principle. The Committee recommended that new named
endowments must be started with $5000 or more, new unnamed endowments must
be started with $3000 or more, and new donor-designated fonds must be started
with $1000 or more. For more detail on this, the reader is referred to the minutes
of the Nov 5, 1995 Council Meeting. These are the recommendations from the Ad
Hoc Committee to the Fund-raising Committee.

Tom Sitz during the summer had appointed an ad hoc committee to review the
VJAS secretarial position. This committee consisted of Dean Decker, Art Burke,
and Elsa Falls. They submitted a list of Recommendations to the Executive
Committee which were now discussed, starting with the budget. Elsa Falls pre¬
sented the recommendations. It was noted that the Research Committee had not
used its foil $10000 budget, and accordingly recommended that it revert to the
previous year’s $8000 to free money for other uses.

EXECUTTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION:

The motion was made, seconded, and passed, to recommend to the Council the
reduction of the Research Committee’s budget from $10000 to $8000.

Discussion of the budget continued. Since part of this discussion dealt with the
administrative assistant’s salary, Lisa Martin left the room at this time. The ad hoc
committee to review the VJAS Associate Director Position made the following
recommendations to be acted upon by the Executive Committee:

I. As a stop-gap measure: That the secretary begin to maintain regular hours
on a daily basis (Mon-Fri) from September through December 1995 at the VAS
office, and that her salary be increased $125 per month for each of those four
months, to compensate for the increased demands on her time. (This is a stop-gap
measure until the recommendations which follow can be acted upon by the Execu¬
tive Committee at its November Meeting. The above Recommendation was ap¬
proved bymembers ofthe Executive Committee when contacted byphone on Sept.,
11, and Blanton Bruner has implememted the recommendation.)

II. As soon as possible: That Jim Martin be asked to explore the purchase of an
additional computer and printer by VAS to be kept at the Martin residence for the
use of both Jim and Lisa. The new machine and software should be compatible
with the current machine owned by VAS, which is to be housed at VAS office. (It
is suggested that this purchase be expedited, so that the new equipment will be
available as soon as possible.)

III. Effective January 1, 1996:

1. That the VAS office be staffed six hours a day (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) and
five days a week from Labor Day to Memorial Day. Hours would be more limited
from Memorial Day to Labor Day. Lisa Martin would be present from 12-4 p.m.,
and Blanton Bruner and Art Burke would divide the morning hours from 10-12
noon.

2. That Blanton Bruner (at his request) begin to curtail his responsibilities as
Executive Secretary-Treasurer. His yearly salary would be decreased by one-half
for 1996.

3. That Art Burke be appointed as Associate Executive Secretary-Treasurer
and begin to assume more of Blanton Bruner’s duties. There would be no remu¬
neration for his services (at his request.)

4. That the position of administrative assistant (job description attached) be
designated as three-fourths of full-time. Following this was an itemized description
of the the purpose, duties, annual review, and tenure of the position.

The Executive Committee now discussed and acted upon these recommenda¬
tions.

First item 3 above was discussed. Joe Rudmin asked if the creation of the
position of Associate Executive Secretary-Treasurer would require a change in the
Constitution. The consensus of the Executive Committee was that a change would
be required. Since the position of Associate was viewed as temporary anyway, the
Executive Committee decided not to act on item 3 above, but to leave the title as it
now is. Next the committee discussed item 1 above, and the associated required
salary increase. Elsa Falls noted that part ofthe increased cost was covered by Art
Burke’s rejection of his salary. Several Committee members expressed their sup¬
port for the salary increase. Joe Rudmin asked ifthere were any increased expenses

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

associated with raising her salary, e. g. Social Security. Elsa Falls replied that the
contract management agency covers that expense, and their charges to us don’t
increase. Joe Rudmin and Elsa Falls noted that the report of the Finance and
Endowment Committee predicts a budget deficit of $11,140 in the coming year,
compared to a surplus of $5370 last year. Elsa Falls also noted that a check to the
Academy from the Local Arrangements Committee for the VMI meeting of $34, 445
was not shown in the report. This includes both profit from the meeting, and some
fiinds from membership dues. Her understanding was that there was also a profit
from the JMU meeting, which is put into some fund which Rae Carpenter is
managing. Elsa Falls said that including these profits, the deficit shown is simply
on paper. Don Cottingham(?) confirmed that the profits from the JMU meeting
were $5000 more than had been budgeted. Elsa Falls said that given this financial
report, the Academy should be able to handle the expenses ofthe recommendations
given under Roman numeral III above.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION:

The motion was made, seconded, and approved, to increase the salary of the
office secretary from $2830 to $13640 associated with her increased duties, as
recommended by the Ad Hoc Committee. Tom Sitzthen introduced a new item.
Jim O’Brien requested some money from him to buy some commercial and
industrial directories usefril for fund-raising and asked if the Council had ever
approved some kind of a budget for the fund-rais-ing committee? Elsa Falls said
that there was a $2500 budget for the Legacy 75 campaign, which was a little less
than Jim had asked for. Tom commented that in that case he should be able to use
those funds at his discretion.

The next item was the discussion ofthe purchase ofthe computer. The cost of
the computer is shown in the 1996 budget, but in fact it was paid for from unused
fimds ofthe 1995 budget, and is now installed and operating. Joe Rudmin suggested
that the computer could gain access to the e-mail services of internet at a modest
cost from a long-distance carrier, saving money on stamps.Joe Rudmin also sug¬
gested that perhaps the VAS could get a computer account at one of the Richmond
colleges, thus gaining full internet access.

Next the Executive Committee discussed the job description ofthe administra¬
tive assistant. The Committee decided to leave the duties flexible, but to formally
institute Annual Review and Tenure provisions, as written in the recommendations,
and as reproduced below.

ANNUAL REVIEW

The job description and performance ofthe Administrative Assistant shall be
reviewed on an annual basis by a committee appointed by the VAS President; the
committee should include the Executive Secretary-Treasurer and the VJAS Di¬
rector. The results are to be reported to the VAS Executive Committee before
its fall meeting for appropriate action.

TENURE

The appointment ofthe Administrative Assistant is renewable on January 1 of
each year. Should either VAS or the Administrative Assistant desire to terminate
this relationship, a notice of at least two calendar months is appropriate.

EXECUTnVE COMMITTEE MINUTES

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION:

The motion was made, seconded, and approved to accept the above recommen¬
dations of Annual Review and Tenure for the Administrative Assistant.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION:

The motion was made, seconded, and approved, to accept the budget as
modified by the Executive Committee.

b. President-Elect, Dean Decker

Dean Decker gave corrections to his phone number, fax number, and e-mail
address. This prompted numerous other corrections by other members of the
executive committee. Joe Rudmin noted that correcting the addresses in the
Directory is awkward, since each Committee-member entry also contains an ad¬
dress. He suggested that the address should appear only in the membership entry,
and that committee entries should contain only the name. Carolyn Conway com¬
mented that not every committee member is a member of the Academy. The
discussion continued briefly with Dean Decker favoring having address at the first
appearance of the name, and Tom Sitz favoring putting addresses in the member¬
ship listing. Joe Rudmin pointed out that having special categories of membership,
such as life members and sustaining members, complicates the directory. He said
that there should BE a directory. In the list, put a dagger or letter by the names to
tell categories of membership.

Dean Decker: I received a letter from Mr. George Dewey of the Virginia First
Joint Congress for the Teaching of Math and Science. The organizations which
belong to that are the Virginia Association of Science Teachers, the Virginia
Council of the Teachers of Mathematics, the School of Science and Mathematics,
the Virginia Quality Education of Science and Technology, The Virginia Council
for Mathematics Supervision, and the Virginia Science Leadership Association.
I’m just curious how this kind of an organization is coming together without the
Academy being any part of it.

Don Cottingham: It’s not an organization. Dean. It’s a combination.

Joe Rudmin: Is VAST one ofthose things? The Virginia Association of Science
Teachers? Don’t they meet next week?

Don Cottingham: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. We are exhibiting and
presenting there. I’ll be representing both the VJAS and the VAS.

Dean Decker: I was curious that a conference of this type was called and the
Academy was not considered part of it.

Don Cottingham: That was probably my fault. I am on the VAST board.
Unfortunately, I don’t think of the VAS as a teaching organization. Perhaps I
should.

Dean Decker: Well we have a teaching section, and virtually every member of
the Academy is in the classroom.

Joe Rudmin: Nevertheless, we are more than a teacher’s organization.

Dean Decker: 1 agree, but that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t be participating in
something of this type.

Joe Rudmin: Don, why don’t you just represent us at the meeting.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Don Cottingham: I am the VAS representative on the VAST board, but VAST
has never sent a representative to our board. Similarly, we have a representative
on the VSLA board, but they have never sent a representative to our board.

Dean Decker: One thing which should be brought before the Executive Coun¬
cil. I am the editor of the newsletter for the National Association of the Academies
of Science, and one of the other Academies suggested that there be an exchange
of newsletters among the state academies. I intend to do this and am informing
you. We should put on our newsletter mailing list, those state academies which
want to be on it. Our Newsletter has been pretty inactive, and it’s gotten a lot more
active recently. Other academies want to know what we’re doing, and what our
activities are, and it seems like the Newsletter is a way to do it.

Joe Rudmin: Twenty or thirty newsletters might be a bit much to archive. Might
it not be better just to maintain a listing of where each newsletter is archived, so
that we would know where to write if we say, wanted to find out what was happening
in Ohio.

Dean Decker: Several academies have written me and asked if we couldn’t get
an exchange of newsletters going, so I intended to put into the newsletter which I’ll
write next week, that I’ll be the clearing house and put them in touch with each
other, and then let them work out how they want to exchange newsletters. If they
want to exchange hardcopies all the time, or do it bye-mail, that’s up to them. Right
now they want to know how to get in touch with each other. Not all state academies
are members of the National Association of Academies of Science.

Greg Cook: As a first step, I’ll contact their web site and find out what
academies are listed there, and send their email addresses to Jim and Lisa.

Dean Decker: That’s all I have to report.

c. Vice President, Carolyn Conway

I want to tell you of a couple of things that are in the works. I’m using my
authority to make the following change. In the past, abstracts were sent in to the
section secretaries in April. A lot of people, including me, failed to send them in
before the meeting. The abstracts don’t always get to Jim Martin. So fi-om now on
the abstracts will be handed in at the meeting, and this will reduce the number of
hand-changes, and having to send them through the mail. In polling the section
secretaries, to find out how many actually made copies of the abstracts to pass out
at the meeting, I found that the only section which does this is the medical sciences
section. So I authorized them to collect their abstracts ahead of time, and then
make sure that they get to the right person. We are making it clear that the abstracts
are to be handed in at the time of presentation.

I’m also trying to clarify that statement that every presenter must be a member
of the Academy. It now reads that while titles will be accepted by non-members,
presenters MU ST join prior to the meeting. We will contact non-member present¬
ers before the meeting and try to get them to join the Academy.

Elsa Falls: This needs to be done. I know that in each of the last two years, we
have had at least seventy presenters who were not members.

Carolyn Conway: I will take on that responsibility. And a somewhat unrelated
item, Tom Haas, Chair of the Local Arrangements Committee, asked me for
registration forms. I had some left over from the VMI meeting. I also included a
note to him to eliminate the item on the registration form which allows them to pay

EXECUTTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES

their dues and register at the same time, because at the VMI meeting, we got one
check which included both registration and fees, and we had no way of separating
them. We can separate these payments and have the dues go right to the academy
with outgoing through the local arrangements committee first.

Joe Rudmin: Again, this would be much more easily handled if somewhere
there were a single list of the current membership. If the defining list were on a
computer, it would be easily searchable. Another thought is that we can effectively
say that the paper was not given, if the dues were not paid. We would not publish
the title or the abstract, if the dues were not paid.

Carolyn Conway: We can’t not publish the title, because that has to be done in
advance. We need to get out reminders to people, whether they’re students or just
some of us who have neglected to pay. Unlike some other organizations, where you
don’t need to be a member to present, we don’t have dues or registration fees
costing one or two hundred dollars. Our registration fee plus the membership fee
is pretty minimal. I’ll take care of this. It won’t be the responsibility of any section
officer to do it. When we send out the forms for the abstracts, we can include a
letter, saying 'We note that you have not joined the Academy. Please send your
money in right now." We know there will be problems, but perhaps we can cut the
number down from seventy five to twenty five.

d. Secretary, Joseph W. Rudmin: No report

e. Treasurer, Greg Cook: No report

f Immediate Past President, Elsa Falls

Elsa Falls: I note in the report of the Finance and Endowment Committee, that
they recommend that the dues be increased by one dollar to be credited to the
Legacy 75 campaign.

TomSitz: I was going to bring that up. That creates all kinds of problems. The
Bylaws would have to be changed, and forms changed. The recommendation is to
Council, so we can defer until that time.

Carolyn Conway: We could do like many other organizations do, and include
a separate sheet of paper asking for an additional contribution.

Elsa Falls: Another thing I want to be sure is in the minutes is an update on
what happened with the Resolution passed by the Council and the Academy
Conference on the importance of laboratory in Science Education. As far as 1
know, that resolution did go to every college and university in the state, and to every
appropriate person in state government. I also did call Beverly Orndorff, who is
the science editor of the Richmond Times Dispatch, who did write an article. It
was great that we got that published. And we even got a letter to the editor of the
Dispatch. Of the hundred or so letters we sent out, 1 only got one response, and
that was from Gordon Davies, the Director of the State Council for Higher
Education. He said 'Thank you for the letter on the importance of laboratory
science. We agree with you that our students have great experiences in their science
courses."

Joe Rudmin: That is not very supportive.

Elsa Falls: Well at least he responded. No one else even did that.

Dean Decker: In addition to that, I enclosed it in the newsletter to the National
Association of Academies. 1 got a letter from a high school teacher in California
saying that she wasn’t aware that that was what was going on in colleges. 1 said

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

"Hang on, it’s coming your way." At the National Association of Biology Teachers
last week I got a comment about that. It’s not limited to Virginia by any means.
That served to alert a lot of them, and I got one letter requesting permission to use
it. I said "Go ahead."

Elsa Falls: Jim did put it in the Journal. Was it in the Scientist?

Greg Cook: Well, I will be putting it in the next issue.

g. Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director, Don Cottingham

The Local Arrangements Committee for the VCU meeting met. Everything is
going fine. We have good facilities, and it will be a compact meeting. The
committee met last summer and decided to try allowing computers to be used in
the presentations in the Computer Science section. The speakers will fiirnish their
own computers and be responsible for them. We will put a disclaimer in the notice
that the VAS and the VJAS will not be responsible for them. We’ve already written
the statement and would like to get some feedback of its legality.

Tom Sitz: We’re checking into it.

Don Cottingham: Also, we’re reducing the judges in each section to two, with
the section chair serving as tiebreaker in awarding prizes. We also voted to delay
regionalization until next year. We were all set to go this year. We had a date and
a time at Virginia Western Community College but a lot of people raised the
question, why should they have to go through a regional judging when people in the
rest of the state can go straight to the state conference. Also, we do not have a
Regional Director yet, and until we do I think it would be very foolish to continue
our regionalization efforts. I don’t think I can do it. So that’s where we stand on
regionalization right now. I’ve contacted all the Community College presidents in
that region, and they’ve all said that other things are more important, with the
budget cuts and all. We’ve also revised our readers and judges forms in the
computer section to be more in line with presentation practice. As I already said,
I will be carrying the VAS exhibit to Williamsburg on Thursday. This year so far,
Eve received more requests for information about VJAS fi'om new people who are
interested in joining than in previous years. Virginia Beach for the first time has
had their Science Supervisor contact us, and it looks like they may come in. Last
but not least, I would like to ask each of you to start thinking about my replacement
in 1997.

Greg Cook: I think we all have to recognize the tremendous amount of work
that goes into that. We should begin our search as soon as possible and try to have
somebody in place by the annual meeting this coming year. We shouldn’t wait until
the last minute.

Carolyn Conway: We have a committee to try to find someone to take over this
job, and they would welcome any suggestions. Jerry Taylor asked last year to be
taken off, and that leaves me. I don’t know anyone. People that I’ve thought of are
all young folks that while they have an interest, they’ve got to have a salaried
position, so it’s going to be hard.

Don Cottingham: Well I have a person in mind, who might be a good person.

Carolyn Conway: Please pass that along,

Dean Decker: A year ago, Jerry came to me, and we talked about two or three
possibilities, and they were asked, and they all turned it down.

EXECUTTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES

Don Cottingham: Did you approach Mary Francis? She’s one I think would be
ideal, and I think her sons are in college now. The only problem is she’s still
teaching, and for an active high school teacher it would be very very difficult.

Dean Decker: Yes, but high school teachers control the American Junior
Academy, and it’s worked out fine.

5. Executive Secretary-Treasurer, Blanton Bruner (with Arthur Burke, Jr.)

Lisa Martin: Blanton says to tell you he’s sorry he couldn’t be here and he sends
you his regards, and he asks that I pass this along to you about the businesses and
the standing invitations to colleges. In past years, we have had someone write a
letter, thanking the business members for their support and asking that they
continue their support, and emphasizing the importance of that support. Susan
Hutchinson at Philip Morris is the one who has written that letter, isn’t that right,
Dean?

Dean Decker: I think so.

Elsa Falls: And that letter has not been sent for a couple of years before Philip
Morris withdrew their support for the juniors, although they are still members of
the Academy, and they do pay their dues. The letter has not been sent out in several
years now, and we would like to have you all think of someone who has a name that
might be recognized around the state, someone who would be able to write this
letter to these institutions. And we usually send it to the governor, but we can’t get
his support either. We usually send that letter out with the invoice, which is
supposed to be going out now. And I do have a list of colleges, Norfolk State,
Virginia State, Bridgewater, that have not paid dues for the past year, maybe not
even 94, and a few of the businesses we’d like to keep. We can hold out and not
mail those right now.

Dean Decker: Several names come to mind. One is the President of the
Academy, and one from the Richmond area in industry, Preston Leak is one.

Don Cottingham: If you want somebody fi-om industry to do it, it might be Eva
Teague (?) at Virginia Power. I don’t know if that’s a dirty word or not around the
state. But I’ve met her on several occasions, and I know she’s very receptive and
came through on interest and awards, and I think if we contact Lynn Wilson and
maybe even presented them with a letter that we’d like to have signed, or asked
them to write a letter, I think Eva probably would sign it and I think she’s vice
president.

Joe Rudmin: I have to differ with you on something here. I’d like to point out
that in January of this year, a committee of Ronald Carrier’s vice presidents fired
the entire physics department. As a result of that he received a vote of no
confidence fi'om the faculty. For the Academy to invite him to send a letter would
be very controversial on the JMU campus. I think this year it would be better to
have some other university president write that letter. Things are not yet finished
there.

Dean Decker: Trani at VCU has been very supportive in terms of having us
there again shortly.

Carolyn Conway: He wasn’t there before.

Dean Decker: He wasn’t? So we don’t know. I guess the Virginia Tech
President wasn’t there either.

Tom Sitz: No, he wasn’t.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Carolyn Conway: I think Eva Teague is a good choice. I think she would
probably do it.

Elsa Falls: Also she’s from business. I don’t think it’s good to have too much
academic image.

Don Cottingham: She’s from a business and they certainly have supported us
in the past. She’s speaking from a position of having done it. Lynn Wilson is the
person to contact. I have her telephone number, and Lynn is a very easy person to
talk to.

Tom Sitz: In the meantime, I’ll get a letter out.

Lisa Martin: Well the invoices are not ready, and they have to be printed and
the envelopes stuffed, so it will be at least a week.

Joe Rudmin: Related to this. I’d like to make the following suggestion. I think
the Academy would be greatly strengthened if there were an industrial repre¬
sentative on this committee, somebody whose job would be to round up support
every year, to carry on activities between us and industry, to help with fund raising,
scholarships, and work with the secretary and the Director of the Junior Academy,
who would work hard at it for two years, and pass the Job onto somebody else.
Someone who would keep the industrial membership up, I think it would greatly
strengthen the Academy. I’d like to see a position on the Executive Committee. It
would require a change in the constitution.

6. Local Arrangements Committee Reports (No reports)

a. 1995 VMI, D. Rae Carpenter and R. B. Minnix

b. 1996 VCU, Tom Haas

c. 1997, Virginia Tech, John Hess and Tom Sitz

7. Old Business: None.

8. New Business:

Greg Cook: There are two things I’d like to mention. One is that it’s been no
secret that I’ve had difficulty getting the Virginia Scientist out, and I would like for
us to begin looking for a replacement. For a number of reasons it’s very difficult
for me to do this now. Jim O’Brien and I got the newsletter started four or five
years ago now, and it’s time to pass it on. Along these lines. I’d like to ask that the
position of editor be a finite position. If we made it a three or four year position it
might prevent people from getting in the awkward position that I’m in now. I find
a need to quit doing it, but I don’t want to just put it down and walk away.

Elsa Falls: This should be addressed by the publications committee. You and
Jim are the co-chairs, and can vacate those positions in 1996.

Greg Cook: Then Jim and I can step down gracefully.

Elsa Falls: I don’t know about gracefiilly, but there is the opportunity to step
down every three years.

Tom Sitz: Do you have anybody in mind to step into your shoes?

Greg Cook: Well, Jim and I have some ideas, but please think of people in your
institutions who might serve. The second thing I want to say, on the good side, is
that I can offer the academy a web site at no cost to the Academy, and I am heavily
involved in that type of debris at this point in my life. I think this is something that
would benefit the Academy. We’re talking about publications in general entering
a new age, where print is no longer the only way to get information out. I can begin
doing it this fall informally.

EXECUTTIVE COMMITTEE MINUTES

Following this was a brief discussion concerning emeritus membership, and a
mention by Carolyn Conway of a new e-mail address.

Joe Rudmin: Can I request that the question of an industrial representative be
placed on the agenda for the next meeting? It’s the kind of thing people should
think about and not have to vote on suddenly.

Tom Sitz: Bring this up in Council. There’s a wider representation of people
there. It sounds like a win-win type of thing.

There were no concluding remarks, and the meeting adjourned at 12:15.

10. Adjournment

The Meeting adjourned at 9:20 am.

COUNCIL MINUTES

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
COUNCIL MEETING MINUTES

Nov 5, 1995, Room 187 Ruffiier Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

Present: Thomas O. Sitz (President), Carolyn M. Conway (Vice President,
Biology, Awards Committee), Joseph W. Rudmin (Secretary, Membership Com¬
mittee), Greg Cook (Treasurer, Publications Committee, Virginia Scientist Edi¬
tor), R. Dean Decker (President-elect, Science Education Committee), Elsa Q.
Falls (First Past President), James P. O’Brien (Second Past President, Fund
Raising Committee), Golde 1. Holtzmann (Third Past President, Archives Com¬
mittee, 75th Anniversary Committee, Nominations and Elections Committee),
Eugene B. Barfield (Archaeology, Public Affairs Committee), Gerald R. Taylor
(Constitution and Bylaws Committee; Astro. Math, and Physics), Michael L. Bass
(Constitution and Bylaws Committee, Environmental Science, Committee on the
Environment), Vera B. Remsburg (Science Museum of Virginia Trustee), Marion
Lobstein (Virginia Flora Committee, Botany), Pamela Turpin (Education), Sandra
P. Welch (Medical Sciences), Robert A. Berquest (Psychology), Donald P. Cot-
tingham (Junior Academy of Science Committee, VJAS Director), Richard B.
Brandt (Long Range Planning, Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Rep.), James H.
Martin (Publications Committee, Va. Journal of Science Editor), D. Rae Carpen¬
ter, Jr. (Trust Committee), Ertle Thompson (AAAS/NAAS Rep.) Lisa Martin
(Administrative Assistant to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer)

Absent: Fred H . Lutze (Aeronautical and Aerospace Science), Scott H .Newton
(Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture), Eleni Achilleos and Penny Pagona,
(Biomedical and General Engineering), George W. Mushrush (Chemistry), Robert
A. Willis (Computer Science), Steven Wright (Geography), David Walz (Geology),
Kenneth Lawless (Materials Science), Judy H. Niehaus (Research Committee),
Francis Macrina, (Microbiology and Molecular Biology), Michael Kosztarab
(Natural History and Biodiversity), Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Finance and Endowment
Committee, Ass’t Exec. Sec-Treas), Paul J. Homsher (Finance and Endowment
Committee), John P. Morgan (Statistics), William L. Dewey (Science Advisory
Committee), William L. Dewey(Science Advisory Committee), Thomas G. Teates
(Science Education Committee), Eugene Maurakis (Science Museum of Virginia
Rep.), Jack Cranford (Director Visiting Scientists), Blanton Bruner (Executive
Secretary Treasurer), Thomas W. Haas (1996 Local Arrangements Committee)
Ralph Eckerlin (Public Affairs)

The meeting commenced at 1:15 pm.

1. The participants introduced themselves.

2. Tom Sitz rearranged some items on the agenda to accommodate members
who had to arrive late or leave early. The amended agenda was approved.

3. The minutes of the May 24, 1995 meeting were corrected and approved. The
minutes of the May 26, 1995 meeting were corrected and approved.

4. Officer’s reports

a. President, Tom Sitz

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Since Tom Sitz was incapacitated this summer, several actions were taken by
ad hoc committees addressing various needs. Reports of these committees were
given at this time.

Tom Sitz: During the early summer, a committee of the VASmetatthe Science
Museum of Virginia to review the Associate Director, Gene Maurakis’, position,
and the relationship between the Museum and the VAS. The meeting was taken
over by Walter Witschey, Director of the Science Museum, and he presented us
with an ultimatum that the operation of the Junior Academy would be taken over
by the Science Museum, or we would lose the half-time position of Gene Maurakis.
After the following exchange of letters, the relationship seems to have stabilized.

i. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review the Position of the VJAS
Associate Director, D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Chau-

Some time between June 13, and June 26, 1995, Tom Sitz received a fax
memorandum from Walter R. T. Witschey, Director of the Science Museum of
Virginia, in which he suggested that the Academy VJAS Committee serve as policy
board and that the Associate Director (Gene Maurakis) and staff be fiilly empow¬
ered to run the program operations. In support of this, he said that "slippage we
experienced, including Lisa’s lack of availability at the VJAS office, prevented us
from achieving our best." He said that either the Director should be fully empow¬
ered, or else the SM V should be fully empowered, to accomplish the program goals,
saying that if this were granted, SMV would assign appropriate resources to see
that tasks are accomplished, instead of "support sometimes supplied to a faculty
VJAS Director." He noted that the VAS could then concentrate on setting policy,
and not have to worry about whether the secretary is in by 8:30 am to answer the
phone.

The VAS response to this initiative was undertaken by the Ad Hoc Committee,
consisting of R. Carpenter, D. Cottingham, E. Falls, V. Remsburg, T.Sitz, and G.
Taylor. The committee met on June 26, and drafted a letter to W. Witschey, which
was approved by the Executive Committee, and sent on July 1, 1995. In this letter,
the committee noted that G. Maurakis was responsible to the VJAS Director for
50% of his duties. The committee felt that Maurakis did an excellent job of
organizing judges, but that non-VJAS duties during April and May caused him to
be overloaded with VJAS demands as the meeting approached. The committee
said that it was not in the best interests of the VJAS to empower the SMV to run
the VJAS programs, even if that meant that Maurakis could no longer be available
for any VJAS activities. The committee reaffirmed that the volunteer VJAS
Director, D. Cottingham, continues to be empowered to run the program with the
assistance of the VJAS Committee under the overall direction of the VAS Council.
The current direction of the VJAS is towards regionalization, with a pilot program
in Danville during the coming year. The committee believes that there can be
positive benefits to the Museum via continuing various cooperative arrangements,
and is recommending that the current part-time position of Secretary be upgraded
to full time, and that this person maintain office hours at the Museum from 10 am
to 3 pm, maintain a continuallyupdated file ofjudges, and assist in the procurement
of judges. The committee requested a copy of G . Maurakis’ report of his VAS-re-
lated activities, and a copy of all VAS-related items stored in his computer,
including the database ofjudges and all information related thereto obtained from

COUNCIL MINUTES

Lee Larkin. The committee noted that SMV Board of Trustees had approved an
agreement that the VAS may rent space for a nominal fee, that having the VAS
offices in the SMV would benefit the SMV, and reiterated its request for 2000
square feet, including 1000 square feet by the end of the summer. The committee
expressed its appreciation for the assistance the SMV has rendered in the past and
its receptiveness to future cooperation with the SMV, but said that the VAS is not
yet ready to relinquish operations control of the VJ AS program. On July 12, D. Rae
Carpenter received a letter fi-om W. Witschey as follows. Rae, thanks for the note.
I believe that your Futures Committee has taken several very positive steps to
improve the VJAS. Re-emphasizing Don’s role as Director is very important. His
untimely absence during critical days preceding this past conference need not be
repeated in the future. Establishing a fiill-time secretary will be a dramatic im¬
provement, since the complete loss of an on-site secretary this year was most
unfortunate. Your request for Gene’s report should already be fiilfilled, as I had
asked him to send you this material. I had it with me when you visited, but time
didn’t permit a review of it that day. Likewise, I asked him to forward to you copies
of all VJAS computer files.

Rae, I’ll go to work on your space needs. Your request for 2000 sq. ft. seems
stunningly large for Tiles, computer, program storage, student papers etc." and a
secretary. Is this really what’s required? At any rate, we are happy to have you
continue here with us in the Broad Street Station. We too are delighted to celebrate
the 30th anniversary of our cooperative efforts to further science education in the
Commonwealth. I applaud the Futures Committee striking forward on one of the
two alternatives that I suggested to you would greatly improve the VJAS annual
program. We stand ready as always to assist you and the VAS in any productive
way.

Lisa Martin said that everyone at the museum is cordial, but that shortage of
space was a major problem and that the museum staff was unresponsive. Don

Cottingham confirmed this.

Rae Carpenter said he would look into the problem, and persist until the
problems are solved.

Michael Bass asked if Gene Maurakis wasn’t hired with the clear understanding
that he had a half-time position for the Junior Academy. Jerry Taylor and Dean
Decker said that this could probably not be proven, but that we could hope to
successfully pursue previous assurances that available floor space would be pro¬
vided as renovations continue.

Vera Remsburg said that previously describe exchange was not mentioned at
the Trustee’s meeting.

Rae Carpenter suggested that she (Vera Remsburg) should bring it up at the
next meeting while he pursued response fi-om the administrative end.

Vera Remsburg said that at the previous meeting the trustees could not speak
up on anything.

Michael Bass then suggested circulating the letters to the Board.

Don Cottingham and Rae Carpenter said that the space needs were not new,
but preceeded Walter Witschey’s directorship, and that the need for 2000 square
feet had been documented for at least eighteen months.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

ii. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to review the position of Office Secretary
(Lisa Martin’s Position). Members Dean Decker, Art Burke, and Elsa Falls.

Elsa Falls delivered the report. The committee met with Lisa Martin on Sept
7, 1995, to develop recommendations relative to upgrading the secretary’s position
and to draft a job description for that position. These recommendations are
included at the end of the minutes as Appendix I: Job Description for Administra¬
tive Assistant as proposed by the Ad Hoc Committee to reviewthe position ofVJAS
Office Secretary.

The purchase of the computer has been expedited. In response to a question.
Falls said that the money saved from reducing Blanton Bruner’s salary has been
earmarked for the administrative assistant’s salary. Rae Carpenter added that the
regular academy has not called on the trust funds for about five years, and that the
amount of the salary could nearly be covered by growth in the trust funds over that
period.

Discussion then turned to the Job description. Elsa Falls said that no job
description of the secretary’s job had existed before now. Rae Carpenter said that
part of the motivation for assigning these tasks was that Gene Maurakis had
automated the process of procuring judges to where it could be handled by the
administrative assistant.

Jim & Lisa Martin corrected this, saying that Lee Larkin automated it the
procurement, but that the program he wrote would run on Gene Maurakis’ com¬
puter so he did it all by hand. Jim said that besides maintaining the data base, it
was necessary to contact the people, be sure that they will come, and find alternates
in case they don’t.

Don Cottingham and Lisa Martin said that it was a very time-consuming job,
and that the Science Museum gave Gene Maurakis an inadequate amount of time
to do it.

Tom Sitz called for a vote on the approval of the job description and salary of
the administrative assistant.

Jerry Taylor asked that the job description not be defined by council, but that
it be left up to the VJAS Director and the Executive Secretary Treasurer. This
change was approved by consensus.

COUNCIL ACTION:

The Council approved the recommendations described in the report above.
This approval included everything but the job description.

iii. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Study Academy Needs With Regard to
Fund-Raising Tom Sitz asked Dean Decker to report on the Ad Hoc Committee
to Study Academy Needs with Regard to Fund Raising which he did as follows.
The Committee consisted of Dean Decker, Carolyn Conway, Art Burke, Richard
Brandt, and Jim O’Brien. The charge of the committee was to make recommen¬
dations regarding the Academy’s monetary needs to Council at the November 1995
meeting, to aid the Fund Raising Committee in its effort and to clarifypoints outside
the purview and raised by the FRC at the May Council meeting. The report is
presented below as Appendix II with changes approved by the Council at this
meeting.

COUNCIL MINUTES

COUNCIL ACTION:

The Council approved the actions recommended by the Ad Hoc Committee to
Study Academy Needs With Regard to Fund-Raising as amended above.

Tom Sitz reported that Dr. S. Steven Negus, the grandson of Sydney Negus, Jr.,
will be the next Negus Lecturer. He as an Assistant Professor at Harvard and his
research field is neuro-pharmacology. Rae Carpenter added that the Negus family
has increased the endowment of the Negus Lecture fimd within the last five years.

4b. President-elect, Dean Decker: Duties of the year have been sent to all
officers and committee members, section secretaries, and section representatives.
I owe Greg Cook a short article on the scrap book.... It has been to the Junior
Academy Summer meeting. It will be on the table at the May meeting, then go to
the archives, and then hopefully we’ll start another one.

At this time, various officers corrected their addresses for inclusion in the next
directory including Dean Decker: Decker@urvax.urich.edu, home phone 804-285-
2980; Carolyn Conway: cconway@felix.vcu.edu; and Greg Cook: Gcook@infi.net

Greg Cook asked for people to send directory corrections to him for inclusion
in the next newsletter.

4c. Vice President Carolyn Conway: As this is a new office, Carolyn invited
suggestions for her role in the academy. She announced a change in the way
meetings will be handled this year. In the past, abstracts have always been collected
by mail in April. A survey of section representatives revealed that only one section
was making copies of the abstracts available at the meeting. Therefore we will now
have the abstracts due at the meeting, which will remove the risk of them being lost
in the mail. Sections which wish to collect them early will receive instructions on
howto handle that. Responding to a question from Jerry Taylor, Carolyn said that
the section editor should be responsible, rather than the Section Secretary.

4d. Secretary, Joseph W. Rudmin: No report

4e. Treasurer, Greg Cook: No report

4f Executive Secretary-Treasurer, Blanton Bruner: Report given by Lisa Mar¬
tin. Blanton sends his regards, and he suggested that someone write a letter as has
been done in previous years, but not recently, to institutions and businesses who
are members of the Academy, thanking them for their support and also a request
for continued support. Tom Sitz said he would take care of that.

4g. Elsa Falls, 1994-5 past president. Concerning the resolution which was
passed last May by the Council and the Academy Conference regarding the
importance of laboratories in science. That resolution was forwarded to all heads
of institutions of higher learning in Virginia, as well as to appropriate government
officials in the state. It was published in the Virginia Journal of Science and will be
published in the next Virginia Scientists. I also called Beverly Orndorff about the
resolution, and I hope some ofyou sawthe article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
Of over one hundred letters sent out, I got just one response, and that was from
Gordon Davies, director of SCHEV. He thanked me and said "We agree with you,
and urge that students have laboratory experiences in science courses." I want to
thank Marion for initiating this process, and her subcommittee for writing it.
Carolyn Conway asked if any college administrators had acknowledged seeing this.
There was no response. Don Cottingham said both the Virginia Science Leaders

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Association and the Virginia Association of Science Teachers have passed similar
resolutions.

4h. James O’Brien, 1993-4 President: Jim distributed sample documents to be
sent out in the first mailing. These included a letter of appeal signed by members
of the Council, a list of Categories of G iving, a fact sheet recounting highlights from
the history of the Academy, a two-sided pledge form designed for three-panel
folding, and a selection of possible logos for the Legacy 75 Campaign. He also
distributed a sheet recounting the history of his appeals to the Council for 100%
pledge participation.

He distributed a written report of the fund-raising committee which is summa¬
rized as Appendix III.

MOVED: That $3000 be [transferred from the General Fund held by the trust
committee] to establish a new Academy fund-the VJAS Research Endowment
Fund. Proceeds of this fimd, upon the recommendations of the Trust Committee
and with the approval of Council, will be allocated annually to the VJAS Research
Grants Program and to the increase of this fund’s corpus.

Note: The bracketed words were added by Council, and it was approved in this
form.

Jim O’Brien requested clarification ofthe Donor-designated funds as described
above under LEVELS OF DONATIONS BY AMOUNTS: item 3. Rae Carpenter
e^qDlained that Endowments would be given their own stock accounts with excess
earnings going back into that account, whereas donor-designated funds were part
of the general account, and any earnings above 10% would revert to the general
fund.

Jim O’Brien then brought to the floor the motion in the report to create an
endowed VJAS research fund. After some discussion this was approved.

COUNCIL ACTION:

The Council approved the creation ofthe VJAS Research Endowment fund as
worded above.

Jerry Taylor then raised the question of what has become of the profits of the
annual meeting for the last several years. This was discussed without a clear answer
being given.

4i. 1992-3 President Golde Holtzman: No report

5. Local Arrangements Committe Reports

5a. 1995-VMI: Rae Carpenter and R. B. Minnix:

Rae Carpenter distributed a detailed financial statement ofthe meeting which
gave income of $59,959.45 and expenses of $24, 5 14.07. The difference, $35,455.38,
was sent to the Executive-Secretary Treasurer for the Academy accounts. That
income includes some dues paid at registration. He said that VMI funds covered
the cost ofthe building. The major expense was food services. Exhibits showed a
200% profit.

Dean Decker: The dues are typically around $1000.

Rae Carpenter: The Science Museum of Virginia sent the Airmobile with no
assurance of payment. We gave them $150 which satisfied them. We owe them a
thank you for sending it.

COUNCIL MINUTES

Rae now gave the Trust Committee Report. He distributed a list showing the
breakdown of funds, including the General Fund, the Fellows Fund, the Research
Fund, the Bethel High School Fund, the VJAS Endowment Fund, and the Legacy
75 Fund. The assets of all together total $388,136 as of Nov 3, 1995, which
represents a growth of $90,000 since December 1992. Market value increased
19.8% this year even after $8000 in disbursements were deducted. We have been
allocating 10% for academy purposes, even though we haven’t been drawing that
much. But the interest on the funds has well covered that.

Joe Rudmin aske difthe Legacy 75 mailings should include a phone number at
which people can get information about the funds they may contribute to. Jim
O’Brien said that there was insufficient space on the brochure.

Dean Decker said that the mailing should direct questions to the Executive
Secretary-Treasurer.

5b. 1996 VCU Local Arrangements Committee, Tom Haas Chair, Carolyn
Conway reporting:

Carolyn reported that things are going well and ahead of schedule.

Lisa Martin asked what to do with boxes of T-shirts, etc, which had been
delivered to her office. Carolyn Conway said she would take care of them.

5e.l997 Virginia Tech Local Arrangements Committee, John Hess and Tom
Sitz co-chairs, Tom Sitz reporting.

Tom Sitz said that the dates had been chosen, and things were going smoothly.

6. Directors’ and Representatives’ Reports

6a. VJAS, Director Don Cottingham

i. 1996 meeting at VCU : He said that it will be a great meeting, with the entire
meeting in just two buildings. Some changes will be made. We are changing from
a minimum of 3 readers and Judges for each paper to 2. The Session Chair will
serve as a tie-breaker. Interest in the VJAS is still growing. We had 1960 papers
last year, and expect over 2000 this year.

ii. Don said he will definitely retire after the 1997 meeting, and will need a
replacement.

iii. Regionalization ofthe VJAS Regionalization in the Southwestern part ofthe
state is progressing, but a regional director is needed. All the groundwork has been
laid, and the community colleges are supporting it, but without people we can’t
proceed. One objection is that we’re only starting it in one area ofthe state, so the
people in that area have to go to one extra meeting, and that may just be too much
for some people, especially when they see that the rest ofthe state doesn’t have to
do that.

Lisa Martin asked if he had a VJAS member from the Danville area in mind.
Don said he did, but wanted to meet with them personally.

Jerry Taylor suggested asking presidents of community colleges to provide a
regional director, since community colleges in that area of the state have suffered
enrollment drops and might welcome such a position.

Don Cottingham said he had met personally with each president and with their
aides, and asked them for names of people that could do this. They gave him names
of three people, each of whom declined when approached. One was a high school
teacher with three small children, who probably could not have handled it. Jerry

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Taylor said that he was suggesting getting a president of a community college to
commit a faculty member’s time.

Don Cottingham said that he hadn’t approached it from that angle.

There was a discussion concerning the need to make more progress in region¬
alizing the Junior Academy. Council members commenting included Jerry Taylor,
Don Cottingham, Marion Lobstein and Jim Martin. Points raised in the discussion
included the need to get a regional director and the inability of overworked
community college faculty to fill the need on a volunteer basis.

6b. Visiting Scientist Program: No Report.

6c. AAAS Representative Ertle Thompson

Ertle reported that he is looking forward to the meeting in Baltimore.

6d. Science Museum of Virginia Trustee Vera Remsburg

Vera described the progress of renovations at the Science Museum and the
rapid progress at the branch opening at the Danville train station. It will open in
December, with all the exhibits on line. A new director and trustees have veen
appointed for the Danville Museum, and the Trustee’s meeting will be held there
in April. Future plans are to remodel and finish the Broad St. Station, for which
the Museum is seeking eight million dollars from the Assembly. Vera described a
representation problem. The Code of Virginia, Chapter 18, The Science Museum
of Virginia, section 23-243, under Educational Institutions requires that one mem¬
ber of the Board of Trustees must be a member of the Virginia Academy of
Sciences. The problem has been the appointment of a member of the VAS who
has not been approved by Council, which evades the spirit of the statute. The Board
is made up of a lot of people who are not scientists. They are money-making people
in a thirty-million dollar campaign. Vera has decided to appeal in person to the
Executive Board, which is the power of the Board of Trustees, to present the
Acadmy’s case. She will do this in consultation with Rae Carpenter.

6e. Jeffress and Gwathmey Memorial Trust Allocation Committee, Richard
Brandt reporting: The next meeting of the Allocations Committee is Nov 16. The
Gwathmey trust is for charitable allocations, and at the next meeting there will be
about $300,000 awarded for the forty requests submitted, while the Jeffress awards
will total about $570,000. There are eight renewal applications and forty-two other
requests have been submitted, for scientific projects. The proposals are sent out
to experts for review and then summarized for the Allocation Committee by the
'Advisor", J. Samuel Gillespie, Jr., Ph.D. Higher priority is given to proposals from
junior faculty. Awards are made by with the advice of an Allocations Committee.
Richard submitted to the secretary a brochure describing the Jeffress Memorial
Trust, and giving guidelines to applicants. Proposals and correspondence concern¬
ing grants should be addressed to J. Samuel Gillespie, Jr., Ph.D., Advisor; Trust
Division; NationsBank of Virginia, N.A.; PO Box 26903; Richmond, VA 23261;
Telephone 804-788-2964; Fax 804-788-2700.

7. Standing Committee Reports

7a. Archives Committee, Golde Holtzman, No report.

7b. Awards Committee, Chair Robert E. Johnson, no report.

7c. Constitution and Bylaws Committee, Co-chairs Michael L. Bass and Gerald
R. Taylor, Jr., G. Taylor Reporting

COUNCIL MINUTES

Jerry Taylor: Item 1. At the last Council meeting, as shown on page four of the
minutes of the May 26 meeting, the Council approved a motion to raise the cost of
Life Membership to $500, and to distribute this to the membership. So I move,
since this has been distributed, that the cost of life membership be raised to $500.

COUNCIL ACTION: This motion was approved unanimously.

Jerry Taylor: Item 2. On page 5 of the minutes of May 26, Council approved a
change in By-laws Article I, section 4, to read, 'They shall have all the rights and
privileges of membership for one year". That motion passed unanimously and has
been distributed to membership. So I move that we approve the Bylaws change of
Article I, Section 4, to read They shall have all the rights and privileges of
membership for one year."

COUNCIL ACTION: The motion passed unanimously.

Jerry Taylor: Item 3. Same page, section 4, "Patrons shall be those persons who
have given to this organization the sum of one thousand dollars or its equivalent in
property." And Tm not quite sure what we have to move on that, but it was
distributed, and I guess I move formally that 'Patrons shall be those persons who
have given to this organization the sum of one thousand dollars or its equivalent in
property."

Tom Sitz: That’s for a period of one year. We changed the wording slightly.

COUNCIL ACTION: The motion passed unanimously.

Jerry Taylor also delivered to the Secretary (Joe Rudmin) the following clarifi¬
cation.

RECOMMENDATION FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS
COMMITTEE THAT WAS SUBMITTED TO VAS COUNCIL, MAY 26, 1995
AND APPROVED BY COUNCIL FOR SUBMISSION TO MEMBERSHIP
BYLAWS OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

CURRENT WORDING OF ARTICLE I: TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP

Section 3.

Life members shall be individuals who elect to pay to the Academy the sum of
three hundred dollars ($300.00) and thereby become exempt from further payment
of dues.

Section 4.Patrons shall be those persons who have given to this organization the
sum of one thousand dollars ($1000.00) or its equivalent in property. They shall
have all the rights and privileges of Regular Members and shall be exempt from
dues. An institution may also become a Patron by meeting the above requirement.
Its representative shall have all the rights and privileges of regular members.

APPROVED CHANGE IN WORDING OF ARTICLE I: TYPES OF MEM¬
BERSHIP

Section 3.

Life members shall be individuals who elect to pay to the Academy the sum of
five hundred dollars ($500.00) and thereby become exempt from fijrther payment
of dues.

Section 4.

Patrons shall be those persons who have given to this organization the sum of
one thousand dollars ($1000.00) or its equivalent in property. They shall have all
the rights and privileges of membership for one year. An institution may also

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

become a Patron by meeting the above requirement. Its representative shall have
all the rights and privileges of regular members.

NOTE ADDED AFTER THE MEETING BY THE SECRETARY, JW
RUDMIN

A re-examination of the minutes of the May 26 meeting shows that there were
not three, but two items of change in wording approved by the Council for
submission to membership. Following this was a clarifying statement of the new
wording.

The third motion passed in the above preceeding discussion was not wrong, but
was redundant. Therefore the third motion is invalid and under the constitution
has no effect. It had no effect for the additional reason that it approved a wording
which was already in effect.

Jerry Taylor: I would like to e?q)ress our recognition to Jim Martin, Editor of
the Journal for his efficiency. Those changes are in the Bylaws distributed in the
Journal here today. (Laughter)

7d. Environment, Chair Michael L. Bass

MB: We had a successful meeting. We started at 10:30 on Friday, and heard
several papers. After lunch several of us continued talking until 1:30. Most of what
I heard was positive.

7e. Finance and Endowment, co-chairs Arthur W. Burke, Jr, and Paul J.
Homsher Elsa Falls reporting.

Elsa Falls began by noting that she is not a member of the committee, but is only
delivering their report. She noted several items in the report. First, the proposed
budget for 1995 reflects an expected decline of 9% in income, and a budgeted
increase of 8.5% in disbursements. The committee therefore urges the Council not
to increase any expenditure without a compensating decrease in another. The
decrease in income is due to an expected $2000 decrease in dues, mainly offset by
an increased yield of the "general funds, as so well managed by the Trust Commit¬
tee." The Academy has not withdrawn any money from the trusts in recent years.
The Finance and Endowment Committee recommends to Council that dues for
1996 be increased by one dollar to be credited to the Legacy 75 campaign. Elsa
said that the Executive Committee felt that this could not be done without a change
in the Constitution and Bylaws. A suggested alternative is to add a line on the
membership form requesting an optional dona-tion to the campaign. The itemized
budget, with corrections and modifications made by the Executive Committee, and
as approved by the Council, is shown as Appendix I of the Minutes of the Executive
Committee Meeting on Nov 5, 1995.

The increase in salaries is partly due to increasing the Executive Assistant’s time
committment, and partly due to a 5% raise. This is partially compensated by a
reduction in the salary of the Executive Secretary.

Questions were raised about the income from the meeting and the expenses for
the meeting.

COUNCIL ACTION: The budget was approved with one dissenting vote.

(The dissenter said he didn’t understand the budget.) The widely oq^ressed
sentiment was that it was incomprehensible, but that the Council members trusted
the Executive Secretary and his assistants.

COUNCIL MINUTES

Questions were also raised about the costs of Social Security and benefits for
the Executive Secretary.

7g. VJAS Committee report was given earlier

7h. Long Range Planning Committee, Chair Richard Brandt, no report
7l Membership Committee, Co~chairs Scott H. Newton and John P. Morgan,
no report.

7j. Nominations and Elections Committee, Chair Golde I. Holtzman, no report.

We seek suggestions from Council for nominations for people for various offices.

7ki. Publications Co-chair Virginia Journal of Science Editor James H. Martin
Our rejection rate is up to 65 to 75% now. Submitters should be more careftil
to proofread their papers.

7kii Publications Co-chair Virginia Scientists Editor Gregory C. Cook
You’ve all noticed that IVe had trouble getting an issue out lately, but there is
one in the works which should be in your hands soon. My term expires in 1996.

Please be thinking about a replacement. I will no longer be able to do it. ■

However I am now ready to put the Academy on a Website. This was approved j

by the Executive Committee this morning, and I will accept suggestions. |

71 Research, JudyNiehaus Chair, no report !

7m. Science Advisory, Chair William L. Dewey, no report
7n. Science Education, Co-chairs Thomas G, Teates and Maurice P. Lynch Elsa
Falls reporting

Marion Lobstein: Last spring when we raised the issue of the importance of
laboratories in science education, another issue came along with it, and that is the
equity of credit for teaching labs. This varies greatly throughout the state. In many
institutions within the college system you get essentially half a credit in your
teaching loads for teaching labs. Gerald, I think at JMU you’re getting one credit.

I’d like to know what credit you get for your lab teaching, compared to lecture hours.

Some of our community college teachers down state are teaching twenty-eight
contact hours per week, compared to fifteen at the four year colleges. We’re finally
at eighteen at NOVA, and find our president would like to push us up to twenty-one
to twenty-four, still leaving faculty in the humanities and math at fifteen and it’s just 1

not right. I don’t know how strong the feelings are at other institutions throughout ^

the state. Do you think this is an issue that Council should try to bring forth to the
general membership?

Tom Sitz: This fits in very well with the previous resolution, because in a way it
cheapens the laboratory teaching.

Joe Rudmin: Fm carrying eight hours of labs for which Fm getting four hours
of credit, but that’s a lot easier than carrying eight hours of preps. We do have to
face that fact that a two-hour lab is more like a one-hour prepared lecture, when
you include the preparation load. (Many voices of disagreement here)

Elsa Falls: It depends on what it is and how much you interact with your
students. You have to be more on your feet in a lab because you’re dealing with
the students one-on-one.

Ertle Thompson : Also, it depends on how much physical preparation you do
for the lab. Some of these people have no lab assistants. They do all of the
preparation for the lab themselves.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

J im Martin: Another point is that when an English teacher teaches three credits,
he has thirty-five or forty students in the classroom. We’re stuck at twenty-four in
the lab.

Dean Decker: But by the same token, I’ve had lectures in recent years in which
I’ve gotten the enrollment down to sixty. We’ve had eighty to ninety in some
lectures. My teaching load was two lecture three-hour lecture courses and three
two-hour labs for a total load of twelve hours. The student load was around two
hundred fifty. That far surpasses a History or English class of thirty- five or forty.

Sandra Welch?: I think we have to look at it fi'om the students’ point of view
too. I really want one-hour one-credit all across the board, not just for faculty
teaching loads. My students in a three-hour lab keep lab notebooks, write reports,
and come in prepared for that lab. They say they do more work for that one credit
of three-hour lab than they do for an English course and a Philosophy course put
together.

After some further discussion, Tom Sitz and Marion Lobstein decided that the
issue should be further pursued by a subcommittee of the Committee on Science
Education. Marion Lobstein circulated a sign-up sheet for those who would like
to participate in this subcommittee.

Elsa Falls: This has been a major discussion issue on the list-server of the
Council on Undergraduate Research.

Robert Berquist?: Will the Council have an opportunity to review this before it
goes to the Academy Conference?

Tom Sitz: Yes.

Marion Lobstein: Last spring we tried to get a copy of the resolution out to the
Council before the Academy met.

Jim Martin: You have until the March meeting to get a preliminary version to
the Council, and then between March and the May meeting we can get everything
right. Jerry Taylor: I’d like to bring up a related item.

Tom Sitz: If this is related, let’s do it now.

Jerry Taylor: The State Council on Higher Education for Virginia is undertak¬
ing a review of all Physics programs in the state of Virginia with a view to eliminating
waste and duplication. This will have a major impact on the faculty and students
in the state physics programs.

Tom Sitz: Why are they picking on Physics?

Jerry Taylor: They aren’t picking on Physics. Physics is the one they’re starting
with. The State Council has an advisory committee of people fi-om the state and
all over the country.

Vera Remsburg: Did the Director appoint these people?

Jerry Taylor: I guess Gordon Davies effectively appointed them. The Chair of
the UVA Physcis Dept, is on the committee, and maybe the Chair, Dan Larson.
Others are Judy Franz, Executive Director of the APS, Brian Schwarz. They want
to eliminate duplication of effort, and I’m told they’re going to eliminate some
programs in the state in some disciplines.

Tom Sitz: Are the two-year schools involved?

Jerry Taylor: Majors. I guess it’s the four-year schools.

Tom Sitz: Do you want to put something together on this, Jerry?

COUNCIL MINUTES

Jerry Taylor: It would be very bad for us at JMU to do this. We Ve just been
through the grind, and now we Ye going to do it again with a site visitation in
December.

Tom Sitz: Can you get some of your Physics colleagues to carry the ball on this?
Joe Rudmin: What Jerry is saying is that Physics people shouldn’t be carrying the
ball on this, because we obviously have a vested interest.

Marion Lobstein?: This is one of several such issues in which we have a conflict
of interest. Credit for teaching laboratories is one. We at the community colleges
don’t have tenure, but I’ve been asked to serve on a committee to review tenure in
the state.

Jerry Taylor: Concerning that, SCHEV has already decided to begin Post-Ten¬
ure Reviews at all institutions. Post-tenure review means a way of eliminating
tenure contracts. It’s basically doing a review every three to five years, setting up
goals and objectives and future planning. The process is running right now. As far
as the Physics part of the program, the information can be gotten by calling up
SCHEV.

Vera Remsburg?: With this kind of situation in the Physics program, it’s what
we were facing last year with the legislature. Something HAS to be done now. If
Council could pass a resolution stating the importance of maintaining strong
programs in science, now is the time to do something. By spring, Jerry, it’s going
to be a done deal.

Tom Sitz: Would you like a letter from the President of the Academy? It’s better
than nothing.

Jerry Taylor: How are you going to write a letter about an issue that’s being
reviewed in December and January until you can find out what’s happening? I
suggest you ask the Public Affairs Committee to find out what’s happening.

Marion Lobstein: This issue of lab credit has to be done, but this is another
whole issue, Jerry, and something needs to be done now.

Ertle Thompson : Jerry, to whom could the President address a letter requesting
information about what is happening? It seems to me that would be the logical
thing to do.

Jerry Taylor: Both to him and the Secretary of Education.

Ertle Thompson : Right. It seems to me that what’s happening is that SCHEV
is reacting to the Secretary of Education.

Tom Sitz: If Council would like, I can go ahead and get information, and I’ll get
together with Jerry to work out the phrasing. I’ll get a letter out this week. Jerry
Taylor: Right, and find out what other programs are going to be looked at next.

Ertle Thompson : We went through this eight years ago, when they looked at all
the teach-certification programs in the state. We had thirty-six programs preparing
and certifying teachers. We were going to eliminate at least 40 to 50 percent of
those. We ended up with approved programs for thirty seven institutions. There
isn’t a four-year school in the state that does not have an approved program for
teacher certification. And don’t ask anybody at the State Council or the Depart¬
ment of Education to describe those programs for you. They can’t do it.

Jerry Taylor: But there’s one more thing that needs to be added to that.
Education majors were eliminated in the state.

There was some more discussion on teacher certification programs.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Tom Sitz: I’ll write some letters and get some feedback, and then see where we
go from there.

7p. Virginia Flora Committee, Chair Rex Baird, Marion Lobstein Reporting.
Marion Lobstein: We are really excited about the creation of World Wide Web
site. I’ll have the person whose doing it see if she can tie her efforts in with yours.
Lisa Martin: Is that Web site going to be for the Junior Academy too? I think that’s
where you can hit first and hardest.

8. Special Committee Reports

8a. Futures, Chair Rae Carpenter, Jr. has already reported.

8b. Public Affairs, Ralph Eckerlin. No report
8c. 75th Anniversary Committee, Chair Golde Holtzmann
Golde distributed a sheet showing various logos under consideration. He said
that this was just the beginning of the Committees activities.

9. Section Representatives’ Reports

9a. Aeronautical & Aerospace, Fred Lutze, no report
9b. Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture, Scott Newton, no report
9c. Archaeology, Eugene Barfield. The Archaeology Section looks forward to
meetings in 1996 as successful as those of 1995. Over twenty papers were presented
including a thematic group on Archaeology of African American Excavations.
These will be published in a special publication of the Archaeological Society of
Virginia next year.

9d. Astronomy, Math, and Physics, Gerald Taylor, The Section is doing well.
9e. Biology, Carolyn Conway. Biology is doing well.

9f Biomedical and General Engineering, Eleni Achilleos and Penny Pagona.
No report

9g. Botany, Marion Lobstein. Botany is flowering.

9h. Chemistry, George Mushrush, no report

9i. Computer Science, Robert Willis, no report

9J. Education, Pamela Turpin, no report

9k. Environmental Science, Michael Bass, report given earlier.

91. Geography, Steve Wright, no report.

9m. Geology, David Walz, no report.

9n. Materials Science, Kenneth Lawless, no report.

9o. Medical Sciences, Sandra Welch, Medical Sciences is doing well, we are
recruiting new students.

9p. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Francis Macrina. Tom Sitz said that
he would push to have the section meet at VPI next May.

9q. Natural History and Biodiversity, Michael Kosztarab, no report.

9r. Psychology, Robert Berquest, Gerald Taylor delivered the report. Psychol¬
ogy is alive and well with work progressing for the annual meeting. Public relations
are ongoing for Junior Academy papers, plans are being made for processing them.
We remind that assistance is required for storing the papers and judging them at
the Annual Meeting. The Virginia Psychological Foundation was not notified of
the 1995 Psychology Section awards. Considering their support, the list of winners
should be sent to the Foundation each year.

9s. Statistics, Golde Holzmann. ’Normal Deviants” (laughter)

10. OLD BUSINESS:

COUNCIL MINUTES

Jerry Taylor: As a consequence of the meeting of Vera Remsburg, Rae, Don
Cottingham, Elsa Falls, and myself, meeting with Walter Witscheythis summer, the
consequences of which you know, when we met following up that VMI-designated
Ad Hoc Committee, I would like to have the minutes show that we wish to recognize
the dedication and service which Don Cottingham has shown in extending his
tenure as VJAS Director, and the tremendous job which he has done and is
continuing to do.

COUNCIL ACTION: The Council unanimously voted to extend this recogni¬
tion.

11. New Business

a. Regional Science Museums

Marion Lobstein reported about the new Museum of Natural History in
Martinsville. They are very actively taking science to the public, on a shoestring
budget. She requested that council think about giving them some support, and
offered to put anyone interested in contact with them.

Vera Remsburg said that we supported them last year in their effort to retain
their state funding. She said that they have done an excellent job in the southwest
corner of the state.

Marion and Vera likewise prased the Danville Museum?

Jerry Taylor suggested approaching them to direct the southwest region of the
VJAS. Golde Holtzmann said they have a strong link with Michael Kosterov, who
is an active VPI emeritus professor who has had a good relationship with the
Academy.

b. Increasing Industrial Participation

Joe Rudmin expressed the opinion that the Academy needs more particpation
from scientists in commerce and industry.

12. Concluding Remarks.

Tom Sitz thanked the Council members, especially Rae Carpenter, E Isa, Dean,
and Don, for handling the emergencies which arose during the summer when he
was incapacitated.

The meeting adjourned at 5:20 pm.

— — . — . . . — . . . - - - Appendix I.

Job Description for Administrative Assistant as proposed by the Ad Hoc Commit¬
tee to review the position of VJAS Office Secretary.

The following recommendations were made in a written report distributed to
Council.

I. As a stop gap measure: That the secretary begin to maintain regular hours on
a dailybasis (M-F) from September through December 1995 at the VAS office, and
that her salary be increased $125 per month for each of those four months as
compensation for her time. (This recommendation was approved by members of
the Executive Committee by phone on Sept 11, and Blanton Bruner has imple¬
mented the recommendation.)

II. As soon as possible: That Jim Martin be asked to explore the purchase of an
additional computer and printer by VAS to be kept at the Martin residence for the
use of both Jim and Lisa. It and its software should be compatible with the current
machine owned by the VAS, which is to be housed at the VAS office.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

III. Effective Jan 1, 1996: A. That the VAS office be staffed six hours a day (10
am to 4 pm) five days a week from Labor Day to Memorial Day. Hours would be
more limited from Memorial Day to Labor Day. Lisa Martin would be present
from 12-4 pm, and Blanton Bruner and Art Burke would divide hours 10-12 noon.

B. That Blanton Bruner (at his request) begin to curtail his responsibilities as
Executive Secretary-Treasurer. His yearly salary would be decreased by half for
1996 (from $8000 to $4000).

C. That Art Burke be appointed as Associate Executive Secretary-Treasurer
and begin to assume more of Blanton Bruner’s duties. There would be no remu¬
neration for his services (at his request).

D. That the position of administrative assistant be designated as three-fourths
of full-time. ("Job description attached" was removed here by Council vote.)

E. That Lisa Martin be appointed Administrative Assitant, and that her salary
be raised to reflect this increase in time commitment from half to three-fourths
time. (This increase is in addition to any increase proposed as an annual raise based
on job performance.)

F. That VAS continue to contract with an employment service to provide checks
and benefits for the Administrative Assistant.

IV. Job Description for Administrative Assistant

A. Purpose:

1. To assist VAS Executive Secretary-Treasurer and VJAS Director with then-
administrative responsibilities.

2. To assure the effective operation of VAS office, to include having someone
(Administrative Assistant or other) in that office approximately six hours a day, five
days a week.

3. To facilitate the work of VAS Executive Committee and Council, and the
VJAS Committee.

B. Primary Duties and Responsibilities

1. VAS

a. To prepare and mail out VAS membership invoice forms.

b. To inform appropriate state and national organizations regarding current
officers, meeting dates, etc.

c. To supply mailing labels for Journal, Virginia Scientist, Section Secretaries,
Call for Papers, Meeting Program, etc.

d. To prepare monthly financial statements, quarterly reports, etc. and distrib¬
ute to appropriate persons.

e. To keep membership lists current, including address changes.

f To serve as secretary to Executive Secretary-Tresurer, and assist him as
needed with bookkeeping.

g. To prepare certificates and/or plaques for various award winners.

h. To help insure that Schedule of Responsibilities is followed by VAS officers.

i. To insure that materials for printing of Journal and meeting programs and
mailing labels are sent to and received from printer.

j. To answer phone and supply information and direct callers to appropriate
officer/member.

k. To send annual budget (RFP) letters to appropriate officers and committee
chairs.

COUNCIL MINUTES

2. VJAS

a. To identify award winners and send congratulatory letter signed by VJAS
Director and to mail unclaimed certificates and award money to winners (after May
Annual Meeting).

b. To attend summer VJAS Committee meeting, confirm volunteers to edit
papers, distribute directory of Committee members, and obtain appropriate signa¬
tures on membership cards and club certificates.

c. To send fall (1000+ ), winter, and spring membership information letters to
Virginia schools, record club memberships as received, and send membership
cards and certificates.

d. To plan for and attend winter VJAS Committee meeting.

e. To receive and process VJAS papers (in March).

f To send rough draft of program and registration packet to clubs and individual
members and make certificates for all presenters (in April).

g. To prepare materials, certificates, and script for Annual Meeting (in May).

h. To monitor stationary and envelopes and to provide to aprropriate people.

i. To insure that printing of program for Annual Meeting and all other copying
is accomplished in most efficient and cost-effective way possible.

j. To process incoming and outgoing mail.

k. To answer phone and supply information and direct callers to appropriate
officer/member.

l. To prepare Proceedings.

C. Annual Review

The job description and performance of the Administrative Assitant shall be
reviewed on an annual basis by a committee appointed by the VAS President; the
committee should include the Executive Secretary-Treasurer and the VJAS Direc¬
tor. The results are to be reported to VAS Executive Committee before its fall
meeting for appropriate action.

D. Tenure

The appointment of the Administrative Assistant is renewable on January 1 of
each year. Should either VAS or the Administrative Assistant desire to terminate
this relationship, a notice of at least two calendar months is considered appropriate.

APPENDIX II: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Study Academy Needs
With Regard to Fund-Raising. The Committee defined the following terms.

ENDOWMENT/ENDOWED: Funds or property donated to a recipient as a
SOURCE OF INCOME (the income fi'om the endowment to be used as directed
at the time of the bequest leaving the principal intact)

AMED ENDOWMENT: An endowed activity named by the donor for a
person(s), place(s), or organization(s).

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE: (also known as the "senior” academy
or VAS) References made to the Virginia Academy of Science include all activi¬
ties of the VAS except the Virginia Junior Academy of Science. Activities include,
but are not limited to the expenses of the office of the VAS and Executive
Secretary, publications, research grants, and any Council-approved
expenditures.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE: (also known as the ’junior
academy" or VJAS) Activities include, but are not limited to, the actvities of the
office of the VJAS beyond those of the VAS office, publications, awards, and any
VJAS Committee and/or VAS Council-approved expenditures. The committee
noted that although the VJAS is part of the VAS, for purposes of fund-raising it is
advantageous to separate the VAS and the VJAS, because some donors will
contribute to the VJAS and its secondary school activities, who would not do so
for the VAS and its activities.

RECOMMENDATIONS: The ad hoc committee recommends to the VAS
Council the following possible categories to be used in soliciting monies for the

relatively immediate goals of the VAS and VJAS. Longer range goals and
objectives should be defined by the Long Range Planning Comittee in conjunction
with Council and the Fund Raising Committee.

VJAS: The most pressing need of the VJAS is to reasonably assure the
continuation and expansion of the VJAS awards and the system involved in its
operation. The current program awards approximately $25000 in cash awards,
trips, and scholarships. Some of these awards are endowed, others depend upon
contributions which must be solicited annually. The section awards, approximately
$5000, come fi*om one donor, currently Virginia Power, who replaced the previous
donor after more than 25 years of contributions. Virginia Power has indicated that
their period of contribution is limited, thus the need to secure these awards. These
awards are very attractive to potential donors.

VJAS DIRECTOR & ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR: The past history of man¬
agement of the VJAS has been entirely on a volunteer basis. This volunteer
management may be part of the appeal of support for the VJAS that the VAS
members have when asked to serve the VJAS. The growth of the VJAS to become
one ofthe largest and best in the country has pushed the management ofthe VJAS
beyond what can be continued on a reasonable basis by volunteers, particularly the
leadership aspects. Therefore, some level of a paid director and/or associate
director is needed. As the work load currently is predictable but sporadic, the paid
leadership mayrange from one person part-time to more than one person full-time.
The immediate needs are to be met by increased volunteer efforts and the increase
in the responsibilities and time-commitment of the currently salaried secretary.

VAS: It is nearly certain that there will soon be changes in the office of
Executive Secretary/Treasurer. This topic should be discussed by Council as
potential changes occur. However, this item was not part of this committee’s
deliberations as it should not be a part of ftmd-raising activities. The Constitution
and By-Laws of the VAS stipulate that in addition to 'fellowship amongst mem¬
bers", Education and Research are activities of intended pursuit. The principal
Educational activity of the VAS is the VJAS. This is particularly true when
considering fund-raising, participation, and accomplishments. Other educational
activities need to be determined and refined by the Long Range Planning Com¬
mittee. The VAS does have a modest research support program, most of which is
endowed. These funds primarily aid young beginning researchers, but are not
limited to that endeavor. This committee recommends that part ofthe ftmd-raising
efforts be directed to increasing the monies available for this program ofthe VAS.

COUNCIL MINUTES

DISCRETIONARY FUNDS: (at the discretion of the VAS/VJAS manage¬
ment) It would be desirable to the academy to have all funds as discretionary.
However, donors often prefer to designate the role their donations will play and
put limitations on the donation. The appeal for funds of the discretionary type
applies to both the VAS and the VJAS. SUMMARY: This committee discussed
guide lines regarding amounts to be solicited in various categories and how those
monies would be used by the Academy.

Endowment-intended gifts (money of other forms converted into money)
should anticipate a conservative, reasonably guaranteed 5% return that would
constitute the Academy’s usable funds. However, with the 5% guaranteed for
academy use, any excess can be reinvested to compensate for inflation. Should
inflation be met with excess, the Council could approve some additional use of
endowment revenues.

LEVELS OF DONATIONS BY AMOUNTS:

1. Named Endowments must be $5000 or more, and must be approved by
Council.

2. Unnamed Endowments must be $3000 or more, and must be approved by
Council.

3. A NEW donor-designated fund must be $1000 or more, and must be approved
by Council.

(NOTE: Donations exceeding $5000 could or would carry a name with the
money distribution, such as the Bethel High School Scholarship, and the Horsley
Research Award. Donations of at least $3000 would be accompanied with the
statement that the awarded monies were made possible from a gift from the donor.
Gifts of $1000 or more would be independently noted and published at least
annually by the VAS and/or the VJAS. Contributions of less than $1000 would be
acknowledged at the time of contribution only. It is understood that any donor of
any amount who wishes anonymity would be granted it.)

It is a recommendation of this ad hoc committee that whenever possible, funds
be deposited in existing accounts under the management of the Trust Committee.
Establishment of new accounts should be discouraged. With computer-tracking,
the Academy has sufficient accounts to handle almost all donations.

Appendix III. Report of the Fund-Raising Committee to the Council, Nov 5,

1995.

Notes: Thanks to all the Council Members who have made pre-campaign
minimum Leadership pledges, and to Rae Carpenter and Vera Remsburg for their
supportive letter. Thanks to Elsa Falls for helping to edit the Legacy 75 pledge
form, to Alan Branigan for his years of service on the fund-raising committee.
Welcome to George Grant.

L Progress on External Campaigns
A. Virginia Scholarships Task Force

Twelve members, coordinated by Steve Wright, have agreed to serve on a task
for for the purpose of soliciting scholarships of the next year and a half from then-
host institutions. The Task Force includes Ann Fabirkiewicz (R-MWC), Kenneth
Lawless (UVA), Ali Mohamed (VSU), James Poland (VCU), Golde Holtzman
(VPI&SU), Dean Decker (UR), Gerald Johnson (W&M), Harold Marshall

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

(ODU), Douglas Mose (GMU), Robert Willis (HU), and Rosemary Barra
(MWC). More volunteers are sought.

B. Honorary Committee This committee will consist of prominent Virginians
who are being recruited to participate in the campaign. Past President Maurice
Rowe and Jim O’Brien are working to assemble this committee, and ask for
suggestions, which so far include T. Marshall Hahn, Lin wood G Holton, Owen B.
Pickett, Gerald McCarthy, and Mills Godwin.

II. Progress on Internal Campaign

A. Council Support

Of the 51 members of the 1994-5 and 1995-6 Councils, 21 have pledged Lead¬
ership Pledges. 72% of the current Councilors have taken some action, including
3 who signed the letter, but have not pledged, and 3 who are members of the FRC,
but have not otherwise participated.

B. Total Leadership Pledges, Donations Received, and Commitments Council
members have pledged $12,825 of which $1,295 has been received. Other VAS
members have pledged $2300 all of which has been received. The JMU Scholar¬
ship has been pledged to an amount of $2000, of which $1000 has been received.
Six individuals have pledged over $1000, and these total $9575 of which $3150 has
been received.

C. Legacy 75 Member Appeal

A bulk mailing to all VAS members will be sent before Dec 1995. It will contain
the following items: An appeal letter signed by Council members with a list of the
categories of giving on the reverse side, a F act Sheet giving highlights of the history
of the VAS, and a Legacy 75 pledge form designed for folding into a 3-part packet.
Follow-up appeals by mail or phone may follow. The Categories of Giving were
developed in consultation with Rae Carpenter and are based on recommendations
of the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee and approval of them by Council is requested.
Council is requested to pass the following motion establishing the VJAS Research
Endowment Fund so that it maybe in existence prior to the Legacy 75 appeal to
members.

4 1

NOTES

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Science Museum of Virginia U S POSTAGE

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MER 1996

VOL. 47, No. 2

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

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©Copyright, 1996 by the Virginia Academy of Science. The Virginia Journal of
Science (ISSN:0042-658X) is published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Fall ,
Winter) by the Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum ofVirginia, 2500 W.
Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23220-2054. The pages are electronically mas¬
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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, 74th Annual Meeting of the Virginia
Academy of Science, May 21 - 24, 1996, Virginia Commonwealth Univer¬
sity, Richmond, Virginia

SECTION ABSTRACTS

Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences 75

Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science 77

Archaeology 86

Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics 88

Biology 91

Biomedical and General Engineering 99

Botany 102

Chemistry 106

Computer Science 115

Education 116

Environmental Science 118

Geography 126

Geology 126

Materials Science 130

Medical Science I34

Microbiology and Molecular Biology 148

Natural History & Biodiversity 150

Psychology 156

Statistics 162

VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AWADS 164

178

AUTHOR INDEX

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

74th Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science
May 21--24, 1996, Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia

Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences

F-i8 HIGH- ALPHA RESEARCH VEHICLE MULTI AXIS THRUST VECTORING CHAR¬
ACTERISTICS. Scott C. Asbury. Aerospace Engineer, NASA-Langley Research Center,
Hampton, Va. 23681-0001. An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Eoot Transonic
Tunnel to determine the multiaxis thrust vectoring characteristics of the E-18 High- Alpha
Research Vehicle (HARV). Thrust vectoring provides the HARV with unprecedented levels of
agility at angles of attack up to 70°. NASA is conducting flight experiments with the HARV to
study potential benefits of thrust vectoring for the next generation of high-perfomiance aircraft.
A wing-tip supported, partially metric, 0.10-scale, Jet-effects model of an F-18 prototype air¬
craft was modified with hardware to simulate the thrust vectoring control system of the HARV.
Testing was conducted at free-stream Mach numbers ranging from 0.30 to 0.70, at angles of
attack from 0° to as high as 70°, and at nozzle pressure ratios from 1.0 to approximately 5.0.
Results indicate that the thrust vectoring control system of the HARV can successfully generate
multiaxis thrust vectoring forces and moments. E)uring vectoring, resultant thrust vector angles
were always less than the coiTesponding geometric vane deflection angle and were accompanied
by large thrust losses. Significant external flow effects that were dependent on Mach number
and angle of attack were noted during vectoring operation. Comparisons of the aerodynamic
and propulsive control capabilities of the HARV configuration indicate that substantial gains in
controllability are provided by the multiaxis thrust vectoring control system.

AERONAUTICS CONTENT PRESENTED THROUGH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING
PROMOTES THE INTEGRATION OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE WITH OTHER
DISCIPLINES IN ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL.Bobbve Hoffman Bartels.
Dept, of Math., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, Va. 23606. During Summer
1995, sixty elementary and middle school teachers participated in 2-week sessions as
part of a Teacher Enhancement Institute. The objective of the Institute was to increase
teachers' knowledge of aeronautics, problem-based learning, and technology for
implementation in classrooms. NASA aeronautics researchers made presentations to
teach content, tours of NASA facilities demonstrated the scientific environment of
aeronautics, hands-on experiments provided classroom-useful activities, and Internet
exploration of aeronautics resources incorporated technology. By the end of the
Institute, teachers' knowledge of aeronautics improved significantly, in their
classrooms they incorporated aeronautics through problem-based learning, and they
reported a greater awareness of aeronautics in the media. Teachers observed that
implementations of aeronautics through problem-based learning produced highly
motivated students and an effective medium for integrating science and mathematics
with the other disciplines. (Funded by NASA-Langley Res. Ctr. Office of Education)

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

REDUCING SEPARATION ON AIRFOE.S THROUGH THE USE OF BOUNDARY LAYER
CONTROL. Jeanette Farrah (ElliottL Systems Analysis Branch, NASA Langley Research Center
M/S 248, Hampton, Va. 23681. Inviscid theory predicts that lift at angles of attack up to 90
degrees is possible. Viscosity, however, results in a momentum energy loss in the flow, creating
a boundary layer. When there is insufficient energy in the flow to overcome the adverse pressure
gradient, due to the low energy air in the boundary layer, separation occurs. By using boundary
layer control (BLC), the flow can be re-energized, or the low energy air removed. This delays
separation and makes the use of thick airfoils and high angles of attack practical. Early
experimental results demonstrated large increases in CL^ as well as reductions in drag through
the use of BLC on both thin and thick airfoils. A 31.5% thick BLC suction wing attached to a
glider illustrated that the glider could land safely if suction failed, and that the overall drag was
equivalent to a 16% thick low drag airfoil. While the major technical problem with thick airfoils is
a low critical Mach number, recent research by MIT illustrated the possibility of designing a 30%
thick suction airfoil with a critical Mach number of 0.65. Research needs for the future include
testing new BLC suction airfoil designs as well as integrating the boundary layer control with the
propulsive system of an aircraft.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD AND LIFTING SURFACE VEHICLES.
Henri D. Fuhrmann, NASA Langley Research Center, Systems Analysis Branch, Mail
Stop 248, Hampton, Va. 23681-0001. An overview of the motivation for pursuing
designs such as spanloaders, flying wings, and blended-wing-body type aircraft is
presented in general terms. Vehicles that have the majority of their structure
providing lift fall in this category. This does not limit the classification to tailless
aircraft or designs that attempt to package the payload solely in the wing. The
benefits of distributed loading for structural weight reduction and distributed lifting
surface for aerodynamic efficiency are discussed as well as some of the pros and cons
of the various configuration options. A general classification scheme for this genre of
aircraft is proposed that is composed of (i) Lifting bodies, (ii) Spanloaders, (iii) Partial
spanloaders, and (iv) Minimal body configurations. Several historical designs and
aircraft from the early 1930's to the present are examined and discussed in light of the
underlying missions and design motivations. Finally current design challenges that
had not previously been considered, such as passenger pressurization of noncircular
fuselages and high transonic cruise speeds, are introduced.

JOYSTICK TRACKING EFFECTS ON AUDITORY EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS.
Timothy F. Knebel . NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.
23681. Twenty-four dextral volunteers performed a tracking task
across three levels of difficulty while silently counting or
ignoring tones. EEG was recorded and averaged at frontal,
central, and parietal electrode sites to obtain ERP components:
Nl, P2, N2, and P3 . The amplitude of P3 was significantly
diminished in the difficult tracking level compared to the easy
and medium tracking levels. For the counted stimuli, P3
amplitude was larger at the central and parietal regions and N2
amplitude was greater at the frontal region. Tracking error,
measured as root-mean-square error (RMSE) , increased
significantly from the easy tracking level to the most difficult.
N2 and P3 amplitudes were significantly and negatively correlated
with RMSE and P3 amplitude was negatively correlated with
counting error. The results are consistent with theories of
resource allocation and relevant to the development of cockpit
monitoring. (This work was performed while the author held a
National Research Council-NASA LaRC Research Associateship) .

PROCEEDINGS

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF A FLAP-EDGE FLOW MODEL. James E. Martin. Dept, of
Mathematics, Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606-2998, & Jay C.

Hardin*, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001. Sound generated at the
side edges of airfoil flaps is a very important, in some cases the most intense, source of airframe
noise. Recently, Sen of the Boeing Company has proposed a new physical mechanism for the
flap-edge noise source and a two-dimensional model to illustrate it. In this study. Sen's model of
flap side-edge flow is analyzed to reveal its noise production potential. The flap is taken to be a
slab of finite thickness in the presence of which there exists a potential flow as well as a vortex
to represent the flap-edge vortex. For a particular range of the existing flow parameter,
equilibrium positions of the vortex off the side edge of the flap are found to exist. The model
assumes that the vortex will form near the equilibrium position. The vortex is then perturbed
away from the equilibrium position by incoming turbulence causing it to oscillate and thus
radiate sound. The noise field is calculated three-dimensionally by numerically integrating the
Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation. Spectra and directivity of the farfield sound are presented.
In addition, the effect of retarded time differences is evaluated.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY-LAYER STATE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE 737 HIGH-LIFT
WING IN FLIGHT. V. Eric Roback. NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681. Flight
experiments were conducted on an instrumented NASA-Langley 737-100 aircratt (TSRV) to
investigate high-lift flow physics and for correlation and validation of computational and wind tunnel
measurements. The possible reversion of turbulent attachment-line flow to a laminar state
(relaminarization) under the action of strong favorable pressure gradients at flight Reynolds numbers
has a potentially significant impact on the prediction of high-lift system performance from wind-tunnel
tests and computational analyses. A combination of hot-film and pressure data, obtained from the
most recent phase of the flight experiments, are reduced and analyzed for attachment-line transition
and relaminarization on the slat and leading edge of the main element. Correlation parameters based
on empirical wind tunnel data are used in the analysis of these flight data to predict attachment-line
transition and relaminarization. Flight pressure distributions were analyzed and then processed to
obtain these parameters, the attachment-line Reynolds number and the relaminarization parameter.
The pressure data were correlated with hot-film data, which is in both analog and digital format. The
pressure and hot-film data indicated both slat and main-element relaminarization. The flow physics
observed in flight correlated well with the critical values of both the attachment-line Reynolds number
and the relaminarization parameter. The knowledge that relaminarization exists in flight could
significantly impact the overall high-lift design considerations of future transports.

Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science

Environmental effects on yield and agronomic traits of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Elmi, Abdulkadir and T. Mebrahtu. Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major legume consumed as a principle source of protein,
vitamins, and minerals for over 500 million people in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Bean
demand is increasing with an alarming rate around the world. Bean production has to be increased
to satisfy the expected demand. The objectives of this experiment were : a) To determine
genotypic variations for green bean yield and dry seed yield and b) To investigate the magnitude
of genotype x environment interaction effects on yield and yield components of common bean. A
total of thirteen common bean genotypes were planted in four- row plots arranged in RCBD design,
replicated four times in 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995. Each genotype was evaluated for plant height,
number of pods plant’ hundred pod weight, pod length and green pod yield at R7 growth stage,
and number of seeds plant , hundred seed weight, seed weight plant’ ^ , pod length, and dry seed
yield at R9 growth stage. The genotype Eagle and Branco showed the highest green pod yield,
while Pinto 111 and VB90-3 had the highest dry seed yield. Among the parameters measured
number of pods plant’^ showed the highest correlation (0.61**) to green pod yield, while number
of pods plant’ ^ (r ^ = 0.51**) and seed size (r ^ = 0.48**) showed the highest correlations to dry
seed yield. Seed size and number of pods plant’ ^ can be used effectively for indirect selection of
green pod and dry seed yield in common beans.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PREDICTING NITROGEN STATUS OF CASTOR AND KENAF FROM CHLOROPHYLL READINGS.
Angela Aikens and H.L. Bhardwaj , Agricultural Research Station, Virginia
State University, Petersburg, Va 23806. Nitrogen (N) status in leaves of
castor {Ricinus communis L.) and kenaf {Hibiscus cannabinus L.), two
potentially new crops for Virginia, were determined by using SP7iD-502, a
portable chlorophyll meter. Leaves from plots of these two crops receiving
0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N/ha were used for chlorophyll recording with
SPAD-502 from June 29 until July 27, 1995 at 24 hour interval. Samples of
leaves from these plots were also analyzed for nitrate content. Significant
variation existed among 5 N levels for nitrate content in both castor and
kenaf but only in castor for chlorophyll reading. The correlation between
nitrate content of castor leaves and SPAD readings was highly significant
(+0.66**) . In kenaf, the correlation between nitrate content and SPAD
reading was +0.57**. Regression analysis indicated that nitrate content of
castor and kenaf leaves can be predicted from SPAD readings. These results
indicate that N status of castor and kenaf can be predicted from chlorophyll
readings obtained using SPAD-502. Use of SPAD-502, which costs about $750,
could be beneficial for farmers for using only the needed amount of N and may
also help protect the environment from over- fertilization.

REMEDIATION OF CANINE HIP DYSPLASIA WITH VITAMIN C: ANTIDOTE AND ANECDOTE:
Joseph W. Bergo Jr., PhD, 3319 Dauphine Drive, Falls Church, VA 22042
ABSTRACT; Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) has been widely reputed to be beneficial
in the prevention and treatment of many Illnesses in vertebrates. For canines,
Mueller 1996 writer and editor of Hunting Dog column in OUTDOOR LIFE magazine
has documented Improvement of mobility in severely disabled dogs that have
been treated with Vitamin C. This is congruent with the fact that Vitamin C
helps build collagen and lubricate the joints needed for mobility. Prevention
and management of Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) has been addressed previously in
terms of Genetics, Nutrition, and Exercise by Berg and van Lienden at the 1994
VAS meeting. A calcium derivative of Vitamin C now marketed under the name
ESTER C(3is found to be particularly effective probably because of the ease of
absorption into the body. It is postulated also that Vitamin C can be used
to prevent CHD and other joint diseases. This hypothesis has not been experi¬
mentally verified. However, it has been documented that minimal stress on
puppy hips for the first year of age helps prevent CHD, regardless of Vitamin
C supplementation.

NATURAL PESTICIDES FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPS. H.L. Bhardwan . Agricultural
Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. Research
conducted under a US Department of Agriculture (Office of Agricultural
Materials) funded three year project has indicated that rapeseed (Brassica
spp.) meal has potential for controlling Cylindrocladium parasiticum (Crous,
Wingefield and Alfenas) , casual agent of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of
peanuts and eliminating/reducing the use of Vapam, currently recommended
chemical treatment. The rapeseed meal reduced the disease incidence by 7,
25, and 70% over control in 'NC6', a susceptible cultivar during 1994, when
it was used as soil amendment at the rates of 1, 2, or 3 tons/ha. Similar
results were also obtained from 'NCIOC' , a resistant cultivar. The results
of experiments with soybean cyst nematode {Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)
during 1994 and 1995 have been inconclusive. Both peanut and soybean
experiments are being repeated during 1996. Detailed results of these
experiments will be presented and discussed. The new crops program of
Virginia State University is also evaluating castor {Ricinus communis L.) and
lupin {Lupinus spp.) that contain compounds with potential pesticidal
properties (ricin and alkaloids, respectively) .

PROCEEDINGS

NEW CROP DEVELOPMENT IN VIRGINIA- A PROGRESS REPORT. H,.L. Bhardwai .
Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA
23806. A diverse array of crop plants, including canola [Brassica spp , ) ,
castor [Ricinus communis L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), kenaf (Hibiscus
cannabinus L.), lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri Gray), mungbean [Vigna
radiata L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), and vernonia (Vernonia galamensis
Cass.), have been evaluated for production potential under Virginia
conditions, under the New Crops Program of Virginia State University,
established in 1991. Research during last four years has identified canola,
mungbean, and kenaf as potential crops for production in Virginia. Use of
canola oil is increasing steadily among health- conscious consumers due to its
lowest content of saturated fatty acids . The average state canola yields
during last three years yields have ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 tons/ha with
highest yielding varieties yielding upto 2.7 tons/ha. Yields of kenaf, a
source of pulp for paper manufacturing have been 10 to 12 tons/ha (dry
matter) at about 90 to 100 days after planting. Considerable progress has
been made in developing kenaf as a summer forage . Mungbean yields have
averaged about 1475 to 2706 kg/ha, indicating that it can be easily produced
in Virginia to eliminate annual import of about 5-7 million kg of mungbean.

FiSH HEALTH STATUS OF THE AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA. David
Crosby. Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va. 23806. The
analysis of casework submitted to Va. State Univ. Aquaculture Disease Laboratory from
1993 to 1995 is reported. The laboratory processed over 150 cases during this period.
The most frequently found problem were parasites. Nearly 43% of all cases
(1993-1995) involved some type of fish parasite as part of the diagnosis. Trichodina, a
gill and skin protozoan of fish, was the most frequently identified parasite. However, in
1993 Ichthyophthirius multifilliis. white spot disease (Ich), comprised nearly one quarter
of the caseload. Overall, bacteria problems were involved in 27.6% of the fish health
problems. The temporal grouping of casework fell into the classic fish health binomial
distribution with the first peak occurring in the spring (April, May, and June) and the
second peak occurring in the early fall (September and October). Catfish and hybrid
striped bass were the most frequently submitted fish to the laboratory.

ASEASONAL REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF VIRGINIA BRUSH GOATS. Michael Q. Ezekwe and
J. Lovin*, Ag. Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va 23806. Ability to reproduce all year round in
goats used for meat production will increase productivity and income for producers. A two-year study was
carried out to access the potential for aseasonal reproduction in three breeds/types of goats. A total of 62
Virginia Brush ^B), 44 Nubian (N) and 46 Spanish (S) 2-3 year old does were exposed to 47-day breeding
season beginning on May 20th of each year. Animals were grazed on permanent as well as summer
pastures. There was significant differences (P<.05) for all reproductive performance characteristics
studied between years, among breeds, and year x breed interactions. Spanish does did not breed
during the two year trial period. Kidding rate, weaning rate, and prolificacy were 56.4, 43.6 and 85% for
N, and 129.5, 118.0 and 182.5% for VB, respectively, which were significantly higher (P<.05) than those
of the N. Litter weight at birth and at weaning did not differ (P>.05). Progeny ADG and weight gain
between birth and weaning were unaltered. Nubian female progeny body weight was higher (P<.05) than
those of VB counterparts at post weaning but these differences disappeared by 6 months of age. Similar
trends were noted for castrates and intact males. Results indicate that VB has a potential for greater
aseasonal productivity than S and N breeds. Differences in body size seem to disappear between N and
VB goats raised solely on pasture for meat production.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PECTORAL SPINE LOCKING AND SOUND PRODUCTION IN THE CHANNEL
CATFISH. Michael L. Fine. David McElroy, John Rafi, Charles B. King, Kathryn E.
Loesser and Scott H. Newton., Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Mary Washington College,
and Virginia State University. We examined the anatomical basis for sound production
and locking of the pectoral spine in the pectoral girdle of the channel catfish Ictalurus
pimctatus. The locked spine is stabilized vertically by the glenoid process laterally and the
dorsal and ventral processes medially. Anterior motion is halted by contact between the
dorsal process and the locking foraman of the pectoral girdle, and posterior motion is
prevented by the locking tubercle of the dorsal process sitting in a narrow depression at
the base of the locking foramen. Pulsatile sounds, which vary in frequency, amplitude,
duration and patterning, are produced when ridges on the lateroventral surface of the
glenoid process contact the ventral plate of the glenoid fossa during fin abduction. We
suggest that individual pulses are generated by successive contacts of a single ridge on the
ventral plate of the glenoid fossa. Pulse frequency appears to be determined by the
pectoral girdle, and the swimbladder does not play an active role in sound production.

A HISTOMORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS IN THE POSTPUBERTAL
SPANISH BUCK. O. M. Gaines and S. Wildeus, Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va.
23806. The present study evaluated age-related changes in histomorphometric testicular and epididymal
characteristics of postpubertal Spanish bucks. Fifteen male goats, managed for moderate growth, were randomly
allocated (n=5) to three treatment groups to be castrated at 8, 11 or 14 mo. Following castration, a portion of the
testis and epididymal segments were histologically processed for histomorphometric analysis. Diameter and
epithelial height from approximately 20 to 25 essentially circular cross sections of the seminiferous tubule (ST), and
tubules in the ductule efferentes (DE), caput, (CA), corpus (CO) and cauda (CD) were measured. Volumetric
proportions of these segments were determined from 200 test line intercepts per section. Data were analyzed for
age group effects and by correlation analysis. ST diameter and epithelial height were similar between age groups
and ranged from 175.4 to 179.2 //m and 50.2 to 52.0 ixm, respectively. Epididymal tubular diameter was reduced
(P< .05) in CA and CO at 1 1 mo (269 and 283 //m, respectively), compared to 8 mo (320 and 318 ^m) and 14
mo (328 and 339 ^^m). Diameter of DE (343 to 392 /im) and CD (428 to 443 /.4m) were not affected by age.
Epididymal tubular height was also not affected by age and ranged from 21 /4m in the CD to 94 /4m in DE.
Testicular volumetric proportions were similar between age groups (tubular lumen: 11-18%; seminiferous
epithelium; 63-70%; interstitial tissue: 19%). Epididymal volumetric proportions were also similar between age
groups, except for a decline (P<.05) in extra tubular tissue in CA of 14 mo old bucks. Histomorphometric
measurements were generally not significantly correlated with body and organ weights. Few age-related changes
in testicular and epididymal histomorphology appear to occur in postpubertal bucks.

EFFECT OF AGE ON PARASITE BURDEN IN MEAT GOATS. T.A. Gipson. S.M. Lacey & J.C. Lovin, Agric. Res.
Station, Va State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. Efiective control of internal parasites requires knowledge of the host-
parasite interaction. In sheep, the detrimental effect of internal parasites is partially mitigated by an acquired immunity
related to age. Thus, older animals are more resistant than younger animals. It has not known if goats have a
corresponding age-related immunity to internal parasites. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship
between agp and parasite burden as determined by fecal egg counts in goats. Age of the animal was determined by
dentition (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 teeth) and ten females of each of the five age groups were randomly assigned to die sampling
group. Animals used in this study were maintained as a single group on common pasture. Measurements included body
weight, packed cell volume, total protein, trichostrongyle eggs per gram (epg) and coccidia oocysts per gram (opg) of
feces. Fecal egg counts were determined by the Modified McMaster technique and normalized using a log(count+l)
transformation. Fecal samples were cultured to identify nematode species. Data were analyzed using analysis of
variance. A significant (p<.05) linear effect of age on bodyweight was found. Bodyweight increased linearly fi'om 1 8.2
kg for 0 teeth to 53.4 kg for 8 teeth. Significant linear and quadratic effects of age on coccidial opg were also found.
Coccidial opg decreased rapidly fi'om 3764 opg for 0 teeth to 878 opg for 2 teeth and remained stable to 8 teeth (7 1 1
opg). Trichostrongyle egg counts ranged fi'om 399 epg for 0 teeth to 775 epg for 6 teeth; however this difference was
not significant Packed cell volume ranged fi'om 3 1 .9% for 4 teeth to 28.4 for 2 teeth and total protein ranged fi'om 7.0
g/dl for 2 teeth to 7.6 g/dl for 8 teeth (p>. 10). Haemonchus contortus was the predominate nematode species for all age
groups. This study indicates that young goats (0 teeth, which is one year of age or less) are more susceptible to coccidia
than older goats. However, there does not appear to be an acquired immunity to trichostrongyle nematodes in goats.

PROCEEDINGS

MULTIPLE ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN GOATS RAISED FOR MEAT PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA. lA

Gipson. Agric. Res. Station, Va State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806, A.M. Zajac*, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.,
Blacksburg VA 24061 & J.C. Lovin, Agric. Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. Worldwide, sheep
and goat producers rely heavily on anthelmintics for parasite control. Because of this heavy use, anthelmintic resistance
is developing rapidly in many countries. Recent interest in meat goat production has prompted an increased movement
of breeding stock around the counby, diereby incrMsing the risk of spreading anthelmintic resistance. Limit information
on the extent of anthelmintic resistance is available in the US, especially in goats. The objective of this study was to
determine if anthelmintic resistance existed in a research goat herd that had been assembled from several geographic
locations. A fojal egg count reduction test was conducted using different anthelmintic popularly used by goat producers.
At the start of the test, fecal samples were taken from eveiy individual in the buck herd and half of the buck herd was
dewormed with the anthelmintic being tested. The anthelmintics tested were fenbendazole, ivermectin and levamisole.
The number of bucks involved in the fecal egg count reduction tests were 47 for fenbendazole, 74 for ivermectin and
34 for levamisole. Ten days post-treatment fecal samples were taken from every individual in the untreated (control)
mid treated groups. Fecal egg counts were determined by the Modified McMaster technique. If an anthelmintic fails to
yield a 95% reduction in fecal egg counts as compared to the control group then anthelmintic resistance is concluded.
Fenbendazole gave a 59.4% reduction, ivermectin a 54.0% reduction and levamisole a -4.3% reduction. Fecal egg
counts actually rose after levamisole treatment. Resistance to all three of the anthelmintics tested was found in this
research goat herd. Therefore, alternative methods of internal parasite control will need to be pursued in this herd of
goats.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAPESEED GREENS. A. A. Hamama and H.L. Bhardwaj ,
Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va
23806. Pre-flowering foliage from four canola and high erucic acid rapeseed
(HEAR) was evaluated for chemical composition and compared to that of raw
mustard and turnip greens. Canola had the highest protein content followed
by mustard, HEAR and turnip. Canola, HEAR and turnip were similar in lipid
content but had higher lipids than mustard. HEAR and turnip were
characterized by a relatively high amount of carbohydrates and calcium as
compared to canola and mustard. All four species were similar in K, Mg, P
and Zn contents. Canola and HEAR had better concentration of Fe than turnip
and mustard. Turnip, canola/HEAR, and mustard had the highest, intermediate,
and lowest total saturated fat, respectively. For monounsaturated fatty
acids, the four species can be arranged in the following descending order:
mustard >HEAR>canola >turnip. Canola, HEAR and turnip were similar in total
polyunsaturated fatty acid but higher than mustard. Canola and HEAR were
similar in omega-3 - fatty acid (18:3) content (43.0%) followed by turnip
(37.2) and mustard (13.1). The results suggest that foliage of canola and
HEAR (Brassica sp . ) has potential as food/feed.

SEED AND FOLIAGE INSECT RESISTANCE IN VEGETABLE SOYBEANS.

Mark E. Kraemer . Vaidra Hodges*, and Carmen Sudderth*.

Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. We evaluated
12 large-seeded (green vegetable) and 10 tofu genotypes for
resistance to corn earworm (CEW) defoliation and pod damage,
and hemipteran seed damage. Hemipterans appeared to be
responsible for much more damage than CEW and other pod
feeders at our Chesterfield Co. Site. Hemipterans affect seed
quality by causing aborted, discolored, or shriveled seeds,
often with secondary microbial infections. Estimates of
hemipteran damage ranged from 2% (Shangraowan gingsi) to 92%
(Kanrich) of seeds moderately or severely damaged. Seed
resistance was not correlated with foliar resistance to CEW
(petri dish assays) but was postitively correlated with
maturity group (P~0.0001, R^=0.33). This is probably related
to hemipteran population levels during critical periods of
seed development.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FETAL AGING VIA REAL TIME ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN GOAT BREEDS OF DIFFERING MATURE

SIZE. S.M. Lacey and S. Wildeus, Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va. 23806. The use
of veterinary ultrasonography finds an increasing application in livestock management. This experiment evaluated
the application of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography in does (n=169), representing five breeds of
varying mature size, at the end of a 40-d fall breeding season and 4 weeks thereafter. The accuracy of diagnosis
was evaluated based on kidding outcome, and the indicator for diagnosis (uterine fluid, fetus or cotyledon) was
recorded. Fetal dimensions were recorded as crown-rump length, and cranial length and width, wherever possible.
Correlation coefficients of dimensions with fetal age were calculated. The accuracy of transrectally diagnosing
open does correctly ranged from 62% at <25 d to 77% between 26-68 d of gestation, whereas the correct
diagnosis of pregnant does ranged from 63% at <25 d to 96% between 26-68 d. The accuracy of transabdominal
scanning of pregnant does ranged from 52% at 36-50 d and 91 % at 51-68 d of gestation. The fetus was the most
commonly identified structure for both transrectal (74%) and transabdominal (67%) diagnosis. Cotyledons became
indicators of pregnancy after 50 d of gestation in 31 % of all diagnosis. Crown-rump length increased from 1 .65
cm at 21-30 d to 3.58 cm at 51-60 d and could not be measured after 61 d. Cranial width and length increased
from 1.42 and 1.23 cm at 21-30 d to 2.20 and 3.63 cm at 61-70 d of gestation, respectively. Differences in fetal
dimensions between breeds were not consistent. Crown-rump length (r = .55), cranial width (r = .64) and cranial
length (r = .78) all had significant (P< .001) correlations with fetal age. These data indicate detection limits of
25 d for transrectal and 50 d of gestation for transabdominal modes of scanning. The findings further indicate that
breed differences in fetal size appear to be limited at this early stage of gestation.

EVIDENCE OF A PERIPARTURIENT RISE OF FECAL EGG COUNTS IN A HERD OF VIRGINIA
BRUSH GOATS MANAGED FOR MEAT PRODUCTION. J.C. Lovin & T.A. Gipson, Agric. Res. Station,
Va. State Univ., Petersburg, VA 23806. The rise in nematode egg output around the event of parturition is
well documented in sheep and is a critical control point for strategic deworming. However, it is unclear
whether the periparturient rise in nematode egg output occurs in goats. Therefore, pregnant and open goats
were evaluated to determine if a periparturient rise in fecal egg output occurs. Thirty-three mature female
goats (19 pregnant, 14 open) made up the experimental group. A composite fecal sample (five (5) goats from
each of the pregnant and open groups) was taken at two week intervals over a 20-week period that began with
first doe kidding and examined for the presence of trichostrongyle eggs. Fecal egg counts were determined
by Modified McMaster technique and counts were normalized by a log(count+l) transformation. Data were
analyzed using analysis of variance. Fecal worm egg count means were significantly different (P<.05) for the
pregnant and open does (1018 and 491 epg, respectively). Pregnant does were dewormed four (4) times with
an average interval between dewormings of thirty-six (36) days; whereas, the open does received only two (2)
dewormings with an average interval of sixty-eight (68) days. This evidence suggests that a periparturient
rise in fecal trichostrongyle egg counts does exist and therefore should be an important factor in deworming
strategies.

RESISTANCE TO INTERNAL PARASITES AS DETERMINED BY FECAL EGG COUNTS IN THREE
“BREEDS” OF MEAT-TYPE GOATS. J.C. Lovin & T.A. Gipson, Agric. Res. Station, Va. State Univ.,
Petersburg, VA 23806. Control of internal parasites is the second greatest cost of goat production and
therefore it is advantageous to select breeds which have a resistance to parasitism. Three breeds (Nubian,
Spanish and Virginia Brush) of meat-type goats were evaluated for their resistance to internal parasites as
determined by fecal worm egg counts. Sixty mature does (20 Nubian, 26 Spanish and 14 VA Brush) were
managed similarly for a period of one year. A composite fecal sample (five (5) does from each breed) was
taken every two weeks and examined for the presence of trichostrongyle eggs. Fecal egg counts were
determined by Modified McMaster technique and counts were normalized by a log(count+l) transformation.
Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Fecal egg count means for the VA Brush does were
significantly (P<.01) lower (390 epg) than the Spanish (785 epg) or Nubian (900 epg) does. Number of
dewormings for the Nubian, Spanish and VA Brush does was 12, 9 and 6, respectively, translating into a
significant difference (P<.05) in the average interval between dewormings of 33.7 and 67.8 days for the
Nubian and VA Brush does, respectively. From these findings, estimated annual deworming costs for this
herd were $13.08, $7.29 and $5. 16 per he^ respectively, for the Nubian, Spanish mid VA Brush does. This
evidence suggests that VA Brush does are more resistant to internal parasites than Spanish or Nubian and that
deworming costs can be reduced by selecting for resistant breed types.

PROCEEDINGS

DOMESTICATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF PURSLANE. Tadesse
Mebrahtu. Michael Ezkewe*, Thomas Omara-Alwala*, Abdulkadir Elmi*, Agric Res. Stat. Va
State Univ. Petersburg 23806. A total of eleven purslane accessions received from different
geographical locations were planted for agronomic and nutritional characterizations. Each
accession was planted at two planting dates arranged in a split-plot design during three growing
seasons. Significant differences (P < 0.05) for Protein, total lipid, carbohydrate, linolenic (18:3)/
linoleic (18:2) fatty acid ratio, and fresh yield were observed among accessions tested. Similarly,
significant accession x planting date interactions were observed for all traits measured. Among
the accessions tested, Portulaca oleracea and Garden Dutch showed consistently the highest
fresh yield throughout the growing seasons. Linolenic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in
purslane leaf tissue. This resulted in, an overall average of 18:3/18:2 a fatty acid ratio of 7.1%
which is more superior nutritively than that of many essential oil crops such as perilla {Perilla
trutescens) and soybean {Glycine max L.). The average total protein content of purslane crop
was 24 % which is higher than alfalfa. Wide range of variability existed among the accessions
tested for selection and genetic improvement through hybridization.

EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE HEATING ON THE QUALITY OF VERNONIA OIL. A. I. Mohamed. C.
Paul*, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 & R.L. Grayson*,
Depart, of Plant Pathology, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA 2406. Epoxy fatty acids and epoxy oil are useful
raw materials for manufacturing paints, coatings with low or no volatile organic compounds, and many other
products. Currently, no oilseed crop has been commercialized as a source of natural epoxidized oils. Vemonia
galamensis is an ideal candidate to be domesticated to meet the need for epoxy oil. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of microwave heating on the physical and chemical characteristics of vemonia oil.
Whole vemonia seeds were microwave heated at 1000 watts for 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160
Sc«./5g seed at 8 and 15% moisture. In another experiment vemonia seeds were microwave heated for 80 Sec.
at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 watts. No significant change (P> 0. 1) was found in oil content, vemolic acid, epoxy
content, oxirane O2 %, and weight per epoxy equivalent at 8% moisture. However, increasing moisture to 15%
caus^ a small but significant (P>0.05) reduction in vemolic acid and epoxy content and a significant increase
(P> 0.05) in the amount of extracted oil. Microwave heating of pure vemonia oil caused a small increase in the
total free fatty acid. Increasing microwave heating time was associated with an increase in vemolic acid % in
the free fatty acid pool. As a conclusion, microwave heating can be used as an economical method for
inactivating lipase in vemonia seeds with minimum or no deteriorating effect of the oil.

EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN GENOTYPES FOR TOFU QUALITY AND QUANTITY. A.I. Mohamed.
Paul, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806 & V.T. Spara*,
Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762. Most soyfood processors recognized that to make a
high quality tofu, a high quality soybean must be used. At this point, producers and breeders have
failed to identify these ideal soybean varieties. The objective of this study was to determine the
influence of variety and environmental factors on yield and chemical composition of tofu. A total
of 12 Soybean genotypes were used. Proximate analysis were carried out using standard AOAC
methods. Soymilk and tofu were manufactured using the traditional method. There were
significant differences between cultivars for all tested parameters. Soybean genotypes with high
oil were lower in protein content as reported in our earlier studies. Tofu yield ranged from 75 for
Barc-8 to 52 ^100 g seed for V71-370. A positive and significant correlation was found between
seed protein content and tofu yield. Genotypes Ernei and V71-370 had significantly lower yield
than the other genotypes. Barc-8 and Barc-9 had the highest resistance pressure with Shear Force
of 44 and 33 lb., respectively indicating least tender tofu, while V71-370 was most tender (18.9).
Fiber content ranged from 4.1 to 5.1%. Data also indicated that genotypes with lower fiber content
had a higher swell ratio, (this research is a group efforts and is a part of RR7 regional Project funded by
CSREES/USDA).

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CAGE CULTURE OF BROOK TROUT IN
VIRGINIA. Scott H. Newton. Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University,
Petersburg, Va. 23806. Brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) was designated as
the State Fish by the 1993 Virginia General Assembly. Brook trout is the only
species of freshwater trout native to the Commonwealth. They are raised
primarily for stream stocking and fee-fishing operations. Because they command
a higher price than rainbow trout, both as juvenile and adult fish, they may have
aquaculture potential for cage operations located in the Piedmont Region.

Three cages were each stocked with 250 brook trout averaging 3.5 ounces on
November 2, 1995 and harvested April 23, 1996. Fish survival was 93% overall
and the trout averaged over 9 ounces at harvest. Although growth was less than
expected, most of the first year culture difficulties were associated with a colder
than normal winter production season. Based upon first season observations,
brook trout appears to be a good candidate for commercial cage production
during the winter season; however, further research is warranted before specific
recommendations can be provided to producers.

THE VIRGINIA AQUACULTURE PLAN - A SYNOPSIS. Scott H. Newton.
Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Va. 23806.

The Virginia Aquaculture Plan consists of two documents. The Executive
Summary and Recommendations outlines principal industry concerns and
gives recommendations for changes. This document also provides industry
overviews, production status for marine and freshwater operations, business
opportunities and related information. A Guide to Aquaculture Development
and Industry Information provides material on industry opportunities, resource
contacts, economics, marketing and financial aspects, production potentials, and
regulatory requirements for commercial aquaculture. The Virginia Aquaculture
Plan was compiled and written over a two year period, (1993 - 1995) and
involved industry, government, support organizations, and the scientific
community. The Plan was supported and printed by the Virginia Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services. Distribution began during early 1996 and
copies of The Plan are available free to those interested in commercial
aquaculture ventures from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services, Richmond, Virginia.

EVALUATION OF MINT GERMPLASM UNDER VIRGINIA CONDITIONS. M. RANGAPPA. H.L.
Bhardwaj , and M. Showhda. Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State
University, Petersburg, Va 23806. A collection of 35 mint (Mentha spp . )
lines, received from US Department of Agriculture in 1992, was evaluated for
chemical composition during summer of 1993 to study suitability for culinary
use or oil extraction. These lines were categorized based on geographic
origin (domestic vs. Foreign), ploidy level (diploid vs. Polyploid), mint
type (peppermint vs. spearmint), and genetic makeup (pure lines vs. hybrids) .
Leaf moisture was affected by the genetic makeup, pure lines had lower
moisture content (71%) as compared to hybrids (73%) . The ash content was
affected by the geographic origin, the ploidy level, type of mint, and
genetic makeup of mint lines. The ash content of domestic lines was lower
(10%) than that of foreign lines (10.7%), diploid lines had higher ash
content (10.8%) as compared to polyploids (10.0%), peppermint types had lower
ash content (10.0%) than spearmint lines (10.6%), and pure lines had higher
ash content (10.4%) than hybrids (10.0%). The content of essential oils was
higher in diploid lines (2.1%) as compared to polyploid lines (1.6%)
indicating that diploid lines may be more suitable for oil extraction.

PROCEEDINGS

CHINESE WATER CHESTNUTS, A POTENTIAL NEW CROP FOR VIRGINIA. David

Wainwright* and A.J. Provenzano. Dept, of Ocean., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529.
Currently no Chinese water chestnuts (Eleocharis dulcis) are grown commercially within the
United States. Available supplies are grown in Asian countries and imported. Methods for
growing Chinese water chestnuts in the United States have been established through a limited
number of experiments conducted throughout the past 50 years. Using these established methods,
a preliminary crop of Chinese water chestnuts was grown in a shallow lined pond in Surry County,
Va. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of possibly establishing a new
alternative crop for Virginia's Eastern Shore, as well as in other places along the southern portion
of the eastern seaboard. Results showed an average of more than 15,000 kg/ha and an average
corm size of 10.8 g. Furthermore, 75% of the yield is considered marketable. Our study also
included a salinity tolerance experiment. Results from this experiment showed that Chinese water
chestnuts are restricted to fresh water.

TESTICULAR AND EPIDIDYMAL SPERM RESERVES AND HISTOMORPHOLOGY IN MATURE
SPANISH GOATS. O. M. Gaines and S. Wildeus. Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg,
Va. 23806. This study determined sperm reserves and quantitative histomorphology of testis and epididymis
in mature, sexually rested, Spanish bucks (n=6) castrated during the breeding season. The right testis and
epididymis were processed for the determination of sperm numbers by tissue homogenization and
hemocytometer count, whereas the left testis and epididymis were fixed, sectioned and stained (H&E) for
quantitative histology. Means and standard errors, and correlation coefficients of live animal measurements
(body weight and scrotal circumference) with reproductive tract characteristics were determined. Body
weight, scrotal circumference and paired testicular weight were 46±4.6 kg, 26+0.3 cm and 227 + 11 g,
respectively. Paired epididymal weight was 42+0.8 g, with caput, corpus and cauda representing 50, 9 and
41% of the total weight, respectively. Sperm production (elongated spermatids and spermatozoa)/g testicular
parenchyma was 92+5.5x10® and total testicular reserve 20.1 + 1.7x10’. Epididymal sperm reserves were
54+2x10’, with cauda reserves, the site of sperm storage, representing 67% of this reserve. Seminiferous
tubule diameter and epithelial height were 212+2.7 ixm and 62+2.3 respectively. Epididymal tubule
diameter and epithelial height ranged from 339+18 (corpus) to 470+16 yum (d. efferentes) and 27+3 (cauda)
to 124+6 yum (d. efferentes), respectively. Body weight was correlated with sperm production rate (r = .84;
P< .05) and seminiferous tubule diameter (r = .89; P< .01), whereas scrotal circumference was correlated
with testis weight (r=.90; P< .01) and testicular reserve (r = .79; P< .05). These data demonstrate similar
reproductive characteristics in meat-type bucks to those reported for fiber bucks.

KIDDING PERFORMANCE OF PYGMY GOATS IN A VIRGINIA HERD. S. Wildeus'. S. Waters*^ and
M. Waters*^ ‘Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va. 23806 and ^Daisy Hill Pygmy
Goats, Callaway, VA 24067. Pygmy goats have been widely used as pets or show animals in the U.S., but
their potential for meat goat production has not been well defined, though their origin and conformation is that
of a meat type animal. This study summarizes records collected in a commercial herd over a 14 year period
(1980-1993), and included 130 doe and 224 kid records, representing 37 dams and 18 sires. Animals were
managed on a forage base (pasmre or high quality hay), with concentrate supplied according to stage of
production. Standard herd health practices (deworming, vaccination) were performed on routine basis. Does
were hand-mated to kid in spring. Observations recorded included dam and sire identification, litter size, kid
birth weight and time of birth. Doe data were analyzed for effects of dam, sire, parity and litter size; kid data
were analyzed for effects of dam, sire, birth type and sex of kid effects. Overall litter size and litter weight
were 1.75 kids and 2.25 kg/doe kidding, respectively, and both increased (P<0.05) from first to third
parturition. Single litters were lighter (1.63 kg) than twin (2.69 kg) and triplet (2.40 kg) litters (P<0.05),
whereas quadruplet litters (4.54 kg) were heaviest (P< 0.005). Dam had a significant effect on litter size
(P<0.01), but not litter weight, while sire had no effect. Single bom kids were heavier (P< 0.001) than
multiple bom kids (1.35 kg), but there was no effect of sex on kid birth weight. Both dam and sire had an
effect (P<0.01) on kid birth weight. Kidding occurred predominantly between 10 AM and 5 PM (60% of
potential kiddings). These data confirm the Pygmy as a prolific breed under temperate production conditions,
but additional data are needed on the growth performance of the breed in relation to mature size.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

BLOOD METABOLITE CONCENTRATIONS IN MEAT-TYPE GOAT BREEDS AT THREE STAGES OF
LACTATION. M. A. Wright and S. Wildeus, Agricultural Res. Station, Va. State Univ., Petersburg, Va.
23806. Limited information is available on the comparative performance of meat-type goat breeds and the
underlying physiological differences. This experiment evaluated the blood metabolite concentrations of Myotonic
(n= 12), Pygmy (n= 10) and Spanish (n=22) does at parturition, peak lactation (21 d) and weaning (63 d). All
does were managed as one group and fed a medium quality, high forage diet. Plasma urea nitrogen, total protein
and glucose, and hematocrit were determined in jugular vein samples. Data were analyzed by repeated measures
analysis and correlation analysis. Doe body weight was higher (P< .01) in Spanish (34.3 kg) than in Pygmy does
(17.4 kg), with Myotonic does (30.0 kg) being intermediate, but body weight was not affected by stage of
lactation. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were higher (P< .(X)l) at weaning (19.3 mg/dl) than at the earlier
stages of lactation (8.5 - 11.9 mg/dl), and showed a breed x stage of lactation interaction (P< .01), with Pygmy
does having lower concentrations at parturition and peak lactation, but higher values at weaning, than the other
two breeds. Plasma total protein increased (P< .(X)l) from 5.54 g/dl at parturition to 11.1 g/dl at weaning, but
was not affected by breed. It was positively correlated with doe lactation weight change (r = .511; P< .01) and
negatively with litter pre-weaning average daily gain (r = .588; P< .001). Plasma glucose was lower (P< .05) in
Spanish (3.42 mg/dl) than in Myotonic (3.99 mg/dl) and Pygmy does (4.12 mg/dl), but not affected by stage of
lactation. In contrast, hematocrit was similar between breeds, but declined from 21.1% at parturition to 17.6%
at weaning. These data suggest that nutritional status, expressed as plasma total protein and urea nitrogen, is more
affected by stage of lactation than breed in meat-type goats.

Archaeology

MANDIBULAR TOOTH WEAR AND PIG MANDIBLES: RNDING THE HUSBANDRY IN
TEETH. Ethel Wu, Dept, of Archaeological Res., Colonial Williamsburg Fndn., Williamsburg,
Va. 23 187-8795. Tooth wear analysis may determine the approximate age of death of a certain
animal with more accuracy and precision than the more commonly used method of long bone
analysis. The accuracy of long bone analysis depends heavily upon the extent of dog chewing in an
assemblage. For this reason, it is believed that the youngest age group in the total population will
be underestimated. To test the extent of error of the ages based on fusion, two methods of tooth
wear analysis are employed to determine the ages of pig mandibles from two colonial sites in the
Chesapeake. The Annie Grant method allows for a detailed relative ages, while on the other hand,
the Gail Bull & Sebastian Payne method provides the approximate real ages needed for the
comparison of the long bone data. Together, these methods will not only test the validity of long
bone analysis, but because they provide different perspectives on the data, they combine to make
the data more accurate.

THE RISE AND FALL OF GLOUCESTER TOWN: AN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE. Kenneth E. Stuck. Center for Archaeological Research, College of William and Mary,
Williamsburg, Va. 23187. Gloucester Town, located on Gloucester Point, is among the earliest towns in
Virginia. It was archaeologically investigated in the late 1970s and early 1980s by the Virginia Research
Center for Archaeology. These emergency salvage excavations identified structures and recovered artifacts
from Gloucester Town’s three-hundred-year history, resulting in the placement of the Gloucester Point
Archaeological District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Since 1988, the William and
Mary Center for Archaeological Research has conducted 20 projects on Gloucester Point that have recovered
extensive evidence of the town’s development. This paper presents a comprehensive look at Gloucester
Town. Using the archaeological evidence to support the historic documents, the paper discusses the formation
of the town, its growth and decline, and its eventual disappearance.

WATSONS, WILLS, AND DEDAKERS: THE EVOIUTION OF A NINETEENTH CENTURY
FARMSTEAD IN PIEDMONT VIRGINIA. Stevan C. PuIIins, Ctr. for Archaeological
Res., Dept, of Anthropology, Col. of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795,
Williamsburg, Va. 23187-8795. The physical evolution of an Amherst County
farm over 130 years reflects the lives of two families in the nineteenth
century and changing socio-economic and settlement patterns before and after
the Civil War.

PROCEEDINGS

HIGH-TECH ARCHAEOLOGY ON A SHOESTRING BUDGET: EVALUATION OF SOIL RESISTIVITY
TESTING AT MONTPELIER. Scott K. Parker . Montpelier Archaeologist, National Trust
for Historic Preservation, Montpelier, P.O. Box 67, Montpelier Station, VA 22957.
Soil resistivity survey, while not a new technique, has proven to be an
inexpensive and efficient means of discerning sub-surface patterns with a minimum
of site impact. Testing by National Trust for Historic Preservation
archaeologists began in the spring of 1992, and has been accomplished using a
"home made" soil resistivity meter, developed by a Montpelier volunteer.

This paper will discuss the results of ongoing soil resistivity testing at
Montpelier, home of President James Madison. The paper will explore soil
resistivity in general, aspects and specifics of Montpelier's meter, and the
results from several sites tested including an early 18th-century cemetery, 18th
- 19th century domestic sites, and an 18th-century industrial ironworks site.

THE SAUGUS IRON WORKS RESTORATION: A COLD WAR LEGACY. Donald W. Linebaueh. Center
for Archaeological Research, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 23187. Following his
discovery of Thoreau’s cabin at Walden Pond in 1946, Roland Robbins performed pioneering work at a
series of important sites, the Saugus Iron Works in Saugus, Massachusetts, the Jefferson birthplace in
Virginia, and the Philipsburg Manor Upper Mills in Tarrytown, New York. Robbins worked for preservation
organizations that were engaged in developing and enhancing their properties through historical restoration,
reconstruction, or monument building. The postwar period was an age of anxiety, "a time when concerns
about national security, swift social change, and a profound sense of historical discontinuity troubled people
deeply." Historical museums and sites around the country reacted to this growing angst and began to market
themselves as sources of patriotic inspiration, national pride, and as keepers of the legends of early America.
The Saugus Iron Works restoration, for example, was underwritten by the American Iron and Steel Institute
as a symbol of the industry’s important contribution to the past and present growth of the country. In this
context, the Saugus project was wedged between the tradition-oriented, antimodem values of the early
preservation movement and a burgeoning commercial utilization of the past. This so called "Corporate Roots
movement" had its own agenda that was frequently at odds with the goals and desires of preservation
professionals. This paper examines the Saugus Iron Works project and Robbins’s developing career within
this broader historical context.

FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS OF POTTERY SHERDS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE
OF INFORMATION FOR THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST. Emily D. Johnson.
Mark A. Fashing*, Dept, of Archaeology, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
Williamsburg, Va. 23185. Fingerprints are common to all mankind, yet unique to each
individual. Fingerprints left by a colonial potter during production can yield data
concerning trade distribution, and information relating to seventeenth-century pottery
production. In order to successfully use the information provided by these impressions, it
is necessary to find a suitable method of comparing fingerprints. Ideally this method
would meet three criteria. It must be cost-efficient, nondestructive, and yield an accurate
reproduction of the impressed print suitable for analysis. In view of these criteria, several
methods were tested using the pottery sherds found at the Challis site on the banks of the
James River. Three methods have proved acceptable and may provide future studies with
the key to more extensive analysis.

"THOSE ABOMINATIONS, THOSE BREEDER’S OF DISEASE": THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CIVIL
WAR SIBLEY TENTS AT GLOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA. Thomas F. Higgins III. Center for
Archaeological Research, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 23187. The Civil War
soldiers’ ability to adapt to a range of conditions, as expressed in the types of shelters in which they lived
has resulted in a diverse archaeological record. The excavation of portions of Site 44GL358 for the
Coleman Bridge Project in Gloucester County, Virginia, provided the WMCAR the opportunity to
document Civil War structures associated with a Federal army camp at Gloucester Point. The camp site,
dating to the period 1862-1865, was probably occupied by either Massachusetts or upstate New York
troops. Site 44GL358 revealed the remains of palisade-walled Sibley tents or “Bell Tents” as they were
also called. Although soldiers’ generally disliked Sibley tents due to cramped conditions, the archaeology
suggests that attempts were made to make the tents at Gloucester Point more comfortable. The Sibley
tents found at Site 44GL358 contain the remains of unique heating systems known as "California
Furnaces." These furnaces consisted of an underground air hole, i.e., flue, that extended from a stove
to the exterior of the tent. The California furnace has been attributed to some Massachusetts troops, but
was probably used by other troops as well early in the war.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

A KAOLIN PIPE STEM SERIATION OF THE CLAY BARROW PIT AT RICH NECK
PLANTATION. Richard Grant Gilmore. III. The College of William & Mary in Virginia,
Williamsburg, VA 23185-4044. Imported English kaolin pipe stems are used to seriate a clay
barrow pit at a seventeenth century plantation established by the Ludwell family in James
City County, Virginia. Using this dating technique it can be determined that the pit was filled
over a lengthy period of time. Seriation can be used to determine a relative sequence for
context deposition. Contexts not in physical proximity to each other are shown to be related
temporally. Bi-modal deposition is observed in early layers. Adequate sample size is
indicated through "battle ship curves" in data plotting. Pipe stem seriation of this barrow pit
is able to address each of these questions where alternate artifacts are not able to provide the
desired information. (Research data generously provided by the Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation, Department of Archaeological Research.)

THE FORMULA FOR THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF DOMESTIC FAUNA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL

SITES. Jeremiah R. l^doy, Norfolk, VA 23517. I believe there are only three factors which account for the
presence or the absence of non-pet domesticates in any arcliaeological site. These are the Ecology <)f tlie area, the
Economics of any associated homitiid population, and the Etiios of any associated hominid population. When
tliese three are incorporated into a binary equation witti a presence or absence outcome, and then correlated witli a
locus type, a focus is provided for a more far reacliing analysis of faunal riclmess and diversity as they relate to
hominid preference and activity patterns. Taphonomic and recovery biases, of course, enter into the analysis but are
a given for tliis paper. Tlie equations Tiumber 16 with 8 being equalities and 8 being inequalities. Seven of the
equalities result in an absence marker. Seven of the inequalities result in a presence marker. Ttie equations force us
to think more about how and why fauna were used and the role of competing species. I have found tliis approach
useful to better understand why goats are virtually non-existent in eariy 1 7* Century Chesapeake sites, seemingly
disputing the extant documentation for that time. Greater cultural understanding may unfold by incorporating this
methodology into our faunal interpretation

Astronomy, Mathematics and Physics

ON THE SECULAR ACCELERATIONS OF THE ORBITS OF 10, EUROPA, GANYMEDE,
AND CALLISTO. Kenneth C. Jacobs. Dept, of Physics, Hollins Col., Roanoke, Va. 24020.
In collaboration with Samuel J. Goldstein, Jr. (Dept, of Astronomy, Univ. of Va.), we seek
the effects of tidal torques on the secular accelerations of the orbits of the four large Jovian
moons. We consider the fully-coupled satellite system, and set up five linear equations -
conservation of energy and angular momentum, the Laplace law, and data from Sampson (1910)
and Lieske (1980) - to determine the time derivatives of the mean motions of the four moons.
In units of 10'^® yr ^ the results are: hi/ni = 3.54±0.56, h2/n2 = 2.78±0.11, n3/n3 = 1.23 +0.91,
and h4/n4 = -3.12+0.85. The effective torque on lo is: (-5.1 +4.6)xl0^‘^ dyne-cm; this torque
opposing lo’s orbital motion is consistent with zero! This talk will clarify our results, and will
exhibit the algebraic sensitivity of our five linear equations. (Supported in part by a Faculty
Travel Grant from Hollins College.)

PROCEEDINGS

THE USE OF AN INTERACTIVE CLASSROOM AS AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
FOR STUDENTS WITH DIFFICULTIES. Frederick F. Hartline. Dept, of Physics &
Computer Science & George R. Webb, College of Science & Commerce, Christopher
Newport University, Newport News, Va. 23606. Student motivation and participation in
class is greatly increased by the use of a classroom communication system (CCS) consisting of
a network, numerous palm-top computers that students share in small groups, and an
instructor's desktop computer with projection capability. This system allows students to
electronically answer questions from their seats, and stores, categorizes, and displays analyses
of these answers on cue for the instructor and class to share. The daily use of such a CCS
provides a detailed electronic record of student attendance, participation, and overall success in
answering questions that are directly related to the course objectives. We have correlated CCS
acquired student performance data with customary indicators of performance (mid-semester
tests, exam and course grades) over four semesters in a 90 to 140 student introductory physics
course for non-majors at Christopher Newport University. Our analyses suggest that CCS
acquired data readily identifies students who are experiencing difficulty in the course. Since
these indicators are gathered automatically and are continuously updated, it may be appropriate
to use them to trigger interventions designed to increase student retention and success in the
course.

TESTING OF PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES FOR THE CEBAF LARGE
ACCEPTANCE SPECTROMETER. Robert Atkins and Dr, Kevin Giovanetti, Department
of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. Photomultiplier tubes
are being tested at James Madison University for future use in the Electromagnetic
Calorimeter of CEBAF's large acceptance spectrometer. These tubes are being
characterized by dark current and linearity. Methods and results will be presented.

COMPRESSION OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM DATA: AN IMPROVED WAVELET BASED SCHEME. Brian
Bradie , Dept, of Mathematics, Christopher Newport Univ. , Newport News, VA
23606-2998. Several modifications have been made to a wavelet packet based
compression scheme for single lead electrocardiogram (ECG) data. First, digital
filters were implemented to remove powerline interference and to attenuate high-
frequency muscle noise prior to compression. By localizing signal variance around
the structural components of the ECG, noise filtering produced better than a 9%
reduction in data rate, together with a 13.5% reduction in root mean-square (rms)
error in the reconstructed signals. Next, linear prediction and an adaptive
arithmetic coder were used to improve the coding of compressor output . The
improved coding strategies produced an additional 17% reduction in average data
rate; since all techniques were lossless, there was no effect on rms error.
Finally, separate average vectors were maintained for the dominant and non¬
dominant beat types occurring in a given signal to account for morphological
changes in the QRS complex. A significant reduction in coefficient data rate was
anticipated; however, for the test cases used in this study, a slight increase
in coefficient data rate was produced.

Development of a Calibration System for CEBAF's Large Acceptance Spectrometer.

Darren Ellis. Dr. Kevin Giovanetti, Department of Physics, James Madison University,
Harrisonburg, Va. 22807. The forward EMC of the CLAS detector will require routine
calibration. Development and installation of a photomultiplier tube calibration system to
perfonn this operation is currently being perfomied by our group at JMU. An overview of
the design and implementation of our calibration system will be presented.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCESSOR FARM FOR ANALYZING A LARGE VOLUME
OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA. David L. Hibler, Department of Physics & Computer
Science, Christopher Newport Univ., 50 Shoe Lane, Newport News, VA 23606.
The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) will generate
experimental data at a rate of roughly one terabyte per day. This
corresponds to a sustained rate of about ten megabytes per second and is
approximately ten times the data collection rate at other national
accelerator laboratories. Basic data analysis must keep up with the
accumulation of raw data. In order to do this, a processor farm is being
built. Raw data files will be stored in a tape silo. The data will then be
sent to a collection of approximately forty workstations for processing.
These workstations will be connected to an ATM network. The software which
manages the processor farm is being designed in an object oriented fashion
although the implementation will not be in an object oriented language. The
farm will operate in a coarse-grained parallel mode (CPM) instead of a
fine-grained mode. This talk discusses both the hardware and the software
design for the CEBAf processor farm.

GUI INTERFACES USING TCL/TK TO CONTROL A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
CALIBRATION SYSTEM FOR CEBAF'S CLAS DETECTOR. Walter Opaska and Dr. K.L.
Giovanetti. Dept, of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg VA 22807. A graphical
interface is being designed as an input and status display for control of a calibration system. This
interface will be built using TCL/TK a script language developed to facilitate the development of
windows with nice graphical features. This system must have the added capability that it can be
run over a network. An overview of the control problems and their solution using TCL/TK will
be given.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LITHOGRAPHICALLY FABRICATED SEMICON¬
DUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES. Peter A. Knipp, Dept, of Physics and Comp. Sci.,
Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606, & T. L. Reinecke, Naval Re¬
search Lab., Washington, DC 20375. Experimentalists at the University of Wurzburg
(Germany) have the ability to fabricate quantum wires and dots of lateral dimensions
25 nm - 200 nm by patterning 5 nm thick semiconductor quantum wells. In subsequent
experiments, photoexcited carriers are confined laterally in quasi-one-dimensional or
quasi-zero-dimensional states by the modified potential barrier. We have made detailed
numerical calculations of the laterally quantized electron and hole states and of the op¬
tical transitions for these systems, including also the presence of a uniform magnetic
field. Blueshifts seen in recent photoluminescence experiments agree quite well with
our calculated results, which are free of any tunable parameters and which use the
nanostructure sizes obtained directly from scanning electron microscopy images. This
agreement indicates that there are effectively no optically inactive dead layers in these
structures. (Supported in part by the U. S. Office of Naval Research and by the Office
of International Studies at Christopher Newport University.)

PROCEEDINGS

Developing Instructional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy for Surface and Biological
Studies in Undergraduate Research. K. Daniel Phillips and Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics
Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.

The Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) is a powerful tool for visualizing molecules
and surfaces at the atomic level. It has been used by others to examine metals,
semiconductors, and organic molecules. In this paper, we describe methods of vibration
isolation using a stacked-plate elastomer system and review STM techniques. Atomic
resolution of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is employed as an excellent surface
material for instructional scanning tunnelling microscopy. Finally, we show that uncoated
E. coli DMA adsorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphic can be imaged to show the
helical nature of DNA, including elucidation of the major and minor groves. This work
illustrates the wide array of applications of scanning tunnelling microscopy for surface
sampling and molecular biological research.

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO A CALIBRATION
SYSTEM EOR THE CLAS DETECTOR AT CEBAF. Justin Voshell and Dr. Kevin
Giovanetti, Department of Physics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. 22807.
Photomultiplier tubes are key to the operation of the CLAS detector in Hall B at CEBAF.
The operation of these tubes will be discussed as well as their role in the detector.

Exploring the Atomic Structure of Graphite With X-ray Diffraction and Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy. Michael D. Purdv and Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics
Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.

Application of STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) and x-ray diffraction were used to
reveal the atomic configuration and spacing of pyrolitic graphite in an undergraduate
laboratory project. The configuration and spacing of atoms in the crystal structure of
pyrolitic graphite were measured using an instructional STM. The sample was then
mounted in a TEL-X-Ometer X-ray diffraction apparatus to determine the distance
between the weakly bonded planes. Graphite data and problems associated with set¬
ups, vibration, and humidity will be presented.

Biology

EFFECTS OF DEPLETION OF MACROPHAGES BY DESULFATED IOTA
CARRAGEENAN INJECTION ON INDUCTION OF RESORPTION BY
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INJECTION IN CD-1 MICE. C. A. Aurentz and A.
F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, Va., 23005, and
C. M. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va.
23284-2012. Pregnant CD-I mice were injected intraperitoneally with 3 mg
of desulfated iota-carrageenan in phosphate-buffered saline on days 4, 6,
and 8 of gestation in order to deplete active macrophages. Control mice
were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mi of phosphate-buffered saline on
days 4, 6, and 8 of gestation. Resorptions were induced by intravenous or
intraperitoneal injection of 5 fjg of lipopolysaccharide in sterile
phosphate-buffered saline on day 9 of gestation. Females were euthanized
on day 12 of gestation and evaluated, injections of desulfated
iota-carrageenan had no significant effect on the frequency of resorptions
induced by intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide.

If the desulfated iota-carrageenan injections did effectively eliminate
macrophages, then active macrophages were not essential to the
lipopoiysaccharide-induced resorption process.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EFFECTS OF ESTRADIOL 17-BETA ON PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-
METHYLTRANSFERASE AS MEASURED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. Laura M.
Kim & Jennifer K. Stewart, Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va.
23284. The goal of this research project was to determine the effect of estradiol 17-beta, a
potent estrogen, on the electrophoretic pattern of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
(PNMT) protein extracted from the adrenal glands of male rats. Total tissue protein was
determined with the Lowry assay. Proteins were separated by molecular weight with SDS-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by both molecular weight and
charge with native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Western blotting, in which an
antibody is used to detect a specific protein, was used to visualize the electrophoretic
pattern of PNMT protein. No changes were observed in the electrophoretic pattern of
PNMT protein separated by SDS-PAGE. However, after separation of proteins on native
gels, a different charge form of PNMT was observed in adrenals of rats treated with
estradiol 17-beta. This change in charge was associated with low PNMT activity. These
findings suggest a new mechanism for modulating PNMT.

COMPARISON OF RESORPTION FREQUENCIES INDUCED IN CD-I MICE BY INTRAVENOUS
INJECTIONS OF INTACT LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, DETOXIFIED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, AND LIPID A
FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI 055:B5 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. T L Kohler. 1 hL Lively, and A.
F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, Va. 23005 and C. M. Conway, Dept, of Biol.,
Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284-2012. The effects of injection of lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) from Escherichia coll 055:B5 and from Salmonella typhimurium were studied in pregnant CD-I
mice. Intravascular injection of 5 pg of LPS from either bacterium on day 9 of gestation increased
resorption significantly (from 1 0% to 1 00% for E. coll LPS and from 1 0% to 85% for S. typhimurium
LPS), but intravascular injection of 1 pg of either LPS had no significant effect on frequency of
resorption. Injection of 1 pg or 5 pg of either LPS reduced female body weight in a dose-dependent
fashion. S. typhimurium significantly increased maternal spleen weight and increased maternal dorsal
lymph node weight, but E. coll LPS had no significant effect on those organs. Neither detoxified LPS
(lipid A removed) or purified lipid A from the LPS of either bacterial strain caused any significant
increase in frequency of resorption or decrease in maternal body weight. These results indicate that
intact LPS from E. coll was slightly more effective than intact LPS from S. typhimurium in causing
resorption, but LPS from S. typhimurium caused stronger immune stimulation (as indicated by spleen
and dorsal lymph node enlargement). The lack of effectiveness of either detoxified LPS or purified
lipid A in causing resorptions indicates that the complete LPS molecule is required to induce
resorption.

EMERGENCE STUDY OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA IN BOTETOURT COUNTY, VA, 1995
Philip C. Lee, Jr, Department of Biology, 221 College Lane, Roanoke College,
Salem, VA, 24153. Counts were made of emerging nymphs of Magicicada
septendecim (L.) during May and June, 1995. Tliis was part of the seventeen
year brood predicted for Botetourt County. A twenty -five meter wide and
one-hundred twenty meter long area of lawn on the Lee farm was used as the
study site. Trees and shrubs on the site included; ginkgos (2), white pines
(2), red cedars (2), sugar maples (2), silver maples (3), pin oaks (3),
willow oak, sweet gums (2), pears (3), golden rain tree, apples (2), redbud,
dogwoods (3), catalpa, green ash, Pfitzer junipers (12), Japanese yews (7),
Korean boxwoods (4), American boxwoods (5), leather leaf viburnums (8),
doublefile viburnums (2), spirea, weigelas (3), beautybush, lilacs (4),
hardy-orange, Japanese quinces (2), deutzia. Crawling nymphs were captured
by hand, counted and placed in collection bags. Largest counts were on
May 21: 1,378; May 22: 1,534; May 23: 1,626. Total nymphs counted for

the study: 8,028.

PROCEEDINGS

PREGNANCY BLOCK IN WHITE-FOOTED MICE fPEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS
NOVEBORACENSIS; THE ROLE OF LACTATION. Kelcey M. Becker, Elizabeth
L. Spruill and C. Richard Terman. Lab. of Endo. & Pop. Ecol., Col. of William and
Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185. Uterine implantation of fertilized eggs (blastocysts)
is prevented in several species of small mammals if the recently inseminated female
is exposed to a stranger male or his urine. Some species of deermice tPeromyscusI
are susceptible to pregnancy blocking. Reproduction in wild white-footed mice has
been shown to be suppressed in May and June each year even when food is supplied
in surplus. This study examined the pregnancy block phenomenon in white-footed
mice and demonstrated that: (1) Nulliparous females are very sensitive to multiple
factors blocking their pregnancies, (2) Current lactation or recent lactation (within
two or three days of the birth of young) protects the female against pregnancy block,
and (3) Parity p£i: s£ does not protect against pregnancy block (7 days after birth
when not lactating, protection is gone).

THE EFFECTS OF SEX RATIOS ON PROLONGED COPULATION IN COTTON STAINER INSECTS
{DYSDERCUS ANDREAE). A, Scott Bellows and Harold J. Grau, Dept, of BCES, Christopher Newport
University, Newport News, Va. 23606. Dysdercus andreae^ one of the the cotton Stainer species, as in many
other bugs of the family Pyrrhocoridae, exhibits prolonged copulation. Prolonged copulation may be a successful
mating strategy in situations where a male-biased sex ratio would likely increase competition among males for
females To test this hypothesis in D. andreae, a study was conducted in which the sex ratios of adult cotton
Stainers were manipulated and various parameters related to mating behavior were monitored. Over a five-month
period, a total of 54 trials that included 291 individual insects were used to generate over 13,000 observations.
There was a significantly higher probability of partner switching per observation among males in female-biased
test populations than among those in both male-biased and non-biased test populations. There was a significantly
higher probability of partner switching per observation among females in male-biased test populations than among
those in both female-biased and non-biased test populations. Mean copulation duration was significantly longer in
male-biased test populations than in female-biased test populations. The lack of an increase in copulation duration
in female-biased populations, even though there is a decrease in partner switching by females, suggests that
prolonged copulation among D. andreae is a strategy employed by males as a result of male-male competition.

THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF A MEDIALLY DIVIDED CRIBELLA IN
THE SPIDER GENUS MALLOS (ARANEAE, DICTYNIDAE). Jason E. Bond & Brent
D. Opell, Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061.
The cribellum is a synapomorphy of the Infraorder Araneomorphae, where it first
appeared as an oval plate (Platnick, 1976). However, in some anraneomorphs the
cribellum is divided medially. A transformational analysis that includes four species of
the dictynid genus Mallos with entire cribella and two species with medially divided
cribella shows that cribellum width, surface area, and spigot number scale to carapace
width. There is no evidence that these relationships differ between species with entire
and divided cribella. Thus, in Mallos, a median cribellar division does not appear to be
associated with changes in cribellum features that are known to increase the stickiness of
cribellar threads. (Supported by grants to JEB from; Sigma Xi, Graduate Student
Association, Va. Tech, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Dept, of
Biology, Va. Tech)

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

CHANGES IN NEURON POPULATIONS IN SPINAL GANGLIA IN THORACIC, ABDOMINAL, AND
CAUDAL REGIONS OF XENOPUS LAEVIS DURING METAMORPHOSIS. A. O. Brooks and A. F. Conway,
Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, Va., 23005. Sensory neuron populations in Xenopus
laevis tadpoles were studied during metamorphosis. Numbers of neurons in spinal ganglia in forelimb
region sections significantly increased (ANOVA with Tukey test) as the forelimbs grew and began to
function from stage 52 through stage 61 , then significantly decreased through stage 66. The area of
the ganglia in sections from the forelimb region increased significantly from stage 52 to stage 58, then
decreased significantly through stage 66. Numbers of neurons in spinal ganglia in trunk region
sections increased during skin metamorphosis from stage 52 through stage 58, then decreased
through stage 66. The area of the ganglia in sections from the trunk region increased from stage 52 to
stage 58, then decreased through stage 65 with a slight increase in stage 66. None of the changes in
the trunk region were statistically significant. Changes in numbers of neurons and in area of the
ganglia were much smaller in the trunk than in the forelimb region. Neuron density (cell # / mm^) did
not change significantly from stage 52 through stage 66 in either the forelimb or trunk regions. These
patterns suggest that numbers of neurons increased in response to increases in the tissues supplied by
the neurons, then declined, possibly due to loss of neurons which failed to make proper connections.

In general, area of the ganglia increased one to three stages prior to the corresponding change on
number of neurons suggesting that changes in non-neuronal cells and/or in neuron processes precede
changes in numbers of neurons.

DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL MAMMAL SPECIES IN MANAGED PINE PLANTATIONS. James D. Dolan. Old
Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. Abun- dances were obtained using mark,
recapture and removal techniques. Four 50 m^grids, with 25 traps each, were set
per site. Granivores were most abundant in 1 and 24 yr. pines, while
insectivores were most abundant in those of 8, 13, and 18 yr . old stands.
Herbivores were least abundant in 1 , 8, 18, and 24 yr. old stands. Of the
granivores, Peromyscus leucopus was the most abundant species in 1 and 24 yr.
stands, while Ochrotomys nuttali was the sole inhabitant of 8, 13, and 18 yr.
stands. Reithrodontomys humulis was found in 1 and 14 yr. stands, while Mus
musculus was found only in 1 yr. stands. Herbivore, Sigmodon hispidus was
found in 1 and 24 yr . pines, and was most abundant in 1 yr . old pines.
Microtus pinetorum was the sole resident in 8, 13, and 18 yr. pines.
Insectivore, Sorex longirostris was the most abundant species in 8 , 13, 18 and
24 yr. stands, and equal in abundance to Cryptotis parva in 1 yr. stands. C.
parva was also found in 24 yr. old stands, but was the least abundant species.
Blarina brevicauda was found at all sites.

THE LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF ALDICARB ON THE GRASS SHRIMP, P, PUGIO. Andrea L
Dvorak-Grantz. Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061 . The grass
shrimp Palaemonetes pugio has been shown to be sensitive to pesticide exposure, yet these animals
survive in large numbers in the upper reaches of tidal marshes subject to agricultural runoff. The
behavioral responses of P, puaio to chemical stress at sub-lethal doses is not fully understood.
Previous studies have focused mainly on the lethal effects of pesticides to aquatic organisms
(Baughman, 1 989; Clark, 1 988). The specific intent of this research is to assess the lethal and
sub-lethal effects of aldicarb, a commonly used insecticide, on P. pugio. Exposure of grass shrimp to
aldicarb indicated a 96-h LC50 of 107.5 ug/l for newly hatched larvae, 72.4 ug/l for 22-day larvae and
1 00.0 ug/l for adults. Ongoing studies will determine any behavioral responses to different toxicant
levels of aldicarb by using a modified flow chamber which will be partitioned to allow the organism a
distinct choice between the side being pulsed with aldicarb and the side being pulsed with
uncontaminated seawater. If the shrimp display behavioral responses to aldicarb, then avoidance,
generalized locomotory responses and directional movement will be measured. AChE activity and
inhibition at different life stages will also be analyzed since the inhibition of this enzyme may indicate
the potential for sublethal neurological impacts. An understanding of the lethal and sub-lethal effects
of aldicarb on P^ puaio will assist environmental managers and regulatory agencies in evaluating the
lethal and sub-lethal effects of nonpoint source pesticide runoff to nontarget invertebrates. Protection
of this organism is vital in maintaining the integrity of estarine systems since this organism serves as an
important prey item for various fish species and plays a dominant role in energy cycles of estuaries.

PROCEEDINGS

ARTHROPODS IN BLUE BIRD (SIALIA SIALIS) NEST BOXES. Ralph P. Eckerlin,
Natural Sciences Div., Northern Va. Comnty. Col, Annandale, VA 22003. Twentyeight nests
from blue bird nest boxes were sampled May to August, 1995 at Huntley Meadow Park in
Fairfax County, VA. Twelve of the nests were those of blue birds, 1 1 were house wren nests,
3 from Carolina chickadees, and one each of tufted titmouse and tree swallow. Nests were
placed in a Berlese funnel, subjected to heat from a 75 watt bulb for 24 hours and arthropods
that emerged from the nests were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol. Mites, psocids, and
beetle larvae, in descending order of occurrence, dominated the nests of both blue birds and
house wrens. Some mites were parasitic mesostigmatid mites, but most arthropods were free
living forms such as oribatid mites, psocids, dermestid beetles, leaf hoppers, ants,
collembolans, flesh flys and their larvae. Chickadee nests also had mites, psocids, and beedes.
The nest of the tufted titmouse yielded a single flea, Orchopeas howardi, a squirrel flea. It is
hypothesized that the nest was visited by a southern flying squirrel, a local squirrel that
could fit through the nest box hole. Mite numbers increased in nests of all species from May
to August. The increase was not significant at the 5% level (Wilcoxon rank- sum test). The
saw-toothed grain beetle, Orvzaephilus surinamensis was an unexpected find.

THE EFFECTS OF FOOD TYPE ON DEVELOPMENT OF ST. ANDREW'S COTTON
STAINER {DYSDERCUS ANDREAE ). Harold I. Grau & Kevin McSweeney, Dept, of
Biol.,Chem.,& Env.Sci., Christopher Newport Univ.,Newport News,VA 23606.

St. Andrew's cotton stainer is one species of a pantropical group of Pyrrhocorid bugs
that feed predominantly on seeds of the plant order Malvales. On St. Thomas,

USVI, Dysdercus andreae feed almost exclusively on seeds of Thespecia populnea ,
a non-agricultural tree found along shoreline areas. To determine if a lab
population of D. andreae could be sustained on an alternative food, an
experimental study was initiated in which broods were divided after the first molt
into two groups and fed exclusively either Thespecia seeds or those of
commercially available cotton {Gossypium). Videography was used to record
development from the second instar through adult stages. Measurements of body
size from these video records show that bugs reared on cotton seed grew
significantly (P<0.01) larger (both total body length and width) and faster than their
Thespecia -fed broodmates. Cotton fed individuals also reached adult emergence
five days more quickly than those fed on the native seed (mean age at emergence:
cotton-fed = 39.45 days, Thespecia -fed = 44.05 days, P < 0.001).

AGGREGATION, MATING, AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF ADULT Cuterebra fontinella
Clark (DIPTERA; CUTEREBRIDAE ) . Michael S. Hensley, Dept of Biol.,
Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA 22812. An aggregation site for
the rodent bot fly Cuterebra fontinella has been studied intensively
during sixteen seasons. The site is a topographic summit at the head
of a ravine on a farm woodlot in Rockingham County, VA. Adult flies
engage in mating behavior at the site during a 90-100 day period from
mid-June to mid-September. Behavior is generally typical for the genus
with males stimulated into patrolling flights during intense light.
Untypically, populations are sparse (< 8 males) and flight behavior
is restricted to afternoons between 1520 and 1750 EST, even when mornings
are warm and sunny. Marked, released flies located the aggregation site
by moving up the ravine (into the sun). Ovipositing females range over
the entire 6 ha woodlot and they seem to seek out shaded depressions
in host habitat where eggs are laid in clusters of six.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA POPULATIONS
OF THE SOUTHEASTERN SHREW, SOREX LONGIROSTRIS . INCLUDING THE
FEDERALLY THREATENED S. L. FISHERI. Nancy D. Moncrief^ W.

David Webster^*, Becky E. Gurshaw^* and Robert K. Rose^,

Virginia Mus. Nat. Hist., Martinsville, VA 24112; ^Biol. Dept.,
Univ. North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403; & ^Biol. Dept., Old
Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. We used multivariate
morphometries and allozymic electrophoresis to examine the
geographic distribution of S. 1. f isheri . This taxon is
federally listed, in part because it was thought to occur only
in extreme southeastern Virginia and northeastern North
Carolina. We used eight cranial characters to examine variation
in 626 shrews from 28 populations in Virginia, North Carolina,
and throughout the southeastern U.S. We also analyzed 25
presumptive gene loci in 103 individuals from 25 sites in
Virginia and North Carolina. Both the morphological and
allozymic results indicate that S. JL. f isheri is broadly
distributed across the coastal plain of North Carolina. The
range of S. 1. f isheri is not as restricted as was presumed.

RESPONSE BY SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES (RHINOTERMITIDAE:
RETICULITERMES) TO UREA LEACHATES IN FIELD AND LABORATORY
TRIALS. Susan E. Morlino & Deborah A. Waller, Dept, of Biol., Old
Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Little is known about how
termites locate food sources. One possibility is that they follow
chemical cues from nitrogen leachates to find roots or logs. In
laboratory trials, Reticulitermes workers recruited to 1% (w/v)
urea leachates sooner than to water drenches. In field trials,
termites tended to attack blocks located above urea drenches more
frequently than blocks above water drenches, but more data are
required to establish a preference. In a separate field experiment,
termites did not discriminate among stakes soaked in urea solutions
or in water.

DISTRIBUTION OF HINDGUT PROTOZOANS IN WORKERS AND SOLDIERS
OF THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RETICULITERMES FLAVIPES KOLLAR
(RHINOTERMITIDAE). Marian Norris & Deborah A. Waller, Dept, of Biol.,
Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The hindguts of
Reticulitermes flavipes contain approximately fourteen species of
protozoan symbionts. Distribution of different species may be
affected by their oxygen sensitivity or dependence on cellulose
which enters the hindgut through the enteric valve. In the present
study, three major protozoan species were found in all three pouches
of the hindgut. Trichonympha was more abundant in the first pouch
near the enteric valve, while Pyrsonympha and Dinenympha were
more abundant in the second pouch.

PROCEEDINGS

EFFECTS OF TEMPEFIATURE ON SURVIVORSHIP AND SYMBIOTIC
PROTOZOANS IN THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RECTICULITERMES
VIRGINICUS BANKS (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE). Jennifer Omaster
& Deborah A. Waller, Dept, of Biol., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va.
23529. Termites are exposed to a range of temperatures as they
forage throughout the year. In the present study, workers from six
colonies of Reticulitermes virginicus were confined for one week
at 22®C, 26°C or 32°C. Termite survivorship decreased at 32®C, but
wood consumption increased with increasing temperature. Numbers
of the gut protozans Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha were similar
at all three temperatures, but populations of the gut protozoan

Dinenympha decreased at 32°C.

COMPARISON OF TISSUE DESTRUCTION, GRANULOCYTE DISTRIBUTION, AND C3 COMPLEMENT
DISTRIBUTION AROUND NORMAL AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- INDUCED RESORBING EMBRYOS IN
CD-1 MICE. E Pulley and A. F. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, Va., 23005,
and C. M. Conway, Dept, of Biol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284-201 2. Sections of
implantation sites from control and LPS-treated pregnant mice were systematically surveyed and
morphological characteristics were evaluated to determine whether LPS treatment increased
inflammatory factors including tissue destruction (as evidenced by total peroxidase staining),
granulocyte accumulation (as visualized by peroxidase staining resistant to inactivation by
methanol + peroxide), and complement deposition (as visualized by staining with antibodies against
C3). Activity of each of these factors was ranked in a set of sections from implantation sites from
females sacrificed at increasing time periods after LPS or control treatment (6, 12, 18-19, 24-29 hours).
Total peroxidase staining and apparent tissue destruction were significantly increased in the decidua
in the placental margin region and in the maternal-embryonic interface of the central placental region
of implantation sites in LPS-treated females at 6 hours after treatment. Granulocytes (stained for
methanol peroxide-resistant peroxidase) and immunostaining for complement factor C3 were not
significantly increased in those or in other areas of the maternal-embryonic interface in implantation
sites from LPS-treated females indicating that damage in early stages of LPS-induced resorption does
not involve these components.

MATE SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DICHROMATISM IN THE GENUS
EULEMUR. Douglas H. Shedd, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Woman's Col., Lynchburg, VA, 24503.
All of the species and subspecies in the genus Eulemur are sexually dichromatic. In this study, conducted at
the Duke University Primate Center, captive E. mongoz, E. m. macaco, and E. fulvus collaris were tested
using conspecific face models to investigate the significance of sexual dichromatism. It was found that
females in all three species directed more affinitive behavior to male-faced models than female-faced
models, and this difference was significant in E. f. collaris and E. macaco. In contrast, males did not
consistently favor models of either sex and, in general, tended to show less affinitive behavior to face
models than did females. Preliminary research on E. mongoz, E. m. flavifrons, and E. fulvus subspp.
suggest that female dominance, which is typical of most lemur species, is absent in E. fulvus. A general
model for the evolution of sexual dichromatism, based on the high level of female choice occurring in
primate species displaying natal female emigration, and forest fragmentation, is proposed.

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE ROLE OF FEMALE POSITIONAL CHOICE IN PREGNANCY BLOCK (THE BRUCE EFFECT)

IN PRAIRIE DEERMICE ( PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS BAIRDII). Tavis W. Sipe and C.
Richard Terman, Lab. of Endocrinology and Population Ecology, Dept, of Bio¬
logy, Col. of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185. Female Peromyscus
are able to behaviorally modulate pregnancy block effect through positional
choice when males are unable to directly influence situation. Female tends
to avoid strange male under all conditions, but there is no tendency to re¬
main near stud male when strange male is not present. Familiar males, those
present at the time of insemination but not the coital partner, are treated
similarly to stud rather than strange males, indicating that cues for de¬
tecting whether a male is capable of causing block do not include insem¬
ination. Pregnancy data indicate partial ability to avoid block through
avoidance of strange male under experimental conditions; in wild populations
this may serve to protect the female unless the stud male is no longer pre¬
sent. These results are reconcilable with the predominant explanation of
the adaptive significance of pregnancy block to females, the "infanticide
avoidance" theory; the fact that the female is not wholly able to avoid the
block (physiologically or behaviorally) indicates that the block is to some
degree advantageous to her when she is unable to prevent it.

THE EFFECTS OF ATRAZINE ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN WETLANDS. Rhonda E. Wilhite. & A, L,
Buikema, Dept, of Biol., Va. Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 23284. Wetlands are ecologically important zones which
remove excess nitrogen and agricultural chemicals from surface and groundwater. Atrazine, the most commonly use'*
herbicide, is rapidly accumulating in surface and groundwater. Atrazine's impact on the Nitrogen cycle in a
freshwater wetland is currently unknown. It is hypothesized that the addition of Atrazine to a wetland microcosm
will alter the Nitrogen cycle by inhibiting nitrifying bacterial groups. This inhibition of the inorganic cycling of
Nitrogen may result in an excess of Nitrogen compounds entering waterways. Seven subsamples were collected from
a wetland and established in a controlled environment in the laboratory with a continual supply of water. Three of
these microcosms were treated with Atrazine at a concentration of 1 .5 mg/1. Bacterial groups were enumerated by a
Most Probable Number method using selective media. Inorganic Nitrogen components were quantified by
spectrophotometric analyses. Results show that these Nitrifying groups were not significantly affected by the addition
of Atrazine to the microcosms. Significant increases were noted in the concentrations of Nitrite (P=0.0061) and
Nitrate (P=0.0001) present in water leaving the microcosm. This is not surprising given the fact that these anions are
readily leached from the soil. Ammonium and Nitrite oxidizing bacteria were previously thought to be sensitive to
Atrazine at high concentrations. Because of their affiliation with the surrounding sediments, these bacteria are not as
susceptible to stress in the environment. In conclusion, the addition of Atrazine to a freshwater wetland microcosm
does alter the Nitrogen cycle, producing excess Nitrite and Nitrate. Also, Nitrifying bacteria are not affected by
Atrazine at this concentration.

HABITS AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF CAPTIVE ALLEGHENY WOODRATS {Neotoma
magister) . Andrew K. Zadnik & Michael T. Mengak, Dept, of Life Sciences,
Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 24088. Two woodrats were studied in captivity
in order to observe their typical nocturnal habits and mating behavior. It
was found that they spend most of their time resting and sleeping (68.3% of
time). The next longest period of time was spent exploring (10.3% of time)
and grooming (10.3% of time), followed by eating (9.6% of time) and finally
defecating (1.5% of time). Their mating habits include sexual chases,
boxing, and multiple matings over a short period of time. They also may be
capable of mating many times without the female necessarily becoming
pregnant .

PROCEEDINGS

Biomedical and General Engineering

BLOOD FLOW PATTERN STUDY OF HUMAN CAROTID ARTERIES USING ANGLE INDEPENDENT

DOPPLER COLOR IMAGING. Danhui D. Liu‘. Ding-Yu Fei’*, Cai-Ting Fu'*, Raymond G. MakhouF*, and M.
Ruth Fisher^*, 'Dept, of Biomedical Engineering and ^Dept. of Surgery, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va
23298. The flow information obtained from commercially available ultrasonic Doppler color imaging system depends
on the Doppler angle. Angle correction by duplex scanning may introduce errors for complex geometry and
pathological conditions such as stenosis. Angle Independent Doppler Color Imaging (AIDCI) developed in our lab
is one of the image processing methods used to solve this problem. It employed an experimental system to acquire
Doppler color images using a linear transducer from an ultrasound scanner to reconstruct angle independent Doppler
color images. We have tested 42 common carotid arteries (CCA) from 21 normal subjects to validate the application
of AIDCI in vivo. Furthermore, we conducted a retrospective study on 62 internal carotid arteries (ICA) from normal
subjects and patients categorized into 5 groups of different degree of stenosis. The purpose of the ICA study was to
quantify the blood flow patterns by some user-defined indices in an attempt to parameterize the degree of disease.
Good correlations were found between AIDCI and duplex scanning for velocity amplitude and between AIDCI and
B-mode imaging for flow angle. We also observed a periodic variation of the flow angle with the cardiac phases by
AIDCI, while the change in the geometric angle of the vessel was insignificant. In addition, preliminary statistical
analysis showed significant difference of the indices between different groups. These results suggested that our
AIDCI technique may be sensitive to the change of flow angle and therefore may be used in blood flow pattern
analysis. Potential application of our AIDCI technique can be expected in hemodynamic study and diagnosis of
degree of disease using the flow patterns and the indices as indicators of abnormality.

ISOLINES OR TESSELLATION LINES, WHICH WILL IT BE ? William P.
Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals Div. , Va. Polytechnic Inst. &
State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218. In current computer-
aided-design (CAD) usage, tessellation lines are defined as
those lines that help us more easily visualize the features and
characteristics of curved surfaces. They may be straight lines,
such as the linear element lines added to cylindrical surfaces
and running in the lengthwise direction; or they may be curved
lines, such as circular arcs added to spherical surfaces to
clarify and visually enhance their three-dimensional spatiality.
However, the word tessellate dates back to early Greek and Latin
origins, where it had a connotation somewhat different from its
present usage within the CAD software community. This paper
attempts to trace the recent transition of the word tessellation
from its classical usage, as it appears currently in most tradi¬
tional dictionaries, to its widely accepted "new" usage within
the engineering and graphic arts fields. Also, tessellation is
compared to the very recently introduced term ISOLINE, and
speculation about its possible replacement is presented.

100

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

DETERMINATION OF RED BLOOD CELL VELOCITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS USING A VIDEO
IMAGING TECHNIQUE. Shruti A. Japee and Roland N. Pittman. Departments of Biomedical Engineering and
Physiology, MCVA/CU, Richmond, VA 23298.

Since oxygen is carried almost exclusively by red blood cells (RBC), a knowledge of their velocity and spatial
distributions in the microcirculation is important in the study of oxygen transport. RBC velocity and spatial distributions
in microvessels were determined using a fluorescent video microscopy technique that used electronic shuttering of an
intensified CCD video camera to provide multiple images of cells. RBCs from anesthetized Golden hamsters were
labeled using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and injected into the hamster circulation. The fractiori of fluorescently
labeled cells (FRBC) was set to about 1% of the total RBCs, so that each video frame had 1 -2 FRBCs. Video recordings
of multiple images of moving FRBCs were used to calculate their velocities and lateral positions. A theoretical model,
based on a parabolic velocity profile, v(r) = v^ [1-B (r/R)^], and a step-wise red cell distribution, H(r) = Hq for 0 ^ r <
r^ and zero elsewhere, was formulated to analyze the data. The shape of the RBC velocity profiles varied as a function
of distance downstream from arteriolar bifrircations. The bluntness parameter, B, ranged from 0.3 to 0.9, where B =
0 corresponds to plug flow and B = 1 to Poiseuille flow. Symmetry of an RBC spatial distribution was assessed by
comparing the number of FRBCs to the left and right of the centerline. Symmetry of velocity distributions was evaluated
similarly. We observed both symmetric and asymmetric distributions of RBCs near bifurcations, but contrary to our
expectations, the symmetry did not seem to improve with downstream distance. The asymmetry, if any, in the velocity
distributions was comparatively small. Results from these experiments will be used in combination with measurement
of hemoglobin and oxygen saturation to obtain improved estimates of convective and difiusive oxygen transport in
microvessels.

A u-p FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE LOAD SHARING BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID
PHASES ON AN ARTICULAR SURFACE. Nilav Mukherjee and Jennifer S. Wayne*, Orthopaedic Research
Laboratory, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298-0694. Articular cartilage successfully functions in the
demanding environment of diarthrodial joints because of its structural makeup and lubrication mechanisms between
opposing surfaces. The biphasic theory* postulates that the stress within the tissue is shared by both solid and fluid phases
of the tissue. It has been suggested that an externally applied stress is also partitioned to the two phases at the surface**.
Different amounts of partitioning has a dramatic effect on cartilage behavior*. This study attempts to determine the load
partitioning at the surface between the two phases of cartilage under in situ loading, combining both experimental and
theoretical modelling approaches. Porcine knees were subjected to a 450N compressive load while fluid pressure at the
cartilage surface and cartilage deformations during the loading were monitored"*. For the modelling, the u-p finite element
modeP was used to simulate the cartilage in the experimentally loaded knee. Experimental pressure readings provided
loading information to the model and the model then predicted the deformations of the cartilage due to the loading.
Deformations for the model were obtained for four cases 1)30% of the total stress was partitioned to the fluid 2)50%
3)70% 4)90%. Load partitioning was assumed to be constant across the cartilage surface and over the duration of the
experiment. Experimental and predicted deformations were compared at two time points during the loading to determine
which partitioning case provided deformations closest to the experimentally obtained deformations. Best correlations
are obtained for the case where 70% of the load is borne by the liquid. This agrees well with earlier theoretical
predictions of load partitioning^. l)Mow et al., J. BiomechEng, 102:73-84, 1980 2)Hou et al., J Biomech Eng, 111:78-
87, 1989, 3)Wayne, Ann Biomed Eng, 23:40-47, 1995, 4)Brodrick et al., Trans ORS, 21(2):737, 1996, 5)Wayne et al.,
J Biomech Eng, 1 13:397-403, 1991. Support from Whitaker Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.

ESTIMATION OF CONDUCTION VELOCITY OF A6 FIBERS USING HEAT-PAIN RELATED
SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN HUMANS. Arup Rov* & S.W. Harkins'-***, Depts. of 'Biomed.
Engr., **Gerontology, & Tsychiatry, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. Estimation of large peripheral
nerve conduction velocity (CV) is a common component of determination of peripheral nerve damage in clinical studies.
These cutaneous fibers have a high S/N ratio and are easily studied in response to appropriate cutaneous stimuli.
Currently there are no available means for determination of CV of small cutaneous fibers which subserve pain
perception. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential utility of a contact thermal stimulator in
determination of CV of cutaneous fibers subserving thermal pain (nociception) sensitivity in humans. The stimulator
delivers a brief duration, fast rise-time (21 .7° C/s) heat pulse to the skin without contamination by other stimulus
modalities. Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to thermal stimuli were employed as possible markers of
conduction properties of nociceptive neurons. The individual responses were digitally band-pass filtered (0. 5-7.0 Hz)
to remove high frequency noise and exclude gross artefacts. The single trial SEPs which had very low correlation
(similarity) to the average SEP were eliminated by a selective averaging technique which used a test statistic based on
the Fisher transformation. To obtain a final estimate of the waveshape representative of the highest mutual correlation
among all the responses, the selected single trial SEPs were passed through an adaptive cross-correlation filter (Woody
filter) for latency corrected averaging. The C V of the A6 fibers were then estimated from the difference of the peak
latencies of the arm and leg cortical potentials. We have determined that EPs to the thermal stimuli are maximal in
amplitude at vertex(CJ. Our studies show that the C V from these SEPs is consistent with their arising from A6 fibers.
These are probably the first findings suggesting that a simple, contact thermal stimulus may permit identification of
small fiber conduction delays in individuals with and without painful peripheral neuropathies.

PROCEEDINGS

101

ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ISOSURFACES FROM MEDICAL
IMAGES. John E. Stewart and William C. Broaddus*, Dept, of Biomedical Engineering and Div. of
Neurological Surgery, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. Computer graphics applications to
medical visualization have grown significantly over the last twenty years. Many medical institutions now have
the ability to visualize three-dimensional (3D) models of the human anatomy on high-speed graphics
workstations. These models typically require hours to generate and minutes to render to the computer screen.
This severely limits the utility of these models for everyday patient care. In order to resolve these problems, we
have developed a number of unique algorithms to accelerate both the creation and rendering of these models.

One such algorithm. Border Case Comparison, creates coherently-oriented manifold isosurfaces from MR or CT
scans at a rate of 30 K triangles/second. A typical 3D model can be created from 40 CT scans in under five
seconds. The rendering of these models has also been accelerated through the use of an optimized surface
simplification algorithm. The purpose of this algorithm is to reduce the overall number of triangles necessary to
render the model without significantly altering the appearance of the model. A model consisting of 100 K
triangles can be simplified to contain 20 K triangles in less than 10 seconds with virtually no deterioration in
model quality. This simplified model will render on a Silicon Graphics Indigo2 workstation in under 0.5
seconds. A software system entitled IsoView has been developed to incorporate all of these algorithms into one
package. The strides made in accelerating the process of going from medical images to 3D computer model have
provided a practical means of visualizing and planning neurosurgical procedures on a daily basis.

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY IN A SUMMER SCIENCE CAMP. JoAnne P. Trimbur and Lynn
Lambert, Dept, of Physics and Computer Science, Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA 23606.
Research has shown that a significant deterrent to women in engineering is their relative lack of prior
experience with hands-on activities which develop building or design skills, particularly those activities
involving the use of tools. A 3 -week semi-residential summer science camp for 24 middle school girls from
rural areas emphasized several areas of engineering/technology, including LEGO robot design, computers and
the Internet, engineering design contests, and two building projects which involved the use of a variety of tools.
The use of tools was, for the majority of the girls, the most foreign concept of any included in the curriculum.
The students spent a total of 4 hours building their own table lamps and building and racing their own 1/20
scale solar cars. Tools used in these projects included wire strippers, wire cutters, needle-nose pliers, and
Phillips’ head and regular screwdrivers. All 24 girls produced working lamps and working solar cars. By the
end of these sessions, the girls had become significantly more comfortable with the use of simple hand tools
and had gained confidence in their ability to successfully complete projects requiring use of tools. At a follow¬
up meeting with the girls and their parents four months later, the parents related several anecdotes about their
daughters’ newly acquired habits of taking household items apart and putting them back together. Many of the
table lamps built by the girls were still in use in their homes eight months after the summer camp. Several of
the students have expressed an interest in careers in engineering. (This work supported by NSF grant number
HRD-9453678)

HINT AND SYBYL: MODELING AND QSAR STUDIES OF HIV- 1 PROTEASE
INHIBITORS. David T. Wei*, Dept, of Biomedical Engineering, Va. Commonwealth Univ.,
Richmond, VA 23298, & Glen E. Kellogg, Depts. of Medicinal Chemistry and Biomedical
Engineering, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298. Rational drug design has
garnered considerable interest in recent years. A key advantage of the method is the ability to
evaluate potential therapeutic agents before synthesis. Current research in AIDS therapy has
centered on HFV-l protease inhibitors. Using a training set of 33 inhibitors (Holloway, M.k.; et
al. “A Priori Prediction of Activity for HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Employing Energy
Minimization in the Active Site.” J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 305-317.), it has been demonstrated
that a high correlation exists between the intermolecular interaction energy and the observed in
vitro enzyme inhibition. Many computational tools have become available, but few take into
account hydrophobicity and hydrophobic interactions. An empirical model has been developed,
called HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions). Using HINT and the set of 33 inhibitors, we have
been able to improve upon published results. Limitations of the Holloway et al model, including
the flexibility of the enzyme active site; the energy difference between the bound and free
inhibitor; and hydrophobic interactions, were also taken into account with this new approach. In
essence, our model would seem to be more accurate and representative than previous models.

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Botany

BIOMONITORING A NEW TECHNOLOGY COAL FIRED POWER PLANT- PRE-IMPACT
STUDIES. Stephen W. Fuller and Susan T. Lee. Dept, of Biol., Ray B. Scott and Jim Turns,
Dept, of Chem., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. A new coal-fired power
generation plant with selective catalytic reduction of pollutants is being built next to an EPA
designated non-attainment air pollution zone. Lichens on oak trees are being used as
biomonitors of air pollution to determine if the plant emissions will have no measurable impact.
Prior to start up, 22 free standing trees greater than 40cm diameter were selected, 1 1 surrounding
the plant site and 1 1 upwind, serving as a control. A time series analysis was initiated in
January 1 996 with collections for metal analysis and photographs for growth determination.
Initial analyses of metal concentrations in lichens collected in the impact area indicate that the
concentrations are between those Lawrey (1993) reported from sites 15 and 21 km. from the
center of Washington D.C. Comparison of the lichen thalli photographs from the winter and
spring seasons show average growth rates of 0.51 and 0.91 mm/year in the control and impact
sites, respectively. These rates are not statistically different and are similar to those reported by
Showman (1976).

LICHENS AS BIOMONITORS OF AIR POLLUTION. Fuller. Stephen W. and Nicole
Lemieux*, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Va. 22401. A coal-fired
power generation plant with selective catalytic reduction of pollutants is under
construction in King George County, which is next to Stafford County, Va., an EPA
designated non-attainment air pollution zone. Lichens on oak trees are being used
as biomonitors of air pollution to determine if the powder plant emissions will have
a measurable impact. Prior to power plant start up, 18 free standing oak trees
greater than 40cm diameter, within an 20 km radius of the site were sampled; 1 5
lichen species were found. An Index of Atmospheric Purity (lAP) was derived
which indicated that lichen stands in rural sites were more depauperate than those
along a well used highway. As opposed to the findings of Pirintsos, et.ai.d 993),
higher lAP values were obtained at breast height than at the base in 8 of the 1 3
sites were basal studies were possible. However, statistical analysis indicates that
there is no significant difference between the lAP's at the two heights.

THE GENUS TETRACOCCUS IN NORTH AMERICA. W. John Hayden , Dept,
of Biology, Univ. of Richmond, Richmond, Va. 23173. Tetracoccus
is a genus of xerophytic shrubs native the southwest US and
Mexico. Features of leaf morphology, staminate inflorescence,
the gynoecium, and seed structure prove useful in distinguishing
five species which are: T. ilicifolius , endemic to the
mountains around Death Valley; T. dioicus , an element of the
coastal chaparral of southern California and northern Baja; T.
capensis from the extreme southern Baja; T. hallii from the
Sonoran Desert; and T. fasciculatus from the Chihuahuan Desert.
Several small range extensions are noted since the last
monograph of the genus, but all species remain fully allopatric.
Contrary to indications in previous literature, some species of
Tetracoccus prove to have biseriate perianth, i.e., both sepals
and petals, a feature indicative of a relatively primitive
position for the genus within subfamily Oldf ieldioideae .

PROCEEDINGS

103

PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRUCTION WITH THE MATK GENE: WALKING ALONG

THE GENE. Khidir W. Hilu and Hongping Liang, Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst, and
State Univ., Blacksburg, Va. 24061. The surge in the application of molecular biology
information to systematic and evolutionary questions has resulted in significant contributions
to systematic biology. This paper addresses the utility of sequence variation in the matK. gene
for constructing phytogenies at and above the family level, and examines the rates, patterns
and types of nucleotide substitutions in the gene. The results of this analysis were also used to
address basic questions in plant molecular systematics and evolution such as sample size,
number of characters (informative mutations), and weighting transversion mutations. The
results underscored the high rate of substitution in the gene and the presence of mutationally
conserved sectors. The use of different sectors of the gene and the cumulative inclusion of
informative sites showed that the 3’ region was most useful in resolving the phylogeny, and
that the topology and robustness of the tree reached a plateau after the inclusion of 50
informative sites from that region. The potential use of partial sequencing provides the
opportunity for increasing the sample size of the group at the expense of the number of
nucleotides used. The presence of a relatively conserved 3' region and the less conserved 5 '
region provides two sets of characters that can be used at different taxonomic levels from the
tribal to the division levels.

APPLICATION OF THE MAm GENE SEQUENCE TO PHYLOGENY OF THE
GRASS FAMILY (POACEAE). Hongping Liang and Khidir W. Hilu. Dept of Biology, Va.
Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. 920 base pairs of the 3’ region of
the matY. gene was sequenced from 39 grass species (Poaceae) representing 26 tribes and 6
subfamilies in order to investigate the circumscription and phylogeny of grass subfamilies
and tribes. With Joinvillea (Joinvilleaceae) and Flagelaria (Flagelariaceae) as outgroups, the
aligned sequences were analyzed by the Wagner parsimony and Neighbor-Joining Methods
using PAUP and MEGA. Out of the 920 base pair used, 32% were variable and 15.2% were
informative. Both parsimonious and strict consensus tree show well resolved major clades
that represent the grass subfamilies. Phams was basal to all grasses, and the Bambsoideae
and Oryzoideae branched off after Phams. Arundinoideae was the basal to the well resolved
PACC group (Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Centothecoideae, and Chloridoideae). The
monophyly of the Chloridoideae was supported by both parsimonious and Neighbor-Joining
trees. More variable 5 ’region of the malY gene might be needed to address the branching
pattern at the tribal level.

TOXIC PRODUCING ALGAE IN CHESAPEAKE BAY. H. G. Marshall . Dept, of
Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
23529-0266. In Chesapeake Bay, 12 potential toxin-producing
species are identified, representing approximately 1.7% of the
phytoplankton in the Bay. If historical records of 3 other
toxin-producing species are included, this would represent 2.1%
of the total (Marshall, 1994) . Species recognized as toxin
producers are diatoms Amphora cof f eaef ormis . Psuedo-nitzschia
seriata . and P . pseudodelicatissima ; dinof lagellates
Cochlodinium heterolobatum. Dinophvsis acuminata . D. acuta , D .
caudata , D. fortii . D . norvegica, Gvrodinium aureolum.
Pf iesteria piscicida. and Prorocentrum minimum. No major toxic
blooms and fish kills have been produced in the Bay to date.
The above species may represent non-toxin producing strains, or
may lack the required environmental conditions for major bloom
and toxin production. Early historical records of toxin
producers also include Alexandrium catenella . Gonvaulax
po lye dr a . and P . multiseries . Supported in part by the Virginia
Dept, of Environmental Quality and the EPA.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF HARPER’S FIMBRISTYLIS (Fimbristylis
perpusilla) IN VIRGINIA. Thomas J. Rawinski. Va. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation,
Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, Va.
23219. Harper’s fimbristylis (Fimbristylis perpusilla) is a globally rare annual sedge. The 10
Virginia populations of the species occur in seasonal ponds near Grafton in York County.
Population size in 1995 ranged from a single plant to more than 10,000 individuals.
Germination began with the onset of draw-down conditions, which occurred on or about 28
June at most of the ponds. Spikelet-bearing culms were evident on 6 July at the first pond to
draw down, and on 27 August at one of the last ponds to draw down. Soils were mucky and
strongly acidic, with an average pH of 3.7. F. perpusilla occurred within a community
classified as the Lindernia dubia-Eragrostis hypnoides-Panicum dichotomiflorum Association.
Panicum verrucosum, Fimbristylis autumnalis, and Juncus repens were the most frequent
associates of F. perpusilla. At several ponds, most of the F. perpusilla plants were out-
competed by larger annuals. Water returned to the ponds during late January, 1996, and
presently water levels are much higher than during similar dates in 1995. Monitoring of the
F. perpusilla populations will continue through 1996.

AFRICAN VIOLET ARTIFICIAL SEEDS. Michael H, Renfroe. Dept, of Biology, James
Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Artificial seeds provide a means for mechanized
field planting of clonally propagated plants. In addition, artificial seeds facilitate distribution and
storage of select germplasm. Somatic embryos or shoot tips can be encapsulated in an alginate
matrix to form an artificial seed. Shoot primordia were excised from African violet {Saintpaulia
ionantha) and were encapsulated in alginate. The alginate drops containing shoot primordia were
complexed for various times to determine the effect on shoot growth and emergence. Artificial
seeds were planted on several media including two tissue culture media, vermiculite, and a peat-
based potting medium. Complexing time had no effect on emergence within the times tested,
which ranged from 30 to 75 min. Best gro’wth was obtained from seeds planted on tissue culture
media. The size, condition and ontogenetic stage of the embedded shoot tip had an effect on the
subsequent growth. Results indicate that encapsulated shoots of African violet can serve as
artificial seeds for this plant species that does not commonly form natural seeds.

CHLOROPLAST DNA RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION AND PHYLOGENETIC
RELATIONSHIPS OP HELENIUM SPECIES. Andrew Rice. John Knox* & Maryanne
Simurda, Biol. Dept., Washington & Lee Univ., Lexington, VA. 24450. An initial
survey of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) polymorphisms for groups of 13 populations
of the Heleniumautumnale species complex is being done for a phy logeographic
study. Grouping of the populations is based on morphological lineages revealed
in our previous common garden studies. These groups include, one broad-leafed
lineage of plants from Vermont and Virginia, and three narrow-leafed lineages
from Canada, New Jersey, Missouri, and Virginia. The narrow-leafed lineage from
Virginia has been treated by some as a global endemic, IL virginicum. Our
morphological studies found IL virginicum to be scarcely distinct from the
Missouri population, thus suggesting a disjunction in this lineage or a vicariance
pattern between Virginia and Missouri.

Thus far, partial analysis of one single-copy region of the chloroplast DNA using
7 restriction enzymes have shown 24 restriction site changes in individuals of the
H. autumnale populations and in individuals in the H. virginicum populations
when compared with sites in the Lactuca chloroplast DNA. No significant
differences among the populations have been detected.

PROCEEDINGS

105

A STAINING TECHNIQUE FOR THE ENUMERATION OF DINOFLAGEIiATE CYSTS FROM
NATURAL SEDIMENTS. David Seaborn. Dept, of Biological Sciences,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266. Natural
sediment samples containing dinof lagellate cysts were obtained
through the use of a box corer. The sediment samples were
marked with the polysaccharide stain, primuline. Samples were
observed under epif luorescence microscopy using a near blue
light filter. The primuline stained samples were faster to
enumerate, and more individuals were observed due to the
fluorescence. Bloom samples from the Chesapeake Bay were also
stained. The dinof lagellates that were successfully stained
and identified included Ceratium tripos, Gymnodinium
splendens , Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, and
Scrippsiella trochoidea. The use of this stain may be a
successful tool in mapping past dinof lagellate blooms and
potential bloom areas before the blooms occur.

THE VIRGINIA PITCHER PLANT BOGS. IV. SEED DISPERSAL AND
DISSEMINATION IN A SUFFOLK COUNTY POPULATION OF SARRACENIA FLAVA
L. Philip M. Sheridan. Dept, of Biol., Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
Virginia 23284. A historic site for Sarracenia flava was rediscovered during 1983 in
Suffolk County in depauperate condition. The bog had been mined for clay in previous
decades and efforts were made to clear local vegetation to revive the colony. When these
efforts failed forty rhizomes were relocated within the clay pits to open habitat on clay
islands or shores within the extensive water-filled pits. After three years, flowering was
observed and by 1991 several seedlings were found. Seedlings and young plants increased
to 30 and 149 individuals by 1993 and 1996 respectively. Recruits were observed a
maximum of 300 feet from parents and colonization occurred on exposed clay soils on
islands and occasionally on slightly higher grassy ecotones. Sarracenia seeds are highly
hydrophobic and it is hypothesized that this dissemination occurred through flotation or to a
much smaller extent by adherence to the feet of migratory animals.

SYSTEMATICS OF BRACKEN FERN IN EASTERN U. S.; ISOZYMES AND
MORPHOLOGY. William D. Speer. Khidir W. Hilu, Dept, of Biology, Va. Polytechnic Inst. &
State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, & Charles R. Werth*, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Texas
Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409 . Bracken is the world's most common fern and one of the
most common vascular plants. Although currently treated as a single species, Pieridium
aqiiilinum (L.) Kuhn, many systematists feel that the two bracken subspecies and perhaps some
of its twelve varieties should be raised to the species rank. This study addressed this question by
examining the two most common varieties in the eastern United States, var. latiiisculum and
var. pseudocaudatum, using isozymes and morphology. Fourteen isozyme loci were examined in
ten bracken populations. The ten populations were very similar having a mean genetic identity
of 0.973, which is in the range of values observed in angiosperms for conspecific populations.
Possible gene flow between the two varieties was observed in one of the populations. Isozyme
results were consistent with a single species treatment of the two taxa studied. Quantitative and
qualitative characters were used both together and separately in the morphological study.
Qualitative characters gave the best separation of the two taxa. Isozyme and morphological data
indicate that these two taxa should be treated as two varieties of the same species.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

H]GH-PEI?FORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CHLOROPHYLLS AND CAROTENOIDS
FROM MESOCOSM TANKS OF VARYING SIZE AND SHAPE. Carey P. Willey, Horn Point Environ. Lab.,
Cambridge, Md. and Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, Va. 23005. The Multi-scale Environmen¬
tal Ecosystem Research Center project (MEERC) is a ten-year long experiment in which mesocosms were created
in five different sized and shaped tanks and the tanks are monitored and sampled over time. The chlorophyll and
carotenoid composition of filtered water samples from the mesocosms were analyzed by HPLC. The tanks were
initially filled with Choptank River water, and 10% of this water was removed and replenished everyday. Data
was collected for two experiments; the first in spring 1994 and the second following a nutrient enrichment in
summer 1994. The Choptank River, an estuary of the Chesapeake Bay, was sampled and correlated with the
monitored activity in the tanks. The concentrations of signature pigments were used with chlorophyll a/pigment
ratios characteristic of different algal classes to derive the composition of phytoplankton in the tanks. Diatoms
and cyanobacteria made up most of the biomass of the tanks based on ratios to chlorophyll a concentration. A
negative correlation between bloom and decline was observed among populations of diatoms and cyanobacteria
in most tanks. Dinoflagellates declined drastically in all experimental tanks except for Choptank, where peri-
dinin contributed largely to the chlorophyll a concentration. This is opposite from the experimental tanks, where
diatoms contributed significantly to chlorophyll a concentration. Nitrate data was obtained to explain the inverse
relationship of diatoms and cyanobacteria. The two pigments appeared to compete for the available nitrate.
Replication between tanks of the same set was analyzed, and the larger diameter tanks had better replication.

Chemistry

METAL-TEMPLATED SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LANTHANUM(III) COMPLEXES OF
PERIPHERALLY MONO-SUBSTITUTED SIX-NITROGEN DONOR MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS. A. M.
Adeviqa(*). Chemistry Department, Bennett College, Greensboro, NC 27401 and LM. Valiarino, Chemistry
Department, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284. The synthesis of ianthanum(lll)
complexes of six-nitrogen-donor macrocyclic ligands with a single peripheral substituent was investigated
using three related approaches: (1) Direct mixed template synthesis, consisting of the lanthanum(lll)-
templated cyclic Schiff-base condensation of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with a mixture of 1 ,2-diaminoethane and
a carbon-substituted diamine, H2N-CH2-CH(R)-NH2, in a 2:1 :1 ratio; (2) Treatment of a pre-formed non-
substituted La(lll) macrocyclic complex with a carbon-substituted diamine in a 1 :1 ratio, under conditions
designed to promote transamination; and (3) Two-step synthesis, consisting of the acid -catalyzed Schiff-
base condensation of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with 1 ,2-diaminoethane in a 2:1 ratio, to produce a (non-
substituted) open-chain diimine-diketone, followed by a lanthanum-templated ring-closure reaction with
a carbon-substituted 1 ,2-diaminoethane. The latter approach was successful and six mono-substituted
species, {La(C22H25N6(R)}\ in which R is -CH3, -CH2OH, -CH2-C6H5, -CH2-C6H4-OH and -CH2-

C6H4-NH2, were obtained in 60-75% yields. (Supported by Coulter Electronics, Hileah, FL, Newport
Instruments, San Diego, CA, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.)

CONSTITUTIONAL AND STERIC ISOMERISM IN COMPLEXES OF La(in) WITH DI-METHYL-
SUBSTITUTED SIX-NITROGEN-DONOR MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS. F. Benetollo(*), I.C.T.I.M.A.- C.N.R.,
Padova, Italy, G. Bombieri(*), Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Universita’ di Milano, Milano, Italy. K.M.
Samariaf*) and LM. Valiarino, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284. Complexes of
symmetrically di-substituted macrocyclic ligands, C22H24Ng(X)2, can be synthesized by the lanthanide-
templated 2:2 Schiff-base condensation of 2,6 diacetylpyridine and a carbon-substituted 1,2-
diaminoethane, NH2-CH2-CH(X)-NH2. These complexes can exist as two constitutional isomers,
depending on whether the two -X substituents are adjacent to the same pyridine bridge-head or to
opposite pyridines. Stereoisomers are also possible owing to the chirality of the carbon-substituted
diimine side-chains. A study using La(lll) acetate and (S)-1 ,2-diaminopropane as one of the precursors
gave the two expected constitutional isomers in approximately 1:1 ratio, while the (R,S)-diamine gave
three isomers in ratios that depended on the experimental conditions. The isomeric complexes were
distinguished by their different proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and were separated by
fractional crystallization. Substitution of the acetate counterions by thiocyanates gave well formed
crystals for the isomers containing the (S,S)-5,15 and (R,S)-5,15 dimethyl-substituted macrocycle; their
X-ray crystal structures are presented. (Supported by Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, and N.A.T.O. Bilateral Project No. 184-85.)

PROCEEDINGS

107

ISOLATION OF PHENYLPROPANOID GLYCOSIDES FROM POLYGONUM
PENSYL VANICUM. Laverne L. Brown. Michael L. Zimmermann, and Albert T.
Sneden, Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
23284-2006. The isolation of the protein kinase C inhibitors, vanicoside A and
vanicoside B, from Polygonum pensylvanicum prompted continued interest in the
active principles of this plant. A new, more efficient isolation procedure has been
developed to facilitate separation of homologues of vanicosides A and B from the
complex extract. This procedure involves the use of preparative hpic to concentrate
principles of interest into less complex fractions, followed by the use of preparative
TLC for final purification. This has resulted in the isolation of two new phenylpropanoid
glycosides. The structures of these principles are being determined using iR, and
two-dimensional NMR techniques. The results of these investigations will be
discussed.

CHEMISTRY AND OTHER HANDS-ON ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE IN A SUMMER CAMP FOR
GIRLS. Kathleen Brunke. Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Science; Shelia Greenlee*, Psychology; and
Lynn Lambert, Physics and Computer Science, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606. A
three-week, semi-residential, summer science camp for 24 middle school girls at Christopher Newport University
included a variety of activities, including field trips; career counseling; visits from local scientists; engineering and
technology sessions; and hands-on science activities. The NSF-suppoited project was intended to encourage girls to
consider science as a career; the science activities were therefore central to the program. Christopher Newport
University female professors in Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics led the fourteen hour and a half
hands-on science sessions with topics ranging from binary numbers to comparing human and dinosaur stride length
to designing a solar home. Chemistry sessions included measuring greenhouse gases. Chemistry and food, and
making polymers. In each session, concepts were taught by doing. For example, in the “Greenhouse Gases”
session, girls measured methane from wetland plants and from their own breath and talked about ^eenhouse gases
(including the role of methane) thus learning about the greenhouse effect, the ozone hole, and the importance of
wetlands. In “Polymers,” they made gak, learned the recycling symbols, and looked at the detrimental effect of
household solvents on some polymers. In the “Food Chemistry” session, they made ice cream to demonstrate
freezing point depression. Evaluation of the project indicates that knowledge of and interest in science increased
significantly as a result of the camp. Anecdotal evidence given by the girls and their parents in two follow-up
sessions strongly supports these results. (This work supported by NSF grant number HRD-9453678)

PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVES OF VANICOSIDES A AND B, PHENYLPROPENOID
GLYCOSIDES FROM POLYGONUM PENSYLVANICUM. Jean-Michel Campaane and
Albert T. Sneden, Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA 23284-2006. Vanicosides A and B,two phenylpropenoid glycosides isolated from
Polygonum pensylvanicum, were shown to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, an
enzyme involved in cell proliferation. These glycosides are characterized by the
presence of three p-coumaryl esters and one feruloyl ester on a sucrose backbone. In
order to begin to determine the structure activity relationships in this family of
glycosides, a series of derivatives of the glycosides are being prepared. Both an
octaacetate derivative and a heptaacetate derivative have been prepared. Selective
acetylation of the hydroxyl moieties present on the sucrose backbone and selective
methylation of the phenolic groups are being explored. Hydrogenation of the
conjugated double bonds of the pheylpropenoid groups proceded smoothly. The
conditions for and results of these conversions will be discussed.

108

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

CONVERSION OF ISOFLAVANONES INTO ISOFLAVONES BY Pd CATALYZED
DEHYDROGENATION. Jean-Michel Campaane. Jennifer L. Dubois, Yodit
Geberemedhin, and Albert T. Sneden, Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006. Seven isoflavanoids have been isolated from
the Peruvian plant Swartzia polyphylla in our laboratory. Of these, only the isoflavone
biochanin A proved to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C. The major difference
between biochanin A and the other isoflavanoids was the C-2,3 double bond found in
biochanin A. To determine if this double bond was required for inhibition of protein
kinase C activity, we have attempted to convert the isoflavanones into isoflavones
using Pd catalyzed dehydrogenation. The reaction works smoothly on those
isoflavanones which do not contain a 2'-phenol, but fails on those isoflavanones which
do contain this moiety. To further explore the requirements for this dehydrogenation,
several isoflavones have been converted to the corresponding isoflavanone. These
isoflavanones will then be converted back into the isoflavone by Pd catalyzed
dehydrogenation. The conditions for and results of these conversions will be
discussed.

QUANTUM MONTE CARLO SOLUTION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL POTENTIALS:
INVERSION OF NH3. Charles M. Castevens and Donald D.
Shilladv. Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond VA 23284-2006.

A brief review of recent developments in the calculation
of very accurate energies and properties of molecules,
including transition states, using electronic Quantum Monte
Carlo methods is presented. A one-dimensional Electronic
Diffusion Monte Carlo method is used to solve the double-well
potential for NH3 yielding good agreement with the known
analytical solution within the context of a non-variational
energy value and a statistical variance. Hartree-Fock-
Roothaan SCF energies are also given in a multi-zeta STO-6G
basis for C3v NH3 (-56.18988997 au) and D3h NH3 (-56.18651139
au) giving an estimate of the inversion barrier of 2.12
kcal/mole.

THREE-IN-ONE POLARIMETRY EXPERIMENT FOR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY. Kelly Christopher and Donald D. Shillady,
Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond VA 23284-2006.

An experiment is described which measured (1) the
kinetics of sucrose hydrolysis, (2) purity of commercial
sucrose and (3) magnetically induced optical activity
(Faraday Effect). A vernier degree ring (readings to +/- 0.1
degree) from an earlier model (No. 7025) was adapted to a
Griffin polarimeter. Richfood sugar was found to be 92-98 %
sucrose +/- 3%. The Nestler tube pathlength was uncertain by
2.7%. The solenoid was found to average 245 gauss along a 15
cm path at 12 amperes by calibration with pure CSj as given
by Pedrotti and Bandettini in Am. J. Phys. v58, p542, (1990).
Neat methyl salicylate and N,N-diethyl aniline allowed
measureable Faraday rotations and were transparent for use of
human-eye detection. Aqueous Nal and KI solutions produced
linear dependence of Faraday angle at 4M, 3M and 2M.

PROCEEDINGS

109

THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF VOCI3 AND POCI3 AT MODERATE RESOLUTION
Thomas C. DeVore. Dept, of Chem., James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807
The infrared spectra of the VOCI3 and the POCI3 gaseous molecules have been obtained from 4000
to 400 cm'' at 0.125 cm ' resolution. Previously unobserved isotopic structure was observed for
V, and isotopic structure was partially resolved for V2 and V4. Several overtone and combination
frequencies that were identified by using high sample pressures. Analyses of these bands enabled
the harmonic frequencies for the fundamentals and several of the anharmonic correction constants
to be determined. A revised symmetry adopted force field calculated using the harmonic
frequencies indicated that the bonds in these molecules are slightly stronger than the force fields
presented by Filgueira had indicated..

A NEW COMPETITIVE ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY OF ( + )-CATECHIN IN HUMAN
BLOOD SERUM. Jay Fedorowicz, James Yuan and Roy Williams. Old Dominion University
Enological Research facility, Dept, of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk,
VA 23529. (+)-Catechin is the parent compound of a very special class of polyphenolic agents
found in a variety of fruits, seeds, wine and tea. These polyphenolics have been described as
potent free radical scavengers or namral antioxidants and are considered as positive health
factors in the human diet. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most common
method used for the quantification of (+)-catechin levels from natural sources. This paper will
describe the development of a new competitive enzyme immunoassay method (El A), which is
very sensitive and offers considerable advantages over HPLC. The paper will describe the
method used to develop the polyclonal antibody to a newly synthesized immunogen from (+)-
catechin. The method has been shown to quite effective with a detection limit of lOpM (+)-
catechin and very little cross reactivity with the epimer (-)-epicatechin. This new EIA method
is some 5 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the previously used HPLC method and should
be extremely helpful in the study of the absorption and protien binding of ( + )-catechin in vivo.

ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY OF LARGE
MOLECULES, John B. Fenn, Joan Rosell, Dongliang Zhan, and
Jian-Ru Cao, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA23284-2006 . Electrostatic dispersion
of sample solution results in a fine spray of highly charged
droplets from which intact ions of very large and complex
molecules can be formed for mass spectrometric analysis. The
mechanism by which such ions are formed is still a subject
of much debate. Meanwhile, new results keep putting proposed
mechanisms on the defensive. We present some such results
and speculate on their mechanistic implications.

FUNG! DYNAMICS; DEGRADATION OF MODIFIED CELLULOSE FILM. Christopher Foust^ Richard Mills'' and Raphael
Ottenbnte®, Depts. of Biology^ and Chemistry^, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284. An alternative strategy is
needed for plastic degradation in landfills to replace ultra-violet photodegradable plastics which undergo minimal ultraviolet
degradation due to mixing and additional layers of refuse applied to the surface which effectively arrests degradation. Cellulose
occurs in a significant proportion of most consumer plastics and numerous strains of fungi are capable of utilizing cellulose
as a carbon source. Fungi also persist in the upper and middle strata of landfills.

A novel cellulose-polyethylene blend polymer film was developed in the Chemistry Department of Virginia Commonwealth
University for degradatrve susceptibility to brown rot or cellulasic fungi. Naturally occurring fungi were harvested from decaying
wood and cultured on full nutrient agar until individual phenotypes developed. The discrete fungal morphs were removed and
repeatedly placed on new agar plates until pure fungal strains persisted. Individual strains were transferred to Bacteriological
agar with carboxymethyl cellulose as the only carbon source. Surviving fungi were subjected to an indirect cellulase assay to
confirm cellulolytic properties. Taxonomic identification included examinations with scanning electron microscopy and optical
microscopy, using the Saccardo system of classification. Prepared modified films were cut into 1 mm sample discs and placed
on growth-phase fungal colonies and incubated at 30 C. The polymer discs were transferred to new-growth colonies every 2 1
days. Senes scanning electron photomicrographs documented physical degradation of the polymers when exposed to fungi over
time.

The results showed 1 00% surface area growth of low density polyethylene (LOPE) blended with cellulose (12:1 respectively)
by Tnchodemna vinde in 90 days. Extrapolation showed 100% growth coverage by GHomastix so. on blends of LDPE/cellulose
1 30:1 , and 70:1 , in 1 80 days. These data are conservative, and rates of growth can be increased substantially by the addition
of a nitrogen source and/or synergistic fungi. Incorporation of the properties of this polymer film to high-turnover packaging
such as barrier plastics and consumer food product containers would be a significant reducer of global landfill volume over
time.

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A STUDY OF THE AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR OF OLIGOPEPTIDES
WITH DRUGS M.Haratake, R.Zhao & R.M.Ottenbrite, Department of
Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University

We characterized the self-aggregation and the subsequent sphere
formation behavior of the acid tri- and tetrapeptides (pyroEE(a)F,
pyroEE(y)F and pyroEE(a)F(Y)F) by hght scattering and hght microscopy.
The tripeptides did not produce aggregates up to 0. 1 M at pH 2. On the
other hand, pyroEE(a)F(Y)F aggregated at relatively low concentration (11.8
mM). The pyroEE(a)F(Y)F associated with the drug molecules, such as
insulin and bovine serum albumin, below the concentration at which the
aggregation occurred. Whether the pyroEE(a)F(Y)F was associated with
drugs or not, the same concentration of unassociated pyroEE(a)F(Y)F was
necessary to achieve aggregates. Only the pyroEE(a)F(Y)F produced
spheres in the presence of protein drugs tested.

CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC CYCLOPROP AN ATION BY CHIRAL METAL SALEN
COMPLEXES. H. Brooks Hooper & Marcia B. Erance, Dept, of Chem., Washington and
Lee Univ., Lexington, Va. 24450. The cyclopropane functionality is of great importance
to organic chemistry. Eound in a variety of natural compounds and of utility in many
synthetic organic pathways, asymmetric cyclopropanes have generated widespread interest.
This interest has manifested itself in a variety of asymmetric cyclopropanation catalysts.
These existing catalysts have proved very effective for many reaction schemes, but a
catalyst system with broad substrate generality affording high enantioselectivity remains
unknown. The literature describes the preparation of several chiral rhodium(in) porphyrin
complexes, but these catalysts display only moderate enantioselectivity. The salen ligand is
structurally similar to the porphyrin, but possesses chiral centers closer to the coordination
site, potentially affording greater stereochemical control. Several rhodium and copper salen
complexes have been prepared and their ability to catalyze the desired reaction is currently
under investigation. These preliminary studies have, to date, been carried out with readily
available and less expensive salen derivatives.

ADSORPTION OF ZINC AND LEAD ON ALUMINIUM OXIDE AT VARIOUS pH AND IONIC
STRENGTH. Anael Kimaro and Wing H. Leung, Dept, of Chemistry, Hanpton Univ.
Hanpton, VA 23668. The adsorption of trace elements from the aquatic
environment is controlled by processes that occur at the solid / liquid
interface. Adsorption of zinc and lead from dilute solutions onto aluminium
oxide has been investigated as a function of pH and ionic strength. The result
of the adsorption experiments v\^re fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich
isothenus. Over the pH range studied (pH 5-8 ) results suggest that adsorption
of zinc and lead onto aluminium oxide increases with pH and decreases with
increase of ionic strength. Adsoirption mechanism is also briefly discussed.

PROCEEDINGS

111

NEW ANGLES IN AEROSOL ANALYSIS. Pavel Kiselev, Joan Resell and

John B. Fenn^ Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006. In many volatile aerosols
one desires to track experimentally the composition of an
evaporating droplet. We have developed a probe which allows
the very rapid sampling of charged volatile droplets at
various positions in a spray. The sampled liquid is then
analyzed, for example by Gas Chromatography or Mass
Spectrometry. Sprays of chloroform-acetone and of chloroform-
alcohol mixtures have been studied. Enrichment of the less
volatile component is found, indicating rapid mixing within
the droplet. Although the present experiments depend on
electrostatic forces to drive droplets to the probe, one could
achieve equivalent results with inertial "forces".

RING EXPANSION REACTIONS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. Sherry R.
Kite and Suzanne M. Ruder *, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, VA 23284-2006.

Highly functionalized medium sized rings are commonly found in the structures of many
natural products that posses biological activity. The intent is to develop new methodology for
synthesizing medium sized rings from smaller ring precursors containing a phosphonate
functionality. Addition of a side chain via Michael addition, followed by incorporation of the side
chain into the ring results in ring expansion to provide a medium sized ring. These ring enlarged
products containing a phosphonate group, could subsequently be transformed to an alkene by the
Homer-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction, to provide the carbon framework of a number of
natural products.

o H

COMPARATIVE PREPARATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES. Shoutian
Li*. M. Sarny El-Shall and S. Silvers, Dept, of Chem., Va. Commonwealth Univ.,
Richmond, Va. 23284-2006. The ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical
method and laser vaporization/condensation technique. In the wet chemical method, the
ZnO nanoparticles were coated with a monolayer of stearic acid molecules. The crystal
structure of ZnO nanoparticles is same as the bulk ZnO crystal. The particles are spherical
and about 10 nm in size. Quantum size effect is observed in the UV-vis spectra of the
samples prepared by the wet chemical method. The photoluminescence spectra show the
bandgap emission (380 nm) and trap state emission (520 nm). In the trap state emission,
the lifetime depends on the emission wavelength, i.e., longer the emission wavelength,
longer the lifetime.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE PREPARATION OF WEBLIKE AGGLOMERATION OF SILICON
NANOPARTICLES AND THE STUDY OF THEIR OXIDATIVE PROPERTIES BY
FTIR. Shoutian Li* and M. Samv El-Shall. Dept, of Chem., Va Commonwealth Univ,,
Richmond, Va. 23284-2006. The Silicon nanoparticles were prepared in a diffusion cloud
chamber by laser vaporization/condensation. The Si nanoparticles form weblike
agglomeration in three dimensions and are about 10 nm in size. The FTIR spectrum of the
as-deposited sample shows three IR bands: 1 100 cm * (very strong), 887 cm ' (weak) and
460 cm ' (strong). The oxidization of the as-deposited sample can be achieved by either
storing the sample in air or heating in an oven. As the sample is oxidized, the 887 cm ’
peak disappears, and the 800 cm ' peak is generated and both the 1 100 cm ' and 460 cm '
bands shift to higher energy vibrations.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE INTERACTION OF HEPARIN WITH AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS, J. Liao R. Zhao , J. N. Scarsdale^^ , S. Milstein^'^ and R. M. Ottenbrite
(a) High Technology Materials Center, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA 23284; (b) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA 23298; (c) Emisphere Technologies, Inc., 15 Skyline Drive, Hawthorne, NY 10532.
Heparin is well known for its therapeutic use as an anticoagulant agent. Clinically it has to
be administerated via injection since the molecular structure, along with its biological
activities, is sensitive to the components in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently a number of
low molecular weight aromatic compounds were found to facilitate transport of heparin
across the gastrointestinal epithelium and facilitated the oral delivery of heparin to rats and
primates. In this work, the interaction of heparin with the aromatic compounds was
investigated by using heparin affinity chromatography, equilibrium dialysis, circular
dichroism and two-dimensional NOESY spectroscopy. It was observed that the interaction
of heparin with the aromatic compounds is mainly hydrophobic and may induce a change in
heparin conformation.

GAS PHASE REACTIONS OF IONIZED AROMATICS CONCERTED WITH OLEFIN
DIMERIZATION. Ypzdi B. Pithawalla , M. Meot-Ner (Mautner), J. Gao and M. Sarny El-Shall.
Dept of Chemistry, Virginia Commomwealth Univ, Richmond., Virginia 23284.

Rates of endothermic charge transfer reactions are enhanced by orders of magnitude when
concerted with covalent bond formation. The ionization potential of toluene (T) is lower than that of the
isobutene (I) by 0.3 eV, hence direct charge transfer from T"'' to I is endothermic and has a reaction
efficiency of < 10 \ However, the overall exothermic three-body reaction of charge transfer concerted
with condensation, T+ + 21 — ► I2'*' + T is observed with an efficiency that is enhanced, in comparison,

by a factor of 10\ leading to nominal second-order forward rate coefficients of 5 - 25xl0"l^ ernes'*
Unusual pressure effects imply that after the excited complex (T^I) , a collisionally stabilized
intermediate complex (’Ul) is formed, which undergoes unimolecular rearrangement to a covalent
adduct, in competition with a reaction giving L'’. Concentration effects along with temperature and
simulation studies also support the formation of the collisionally stabilized intermediate complex.
Potential applications involve understanding anodic electrochemical polymerization of olefins,
channeling chemical reactivity and photo-induced initiation in the condensed phase.

PROCEEDINGS

113

A NEW APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMICS. L.J. Sacks. Dept, of Biol.,
Chem. and Environ. Sci., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News,
VA 23606. Accepting the defininition of "energy” as the ability
to do work changes the entire structure of thermodynamics theory,
allowing three sequential Principles to replace the current three
unrelated Laws. These reflect the experience that (1) Energy
transfer is quantitative,' (2) All processes are accompanied by a
loss of energy; and (3) The energy required to displace a system
from equilibrium is proportional to the displacement.

Implementing the first principle is the recognition that work can
only be done on a second system (which can be considered the
reference system for determining the energy transfer), hence
energy is not a property of any system but of the system, the
surroundings with which it is to interact, and the nature of the
energy transfer process. This approach conflicts directly the
concept of energy conservation and eliminates the need for an
entropy function, substituting directly driving forces of
temperature, pressure of field differences; development is
similar to that for electrochemical potentials.

MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF MELATONIN IN HELICAL POLY-L-
GLUTAMATE. Alexis Warner, Charles M. Castevens, P. Ross and
D. Shilladv. Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond VA 23284-2006.

Recent discovery of a G-protein receptor for melatonin
by Morgan and the tertiary structure of seven (nearly
parallel) alpha helices common to G-protein structures led to
consideration of measuring the MCD of melatonin in a solution
of known helices. CD and MCD spectra of melatonin in
solutions of Poly-L-Glutamate of 15,000 M.W. proved to be so
characteristic of alpha-helix that data processing of up to
eight spectral scans could not determine separate features
due to melatonin. Improved calculations using a STO-6G**
basis in the GAMESS program permitted geometry optimization
of melatonin in the presence of eight water molecules to
within 8.0E-6 hartrees/bohr . A CNDO/S-D calculation using 99
single-excitations produced MCD band assignments with correct
signs at 318 nm (amide n-pi*) , 287 nm and 253 nm in
qualitative agreement with experiment.

3-METHYLINDOLE DIMERS WITH ALKYL SULFONIC ACIDS. Wayne M. Stalick and
George W. Mushrush, Dept, of Chem. George Mason Univ. Fairfax, VA. 22030. Diesel
fuels contain small amounts of polar nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds, and many of
these have been implicated in the storage instability of fuels. Analysis of various middle-
distillate fuel extracts has shown that the fraction which forms the most sediment contains the
Ijffgest concentration of alkylindoles. It has been proposed that sediment formation results
from the interaction of the heterocyclics with acids in tte fuels. 3-Methylindole, when added
to a fuel, was found to be a good promoter, whereas other nitrogen heterocycles such as 2,5-
dimethyl quinoline and 2-picoline were innocuous. Analysis of the sediments show no
incorporation of carboxylic acids, however, sulfonic acid incorporation is quite evident. The
sediments formed from 3-methylindole and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) are quite
similar to insolubles formed in diesel fuel and appear to be dimers of 3-methylindole
complexed to DBSA. Determination of the structure was difficult so 3-methylindole was also
reacted with /?-toluene sulfonic acid and /7-ethylbenzene sulfonic acid to give similar but less
complex products for structural analysis.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATON OF POLYGONUM PERFOLIATUM. Xinazhona
Sun. Michael L. Zimmermann, and Albert T. Sneden, Dept, of Chemistry, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006. The isolation of the protein
kinase C inhibitors, vanicoside A and vanicoside B, from Polygonum pensylvanicum
prompted investigation of extracts of other Polygonum species for related compounds.
One of these species is Polygonum perfoliatum, also known as speed weed or mile-a-
minute plant. Examination of the hpic chromatogram of the extract of P. perfoliatum
indicated that phenylpropanoid glycosides related to the vanicosides should be
present in this plant, the active principles of this plant. The extract was fractionated by
standard chromatographic techniques. This resulted in the isolation of the known
steroid, p-sitosterol, as well as several more polar principles. The structures of these
principles are being determined using ^H, ">3C, and two-dimensional NMR techniques.
The results of these investigations will be presented.

AN APPROACH TO POLYIMIDE SYNTHESIS VIA DIELS-ALDER POLYMERIZATION OF A

BISISOBENZOFURAN AND VARIOUS BISMALEIMIDES. Kent A, Watson and R.G. Bass, Dept, of
Chemistr>', Box 842006, Virginia Commonwealth Univ.. Richmond VA 23284-2006. As part of a continuing
program to develop high performance/high temperature polymers for potential use as composites and adhesives
in various aerospace applications, an approach towards polyimide synthesis via a Diels-AIder reaction was
investigated. A novel bisdiene, 5,5'-oxybis(I,3-diphenyIisobenzofuran) (1) was synthesized and reacted with
various bismaleimides via the Diels-AIder reaction The resulting product 2 was dehydrated using a catalytic
amount of sulfuric acid resulting in the fully aromatic system 3. Low molecular oligomers were formed by this
process as evidenced by inherent viscosities ranging from 0.15 - 0.17 dL/g for the dehydrated products.
Despite low molecular weight products being formed, the materials exhibited enhanced solubility
characteristics, presumably due to the incorporation of pendant phenyl groups along the oligomer backbone.
This method of polymerization potentially avoids the formation of a polyamic acid intermediate, therebv'
eliminating the processing problems associated with the conventional method of polyimide sjmthesis.
Optimization of this reaction to produce higher molecular weight polymers is currently being investigated.

o ™ I o

^ p

Ph ° Jn

TRANS AND CIS-RESVERATROL: THEIR POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY.
R.L. Williams, and Mark Elliott, Old Dominion University Enological Research Facility, Dept,
of Chemistry /Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. 23529. The phytoalexin
known as trans-resveratrol (trans-3,4’,5’-trihydroxystilbene) has been described as an effective
natural antioxidant found in low concentrations in red wine. We have now shown that this
compound is also a potent anti-estrogenic agent. This estrogenic activity is associated with the
compound’s ability to bind effectively to both the type I and the type II estrogen receptors. An
examination of the strucmre activity relationships(SAR) of trans-resveratrol and other estrogenic
agents will be discussed together with information that would suggest that certain of the
estrogenic activity may be due to a rapid equilibrium between the trans and cis forms of this
compound. Information from a molecular modeling study of these two agents and other
estrogenic agents will be presented.

PROCEEDINGS

115

SYNTHESIS OF POLYMETHYLSILOXANE PARTICLES (I) UNHYDROLYZED
ETHOXIDE GROUPS ON POLYMETHYLSILOXANE PARTICLES R Yin, R M
Ottenbrite, Dept, of Chem, Va Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va 23284, J. A. Siddiqui, ICI
Film, Bermuda Hundred, Hopewell, Va 23860, A simple approach was explored in our laboratory
to achieve the synthesis of hybrid particles by using methyl triethoxysilane(MTEOS) as a
monomer. The TGA traces of MTEOS particles indicated that three weight loss regions were
related to three distinctly different reaction processes. The first weight loss was ascribed to the
alcohol condensation of unhydrolyzed ethoxide groups which was directly affected by ammonia
concentration and r-value (r=H20/Si). There was a large amount of unhydrolyzed ethoxide
remaining in the MTEOS particles when a low ammonia or water concentration was employed in
sol-gel process. Dehydrolysis rate was more dependent upon the r-value than the ammonia content
in reaction system. The average number of unhydrolyzed ethoxide group is approximately 1 per
parent silicon atom. The unhydrolyzed ethoxide groups may be attributed to reesterification.

AN INVESTIGATION OF OLIGOPEPTIDES INTERACTION WITH HEPARIN. R. Zhao. M. Haratake
& R. M. Ottenbrite, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, VA 23284-2006. Based on a proteinoid microsphere oral drug delivery
system reported earlier, several series of specifically sequenced oligopeptide
trimers and tetramers were synthesized and their interaction with heparin, a
popularly used anticoagulant, were investigated. It was found that one of the
oligopeptide tetramers, which contains aromatic rings, was bound to heparin
stronger than the others at low pH. Further research indicated that this
interaction is due to H-boding and hydrophobic interactions. Currently, this
carrier is being tested in vivo with heparin.

Computer Science

VIRTUAL REALITY MODELING LANGUAGE. Peter R. Clark, Department of Computer Science, Mary
Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is an object-
oriented programming language designed to bring a three-dimensional interface to the World Wide Web. The
ctirrent version ( 1 .0) of the language provides a means to both define static objects within a three-dimensional
scene and link these objects to other files on the Internet. These scenes are displayed and browsed using either
VRML-specific browsers, or plug-ins for current HTML browsers such as Netscape. Users can design worlds
either by coding VRML with a standard text-editor or by using a 3D modeling program that supports the VRML
1 .0 file type.

Liquid Reality, designed by Dimension X, Inc., is a set of Java classes that programmers can use to extend
VRML beyond its original specification. Users may animate objects, handle events, and even create multi¬
participant scenes. To date, VRML has been used in creating both recreational and informational environments,
such as Worlds, bic.'s AlphaWorld; users may walk around a virtual community with the ability to interact with
other citizens and even build virtual homes.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

INTERFACING POLAROID SONAR SENSORS TO A 6.270 MICROCONTROLLER BOARD.

Dan Werner. & Dr. Rhonda Eller-Meshreki, Department of Computer Science, Randolph-Macon
College, Ashland, VA 23005. We began building an interface between a Polaroid sonar transducer
and a 6.270 microcontroller board with a 68HC1 1 microprocessor chip. We initially chose
Interactive C to create programs that would drive the sonar transducer. However, the low-level
details of interacting with this hardware conflicted with the internals of the Interactive C package.
Therefore, we began writing 68HC1 1 assembly programs which could deal with the low-level details
of the hardware in assembly but interface with Interactive C programs through function calls. We
wrote assembly code using the 68HC1 Ts Input Capture mechanism with a bumper sensor to simulate
receiving the sonar echo. This was accomplished by tying the code for polling the bumper sensor to
the Interactive-C system interrupt. Whenever the bumper was pressed, the time of this action would
be saved in a hardware register. This register could be checked later to find out how much time had
elapsed from the start of the program execution to the time recorded when the bumper was pressed.
This mechanism can be used for determining the time that a sonar transducer echo was received by
hardware. This time can then be used to compute the distance of the object from which the echo
signal reflected. We will present the details of the simulated sonar echo and our ideas on how we
hope to overcome the difficulties encountered with the physical sonar transducer during our work.

A SERIAL INTERFACE FOR A WORTHINGTON BAR CODE READER AND A 6.270
MICROCONTROLLER BOARD. Adam Rabung. Deptartment of Computer Science, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, & Dr. Rhonda Eller-Meshreki, Department of
Computer Science, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005. The robot that we considered is a
LEGO robot controlled by an MIT 6.270 microcontroller board using the Interactive C programming
language. The goal of this project was to program a full serial interface between these two hardware
devices. Serial communication between the microcontroller board and the laser barcode reader can be
done using either interrupt-driven methods or polling. With polling, the software continuously checks its
serial port to see if any data has been scanned by the bar code reader. While this is simpler to program, it
is restricting in that the processor is wasting a lot of time in a tight loop waiting to receive data. This
approach is generally avoided by operating systems and modem communication software. Instead, they
generate an interrupt to the processor when data arrives so that the processor can stop other tasks
immediately when there is data to be handled. We began with a polling technique, due to its simpler
nature. Using this technique we were able to successfully scan several character bar codes into the robot’s
microcontroller memory using 68HC1 1 assembly programs called by higher level Interactive C programs.
However, we soon found timing difficulties with longer bar codes due to characters overrunning one
another at the serial port of the microcontroller board. We will discuss the details of constructing our
polling serial interface and address how we hope to overcome the difficulties that arose in our work.

Education

EXPLORING THE RATE OF CHANGE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: A
PRECALCULUS PERSPECTIVE, Brian Bradie. Dept, of Mathematics, Christopher Newport
Univ., Newport News, VA 23606-2998.

An activity has been designed which allows Pre-Calculus students to explore the key
mathematical property which gives rise to the appearance of exponential functions in
applications, namely, that the value of an exponential function changes at a rate proportional to
its value. The introductory part of the activity develops the concepts of average rate of change
and instantaneous rate of change for a function and also presents a procedure for calculating each
quantity. In particular, a straight-forward graphical procedure for determining instantaneous
rates of change is described. The second half of the activity then leads students through an
exploration of the instantaneous rate of change of the exponential function. The exercises
contained in this latter half of the activity divide into two categories: exploration exercises and
algebraic/proof exercises. The exploration type exercises make use of graphing calculators and
computer software and are designed to allow students to formulate hypotheses. The
algebraic/proof exercises are intended to place the use of technology in proper perspective:
calculators and computers are excellent tools, but students must learn that technology can never
replace mathematical reasoning and skills.

PROCEEDINGS

117

AN INQUIRY-BASED APPROACH TO GENERAL BIOLOGY CURRICULUM: AN OVERVIEW
Marion B. Lobstein. Associate Professor of Biology. NVCC-Manassas Campus, NVCC-Manassas
Campus, 6901 Sudley Rd., Manassas, VA 22110. This presentation is an overview of a three-
year National Science Foundation grant to revise general biology curriculum for community and
two-year colleges. The proposal for this grant was developed by and is being administered
through Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS). BSCS has been involved since the late
1950's in developing inquiry-based biology curriculum at the high school and later at the middle
and elementary school levels. In the early 1990's BSCS staff developed the proposal for this
grant In order to extend these efforts to the community and two-year college level. Biology faculty
from community and two-year colleges from around the United States have been recruited to
serve on a Design Team to assist in the development of this curriculum. The Design Team, of
which Marion Lobstein is a member, met with BSCS staff in Colorado Springs, Colorado in June
1995 and again in January 1996 to begin development of this project. The teaching materials
developed from these initial efforts have been field-tested by Marion Lobstein in her general
biology courses at NVCC-Manassas Campus during the 1995-1996 academic year. This
presentation focuses on the field-testing progress made to date and on the possible future
direction of this new curriculum effort.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN SCIENTISTS: SCIENCE IN DIFFERENT VOICES. Juanita Joan
Matkins . This qualitative study involved the discovery of the enabling factors
in the life stories of six women scientists, for the purpose of determining how
they persevered in science. Participants included a meteorologist, two
astronomers, a geologist, a forensic pathologist, and a physicist/astronaut . Data
were obtained through individual semi -structured interviews. The primary factors
included their view held from childhood of their "possible self as a scientist,"
strong maternal role models, support of parents, and expectation of financial
responsibility. Secondary factors included childhood opportunity to participate
in activities outside the school setting, and single-sex schools. Potentially
disabling factors included sexist aspects of some graduate schools and of
professional life in science, paternalism of institutions, and living apart from
husbands. Implications for bringing more females into the sciences included
supportive families, freedom for out-of -school proportional reasoning
experiences, the availability of single-sex schools, graduate programs which were
more supportive of females, and strong female role models. Patterns of sexism in
the stories of these women indicated the need for critical examination of
assumptions about women and science. Recommendations for further study included
examining the importance to young women of a cooperative versus a competitive
environment in school and examination of the qualities of single-sex schools as
well as comparisons of women scientists who went to single-sex high schools and
colleges to those who did not.

CHEMISTRY 101 STUDENTS’ VIEWS OF THE STATES OF MATTER. Pamela C.
Turpin, Dept, of Chem., Roanoke College, Salem, Va. 24153-3794. Answers from
students’ laboratory data sheets and tests provide a look at the misconceptions of college
students, who are non-science majors, about the structure of the states of matter. Student
responses show that misconceptions remain even after experiencing first hand activities
involving state changes in a laboratory setting. When asked to explain changes in state of
different materials observed in the laboratory, many students were unable to communicate
effectively their ideas. Those who did communicate well, often had glaring
misconceptions about energy changes and the motion of molecules that occurred in the
state changes. This author suggests several reasons why this may be: difficulty of the
concept, lack of communication skills on the part of students, picky laboratory instructor,
time limitations of the pre-lab and laboratory periods, poor preparation in previous
schooling, non-science majors work for grades not knowledge, science as a foreign
language and the incorrect usage of terms by students, and students as “objects to be
changed” and not as “participants in practice” in a community.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE EFFECT OF STUDENT-PAID PORTION OF COLLEGE EXPENSES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND
PERSISTENCE AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS. Doris M. Velazquez. Debra L. Vendt.
Maria E. Marscheider. Linda E. Miller*, and James P. O'Brien, Social Sciences Div., Tidewater
Cmnty. Col., Virginia Beach VA 23456 (and ‘SUNY, Old Westbury). Personal contacts with
leaders in the field revealed that students’ personal financial burden (SB) was considered (1)
important, (2) extremely complex, (3) difficult to measure, (4) absent from the research literature,
and (5) qualitative measures were recommended. Trials of the qualitative survey indicated that
military and veterans (MV) students presented unique problems and a second version for these
students was developed (MV data was not analyzed here). It was hypothesized that SB would be
positively related to GPA and negatively related to Persistence (P) for community college students
(N=79). As existing literature does support, r's were significant for the Parental Non-Support
measure x GPA, r= T.397, and x P, r= -.308, beyond .0005 and .005 levels of significance (1-tailed
tests), respectively. More direct SB measures, however, must be rescored since the ranking devices
used in these analyses appear to be too coarse, although some reached significance beyond the .05
level. This study apparently represents the first reported treatment of the effects of student-paid
vs. parent-paid portions of college costs.

Environmental Science

PRELIMINARY ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MASSAPONAX CREEK,
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Michael L. Bass Department of
Environmental Science and Geology, Mary Washington College and
John Tippett, Friends of the Rappahannock, Fredericksburg, VA.
The rapid urbanization of parts of Spotsylvania County has
shifted attention of negative nonpoint source runoff into
streams from agricultural to commercial and suburban
development. Investigators using the Izaak Walton League, SOS
protocol sampled a rural low impacted stream. Hunting Run, and
an urbanization impacted stream, Massaponax Creek. Massaponax
Creek exhibited higher sediment deposition, fluctuating pH,
increased algal growth and decrease in quality macrobenthic
habitat along its course to the Rappahannock River. Hunting
Run showed significantly higher indices for sensitive
macroinvertebrates while Massaponax Creek showed higher indices
for somewhat sensitive and tolerant macroinvertebrates. Total
Indice Values for Hunting Run was twice that of the downstream
Massaponax Creek stations. Methods to improve water quality and
decrease negative urbanization impacts are being pursued.

PROCEEDINGS

119

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUORIDE RELATED TOOTH LESIONS IN MULE DEER

{Odocoileus hemioims): A PROPOSED SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. Luz M, Borrero and P. F. Scanlon,
Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. The
primary method for rating lesions due to fluoride toxicity in ruminants is that of Shupe et al. 1963 (Am. J. Vet.
Res. 24:964-979) which was developed for used mainly with cattle. In our experience evaluators have not be
consistent in rating lesions in mule deer. Teeth from deer collected at the US Air Force Academy Colorado
Springs, CO were evaluated using a modified Shupe et al. 1963 technique. The technique scored incisor lesions
varying from 0 to 5 where 0 had no lesions and 5 had severe lesions with hypoplasia and hypomineralization of
the enamel. Ten volunteers, sophomores majoring in wildlife science at VPI & SU, were trained to use the
method. Scores of 0, 1 and 5 were less likely to be missed. In general, most volunteers tended to underestimate
scores greater than 0 rather than overestimate scores. The proposed evaluating method concentrates on
quantifiable characteristics related to the enamel lesion rather than on wear, staining and chipping which may be
associated with age, diet and handling of samples. The proposed system may be more appropriate for use with
smaller ruminants and be valuable for less experienced personnel in recognizing fluoride related problems,
system. The system follows: A Normal', Normal shape and size; enamel smooth, translucent glossy white. B Slight
effect. Lesions vary from light white spots, striations and/or mottling that involves less than 50 % of the tooth. C
Marked effect. Same as B but the lesions involve more than 50 % of the enamel. D Severe effect. Along with
mottling there is hypomineralization and hypoplasia of the enamel. [Funding: US Air Force, V.P.I. & S.U.,
Fulbright Grant and Encyclopedia Britannica.]

CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE IN BONE AND TEETH OF MULE DEER {Odocoileus
hemionus) FROM COLORADO. Luz M. Borrero and P. F. Scanlon, Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife
Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. In recent years mule deer at the US Air
Force Academy (USAFA) at Colorado Springs, CO have shown unusual antler fractures and tooth lesions. Brittle
bones and tooth lesions have been associated with ingestion of high fluorides levels in the diet. The purpose of the
present project was to determine tooth lesions severity and its possible relationship to fluoride contents in teeth
and bone. Jaw bones with teeth were recovered from deer at the USAFA (N=262), Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site
(N=24, PCMS, Model, CO), and Game Management Units (N=16, GMU’s, northwestern CO) between 1993 and
1995. Incisor lesions were scored from 0 to 5 using a modified Shupe et al. 1963 (Am. J. Vet. Res. 24:964-979)
method. Fluoride concentrations were measured using an ion selective electrode. No differences among median
tooth lesions were found in the three sites, but the highest rated lesions were found only at USAFA. The median
concentrations of fluoride were higher in teeth and bone from deer at the USAFA than in those from other areas.
Among deer from the USAFA teeth with lesions had higher concentrations of fluoride than those without lesions.
Females had higher concentration of fluoride than males. Presence of tooth lesions in adult deer is indicative of
high fluoride exposure but chemical analysis is necessary for objective analysis of a fluoride contamination
problem. [Funding: US Air Force, V.P.I. & S.U., Fulbright Grant and Encyclopedia Britannica.[

A COMPARISON OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUi^lES IN THE MARY WASHINGTON
COLLEGE MESOCOSM AND IN THE YORK RIVER. Virginia Clarke & Stephen Gough, Dept,
of Biol. Sci., Mary Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401 . Advanced mesocosms have
the potential of simulating natural sites, thus aiding basic research and potential impact
assessment. Adequate proof of emulation requires rigorous tests of~among other things-
biotic community comparability. In this study, phytoplankton diversity and density at both the
York River, Virginia, and the Mary Washington College mesocosm were determined using
small-mesh collecting nets and a Sedgwick-Rafter cell counting technique. Results showed
vast differences betww th© mesocosm and the site, suggesting the former was not faithfully
emulating the latter. Among tt»e reasons for the lack of fidelity may be that the intermediate
disturbance theory was operative at the natural site and not in the mesocosm. Also, the
estuarine system we attempted to simulate is highly complex hydrologically and may not be
amenable to mesocosm replication methods.

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ZOOPLANKTON DYNAMICS IN AN ARTIFICIALLY DESTRATIFIED
RESERVOIR, LAKE BARCROFT, FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Theresa E.
Connor and R. Christian Jones, Dept, of Biology, George Mason Univ., Fairfax,
VA. 22030. Zooplankton dynamics in Lake Barcroft were investigated through
bi-monthly sampling from May-October, 1995. Crustacean zooplankton were
identified and enumerated from vertical tow samples collected with a 202 urn
mesh conical net. Animals identified were: Eurytemora affinis, Diaptomus
pallidus, cyciopoid copepodid, harpacticoid copepodid, Daphnia pulex.
Diaphanosoma brachvurum. Ceriodaphnia. and chydorid species. E. affinis was
the dominant copepod with densities from 10-90 animals per liter with high
densities in May-June and August. D. brachvurum was the dominant cladoceran
with densities from 18-120 animals per liter with high densities in early June
through early August.

NITROGEN AND CARBON LOSS TO THE ENVIRONMENT DURING STORAGE OF DAIRY
CATTLE WASTE. James D. Cox, J. H. Herbein, & J. J. Loor*. Dept, of Dairy Sci., Va. Polytechnic
Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Obtaining reliable estimates of nitrogen (N) and carbon
(C) residue in dairy cattle waste storage facilities when the waste is scheduled for application to crop
land requires knowledge of organic matter (OM) loss to the atmosphere during storage. Predictions
of N and C kinetics in stored waste were estimated using feces and urine from 4 lactating cows. Feces
(363 g), urine (130 g), and tap water (13 g) were mixed in 800 mL plastic containers designated for
analysis after 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 days (d) of storage at 25 °C. Data from 28 containers at each d of
storage indicated a linear decrease in total mass across time, with only 60% remaining at 32 d. The
OM and C content also declined linearly, such that 63% and 64%, respectively, remained at 32 d.
However, 95% of total N remained at 16 d, then declined to 67% at 32 d. Loss of N was from the
liquid phase (separated by centrifugation at 20,000 x g) of the waste, with only 35% remaining in the
liquid after a linear decline from 8 to 32 d. Ammonia-N was 25% of total liquid N at 0 d, then
became the primary form of N (50 to 60%) in the liquid. Ammonia concentration in the liquid
increased from 0 to 2 d, remained elevated until 16 d, then declined until 32 d. Loss of C during
storage may be due to microbial fermentation of fecal OM, indicated by a decline in pH from 8.5 at
0 d to 6.5 at 8 d. The pH remained at 6.5 until 16 d, then increased to 7.5 at 32 d. Overall, results
indicated loss of approximately 35% of N and C due to volatilization during the first month of dairy
cattle waste storage. (Supported by funding from Virginia Agricultural Council, Project No. 282)

MONITORING CO2 EVOLUTION FROM MERCURY TREATED FOREST SOILS. Andv P. Damalas. Dept,
of Biol., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA. 23529. Greatest amounts of soil CO2 evolution result from
microorganismal activity. Ten-gram composite field soil samples were obtained from selected spots in forest
stands, incubated in flasks and were allowed to evolve CO2 for about 85 hours. A center-well in each flask
contained 0.5 N NaOH absorbing the CO2. Amounts absorbed were determined by a conductivity cell and
conductivity bridge. Calibration curves and preliminary tests for standarizing the methodology were
performed in the lab using field soils. Differences in the magnitude of change in CO2 evolution were
found and are believed to be indicative of the ability of sites to recover from certain stresses. Three
mercury compounds-mercuric chloride (HgCl2) mercuric oxide (HgO),mercuric sulfate (HgS04)-were chosen
as possible heavy metal pollutants of forest soil ecosystems, i.e. possible airborne mercury compounds
emitted from fossil fuel plants. Application of these mercurials to forest soils simulated mercury emissions
from coal burning industries.All three chemicals were applied in powder form with sand to soil. Treatment
with 128 ppm and 256 ppm HgCl2 and 128 ppm HgO did not inhibit CO2 evolution. Treatment with 256
ppm HgO and 128 ppm and 256 ppm HgS04 depressed CO2 evolution.. A methodology was developed and
tested for rapidly, efficiently, and effectively monitoring amounts and rates of CO2 evolution from soils. It
may be also be useful for estimating ecosystem change, making robust comparisons of areas, and gaining
information about ecosystem structure and dynamics from one integrating index. (Supported by grant from
Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Tech).

PROCEEDINGS

121

USE OF THE IN VITRO BRAINSTEM PREPARATION OF RANA CATESBEIANA IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED TOXICOKINETIC COMPUTER SIMULATION
MODEL FOR LEAD-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT. Michael D. Pruitt. James
A. Wise, Edward G. Smith, Dept, of Biol., Hampton Univ., Hampton VA 23668. To date no complete
paradigm exists that satisfactorily integrates both the proposed anatomical and functional substrates
of lead-induced neurotoxicity. A series of studies was conducted using the in vitro brainstem
preparation and the intact larval form of Rana catesbeiana to accomplish this goal , and therefore
reduce the uncertainty in risk assessment for lead-induced neurotoxicity from exposure to low
concentrations of lead. Our studies have shown that early stage larva exhibit a lower LC50 for lead.
The LCsofor Group I (stages IX-XII) was 7.9 ppm versus 13.4 ppm for Group II (stages XIV-XVI) and
Group III (stages XVII-XX). This corresponds to the increased sensitivity of young children to lead
toxicity when compared to adults. The strategy of this project is to use this preparation to develop a
physiologically-based toxicokinetic and a computer simulation model based on electrophysiological
studies using the isolated brainstem preparation of Rana catesbeiana , toxicity studies using the
intact larval form, and a quantitative structure activity relationship model (QSAR) for lead. These
studies will ultimately result in the use of Rana catesbeiana as a sentinel species whose ventilatory
responses to CO2 can be monitored to signal potential lead-induced toxicity risk to other species,
including humans.

A COMPARISON OF FORESTED AND NON-FORESTED RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN
THE REDUtCnON OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN TOE UPPER
RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER BASIN. Kristen Eberlv and Michael L. Bass, Department of
Environmental Science and Geology, Mary Washington College. Forested riparian
buffers are excellent nutrient and sediment filters when adjacent to agricultural or urban
sources of nonpoint source pollution and streams. A survey was sent to landowners on
the Rapidan River in Orange County to determine awareness of the benefits of restoring
and maintaning forested riparian zones, and of cost-share programs available to
landowners to participate in land stewardship practices. Survey results showed 71% of
landowners were willing to participate only with 50% government support. Water
samples were taken fi-om forested and non-forested feeder streams in an area on the
Rapidan river in order to compare the uptake and filtering of nutrients in these two different
zones. It was found that the streams in the forested riparian areas contained lower levels
of phophorus and nitrogen and also had lower hardness levels. Preliminary analysis of the
macrobenthic community showed streams with adequate vegetated riparian buffer
exhibited good macrobenthic community diversity. Forest^ riparian buffers are
effectively filtering nonpoint source pollution firom agricultural areas in the upper
Rappahannock. Continued correspondance with landowners and further sampling in
planned.

UPTAKE OF HEAVY METALS BY THE HALOPHYTE Suaeda maritima. Kimmara E. Evans,
B.G. Shipes, and W. Leung, Depts. of Biology and Chemistry, Hampton
University., Hampton, VA 23668. Suaeda maritima (L. Dum.), Family Chenopodiaceae
is a succulent halophyte. This plant grows in high saline environments as well as some
non~saline environments. The growth of this plant on a dredged disposal site has
prompted research on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in S, maritima. The
purpose of this study is to determine whether S. maritima takes up and stores heavy
metals. Samples taken from Craney Island Disposal Facility were separated into leaves
roots and stems, to test for the compartmentalization of the heavy metals, cadmium
(Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). Th^ samples were dried,
ground, and digested in concentrated nitric acid. These solutions were diluted and
then tested by atomic absorption spectroscopy for the indicated metals. Preliminaiy
testing confirms the bioaccumulation of some of these metals in the test plant, allowing
further testing to continue in determining whether or not this plant is a likely
candidate for phytoremediation.

122

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF STRESS IN FISHES IN A UNIQUE MESOHALINE

MICROCOSM SYSTEM. Heidi Ferrell & Stephen Gough, Dept, of Biol. Sci., Mary
Washington Col., Fredericksburg, Va. 22401 . A microcosm is a simulation of a natural
ecosystem, and such tools are currently an area of intense research for studying complex
community interactions. However, the validity of these systems is an issue of debate;
therefore assessment of their accuracy is necessary before results can be extrapolated to
the natural environment. This study examined fish stress levels in the Mary Washington
College microcosm, an emulation of a mesohaline region of the York River, Virginia.
Chronic stress was determined in the Atlantic silverside {Menidia menidia) using a
hepatosomatic index (HSI). The data were compared to fish in the river and in a traditional
experimental aquarium. HSI was consistently lower in the York River than in the
microcosm, indicating chronic stress in the former. HSI was elevated in the aquarium
population, suggesting exposure to specific stressor(s). The results seemed to support the
intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), and the microcosm may be simulating a climax
(i.e., stable) community instead of a fluctuating, nonequilibrium environment like the York
River.

BETA-GLUCOSIDASE AND DEHYDROGENASE SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITY AS AN INDICATOR OF
DEGRADED SITE RECOVERY. Andrew C. P. Heaton. John R. Heckman & John Cairns, Jr., Dept, of Biol.,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. 24060. To demonstrate the feasibility of using soil dehydrogenase activity as a gauge of
the temporal recovery of damaged terrestrial systems, a seaion of land was degraded and parts of the site were restored
using different seedings and amendments. After nine months of recovery, dehydrogenase activity was measured monthly
for several of ten months. Initial dehydrogenase levels exhibited differentiation of only reference (undegraded) sites from
all other sites. As recovery progressed, dehydrogenase levels differentiated among several treatment combinations,
indicating a potential differential recovery among the treatment combinations. Amendment status was determined to be
a more important variable than seeding type in effecting these differentiations. S-glucosidase enzyme activity was
measured concurrently with the last two dehydrogenase measurements in order to draw a relationship between
dehydrogenase activity and cellulose decomposition activity in the recovering plots. The two enzymes indicated
substantial correlation to one another, though S-glucosidase appeared to be a more sensitive estimation of amendment
status than dehydrogenase. Despite the complicating factor of possible seasonal variability in enzyme activity, these
measurements demonstrated the potential utility of dehydrogenase and possibly S-glucosidase activity levels as estimations
of soil recovery from disturbance events.

PRIMARY RESTORATION OF INDUSTRIALLY DEGRADED LAND; PRELIMINARY TESTS FOR
CORRELATION BETWEEN INITIATED COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND RETURN OF
FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY. lohn R. Heckman, and Tohn Cairns. Ir. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. A
primary concern with ecological restoration lies in the ability to determine the point at which a system has satisfactorily
recovered. Common recovery indices center around the development of a macro-community structure similar to the
predisturbance condition or another suitable reference. An alternative basis for measuring restoration efficacy is a
comparison of ecological functions. To test this hypothesis, structural (vegetational community) and functional (CO2
efflux, CH4 uptake, cellulose decomposition rate and enzymatic activity) end-points are being observed on homogeneous,
grassland soils treated with an array of reclamation treatments. Undisturbed, adjacent old field systems provide for
reference comparisons. Recovering soils in 1995 showed a higher mean CH4 uptake rate (mean = 1.9 g CH4-C/ha/day,
SD = 0.3) than reference soils (mean = 1.05 g CH4-C/ha/day, SD = 0.38) with high seasonal varience. CO2 efflux in
reference soils was higher (mean = 48.9 kg C02-C/ha/day, SD = 23-5) than recovering soils (mean = 28.1 kg C02'
C/ha/ day, SD = 11.7). The developing trend shows treatments with higher soil organic matter amendment and more
diverse seed mixes to be more functionally similar. Robust conclusions concerning reclamation treatment and similarity
of functional capacity cannot yet be made. The study continues through 1996.

PROCEEDINGS

123

PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS IN AN ARTIFICIALLY DESTRATIFIED RESERVOIR,
LAKE BARCROFT, FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA. S AIFUL ISLAM AND R.
CHRISTIAN JONES, DEPT. OF BIOLOGY, GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY,
FAIRFAX, VA 22030. Lake Barcroft is artificially destratified
through aerators during summer months to control blue-green algae
which may form surface-scum in the lake. Sampling was done bi¬
weekly during may through October in 1995. Identification,
density, and biovolume suggest that blue-greens still dominant in
the lake during summer period especially Coelosphaerium
naealianum. Diatoms dominated biovolume levels in the fall.

Greens were sporadic but were represented by more species than
blue-greens.

INTER-ANNUAL TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY AT AN EMBAYMENT AND NEARBY
MAINSTEM OF THE TIDAL FRESHWATER POTOMAC RIVER R. Christian Jones & Dann M,
Sklarew. Dept, of Biol, Geo. Mason Univ., Fairfax, Va. 22030-4444. From 1983-1994, water quality was
monitored regularly in and around Gunston Cove, an embayment of the tidal freshwater Potomac River.
Time-series analysis revealed no significant inter-annual trends (P < 0.05) in summertime surface water
quality. Such trends may be obscured by abiotic factors, particularly the local flushing regime. To test
this hypothesis, we examined the correlation between average (1- to 28-day) flow and major water quality
parameters (chlorophyll A, N and P species) at two stations (cove, mainstem). Statistically significant
flow correlation existed with total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, and chlorophyll A in the cove, and with
ammonia in the mainstem. Best fitting curves were then used to derive flow-corrected residuals.

Residuals' time-series failed to reveal any underlying linear changes at either site. Thus, while flushing
contributes to temporal variability, it apparently has not masked any persistent inter-aimual trends in the
water quality of this system. (Supported by the Fairfax County Department of Public Works and the
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin.)

ASSESSMENT OF POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION IN STONY CREEK, VIRGINIA USING
BENTHIC MACRO I NVERTEBRATES. Robert W. Lougue & Brian C.

Caldwell*, Biol. Program, Shenandoah Univ., Winchester, VA 22601.
The study investigated whether discharge from a chicken processing
plant affected the downstream benthic macroinvertebrate community.
Methodology was adapted from the EPA’s Rapid Bioassessment Protocol
III. Two sites--a mile upstream and a mile downstream of the
discharge pipe--were assessed bimonthly for macroinvertebrates,
temperature, dissolved oxygen and chloride ion concentration. Data
were gathered seven times at each site. Although no significant
differences using the Family Biotic Index and the EPT Index were
found, two measures of community similarity indicated that macro-
invertebrate diversity was indeed lower at the downstream site.
Further examination of data revealed an absence of two chloride
sensitive genera [ P teronar cys (Plecoptera) and Ephemer e 1 1 a
( Epheme r op t e r a ) ] and had a significantly higher chloride ion
concen t ra t i on ( p=0 . 009 ) at the downstream site. These genera were
frequently found at the upstream site. Since the chicken plant
uses ferric chlorides to kill bacteria, the discharge is possibly
causing an impairment to the creek. Further study is recommended.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE ABUNDANCE OF MESOZOOPLANKTON IN THE LOWER
CHESAPEAKE BAY. George Mateia. Dept, of Biological Sciences,
Old Dominion Univ. , Norfolk, VA 23529. Monthly collections of
mesozooplankton were carried out within the lower Chesapeake
Bay mainstera from August 1985 to September 1995. Calanoids
are the dominant zooplankton within the bay, making up 50 to
60 percent of the total zooplankton abundance, and cladocerans
comprise 12 to 40 percent of the population. Seasonally, the
zooplankton appear to have two periods of maximum densities;
the initial occurring during the early spring (March to May) ,
and the latter occurring during the fall (July to October) .
Three of the four stations display the primary abundance mode
during the fall. The zooplankton community is reduced during
the summer and the minima occur during the winter (November to
January) . This pattern is consistent for all the reported
mainstem stations. Long-term trends indicate mesozooplankton
abundance is declining at all the mainstem stations.
Supported by Va. Dept, of Environmental Quality

SOIL CONTAMINATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TRACE METAL UPTAKE BY PLANTS AT CRANY
ISLAND. Eshete , Matthewos * . Wing H. Lueng, Dept, of Chemistry, Hampton Univ.,
Hampton, Va. 23668. Barbara G. Shipes, Dept. Biology, Hampton Va. 23668.

A study was conducted to correlate the contamination of soil at Crany Island
with the heavy metal uptake by plants . Various concentrations of five heavy
metals ( Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb ) were detected in the soil of Crany Island.

These five heavy metals accumulated in different parts of Phragmites communis
and Spartina altermiflora were also measured. Results suggest that metal
uptake by these plants is closely related to the metal concentration in soil.
Accumulation of heavy metals by these plants is also found to vary from each
other. Generally Phragmites communis show higher accumulation of these five
heavy metals .

REMEDIATION DIFEICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH A LARGE HYDROCARBON PLUME LOCATED
UNDER A DENSELY URBANIZED AREA IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA. Douglas Mose, Chemistry
Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. Recently approxi¬
mately 200,000 gallons of hydrocarbon fuels were discovered to have been
lost into the soil below a fuel storage terminal in northern Virginia. The
subsurface plume now extends more than 2000 feet into an adjacent business
and residential community. The plume is about 500 feet wide, and rests on
the local water table at depths of 20-40 feet. The low permeability of the
soil has prevented rapid fuel removal and soil remediation. Soil evacuation
will not be utilized because of the estimated cost and the disruption of the
community. Less disruptive technologies have been evauated, of which a
combination of bioremediation and removal of contaminated groundwater has
been selected. Estimates of remediation down to reasonably safe levels (less
than 100 ppm Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) are on the order of 20 to 200
years .

PROCEEDINGS

125

ZOTPLMKIDN CTMMMTY ASSHVBLMES AS BIOINDICATORS OF A STRESSED SYSTEJMI.
Gvung Soo Park, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion
Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. Micro- and mesozooplankton
abundances were determined at five stations in the Chesapeake
Bay and tributaries from January 1993 through December 1994 .
Principal component analysis was used to characterize the
stations based on the nutrient loading, dissolved oxygen,
water temperature and pH. The Elizabeth River stations were
designated as highly stressed due to the high nutrient
loading, low dissolved oxygen, high water temperature and low
pH. Zooplankton composition in the highly stressed system
(Elizabeth River stations) was significantly different from
the moderately stressed system (Bay stations) . Rotifers and
aloricated ciliates were more abundant in the stressed water
body. On the other hand, loricated ciliates, copepod nauplii
and mesozooplankton showed high abundances in the moderately
stressed system.

Supported by Department of Virginia Water Quality and the EPA.

RECOVERY OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND LEAF PROCESSING IN A
HEADWATER STREAM FOLLOWING USE OF A PASSIVE TREATMENT SYSTEM TO
ABATE COPPER POLLUTION. Alicia Slater Schultheis & A. C. Hendricks*, Dept, of Biol.,
Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Prior to treatment, copper
concentrations ranged from 8.9 to 32.0 pg/L at the impacted sites and from 0.1 to 7.7 pg/L at
the reference site. Insect abundance (n) and number of taxa (#) were reduced at the impacted
sites (n = 31, 22, 33, 24 and # = 190, 246, 266, 345) relative to the reference site (n = 52,

# ” 973). Red maple {Acer rubrum) leaves broke down twice as fast at the reference site
(k = -0.029) than at sites receiving the untreated effluent (k = -0.016, -0.013, -0.013, -0.013).
Following treatment, copper concentrations at the impacted sites ranged from 0.1 to 14 pg/L.
Functional recovery preceded recovery of community structure by at least six months.
Decomposition rates were similar at all sites after six months of treatment (k = -0.012, -0.011,
-0.011, -0.012, -0.012) Recovery of community structure was not complete after 1 year of
treatment. Collector-filterers and predators recovered quickly following treatment, while
recovery of collector-gatherers and shredders was slower.

A COMPARISON OF PERIPHYTON ON RUPPIA MARITIMA IN A MESOCOSM AND THE
YORK RIVER. Timothy York & Stephen Gough, Dept, of Biol. Sci., Mary Washington Col.,
Fredericksburg, Va. 22401 . Mesocosms can be useful tools to mimic natural sites for efficient
anal^is of basic ecosystem processes and impact potential. However, any given mesocosm
must be validated as a model of the true location. One mechanism for accomplishing this is
to examine the community structure of its various components. In this study, the community
dynamics of periphyton existing on blades of Ruppia maritima were compared in a novel
mesocosm and a mesohaline site on the York River, Virginia. Periphyton was removed using
the standard F.A.A. wash method of Gough and Woelkerling (1976), and Sedgwick-Rafter (S-
R) cell counting procedures were employed to obtain densities. Shannon and Simpson
diversity indices and communty structure were then determined. In community structure, the
two systems did not emulate each other, but diversity indices were similar. It appears that
while the Wvo ecosystems were functional, they were not similar to each other, probably due
largely to intermediate disturbance that was prevalent at the river.

126

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Geography (No Abstracts Submitted)

Geology

THE MECHUM RIVER FORMATION IN ALBEMARLE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. C. M.
Bailey. Dept, of Geology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187. The Late
Proterozoic Mechum River Formation crops out in a 0.5 to 2 km wide, NE=SW trending belt in
the central Virginia Blue Ridge province. In the southern portion of the belt boulder
conglomerates are overlain by arkosic sandstones. To the north, laminated metasiltstones and
phyllites are overlain by arkosic sandstones. A greenschist facies foliation defined by aligned
phyllosilicates and elongate detrital grains is common in the arkoses and phyllites. The Mechum
River belt has previously been interpreted as a graben, half-graben, thrust-faulted inlier and
structural infold. In Albemarle County the belt is characterized by a series of asymmetric
northeast-plunging overturned folds. Both the southeastern and northwestern contacts of the
belt dip moderately to the southeast. At the southeastern contact, Grenvillian basement is thrust
over metasedimentary rock. The Mechum River Formation unconformably overlies Grenvillian
basement at its northwestern contact. In its present geometry, the Mechum River belt is not a
graben. Line-length restorations reveal between 40 and 70 percent shortening across the belt,
but penetrative strains throughout the unit require greater than 100 percent total shortening.
Cross section restoration of the Mechum River belt yields little information as to the original
geometry of the depositional basin. Field relations and microstructures indicate that folding and
metamorphism of the Mechum River belt predate thrusting along its southeastern margin.

GIV AND ABICAS (TM): EFFECTIVE SOFTWARE FOR DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING. C.R.
BERQUIST, JR.. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Dept, of Geology, College of William and
Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187. GIV (Geologic Information Visualization) is a group of public
domain computer programs that enable a user to view and create digital and paper maps on DOS
(TM) -based PCs. Scanned geologic and topographic maps are displayed on the video monitor
and points (lines) are entered with a mouse. Limited attribution of points, lines and areas is
possible in GIV. Additional features, such as creating DRGs and autotracing ("autovectorizing")
and the capability to define multiple attributes to spatial data is available in ABICAS, a commercial
"upgrade" to GIV. Over the past two years we have digitally replicated over 30 published geologic
maps (1:24,000) and are creating several new geologic maps by using this software. Productive
work by individuals who are familiar with topographic and geologic maps and who use this
software is achieved commonly with less than a day of training. Our digital data is in ASCII format
and has been successfully imported to ATLAS-GIS (TM) and hence to ARC_INFO (TM).

STRATIGRAPHIC VARIABILITY OF RADON, SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA. C.R. BERQUIST. JR.. Bruce
K. Goodwin, and Stephen C. Clement, Dept, of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA,
23187. We have mentored a number of students whose research projects involved the measurement of
radon in the ground. At all study sites in Richmond and Williamsburg areas, the underlying stratigraphy
was determined in detail by hand-augering the sediments or saprolite. Charcoal and alpha-track detectors
were suspended in sealed auger holes for time periods of a week or less. Summary statistics for radon
concentrations measured in the ground (picoCuries/liter) since 1989 are shown in the table below.

Yorktown Fm
(n = 92)

Bacons Castle Fm
(n = 38)

Other Pleistocene Fm
(n = 24)

Petersburg Granite
(n = 55)

Mean

904

554

546

1215

538

458

521

994

MAX

2302

1962

1974

4449

MIN

157

We believe that uranium-enriched fossilized bones at the base of the Yorktown Formation is the
most probable source of elevated radon in the Williamsburg area. The characteristically large standard
deviations suggest multiple measurements should be made over time and area of a site in question.

PROCEEDINGS

127

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN A DEBRIS FAN EXPOSURE, MADISON COUNTY, VIRGINIA: S. E.

Chase, A. S. Rutherford, and W. C. Sherwood, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
On June 27, 1995, approximately 27 inches of rain fell on portions of Madison County. High
energy discharges from the Blue Ridge resulted in incisions of pre-existing alluvial fans to a
depth of 3 meters or more. The present study concentrated on a fresh exposure along Kinsey
Run, 1 mile west of Graves Mill. Near the west end of the exposure a total of 13 unlithified units
ranging from coarse, bouldery, gravel to clayey silt were identified. The third oldest unit
contains abundant organic matter which yielded a carbon date of 34,700 years B.P. Two coarse
gravel beds in the sequence show significant rounding of chamockite clasts indicating a source to
the west. Interbedded with these strata are units containing very angular clasts of a strongly
foliated gneiss, rich in blue quartz. This material has its source to the south. Easterward, the
stratified sediments are replaced by a jumble of fines, and angular gneissic clasts up to one meter
across. The stratified sequence at the west end of the exposure is interpreted as interlayered
alluvium (chamockite) from the west and gravity flow (solufluction?) of gneissic material from
the south. The unstratified eastern part of the exposure is interpreted as resulting from one or
more viscous debris flows.

THE USE OF "MICRODEM" IN TEACHING GEOLOGY Stephen C Clement Dept, of
Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795. The DOS-based com¬
puter program "MICRODEM" has been used effectively for several years in Physical and Histori¬
cal Geology laboratories and in advanced courses at the College of William and Mary. The
program displays digital elevation data, available from the U.S.G.S. and several commercial
sources, and allows the student to constmct topographic profiles and 3-D views. Students ma¬
nipulate, learn and visualize the effects of vertical exaggeration, contour interval and scale.
Slope, aspect and reflectance maps are used in geomorphic interpretation. Geophysical data such
as bathymetry, gravity and magnetics can be displayed in adjacent panels and profiles constmcted
that relate the features. Student-generated xyz ASCII data can be entered and manipulated. The
program is freeware and can be obtained by anonymous ftp from: ftp. nadn. navy. miEpub/ocea-
no/microdem. The author. Dr. Peter Guth, Associate Professor, can be contacted at:
pguth@nadn. navy . mil

EFFECTS OF HUMAN IMPACT AND POLITICS ON WETLAND DELINEATION: CASE STUDY IN THE
DISMAL SWAMP. Debra Duffy, James Lawrence and Robert Heffner*, Applied Marine Research Laboratory, Old
Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. 23529. Historically policies of the US federal government encouraged the
conversion of wetlands into filled or drained lands for agriculture or development. These policies and private efforts
of similar nature resulted in the loss of millions of acres of wetlands throughout the US. As valuable attributes of
such habitats became apparent, political support for protection of wetlands emerged in the 1970’s primarily through
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Private and political sectors for economic growth and the
environmental conununity disagreed on the nature of federal regulation of wetlands. As a result, regulatory agencies
began to develop wetland delineation manuals for the purpose of identifying jurisdictional wetlands. In 1989 the
FWS, ACOE, NRCS and EPA adopted the Federal Interagency Manual, intended to ensure consistent regulation
of wetlands, only to receive immediate complaints from regulated groups. A 1991 revision received criticism from
the scientific and environmental community. In the interim. Congress directed the ACOE to revert to its own 1987
delineation manual to determine jurisdictional wetlands under the CWA. In 1993, at the request of Congress, the
National Research Council (NRC) evaluated the scientific basis for characterization of wetlands in the federal
regulatory system. The NRC study agreed with the regulatory basis of the 1989 Interagency Manual. Currently,
Congress is ignoring the NRC study by considering legislation that would classify wetlands based on importance
with only those of "critical importance" receiving protection now provided to all wetlands under the CWA. The
Dismal Swamp of Va. is a classic example of wetlands that have been impacted by human and political efforts.
Human impacts include drainage, dredging and filling of the Swamp. The newly proposed House bill, if passed,
will leave much of the existing Dismal Swamp federally unprotected and subject to more degradation.

128

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

SWELLING PRESSURE INVESTIGATIONS OF ENDCAV AND FREDERICK SOILS. K.
Hattori and W.C. Sherwood, Dept. Geology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
Two residual soils (Endcav and Frederick Series), weathered from limestone in Rockingham
County, VA, tested using a Potential Volume Charge (PVC) instrument. First, the Endcav soil,
mapped as expansive, was tested for expansion at several different moisture contents. Expansion
was found to increase progressively with moisture content up to 7.5% then to decrease from
7.5% to 15%. The pressure generated at 7.5% reached 3522 Ibs/sq.ft. which is rated as critical.

A second experiment involved 1 0 identical tests using air dried soils for each series to determine
test variability. Pressures were found to range from 1601 Ibs/ft^ to 3122 Ibs/ft^. with a mean of
2424 Ibs/ft- and standard deviation of 431 Ibs/ft^ for the Endcav, and 1665 Ibs/fE to 2722 Ibs/ft^
with a mean of 20711bs/ft“ and a standard deviation of 317 Ibs/ft^ for the Frederick. Using a 5%
value for tolerance and sampling risk it was determined that 5i tests for the Endcav and 38 tests
for the Frederick would be required in order to secure a statistically valid mean. Finally, a t-test
was conducted using the Endcav and Frederick test results. It was determined, that the means
while appearing to be significantly different did not show a statistically valid difference at the
5% confidence level. High test variablilty, resulting from operator inexperience, was interpreted
as the cause of the inconclusive results.

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER RICH TOPSOIL AND pH ON GERMINATION,
GROWTH, AND METAL UPTAKE BY CORN GROWN IN FLUE DUST
CONTAMINATED SOIL. Christopher A. Impellitteri. Prog, in Geol., Old Dominion
Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. The effect of pH on the mobility and availability of trace
metals in soil is well documented. Trace metal mobility (and availability) generally
increases with decreasing soil pH. This effect may cause mortality in plants grown in
contaminated soil at low pH. Mortality may be decreased with the addition of an organic
rich topsoil amendment. Preliminary experiments suggest that com, germinated and
grown in heavy metal contaminated soil with an organic rich topsoil amendment, has a
higher biomass at harvest than com grown in contaminated soil alone. For some metals,
the higher biomass resulted in greater overall removal of the metal from the soil (e g.

Zn). For other metals (e.g. Pb), removal from the soil by plants was greater without the
topsoil amendment. Further research is necessary in order to optimize conditions for
phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

POSITION OF THE SALTWATER/FRESHWATER INTERFACE OF ACCOMACK COUNTY, VIRGINIA:
PRELIMINARY RESULT OF A BASELINE SURVEY USING RESISTIVITY METHODS. Ali A. Nowroozi. Director,
Program in Geological Sciences and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and Stephen B. Horrocks*, Program In
Geological Sciences, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA, 23529. Ground water is the only source of freshwater in the
Eastern shore of Virginia. Large volume of groundwater withdrawals for various uses have caused water-level declines
and concern about the possibility of future saltwater intrusion. Positions of the poor quality and salty waters are known at
several locations from the well log data. Good quality freshwater has a resistivity of more than 70 Ohm m, while saline
water has a resistivity of less than 4.5 Ohm m. Preliminary results from a baseline direct current resistivity survey
consisting of 47 soundings, may provide distributions of saltwater, brackish water, poor quality and good quality water
at resistivities of about 4.5, 1 5, 30, and 70 Ohm m respectively. We produced contour maps of depths variations to 70,
30, 1 5 and 4.5 Ohm m resistivity suifaces. Analysis of the contour maps reveals that good quality water is limited to a small
area in the middle part of the county, at adepthof30to40m, mostly away from the coast. However poorer quality water
may be found in a larger area up to a depth of about 1 50 meters. Depths to the saline water with 4.5 Ohm m resistivity are
as shallow as 20 to 40 meters near several coastal areas and below 1 50 m in the interior region. We also produced contour
maps of the resistivity variations at 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, and 1 50 m depth levels, and assumed the 30 Ohm m contour
as the resistivity at the saltwater freshwater interface. At 5 and 10 m levels this contour is slightly inland close to coastal
region of the Chesapeake Bay, in the east, and close to the Wallops and Assateagu ■ Islands, in the west. Between 20 to 70
m this contour penetrates from the Nandua Creek area in the southwest toward the township of Accomac in the northeast
direction. Finally between 100 and 1 50 m, this contour moves further noith toward Temperanceville. Additional surveys
near Accomac, Temperanceville and Chicoteague are needed to provide the detailed geometiy of the interface in these area.

PROCEEDINGS

129

INTERACTIVE GEOLOGIC HAZARDS INVENTORIES ON THE COMPUTER.

J.J. VanPerHurst^ and C.F. Watts^, iDept of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA 24061, and ^Dept. of Geology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142.
The development of an interactive computer system for managing geologic hazards data
bases is vitM and overdue. As highway rock slopes continue to age and become more
unstable and earthen dams are subjected to ever increasing flood events, a more proactive
management system is required in order to provide timely information to planners and
emergency personnel on demand. In recent years, fatalities have occurred associated with
both highway rock slides and earthen dams failures in Southwestern Virginia. By
producing a "geologic hazards" map for Southwestern Virginia, critical information
concerning highway rock slopes and dams will be readily available. GIS-type applications
are the ideal tool for this necessity.

We believe state agencies will find this a useful tool once a prototype is developed.
Agencies that will benefit from such a computer model are the Virginia Department of
Emergency Services, the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, the Virginia Department
of Transportation, and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. GIS-type
applications are repeatedly proving to be on the cutting edge of geologic data management
systems.

THE OLD LEAD MINES AREA IN WYTHE COUNTY, VIRGINIA? A TREASURE TROVE OF
GEOHISTORICAL RESOURCES. Robert C. Whlsonant, Dept, of Geology, Radford
Univ. , Radford, VA 24142. Few Virginians seem aware of the rich cultural
heritage combining geology, geography, and human history afforded by the old
lead mines area in southern Wythe County. The lead deposits are part of a
Mississippi Valley-type, carbonate-hosted metallic sulfide belt in the Shady
Dolomite in the Great Valley just west of the Blue Ridge. Pre-Civil War
historic notes of interest includes opening of the lead mines in 1756 by
Col. John Chiswell; writing of the Fincastle Resolutions in 1775; birth of
Stephen F. Austin in 1793; and construction of the Shot Tower from 1807 to
1812. During the Civil War, 1861-1865, the Wythe County lead mines produced
virtually all of the Confederacy's domestic lead supply. Despite Union
threats in July 1863 and May 1864, the lead mines remained untouched until
December 1864, when Gen. George Stoneman's troops destroyed not only the
lead works, but salt and iron operations in the region as well. This same
raid also devastated the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, over which the
lead and other valuable materials moved. After the Civil War, the
Auetinville-Ivanhoe mines produced primarily zinc until final closure in
1981.

REVISING THE GEOLOGY CURRICULUM: A NEW COURSE IN EROSION AND SEDIMENT
CONTROL/ STORMWATER MANAGEMENT. Robert C. Whisonant . Dept, of Geology,

Radford Univ., Radford, VA 24142. The geology profession is changing rapidly
as environment-related jobs replace mineral extractive ones. College and
university geology curricula must change also or face extinction. Radford
University's geology program has long emphasized engineering geology, which
we broadly define to include hydrogeology and environmental geology as well
as other topics typically found in applied geology. I developed a new course
in erosion and sediment control/stormwater management to enhance our curric¬
ulum. Inspiration for the course came through my involvement as a technical
expert in a sediment injury case when I realized how poorly trained most
geologists are in this new field. The course was designed to provide senior-
level geology majors (or those in related fields) with training normally
found only in courses in civil engineering, agronomy, or landscape archi¬
tecture. The course involved a mix of lectures, classroom discussions of
reading assignments, problem solving, field trips, computer software
demonstrations, and interaction with guest professionals. A major written
research paper and oral presentation of that material were required as
"capstone" activities. Feedback from the students was very positive. They
seemed genuinely excited about their research projects and particularly about
participating in one of the few erosion and sediment control/stormwater
management courses taught in a geology department in the nation.

130

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOBOTANY OF A MAMMOTH-BEARING SITE, RUSSELL

COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Thomas A. Wynn and G. Richard Whittecar, Prog. Geological Sciences, Old
Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The Ratcliff Pleistocene Site lies in a first-order valley on the
north-western slope of Clinch Mountain that drains into Moccasin Creek. Preserved within the deposit
are mastodon bones, logs, pine cones, and other plant macrofossils. Radiocarbon analyses indicate the
age of the organic-rich sediments range from 29,100 BP to >44,000 BP, a time period with no fossil
remains reported in this region of the Appalachians. The stream which carved the valley was diverted
midway down the mountain by a large landslide, presumably before the Late Pleistocene. Debris flows
and other alluvial deposits from adjacent streams raised the valley bottom of Moccasin Creek and
dammed the abandoned lower valley. As much as 5.2 m of organic-rich sediments accumulated in the
hollow prior to 29,000 BP. Uniformly dark grey, this sediment consists of alternating layers of compact
silty clay and poorly sorted stoney silty clay. Sedimentation rates increase upward through the section
with radiocarbon dates from 0.009 cm/yr to 0.02 cm/yr to 0.05 cm/yr, probably due to increased
influence of debris flow deposition. After 29,000 BP, debris fan deposits from adjacent valleys buried the
site in nearly 5 m of pebbly colluvium.

Oldest sediments preserve plant remains of a boreal forest that became increasingly wet by
*35,000 yBP. By 29,000 yBP the site became boggy with grass and some open water areas.

ELEVATION AS A CONTROL ON THE FORMATION OF BOULDER STREAMS IN THE BLUE
RIDGE OF VIRGINIA. Marc D. Zamkotowicz and G. Richard Whittecar, Prog. Geological Sciences,
Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. Bouldery colluvium carpets the bottoms of high-altitude
valleys in the Blue Ridge Mountains from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Some of these deposits
contain tightly-wedged clasts with a sandy matrix that fills only the lower portions, often exhibit a
convex -upward cross-valley profile, and are continuous and relatively uniform masses that grade up-
valley into talus. Many workers now recognize these features as boulder streams (block streams)
formed by periglacial processes. If this periglacial hypothesis is correct, boulder streams with these
characteristics should be ubiquitous in small valleys above a critical elevation that rises to the south, a
gradient controlled by Pleistocene climates. Mapping in four study areas across Virginia with
relatively massive, crystalline rock types and with a variety of valley head elevations suggests that the
critical elevation for the formation of boulder streams increases to the south (approximate
latitude:: estimated critical elevation - 39.2°: :500 ft; 37.8°:: 1600 ft; 37.5°::2500 ft; 36.7°::4300 ft).
Initial analyses of clast orientation data indicate that high-angle tabular clasts, usually oriented
subparallel to the valley axis, are common in Virginia boulder streams. Such "vertical" clasts are a
very common feature in modern periglacial environments due to frost action. Thus all results of this
study support the periglacial hypothesis for boulder stream formation.

Materials Science

CONSTRAINED-FILM SINTERING OF GLASS. Jaecheol Bang and Guo-Quan Lu*, Dept, of Materials
Science and Engineering, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237. The
densification behavior and microstmctural evolution of constrained film were studied in a borosilicate glass
(BSG)+silica system because of their applications in microelectronic packaging technologies. Powder
packings with varying ratios of BSG to silica were prepared by casting powder + binder slurries into
freestanding films and films constrained on a rigid substrate. Sintering experiments were carried out in a
hot stage at temperatures between 715°C and 775°C. Optical techniques were developed for measuring the
densification rates of the free and constrained films, and in-plane stresses generated in the constrained-
sintering films. The densification rates measured in the constrained films were slower than those in the free
films. However, the substrate constraint had no effect on the activation energy of densification which was
found equal to 385 + 10 kJ/mol, the same for both free and constrained films. We also measured in-plane
stresses developed in a BSG film during its constrained sintering on a rigid substrate. The measured stresses
were tensile and rose rapidly from zero to a maximum level of 20 kPa during the initial stage of sintering
and gradually decreased to zero at the final stage; these stresses are considerably smaller than those
calculated from available microstmctural models. We believe that the stresses could have prevented a few
large pores from shrinking during the initial stage of sintering, which then leads to an overall lower density
and larger pores in the constrained film.

PROCEEDINGS

131

MEASUREMENT OF IN-PLANE STRESSES DURING THE SINTERING OF CONSTRAINED ZINC

OXTOE FILMS. Jesus Noel Calata & Guo-Quan Lu*, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Va.
Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237. Many microelectronics products such as
packages and substrates undergo constrained-film sintering during fabrication. Sintering of constrained
films not only leads to reduced densification but also to a buildup of in-plane stresses in the film. These
stresses can be particularly large in polycrystalline materials compared to amorphous materials due to the
absence of a fast relaxation mechanism. They can lead to defects in sintered products such as camber,
distortion and cracking. In this study, the in-plane stresses during the isothermal sintering of zinc oxide
powder films constrained on silicon were experimentally determined using an optical setup. In this
technique, the curvature of the constrained film was monitored using a position sensitive photodetector.
The results indicated stress levels an order of magnitude higher than those observed in constrained glass
films. The time-dependent stress profiles show a stress buildup during the early stage of sintering
corresponding to rapid densification. The stress then gradually decreases as the densification rate
decreases. There was a significant level of stress that remained after sintering. This behavior was observed
at all the sintering temperatures used. For the same relative density, the stress also decreased with
increasing sintering temperature which suggests a temperature dependence of the in-plane stresses.

Structure/Property relationships for a single tow ceramic matrix composite, RE. Cantonwine and
H.N.G. Wadley*, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. As an alternative to SiC monofila¬
ments, both 3M and UVa have investigated reinforcing metal matices with a lower cost AI2O3 tow
fiber (Nextel 610). To avoid the many difficulties of trying to uniformly distribute 10 (am fibers in
a metal matrix, a novel processing technique was developed. This technique involves “gluing” the
420 filaments of the AI2O3 tow together with a porous alumina binder. The result is a single tow
ceramic matrix composite (CMC) or AI2O3/AI2O3 hybrid fiber which may be coated with matrix
material via physical vapor deposition, tape casting or plasma spray deposition. Our current
objective is to fully understand the process/structure/property relationships of the AI2O3/AI2O3
hybrid fiber. The process involves infiltrating a single fiber tow with an alumina tape casting
slurry followed by a bum-off and sintering stage. The sintering was done at 1100 ®C for 10 hr.
which created a partially consolidated (i.e. porous) alumina binder. The volume fraction of fila¬
ments in the hybrid fiber were between 50 and 65%. Tensile tests were performed on both as-
received fiber tow and AI2O3/AI2O3 hybrid fiber. Ideal bundle theory models over-estimated the
tensile results and it is hypothesized that non-ideality in the tow (e g. misalignment) caused the
lower then predicted strengths. Initial observations indicated the load transfer was controlled by
the shear strength of the porous binder.

CONTROLLING THE FORMATION OF IRON-ZINC ALLOYS JN COMMERCIAL
GALV ANNEALED STEEL. ^Desmond C. Cook* and Richard G. Grant^, ^Dqjartment of Physics,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, and ^Department of Physics, Roanoke Collie,
Salem, VA 24153. Analyses of thirty commercially produced galvanneal, (Zn-Fe alloy), coatings on
steel have been completed using Mossbauer spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Scattering Mossbauer spectra were recorded in-situ using conversion electrons, (CEMS), to identify
the surface phases and re-emitted y-rays, (GMS) to identify all phases present in the coatings. The
measured phase fractions in each coating were compared with SEM metallographic cross-section
analysis, galvanneal production parameters and mechanical properties of the coatings. It has been
concluded that the zinc-rich Zeta phase forms only at low anneal temperatures less than 500°C. At
higher temperatures up to 550°C, the amount of Delta phase which forms, as well as its iron
concentration, increases. For anneal temperatures between 550°C and 600°C, the fractions of the
Gamma- 1 and Gamma phases increases at the expense of the Delta phase. #Supported in part by the
International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., grant ZM-403 and Virginia’s Center for
Innovative Technology, grant MAT MFG-95-0-130.

132

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

AN IMPROVED N-TYPE MATERIAL FOR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING DEVICES IN THE
(Bi2Te3)(Sb2Te3)(Sb2Se3) ALLOY SYSTEM. M. H. Ettenberg, W. A. lesser and F. D. Rosi*, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903. The pseudo¬
ternary alloy of (Bi2Te3)(Sb2Te3)(Sb2Se3) has been explored for over twenty-five years with little progress in
the figure of merit. The p-type alloy was established as (Bi2Te3)25(Sb2Te3)72(Sb2Se3)3 with Te as a dopant
and this produced material with a figure of merit of 3.4xlO'^/K. The n-type alloy was
(Bi2Te3)9o(Sb2Te3)5(Sb2Se3)5 doped with Sbl3 with a figure of merit of 3.2xl0'^/K. Increasing the
composition of Sb2Te3 in the alloy theoretically increases the figure of merit by lowering the lattice
contribution to the thermal conductivity, at the same time making the alloy more p-type in nature. Using
multiple dopants, Te and SbL, has permitted the creation of an n-type alloy with a single dopant because the
material is inherently a strong p-type material and the solubility of the dopants would be exceeded before
the optimum thermoelectric properties were reached. Using multiple dopants in this new alloy produces n-
type material with a figure of merit of 3.4x1 0'^/K. The present p-type material also benefits from the use of
multiple dopants, Te and Sbl3. Higher figure-of merit material has been achieved without precipitating
pure Te commonly found as a deleterious second phase in the p-type alloy. Using a combination of the two
dopants, figures of merit as high as 3.7xl0'^/K have been achieved in the p-type alloy.

FILM SYNTHESIS VIA DIRECTED VAPOR DEPOSITION. James F Groves and Haydn N.
G. Wadley*. Materials Science and Engineering Dept. Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
22903. Economic considerations are motivating the development of new, less expensive vapor
deposition processing technologies capable of beneficially manipulating process parameters
to create high quality thick and thin film microstructures. A directed vapor deposition (DVD)
technique has been invented and is now being explored as a potential thick or thin film synthe¬
sis tool. The technique exploits supersonic inert carrier gas jets in combination with electron
beam evaporation under low vacuum conditions (0.01-10 Torr) to atomically spray deposit a
potentially wide variety of monolithic and composite materials. The most important process¬
ing parameters that control deposition (the carrier gas velocity and the deposition chamber
pressure) have been identified, and their effect upon deposition efficiency for flat and fiber
substrates has begun to be systematically explored as the first step in a study of process-prop¬
erty relationships in the DVD system. A computational fluid dynamics model is being used in
combination with a kinetic theory of gases based vapor atom tracking model to help identify
the role of carrier gas dynamics in controlling adatom deposition efficiency, energy, distribu¬
tion, and angle and to assess the ability of the technique to manipulate other important process
parameters.

EVALUATION OF INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF FIBER REINFORCED^ POLYMER COMPOSITES
BY VIBRATION DAMPING. Weigun Gu*, Guo-Quan Lu’*, H. Felix Wu^*, and Stephan L. Kampe’*,
’Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polyteclinic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237, and ^Composites Innovation, Owens-Coming Science and Technology
Center, Granville, OH 43023. The mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites is largely
determined by adhesion at fiber-matrix interfaces. A fundamental understanding of the interfacial region
and a quantitative characterization of the level of interface adhesion can contribute to an evaluation of the
mechanical behavior and capabilities of composite materials. Among numerous techniques for interface
characterization, vibration damping method has attracted ever more attention, because it provides a
sensitive and nondestmctive detection of the interfacial region. The damping at the interfaces will therefore
enable us to quantify the interface adhesion. The technique mil facilitate the materials industry to rapidly
determine the mechanical properties of composites. In present research, a new optical system for measuring
vibration damping was introduced, and a model for evaluating the adhesion between fiber and matrix from
damping parameters was developed. A quantitative relationship between the dynamic (vibration damping)
and static (interfacial shear strength) adhesion measurements was established. The experiment data from
glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites with different interfacial treatment showed a good agreement
with the developed model.

PROCEEDINGS

133

TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF CROSS-PLY BLACKGLAS™ CMC’S. Rebecca K. Herrmann*.
Stephen L. Kampe* and William A Curtin*, Materials Science and Engineering Department,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The tensile
behavior of a symmetric cross-ply Blachglas^"^ ceramic matrix composite (CMC) reinforced
with Nicalon fibers was observed. Initial observations of the composites showed significant
porosity and some cracking in the Blackglas™ samples. Fracture mirror measurements were
observed on the fi^acture surface of the fibers to determine the in- situ strength of the Nicalon
fibers. Resulting characteristic strength and Weibull modulus values combined with measured
fiber pullout lengths were then used to determine material parameters such as the ultimate
tensile strength, strain to failure, work of pullout, shding distance at the characteristic strength,
and interfacial shear stress. Comparisons of measured and calculated ultimate tensile strengths
and strains to failure showed good agreement. This research was sponsored by the Naval
Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Dahlgren VA.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE CORROSION PRODUCTS ON THREE WEATHERING
STEEL SAMPLES USING IN-SITU MOSSBAUER ANALYSIS. Sei Jin Oh and D C.
COOK, Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529.

The atmospheric corrosion products formed on the three samples of weathering steel,
have been identified using Mossbauer spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The three
samples were exposed to the atmosphere for times between 1 1 -29 years in two different
industrial environments (one in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. and the another in
Amagasaki, Japan). The scattering Mossbauer spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction were
used to analyze the iron oxide phases while they remained intact of the steel substrate.
The coatings on the three samples were found to be very similar, with each containing
a large fraction (>80%), of y-FeOOH (lepidocrocite), and a smaller fraction (-15%), of
a-FeOOH (goethite). Two samples contained a very small amount (3%), of Y-Fe203
(maghemite) No P-FeOOH (akaganeite) was not found in the corrosion products. The
result suggest that, due to the similar fractions of the iron oxide phases in each corrosion
coating, the three samples had reached phase stability and that weathering steel
probably does not undergo any appreciable weathering after 1 1 years with exposure .

THE CREEP BEHAVIOR OF TI-6242S/SCS-6 CONTINUOUS FIBER COMPOSITES AT
600°C. Dana T. Russell and H.N.G. Wadley*, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ.
of Va, Charlottesville, VA 22903. The longitudinal creep behavior of a Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-
0.1 Si (wt%) matrix unidirectionally reinforced with about 40 vol% silicon carbide (SCS-6) fibers
fabricated by plasma-spray deposition has been experimentally investigated and compared to a
recent creep rupture model. The Ti-6242S/SCS-6 creep response has been measured at 600°C in
argon at stresses ranging from 759 to 1112 MPa. The composite rupture life followed the trend of
the creep model (exhibiting a decreasing life with increasing applied stress) but exhibited a 275
MPa strength degradation relative to the model prediction. Modifications of the creep model to
account for the effects of 1) thermal residual axial stresses in the matrix and the fibers, 2) matrix
transient creep and 3) pre-existing fiber fractures and fiber bending stresses (observed metallo-
graphically) were investigated to explain this strength loss. Only the latter contribution had a sig¬
nificant effect on the creep rupture life and the best correlation with the data was obtained
assuming 50 breaks per meter of fiber which was similar to the effective number of fractures
observed in the as-consolidated composites. The creep response of the Ti-6242S/SCS-6 compos¬
ites was therefore found to be dependent on processing damage.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PROCESSING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS CONTAINING DISPLACEMENT

REACTION PRODUCTS. M, T. Stawow. A. O. Aning and S. L. Kampe, Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia, 2406 1 . The use of aluminum alloys at high temperatures requires the
use of dispersion strengthening as the primary strengthening mechanism. Historically,
mechanical alloying (MA), followed by powder metallurgy consolidation techniques, has
been used to produce dispersion strengthened aluminum alloys. In that case, surface oxides
or other oxides added to the powder mixture are primarily responsible for strengthening. In
this study, composite powders of aluminum - (1-20 mol%) Fe203 were first produced using
MA. A “thermite-type” displacement reaction, which leads to the formation of the
dispersoids of AI2O3, Alj3Fe4 and AlFe, was initiated in two different ways. The reaction
was triggered in the mill by prolonged milling, or the premilled powders were annealed to
produce the dispersoids. Dispersoid size formed in this manner depended on the MA
milling conditions. Longer milling times resulted in a reduction of the reaction product size.

ATOMISTIC SIMULATION OF DEFECTS IN INTERMETALLICS. Christophe Vailhe and
Diana Farkas, Dept, of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
24061-0237. Although aluminides with the B2 crystal structure have good properties for high
temperature applications, the strong ordered bonds that make them durable at high
temperature also make them too brittle at room temperature for industrial fabrication. In order
to better understand this lack of ductility, molecular statics simulations of planar fault defects
and dislocation core structures were conducted in a series of B2 aluminides with increasing
ordering energy (FeAl, NiAl, CoAl). As the cohesive energy increases from FeAl to CoAl,
antiphase boundary and unstable stacking fault energies increase resulting in more constricted
dislocation core spreadings. This constriction of the cores decreases the mobility of dislocation
with planar core structures and increases the mobility of dislocations with non-planar cores.
The simulation results in NiAl were compared with in-situ straining observations of dislocation
motions. Both in-situ observations and atomistic simulations agreed on the zig-zag shape of the
<100> dislocation with an average screw orientation. In this configuration, the mobility of the
dislocation is severely reduced.

Medical Science

DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CB1 CANNABINOID RECEPTOR mRNA IN THP-1 MACROPHAGE¬
LIKE CELLS. Douglas L Anders*. Denise A. Dove Pettit’*, Guy A. Cabral. Dept, of Microbiology and
Immunology, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. Cannabinoids, such as delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), exhibit a multiplicity of physiological effects such as anamnesis,
analgesia, and suppression of immune cell function. The recent identification of both neural (CB1) and
peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptor subtypes suggests a mechanism by which cannabinoids
mediate these diverse effects. The objective of this study was to apply a novel and highly sensitive
mutagenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (MRT-PCR) strategy for the definition of
differential cannabinoid receptor mRNA expression in immune cells. MRT-PCR allows for
discrimination of amplification of genomic DNA versus that of cDNA and for standardization for
relative quantities of mRNA using genomic DNA as an internal standard. Using this technique, mRNA
for CB1 was identified in human pre-monocytic THP-1 cells. Total RNA collected from interferon-
gamma (IFN-Y)-primed THP-1 cells, LPS-activated THP-1 cells, or THP-1 cells simultaneously exposed
to IFN-y and LPS, was subjected to MRT-PCR and results were compared with those obtained for
untreated THP-1 cells. Analysis of amplification products indicated that IFN-y and LPS treatment
alone reduced CB1 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, the reduction of CB1 mRNA was
maximal (>90%) when THP-1 cells were treated with IFN-y plus LPS. These results suggest that CB1
receptor mRNA expression in THP-1 macrophage-like cells is modulated during macrophage
progression to full activation. Supported by NIH awards DA05832, DA09158, and ’T32 DA07027.

PROCEEDINGS

135

CHARACTERISTICS OF NICOTINE'S DISCRIMINITIVE STIMULUS IN C57/BLACK 6 MICE, David
Arthur. Stephen Varvel, Lori Karan, J. Randy James, and John A. Rosecrans, Dept, of Pharmac., Va.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298-0613. Previous research conducted in this and other laboratories
has examined the role of genetic factors in determining sensitivity to nicotine in a variety of behavioral and
physiological measures the rat. More recent research further indicates that genetic factors can also influence
the level of sensitivity to nicotine when serving as a discriminative stimulus (DS) in different rat strains.
However, there has been little work examining the influence of genotype on the DS properties of nicotine in
mice, a species that has played a major role to understanding the relationship between genetics and nicotine's
pharmacological effects. To further our understanding of the role genetics and the ability of nicotine to exert
DS control of behavior in the mouse, a group of C57BL/6 mice was trained to discriminate 0.4mg/kg (-)nicotine
from saline using a two-lever operant procedure. Nicotine's DS in C57BL/6 mice appears to be similar to that
generated in the rat. Results from behavioral tests with other drugs indicated that (+)amphetamine exhibited
a partial generalization while (-i-)nicotine fully generalized with nicotine. Tests of antagonism with
mecamylamine and scopolamine further showed the cholinergic specificity of the nicotine DS in the mouse;
mecamylamine but not scopolamine did completely antagonize the nicotine DS. This work lays the groundwork
for future comparisons of different mouse strains' sensitivities to nicotine's DS as well as using this behavioral
model to search for new nicotinic-acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) agonists and antagonists. (NIDA grant
DA-00183)

CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-DEPENDENT KINASES HAVE DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF MORPHINE-TOLERANT MICE. Marissa A. Bernstein and
Sandra P. Welch, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth Univ.,
Richmond, VA 23298. Many studies suggest that phosphorylation plays a role in the
neuroplasticity associated with opioid tolerance. We examined the effect of inhibiting cyclic
nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity in the brain or spinal cord of morphine-tolerant mice.
KT5720, a cAMP-dej^ndent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, or KT5823, a cGMP-dependent
protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor, was centrally administered in morphine-tolerant and placebo-
treated mice prior to a systemically administered challenge dose of morphine, KT5720
administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) completely reversed morphine tolerance in the tail-
flick assay; KT5823 had no effect on morphine via this route. When either of these compounds
was administered intrathecally (i.t.), the activity of morphine was greatly diminished in the
tolerant animals, with no effect on morphine antinociception in the placebo group. Upregulation
of PKA activity in the brain may be critical to the expression of tolerance to the antinociceptive
effects of morphine. In the spinal cord, however, the activity of cyclic nucleotide-dependent
protein kinases, and possibly their substrate proteins, may be affected by chronic morphine
exposure such that inhibition of these kinases produces hyperalgesia. (Supported by NIDA grants
DA07027, DA00186, DA06031.)

ETHANOL-LIKE DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL
ALKYLBENZENE SOLVENTS. Scott E. Bowen, M. Tokarz and R.L. Balster. Dept, of
Pharmacology & Toxicology, Med. Col. of Va., Richmond, VA 23298-0613. It has been
hypothesized that abused solvents may have behavioral and pharmacological effects that are similar
to those of abused depressant drugs such as barbiturates and ethanol. Drug discrimination
procedures have been used previously in our laboratories to access the perception of several of
these inhalant effects in laboratory animals. In an attempt to further clarify these discrimination
effects, the present experiment was designed to compare the discriminative stimulus effects of
ethanol (ETOH) and several volatile alkylbenzenes. Male albino mice were trained to discriminate
between i.p. injections of ETOH (1.25 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task in which
responding was under the control of a fixed-ratio 20 (FR20) schedule of food presentation.
Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to toluene (1000-6000
ppm), ethylbenzene (500-4000 ppm) and propylbenzene (500-4000 ppm). Concentration-related
increases in ETOH-lever responding were observed for all three volatile compounds with toluene
displaying the highest levels of ethanol-lever repsonding. Supported by NIDA grant DA-03 1 12
and DA-05670.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

A NOVEL CLASS OF COVALENT CROSS-LINKERS OF HEMCXiLOBIN SUBUNITS AS ENHANCERS
OF OXYGEN RELEASE. Telih Boviri and Donald J. Abraham, Dept, of Medicinal Chemistry, Va.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298-0540. The N-terminal amino region of hemoglobin (Hb) a
subunits was modeled, using GRID, with the aim of finding additional binding interactions after a Schiff base has
formed between the protein and an aldehyde molecule. The GRID carboxylate and hydroxyl probes identified
two sites for electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Monoaldehyde acids were modeled to form a Schiff
base with the Val la and a salt bridge with Arg 141a of the opposite subunit. It was envisioned that these
molecules would produce high affinity hemoglobins. X-ray analyses indicated that the molecules did bind as
modeled de novo in symmetry related pairs. However, all Hb-effector solutions exhibited right shift oxygen
dissociation curves opposite to that expected. It was hypothesized that the observed right shift was due to the
formation of a salt bridge between the carboxylate ion of the monoaldehyde and the guanidinium ion of Arg
141a of the opposite subunit. The salt bridge ties together the a subunits across the molecular symmetry axis and
as a result, shifts the allosteric equilibrium in favor of the T-state. To investigate this hypothesis a series of
bisaldehydes with varying chain lengths were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as allosteric effectors of Hh.
X-ray analyses of all the bisaldehyde-Hb complexes revealed exclusive cross-links between Val la and Lys 99a
of the opposite chain. Even though the two Val la nitrogens are ideally spaced to form cross-links, the long
flexible bisaldehydes did not bind to this locale; they prefer to bind along cavity walls rather than span large open
spaces with few chances for interaction. The tighter the cross-link, the more stabilized the T-state and the
stronger the allosteric effect that is produced. The cross-linked hemoglobins retain cooperativity, exhibit low
oxygen affinity, and may be potential candidates for use as cell-free Hb based blood substitutes.

PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF GLYCOPROTEINS FROM NAEGLERIA FOWLERI. Timothy M.
Breeden. Dept, of Chem., FI. State Univ., Tallahassee, FI. 32306, & F. M. Cabral, Dept, of
Micro, and Immunol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. The genus
Naegleria is comprised of a distinctive group of free-living amebae found in soil and
freshwater lakes and ponds. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species have been
identified but only one species, Naegleria fowleri. has been isolated from infected human
patients. fowleri is the causative agent of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
(PAME); a rapidly fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Membrane
proteins (specifically surface glycoproteins) are under investigation because they may
play a role in pathogenicity by mediating recognition, attachment and invasion. Surface
proteins of highly pathogenic R fowleri may function to resist complement mediated-
lysis. The present study was undertaken to identify possible virulence factors associated
with the highly pathogenic strain of N. fowleri. LEEmp. Membrane proteins from LEEmp
were partially purified using preparative SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The fractions
of interest (42-46 kDa) were pooled and concentrated. Lectin analysis and 2D SDS-
PAGE gel electrophoresis were used to characterize these protein(s). (Supported in part
by grant J-294 from the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust,
Richmond, Va.)

SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI: SEQUENCE OF A PUTATIVE FEMALE-SPECIFIC
cDNA. Catherine Cardullo, Suzanne Wirth* & Maryanne Simurda. Biol. Dept.,
Washington & Lee Univ., Lexington, VA 24450. A clone isolated from the female-
specific cDNA derived by the subtractive hybridization with male mRNA of the
adult worm, S. mansoni, has been analyzed. By restriction enzyme mapping, this
cDNA, designated 4.28, is 660 base pairs. From the partial cDNA sequence data
obtained to date and potential open reading frame this cDNA encodes a 128 amino
acid protein.

PROCEEDINGS

137

ISOLATION OF PDGF-a MRNA IN INTIMAL CELLS FOLLOWING ANGIOPLASTY BY IN
SITU POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. Aubri L. Charboneau , Gary L. Brown & Kathryn
E. Loesser, Dept, of Bio!., Mary Washington CoL, Fredericksburg, VA. 22401 . The exact
mechanism for development of atherosclerosis has not been determined, although
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-a), is thought to play an important role in this
process by acting as a chemotactic factor attracting smooth muscle cells to the intima
and stimulating them to divide. Recent discoveries have shown that
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) attenuates the progression of the proliferative responses
thought to be involved in the restenosis and atherosclerosis process. The specific aim of
this project was to show that DHEA attenuates the proliferative events in restenosis by
inhibiting the expression of PDGF-a, and therefore inhibiting the atherogenic actions of
PDGF-a. This theory was tested by localizing the mRNA for PDGF-o in the cell following
treatment with DHEA. I proposed that there would be a reduced expression of mRNA for
PDGF-o in animals treated with DHEA. The results of this experiment show that 100% of
the sections in the high DHEA treated group had no PDGF-a expression and 100% of the
control (no DHEA) treated group showed significant presence of PDGF-a mRNA in the
intima. Therfore DHEA could prove very beneficial in reducing the incidence of restenosis
after angioplasty in the future.

EVALUATION OF ASIAN PLANT EXTRACT MATERIALS AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC
AGENTS AGMmTACANTHAMOEBA. Dan-MvT. Chu. D. Toney*, F. Marciano-Cabral, Dept. Micro.
& Immunol., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298, «fe H. Miles*, Dept, of Chem., Univ. of
Central FI., Orlando, FI. 32816. Members of the g&nns Acanthamoeba are pathogens which cause amebic
keratitis and Granulomatous Amebic Encephahtis (GAE). GAE generally occurs in immunosuppressed
and chronically ill individuals. Amebic keratitis can occur in healthy individuals who injure the cornea and
are exposed to Acanthamoeba. Acanthamoeba infections are difficult to treat because the amebae encyst
in tissues. We have evaluated empirically, 1(X) extracts derived from flowers, stems, leaves, roots, or whole
plants obtained from Southeast Asia for amebicidal activity against 3 species oi Acanthamoeba. Plants
were extracted with methanol to obtain a polar fraction, designated fraction B, or with methylene chloride
to obtain a nonpolar fraction, designated fraction A. Extracts were incubated vdth ^H-uridine labeled
amebae and the release of radiolabel was used an an index of lysis. Of the 100 plants tested, three
contained natural constituents which exhibited amebicidal activity or growth inhibitory activity in vitro.
Plant extracts, 29B and 74A, lys&d Acanthamoeba but 29A and 74B were ineffective. Extract 75A did not
lyse the amebae but exhibited growth inhibitory activity. Further purification of plant extracts are
necessary to identify the active amebicial components.

CANNABINOID ANTAGONIST PRECIPITATES WITHDRAWAL IN MICE AFTER
CHRONIC CANNABINOID EXPOSURE. S. Cook and B. Martin, Dept, of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Med. CoL of Va.-Va Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va 23298. The existence
of physical withdrawal development to cannabinoids has been difficult to establish especially
because cannabinoids have such a long half-life. The recently characterized cannabinoid
antagonist, SR141716A (SR), has been used to precipitate withdrawal in rats chronically
treated with A9-THC. Precipitated withdrawal behaviors include tremors, facial rubbing, and
hyperactivity. Based on our hypothesis that SR will precipitate withdrawal in mice chronically
treated with A9-THC, the objective of this study was to develop a mouse model for physical
dependence. A dose-response curve for SR was conducted first. Mice were treated with A9-
THC (B1 or vehicle s.c. for 6.5 d.. On day 7, various doses of SR or vehicle were

administered i.p. 4 hrs after the last A9-THC injection. Immediately following the SR delivery,
the mice were observed for 30 mins for unique and typical withdrawal behaviors. Using the
same protocol as above, mice were treated with different doses of A9-THC or vehicle
chronically and then challenged with an acute dose of SR (10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle.
Numerous withdrawal behaviors were observed in both experiments but paw tremors were the
most pronounced and dose-dependent with respect to increasing doses of antagonist and A9-
THC. In summary, SR precipitated withdrawal in mice chronically treated with A9-THC and
this observation is consistent with SR-induced precipitated withdrawal in rats. Supported by
NIDA grants DA07027 and DA03672.

138

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY-INDUCED LIMBIC EPILEPTOGENESIS: ANATOMICAL AND
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Douglas Coulter’'^', Azhar Rafiq’*, Melissa ShumatP^ Q-Z.
Gong^', Robert J. DeLorenzo’’, Bruce Lyeth^', Dept, of Neuro.\ Phys.^ and Neurosurg.®, VA.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. A major cause of remote symptomatic epilepsy in
young adults is traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mechanisms underlying this increased susceptibility are
unknown. To model a closed head TBI, adult rats were subjected to a moderate (2.0 atm) lateral fluid
percussion injury and studied 7-180 days post-injury. In physiological studies, hippocampal entorhinal
cortical (NEC) slices were prepared from TBI and sham-operated control animals and results compared
to an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy, pilocarpine-treated rats (PILO). Ipsilatera! HEC slices
prepared from TBI animals 1 week post-injury displayed stimulus-evoked afterdischarges which, after
^5 trains, developed into continuous epileptiform activity lasting > 30 min in > 50% slices. HEC
slices prepared 1, 2, and 6 months post-TBI showed greater excitability than control, but much less
than the 1 week post-TBI slices. Activity in contralateral TBI slices was similar to controls. PILO
slices were similarly hyperexcitable as seen in 1 week post-TBI slices. In anatomical studies, brains
were prepared for cresyl violet or Timm's stain. Both two month post-TBI and PILO animals showed
similar 20-30% cell loss in hippocampal CA3 and CAl areas. However, in hilus, TBI animals showed
35-40% while PILO animals showed 70-75% cell loss. Only PILO animals exhibited mossy fiber
sprouting into the inner molecular layer. This data suggests that TBI animals have a window of
increased susceptibility to epileptic activity which decreases over time. Supported by NIH grants NS-
32403 and P01 NS-25630 to DAC, and NS-29995 to BGL.

PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF NEW NICOTINIC ANALOGS AT THE a4p2
RECEPTOR. Kimberly R. Creasy. M. Imad Damaj, and Billy R. Martin. Department of
Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia,
Richmond, VA 23298. TTie predominant nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype
found in mamahan brain is a4P2 which therefore, may underlie several of the pharmacological
effects of (-)-nicotine. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of nicotine mediated
b^ this receptor subtype. Several novel nicotinic analogs were evaluated for receptor affinity
(^H-nicotine binding), pharmacological potency (antinociception and locomotor activity) and
current induction in Xenopus oocytes transfected with the a4j32 subunits. Our results indicate
that the analogs fall into one of three general categories: those similar to (-)-nicotine, such as
epibatidine and isonicotine, which bind well to nAChRs, have their behavioral effects blocked
by the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine and generate currents in oocytes injected with a4P2
mRNA; secondly those, such as lobeline and N-ethyLN-norisonicotine, which bind well, are not
blocked by mecamylamine and do not illicit currents; and finally those, such as the bridged
nicotine analogs and N-cyclopropylmethyl-N-nomicotine, which do not bind, yet produce
behavioral effects insensitive to mecamylamine and do not induce currents in oocytes. These
results suggest that binding affinity and sensitivity to mecamylamine are corequisites to a4P2
receptor subtype binding while agonists with different profiles may associate with other nicotinic
receptor subtypes. (Supported by PHS grant #DA-0527)

INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN MOUSE AND BOVINE MAMMARY CELL CULTURES. Sheila
E. Dawson & J. H. Herbein. Dept, of Dairy Sci., Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
20461. The capacity of mouse and bovine mammary cells to incorporate cis-9-octadecenoic (18:1),
9, 1 2-octadecadienoic (18:2), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (18:3), or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) into
cell lipids was evaluated at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 pM in the culture medium with 100 pM 18:0.
Fatty acid treatments were applied daily for 3 days to confluent cells on uncoated plastic petri plates.
Data for cellular fatty acid content were expressed as pg /mg protein. Mouse cells incorporated 18:1
and 18:2 to a greater extent than bovine cells; whereas, bovine cells incorporated 18:3 and CLA to a
greater extent than mouse cells. Inhibition of de novo synthesis of 16:0 and desaturation of 18:0 to
18:1 were proportional to extent of 18:3 or CLA uptake by mouse and bovine cells. Due to the
anticarcinogenic effects of CLA, which is a byproduct of ruminal biohydrogenation of 18:3 and 18:2,
enhancement of the CLA content of bovine milk fat is desirable. Data suggest that bovine milk with
increased 18.1, 18:3, and CLA content and decreased saturated fatty acid content can be produced if
the supply of these unsaturated fatty acids to the mammary gland are increased. The lack of CLA
uptake by mouse cells when CLA concentration in the medium was less than 100 pM suggests that
the capacity for enhancement of CLA content of milk of nonruminant species such as humans may
be limited. (Supported by a scholarship and operating funds from the John L. Pratt Animal Nutrition
Program, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.)

PROCEEDINGS

139

NICOTINE DISCRIMINATION IN RATS: CORRELATION WITH AFFINITY TO

NICOTINE RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN. Michael A. Dewev. Imad Damaj, John A.
Rosecrans, Billy R. Martin. Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298. Nicotine
serves as a discriminative stimulus in condtioning experiments. Using rat discrimination
model, we investigated the relationship between receptor affinity (^H-nicotine binding) and
pharmacological potency in nicotine-trained rats. Results were expressed as percent correct
lever presses (% Test). Nicotine agonists of diverse chemical structure and receptor
affinity were tested in this model Nicotine fully generalized in nicotine trained rats with an
ED50 of 0.1 mg/kg. Its effect was blocked by mecamylamine but not hexamethonium, a
peripheral nicotinic antagonist. These results suggest the involvement of central nicotinic
receptors in the nicotine cue. Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient was found (r =
0.991) between receptor affinity (Kj values) and pharmacological potency (ED50 value) in
nicotine-trained rats for various nicotine agonists tested. Our results suggest the
involvement of neuronal nicotinic receptors containing a4^2 subunits combination in
nicotine discrimination stimulus. . (Supported by PHS grant #DA-0527)

DELTA-9 THC ENHANCES THE BLOCKADE OF MECHANICAL NOCICEPTION BY
MORPHINE. Ken L. Fujimori, Sandra P. Welch and Forrest L. Smith. Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia/ '"Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298.
Morphine is one of most commonly used analgesic agents for pain management. However, in some
c^es morphine and other opiates used alone have been found to be ineffective in relieving chronic
pain and other forms of resistant pain. Furthermore, patients often require increasing doses of
morphine with long-term use, and high doses are associated with an increased incidence of
unacceptable side effects. Hie use of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as a therapeutic
analgesic agent has been limited because of its psychoactive side effects. However, several studies
indicate that inactive doses of THC can enhance the potency of morphine in tests of radiant heat
nociception. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that delta-9 THC enhances the potency
of morphine against mechanical nociception. Antinociception was tested using the Ugo Basile test
apparatus for mechanical nociception in the hind paw of Sprague Dawley rats. Simultaneous Lp.
administration of vehicle and morphine produced an ED50 value for morphine of 5.0 mg/kg.
Simultaneous administration THC (2 mg/kg) and morphine failed to significantly increase the ED50
value of morphine (ED50 2.6 m^g). However, a 60 minute pretreatment of THC (2 mg/kg)
produced an 8.9-fold increase in the potency of morphine (ED50 = ,44). Our result support the
potential value of combining THC and opiates for treating chronic or resistant pain. These data also
indicate the importance of time of exposure for the enhancement to occur. In the future we would
like study these drag combinations in the Freund’s adjuvant chronic pain model.

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS EFFECTS OF ANANDAMIDE AND METHYLATED
FLUOROANANDAMIDE IN A’^THC»TRAINED MONKEYS. Keith M. Golden. Jenny L.
Wiley, Raj K. Razdan*, and Billy R. Martin, Dept, of Pharmacol. & Toxicol, Va. Commonwealth
Univ., Richmond, VA 23298 and Organix, Inc., Woburn, MA. In previous research anandamide
has been shown to produce behavioral effects in mice characteristic of psychoactive cannabinoids
and to substitute for A^-THC in rat drug discrimination. However, anandamide has a more rapid
onset, lower potency, and a shorter duration of action than does A ’-THC. The present study
examined the discriminative stimulus effects of anandamide in rhesus monkeys trained to
discriminate A ’-THC from vehicle. Anandamide failed to produce reliable substitution for A’-
THC and did not reduce response rates at doses up to 10 mg/kg. In a second investigation, the
discriminative stimulus effects of methylated fluoroanandamide, a theoretically more stable form
of anandamide, were investigated. Methylated fluoroanandamide produced full dose-dependent
substitution for A ’-THC and caused no significant changes in response rates at doses up to 0.3
mg/kg. These results suggest that anandamide may have been metabolized before behaviorally
active concentrations could reach the brain and provide forther support for anandamide's role as
an endogenous cannabinoid ligand. (Supported by NIDA grants DA-03672 and DA-05488.)

140

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON EXTRANEURONAL LEVELS OF ASPARTATE AND GLUTAMATE IN
THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NA). Valerie E. Hite. Dept of Bio.VCU, Richmond, Va. 23284, &
Susan E. Robinson and Paul M. Kunko*, Dept of Pharm and Tox, VCU, 23298-0613. Excitatory
amino acids(EAA), glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP), occur in high concentrations in the brain
and exert powerful stimulatory effects on neuronal activity. Previous investigations indicate that
administration of cocaine increases ASP and GLU in the NA. The excitatory state associated with
cocaine could be related to the motor effects observed with the drug instead of the reward pathway
in the NA. Morphine has reinforcing effects similar to cocaine but does not increase locomotor
activity, therefore we hypothesized that if there is an increase in the EAA after morphine injection,
it is not precipitated by locomotor activity. Male rats were stereotaxically implanted with a guide
cannula in the region of the NA. Three treatment groups: saline (1 ml/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg),
and cocaine (30 mg/kg) were studied. A microdialysis probe collected neuronal fluid in 10 minute
fractions. Behavioral analysis was observed to quantify locomotor activity. Neurotransmitter analysis
was achieved via a gas chromatograph/mass selective detector. Data interpretations indicate no
statistically significant difference in behavioral analysis or the effects of morphine in EAA, ASP or
GLU. These results are based on a N=2 (within each treatment group), therefore, all results could not
be deemed statistically significant. Further analysis will be necessary to reach conclusive results.

BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO 1 , 1 , 1 -TRICHLOROETH ANE IN
MICE. Hendi:ee. E.. Jones and R.L. Balster, Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical
College of Va.-Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. Studies of prenatal exposure
to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) have focused on concentrations relevant to occupational use. Little
is known about in utero exposure to TCE concentrations subject to abuse. Previous experiments
have indicated that intermittent (8000 ppm for 60 min. 3 times/day)m utero exposure to TCE
produces a pattern of developmental and behavioral delays. In order to better characterize a
minimal exposure level necessary to produce behavioral teratology in offspring, dams were
exposed to either 0 ppm, 350 ppm, 2000 ppm or 4000 ppm TCE 3 times per day for 60 min.
during gestation days 12-17. No differences were seen in maternal weight gain, food
consumption or initial litter variables of gestation length, litter size, litter weight or sex ratio. Nor
were there differences between any of the TCE-exposed pups and sham-exposed pups on weight
gain, eye opening, pinnae detachment, incisor eruption, righting reflex, rooting reflex or grip
strength. Delays were observed between the TCE-exposed (4000 ppm) pups and sham-exposed
pups on the negative geotaxis task and the inverted screen test on postnatal days 8 and 9. These
data provide evidence for a concentration-effect relationship for the behavioral teratogenic effects
of TCE and establish minimal exposures necessary for these effects. Taken together with results
other studies, evidence is emerging that there may be severe risks associated with TCE abuse
during pregnancy. (Supported by NIDA grant DA031 12 and pre-doctoral fellowship DA05665).

INTERPRETATION OF THE DIVERSE ACTIVITY OF ALLOSTERIC MODIFIERS OF
HEMOGLOBIN ON THE BASIS OF X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS.
Jayashree A. Kurup and Donald J. Abraham, Dept. Of Medicinal Chemistry, Va.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. The gem-dimethyl substituent of RSR 4 and RSR 13,
potent allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin, was replaced by a methylene moiety, large cyclic and
branched hydrophobic substituents such as cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, isopropyl and

2.2- dimethylpropyl. The effect of these substituents on allosteric activity as measured by Pgo,
was correlated to the binding of these compounds to hemoglobin. The 3,5-dimethyl cyclopropyl
carboxylic acid proved to be the best effector. X-ray analysis revealed a single pair of symmetry
related binding sites for four of the six compounds studied in the central water cavity of
hemoglobin. The effectors stabilize the deoxy conformation of hemoglobin by making
interactions with three different subunits. These studies revealed that steric and entropic factors
govern the binding of these analogs to hemoglobin and determine the degree of biological
activity. No continuous electron density was observed for the des-methyl derivative or the bulky

2.2- dimethylpropyl analog.

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141

ANANDAMIDE-INDUCED HYPOTENSION IS MEDIATED VIA PERIPHERAL CB, RECEPTORS.

Kristy D. Lake. Karoly Varga*, and George Kunos*. Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, MCV-VCU,
Richmond, VA 23298-0613. Cannabinoids affect blood pressure and heart rate in animals and humans,
yet, relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms by which they produce these effects. Our
previous studies in urethane-anesthetized rats, showed that anandamide (ANA) and A^-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) elicit hypotension. We also have found that the magnitude of ANA-
induced hypotension is dependent on the basal intrinsic sympathetic tone. We investigated the target
site and mechanisms by which this hypotension is induced. Other research in our lab has indicated that
ANA acts at the synaptic terminals of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, most likely the presynaptic
membrane. To directly evaluate a presynaptic site of action, we utilized a tissue bath assay to measure
electically-evoked, vesicularly released ^H-noradrenaline (NA) from atria tissue. ANA and THC dose-
dependently (0.3-10 pM; p<0.05) attenuated the % fractional release of electrically-stimulated,
vesicularly released NA. This attenuation by ANA and THC was blocked by the CBi receptor
antagonist, SR141716A (1-10 pM). To further support our hypothesis that the CBi receptor is located
on the presynaptic terminals of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons, we looked for message for the
CBi receptor in the cell body located in the cervical sympathetic ganglia using RT-PCR. Gel analysis
of the cDNA to the CBi primers showed bands in the cervical ganglia which hybridized to a ^^P-labeled
probe for the CBi receptor. From these data we conclude that ANA activates CBi receptors located on
the presynaptic nerve terminals of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Activation of these CBi
receptors attenuates vesicularly released NA, resulting in hypotension. The discovery of cannabinoid
receptors in the periphery involved in sympathoinhibition provides an important starting point for further
therapeutic development for antihypertensive agents.

MALONALDEHYDE AFTER 24 AND 48 HOURS OF PRESERVATION IN RAT SMALL
BOWEL TRANSPLANTATION. K. L. Lewis. R. E. Sonnino, and R. Franson, Dept, of Biology,
Division of Pediatric Surgery, and Dept, of Biochemistry, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond,
VA 23298. Small bowel transplantation is important in the treatment of short bowel syndrome
in children; however, at the present time its use is limited. One problem is due to poor organ
preservation and reperfusion injury during the transplantation. The long term objective of this
project is to determine if prolonged storage of the viable small bowel in a solution known as UW
(University of Wisconsin) prior to the transplantation is possible. The aim of this study centers
around developing the appropriate solution to increase the time span for preservation of the small
bowel before transplantation to 48 hours. In each experiment of our study, a MDA assay was run
on each animal's blood sample and the UW solution that the bowel had been preserved in to
establish a correlation between MDA levels and tissue injury. It was shown that storage does have
some effects on MDA levels in the UW solution, used to store the bowel (preservation) before
transplantation. It was also concluded that sites four through seven were probably segments that
should be used in the transplantation procedures.

Ellagic Acid a Dietary Anticarcinogenic Phytochemical Does Not Protect Against Dermal
Benzo(a)pyrene Induced Humoral Immune Suppression. G. Craig Llewellyn and Kimber L. White
Jr, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Med. Col. of Va., Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA
23298. Suppression of immune function by environmental contaminants has been well documented. Among
these contaminants are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a prototypical
PAH, selectively inhibits humoral immune function, i.e. antibody formation. Ellagic acid (EA) is a phenolic
compound isolated from fruits and nuts commonly found in the diet of humans. EA has been shown to protect
from many types of cancers induced by environmental contaminants, including BaP. The objective of these
studies was to evaluate potential protection from BaP-induced immunosuppression by EA. EA (30, 100, 300,
600, and 1000 mg/kg) administered daily to female B6C3F1 mice by oral gavage for 31 days did not affect IgM
or IgG production to ^e T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (sRBC). However, a dose-dependent increase
in hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity, a biomarker of EA exposure was observed. Oral EA (1000 mg/kg)
co-exposed for 29 days with dermal BaP (0.625, 2.5, 5, and 20 m^g) in female B6C3F1 mice did not alter the
BaP-induced suppression of the IgM response. Effects on the IgG response were inconclusive because the
characteristic B^-induced suppression not observed. In vitro evaluation of the T-dependent antibody response
by Mishell-Dutton assay (10 nM - 10 p.M) demonstrated dose-dependent increases in the antibody forming cell
(AFC) response. However, the increase did not reach the level of statistical significance. In vitro co-exposure
of EA (10 M-M) and BaP (10 nM - 10 pM) did not alter BaP-induced AFC suppression. Although EA has been
shown to protect from BaP-induced carcinogenesis, EA appears not to provide protection in vivo or in vitro
from BaP-induced suppression of the humoral immune response. Supported in part by NIEHS contract ESO
9522 and NIEHS training grant ESO 7087.

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The Potential Use of Lymphocyte Phenotype from Draining Lymph Nodes of Xenobiotic Exposed Animals in
Identifying Contact and Respiratory Sensitizers. T. Scott Manetz. A. E. Munson and B. Jean Meade*.
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Med. Col. of Va.A^CU, Richmond, VA. There remains a need to develop new
methods for detecting chemicals capable of inducing respiratory and dermal sensitization. Studies are underway to
investigate the potential use of flow cytometric analysis of draining lymph node memory B cell phenotype from
xenobiotic exposed animals to differentiate between the two types of senstitizers. Using a known respiratory
(Type I) sensitizer, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and contact (Type IV) sensitizer, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB),
phenotypic analysis was conducted on lymphocytes from animus following topical exposure to either xenobiotic
for 4 consecutive days. Doses for sensitization, the maximal nonirritating concentration (MNC) and minimal
irritating concentration (MIC), were identified based on an irritancy assay. The MNC and MIC for TDI were 1.0%
and 2.5%, respectively and for DNFB were 0.10% and 0.15%. Both chemicals induced lymph node cell
proliferation in the local lymph node assay (LENA). Antibodies to CD3, CD4, CDS, B220, IgG2a, IgM, and IgE
were used for phenotyping. Differentiation between Type I (antibody mediated) and Type IV (cell mediated)
hypersensitivity reactions could not be made based on these markers with one exception. The percent of IgE
positive cells represents a potential marker for distinguishing the two responses. TDI (2.5%) exposed animals
showed a four fold higher level of membrane IgE than DNFB (0.15%) exposed animals. In a time course study
phenotyping cells between 6 and 14 days following initial exposure, an increase in IgE positive cells began after
day 6, peaking on day 10. Based on these studies, it appears that phenotypic analysis of draining lymph node
memory B cells in xenobiotic exposed animals 10 days post initial exposure may serve as an indicator of test
article sensitizing potential. These studies were conducted at the Med. Col. of Va. Immunotoxicology Laboratory
under NIEHS Contract ES 05288.

ACUTE INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A’-THC INDUCES ANTINOCICEPTION
IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN INCREASE IN SPINAL DYNORPHIN A (1-17)
CONCENTRATION. David J. M^on and Dr. Sandra Welch, Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Medical College of VirginiaA^irginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
Virginia 2329. Dynorphin A (1-17) and the k, opiate receptor have been implicated as key
components in the production of A® - THC - induced spinal antinociception. Using a spinal
perfusion technique, the thoracolumbar cavity of male Sprague Dawley rats was rapidly perfused
and the eluting CSF collected from the open cisternal space in conjunction with an assessment of
tail - flick latency 3, 10, and 30 minutes post administration of , A® - THC, CP55,940 or DMSO
vehicle. Fractions collected 3 minutes post administration of A® - THC (300 pg) exhibited a 5 fold
increase in dynorphin A (1-17) levels in comparison to animals administered vehicle alone. A 12
fold increase was seen in spinal dynorphin levels 10 minutes post administration of 300 pg A® -
THC in comparison to animals receiving vehicle. Acute administration of CP55,940 (100 pg)
failed to increase spinal dynorphin levels. Dynorphin levels appeared unchanged 30 minutes post
administration of A® - THC (300 pg) in comparison to animus receiving vehicle. DMSO alone
failed to significantly alter tail - flick latency. A® - THC (300 pg) induced 58% MPE 10 minutes
post administration and 100% MPE 30 minutes post administration. A 100 pg dose of CP55,940
produced 100% MPE 10 minutes post administration. These data support a hypothesis suggesting
that the development of A® - THC - induced antinociception in the spinal cord involves the release
of the endogenous dynorphin A (1-17).

STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF HEMOGLOBIN-DRUG COMPLEXES. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
ALLOSTERIC MECHANISM. M. Carmen Moure. Donald J. Abraham, Dept. Of Medicinal Chemistry, Va.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. Allosteric effectors that stabilize the T (tense) state of hemoglobin
have been synthesized and their activities measured as P50 values. Allosteric activity cannot be explained
solely on the basis of their affinity binding constants. Previous crystallographic studies showed that these
effectors bind at the same site in the hemoglobin central water cavity. Interaction with the binding site
residue Lys99 has been proposed to contribute to the allosteric activity observed for the most potent
compounds. To prove this. X-ray data was collected to 2A resolution on complexes of hemoglobin with
different allosteric effectors, and the data refined using native hemoglobin coordinates. Electron density
maps showed additional binding sites in the central water cavity which were not observed previously for
the most potent members of the series. Our results suggest that the new sites could be contributing to
the increased allosteric activity by adding more constraints to the T state.

PROCEEDINGS

143

INTERLEUKIN-12 EXPRESSION DURING TUMOR GROWTH. D.W. Mullins and K.D.
Elgert. Dept, of Biol., Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406.
Cancerous tumors use a variety of mechanisms to evade detection and destruction by the
immune system, including production of elevated levels of inhibitory cytokines. Tumor-
derived signals dysregulate immune balance, leading to altered immune cell function and
compromised immune response to cancer. We have previously defined mechanisms by
which tumor-bearing host (TBH) macrophages (Mcj)) mediate immunosuppression, in part,
through increased production of cytokines which suppress T-cell responsiveness. Because
the M(j)-derived immunostimulatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) drives cell-mediated (ThI-
type) immune responses, and tumor growth compromises T-cell antitumor activities, we
studied whether murine fibrosarcoma growth altered M(j) IL-12 production. Using a novel IL-
12-responsive T-cell line (Kit225/K6), we developed a bioassay for active IL-12. We report
that tumor growth dysregulates Mcj) production of IL-12, which may partially explain tumor-
induced immunosuppression. Further, these results suggest new immunotherapic
approaches using IL-12 to reconstitute host antitumor responses. Supported by the Virginia
Academy of Science Small Projects Fund, the Virginia Tech Graduate Student Association,
and Sigma Xi.

EXPRESSION OF A CANNABINOID RECEPTOR USING THE SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS. John M.
OlsonL Denise A. Dove Pettit^ Douglas L. Anders, and Guy A. Cabral, Dept, of Microbiology and
Immunology, Medical Coll, of WAfVA Commonwealth Univ. Richmond, VA 23298-0678. Delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component in marijuana, has been shown to elicit
some of its effects through cannabinoid receptors CBl and CB2, found in the brain and the periphery,
respectively. Research in our laboratory has focused on the expression, isolation, and purification of these
receptors in order to provide insight into receptor ligand interactions. The Semliki Forest Virus gene
expression system is being used to express the human neural cannabinoid receptor, CBl. CBl cDNA was
sub-cloned from pSKCANR into the pSFV 1 expression vector creating pSFVl-CB 1 . RNA transcribed in
vitro from pSFVl-CBl was co-transfected into BHK-21 cells with pSFV-Helper2 RNA to generate SFV-
CBl recombinant virus particles. methionine was used for metabolic labeling of CBl -recombinant
virus-infected BHK-21 cells. Lysates of cells collected at various time points were separated by SDS-PAGE
and subjected to autoradiography and westem-immunobloting. Novel protein species with relative
molecular weights consistent with that for the CB 1 receptor based on extrapolation of the cDNA coding
sequence were observed. At later times (i.e., 15-20 h), larger molecular weight products were detected
which may either represent receptors coupled with G-proteins or receptor dimers. These results suggest that
the Semliki Forest Virus system may prove ideal for the production of preparative levels of CBl receptor.
Supported by NIH awards DA05832, DA09158, T32 AI07407‘, and T32 DA070271

CHARACTERIZATION OF ACUTE TOLERANCE TO NICOTINE-INDUCED
ANTINOCICEPTION IN MICE AFTER INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION. G.S. Patrick.
M.I.Damaj, B.R.Martin, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613. Acute tolerance to nicotine is believed to be a major
factor in the development of nicotine dependence. It has been previously shown that acute
tolerance develops to nicotine’s pharmacological effect after subcutaneous injection in mice. The
focus of this study was to investigate and characterize the development of acute tolerance to
nicotine-induced antinociception following intrathecal (i.t.) injection using the tail-flick test.
Using ICR mice, nicotine-induced antinociception was dose-dependent with an ED50 of
lOug/mouse. Acute tolerance developed to nicotine after preatreating mice with inactive doses of
i.t. nicotine. Tolerance peaked at 10 minutes after the pretreatment and dissipated 2 later.
Pretreatment with higher doses of nicotine significantly extended the tolerance time course.
Furthermore, acute tolerance to nicotine was blocked by an i.t. injection of mecamylamine, a
nicotinic antagonist, suggesting the involvement of neuronal nicotine receptors in this
phenomena. Finally, nicotinic agonists whose anitinociceptive effects are blocked by
mecamylamine, such as (+)-nicotine and epibatidine isomers, were found to be cross-tolerant to
nicotine. In contrast, compounds which are not sensitive to mecamylamine, such as (+)-bridged
nicotine and lobeline, showed no cross-tolerance to nicotine. Our data suggest that multiple
mechanisms are involved in the development of acute tolerance to nicotine. (Supported by DA-
0527)

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

2\ 3’-DIDEOXYINOSINE INHIBITS THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN FEMALE
B^C3F1 MICE BY TARGETING THE B LYMPHOCYTE. Kathleen E, Phillips* and Albert E.
Munson. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia
Commonweith University, Richmond, VA 23298. 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine (ddl) is a purine
nucleoside analogue currently being used for the treatment of HIV positive individuals and
patients with ADTS. Preliminary immunotoxicity studies have shown that a consequence of ddl
treatment in female B6C3F1 mice is the inhibition of the humoral immune response. These
studies were undertaken to investigate the immune cell target of ddl and to begin to determine the
mechanism of this toxicity. B6C>F1 mice were treated with 1000 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for
a treatment period of 28 days. The B lymphocyte was identified as the cellular target of ddl
through sep^ation-reconstitution experiments of the adherent and non-adherent cell populations
and of the T and B lymphocyte populations. These studies revealed a deficit in the ability of the
non-adherent cells from ddl-treated mice to mount a normal antibody response to sRBC. A
further separation of the non-adherent cells into T and B cells revealed a decreased ability of ddl-
treated B cells to develop specific humoral immunity. Additional studies were undertaken to
determine the mechanism by which ddl is affecting the B cell. Surface marker analysis to show
changes in the cell populations revealed no difference between vehicle and ddl-treated mice.
Proliferation of the B cells was also unaffected as shown by stimulation with LPS and anti-IgM
plus IL-4. These results indicate that the prim^ cellular target of ddl is the B lymphocyte and
that, although ddl does not affect proliferation, its mechanism of toxicity may be through
inhibition of differentiation and/or secretion in the B lymphocyte. Supported by NIH contract
ES 9522.

CLEARANCE OF GROWTH HORMONE FROM THE BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM
IN NEPHRECTOMIZED RATS. Kathleen P. Phillips. Dept, of Biol., Va.
Commonwealth Univ., Richm.ond, Va. 23284, & R.J. Krieg, Dept, of Anatomy, Va.
Corrimonvvcalth Univ/Mcdica! College of Va., Riehmond Va. 23284. Children with
kidney uibease have been jjliowii lu have iowei than noiinal giowih laies despite elevated
levels of GH circulating in the blood. Therefore, this experiment was designed to
measure the clearance of GH in a uraemic rat model. Male rats were made uraemic by
5/6 nephrectomy (NX). Two other groups of rats were studied: sham-operated fed ad
libitum (SH), and sham-operated pair-fed with nephrectomized rats (PF). Two weeks
after 5/6 Nx. blood samples were taken via intra-atrial catheters. For sampling,
octreatide was given to supress GH release, and then ratOH was injected and periodic
samples were taken. GH was measured in the plasm.a by radioimmunoassay.

Concentrati on of GH was plotted against time to generate clearance curves. There was
an increase in half-life of GH in NX rats as compared to both SH and PF rats. Further
studies with slightly altered designs are being performed to confer results.

BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INDUCED IN MALE ACCESSORY
SEX GLANDS BY 5-a-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE AND THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH
FACTOR. Ryan Phillips. Dept, of Chemistry, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22801,
& Derek Gingerich* and Treasure Sucheck, Dept, of Biol., Eastern Mennonite Univ.,
Harrisonburg, Va. 22801. The biochemical effects of 5-a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the
epidermal growth factor (EGF) on accessory sex gland tissue of male Swiss Webster mice were
analyzed. Groups of prepubescent mice were injected with 1 .0 mg of DHT and SOpg of EGF
for ten days. The anterior prostate and seminal vesicle were removed and weighed. The tissues
were homogenized. Soluble proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Polyamines were deriva-
tized with dabsyl chloride and separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
For the seminal vesicle and anterior prostate, DHT treatment significantly increased organ
weights above the control group, whereas EGF treatment slightly enhanced the organ weights.
For the seminal vesicle, DHT significantly increased the production of two proteins (10 kDa
and 16 kDa). DHT and EGF did not have significant effect on the polyamine levels relative
to the control group.

PROCEEDINGS

145

THE LAC REPRESSOR MOUSE. Heidi Scrablc. Dept, of Neuroscience, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908. The introduction of foreign genes and DNA
fragments into the genome of the mouse has led to the elucidation of the function of many
normal genes, and to an understanding of how mutations in particular genes disrupt
phenotype. The ability to introduce exogenous DNA sequences that code for either normal
or mutant gene products, however, has been limited so far to those which result in benign
or sub=lethal phenotypic changes. In an effort to circumvent problems that arise from the
unregulated expression of introduced sequences, we have been constructing a regulatable
transgenic system that is based on the lactose {lac) operon of E. coli. Like analogous
systems that use temperature sensitive mutations to study lethal mutations in bacteria and
lower eukaryotes, this system would allow the introduction and analysis of embryonic
lethal genes at the organismal level without compromising the viability of their host,
thereby greatly expanding the repertory of genes that can be altered and analyzed within the
context of an organism closely related to the human. We have succeeded in producing two
independent lines of homozygous lac repressor mice in which transgenes encoding the lac
repressor {laci) are transcriptionally active by altering either the genetic background or the
DNA sequence of lad itself. We are now ready to evaluate how well an experimental
transoperon can regulate gene expression in vivo.

EXPRESSION OF THE LAC REPRESSOR IN TRANSGENIC MICE. Wendy Siemon and
Heidi Scrable. Dept, of Neuroscience, Univ. of Va., Charlottesville, Va. 22908. The lac
repressor mouse is the key and final component of a system for regulating gene expression in
the mouse that is based on the lac operon of E. coli. The focus of this project was to acquire
detailed information about when and in which tissues and cell types the lac repressor is
expressed in homozygous mice transgenic for a gene encoding the repressor (lad) under the
control of the human B-actin promoter. Using Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted
from tissues of adult mice, we found ubiquitous expression of the transgene that ranged from
high (muscle, heart, and thyroid), to moderate (brain, testis, kidney, and spleen), to low (liver,
ovary, seminiferous tubules, and lung). We confirmed this result in adult tissues using a
combination of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), then extended
this assay to detect expression in single embryos from e7.5 to el2.5, and in neonatal tissues.
We found that the lac repressor is expressed in post-implantation embryos and in maternal
decidual cells, but not in extra-embryonic tissues, at all embryonic stages analyzed. We also
detected ubiquitous expression in neonatal tissues. These results establish a data bank of
information about expression that will allow us to evaluate and interpret how well the lac
repressor can regulate the expression of target genes in the transgenic mouse.

FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS (FDC) MAINTENANCE & RETENTION OF HIV INFECTIVITY. Beverlv
A. Smith. J. G. Tew, A. K. Szakal and G. F. Burton*. Dept, of Mic. & Immunol., Va. Commonwealth Univ.,
Richmond, Va. 23298. Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) results in large amounts of virus being
trapped on follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues. Active infection is
confined to these sites during the many years of clinical latency when the CD4+ T cell population declines prior to
AIDS. Recently, we have shown that FDC trapped HIV is infectious and that infection persists even in the presence
of a vast excess of neutralizing antibody. Since FDC retain conventional antigens in their native or unprocessed form
for many months, we reasoned that FDC may not only retain HIV but also may maintain HIV infectivity for long
periods. The objective of this present study was to determine how long FDC can retain HIV and maintain its
infectious nature. We have devised a murine model for in vivo trapping of HIV on FDC under physiological
conditions. Since the mouse is nonpermissive for HIV infection, no viral replication is possible in situ. Mice are
passively immunized with Ab to HIV and injected in several sites with virus to allow immune complex formation and
trapping on FDC in multiple draining lymph nodes. FDC bearing trapped HIV were isolated weekly. The amount
of virus trapping was determined by p24 ELISA and the ability of that virus to cause infection was tested by coculture
of the FDC with susceptible target cells. Infection was assessed by PCR for proviral DNA and by p24 production.
Preliminary results indicated that FDC trapped HIV maintained its infectious nature well beyond the period predicted
by in vivo half life studies on free virus in plasma. These data support our hypothesis that FDC retain HIV for long
periods and maintain infectivity. This finding may have important implications for design of intervention strategies
that can target this reservoir of infectious vims. (Support: NIAID Grant #32406 & MCV/VCU HIV/AIDS Center)

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

GONADAL STEROID REGULATION OF DENDRITIC MORPHOLOGY IN

PREGNANT RATS. G. Stafisso-Sandoz. C. Hearon, L. Keyser & C.H. Kinsley, Dept, of
Psych., Univ. Richmond, Va, 23173. A newly-parturient female must be capable of learning a
new repertoire of behaviors in order to adequately care for her offspring — learning in which
hippocampus (HI), a structure capable of hormone-induced plasticity during estrus (Wooley &
McEwen, J. Comp. Neurol., 336: 293-306; 1993), is involved. Pregnancy exposes a female to
similar hormones for significantly longer; thus, we examined whether the hormones of
pregnancy altered neurons of the CA 1 region of the HI. Virgin females were ovx and
sequentially-implanted with Silastic capsules containing progesterone and estradiol (11 days
and 10 days, respectively) or blank capsules. Brains were removed, Golgi-stained and the
primary branch of the apical dendrite of completely-stained HI-CAl neurons was traced with
oil-immersion at xl600 using Neurolucida. Dendritic spine density (# spines/10 um) was
increased in hormone-treated females. Unpublished research from our laboratory has found
that females with reproductive experience are capable of learning to run a maze better than
their nulliparous counterparts. Therefore, pregnancy may alter a population of neurons
relevant for maternal behavior-related learning.

MORPHINE DISRUPTION OF MA TERNAL BEHA VIOR: MEDIA TION THROUGH
REDUCTIONS OF C-FOS ACTIVATION G. Stafisso-Sandoz, D. Polley, W. Carpenter, B.
Holt, N. Jones, K.G. Lambert^ & C.H. Kinsley, Depts. of Psych., Univ. Richmond, VA, 23173
and ^ Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va, 23005. Morphine significantly impairs
maternal behavior (MB); Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, restores it. MB is associated with c-
fos expression in medial preoptic area (mPOA) of females. We examined the relative effects of
morphine and Naloxone on the expression of this immediate early gene product. On
postpartum day 5 or 6, females were injected with morphine or saline (Exp. 1), or
morphine+Naloxone or morphine+saline (Exp. 2) and placed back in the homecage, separated
from their pups by a wire-mesh partition. Sixty-minutes later processing for c-fos
immunohistochemistry commenced. The c-fos positive cells in a proscribed portion of mPOA
were then counted. Morphine-treated females had fewer c-fos cells in mPOA compared to
saline-treated females. Further, morphine+naloxone-treated females expressed more c-fos cells
compared to morphine+saline females. Morphine-treated females, therefore, may exhibit
reductions in MB because of relative opiate-induced inactivation of areas of the brain devoted
to the regulation of MB.

THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MALE ACCESSORY SEX GLAND PROTEINS INDUCED BY
5-a-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE. Treasure Sucheck, Nate Derstine*. Trent Hummel* and
Andrew Pennington*, Dept, of Biol., Eastern Mennonite Univ., Harrisonburg, Va. 22801. The
5-a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced proteins in male accessory sex glands (ASG) were
characterized. Prepubescent mice were injected with varying doses of DHT for 10 days. The
anterior prostate (AP) and seminal vesicle (SV) were removed and weighed. The tissues were
homogenized and soluble proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The SV and AP organ
weights increased with increasing DHT dose. The expression of two proteins, (16 kDa and
lOkDa) in the seminal vesicle and one protein (10 kDa) in the anterior prostate were influenced
by the dose of DHT. Protein sequence analysis identified the 16 kDa SV protein as being
“Seminal Vesicle Protein IV” (Chen et al.). The effect of endogenous testosterone on male
ASG proteins was studied as the mouse developed through puberty. The SV and AP were
removed and weighed from mice at the ages of 26, 30, 32, 24, 36, 40, 44, and 58 days. The
tissues were homogenized and the soluble proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The SV
and AP organ weights increased as the mouse went through puberty. The DHT induced
seminal vesicle proteins (10 kDa and 16 kDa) were expressed by the age of 40 days. The
DHT induced 10 kDa anterior prostate protein was not expressed by 58 days of age.

PROCEEDINGS

147

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEMENT RESISTANCE IN PATHOGENIC

NAEGLERIA FQWLERI AMOEBAE. D. Tonev*. D. Anders*, G. Cabral, F. Marciano-Cabral. Dept,
of Micro. & Immuno. and E. Westin*, Dept, of Med., Div. of Hematology and Oncology, Med. Col. of
VA/VCU, Richmond, VA 23298. Naegleria fowleri is the etiological agent of primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis, a fatal central nervous system disease. The ability of pathogenic R fowleri to evade
host immunity and resist complement-mediated lysis is believed to be an important determinant of
virulence. En^rmatic treatment of complement-resistant R fowleri increased susceptibihty to complement
implicating a cell surface protein in the mechanism of complement resistance. Regulatory proteins,
specifically CD59, have been shown to protect eukaryotic cells from complement-mediated destruction.
In the present study. Northern analyst and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
were employed to establish whether pathogenic N. fowleri possess CD59 homologous transcripts. Northern
analysis of R fowleri total RNA revealed the presence of a 2 kb RNA species which hybridized to a
human CD59 cDNA probe. RT-PCR employing degenerate oligonucleotide primers homologous to highly-
conserved sequences between human and rat CD59 resulted in the amplification of three products of 344,
241, and 147 basepairs from R fowleri RNA. Each of these products was cloned and subjected to DNA
sequence analysis. One clone, pMP18, containing the 344 bp product, possessed 43% nucleotide identity
and 26% amino acid identity with human CD59. Northern andysis of R fowleri RNA demonstrated that
pMP18 hybridized to a 2 kb RNA transcript suggesting that pMP18 may represent a Naegleria-specific
homolog to human CD59. (Supported in part by NIH grants AI-27807 and DA-05832).

NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS SURGERY: AN
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL. Anubha Tripathi. Chris Kyms* , Andrew Beaumont* and Anthony
Marmarou*, Dept, of Neurosurgery, Va. Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23298. The
leading source of morbidity and disability in cardiac surgeries is cerebral complication.

Although several clinical studies have reported post-operative neurological deficits associated
with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, only a few experimental laboratory studies have
attempted to duplicate the deficits in the laboratory setting. The present study focused on
developing a model for investigation of neurologic deficits occurring after cardiopulmonary
bypass surgery. The development of this model in the rat involved simulating the conditions
under which cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is performed in humans. The model was subjected
to conditions of hypothermia, hemodilution, and opening of the thoracic cavity with
simultaneous monitoring of various parameters including arterial blood pressure, brain and core
temperatures, sampling of blood gases, and EKG. This study establishes the feasibility for
developing a rodent model useful in research of cerebral insufficiency following cardiac bypass
operation.

A POSSIBLE PHOSPHATE AND THREONINE INTERACTION IN N-ASPARAGINE
GLYCOSYLATION: A MOLECULAR MODELING APPROACH. Catherine W.
White. Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Va Commonwealth
Univ., Richmond, VA 23298-0613. Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr (Xxx is any
amino acid except proline) is a necessary sequence for transfer
of an oligosaccharide from a dolichol pyrophosphate to the
asparagine nitrogen in a protein. Why a threonine or serine is
required has never been satisfactorily explained. Molecular
modeling was used to investigate the spacial possibility of
interaction between the alpha phosphate and the hydroxyl of the
threonine. This was done by comparing these distances with
Asn-Leu-Thr and Asn-Pro-Thr after minimizing energies. The
distance with the Leu peptide is 4.14A as compared to 7.97%.
with the Pro peptide, (Supported in part by USPH grant T32-DA-
07027. )

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ANTI-ESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS IN WINE. R.I.. Williams. Mark Elliott , Old Dominion
University Enological Research Facility, Dept, of Chem./Biochem., Old Dominion Univ.,
Norfolk, Va. 23529, & R. Perry, Division of Surgical Oncology, Dept, of Surgery, Eastern
Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va. 23508. Trans-resveratrol (trans-3,4’,5’-
trihydroxystilbene) has been described as a phytoalexin or anti-fungal agent in a variety of
grapes. It has also been described as a potent inhibitor of protein-tyrosine kinase. Based on the
structural similarity of this compound to the estrogenic agent diethylstilbestrol (DES), we have
initiated a study of the potential estrogenic activity of this compound. Our preliminary results
show that trans-resveratrol effectively binds to both the estrogen type I receptor as well as the
estrogen type II receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Using estrogen positive MCF-7
cells and estrogen negative MDA-231 cells, we have shown that trans-resveratrol is cytotoxic
in both cells lines. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of trans-resveratrol were 14.2 -t-/- 2.0
ug/ml for the MCF-7 cells and 10.5 +/- 2.4 ug/ml for MDA cells. Trans-resveratrol has recently
been described as a component in red wine. Based on the literature values of the levels of trans-
resveratrol in various red wines, we would suggest that moderate consumption of red wine(400
ml) would provide approximately 250-260 ug of this agent. Assuming a 20% absorption rate,
this volume of red wine should provide approximately 53 ug of trans-resveratrol to the
consumer. Although this concentration would not fall in the cytotoxic range, this amount of
trans-resveratrol may influence or antagonize estrogen binding and provide some beneficial
effects in areas such as breast cancer.

THE ISOLATION AND KINETICS OF POLYPHENOLOXIDASE. Armando Wyatt and H. Alan
Rowe, Department of Chemistry, Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is the enzyme responsible for the browning of fruit
Aromatic 1,2-di alcbhhls are oxidized and ultimately result in the production
of melanin. An isolation procedure for PPO from the South American cavendish
banana was developed and the kinetics of this enzyme was studied using
catechol and dopamine as substrates. The Km and Vmax for the enzymewith
these substrates were determined with crude and purified PPO. The enzyme
assay was optimized and the effects of non-aqueous solvents Initiated. Long
range plansinclude the use of this enzyme in organic synthesis reactions and
the comparison of the kinetics and structure of the PPO from this banana
with the multiple Sri Lankan varieties. Supported by CMR-NSU.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology

METALLOTHIONEIN IN MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS SPP. Arunsri C. Brown.
Patricia A. Pleban’*, and Andrew S. Gordon*, Dept, of Biol. Sci.,and *Dept. of
Chemistry., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va 23529. Synechococcus spp. are
abundant in oceanic ecosystems and are responsible for a significant fraction of
oceanic primary production. The levels of free cupric ion in surface seawater are
close to the toxic threshold for marine cyanobacteria. Therefore we are interested
in the interaction between marine Synechococcus and copper. Marine cyanobacteria
have previously been reported to produce metallothionein (mt) under cadmium and
zinc, but not copper, stress. Mt is believed to mediate metal detoxification. In this
study we found that copper can induce two strains of marine Synechococcus spp. to
produce < 10,000kDa (mt-like) protein within 2 hours of copper exposure. This is,
to our knowledge, the first report of mt induction by copper in marine Synechococcus
spp.

PROCEEDINGS

149

BEHAVIOR OF NAEGLERIA GRUBERI IN VISCOUS FLUIDS. Stenhen Gallik and A.

Moshos*5 Department of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA.
22401. The viscous drag experienced by cells crawling on solid surfaces is thought to be a
major physical force on the cell surface. Yet, we know very little about the effect of fluid
viscosity on the behavior of crawling cells. The principal objective of this study is to
determine the effect of fluid viscosity on the proliferation and viability of the freshwater/soil
protist Naegleria gruberi in preparation for future investigations on cell adhesion and move¬
ment. Series of flasks were seeded with N. gruberi cells at a density of 16,000 cells/cm^. The
culture medium was then changed to one of three media varying in viscosity: 0.8, 10 and 50
centipoise (cp). Viscosity of the culture medium was enhanced through the addition of
methylcellulose. Cell number and cell viability were determined at 24 hour intervals for a
period of 5 days. Methylcellulose-enhanced fluid viscosity of up to 50 cp had no effect on the
viability of these cells. The population doubling time for all three groups was approx. 12 hours.
Methylcellulose-enhanced fluid viscosity had a small effect on the population plateau density.
(Supported by a grant from Mary Washington College.)

THE ROLE OF PROHIBITIN IN BREAST CANCER. J.Keith McClung*. Eldon Jupe,
Robert DeirOrco. *Radford University, Radford VA 24142, Oklahoma Medical
Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104. Prohibitin is a putative tumor
suppressor gene, is an evolutionarily conserved with homologues isolated
from organisms ranging from yeast to man, is a gene with antiproliferative
activity in mammalian cells, is required for the proper development of
Drosophila, and is associated with the development of sporadic breast cancer.
Our preliminary studies using breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor
samples show that 80% of the sam|)les arc homozygous for one of the
prohibitin alleles, the B type. Preliminary structural and functional studies
also found a linkage between alterations in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)
of the prohibitin gene and the disease state. The inhibitory activity was
found to be in the 3’UTR and not in the protein coding region of the inRNA.
Breast cancer cell lines and breast tumors which were homozygous for the B
type allele were found to have mutations in this 3’UTR. In addition, these
mutants did inhibit growth in control cells using our microinjcction-bascd
growth assay. Therefore, the 3'UTR may be involved in the dcvclopmcjit of
breast cancer.

UNUSUAL RNA STRUCTURES ISOLATED FROM THE ARCHAE-
BACTERIUM SULFOLOBUS SOLFATARICUS. Sarika Z. Singh and Thomas O.
Sitz, Dept, of Biochem., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The examination of
30 Sulfolobus mRNA sequences in GeneBank did not find a Shine-Dalgarno
Sequence (-AGGAGGU-) or any consensus sequence complementary to the 3’-end
of 16S rRNA. How do ribosomes bind to mRNA in Sulfolobus? Are “cap like”
(GpppNp ) structures found in Sulfolobus RNA? Recently Sulfolobus has been
classified as an Eoc3rte, a microorganism more closely related to eucaryotes than
other archaebacteria. Whole cell RNA from Sulfolobus and yeast was digested
with 0.3N NaOH. The alkaline resistant fragments were isolated and radioactively
labeled by treatment with periodate followed by reduction with (3H)NaBH4. Both
RNA samples contained a possible “cap like” structure as characterized by
DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. A method using HPLC anion exchange
column chromatography was developed to characterize these unusual RNA
structures.

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Natural History & Biodiversity

TEMPORAL VARIATION IN SHREW ASSEMBLAGES: A PITFALL REMOVAL

STUDY. Charlene R. Couch and John F. Pagels, Dept, of Biology, VA Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA
23284. We examined temporal and spatial distribution of five species of shrews collected by the use of pitfall traps
with drift fences in five forest stands of different ages on Shenandoah Mountain, Virginia. All species, Sorex
cinereus. S. hoyi, S. fumeus. S. dispar and Blarina brevicauda. were collected in all stands. S, cinereus was most
abundant in all stands. Captures increased gradually from early spring with the exception of S. dispar, which was not
caught prior to July. Captures in all stands rose in late spring, particularly in the clearcut, and were highest in late
summer to early autumn. Captures of S, cinereus were greatest in August, while the remainder of the species peaked
in October. There were very few captures of any species during the coldest winter months. These temporal variations
in shrew captures illustrate the importance of selectively trapping in late spring and during late summer to early fall in
order to maximize trapping success.

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF AN ANURAN COMMUNITY AT FORT A. P. HILL,
VIRGINIA. Mark Dunaway. Barry Knisley, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland, VA
23005, and Joseph C. Mitchell, Dept, of Biol., Univ. Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. Habitat,
microhabitat, and seasonality were studied for nine species of anurans at seven sites at Fort A. P.
Hill, Caroline Co, VA from March to August, 1995. A spring (March to April) active group
included three species (R. palustris, B. amehcanus, P. crucifer) and a summer (May to
September) active group included the remaining six species {R. clamitans, R. catesbiana, R.
virgatipes, B. woodhousei, H. chrysoscelis, A. crepitans). Only R. clamitans, R. catesbiana and
A. crepitans had overlapping microhabitats during the same season. R. palustris moved from its
vocalizing microhabitat when R. virgatipes began calling. The two largest permanent ponds had
the most species (7 and 8) and small temporary ponds the fewest species (2-4). There was no
observed relationship between vegetation around the pond perimenter and the species'
distributions. Among species which co-occurred spatially and temporally, there were apparent
differences in microhabitat, diet, and predator defense mechanisms that may serve in niche
segregation within this anuran community.

CONSERVATION PLANNING FOR NATURAL AREAS IN THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH:
A COOPERATIVE VENTURE. Sandra Y. Erdle. Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Division of
Natural Heritage, 1500 E. Main St., Richmond, Va. 23219 & H. Clayton Bernick IIP, City of Virginia
Beach, Environmental Management Ctr., Virginia Beach, Va. 23456. An inventory of Virginia Beach,
by Dept, of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage revealed 77 rare plant species,
29 rare invertebrate species, 11 rare vertebrate species and 17 rare community types. A cooperative
venture between the Div. of Natural Heritage and the City of Virginia Beach resulted in conservation
planning for 11 identified high priority natural areas. Conservation planning integrates available
information for specific sites through an analysis of ecological information, land uses and stewardship
needs. A stress assessment, management and protection recommendations are compiled for natural
areas within refined conservation planning boundaries. This information is intended to facilitate planning
and land use decisions, to guide endeavors to actively protect natural diversity and to increase awareness
regarding regional biodiversity issues. (This project was funded in part, by the Va. Dept, of
Environmental Quality’s Coastal Resources Management Program, pursuant to a grant from the Nat.
Oceanic and Aunospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, under
the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. Additional frinds were provided by the City
of Virginia Beach.)

PROCEEDINGS

151

ARTHROPOD INHABITANTS OF THE PITCHERS OF NEPENTHES MIRABILIS FROM
FAR NORTH QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA. Norman J, Fashing. Dept, of Biology, Col. Of
William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. 23187. The genus Nepenthes, the eastern tropical pitcher
plant, contains about 80 species scattered throughout the tropics of the Old World. Members of
this genus are characterized by leaves with tips modified into pitchers designed to lure and trap
insects which are digested in the pitcher liquid. A number of arthropod species, primarily flies,
have adapted to live in the apparently inhospitable environment of the pitcher fluid. A sample of
thirty-nine pitchers from N. mirabihs collected near Weipa, Far North Queensland, Australia,
were found to contain species from seven arthropod families (numbers indicate percentage of
pitchers inhabited followed by mean relative abundance excluding mites): Insecta, Dipt era -
Ceratopogonidae {Dasyheleal sp., general saprophage, 89.7%, 0.5758), Sarcophagidae
(Sarcosolomonia papuensis, macrosaprophage, 33.3%, 0.0198), Phoridae {Megaselial sp.,
macrosaprophage, 20.5%, 0.0274), Culicidae {Tripteroides sp., microsaprophage, 92.7%,
0.3448), Cecidomyiidae {Lestodiplosisl sp., predator, 12.8%, 0.0237), Chironomidae
{PeiUaneural sp., top predator, 2.6%, 0.0086); Acarina, Astigmata - Histiostomatidae (Zwickia
sp. 1, macrosaprophage; Zwickia sp. 2, microsaprophage; Creutzeria sp., microsaprophage,
84.6%). Members of the genus Zwickia were found in 92.3% of the pitchers examined.

ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE UNITS OF THE LAUREL FORK AREA IN HIGHLAND COUNTY,
VIRGINIA: AN OVERVIEW. Gary P. Reming and William H. Moorhead, Va. Dept, of Conservation and
Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E. Main St., Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219.
Situated in northwestern Highland County, the Laurel Fork area is a high elevation region which supports several
significant natural communities and more than eighty occurrences of state-rare plants and animals. In 1994, DCR-
DNH entered into a cooperative agreement with the George Washington National Forest to classify, describe, and
map ecologically distinct landscape units of this area. Environmental, vegetation, and floristic data were gathered
from reconnaissance surveys and 50 permanent sampling plots, providing the basis for a classification of plant
communities. The community classification was then synthesized with information on geology, geomorphology,
soils, and land use history to produce an ecological land unit classification following methods developed by the
Forest Service. The Laurel Fork area straddles the boundary between two major ecoregional units, the Allegheny
Mountains and the Northern Ridge and Valley. The Allegheny Mountains barely enter Virginia and support
northern land types of relatively limited extent in the Commonwealth, while oak-ericad land types prevail over
the Ridge and Valley region. The final classification described 20 Landtype Phases, each more or less equating
to a plant association and its habitat. These units were mapped using field data and aerial photographic overlays.
This study provides practical tools for ecosystem-based land management, as well as methodologies which can be
applied to classify and map similar terrain in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests and beyond.

RECOVERY OF UNIONID MUSSELS IN THE NORTH FORK HOLSTON RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF
SALTVILLE, VA. William F. Henley and Richard J. Neves. Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321. The freshwater mussel fauna of the North Fork Holston River (NFHR)
downstream of Saltville, VA declined from at least 24 species, as observed in 1918 to 1 in 1974 possibly due to
mercury pollution. To determine the degree of recovery of mussels in the NFHR downstream of Saltville, VA 19
sites were surveyed using a snorkeling catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) method. At sites where investigator CPUE
values (no./h) equaled or exceeded 5 mussels/h, a CPUE survey was conducted along transect lines. If
investigator CPUE values equaled 10/h, a quadrat survey was also conducted on transects. Nine species of
mussels were observed in the NFHR, and reproduction, as indicated by the presence of juveniles, was noted at 5
sites. The number of mussels collected at sites, random CPUE (no./h), transect CPUE (no./h), and density
(no./0.25m^) was generally inversely correlated to total mercury content, but not methylmercury content, as
measured in Corbicula fluminea from proximate NFHRM sites. Random and transect CPUE (no./h) were found
to be poor predictors of site densities (no./0.25m9 and population estimates. Translocation recommendations for
the NFHR downstream of Saltville, VA were made based on multiple species aggregation, occurrence of multiple
age classes for multiple species, reproduction, and the distribution of total mercury for NFHRM 56.4, 53.2, and
13.5.

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PLOVER PARADISE: BARRIER ISLAND NESTING SURVEYS. Tp.ta Kain. 7083 Caffee
Creek Lane, Gloucester, Va. 23061. The hairier islands of Virginia comprise the most extensive
and suitable habitat for nesting activities of both the Piping (Charadrius melodus) and Wilson’s
(C. wilsonia) plovers in Virginia. From the time that the Piping Plover was listed as a threatened
species in 1986, the Va. Dept, of Game and Inland Fisheries have monitored nesting success of
these two species. Populations of both species have dipped precipitiously over the years, due to a
number of factors. Mammalian and avian predators, human disturbance to nesting birds, and
nesting habitat loss have all been major contributors to the species’ decline. The aieas of suitable
habitat on Cedar and Metompkin islands are examined and methods of monitoring ai’e explained.
An overview of other avian species that nest on the islands is also presented.

AN UPDATE OF RANEY’S 1950 ACCOUNT OF FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE
JAMES RIVER BASIN. Eugene G. Maurakis. Museum Scientist Dept., Science
Museum of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23220, and William S. Woolcott, Biology Dept.,
University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. Objectives are to provide a current list
(and prevailing nomenclature) of freshwater fishes in the James River basin, and update
discussions on the origin and relationships of the James River ichthyofauna, and the
distributions of fishes within the system. The James River drainage contains 108
freshwater species (59 genera) in 21 families of fishes (81 native and 27 introduced
species), including three endemics, two species (Notropis semperasper and Etheostoma
longimanum), and one subspecies {Percina notogramma montuosa). The Piedmont
contains the highest number (85) of species followed by Coastal Plain (75) and Montane
(67). The high number of native species in the James River is attributed to acquisition of
species from different origins and by different mechanisms. Phylogenetic relationships of
native fishes by family are required to test earlier hypotheses that the James River
drainage is more closely related to northern drainages (i.e., York and northward) than to
southern ones (i.e., Roanoke and southward).

ESTABLISHING AMPHIBIAN MONITORING SITES ON THREE MILITARY BASES AND TWO
NATIONAL PARKS IN VIRGINIA. Joseph C. Mitchell, Dept, of Biol. & School of
Continuing Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. The causes
of amphibian decline worldwide are many and varied, but stem from the fact
that these animals have dual life histories, aquatic and terrestrial. Two
environmental factors apparently contribute to amphibian decline in the mid-
Atlantic region, habitat loss and acid precipitation. Long-term monitoring
sites were established in Ft. Belvoir, Quantico Marine Corps Base and Prince
William Forest Park, Ft. A.P. Hill, and Shenandoah National Park in 1995.
Seven wetland sites were selected for study in the military bases, as were
three streams in Shenandoah National Park. I used two monitoring protocols
in the military bases, nighttime frog call surveys and larval surveys. Time
constrained searches and linear transects with m^ quadrants were used in the
mountain streams. Results to date reveal healthy populations of all species
expected for the sites. Nighttime call surveys combined with larval surveys
provide the most complete assessments of amphibian communities. Populations
of salamanders in a stream with the lowest pH had the highest species
diversity compared to other streams with higher pH values. Such information
on amphibian communities provides robust assessments of the quality of
wetland habitats that can be used by resource managers to make informed
decisions about activities that may affect these animals. [Funding provided
by the Legacy Resource Management Program of the US Dept, of Defense]

PROCEEDINGS

153

EFFECTS OF TIMBER HARVESTING ON PEAKS OF OTTER SALAMANDER {PLETHODON
HUBRICHTI) POPULTATIONS . Joseph C. Mitchell, Dept. of Biol., Univ. of
Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, Jill A. Wicknick* and Carl D. Anthony*, Dept,
of Biol., Univ. of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70402. The Peaks
of Otter salamander is endemic to a small portion of the Blue Ridge
Mountains of Virginia above 443 m elevation. Much of its range lies within
a high timber producing region in the George Washington- Jeff erson National
Forest. We studied 23 sites that received either different types of forest
management (clearcuts, shelterwood cuts) or were not recently logged.
Densities were determined by counting the number of surface active
salamanders in 1x50 m transects at night in wet weather. Densities are
highest in areas supporting mature hardwoods. Populations were reduced by
45-47% in clearcuts and 10-66% in shelterwood cuts, as compared to mature
sites. Variation in shelterwood cut densities were due to the number of
canopy trees left standing. We obtained data on prey consumed by stomach
flushing. We identified 94 9 prey from the stomachs of 80 salamanders from
20 sites. Ants and collembolans made up 54.5% of all prey items.
Salamanders in mature sites consumed significantly more soft-bodied prey
than in recent clearcuts and shelterwood cuts. Numbers of hard-bodied prey
did not differ among sites. Timber harvesting practices may not eliminate
this species but may diminish population densities and diet quality.

BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY IN EGG CAPSULE DEPOSITION OF THE MUD SNAIL ILYANASSA
OBSOLETA. Ronald S. Mollick. Dept, of Biol., Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, Va. 23606.
llyanassa obsoleta is abundant in both subtidal and intertidal regions of the York River. I hypothesized that
egg capsule deposition by intertidal snails would be interrupted and reduced on collecting devices by falling
tides in the field and on aquarium walls by tidal simulations in the laboratory. In the field, egg capsule
collection devices were placed in intertidal and subtidal areas in the spring of 1986 and 1987. Capsule
number, condition, and specific location on the device was noted after four weeks. In addition, snail density
near each device was assessed. In the laboratory, sets of 30 snails were placed in aquaria that simulated either
an intertidal or subtidal regime in the spring of each year and egg capsule number and location were assessed
after four weeks. Field results showed that snails preferred to deposit capsules subtidally and in areas on the
sampling devices which were closest to the substrate. This paralleled laboratory results. Collectively the
behavioral plasticity of the snail allowed it to adjust egg capsule deposition behavior so as to maximize
apparent survival of embryos.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN GROWTH OF THE TRICERATOPS NASAL HORN.
Christopher M. Morrow and John W. Haop. Natural Sciences and Mathematics Div.,

Shenandoah Univ., Winchester, VA 22601. An ontogenetic series of Triceratops nasal horncores
from the Hell Creek Formation are analyzed to clarify mode of growth. Morphologies of a rare
juvenile horn and a rare subadult horn are described for the first time. Comparisons are made
with adult nasal horncores. Triceratops nasal horncores are identified by laterally compressed
conical shape and epinasal ossification within the arch of an arcing vessel trace whose apex
bisects the frontal surface. The small juvenile horn maintains a cancellous surface with only few
vessel traces and beginning signs of epinasal ossification. The subadult horn has developed a
layer of compact bone over a spongy interior, deep vessel traces, and more pronounced epinasal
ossification. At bottom of both horns, a rugose basal suture is clear and distinct and shows major
and minor foramina as well as a positive medial V-groove that fits between paired nasals. Neither
juvenile horn nor subadult horn were permanently attached to a skull. The ossification process
that permanently locks the horn to the nasals begins after the horn is of mature size. Discovery of
basal sutures in juvenile and subadult horns confirms that the Triceratops nasal horn develops
from a separate center of ossification rather than from an outgrowth of the paired nasals as in
other Ceratopsidae. A bivariate log-log plot of basal length versus basal width of nasal horncores
indicates positive allometry. The rate of rostrocaudal growth exceeds that of lateral growth.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

THE WATER SHREW, SOREX PAITJSTRIS. AND ITS HABITAT IN VIRGINIA. John F.

Pagels, Leonard A. Smock, and Stephen H. Sklarew*. Dept, of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond,
VA 23284. The water shrew was first collected in Virginia in Bath County in 1972 and placed on Virginia's list of
endangered species in 1990. As part of a recovery effort, additional habitat has been identified and surveyed, and the
water shrew has been found at four additional localities, all in Highland County. All five sites are small, headwater
streams at an altitude above 900 m. Forest types were northern hardwood or northern hardwood and conifer. The
streams are characterized by a steep slope and a resulting geomorphology of primarily riffles with occasional pools.
The streams present a heterogeneous environment in terms of water depth, water velocity, substrate particle size and
the presence of woody debris. Channel bank areas, the critical habitat for the water shrew, are stable, vegetated,
frequently undercut and in direct contact with the stream water, providing the shrews with direct, protected access to
the stream. The streams harbor a diverse and abundant aquatic macroinvertebrate community, the primary food of the
shrews. (Supported by funds to J. Pagels from the Nongame and Endangered Species Program of the Virginia
Department of Game and Inland Fisheries)

FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF SEASONAL PONDS NEAR GRAFTON, YORK COUNTY,
VIRGINIA. Thomas J. Rawinski and Tresha S. White*, Va. Dept, of Conservation and
Recreation, Div. of Natural Heritage, Main Street Station, 1500 E, Main St., Suite 312,
Richmond, Va. 23219. Virginia’s most significant Coastal Plain seasonal ponds occur near
Grafton in York County. The purpose of our study was to document vegetation patterns within
and among ponds, leading to a better understanding of the ecological factors influencing
floristic diversity and rare species distributions. Transects consisting of permanent, contiguous
100 m^ plots were established across 35 ponds. Vascular plant species richness among 170
plots ranged from one to 39 taxa. Richness per pond ranged from 17 to 54 taxa, and the total
flora consisted of 124 taxa. Five major plant communities were classified, each reflecting
particular hydrologic conditions. Floristic diversity in a pond was largely a fiinction of the
number of communities present.Virginia’s only known extant populations of Fimbristylis
perpusilla sindLitsea aestivalis occur here. Ponds disturbed by logging or mowing contained
20 plant species rarely if ever found in undisturbed ponds. In 1995 only five of the 35 ponds
retained water past 28 June. Water levels are presently very high, and resampling in 1996 may
document longer periods of inundation and changes in community composition.

ARE PITCHER PLANTS A COMPETITIVE THREAT TO THE NEW JERSEY RUSH,
JUNCUS CAESARIENSIS COVILLE? Philip M. Sheridan, Dept, of Biol., Virginia
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284. The VA Dept. Of Conservation and
Recreation has suggested that a competitive interaction may occur between out-planted
Sarracenia pitcher plants and the New Jersey Rush. For interspecific competition to occur
there must be a shared, limiting resource and reduction of fitness in the presence of the
presumed competitor. Light and nutrient appear to be the main limiting resources to these
herbaceous species. Light is limited by shrub encroachment and not an interaction between
the two species. Two introductions of Sarracenia purpurea to New Jersey Rush bogs in
Caroline County, Virginia have resulted in increased fitness of both species. These results
may be explained by a commensal relationship in which Sarracenia supply limiting
nitrogen and phosphorus through prey capture in the insectivorous leaves.

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155

THE USE OF NATIVE WETLAND PLANTS IN HIGHWAY LANDSCAPES. Philip M.
Sheridan, Dept, of Biol., Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284. The main
function of highways is to transport goods and people from place to place. During the
1960’s this concept was enlarged to include beautification. Today highways may also
encompass biodiversity and be used as refuges and green corridors for native species. In
1983 I hypothesized that the addition of Sarracenia, Drosera, Vaccinium and Calopogon to
an exit ramp sphagnous seepage community near Fredericksburg, Virginia would fulfill this
role. All species have survived, flourished and spread and have received acclaim from both
the state highway department and interested naturalists. Amending of similar sites in the
coastal plain of Virginia may enhance the aesthetic aspects of our highways, educate the
public to the value of under-utilized native species and serve as backup sites for propagated
rare plant species.

PREDATORY IMPACT OF A WOLF SPIDER ON THE NORTHEASTERN BEACH TIGER
BEETLE. Tammy Stockett and Barry Knisley, Dept, of Biol., Randolph-Macon Col., Ashland,
VA 23005. Predation by the beach wolf spider, Arctosa littoralis on the Federally Threatened
Northeastern beach tiger beetle, Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis was studied at Flag Ponds Nature
Park, Calvert County, MD. Twelve night surveys (June through August) were conducted on
alternate 50 meter sections of the 1 500 meter shoreline to count numbers of spiders and beetles
and to record all predation events by the spiders. Beetles and spiders commonly co-occurred on
the beach from mid-June through August, with populations of both peaking in mid-July. Spiders
were more abundant on the middle beach and least abundant on the north beach (a newly
developed spit); beetles were most abundant on the south beach. Observed predation events by
A. littoralis included 18 amphipods, 12 ants, 12 C. dorsalis, and 13 other arthropods during the
12 twice-nightly surveys. In laboratory feeding trials, spiders fed readily on crickets and beetles,
but rarely on amphipods. We calculated an estimate (based on observed predation events and
numbers of spiders and beetles active each night) of at least 500 adults of C. d. dorsalis eaten by
spiders during the summer at this site.

HISTORICAL REVIEW AND DISTRIBUTIONAL STATUS OF CANEBRAKE RATTLE¬
SNAKE AND ITS HABITAT ON THE JAMES-YORK PENINSULA OF VIRGINIA.
Robert A. S. Wright , Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., 7188 Chapman
Drive, Hayes, VA. 23072.

Since February 1994, research has been undertaken to document
the historical range for canebrake rattlesnake on the James-York
Peninsula within portions of York County, and the Cities of
Hampton and Newport News. Extant populations have been correctly
identified as *’in critical need of protection" in this region.
The future for the canebrake, while "bleak", is not entirely
without hope, according to my research. Utilizing some novel as
well as standard investigative techniques, more than fifty new
reports (photographs, skins, eyewitness accounts, public records
etc.) document a more conclusive distributional range of sixty
square miles on the Peninsula. The causes of habitat loss are
quantified and discussed in this presentation; maps are shown to
depict areas for future conservation efforts.

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THE MEASUREMENT OF WATERFOWL DIVERSITY: A GUILD VERSUS A TAXONOMIC

APPROACH. J. C. Wilgenbusch. Dept, of Biol., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA 22030. The
relationship between species and guild diversity was examined for waterfowl utilizing a freshwater tidal
embayment of the Potomac River in southern Fairfax County, Virginia. From 1985 to presait,
waterfowl at four transects were counted twice each Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer. Birds were
identified to species and assigned to one of six feeding guilds. Cumulatively, over 50,000 individuals
birds were counted representing 29 genera and 47 species. Three species, two genera, and two guilds
represent 56, 66, and 81 percent respectively of the total number of individual birds counted. The
relationship between guild diversity and species diversity varied more seasonally than spatially. The
number of species per guild dramatically increased due to seasonal migration, however each transect
was differentially influenced by the seasonal influx. Although guild diversity and species diversity were
highly correlated, as the number of species per guild increased the reliability of guild diversity as a
surrogate for predicting species diversity decreased.

THE INFLUENCE OF WATER AVAILABILITY DURING INCUBATION OF CHELYDRA
SERPENTINA ON POST-HATCHING GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP. J. C. Wilgenbusch. Dept
of Biol ., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA 22030. The availability of water during incubation may
have profound influences on the life history of reptiles with flexible shelled eggs. Other than the risk of
lethal dehydration, Chelydra serpentina incubated on a dry substrate emerge from the ^ significantly
smaller than do hatchlings incubated on a wet substrate. Body size at hatching may influence the fitness
of an individual either directly (differential survivorship) or indirectly (differential growth). The fitness
consequences of variable body size due to the availability of water during incubation are dependent
upon the magnitude and the persistaice of the size differaitial caused by the availability of water during
mcubation. Wet and dry incubated Chelydra serpentina hatchlings were randomly assigned to a group
or a solitary tank. Approximately 150 days after hatching, the average body size of dry and wet
independently housed turtles coalesced. Survivorship among turtles housed in the group tanks was not
related to incubation condition, rather survivorship was more closely related to clutch. These results
indicate that the availability of water during incubation only temporarily influences the body size of
independently housed hatchling Chelydra serpentina and that size differences due to the availability of
water during incubation are less important than clutch related differences for survival in a group tank.

Psychology

AMERICAN VERSUS AFRICAN DIFFERENCES IN MATERNAL PERCEPTIONS OF
CHILDRENS’ PHYSICAL VERSUS EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING. R. Bhandari &

J. Pickens, Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.

A survey assessed maternal perceptions of childrens’ physical and emotional well-being, and was
administered to 60 mothers in the United States and 55 mothers in Tanzania. Mothers in Tanzania
rated physical factors about their children (nutrition, weight, height) as more important than
emotional factors, compared with American mothers. The importance of play was rated similarly by
mothers in both countries. Regression analysis showed that socio-economic status accounted for
9.3% of variation in physical well-being scores, 6.7% in temperament scores and 9.4% in mood
scores. Significant differences in Tanzanian versus American mothers’ rankings of emotional state,
social interaction and physical activity of their child were observed. More American mothers ranked
"emotional state of their child" as most important and "physical activity" as least important,
compared with Tanzanian mothers who rated "physical activity" as most important and who tended
to rate "social interactions" as least important. Future considerations for cross-cultural research on
parenting were discussed.

PROCEEDINGS

157

VIOLENCE IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS . J enni f er Bonney & Barbara
Winstead* Dept, of Psychology, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk,

Va. 23529. The study investigated verbal and physical violence in
relationships. 212 participants. The Conflict Tactics Scale,
Hendrick's Relationship Assessment Scale, Accommodation Scale
were administered. Participants were classified into the Exit,
Voice, Loyalty, or Neglect style of accommodation. Those
classified as Exit reported higher levels of self -generated
verbal abuse than the Neglect participants. The Never, Mild, and
Moderate levels of self and partner-generated verbal and
physical abuse were significantly related. No gender differences
for self-generated verbal or physical abuse or partner-generated
verbal abuse; however, females reported lower levels than males
of partner-generated physical abuse. Higher levels of
relationship satisfaction were significantly related to lower
levels of partner-generated verbal abuse. Those classified as
Voice or Loyalty reported higher levels of satisfaction than
those classified as Exit.

EFFECTS OF PARENTING STRESS ON PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION QUALITY
DURING THE MARSCHAK INTERACTION METHOD; A TASK ANALYSIS
S. Coffey and J. Pickens, Dept, of Psychology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807
This research investigated the effects of parenting stress on the interactions between parents and
their children during the Marschak Interaction Method (MIM). During the MIM, parents are asked
to perform a series of eight tasks with their children. This study examined interaction quality
ratings on two individual MIM tasks - the “Parent Separation” task and the “Child Looks in the
Mirror” task - and how behavior on these individual tasks were related to interaction quality
ratings for the entire MIM. This study also assessed if interaction quality ratings differed between
dyads where parents reported more versus less parenting stress on the Parental Stress Index (PSI).
Coding schemes were developed to rate parent-child interaction behavior quality for the overall
MIM and individual task performances. The results indicated that individual task ratings were
positively correlated with ratings on the overall MIM. Dyads where the parent reported less
parenting stress received more optimal ratings on each of the two tasks than dyads where the parent
reported more parenting stress.

THE EFFECTS OF TARGET AGE, SUBJECT AGE, AND MEMORY TYPE ON
ATTRIBUTIONS FOR MEMORY FAILURE. Michael Drew. Jennifer Harryn*,
Jennifer Ziemba*, Kelly Spickard*, Jason Young*, and Jane M. Berry*, Dept, of
Psychology, Univ. of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. This experiment
investigated the influence of target age, subject age, and memory type (short-term,
long-term, and very long-term) on attributions for other people's memory failures.
50 young (mean age= 20.64) and 49 old subjects (mean age= 70.71) read vignettes
describing memory failures of old or young target persons. Subjects judged causes
of failures by assigning percentage amounts to "lack of ability," "lack of effort,"
"task difficulty," and "other." MANOVA indicated that young subjects were
significantly more likely to attribute failures to task difficulty and confirmed the
double standard of failure attribution: Relative to failures of young targets, failures
of old targets were more likely to be attributed to ability and less likely to be
attributed to effort. As factor analysis indicated that memory type was not a salient
attributional factor, results do not support Parr and Siegert's (1993) conclusion that
the double standard is mediated by memory type.

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THE ACT OF REQUESTING PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK; ADDITIONAL
CONSIDERATIONS OF THE MOTIVATORS AND DETERRENTS. Brvan C. Hayes and
Debra A. Major*, Dept of Psych, Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va. 23529. The benefits of
feedback have been established for many years with feedback considered essential to performance,
adaptation to new environments, and is arguably one of the basic components of motivation.
However, organizational members often perceive that they receive less performance feedback than
is needed. Viewing feedback as a valuable resource to the individual, empirical evidence
demonstrates that individuals do actively seek feedback and has linked this behavior to acquisition
of knowledge and important outcomes to both the individual and organization. Several researchers
have offered empirically supported models of the factors believed to determine when a person will
and will not ask for performance feedback. Motivation to seek feedback comes from the benefits
that the feedback information provides. However, certain situational factors (e.g., presence of
third party observers) make overt request for feedback a risky act. These situational factors make
certain behaviors appear risky and potentially damaging to impressions. This paper builds on
existing models that predict when and how feedback seeking behavior (FSB) will take place. A
model is developed that includes influence processes missing in the existing models.

THE EFFECT OF UNRECOGNIZED MEAN SUBGROUP DIFFERENCES ON
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS. C. Anthony Macera and Robert M. McIntyre,
Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. During
correlational studies, data are often pooled from two or more
subgroups to increase the sample size of the predictor, the criterion,
or both. When the predictor and/or criterion are treated as though
they were composed of homogeneous subgroups, yet the subgroups
actually contain mean differences, inaccurate conclusions can be made
from the results. This paper addresses the problem as described by
McIntyre (1990, Jnl. Applied Psych., 75 ( 1) , 91-94 ) , which explains how
correlation coefficients can be obtained which are spuriously high or
spuriously low when such differences are not taken into account.

Here, original data from 6 previously conducted studies are reanalyzed
to determine the differences in correlation coefficients obtained by
using the Pearson r and by another formula which makes statistical
adjustments for the mean differences across subgroups. No significant
differences between the results of the 2 methods were found for the
examined studies. It is expected that such differences will appear as
more studies are reanalyzed.

EFFECT OF LESIONS OF THE AREA POSTREMA ON INGESTIVE BEHAVIORS AND REPRODUCTIVE
ACTIVITY OF GROWTH-RESTRICTED PREPUBERTAL FEMALE RATS. J.A Oleiniczak. H. I'Anson and
L.E. Jarrard, Depts. of Biology and Psychology, Washington and Lee University , Lexington, VA 24450. Lesions of
the area postrema (AP), a circumventricular organ located on the dorsal surface of the medulla, cause hypophagia and
body weight loss in adult rats. The AP also appears to detect brain glucose avaiiabilty and has been implicated in the
metabolic regulation of estrous cyclicity. We investigated the effects of the AP lesion on ingestive behavior and onset
of puberty in food restricted female rats with delayed puberty. Female rats (n=I2) were placed on a restricted diet to
maintain a weight of 80-90 g. On day 54-55 of age, the AP was lesioned using gentle aspiration (n=5) or sham
lesioned (n=7). Sham and AP lesioned rats showed a similar pattern of body weight changes following surgery. AP
lesioned rats consumed more water(AP;17.0 +/- 3.1 ml/day; SHAM; 9.7 +/- 0.2 ml/day) compared to Sham lesioned
rats, but did not require more food to maintain their pre-lesion body weight. All rats remained acyclic. These results
suggest that the AP may play a role in controlling ingestive behavior in the rat, but may not be the only CNS structure
which is important in this regard. In addition, since these growth-restricted rats did not begin cycling folowing AP-
lesion, these results do not support the hypothesis that the AP provides an inhibitory signal to reproductive activity
during times of decreased food availability. (Supported by NTH HD-07433).

PROCEEDINGS

159

EFFECTS OF CLOTHING ON PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL POWER: ADDING A JACKET
TO A SKJRT-AND-BLOUSE. W. Brvan Pennington. Jr.. Laurie L. Kerr. Christine E. Nelms,
Rachel L. Hoaglund, and James P. O'Brien, Social Sciences Div., Tidewater Cmnty. Col,
Virginia Beach VA 23456. Temple & Loewen (1993) found that subjects, asked to imagine a
"large office complex" setting, rated faceless line-drawings of a woman dressed in a jacket higher
in total, expert, and legitimate power than those without a jacket on an expanded version of the
Attributed Power Index (API). This modified replication presented 6 classes of community
colleges students with an actual woman dressed in a skirt-and-blouse (NJ; n=56) or with a jacket
and skirt-and-blouse (J; n^57). All subjects were asked to line up in order of birth-month and -
day, without speaking, and to complete the API; errors were also recorded. With dD=l 11, t-tests
were not statistically significant for total score or any of the five API scales for types of social
power. Compliance analyses are unavailable at this time. Whether Temple & Loewen's results
apply to real situations, including the "large office complex" imagined by their subjects, is
unresolved.

TEACHER’S AND CHILDREN’S RESPONSES TO COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION
J. Pickens and C. Wallack*, Dept, of Psychology, James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
College students preparing for careers as teachers in early childhood and secondary education
participated in a course on Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) at James Madison University.
Twenty-four student-teachers practiced using 12 different educational software products. These
student-teachers then instructed 62 children (ranging in age 3 to 1 1 years) in the use of these
educational programs and observed them. The student-teachers generally rated CAI as enjoyed by
children, more engaging than text-books, and developmentally appropriate for a wide range of
students. Differences were noted across CAI programs in the difficulty children had learning the
rules of the games and in learning to use the keyboard or mouse to play these educational games.
For over 200 evaluations completed on 12 software products, student-teachers reported significant
differences across programs in ease of use, flexibility, pacing, the reinforcing quality of graphics
and sounds, and whether they would use the CAI products in their own classrooms. These results
suggest that future educators rate CAI positively, but that training is necessary for educators to
effectively differentiate and select products and then incorporate CAI in their classrooms.

THE ROLE OF IMAGE GENERATION ON THE RECOLLECTION OF THE SERIAL
ORDER OF ODORS. Suzanne M. Sharp. Allison Foote*, & David G. Elmes, Dept, of
Psychology, Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA 24450-0303. The effects of odor
imagery on the memory for common odors was examined in two experiments. In the first
experiment, the subjects either sniffed a substance, imagined the visual characteristics of it, or
imagined its odor. After a filler task, old/new recognition was tested for either the target odor
or the name of the odor. Source recognition was also assessed by having subjects indicate the
encoding condition for the items labeled old. Odor imagery did not enhance the hit rate or the
source recognition. In the second experiment, some subjects generated a context for several
odors, while yoked subjects received the generated descriptions. Half of all subjects expected a
memory test, and the remainder did not. Serial order recognition was tested twice with a week
between tests. Retention fell during the test interval, b^ut it was not influenced by either
generation or knowledge of the upcoming test. The present data agree with earlier results that
seem to indicate that odor memory is not strongly influenced by top-down processing.

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ACQUISITION or A CONCURRENT OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION TASK IN
rats; effects OF ENTORHINAL CORTEX LESIONS. E. W. Smith. C. M.
Sturga, S. DallVechia, and L. E. Jarrard, Dept, of Psychol. ,
Washington & Lee Univ., Lexington, VA. 24450. Our previous
research has shown that rats are able to learn a complex, 8-
pair, concurrent, olfactory discriiaination task. Pairs of
olfactory stimuli (e.g., oregano vs. cumin) are repeatedly
presented where one odor in each pair is consistently
reinforced. It is well known that the entorhinal cortex
receives direct projections from the olfactory bulb, and it has
been reported that this structure plays an important role in the
processing of olfactory stimuli. In the research to bo reported
the entorhinal cortex was removed selectively, and the rats were
trained on the concurrent, olfactory discrimination task. The
results indicated that rats with the entorhinal cortex removed
learned the complex task at the same rate as controls. These
results will be discussed as they relate to previous research
and the reports that the entorhinal cortex plays a vital role in
the processing and storage of olfactory information.

ATTACHMENT STYLES AND JEALOUSY IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS . Melinda
Swager and Barbara Winstead*, Dept, of Psych., Old Dominion
Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529. This study analyzed the relationship
between attachment styles and romantic jealousy in adult romantic
relationships. Undergraduates completed a series of questions
concerning their feelings in their present or past romantic
relationships. Students reported one of three attachment styles:
secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent . Romantic jealousy was
assessed using the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale. In addition,
this study differentiated between emotional and sexual jealousy.
As predicted, anxious -ambivalents reported higher levels of
jealousy than secures. However, avoidants did not differ
significantly from the other two styles in their level of
jealousy. Males reported feelings of sexual jealousy more often
than females; females reported feelings of emotional jealousy
more often than males. However, no relationship was found among
attachment styles and type of jealousy. Results of this study
point to the need for further research distinguishing between the
emotional and sexual aspects of jealousy.

THE ROLE OF INTENTION IN LEARNING: AN EEG ANALYSIS. Nicholas Tatar. Julie
Ann Olejniczak, Margaret Randol*, Robert Taylor*, David G. Elmes, Dept, of Psychology,
Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450-0303, and Thomas P. Urbach,
Department of Philosophy, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000. While ERPs
to individual words were being collected, three different groups of subjects studied 120 five-
letter words that were presented amidst two filler tasks. The test for retention was a stem
completion task, in which stems of the 120 targets and some fillers were presented and the
subjects were supposed to complete them. The Inclusion Group was not given memory
instructions and was told to complete the stems with the first word that came to mind. The
Exclusion Group was not given memory instructions and was told to complete the stem with
the first word that came to mind that had not been used in a previous phase of the experiment.
The Explicit Group was told about the memory test and was told to use previous words to
complete the stems. Most stems were completed by the Explicit Group and fewest by the
Exclusion Group. Peak positive ERPs during the test phase occurred between 400 and 600
ms post stimulus. For correct stem completions, the peak ERPs for the Exclusion Group
tended to be greater in the right hemisphere than those for the Explicit Group. We have
tentative evidence for different neuronal generators for implicit and explicit memory.

PROCEEDINGS

161

ON THE ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN CUED AND CONTEXTUAL APPETITIVE

CONDITIONING. T. S . Triailio . B. Bowring, L. E. Jarrard and T.
L. Davidson. Dept, of Psychology, Washington and Lee Univ. ,
Lexington, VA 24450, and Dept, of Psychology, Purdue Univ.,
Lafayette, IN. Rats were trained in an appetitive classical
conditioning task where a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was
followed by a unconditioned stimulus (US) (food). Half of the
animals received 3 unsignalled USs and half 0 unsignalled USs.
After 15 days of training where activity before and during the CS
and before the US in unsignaled trials was recorded, half of the
rats in each group had the hippocampus removed and half served as
controls. Postsurgery, the rats underwent 14 days of extinction
where no food US's were given. The results showed that rats with
hippocampal lesions were slower to extinguish the response to the
CS but there were no differences between groups in activity that
preceeded the unsignalled US's. The results indicate that
removing the hippocampus impairs the rats' ability to learn
inhibition to cues that have undergone both excitatory and
inhibitory training.

INFORMATION SEEKING AND ATTRIBUTIONS: PERCEIVED COSTS VERSUS ACTUAL
COSTS. Jonathan E. Turner, Bryan C. Hayes, and Debra A. Major, Dept,
of Psych., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA. 23529. The effects of
information seeking in the workplace on attributions made about the
seeker were investigated using a hypothetical scenario where an
individual sought specific types of information from the subject. One
hundred sixteen subjects, 29 of which had supervisory experience,
responded to a questionnaire assessing perceived organizational
commitment of the seeker, use of ingratiation tactics, the seeker's
self-interest, ability, organizational potential and allocation of
rewards, and the degree to which they would help the seeker. The
seeker's characteristics varied by tenure, relative position to the
subject, and the type of information being sought. It was found that
supervisors perceived the seeker to be more committed and deserving
of greater rewards when technical as compared to feedback information
was sought. When subjects assumed the role of the seeker's coworker,
they perceived the seeker to be more committed and deserving of
rewards when feedback information was sought. Main effects for
information type sought and tenure were found for ingratiation
/rewards and self-interest respectively.

THE EFFECT OF STUDENT-PAID PORTION OF COLLEGE EXPENSES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND
PERSISTENCE AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS. Doris M. Velazquez. Debra L. Vendt..
Maria E. Marscheider. Linda E. Miller*, and James P. O'Brien, Social Sciences Div., Tidewater
Cmnty. Col., Virginia Beach VA 23456 (and ‘SUNY, Old Westbury). Personal contacts with
leaders in the field revealed that students’ personal financial burden (SB) was considered (1)
important, (2) extremely complex, (3) difficult to measure, (4) absent from the research literature,
and (5) qualitative measures were recommended. Trials of the qualitative survey indicated that
military and veterans (MV) students presented unique problems and a second version for these
students was developed (MV data was not analyzed here). It was hypothesized that SB would be
positively related to GPA and negatively related to Persistence (P) for community college students
(N=79). As existing literature does support, r's were significant for the Parental Non-Support
measure x GPA, r= +.397, and x P, r^ -.308, beyond .0005 and .005 levels of significance (1 -tailed
tests), respectively. More direct SB measures, however, must be rescored since the ranking devices
used in these analyses appear to be too coarse, although some reached significance beyond the .05
level. This study apparently represents the first reported treatment of the effects of student-paid
vs. parent-paid portions of college costs.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED STRESS AND COPING STYLE. Adria
N. Villarreal & Elaine M. Justice*, Dept. of Psych., Old Dominion
Univ., Norfolk Va. 23508. Traditional and non-traditional aged
students completed the Hassles & Uplifts State Scale as an
indication of perceived stress. Coping style was also assessed.
Results indicated that traditional-aged students reported a
greater frequency, higher cumulated severity, and higher average
intensity of both hassles and uplifts than non-traditional aged
students. Individuals with a problem-solving coping style differed
from those with social support and emotion-focused coping styles.
Problem-solvers reported a significantly higher frequency and
cumulated severity of both hassles and uplifts. Thus, both age and
coping style affected perceived stress.

Statistics

AN OUTLIER RESISTANT REGRESSION METHOD IN THE PRESENCE OF MODEL
MISSPECIFICATION. Christopher A, Assaid & Jeffrey B. Birch. Dept, of Statistics, VPl&SU,
Blacksburg, VA 24061. Parametric regression fitting (such as OLS) to a data set requires
specification of an underlying model. If the specified model is different from the true model, then
the parametric fit suffers to a degree that varies with the extent of model misspecification. Mays
and Birch (1995) addressed this problem in the one regressor variable case with a method known as
Model Robust Regression (MRR), which is a combination of parametric and nonparametric
techniques. This paper was based on the underlying assumption of “well-behaved” (Normal) data.
The method seeks to take advantage of the beneficial aspects of the both techniques: the
parametric, which makes use of the prior knowledge of the researcher via a specified model, and
the nonparametric, which is not restricted by a (possibly misspecified) underlying model.

The method introduced here (termed Outlier Resistant Model Robust Regression (ORMRR))
addresses the situation that arises when one cannot assume well-behaved data that vary according
to a Normal distribution. RMRR is a blend of a robust parametric fit, such as M-estimation, with a
robust nonparametric fit, such as LOWES S. Some properties of the method will be discussed as
well as illustrated with an example.

A SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY COMPARING A NEW
PROCEDURE TO THE STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR VARICEAL BLEEDING. Wendy
B. London. Dept, of Biostatistics, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth
University, Box 32, Richmond, Va. 23298-0032. An application of a Cox proportional
hazards model was used to perform a survival analysis. The objective of this analysis
was to determine whether or not there was a difference between the survival rates of
patients who received the "standard" procedure versus those who received a "new"
procedure for bleeding gastrointestinal varices. The analysis also determined the extent
to which risk factors affected the survival rates. Two models were developed: Model
A included all clinically important risk factors as identified by the clinician, while Model
B included only statistically significant variables and was used to make predictions
about survival rates. When tested, all time-dependent covariates were found to be not
significant: therefore, proportional hazards existed. A sensitivity analysis was performed
to check for potential bias introduced by informative censoring. A statistically significant
difference between the two procedures was detected, and statements were made
regarding the significant risk factors.

PROCEEDINGS

163

A MODEL ROBUST DUAL MODELING APPROACH TO HETEROGENEITY OF VARIANCE IN A

REGRESSION SETTING. Tim Robinson & Jeflrey B. Birch, Dept, of Statistics, VPI&SU, Blacksburg,
VA 24061. In typical normal theory regression, the assumption of homogeneity of variances is often not
appropriate. Instead of treating the variances as a nuisance and transforming away the heterogeneity, the
structure of the variances may be of interest and it is desirable to model the variances. Aitkin (1987)
proposes a dual model in which a log linear dependence of the variances on a set of explanatory variables
is assumed. Aitkin’s approach is an iterative one providing estimates for the parameters in the mean and
variance models through joint maximum likelihood. Estimation of the mean and variance parameters are
interrelated as the responses in the variance model are the squared residuals from the fit to the means
model. Our research will consider the impact of model misspecification in one or both of the models in
Aitkin’s dual model approach. Mays and Birch (1995) have demonstrated an effective semi-parametric
method to situations of model misspecification in the one regressor setting. Using their techniques, we
develop a dual model similar to Aitkin’s but which is robust to misspecification in either or both of the
two models. For instance, if the means model is misspecified, we show that the squared residuals from
the model robust fit of Mays and Birch is more appropriate for the response data in the variance model
than squared residuals from a misspecified parametric model. Examples will be presented to illustrate the
new technique, termed here as Dual Model Robust Regression.

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VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AWARDS
1996 ANNUAL MEETING

AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL SCIENCE

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Sherwood T. Green, Jr.
Marisela Rodriguez
Russell G. Yates
Adrianna N. Hancock
Kara M. Doggett
Brian M. Green

Gloucester High School
Matoaca High School
Gloucester High School
Atlee High School
Isle of Wight Academy
Yorktown High School

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (ETHOLOGY)

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Heather B. Green
Nadia E. Hilliard
Michael J. Smith
Jessica A. Costa
Aaron L. Kelly
Pascal R. Deboeck

Yorktown High School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Thomas Jefferson Middle School
Gloucester High School
Gloucester High School
Bishop O’Connell High School

BOTANY ’A’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Lindsay D. Austin
Amanda G. Bock
Brandt R. Carr
A. Meaghan Anderson
Angela M. Concepcion
Jean M. Bower

Atlee High School
Menchville High School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Patrick Henry High School
Bishop O’Connell High School
Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.

BOTANY ’B’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Irena R. Hollowell
K. Elizabeth Magalis
Veronica H. Moreno
Meredith Meyer
Bonmyong Lee
Paula R. Katz

Yorktown High School
Midlothian High School
Thomas Jefferson Middle School
Washington-Lee High School
Washington-Lee High School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.

VJAS AWARDS

165

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place :

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

H.B. Woodlawn

BOTANY ’C’

Kevin J. Will
Devin C. Woods
Mary D. Wortham
Janice E. Pour
Julie A. Plagenhoef
Jessicah S. Phillips

CHEMISTRY ’A’

Dominique B. Caovan
Mark H. Dreusicke
Ann B. Hanes
Kimberly M. Greer
Molly C. Cahill
Torrey B. Dunbar

CHEMISTRY ’B’

Jeremy G. Larochelle
Mindy L. McCord
Emily K. Moxley
Brian M. Newman

Eileen S. Krenzel
Curtis J. Layton

CHEMISTRY ’C’
Meredith C. Spivey
Steven E. Wheeler
Meghan S. Skinner
Maria R. Sonevytsky
Pradeep Raj an

Richmond Community High Sch.
Atlee High School
Atlee High School
Cave Spring High School
Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.

Bishop O’Connell High School
Midlothian High School
Patrick Henry High School
Fieldale-Collinsville High Sch.
Swanson Middle School
Southwest Virginia Governor’s
School

Bishop O’Connell High School
Liberty Middle School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Southwest Virginia Governor’s
School

Kecoughtan High School
Cave Spring High School

Isle of Wight Academy
Clover Hill High School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Yorktown High School
Governor’s School for Govern¬
ment and International Studies

166

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention :
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honrable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Laura J. Black Yorktown High School

Shishir S. Mehrotra New Horizons Governor’s Sch.

Johann M. Schleier-Smith Thomas Jefferson High School

for Science and Technology
Liem T. Ha Wakefield High School

CONSUMER SCIENCE ’A’

Ryan E. Billingsley
Sarah E. Brown
Caroline L. Burnet
Lisa M, Coward
Meredith A. Bailey
Brad W. Butcher

Cave Spring High School
Williamsburg Middle School
Ferguson High School
Lloyd C. Bird High School
Douglas Freeman High School
Menchville High School

CONSUMER SCIENCE ’B’

Christie E. Gaskins
Peyton C. Gouldin
Sarah E. Johnson
Justin A. Gayle
Kris T. Huang
John M. Fout

Harry F. Byrd Middle School
Stonewall Jackson Middle School
Hines Middle School
Chickahominy Middle School
Midlothian High School
Clover Hill High School

CONSUMER SCIENCE ’C’

Laura A. Kalichak
Ashley J. Kirkham
Justin D. Morgan
Jennifer E. Miller
Jay J. Mizack
Jaime L. Moore

Clover Hill High School
Chickahominy Middle School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Gloucester High School
Cave Spring High School
Atlee High School

VJAS AWARDS

167

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:

Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention :
Third Place:

Second Place:
Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

ENGINEERING ’A’

Jonathan S. Cheek Williamsburg Middle School

Christopher W. Genheimer Patrick Henry High School
Brad R. Gunton Clover Hill High School

Benjamin S. Draper Hermitage High School

Jason N. Daugherty Gloucester High School

Clinton M. Davis Clover Hill High School

ENGINEERING ’B^

Joseph A. Moore Liberty Middle School

Christopher D. Ryan Gildersleeve Middle School

Kevin P. Wegener Thomas Jefferson High School

for Science and Technology

Emmeline N. Weber Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.

Kartik G. Srinivas Thomas Jefferson High School

for Science and Technology

James D. Ohl Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’A’

Lori E. Aitkenhead Gildersleeve Middle School

Emily K. Clarke Bishop O’Connell High School

Annie T. Eure Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.

Caroline L. Burnet • Ferguson High School
Matthew G. Eddy Thomas Jefferson Middle School

Jennifer B. Ambler First Colonial High School

David A. Bray T.C. Williams High School

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’B’

Rangina Hamidi
Carrie D. Jennings
Mary-Ellen W. Lahy
Abigail R. Ferrance
Winston Gwathmey
Kristy A. Jones

Wakefield High School
Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.
Tuckahoe Middle School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Norfolk Academy
Patrick Henry High School

168

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place :

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’C’

Stephen M. Ng
Beth G. Oesterling
Crystal C. Peery
Rebecca C. Oser
Diameng Pa
Katherine E. Randle

Yorktown High School
Gloucester High School
Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.
Yorktown High School
Wakefield High School
Williamsburg Middle School

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ’D’

Alan M. Trammell
Sheila M. Urie
Chris Yurek
Sarah M. Smith
Clay L. Sellers
Katherin M. Slimak

Lloyd C. Bird High School
Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.
Gunston Middle School
Yorktown High School
Broadway High School
West Springfield High School

GENETICS AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Sarah T. Wilkinson
Matthew B. Potts

Jesse K. Liu

Jessica D. Kessler

Patrick Henry High School
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science and Technology
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science and Technology
Mills E. Godwin High School

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ’A’

Bo Fisher

Jonathan L. Jesneck
William S. Knight
William H. Higgins
Jacob G. Foster
Loren K. Hoffman

Woodberry Forest School
Woodberry Forest School
Woodberry Forest School
Woodberry Forest School.
Woodberry Forest School
Governor’s School for Govern¬
ment and International Studies

VJAS AWARDS

169

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention;
Honrable Mention:
Third place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place :

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Hnorable Mention:
Third place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ’B’

Chris M. Recht
Jason A. Ross
Shaun K. Smith
Milan M. Patel
Jennifer K. Murrill
Greg Y. Tseng

Woodberry Forest School
Menchville High School
Woodberry Forest School
Woodberry Forest School
Atlee High School
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science and Technology

MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’A’

Lisa B. Boyette
Karen E. Bruner
Samantha B. Debicki
Heather S. Johnson
Paul L. Gross
Tom L. Harmon

Gloucester High School
Lloyd C. Bird High School
Williamsburg Middle School
Yorktown High School
Cave Spring High School
Atlee High School

MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’B’

Shelly D. Layser
Nisha Nagarkatti
Thao-ly T. Phan
Catherine R. Lewis
Alexa J. Merchant
Rahul Kapur

Gildersleeve Middle School
Blacksburg Middle School
Manchester Middle School
Mills E. Godwin High School
Mills E. Godwin High School
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science and Technology

MEDICINE AND HEALTH ’C’

Stepahnie C. Stauffer
Sidney J. Traynham
Melissa B. Weimer
Taharee A. Webb

Shobha C. Ranganath

Malika L Seth

Washington-Lee High School
Thomas Jefferson Middle School
Atlee High School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Governor’s School for Govem-
mentand International Studies
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science and Technology

170

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

MICROBIOLOGY ’A’

Honorable Mention:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

George E. Ashton

Susan E. Cocker
Amanda J. Harpold
Alex C. Herzick
Stephen R. Collins

Matthew S. Emery

Governor’s School for Govern¬
ment and International Studies
Yorktown High School
Cave Spring High School
Gloucester High School
Southwest Virginia Governor’s
School

Clover Hill High School

MICROBIOLOGY ’B’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Elizabeth F. Huff
Jennifer M. Jordan
Thomas U. Marron
Alexander L. Miller
Dorian J. Zoumplis
Rebecca A. Yurek

Tuckahoe Middle School
Gloucester High School
H.B. Woodlawn
Peasley Middle School
Warwick High School
Wakefield High School

MULTIPLE AUTHORED PAPERS

Honorable Mention: David M. Kertesz

Daniel M. Kertesz

Kecoughtan High School

Honorable Mention: David H. Logan

Faisal S. Malik

Yorktown High School

Honorable Mention : Kimberly N. Woodlen
Kasey S. Wilson

Shanika A. Armstead

Peasley Middle School

Third Place: Joanna L. Gayle

Laura R. Wherry

Atlee High School

Second Place: Erika Y. Cook

Rasmi P. Chhang

Sara B. Robinson

Wakefield High School

First Place Erik M. Wishneff

Tracy A. D’ Souza

Joy L. Monar

Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.

VJAS AWARDS

171

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place :

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:

Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

PHYSICS ’A’

Erin B. Chisom
Dylan S. Fugate
Jessica Garrison
Gregory C. Brown
John P. Dulka
Amanda S. Bowser

PHYSICS ’B’

Benjamin Z. Grossberg
Hoon P. Joo
Jonathan Kurshan
Daniel J. Hettich
Czer A.E. Lim
Jakob B. Harmon

PHYSICS ’C’

Victor Q. Nguyen-long
Tracy D. Raciborski
Joseph D. Schwartz
David S. Radloff
Kevin L. Setter
Van F. Smith

Ferguson High School
Richmond Community High Sch.
Gunston Middle School
Thomas Jefferson Middle School
Yorktown High School
Menchville High School

Tuckahoe Middle School
Yorktown High School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Wakefield High School
Tallwood High School
Chickahominy Middle School

Yorktown High School
B.T. Washington Middle School
Bishop O’Connell High School
Turner Ashby High School
H.B. Woodlawn

Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.

PSYCHOLOGY - GENERAL

Catherine Chan Yorktown High School

M. Martin Kessler William Byrd High School

Thomas C. Westmoreland, Jr. Southwest Virginia Governor’s

School

Jeffrey D. Chadwick Tuckahoe Middle School

Adam S. Bronstein Yorktown High School

Daniel C. Moss Yorktown High School

172

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING & PERCEPTION ’A’

Honorable mention:
Honorable mention:
Honorable mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Emily K. Anthes
Alison M. Berry
Vernon J. Hurte
Lisa A. Fletcher
Lloyd F. Coley
Jonathan V. Davidow

Williamsburg Middle School
The New Community School
Richmond Community High Sch.
Lloyd C. Bird High School
Woodberry Forest School
Tuckahoe Middle School

PSYCHOLOGY - LEARNING & PERCEPTION ’B’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

Kristen M. Moolhuyzen
Ashley H. Snyder
Sarah B. Shapiro
Zachary A. Schendel
SaraN. Tsuchitani

Atlee High School
St. Anne’s Belfield School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Clover Hill High School
Yorktown High School

PSYCHOLOGY - SOCIAL

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place :

Second Place:

First Place:

Erin B. Ashwell
Leslie B. Dubeck
Erin J. Wamsley
Allison L. Elias
Kendra P. Robins
Patrica A. Niermeyer

Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Williamsburg Middle School
Wakefield High School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch.
Norfolk Academy
J.R. Tucker High School

ZOOLOGY ’A’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second Place:

First Place:

David P. Andrukonis
Bernice E. Boden
Hailey A. Elliott
Heather R. Homick
Anita A. Bachlani
Virginia R. Ebbett
Sarah M. Barden

Williamsburg Middle School
Yorktown High School
Warwick High School
Clover Hill High School
Chickahominy Middle School
Roanoke Valley Governor’s Sch,
Clover Hill High School

VJAS AWARDS

173

ZOOLOGY ’B’

Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Honorable Mention:
Third Place:

Second place:

First Place:

Brittany L. Hott
Elaine M. Pour
Larry W. Snyder, Jr.
Reed A. Kitchen
Candice B. Smith
Matthew W. King

Patrick Henry High School
Chickahominy Middle School
Atlee High School
Tuckahoe Middle School
Yorktown High School
Gloucester High School

SPECIAL AWARDS

Botany Section Award, given by the Botany Section of the VAS, to the best
paper On a botanical subject.

Paula R. Katz

Roanoke Valley Governor’s School

VJAS Neuroscience Awards supported by the Auxiliary of the Virginia
Neurological Society are given to three outstanding papers in the field of

neuroscience.

Emily Clark

Bishop O’Connell High School

Jennifer Jordan
Gloucester High School

Alexa Merchant
Mills E. Godwin High School

Speleological Society Award given to the best paper addressing karst or topics
related to speleology given by the Richmond Area speleological society.

Thu B. Le

Meadowbrook High School

174

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Mathematics Award for the paper that evidences the most significant
contribution in the field of Mathematics.

Greg Y. Tseng

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology

Smith Shadomy Infectious Disease Award in honor and memory of Dr. Smith
Shadomy given by the Virginia Chapter of the National Foundation of Infectious
Diseases.

Justin C. Meadows
Patrick Henry High School

Roscoe Hughes Award for the best paper in the field of Genetics.

Jessica D. Kessler
Mills E. Godwin High School

Rodney C. Berry Chemistry Award for the paper that evidences the most
significant contribution in the field of chemistry.

Curtis J. Layton
Cave Spring High School

The Dr. and Mrs. Preston H. Leake Award in Applied Chemistry will be given
to the author of a research paper which best exemplifies how chemicals, chemical
principles, or chemistry have been used, are used, or might be used to enhance or
even to save life.

Jessica D. Kessler
Mills E. Godwin High School

Russell J. Rowlett Award for the Best Research Paper of the Year.

Rahul Kapur

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology

VJAS AWARDS

175

The Virginia Psychological Foundation Meritorious Research Awards recognize
outstanding presentations of research in the various fields of psychology.

Daniel C. Moss
Yorktown High School

Jonathan V. Davidow
Tuckahoe Middle School

SaraN. Tsuchitani
Yorktown High School

Patricia A. Niermeyer
J.R. Tucker High School

Virginia Sea Grant College Program Award is given by the Virginia Sea Grant
College Program for outstanding marine or coastal research.

Heather M. Smith
Gloucester High School

American Cancer Society Award - This award is to recognize outstanding
science papers related to cancer research. These awards are provided by the
American Cancer Society (Virginia Division), Public Education Committee.

Honorable Mention
Catherine R. Lewis
Mills E. Godwin High School

Third Place
Jessica D. Kessler
Mills E. Godwin High School

Second Place
Brad Butcher
Menchville High School

First Place
Tom L. Harmon
Atlee High School

176

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

The Gamma Sigma Delta Award (Agriculture). Presented by the VPI & SU
Chapter of the Honor Society of Agriculture. This award is presented in recognition
of excellence in research dealing with application of new technologies and/or
concepts in agriculture forestry, or veterinary medicine.

BRIAN M. GREEN
Yorktown High School

W. W. Berry Award.-This award is given by VA Power in honor of Mr. W. W.
Berry who was a past Chairman of the Board of VA Power. This award of a Savings
Bond will be presented to the best engineering paper.

JAMES D. OHL

Central Virginia Governor’s School

The Joyce K. Peterson Award is presented for the outstanding paper by a middle
school student. It is presented in honor of Mrs. Joyce K. Peterson who has been an
outstanding teacher in the Arlington County Schools.

Kristen Altman
Chickahominy Middle School

Trip to AJAS - AAAS Meeting for two students a nd two alternates for presenting
outstanding papers, the 1997meeting will be held in February in Seattle, Wa

Winner: Van F. Smith

Winner: Jessial D. Kessler

alternate: Curtis J. Layton

alternate: Greg Y. Tseng

Central Virginia Governor’s Sch.
Mills E. Godwin High School
Cave Spring High School
Thomas Jefferson High School
for Science an Technology

Honorary Membership - AAAS given to two students.

CLAY SELLERS
Broadway High School

MEREDITH BAILEY
Douglas Freeman High School

VJAS AWARDS

177

Honorary Membership - VAS

DIAMENG PA
Wakefield High School

Bethel High School Scholarship - This $1,000 Scholarship Award comes from
the interest earned from a $10,000 endowment contributed by the students of Bethel
High School, Hampton, Va., over a two year period. Accompanying this scholarship
is a rotating plaque to be displayed in the student’s school for the next year. This
award is based on both the students presentation and paper.

KATHERfN M. SLIMAK
West Springfield High School

Frances and Sydney Lewis Environmental Scholarship: A $14,000 scholarship
($3,250 per year for four years) for the best effort by a student grades 9 to 12 in the
field of environmental science. This scholarship is in the name of Frances and
Sydney Lewis and is given by the Virginia Environmental Endowment.

BRIAN M.GREEN
Yorktown High School

VAS Science Teacher Award given to an outstanding science teacher.

SANDRA KEEFE
B.T. Washington Middle School

VJAS Distinguished Service Award, most prestigious award given by the VJAS,
is presented to a person for exceptionally outstanding service to the VJAS.

Dr. R. Dean Decker
Past Director, VJAS: Pres-Elect VAS

178

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

INDEX TO ABSTRACT AUTHORS

Abraham, Donald J . 140

Abraham, Donald J . 142

Abraham, Donald J . . . 136

Adeyiga, A. M . . . 106

Aikens, Angela . 78

Anders, Douglas L . . . 143

Anders, D . . . 147

Anders, Douglas 1 . 134

Aning, A. O. . . 134

Anthony, Carl D.. . 153

Arthur, David . . . 135

Asbury, Scott C . 75

Assaid, Christopher A . . . 162

Atkins, Robert . . . 89

Aurentz, C. A . . . 91

Bailey, C.M. . 126

Balster, R. L. . 140

Balster, R. L . . . 135

Bang, Jaecheol . 130

Bartels, Bobbye Hoffinan . . 75

Bass, Michael L . 121

Bass, Michael L.. . . . . 1 18

Bass, R. G. . . . . . . 1 14

Beaumont, Andrew . 147

Becker, Kelcy M. . 93

Bellows, A. Scott. . . . 93

Benetollo, F . . . 106

Berg, Joseph W., Jr . . . 78

Bemick, Clayton, III . . 150

Bernstein, Marissa A . 135

Berquist, C. R., Jr...... . 126

Berquist, C. R., Jr . . . 126

Berry, Jane M . 157

Bhandari, R . . . 156

Bhardwaj, H. L . . . 84

Bhardwaj, H. L . 78

Bhardwaj, H. L... . 79

Bhardwaj, H. L.. . 81

Bhardwaj, H. L . . . 78

Birch, Jeffrey B . . . 163

Birch, Jeffrey B. . . 162

Bombieri, G. . 106

Bond, Jason E . . . ....93

Bonney, Jennifer . . . ...157

Borrero, Luz M. . . . . 1 19

Borrero, Luz M. . 119

Bowen, Scott E . 135

Bowring, B . .161

Boyiri, Telih . . . 136

Bradie, Brian . ............................116

Bradie, Brian . . . 89

Breeden, Timothy M . . . 136

Broaddus, William C. . . ............101

Brooks, A. C . 94

Brown, Gary L . . . 137

Brown, Arunsri C. ......................... 148

Brown, Laveme L. . . ..107

Brunke, Kathleen . . 107

Buikema, A. L. ................................98

Burton, G. F. . . ....145

Cabral, Guy A . ..143

Cabral, G . . . 147

Cabral, Guy A. . . . .134

Cabral, F. M . ..........136

Cairns, John, Jr . . . .....122

Cairns, John, Jr . . . 122

Calata, Jesus Noel . . 131

Caldwell, Brian C . . . ...123

Campagne, Jean-Michel . . . 107

Campagne, Jean-Michel ................ 1 08

Cantonwine, P. E..... . ..131

Cao, Jian-Ru . ........109

Cardullo, Catherine... .................. ..136

Carpenter, W. . . 146

Castevens, Charles M.... . 108

Castevens, Charles M....................1 13

Charboneau, Aubri L. . . 137

Chase, S. E . . . 127

Christopher, Kelly.......... . ..........108

Chu, Dan-My T . ...137

Clark, Peter R . . . . . 1 15

Clarke, Virginia . . ...1 19

Clement, Stephen C . . . 127

Clement, Stephen C. . . .........126

AUTHOR INDEX

179

Coffey, S....................................... 157

Connor, Theresa E...... . 120

Conway, C. M . . . 91

Conway, A. F . . . 92

Conway, A. F. ................................ 91

Conway, C. M. . . . 97

Conway, A. F . . . 97

Conway, A. F . 94

Conway, C. M. . . 92

Cook, S.... . . 137

Cook, D. C . . . 133

Cook, Desmond C . 131

Couch, Charlene R. . . 150

Coulter, Douglas . . . 138

Cox, James D . . . 120

Creasy, Kimberly R.......... . 138

Crosby, David . . 79

Curtin, William A . . . 133

DallVechia, S . . . 160

Damaj, M. I . . . 143

Damaj, Imad.. . . 139

Damaj, M. Imad . . 138

Damalas, Andy P... . . 120

Dandoy, Jeremiah R. . . 88

Davidson, T. L.. . 161

Dawson, Sheila E. ........................ 138

Dell’Orco, Robert... . . . 149

DeLorenzo, Robert J. . . 138

Derstine, Nate.... . . . 146

DeVore, Thomas C. ..................... 109

Dewey, Michael A. . . 139

Dolan, James D . . . 94

Drew, Michael . . . 157

Druitt, Michael D. . . 121

Dubois, Jennifer L . . . 108

Dunaway, Mark . . . 150

Dvorak-Grantz, Angela L . 94

Eberly, Kristen ............................. 121

Eckerlin, Ralph P. . . 95

El-Shall, M. Sarny . . 1 12

El-Shall, M. Sarny . . . . 1 1 1

El-Shall, M. Sarny ........................ 1 12

Elgert, K. D . . . 143

Eller-Meshreki, Rhonda . . 1 16

Eller-Meshreki, Rhonda................! 16

Elliott, Jeanette Farrah . . ..76

Elliott, Mark . . . ....148

Elliott, Mark . . . 114

Ellis, Darren ....................................89

Elmes, David G . . . .159

Elmes, David G . . . .....160

Elmi, Abdulkadir. . . . 83

Elmi, Abdulkadir............ . .77

Erdle, Sandra Y . . . ..........150

Ettenberg, M. FI . . . .....132

Evans, Kimmara E . 121

Ezekwe, Michael O. ........................79

Ezkewe, Michael... . . . ........83

Farkas, Diana . 134

Fashing, Mark A. . . 87

Fashing, Norman J. . . ....151

Fedorowicz, Jay . . .....109

Fei, Ding-Yu . ......99

Fenn, John B . 11 1

Fenn, John B . .....................109

Ferrell, Heidi, . . . 122

Fine, Michael L . 80

Fisher, M. Ruth . . . ..99

Fleming, Gary P. . . 151

Foote, Allison.... . . . 159

Foust, Christopher . . . 109

France, Marcia B . 110

Franson, R. . . ...........141

Fu, Cai-Ting . . ...................99

Fuhrmann, Henri D. . . 76

Fujimori, Ken L . ....139

Fuller, Stephen W . . . 102

Fuller, Stephen W . . 102

Gaines, O. M. . . 85

Gaines, O. M . . . 80

Gallik, Stephen............ . 149

Gao, J... . . . 112

Geberemedhin, Yodit. . 108

Gilmore, Richard Grant, III . 88

Gingerich, Derek . . . .....144

Giovanetti, Kevin . . ....89

Giovanetti, Kevin . . . 89

Giovanetti, Kevin . . . 91

180

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Giovanetti, K. L . 90

Gipson, T. A . 82

Gipson, T. A . 81

Gipson, T. A . 80

Golden, Keith M . 139

Goldstein, Samuel J., Jr . . . 88

Gong, Q-Z . 138

Goodwin, Bruce K . 126

Gordon, Andrew S . 148

Gough, Stephen . 122

Gough, Stephen . 125

Gough, Stephen . 1 19

Grant, Richard G . . . 131

Grau, Harold J . 95

Grau, H. J . 93

Grayson, R. L . 83

Greenlee, Shelia . 107

Groves, James F . 132

Gu. Weiqun . 132

Gurshaw, Becky E . 96

Hamama, A. A . 81

Happ, John W . 153

Haratake, M . 110

Haratake, M . 115

Hardin, Jay C . 77

Harkins, S. W . 100

Harrison, William P . 99

Harryn, Jennifer... . 157

Hartline, Frederick F . 89

Hatori, K . 128

Hayden, W. John . 102

Hayes, Bryan C . 161

Hayes, Bryan C . 158

Hearon, C . 146

Heaton, Andrew C. P. . 122

Heckman, John R . 122

Heffner, Robert . 127

Hendricks, A. C . 125

Henley, William F . 151

Hensley, Michael S . 95

Herbein, J. H . 120

Herbein, J. H . 138

Herrmann, Rebecca K . 133

Hibler, David L . 90

Higgins, Thomas F., Ill . . . 87

Hilu, Khidir W . . . 105

Hilu, Khidir W . 103

Hilu, Khidir W . . . 103

Hite, Valerie E . 140

Hoaglund, Rachel L . 159

Hodges, Vaidra . 81

Holt, B . . . .....146

Hooper, H. Brooks . 110

Horrocks, Stephen B . 128

Humme;, Trent . 146

FAnson, H . ....158

Impellitteri, Christopher A . 128

Islam, Saiful . 123

Jacobs, Kenneth C . 88

James, J. Randy . 135

Japee, Shruti A . 100

Jarrard, L. E . 160

Jarrard, L. E . .....158

Jarrard, L. E . 161

Jesser, W. A . ..132

Johnson, Emily D . 87

Jones, R. Christian . . . .123

Jones, R. Christian . 120

Jones, R. Chirstian . 123

Jones, Hendree E . 140

Jones, N . 146

Jupe, Eldon . 149

Justice, Elaine M . 162

Kain, Teta . 152

Kampe, S. L . 134

Kampe, Stephan L . 132

Kampe, Stephen L . .....133

Karan, Lori . .135

Kellogg, Glen E . . . 101

Kerr, Laurie L . 159

Keyser, L . 146

Kim, Laura M.. . 92

Kimaro, Anael . . . 1 10

King, Charles B. . . .80

Kinsley, C. H . 146

Kinsley, C. H.. . 146

AUTHOR INDEX

181

Kiselev, Pavel. . . . . . 1 1 1

Kite, Sherry R . . . . . . 1 1 1

Knebel, Timothy F . . . 76

Knipp, Peter A . 90

Knisley, Barry . 150

Knisley, Barry . . . 155

Knox, John . . 104

Kohler, J. T..... . 92

Kraemer, Mark E . 81

Krieg, R. J... . 144

Kunko, Paul M. . . 140

Kunos, George . . . 141

Kurup, Jayashree A. . 140

Kyrus, Chris . 147

Lacey, S. M . 80

Lacey, S. M . 82

Lake, Kristy D... . 141

Lambert, Lynn . 107

Lambert, Lynn . 101

Lambert, K. G . 146

Lawrence, James . 127

Lee, Susan T . 102

Lee, Philip C., Jr . 92

Lemieux, Nicole.... . 102

Leung, W.... . 121

Leung, Wing H..... . . . . 1 10

Lewis, K. L . 141

Li, Shoutian . . . . . 1 1 1

Li, Shoutian . . . 1 12

Liang, Hongping . . . 103

Liang, Hongping . . 103

Liao, J . . . 112

Linebaugh, Donald W . ..87

Liu, Danhui D.. . 99

Lively, J. M. . . 92

Llewellyn, G. Craig . 141

Lobstein, Marion B. . . 1 17

Loesser, Kathryn E . . . 80

Loesser, Kathryn E . 137

London, Wendy, B . 162

Loor, J. J . . . 120

Louque, Robert W. . 123

Lovin, J . . . 79

Lovin, J. C. . . 82

Lovin, J. C. . . 81

Lovin, J. C . 82

Lovin, J. C . 80

Lu, Guo-Quan . 132

Lu, Guo-Quan . 130

Lu, Guo-Quan . . . 130

Lueng, Wing H . 124

Lyeth, Bruce . . . .138

Macera, C. Anthony . 158

Major, Debra A. . . 158

Major, Debra A . 161

Makhoul, Raymond G . 99

Manetz, T. Scott. . 142

Marciano-Cabral, F . 147

Marciano-Cabral, F . 137

Marmarou, Anthony . 147

Marscheider, Maria E . . . 1 18

Marscheider, Maria E . 161

Marshall, H.G . 103

Martin, B. R . 143

Martin, James E . 77

Martin, Billy R . 139

Martin, Billy R . 138

Martin, B . 137

Mason, David J . 142

Mateja, George . 124

Matkins, Juanita Joan.... . 1 17

Matthewos, Eshete . 124

Maurakis, Eugene G . 152

McClung, J. Keith . 149

McElroy, David . 80

McIntyre, Robert M . 158

McSweeney, Kevin . 95

Meade, B. Jean . 142

Mebrahtu, Tadesse . 83

Mebrahtu, T . . . 77

Mengak, Michael T . 98

Meot-Ner, M . 112

Miles, H . ....137

Miller, Linda E . . . 118

Miller, Linda E . 161

Mills, Richard . 109

Milstein, S . . . 1 12

182

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Mitchell, Joseph C . . . 150

Mitchell, Joseph C . . . 152

Mitchell, Joseph C..... . 153

Mohadmed, A. I . . . 83

Mohamed, A. I . 83

Mollick, Ronald S . 153

Moncrief, Nancy D . 96

Moorhead, William H . 151

Morlino, Susan E . 96

Morrow, Christopher M. . . . 153

Mose, Douglas . 124

Moshos, A . . . 149

Moure, M. Carmen . 142

Mukherjee, Nilay . 100

Mullins, D. W . 143

Munson, A. E. . . 142

Munson, Albert E . . . 144

Mushrush, George W. . . 113

Nelms, Christine E . . 159

Neves, Richard J . 151

Newton, Scott H . . . 84

Newton, Scott H . 80

Newton, Scott H. . . 84

Norris, Marian . 96

Nowroozi, Ali A . 128

O’Brien, James P . . . 118

O’Brien, James P . 161

O’Brien, James P . . . 159

Oh, Sei Jin . . 133

Olejniczak, Julie Ann . 160

Olejniczak, J. A . 158

Olson, John M . 143

Omara-Alwala, Thomas . . 83

Omaster, Jennifer . ....97

Opaska, Walter................ . 90

Opell, Brent D. . . 93

Ottenbrite, R. M . . 112

Ottenbrite, R. M . . . 115

Ottenbrite, Raphael . 109

Ottenbrite, R. M. . . . 1 10

Pagels, John F . 150

Pagels, John F . 154

Park, Gyung Soo . . . 125

Parker, Scott K. . . ...............87

Patrick, G. S. .................................143

Paul, C... ........................................ ..83

Paul, C... . . .......................83

Pennington, Andrew . . .......146

Pennington, W. Bryan, Jr . .........159

Perry, R . . . 148

Pettit, Denise A. Dove . . . 143

Pettit, Denise A. Dove . ......134

Phillips, K. Daniel . . . 91

Phillips, Kathleen E . 144

Phillips, Kathleen P . . . ...144

Phillips, Tyan . 144

Pickens, J... . 159

Pickens, J . 157

Pickens, J . . . 156

Pithawalla, Yezda B. . . . . . 1 12

Pittman, Roland N. . . 100

Pleban, Patricia A . . . 148

Policy, D.... .................................. ..146

Provenzano, A. J. ............................85

Pulley, J. E . ................................97

Pullins, Steven C. ............................86

Purdy, Michael D . . . ......91

Rabung, Adam . . . ....1 16

Rafi, John . . . 80

Rafiq, Azhar . 138

Randol, Margaret . 160

Rangappa, M . . . 84

Rawinski, Thomas J. . . 104

Rawinski, Thomas J. . . . . . 1 54

Razdan, Raj K . . . 139

Reinecke, T. L . 90

Renffoe, Michael H . 104

Rice, Andrew . . . .............104

Roback, V. Eric.. . . . .....77

Robinson, Susan E. . . ...140

Robinson, Tim............................... 163

Rose, Robert K.... ........................ ....96

Rosecrans, John A............. . .......135

Rosecrans, John A . . . ..........139

Rosell, Joan . . ...109

Rosell, Joan . . ..................11 1

Rosi, F. D. . . .....132

AUTHOR INDEX

183

Ross, P . . . . 1 13

Rowe, H. Alan. . . . . . . 148

Roy, Amp . . . 100

Ruder, Suzanne M. . . . 1 1 1

Russell, DanaT . . . 133

Rutherford, A. S. . . . 127

Sacks, L. J . . . . . . . . 1 13

Samaria, K. M. . . 106

Scable, Heidi . . 145

Scanlon, P. F. . . . . 1 19

Scarsdaie, J. N. . . . . 1 12

Schultheis, Alicia Slater . 125

Scott, Ray B. ................................ 102

Seaborn, David . . . 105

Sharp, Suzanne M . . . 159

Shedd, Douglas H. . . 97

Sheridan, Philip M . . . 105

Sheridan, Philip M. . . 154

Sheridan, Philip M . . . 155

Sherwood, W. C . . . 127

Sherwood, W. C.. . 128

Shillady, Donald D . . . 108

Shillady, Donal D . . . 108

Shillady, D . . . 113

Shipes, B. G . . . 121

Shipes, Barbara G . . 124

Showhda, M . 84

Shumate, Melissa . . 138

Siddiqui, J. A . . . . . 1 15

Siemon, Wendy . . . 145

Silvers, S . . . . . 1 1 1

Simurda, Maryanne. . . . 136

Simurda, Maryanne...................... 104

Singh, SarikaZ.. . . . 149

Sipe, Tavis W. . . 98

Sitz, Thomas O...... . 149

Sklarew, Dann M . 123

Sklarew, Stephen H..... . . 154

Smith, Forrest L . 139

Smith, Edward G... . 121

Smith, Beverly A . . . 145

Smith, E. W . . 160

Smock, Leonard A . . . 154

Sneden, Albert T . ...108

Sneden, Albert T . 107

Sneden, Albert T . ..107

Sneden, Albert T. ..........................1 14

Sonnino, R. E . . . 141

Spara, V. T. . . . ................83

Speer, William D . ...105

Spickard, Kelly . 157

Spmill, Elizabeth L. ........................93

Stafisso-Sandoz, G . ..146

Stafisso-Sandoz, G . . . ..146

Stalick, Wayne M . . . ...1 13

Stawovy, M. T.. . ..134

Stewart, Jennifer K..... . ............92

Stewart, John E. . . ..101

Stockett, Tammy . . . . 1 55

Stuck, Kenneth E . .86

Sturge, C. M. . . ..160

Sucheck, Treasure . . 144

Sucheck, Treasure . 146

Sudderth, Carmen... . . . .....81

Sun, Xingzhong. . . 114

Swager, Melinda . . ...............160

Szakal, A. K . . . ......145

Tatar, Nicholas . . . .160

Taylor, Gerald R., Jr......... . ..........91

Taylor, Gerald R., Jr . 91

Taylor, Robert . . . 160

Terman, C. Richard . . . ...93

Terman, C. Richard . . . 98

Tew, J.G. . . . .145

Tippett, John . . . 118

Tokarz, M . . . .135

Toney, D..... . .147

Toney, D . . . 137

Trigilio, T. S. ............................... ..161

Trimbur, JoAnne P . ....101

Tripathi, Anubha . .147

Turner, Jonathan E . 161

Turns, Jim . . . 102

Turpin, Pamela C. . . .....117

Urbach, Thomas P . 160

Vailhe, Christophe . . 134

Vallarino, L. M. . . 106

184

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Vallarino, L. M . 106

VanDerHurst, J. J . 129

Varga, Karoly.... . 141

Varvel, Stephen . 135

Velaquez, Doris M . 118

Velazquez, Doris M . 161

Vendt, Debra L . 118

Vendt, Debra L . 161

Villarreal, AdriaN . 162

Voshell, Justin . 91

Wadley, H. N. G . 131

Wadley, H. N. G . 133

Wadley, Haydn N. G . 132

Wainwright, David . 85

Wallack, C . 159

Waller, Deborah A . 96

Waller, Deborah A . 97

Waller, Deborah A . 96

Warner, Alexis . 113

Waters, M . 85

Waters, S . 85

Watson, Kent A . 114

Watts, C.F . 129

Wayne, Jennifer S . 100

Webb, George R . 89

Webster, W. David . 96

Wei, David T . 101

Welch, Sandra . 142

Welch, Sandra P . 135

Welch, Sandra P . 139

Werner, Dan . 116

Werth, Charles R . 105

Westin, E . 147

Whisonant, Robert C . 129

White, Catherine W . 147

White, KimberL., Jr . 141

White, Tresha S . 154

Whittecar, G. Richard . . . 130

Whittecar, G. Richard . .........130

Wicknick, Jill A . . . ....153

Wildeus, S. . . 85

Wildeus, S . 85

Wildeus, S . 86

Wildeus, S . 82

Wildeus, S . 80

Wiley, Jenny L . ...139

Wilgenbusch, J. C . 156

Wilhite, Rhonda E . 98

Willey, Carey P . 106

Williams, R. L . ...114

Williams, R. L . . . 148

Williams, Roy . ...109

Winstead, Barbara . ...157

Winstead, Barbara . 160

Wirth, Suzanne . 136

Wise, James A . 121

Woolcott, William S . 152

Wright, M. A.. . 86

Wright, Robert A. S . . . ....155

Wu, H. Felix . 132

Wu. Ethel . 86

Wyatt, Armando . 148

Wynn, Thomas A . 130

Yin, R . .....115

York, Timothy . . . 125

Young, Jason . 157

Yuan, James . . . 109

Zadnik, Andrew K . 98

Zajac, A. M . 81

Zamkotowicz, Marc D . 130

Zhan, Dongliang . . . 109

Zhao, R.... . ..115

Zhao, R . 110

Zhao, R . 112

Ziemba, Jennifer . 157

Zimmermann, Michael L. . . 107

Zimmermann, Michael L . .....114

NOTES

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

ARTICLES

The Expected Length of a Biased Random Walk. J. N. Boyd and

P. N. Raychowdhury. 191

Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi Associated with Genera
Aegilops to Digitaria. Curtis W. Roane and Martha K. Roane. 197

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(Resoulution reguarding Equity of Teaching Credits)

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\ FEB 0 5 1997 '

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Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 3
Fall 1996

The Expected Length of a Biased Random Walk

J. N. Boyd and P. N. Raychowdhury

Department of Mathematical Sciences
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2014

ABSTRACT

In this note, we find the expected length of a biased random walk on a linear
array of points and connecting segments. The endpoints serve as traps or
absorbing boundaries for the walk. The probabilities of moving from any
interior point to its two nearest neighbors are p and \ - p,Q < p < \. When

p^jthQ walk is said to be biased. The work proceeds from a specific case to

the general result suggested by the initial computations.

We show that the expected length of a walk beginning at the i~th point in an
array of n points is given by

EinJ) = A+Bi-^C

1 -p

where the values of the constants A,B and C are found in terms of /? g (0, ^ )

INTRODUCTION

It is so obvious that it becomes a cliche to say that old mathematics finds new uses.
Nevertheless, the idea deserves to be noted. Arising in classical probability theory, the
problem of a random walk from location to location in physical space or from state to
state in some abstract space finds extensive use in contemporary applied mathematics.

Random walks model diffusion processes of interest to physicists (Feynman, 1963)
and biologists (Murray, 1993). Their relevance to electrical circuits is well known
(Doyle and Snell, 1984), and they find application in computer science (Kruse, Leung,
and Tondo, 1991 ). The random walk which we shall present is one dimensional.

Let us consider the points x = 0, 1,2, ...,/? on a coordinate axis. The endpoints x == 0,
x = n serve as traps for a random walk on the array in which each step has unit length
(Figure 1). The probability of moving from x to x + 1 for x = 1,2,3,... -1 is /? where

G (0, ^ ) u (^ , 1). The probability of each step toward x = 0 (from x to x - 1) is 1 -
p. The walk is said to be biased in the direction determined by the greater of p and 1-
P-

Although the random walk is easy to describe, it is also quite easy to ask difficult
questions about such a stochastic process. There was one particular question which we
thought that we should be able to answer with methods and ideas no more sophisticated
than those which are developed in an undergraduate, introductory probability and
statistics course. That question was "What is the expectation value for the length of the
random walk which we have described?"

We have done our mathematics with an "economy of means. " Only after obtaining
our results did we learn that the problem is a variant of "The Gambler’s Ruin." (Feller,
1968). Since we are unable to claim anything in the way of an original result, we take
comfort in citing a remark made by the distinguished mathematician R. Hamming;

192

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

x«0 1 2 3 n-2 n-i n

FIGURE 1 . The array for the random walk.

"The best thing that ever happened in the world is burning the library in Alexandria
because it removed a millstone from around people’s necks." Our reading of Ham¬
ming’s statement is that originality is not everything in mathematics and too strict an
insistence upon it stifles creativity (Albers and Alexanderson, 1985). We are of the
opinion that our work remains interesting as a straightforward, intuitive attack upon a
nontrivial problem most appropriate to undergraduate probability and statistics.

In our note, we compute the expected length of the random walk as a function of n
(where there are ^ + 1 points) and of i g {0, 1, 2, ..., «}, the coordinate of the starting
point of the walk. We denote the expected value by E{n, /). We provide a path of
discovery leading from a specific example to a general result. The computations
involve the method of successive differences, a technique which is somewhat neglected
in undergraduate mathematics these days.

A SPECIAL CASE

First , we consider a special case in hopes that its solution will direct us toward the

general result. We take that to be the case for ^

From the interior point for which x = /, the probability of a step to the left (to / - 1)

1 2
is ^ and the probability of a step to the right (to / + 1) is ^ . Since one step takes the

walk to a new "starting point", we can write a recursion relation for the expected length

£(«,;■) = 1 + £ («, / - 1)) + j (1 + £ («, / + 1))

= y £(«,/- 1) + |£(«,/+ 1)+ 1 . (1)

Then a bit of algebraic manipulation yields

3 E{nJ) = E{nJ-\) + 2E{nJ+\)-^2> . (2)

At the endpoints / = 0 and n, we have E{n, 0) = E{n, n) = 0. The endpoint values are
our boundary conditions.

Solving the system of linear equations defined by Equation 2 with / = 1,2,3,..., n-\
and the boundary conditions for a? = 3, 4, 5 yields

£(3,0) = 0, £(3,1) = , £(3,2) = , £(3,3) = 0;

17 18 11

£(4,0) = 0, £(4, 1 ) = -3-, £(4,2) = 3-, £(4,3) = 3-, £(4,4) = 0; and

147 174 141 78

£(5,0) = 0, £(5,1) = yf , £(5,2) = 3^, £(5,3) = 3^-, £(5,4) = 3^, £(5,5) = 0.

BIASED RANDOM WALK

193

147 174 141 78

31 31 31 31

V V

147 27

31 31

V V V

-31 -31 -J3.

31 31 31

V V V

-120 -60 -30

31 31 31

il5

-60

V V

-30

■51

-15

FIGURE 2. The Successive Differences.

Seeking a pattern for E(n, /) as n varies, we next examine the successive differences
E{n, i) -E{n, / -1) for ^ = 3,4, and 5. The tableau of differences from ^ = 5 is given in
Figure 2.

These computations suggest that

E{n,i)^A + Bi + C2"'‘

with the constants to be determined.

Equation 2 implies that B = -3 while E{n, 0) = E{n, ^) = 0 implies that

A =

3^2^
2'"- 1

and C =

-3 n
2^- \ '

Thus

E(n,i)

3^2^

2^-1

3 /

3n2^

2^-\

(3)

A bit of algebraic manipulation shows that Equation 3 satisfies Equation 2 and the
boundary conditions. If a second function F{n, i) also satisfies Equation 2 and the
boundary conditions, then G{n, i) = E{n, i) - F{n, /) satisfies

1^, . 2

194

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

for / G {1, 2, 3, n- \ } and G{n, 0) = G{n, n) = 0. It follows by reasoning analogous
to that for discrete harmonic functions agreeing at all boundary points that G{n, i) = 0
and that E{n, i) = F{n, i) (Boyd and Raychowdhury, 1989; 1992). Therefore, E{n, i) in

Equation 3 is the unique solution forp = j

THE GENERAL CASE

1 2

Let 1 - p and p replace -j and -j respectively, in Equation 1 . Then we are led to
consider

E(n, /■) = (1 - p)E{n, / - 1) + pE{n,i + 1) + 1.

n-\

(4)

Let us assume that E{n, i)^ A + Bi + C

-P

and pursue the consequences

of that assumption.

Letting E(n, /) take its assumed form in Equation 4 implies that B = "

Letting / = 0 and i = n in the assumed form yields

A + C

1 -p

= 0 and

A + C =

Solving these equations , we find that

- n

C =

^]/

1 -P

and

We observe that A, B, and C reduce to the values in the special case when P^j-

Algebraic manipulation shows that the assumed solution does indeed satisfy
Equation 4 and the boundary conditions. A generalization of the uniqueness argument
in the special case holds as well.

Thus

BIASED RANDOM WALK

195

n - i

is the general solution for p e with A,B,C having the values given

above.

DISCUSSION AND EXTENSIONS

The reader may verify that lim ^ E(n, i) = i and lim E {n, i) = n- i for

o p-^ \

i e { 1 , 2, 3, - 1 } thus justifying that E(n, /) = / and E(n, i)^n- i for p = 0 and p
= I , respectively. These results on the interior of the array are as expected.

When p = Equation 4 becomes

E (n, i) = 2 (E (n, i - \) + E (n, i + \)) + \ .

As we have previously shown (Boyd and Raychowdhury, 1991 ) ,

E {n, /) = n i -

(5)

uniquely satisfies Equation 5 for E(n, 0) = E(n, n) = 0.

LITERATURE CITED

Albers, D.J. and G.L. Alexanderson, Editors. 1985. Mathematical People. Birk-
hauser, Boston. p244.

Boyd, J.N. and P.N. Raychowdhury. 1989. Discrete Dirichlet Problems, Convex
Coordinates, and a Random Walk on a Triangle. The College Mathematics Journal

20:385-392.

Boyd, J.N. and P.N. Raychowdhury. 1991. Fair Fare Functions. Pi Mu Epsilon Journal

9:242-246.

Boyd, J.N. and P.N. Raychowdhury. 1992. Complete Fare Functions. Mathematics

and Computer Education 26:230-238.

Doyle, P.G. and J.L. Snell. 1984. Random Walks and Electrical networks. Mathe¬
matical Association of America, Washington, D.C.

Feller, W. 1968. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1
(Third Edition), John Wiley, New York, pp 342-349.

Feynman, R.P., R.B, Leighton, and M. Sands. 1963. Lectures on Physics, Vol. I,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. pp 65-68.

Kruse, R.L., B.P. Leung, and C.L. Tondo. 1991. Data Structures and Program Design,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. pp 88-89.

Murray, J.D. 1993. Mathematical Biology (second edition). Springer Verlag, New
York.pp 232-236.

196

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

.>v

' ;» ! •' .fii.v

> 1

•'■■‘-~fi ,t O. .

IHBH ■

. ■ ‘ ; '.i

r '

, '

-'■t ^<14 f^r • ' j .

' i , ,-

■ ^. h - ■ - ' ' !

■:ivr’W

) Vi

■^.i

■■ ' :. . ^ ■ •

.. ' ay*r msTAHiTjj

kih.

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,' ' » « 11,,--: I

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-4

Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 3
Fall 1996

Graminicolous Fungi of Virginia: Fungi Associated with
Genera Aegilops to Digitaria

Curtis W. Roane ^ and Martha K. Roane^

Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

ABSTRACT

Fungus-grass associations for grass species in the genera Aegilops through
Digitaria occurring in Virginia are listed here below. Included are associa¬
tions we have found and those from other published lists. New associations
for Virginia are designated as new records (NR, V), for the United States (NR,

U) and for eastern U.S. (NR, EU); the last named implies east of the
Mississippi River. We made no attempt to determine whether or not a fungus
is parasitic although many fungi are clearly the cause of lesions. Rust and
powdery mildew fungi are obligate parasites; smut fiingi are obviously
parasitic. In our observations, the mere presence of a fungus is sufficient for
us to regard it as a member of our mycoflora.

INTRODUCTION

Many fungi are known to occur on grasses in Virginia. We recently published an
annotated list of those associated with cereals (Roane & Roane, 1994). Incidental to
our travels around Virginia we have been collecting and identifying graminicolous
fungi for many years. Since our retirement in 1986, we have engaged in a more
concerted effort to find such fungi. Even so, the ensuing reports show a concentration
of effort in Montgomery and the surrounding counties. The Coastal Plain and Pied¬
mont species are poorly represented; there is little we can do to rectify the hap¬
hazardness of our collections. However, numerous host-fungus associations we have
encountered are previously unreported for Virginia and several are unreported for the
United States. Therefore, we deem it important to record our observations and to
integrate them with those previously reported. This assemblage of reports will add to
the literature on the natural history of Virginia.

The grasses of Virginia were recently listed by Roane (1991) and distribution maps
for most species have been published by Harvill et al. (1986). In order to simplify the
accessibility of our notations, the host species will be listed alphabetically; for each
host the fungus species will be listed under its major fungus class. Thus, the procedures
to be followed are generally those of Farr et al. (1989), and Roane & Roane (1994).
New records will be designated by NR followed by V, EU, or U, symbolizing Virginia,
Eastern United States (generally east of the Mississippi River), or United States,
respectively, based upon the records and distributions given by Farr et al. (1989). Our
collections are designated by year and accession number (ex., 90-32). There was no

1 Professor Emeritus

2 Retired Adjunct Professor

198

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

effort to determine by inoculation whether fungi were pathogenic or saprophytic and
no fungi were isolated or cultured. Thus, all determinations were made from structures
in situ. Specimens were often incubated in moist chambers to stimulate sporulation.

Prior to 1940, the federal plant research station was Arlington Farm, site of the
Pentagon Building. Several plant pathologists working there lived in northern Vir¬
ginia. Since some were forage crop and turfgrass specialists, they collected and
identified fungi on both native and introduced species. This will account for some of
the records on seemingly exotic species which were cultivated and evaluated for
various purposes. Most of the records are unavailable concerning the locality and date
of collection. They are listed as occurring in Virginia by Farr et al. (1989) who cite
Agricultural Handbook No. 165 (1960) as the original source of information. Those
fungi listed by Farr et al. as being in Virginia and which we have not collected will be
listed generally without comment at the end of each host genus and will be designated
by the symbols My, M, O, A, B, Dh, and Dc for Myxomycetes, Mastigomycotina,
Oomycetes, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina-Hyphomycetes, and
Deuteromycotina-Coelomycetes. We will also designate State Parks by S.P.

We have issued some preliminary reports on this work (Roane & Roane, 1984,
1985, 1991).

Aegilops cylindrica L, goatgrass

Only one colony of A. cylindrica is known to us; it lies strung out for one-half mile
along the railroad west of Whitethome in Montgomery Co. All fungi were identified
from collections made there; all records are new for Virginia, most are new for the
United States.

Ascomycotina:

Mycosphaerella sp. - A species of Mycosphaerella was common on senescent
leaves (Coll. 95-26C). Ascospores were fusiform, biseriate in the ascus and measuring
12-15 X 3. 5-4.0 m. The fungus appears to fit M recwfrto(Fr.)Johanson (Dennis, 1978;
Ellis & Ellis, 1985). If properly identified, we have found it on other grasses. We
hesitatingly report it as new. (NR, U).

Phaeosphaeria tritici (Garov.) Hedjaroude was mixed with the Mycosphaerella
collection above (95-26C), but only two ascomata were found. The fungus was
assigned to P. tritici based on the description by Shoemaker and Babcock ( 1 989). (NR,
U).

Basidiomycotina - Uredinales:

Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., leaf rust. A few uredineal pustules
occurred on leaves collected June 14, 1990 (90-32). A nearby wheat nursery may have
furnished inoculum. (NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker. One incubated leaf (Coll. 95-26C, June
27, 1995) produced dark brown, 6-9-septate conidia measuring 60-72 X 18-23 pm,
typical of this species. Since we found the fungus in a relatively small sample, it is
probably common on A. cylindrica. (NR, U).

Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. An incubated spike, (Coll. 96-26D, June 27,
1995) produced masses of salmon or peach colored, 3-5-septate macroconidia meas-

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

199

uring 48-62 X 3-4 |im. As noted above, our sample was very small; therefore, this
fungus is probably a common colonizer of A. cylindrica spikes. (NR, U).

Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., head blight. A collection of June 12, 1991
(91-35B) was found to have spikes colonized by a Fusarium sp. with macroconidia
measuring 27-45 X 3-5 pm and having 1-5 septa but mostly 3 septa. The spores were
broader and shorter than those of F. avenaceum. Fusarium acuminatum was observed
on yt. cylindrica by Sprague (1950) causing root rot; no head blights have been reported.
(NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta graminea R. Sprague & Johnson, on senescent leaves. Only one
collection, June 14, 1990, has been found (90-32). Pycnidiospores measured 12-19 X
4-6 pm much broader than in the following species. (NR, U).

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was associated with leaf spots and was prevalent on
senescent leaves. We have found this fungus on all specimens of the host. Pycni¬
diospores measured 12-18 X 2-3 pm Collections have been made in three different
years (90-32, 91-35A,-B, 95-13) all in June. (NR, EU).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wilson, anthracnose, occurred on leaves
and culms of every collection we made. The fungus produced lesions and colonized
senescent structures. It occurs in the several collections we made (90-32, 91-35A,-B,
95-13, 95-26A), and on V.P.I. & S.U. Herbarium specimens from Campbell Co. (VPI
& SU Herb. No. 13458), Clark Co. (No. 13459), Rockingham Co. (No. 18466), and
Russell Co. (No. 13455).

Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellan! & Germano, node rot. This ftingus is
well known as Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk, causing glume blotch of wheat.
Collections exist from June 12, 1991 and June 27, 1995 (91-35A, 95-26B). (NR, U).

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., syn., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, quackgrass

Ascomycotina:

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) TuL, ergot. This fungus is widespread on A. repens
and is easily recognized by the prominent purplish pseudosclerotia protruding from
spikelets as the host nears maturity. Specimen 82-Ar-7 of our collection is the
anamorphic stage Sphacelia segetum Lev., which precedes the sclerotial stage. Farr et
al. (1989) describe C. purpurea as occurring in the range of the host.

Erysiphe graminis DC., syn., Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer, powdery
mildew, occurs throughout the range of the host (Farr et al., 1989), thus is widespread
on A. repens in Virginia. Collections 83-Ar-7, and 91-15 are from Blacksburg,
Montgomery Co., June 14, 1983, and May 2, 1991, respectively.

Mycosphaerella recutita (Fr.) Johnson, associated with leaf spots, was collected
June 27, 1995 on Kentland Farm (VPI & SU), Whitethome, Montgomery Co. Asco-
mata had no paraphyses; ascospores were biseriate, hyaline, 1 -septate, cylindrical,
measuring 12-13X4 pm. Identification was based on the description by Ellis & Ellis
(1985). (NR,U).

Phomatospora dinemasporium Webster is described as being widespread on dead
grass stems (Ellis & Ellis, 1985, p. 465). It is most frequently found in the anamorphic
stage, Dinemasporium strigosum (Pers.iFr.) Sacc. It was found on A. repens in

200

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 1 1, 1989 (89-Ar-l), on overwintered stems. (NR,

U).

Phyllachora graminis (Pers.:Fr.) Nitschke, tar spot, occurs frequently on A. repens
in Montgomery Co. We have two collections (82-Ar-lO, 84-Ar-7) made in July and
October, 1982 and 1984, respectively. (NR, V).

Basidiomycotina - Uredinales:

Puccinia coronata Corda, crown rust, may be found on A. repens in Montgomery
Co. throughout the host’s growing season. Apparently it survives in the uredinal stage
as the alternate hosts, Rhamnus spp., are uncommon in this area. We have two
collections from Montgomery Co., 91-15, 91-42, made May 2, and June 12, 1991,
respectively. (NR, V).

P. graminis Pers., black stem rust, occurs sporadically on grasses in the mountains
of western Virginia. We have encountered it on A. repens only once (83-Ar-l) in
Montgomery Co. near the junction of Rts. 657 and 685 in November, 1983. (NR, V).

P. recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., leaf rust, is common on A. repens in the
Montgomery Co. region of Virginia yet Farr et al. (1989) report its occurrence only
from West Virginia and South Dakota. We have collections made in June from
Whitethome, Montgomery Co. (90-34, 95-25) and Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co.
(89-11). (NR, V).

Basidiomycotina - Ustilaginales:

Urocystis agropyri (Preuss.) Schroet., flag smut, occurs in the northeastern states
as far south as Pennsylvania, according to Farr et al. (1989). Specimens were collected
in June 1982 and July 1983 from the same colony of A. repens in Montgomery Co. in
successive years (82-Ar-6, 83-Ar-6), thus extending its range into southwestern Vir¬
ginia. (NR, V).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta graminea (Sacc.) R. Sprague & A. G. Johnson was found on specimens
from a single colony of A. repens in Blacksburg. Spores were 13-16 X 3. 5-5.0 pm,
generally shorter and broader than in A. sorghi; it was collected May 2, 1991 in
Montgomery Co. (91-15). NR, U.

A. sorghi Sacc. was found in Blacksburg and near Whitethome, Montgomery Co.
May 2, and June 12, 1991. Spores measured 12-20 X 2-4 pm. Farr et al. (1989) list it
only as in Massachusetts in Eastern U.S. (NR, V).

Additional species reported as occurring in Virginia (Farr et al., 1989): Drechslera
gigantea (Heald & Wolf) Ito, D. tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem.

Agrosf/s spp., bentgrass, hairgrass, redtop

Eleven species of Agrostis L. are listed by Roane (1991) as occurring in Virginia.
Some are turf grasses and some are Coastal Plains species. We have identified fungi
on five species. Farr et al. (1989) list several fungi from Virginia that we have not
encountered. These will be appended to the end of our list. Here the host species are
numbered; in the text, the numbers will refer to these hosts:

1. Agrostis alba L. (including A. stolonifera L.), redtop.

2. A. gigantea Roth. - Agrostis alba, A. gigantea, A. palustris, and A.
stolonifera are taxonomically related and the latter three may be subspe-

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

201

cies of^. alba. A specimen identified as A. gigantea by T. F. Wieboldt,

V.P.I. & S.U. Herbarium, was found to harbor several interesting fimgi.

A single collection was made along Stroubles Ck. on the university farm
between the beef and swine bams, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept.

2, 1994.

3. A. hiemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. (also A. hyemalis), hairgrass.

4. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuck, autumn bentgrass.

5. A. scabra Willd., rough bentgrass.

Ascomycotina:

Epichloe typhina (Pers.iFr.) Tub, causing choke disease, was found in a large
colony of 4 growing in an abandoned logging road on the south slope of Gap Mt. about

5 mi. west of highway U.S, 460, northwestern Montgomery County, July 1983 and
1984 (83-Ap-l, 83-4, 84-Ap-7b). A strong mushroom-like odor was associated with
developing stromata. The colony was observed throughout the summer for two years.
A brief report has been published (Roane & Roane, 1984).

Mycosphaerella tulasnei (Jancz.) Lindau occurred on sheaths of 4 at the choke site
on Gap Mt., Montgomery Co., July 14, 1984 (84-Ap-7a). The fungus clearly fitted the
description of M. tulasnei given by Sprague (1950). (NR, EU).

Phaeosphaeria nigrans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm occurred on foliage of a
collection of 4 from under trees south of the swimming pavillion at Claytor Lake S.P.,
Pulaski Co., Aug. 2, 1989 (89-27). Ascospores were 5-septate, 20-22 X 4-5 pm, the
second cell enlarged. This is a plurivorous fungus and, thus, could occur on many grass
hosts (Shoemaker & Babcock, 1989). (NR, U).

Basidiomycotina;

Puccinia coronata Corda, crown rust, occurred on 1 along Stroubles Ck. below the
U.S. 460 by-pass, V.P.I. & S.U. farm, Montgomery Co., Sept. 2, 1 994 (94-50). Typical
teliospores (stage III) bearing terminal processes were present. (NR, V). Stages II and
III were prevalent on 4 at the choke site above, viz., south slope of Gap Mt.,
Montgomery Co. (83-Ap-l, 83-4, 84-Ap-7). Farr et al. (1989) do not listv4. perennans
as a host. (NR, U).

Puccinia graminis Pers., stages II and III, black stem rust, was collected on 1 at the
Stroubles Ck. site above (NR, V), and on 2 at the same location (94-53). (NR, EU).

Puccinia recondita Roberge ex. Desmaz., II, III, was collected on 5 along Big Reed
Island Ck. above the confluence with Greasy Ck. in Carroll Co., Apr. 19, 1992 (92-14).
(NR, V).

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk is listed by Farr et al. (1989) as a
cause of brown patch of 1 in Virginia. The fungus is better known by its anamorphic
name, Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. It is frequently found on specimens sent to the V.P.I.

6 S.U. Plant Clinic.

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. fruited on incubated leaves of 2 collected
along Stroubles Ck., V.P.I. & S.U. farm. Sept. 2, 1994 (94-53). (NR, U).

Curvularia geniculata (Tracey & Earl) Boedijn appeared on incubated leaves of 3
collected at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-59-1). (NR, U).

202

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Drechslera dematioidea (Bubak & Wrobl) Subram. & Jain, causing leaf spot and
wilted leaves was collected in our yard in Blacksburg, Montgomery Co. on 1 July 16,
1990 (90-55). Conidia measured 24-45 X 14-17 pm and had 3-4-septa. (NR, V).

Drechslera erythrospila (Drechsl.) Shoem. causing a red leaf spot was collected on
1 along the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-2). Conidia
measured 35 X 100 pm and were 2-10-septate. It is common on 1 in Virginia. A
collection on 4 came from the hiking trail at the Mt. Rogers Recreation Area Head¬
quarters, Rt. Va. 16, Smyth Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-29). Although it is widespread on
other Agrostis spp., it is not reported on 4. (NR, U).

Mastigosporium rubricosum (Deam. & Barth.) Nannf. (Sprague, 1950; pp. 402-
405) was found on 3 along War Branch Trail off Rt. 613, Giles Co., June 24, 1990
(90-42). It appears to be a primary pathogen. (NR, U).

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason and Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. appeared
within 24 hr on incubated leaves of 3 collected at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co.,
Sept. 3, 1989 (89-59-1). (NR, U, both fungi).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. causing wilted leaves was collected on / in our yard,
Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 16, 1990 (90-55). (NR, V).

Colletotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck fruited on a few leaves of 2 collected along
Stroubles Ck., V.P.I. & S.U. farm, Montgomery Co., Sept. 2, 1994 (94-53). This
fungus is also known as Ellisiella caudata (Peck) Sacc. Spores feature a tapering
appendage (NR, U).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., the anthracnose fungus, is for
grasses an omniphyte. If we search long enough, we may find it colonizing all grasses
in our region. We have found it on four of the five Agrostis spp. examined. On 1 it
was common on leaves and culms collected along Stroubles Ck., V.P.I. & S.U. farm,
Montgomery Co., Sept. 2, 1994 (94-50), and along the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P.,
Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-2). (NR, V). We collected it on 2 along Stroubles Ck.,
Sept. 2, 1994 (94-53). (NR, U). It occurred on plants of 4 under trees at Claytor Lake
S.P., Aug. 2, 1989 (89-27). (NR, U). We found it on 5 collected along Big Reed Island
Ck. above the confluence with Greasy Ck., Carroll Co., April 19, 1992 (92-14). (NR,
U). Ubiquitous as it is, this fungus has not been reported previously by Farr et al. ( 1989)
on any Agrostis sp. in Virginia.

Phyllosticta anthoxella R. Sprague was collected on 4 at the Mt. Rogers Recreation
Area Headquarters on Va. 16, Smyth Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-29). Pycnospores were
bacilliform, 5-7 X 1.0- 1.5 pm. It was reported previously only from Oregon on
Anthoxanthum (Farr et al. 1989). (NR, U).

Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc. occurred on newly wilted leaves of 3 collected at the
Eastern Virginia Research Station, Warsaw, Richmond Co., May 26, 1982 (82-Ah-5)
and at Hungry Mother, S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-59-2). (NR, U). It occurred
on 4 along the Appalachian Trail, west slope of White Top Mt., Grayson Co., above
5000’, Aug. 31, 1989 (89-59). (NR, U).

Note: P. sorghina is assigned to Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema, Doren.,

& Van Kest. by Farr et al. (1989). The distinction between the genera
appears to be arbitrary.

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

203

Septoria spp. are sometimes very difficult to separate. Although we have assigned
our collections to two species, variation in spore morphology may have led us to err.
No Septoria spp. are listed on Agrostis spp. east of the Mississippi River by Farr et al.
(1989).

Septoria passerinii Sacc. having 3-septate spores measuring 24-35 X 1. 5-2.0 pm
was collected on 4 on Gap Mt., Montgomery Co., July 14, 1984 (84-Ap-7). (NR, U).
It was also found on 1 along the lake shore at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Aug.
29, 1989 (89-41). Spores were 3-septate, occasionally 4-septate, measuring 20-30 X
1. 5-2.0 pm mostly 25-28 X 1.8 pm. (NR, U).

Septoria secalis Prill & Delacroix having 3-septate spores measuring 21-50 X 2-3
pm has been collected on i & 4. A collection with 1 -4-septate, mostly 3-septate spores
measuring 35-47 X 2. 5-3. 5 pm was found causing leaf spots on 3 at Hungry Mother
S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-59-2). (NR, U). It was also found on 4 under trees
at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 2, 1989 (89-27). Spores were 3-septate,
measuring 21-35 X 2.0-2. 5 pm. A collection causing leaf spots on 4 from the Mt.
Rogers Recreation Area Headquarters, Va. 16, Smyth Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-29) had
3-septate spores measuring 35-50 X 2-3 pm. (NR, U).

Note: Septoria passerinii and S. secalis have different spore widths. Spra¬
gue (1950), whose key and descriptions we have used, lists S. secalis on
rye but S. secalis var. stipae Sprague on Agrostis. The var. stipae has
spores about 10 pm longer than S. secalis. Otherwise, they are similar.

Stagonospora foliicola (Bres.) Bubak occurred on newly wilted leaves of 3 col¬
lected at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989. Spores were typical of those
illustrated by Sprague (1950, fig. 57 A). (NR, U).

Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bem. ex Fr.) Sutton is not a parasite of grasses. We
found it parasitizing Puccinia coronata on 4 collected on Gap Mt. at the rust collection
site above, Montgomery Co., Aug. 16, 1983, Aug. 14, 1984 (83-Ap-l, 84-Ap-7) and
parasitizing P. recondita on 5 along Big Reed Island Ck. in Carroll Co., Apr. 19, 1992
(92-14).

In addition to our collections, the following are reported by Farr et al. (1989) to
occur on Agrostis spp. in Virginia. The letters preceding each fimgus group are
explained at the end of the introduction.

O - Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. on A. alba and A. capillar is L.; A -
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.:Fr.) Nitschke on A. alba; Sclerotinia homoecarpa Bennett
on A. alba, A. canina, and A. capillaris\ B - Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank)
Donk on^. alba, A. canina, and/4. capillaris; Dh - Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn
on A. alba; Drechslera gigantea (Heald & Wolf) Ito on A. alba, D. triseptata (Drechsl.)
Subr. & Jain on A. alba', Dc - Cheilaria agrostis Lib. on A. alba.

Andropogon gerard/V Vitman, big bluestem

Ascomycotina:

Phyllachora americana D. G. Parbery, causing tar spot, occurred along Va. 8, 1
mi. N. of Rt. 807, in a field next to Dodds Creek, Floyd Co., Sept. 26, 1994 (94-57).
Although cited by Farr et al. (1989) as occurring on Andropogon sp., it had only been
collected on A. gerardii in Georgia and Florida. (NR, V).

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Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia andropogonis Schwein., II, III, causing a rust, was collected at the site
above (94-57). It is prevalent throughout the eastern states (A.H, 165, I960).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel was parasitic on Phyllachora americana collected
at the Va. 8 site above (94-57). (NR, V).

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason appeared in incubated leaves collected along
Sinking Creek in Giles County near the Craig Co. line, Oct. 3, 1994 (94-69). Most
likely it is a saprophyte. (NR, V).

Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome appeared on incubated leaves from the Va. 8
site (94-57). No doubt this is a saprophyte. (NR, V). T. ellisii is listed by Farr et al.
(1989) as occurring on Andropogon sp. in Alabama.

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Collet otrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. was collected near the Norfolk
Southern Rwy., S. of Va. 114, Montgomery County, Nov. 7, 1982 (82-Ag-ll), and
along Sinking Creek in Giles County near the Craig Co. line, Oct. 3, 1994 (94-69).
(NR, V).

Phyllosticta andropogonivora R. Sprague & Rogers was found on a V.P.I. & S.U.
Plant Clinic specimen (Cl. no. 94-121 9) sent in from James City County, Aug. 11,1 994
(94-36). We also collected it at the Va. 8 site above. Sept. 26, 1994 (94-57). These
are the first collections from the eastern states. (NR, EU).

Andropogon virginicus L., broomsedge

Basidiomycotina:

Uromyces andropogonis Tracy, III, was collected at the marina cove in Claytor
Lake S.P., Pulaski Co. on overwintered culms, Apr. 17, 1991 (91-10); stages II and III
were found on fall culms, Nov. 2, 1987, in the same area (87-Av-l). This rust
fungus-host association is common in the eastern states (Farr et al., 1989).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils. was collected along the lake shore
in Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., in June 1989, and Aug. 2, 1989 (89-7, 89-16). (NR,
U).

Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema., Doren., & Van Kest. occurred with C. gramini¬
cola in the June collection (89-7). Spores measured 4-5 X 1. 5-2.0 pm. These spores
are smaller than those of other species reported on Andropogon. (NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - other:

Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn, causing summer blight is common on broomsedge at
Claytor Lake S.P. We have observed it many times and collected it in June 1 989 (89-7).
(NR, V).

Other fungi reported by Farr et al. (1989) to occur on Andropogon spp. in Virginia
are:

A - Balansia henningsiana (Moell.) W. W. Diehl on A. scoparius Michx. (see also
Diehl, 1950), Phyllachora luteo-maculata (Schwein.) Orton on A. virginicus; B -
Puccinia ellisiana Thuem. on A. virginicus, Sorosporium ellisii G. Winter on A.

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

205

gerardii, S. everhartii Ellis & B. T. Galloway on A. spp. (unspecified), Sphacelotheca
monilifera (Ellis & Everh.) Clinton on A. glomerata Vitm., S. seymouriana Clinton on

A. gerardii,

Anthoxanthum odoratum L., sweet vemalgrass

Ascomycotina:

Phaeosphaeria eustoma (Fuckel) L. Holm was collected at the marina cove, Claytor
Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., May 30, 1991 (91-23). (NR, U). No ascomycete has been
reported on this grass (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, U).

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia graminis Pers., II, was collected on the VPI & SU Horticulture Farm (now
the Market Place Shopping Center), Montgomery Co., June 28, 1989 (89-Ao-2) and
on Kentland Farm, VPI & SU, Montgomery Co., June 13, 1990 (90-33). Both
specimens were identified by J. F. Hennen, Purdue Univ., former curator of rust
collections. A collection was made at the picnic area parking lot, Fairy Stone S.P.,
Patrick Co., May 23, 1993 (93-5). Although known from several eastern states, it has
not been reported from Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, V).

Puccinia recondita Roberge ex. Desmaz. came from Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski
Co., May 30, 1991 (91-23). This is a new host for this fungus according to Farr et al.
(1989) but Cummins (1971) lists Anthoxanthum sp. as a host. (NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Cercosporidium graminis (Fuckel) Deighton was collected at Kentland Farm,
Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 13, 1990 (90-33). This fungus has a wide host
range but has not been recorded on this host before (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, U).

Drechslera dematioidea (Bubak & Wrobl.) Subram. & P. C. Jain, causing leaf spot,
was collected at several locations: VPI & SU Horticulture Farm (now the Market Place
Shopping Center), Montgomery Co., June 22, 1989 (89-Ao-l); Claytor Lake S.P. in
the picnic area Aug. 11, 1989 (89-32), and June 17, 1990 (90-37); at the marina cove.
May 30, 1991 (91-23), Pulaski Co.; Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-44); Rt.
6 1 9, Indian Valley, Floyd Co., July 4, 1 99 1 (9 1 -60); Blue Ridge Pkwy., near Goundhog
Mt., Carroll Co., June 18, 1995 (95-21). Although it is a common leaf spotter on
Anthoxanthum and is reported in several eastern states, this fungus has not been
reported from Virginia (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, V).

Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. fruited on incubated leaves collected in the
picnic parking area, Fairy Stone S.P., Patrick Co., May 25, 1993 (93-5). This is
probably a strict saprophyte. It is not listed by Farr et al. (1989); Ellis & Ellis (1985)
describe it as, “Very common on dead herbaceous plants, Oct.-Apr., and best seen in
the field after a shower of rain.” It has a fringe of long white setae at the base of the
sporodochium. (NR, U).

Note: In contrast, Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Hohn., is similar in ap¬
pearance but has dark setae at the base. We have encountered both fungi

on several grass collections.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc., associated with purple-brown leaf spots and dead leaf tips,
was collected at the picnic parking area, Fairy Stone S.P., Patrick Co., May 23, 1993
(93-5) and along the Blue Ridge Pkwy., near Groundhog Mt., Carroll Co., June 18,
1995 (95-21). It was reported previously only from West Virginia (Farr et al., 1989).
(NR, V).

Collet otrichum gmminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, was collected
twice at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., once in the picnic area Aug. 1 1, 1989 (89-32)
and once at the marina cove. May 30, 1991 (91-23). It was also collected in the picnic
area parking lot at Fairy Stone S.P., Patrick Co., May 23, 1993 (93-5). The only eastern
states report for this fiingus-host association is from Kentucky (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,
V).

Phyllosticta anthoxella R. Sprague was collected on leaves at the VPI & SU
Horticulture Farm (now The Market Place), June 23, 1989 (89-Ao-2). Spores were
slightly colored pale olive, 8-10 X 1.0- 1.5 pm. This fungus is reported from Oregon
only (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, EU).

P. minutaspora R. Sprague was present on the same collection (89-Ao-2). Spores
measured 3. 5-5.0 X 1 .0-1.5 pm or about one-half the length of those of P. anthoxella.
This fungus is not reported on Anthoxanthum (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, U).

Stagonospora arenaria Sacc. associated with purple-brown leaf spots, was col¬
lected in the picnic area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-37); at
Adner, Gloucester Co., June 24, 1991 (91-44); and at the picnic area parking lot. Fairy
Stone S.P., July 24, 1994 (94-19). (NR, U). See note below.

S. maculata (Sacc.) Sacc., associated with leaf spots was collected at the picnic
area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Aug. 11, 1989 (89-32). (NR, U). See note below.

S. nodorum (Berk.) Cast. & Germano, associated with brown leaf spots, was
collected at the VPI & SU Experiment Station, Warsaw, Richmond Co., May 15, 1982
(82Aol). (NR, U). See note below.

Note: Spore measurements for the above: S. arenaria, 27-42 X 3-4 pm, not
constricted at the septa; S. maculata, 26-32 X 3. 5-4.0 pm, constricted at
the septa; S. nodorum, 28-32 x 3-4 pm, usually broadest at the base.

This fungus was prevalent on wheat nearby. None of the species has
been reported on Anthoxanthum (Farr et al., 1 989). Spore measurements
and morphologies of the fungi conform to those given by Sprague
(1950).

Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bem. ex Fr.) Sutton, was parasitic on Pucciniarecondita
in the Claytor Lake S.P. collection of May 30, 1991 listed above (91-23).

Farr et al. (1989) list no additional fungi on A. odoratum in our region.

Aristida oligantha Michx., prairie three-awn

Ascomycotina:

Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Muller & von Arx was collected on overwin¬
tered plants in a field off Country Club Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Apr. 7, 1 995
(95-3). (NR,U).

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

207

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn appeared quickly on incubated leaves
collected at edge of parking lot next to woods behind the marina-swimming area,
Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct 30, 1995 (95-48). (NR, U).

C. protuberata Nelson & Hodges appeared on incubated, overwintered plants
collected in the field behind Gables Shopping Center, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co.,
April?, 1995 (95-3). (NR, U).

C trifolii Boedijn appeared quickly on incubated leaves and culms collected near
M.P. 126 at Mason's Knob overlook, Blue Ridge Pkwy., Roanoke Co., Oct. 23, 1995
(95^44). (NR, U).

Species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Stemphylium also fruited on all Aristida
collections.

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

CoUetothchum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., anthracnose, was collected at the
Gables Shopping Center site and date as above (95-3). (NR, U).

Ellisiella caudata Sacc. was collected at the Pembroke rock quarry, Giles Co., Apr.
2, 1995 (95-6). (NR, U).

In addition, Farr et at (1989) list the following on Aristida spp. in Virginia:

A - Balansia aristidae (Atk.) Diehl on Aristida sp.; B - Uromyces seditiosus F. Kern
on A. purpurascens Poir.

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl. & K. Presl., tall oatgrass
Ascomycotina:

Phaeosphaeria luctuosa (Niessl) Otani & Mikawa occurred on dead culms at 607
Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Sept. 12, 1989 (89-Ae-3). (NR, U).

P. nodorum (E. Muller) HedJ. occurred on leaves and culms at the old VPI & SU
Horticulture Farm (now The Market Place), Montgomery Co., June 28, 1989 (89-Ae-
1), and at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 23, 1 989 (89-Ae-3). (NR,
U).

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia coronata Corda, II, III, crown rust, was collected at Rt. 700 and Sinking
Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981 (81-Ae-l); at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery
Co., July 8, 1983 (83-Ae-l); June 25, 1989 (89a), June 27, 1990 (90-52), June 21, 1995
(95-24); and at North Main St. near U.S. 460, July 1991 (91-x). It is reported by Farr
et al. (1989) only in West Virginia of the eastern states. (NR, V).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Rhyne hosporium orthosporum Caldwell, causing scald, was collected at Pearis-
burg, Giles Co., near the Norfolk Southern Rwy., June 14, 1989 (89-Ae-l). (NR, U).

Spermospora avenae (R. Sprague & Johnson) R. Sprague, a cause of red leather
leaf, was collected at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 8, 1983 (83a),
at the Pearisburg site above (89-Ae-l), and at the old VPI & SU Horticulture Farm,
Montgomery Co., June 7, 1989 (89-Ae-2b). It is reported in the eastern states only
from West Virginia (Farr et ah, 1989). (NR, V).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

S. subulataiK. Sprague) R. Sprague, causing blast, occurred in collection 89"Ae-21
above. Sprague (1950) illustrates S. subulata conidia as having a distal whip-like
extension and Guba (1961) pictures S. avenae as having tapered extensions on each
end. Both spore types were present but on different lesions (NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta brachypodii (Sydow) R. Sprague & Johnson was collected at Rt. 700
and Sinking Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981. Spores are broader than those of ^org/?/,
the only other species recorded on A. elatius (Farr et al., 1989; Sprague, 1950). (NR,
U).

Stagonospora avenae (Frank) Bissett was collected on the old VPl & SU Horticul¬
ture Farm, Montgomery Co., June 7, 1989 (89-Ae-2b) and at 607 Lucas Dr.,
Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., June 21, 1995 (95-24). It is known from West Virginia
and Pennsylvania (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, V).

S. arenaria Sacc. was collected near M.P. 19, Blue Ridge Pkwy., on the Nelson-
Augusta Co. line, June 25, 1991. (NR, U).

In addition, Farr et al. (1989) report B- Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr., the cause of
loose smut, as occurring in Virginia.

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino

No fungi have been reported previously on A. hispidus in Virginia (Farr et al., 1 989).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Bipolaris cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoem. was found on a specimen (VPI & SU
Weed Ident. No. 93-288) sent from Albemarle Co., Aug. 12, 1993. (NR, U).

Periconia circinata (Mangin) Sacc. fruited on incubated leaves collected July 9,
1989, 1 mi. S. of the Floyd-Franklin line on Rt. 860 (89-Ah-la). (NR, U).

Ramulispora sorghi (Ellis & Everh.) Olive & Lefebvre was also collected at the
Rt. 860 site (89- Ah- lb). (NR, U).

Deuteromycetes - Coelomycetes:

Phyllosticta minutaspora Sprague fruited on dead leaf tips collected at the Rt. 860
site above (89-Ah- lb). (NR, U).

A Phyllosticta sp. having conidia measuring 9-10 X 3. 5-4.0 pm fruited on the
Albemarle Co. collection above. It has characteristics of P. bromivora Sprague (spores
measuring 6-1 1 X 3. 0-3. 8 pm) but fits neither Phyllosticta perfectly. We refrain from
assigning our specimen.

Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., giant cane

We have collected giant cane from only one site, the Experiment Station property
at Holland, Suffolk (formerly Nansemond Co.).

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia arundinaria Schwein., rust, was collected April 16, 1982 (82-Ag-l). A
sample was sent to the J. C. Arthur Herbarium, Purdue University where its identity
was verified by J. F. Hennen. Farr et al. (1989) report it from southeastern states but
not specifically from Virginia. (NR, V).

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

209

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

^scoc/i^to^org-ZiiSacc. was also collected April 16, 1982 (82-Ag-l). ^oAscochyta
spp. have been reported on giant cane (Farr et al, 1989). (NR, U).

Farr et al ( 1989) report only one other fungus on leaves of giant cane from V irginia,
Sderotium sacidioides Speg. This was the type specimen from which Spegazzini
described the ftingus. It is unknown elsewhere.

Axonopus affinis Chase, carpetgrass

We have not collected specimens of carpetgrass but Farr et al. (1989) list Dh-
Cerebella andropogonis Ces., the cause of black heads, as occurring in Virginia. The
fungus is illustrated and described by Ellis (1971).

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., long-awned woodgrass
Specimens of B. erectum have been collected from three sites; only one fungus was
detected.

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Stagonospora brachyelytri Greene was collected at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth
Co., Sept 3, 1989 (89-42); in the woods behind the cabins at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski
Co., June 21, 1991 (91-54); and at the Mt. Rogers Recreation Area Headquarters, Rt.
16, Smyth Co., Aug. 14, 1994 (94-27). The fungus is associated with elongated leaf
spots (Sprague, 1950), and apparently is widespread in eastern states (Farr et al, 1989).
(NR, V).

Bromus spp., brome grass, chess, cheat
In order to conserve space, the host species are listed and numbered. In the
collection records, the hosts will be cited by number.

1. B. ciiiata L. - fringed brome.

2. B. commutatus Schrad. - hairy class.

3. B. inermis Leyss. - smooth brome.

4. B. japonicus Thunb. ex Murray - Japanese brome.

5. B. iatiglumis (Shear) Hitchc.

6. B. purgans L. - Canada brome.

7. B. sterilis L. - barren brome.

8. B. tectorum L. - downy cheat

Ascomycotina:

Ciaviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) TuL, ergot occurs in almost all stands of i. We
collected it only along Prices Fork Road opposite the entrance to Hethwood,
Montgomery Co., Aug. 15, 1983 (83-Bi-l). Farr et al. (1989) report the fungus from
the entire range of 3.

Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides (De Not.) L. Holm, associated with leaf spots on
5 was collected at the Craig Ck. Recreation Area, Jefferson National Forest, Oriskany,
Botetourt Co., July 31, 1994. (NR, U).

P. luctuosa (Niessl) Otani & Mikawa, was collected on / near the mouth of Norris
Run,N.W. Montgomery Co., July 1981 (81-Bc-l). Farr etal. (1989) report no
spp. as hosts of this fungus. (NR, U).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

P. nigrans (Roberge ex Desmaz.) L. Holm, has been collected on 4 near Grayson-
town, Pulaski Co., June 11, 1990, (90-27) (NR, U); on 6 Rt. 712, Ellett, Montgomery
Co., June 6, 1990, (90-22) (NR, U); on 7 at the Rt. 613 bridge over Little R., Snowville,
Montgomery Co., June 1 1, 1990 (90-29). (NR, U).

Phyllachora graminis (Pers.:Fr.) Nitschke, causing tar spot, was collected on 1 at
Eggleston, Giles Co., Nov. 15, 1981 (81-Bc-2). (NR, U).

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., leaf rust, stage III, was collected on 1 near
the mouth of Norris Run, N.W. Montgomery Co., July 1981 (81-Bc-l), (NR, U); on 6
at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski, June 1989 (89-8); stages II, III, on 6 in same area. Sept.
1991 (92-6); on 6 on W. bank of New R., 1.5 mi above Pembroke, Giles Co., Aug. 13,
1994(94-30). These are (NR, U) for 6.

Ustilago bullata Berk, in Hook., loose smut, was collected on 5 in a forage testing
nursery on the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co.,
Oct. 17, 1957. Although Farr et al. (1989) give a long list for this fungus on Bromus
spp., there are no citations for Virginia. (NR, V).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., causing leaf spot on 8 was collected at
Lovers Leap Overlook, U.S. 58, Patrick Co., May 23, 1993 (93-7). It has been found
in Virginia on 3 but not on 8, according to Farr et al. (1989). (NR, V).

Drechslera bromi (Died.) Shoem., leaf spot of brome grasses, has been collected
on 3 at the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, VPI & SU, Montgomery Co., May 31, 1956
and Aug. 15, 1960 (56-Bi-l), and July 10, 1985 (85-Bi-2) (NR, V); on 6 along Rt. 860,
near Endicott, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989 (89-46) (NR, U); on 7 near Graysontown,
Pulaski Co., July 11, 1990 (90-26), near the Rt. 613 bridge across Little R., Snowville,
Montgomery Co., July 1 1, 1990 (90-29). (NR, U).

Periconiaatra Corda appeared on incubated dead stems of 1 collected at Eggleston,
Giles Co., Nov. 15, 1981 (81-Bc-2). (NR, U). This species is not listed by Farr et al.
(1989).

P. macrospinosa Lefebvre & Johnson appeared on incubated leaves of 7 collected
at the Little R. bridge, Rt. 613, Snowville, Montgomery Co., June 1 1, 1990 (90-29).

Rhyne hosporium secalis (Oudem.) J. J. Davis, causing scald, was collected on 3
opposite Hethwood Shopping Center, Prices Fork Rd., Montgomery Co., June 26, 1 982
(82-Bi-l). It is common on 3 in Montgomery and surrounding counties but we have
only a single collection. East of the Mississippi R., it is reported only from New
Hampshire (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, V).

Spermospora subulata (R. Sprague) R. Sprague, was collected at the Glade Rd.
PlantPathology field plot area, Montgomery Co., on 3, June 14, 1994(94-7). Although
it colonizes other Bromus spp., it is not previously reported on 3 (Farr et al., 1989).
(NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Ascochyta agropyri-repentis (R. Sprague) Punithalingham, described by Sprague
as Apiocarpella agropyri (Sprague, 1950), was collected on 6 on Rt. 860, S. slope of
the Blue Ridge, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989 (89-46). It may not belong in Apiocarpella

GRAMIMCOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

211

as stated by Sutton (1980), but neither is it typical of Ascochyta. Three-celled conidia
are frequent and in two-celled conidia, the septum is nearer the basal tip. (NR, U).

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc., associated with leaf spots, was collected on 2 at the old
Horticulture Farm, V.P.L & S.U. (now The Market Place Shopping Center),
Montgomery Co., June 15, 1982 (82-Bco-l); on Gap Mt., 1.5 mi. W. of U.S. 460,
Montgomery Co., June 14, 1994; on Brush Mt., in N.W. comer of Roanoke Co., June
24, 1994 (94-16); on 4 at The Market Place, June 15, 1982 (82-Bj-l); at Franklin St.
andN.S. Rwy., Christiansburg, Montgomery Co.; near Graysontown, Pulaski Co., June
1 1, 1990 (90-27); at the Little R. bridge on Rt. 613, Montgomery Co., June 11, 1990
(90-30); near the superintendent’s house, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski, May 30, 1991
(91-25); along N.S. Rwy., 1.5 mi. W. of Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1995
(95-17); on 6, S. slope of Blue Ridge, Rt. 860, near Endicott, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989
(89-46); on Rt. 712, Ellett, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1990 (90-22); on 7 near
Graysontown, Pulaski Co., June 11, 1990 (90-26); at Little R. bridge on Rt. 613,
Montgomery Co., June 1 1, 1990 (90-29); on Rt. 700, 1 mi. below Mt. Lake, Giles Co.,
May 26, 1991 (91-16); on ^ at the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, June, 1982 (82-Bt-l).
All collections on 2, 4, 8 are NR, V. All collections on 6, 7 are NR, U. The fungus
appears to be a common parasite, causing leaf spots on Bromus spp. in the region around
Blacksburg.

Coiletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., the cause of anthracnose, was
collected on 1 on Rt. 708, in N.W. Montgomery Co., July 1981 (81-Bc-l), (NR, U);
on 3 on the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, Montgomery Co., July 3, 1984 (84-Bi-l),
(NR, V); on 4 near Graysontown, Pulaski Co., June 1 1, 1990, (90-27), (NR, U); on 6,
S. slope of Blue Ridge on Rt. 860, Franklin Co., July 9, 1989 (89-46); and at Ellett on
Rt. 712, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1990 (90-22), (NR, V); on 7 at 607 Lucas Dr.,
Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 16, 1990 (90-54), (NR, U). This fungus is
sometimes pathogenic but it is difficult to tell whether it caused disease or was
saprophytic. Since it is so easily detected, it is surprizing that it has not been found on
more species than are listed by Farr et al. (1989).

Phaeoseptoria festucae var. muhlenbergia R. Sprague ex Punithalingham was
found on blades collected on 2 at the Glade Rd., Plant Pathology field plot area,
Montgomery Co., June 14, 1994 (94-7). Several Phaeoseptoria spp. have been found
on grasses but only P. aira has been reported on a bromegrass and that from Alaska
(Farretal, 1989). (NR, U).

Phloeospora graminearum R. Sprague & Hardison was collected on 4 at Ellett, Rt.
712, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1990 (90-23), and near Graysontown, Pulaski Co., June
1 1, 1990 (90-27), (NR, U); on 7 also at Ellett on Rt 712, June 6, 1990 (90-24), and near
Graysontown, Pulaski Co., June 11, 1990 (90-26). (NR, U). No Phloeospora spp. are
reported on Bromus spp. by Farr et al. (1989).

Stagonospora bromi Smith & Ramsb., causing a purple-brown leaf spot, was
collected on 3 at the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, Montgomery Co., June 1955
(55-Bi-l). (NR, V).

S. montagnei Cast. & Germane, (= S. graminella Sacc.), associated with leaf spots
on 8 was collected at the Lovers Leap Overlook on U.S. 58, Patrick Co., May 23, 1 993,
(93-7). (NR, U).

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Deuteromycotina - other:

Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn, causing sharp eyespot, was collected on 6 on Rt. 712,
Ellett, Montgomery Co., June 6, 1990 (90-22). (NR, U).

Calamagrostis spp., reed grass

We have made no collections of Calamagrostis in Virginia. However, Farr et al.
(1989) report B - Ustilago striiformis (Westend.) Neissl as occurring on C. scribneri
Beal in Virginia; this grass is known only from Washington, Oregon, and Rocky
Mountain states. The origin of this questionable report is Fischer (1953).

Cenchrus spp., sandbur

No collections have been made from Cenchrus spp.; however, Farr et al. (1989)
report A - Balansia claviceps Speg., inflorescence blight on C. echinatus L. in Virginia
where the grass is not known to occur. More than likely, the host was C. pauciflorus
Benth. (= C. longispinus (Hack.) Fern.), which is widespread in Virginia (Roane,
1991).

Chasmanthium spp., wild oats

This genus includes grasses formerly in the genus Uniola. No ftmgi are listed for
Virginia in this genus by Farr et al. (1989). We will list our collections under Uniola.

Chlohs verticillata Nutt., windmill grass
The fungi listed below came from a colony of windmill grass growing in traffic
islands at Franklin Rd., and Avenham Ave., Roanoke, collected Aug. 17, 1994.

Ascomycotina:

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rost.) Petr., was fruiting on freshly wilted leaves. Al¬
though considered primarily as a pathogen of forage legumes, this fungus also colo¬
nizes several grass species. Ascospores were muriform, 29-37 X 13-19 pm and were
produced in broadly ovate to irregularly saccate asci measuring 85-90 X 50-60 pm
(95-35) (see Graham & Luttrell, 1961). (NR, U).

Basidiomycotina:

Ustilago chloridicola Henn., inflorescence smut. This fungus is reported to be only
in California by Farr et al. (1989). (NR, EU).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Bipolaris specifera (Bainier) Subram. fruited quickly on incubated leaves (94-35).
(NR, U).

B. zeicola Stout also fruited quickly on incubated leaves (94-35). (NR, U).
Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason was present on newly wilted leaves (94-35).
(NR, U).

Cinna arundinacea L., stout woodreed

Ascomycotina:

Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel, tar spot, was collected at Gloucester Court
House, Aug. 8, 1993 (93-16). It has been known from Virginia for many years
(Sprague, 1950).

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

213

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz., II, was also collected at Gloucester C.H.
(93A61 (NR,V).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

CoUetotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, was collected
at the lake shore, along Va. 16, Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 1, 1989 (89-35).
(NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, appeared quickly on incubated leaves col¬
lected with C graminicola above (89-35). (NR, U).

In addition, Farr et al. (1989) list A - Epichloe typhina (Pers.iFr.) TuL, and B -
Puccinia graminis Pers. as occurring in Virginia.

Cinna latifolia (Trevir) Griseb., drooping woodreed

Ascomycotina:

Phaeosphaeria cinnae Shoem. & Babcock, was collected along a stream beside the
Blue Ridge Parkway between Rocky Knob and Mabry Mill, Floyd Co., July 24, 1994
(94-21). (NR, U). Shoemaker & Babcock (1989) report specimens only from C
arundinacea in Ontario.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pars., Bermudagrass
Plasmodiophoromycetes:

Poiymyxa graminis Ledingham was identified in roots of plants collected in
Broaddus Flats near U.S. 360, Hanover Co., April 7, 1982 (82-Cd-l), and Aug. 23,
1983 (83-Cd-i). This fongus is the vector for three cereal viruses in Virginia. (NR, V).

Basidiomycotina:

Ustilago cynodontis (Henn.) Henn. has been sent to the Plant Clinic at V.P.I. &
S.U. several times. A specimen in the class files was received in July 1964; a specimen
from Pittsylvania Co., was received in the Clinic June 20, 1991 (91-43). (NR, V).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Acremoniella verrucosa Tognini appeared on incubated leaves collected on the old
Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, V.P.I. & S.U., Montgomery Co., Nov. 11, 1981 (81-Cd-l).
The identity was established from the description and illustration given by Ellis (1971).
(NR, U).

Bipoiaris cynodontis (Marig.) Shoem., was the primary fungus in the collection
above (81-Cd-l). Other collections are from Wingina, Nelson Co., Aug. 1, 1984
(84“Cd"l), Montgomery Tunnels, Montgomery Co., Sept. 12, 1989 (89-43) and July
22, 1995 (95-31). The fungus is common on Bermudagrass in this region throughout
the growing season and has been known from Virginia for many years.

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Arnerisporium atrum (Fuckel) Hohn., appeared on incubated leaves collected at
Montgomery Tunnels, Montgomery Co., July 22, 1995 (95-31). It is illustrated by von
Arx(1981). (NR,U).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. was present on leaves in the collection above (95-31). (NR,

U.).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wills, was also in the collection from
Montgomery Tunnels (95-31). Surprisingly, it has not been reported on Cynodon in
eastern states (NR, EU).

Dactylis glomerata L., orchardgrass
Mastigomycotina - Oomycetes:

Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) J. Schrot., appeared on one stem of D. glomerata
in the backyard of our residence at 607 Lucas Dr., Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July
12, 1995 (95-28). The plant had yellowed upper leaves and elongated spikelet
structures. Lemmas were elongated up to 5 cm and were modified to have sheaths and
blades, complete with ligules and collars. Sporangiophores and sporangia were present
on some spikelets; a photograph is available. Spores are papillate, ovoid to globose,
measuring 1 1-12 X 10-11 pm. Since Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thir., Shaw,
and Naras., was the suspected fungus, a search was made for oospores; none was found.
Sporangiospores measured in the low range for S. graminicola given by Weston ( 1 924),
i.e., 12-34 X 10-20 pm much smaller than sporoangiospores of S. macrospora, i.e.,
60-70 X 38-52 pm (Sprague, 1950). A disease known as yellow tufts occurs in turf
grasses in Virginia and is attributed to S. macrospora, but its presence has not been
published. Even though the symptoms suggest to us that S. macrospora is the probable
cause, no flooding occurred where the specimen was collected. Flooding is usually a
prerequisite for infection by S. macrospora. Therefore, because the fungus has small
sporangia and lacks oospores, we have assigned it to S. graminicola. (NR, U).

Ascomycotina:

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tub, the ergot fungus, has been collected at the old
Agronomy Farm, Montgomery Co., July 1982 (82-Dg-2); on Gap Mt., dff the forest
service road 5 mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co., July 10, 1983 (83-Dg-l); in the
Roane backyard, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 31, 1990 (90-74); on Rt. 619,
Indian Valley, Floyd Co., July 4, 1 99 1 (9 1 -58), and at Dickey Ridge Recreation Center,
Skyline Dr., Warren-Rappahannock Co. line, July 11, 1991 (91-62). Farr et al. (1989)
list it as occurring in eastern states.

Erysiphe graminis DC. (now Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer), causing
powdery mildew, was collected on Gap Mt., 5 mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co.,
July 3, 1982 (8I-Dg-1). It is known from the eastern states (Farr et al., 1989).

Phaeosphaeria eustoma (Fuckel) L. Flolm, occurred on leaves of plants 0.5 mi. W.
of Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-30). Shoemaker & Babcock
(1989) list D. glomerata as a host in Canada. (NR, U).

Basidiomycotina:

Puccinia graminis Pers., stem rust, was collected at the Glade Rd., Plant Pathology
plots Nov. 28, 1960 (60-Dg-l), Nov. 19, 1983 (83-Dg-2); at the Kipps farm Oct. 12,
1981 (81-Dg-l), Sept. 16, 1982 (82-Dg-4), and Sept 25, 1982 (82-Dg-3); at the Roane
yard July 31, 1990 (90-5) and at Lucas and Dickerson Dr., Blacksburg, July 1993
(93-24); the foregoing are from Montgomery Co.; at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co.,

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

215

Oct. 3, 1982 (82-Dg-6). The fungus has been known on this host in Virginia for many
years.

Uromyces dactylidis Otth, stages II, III, rust, was collected at Williamsburg, James
City Co., 1948 (48-Dg-l); on the old Agronomy (Kipps) Farm, Montgomery Co., Sept.
27, 1962; and at the Glade Rd. Plant Pathology plots, Aug. 20, 1957, Montgomery Co.,
(57-Dg-l), at Rt. 700 and Sinking Ck., Giles Co., Nov. 14, 1981 (81-Dg-5); on the
V.P.I. & S.U. Horticulture Farm (now The Market Place) Montgomery Co., July 12,
1989 (89-Dg-4); at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-36); at in the
Roane backyard, Montgomery Co., July 1993 (93-24).

Ustilago striiformis (Westend.) Niessl, stripe smut, was collected on the Kipps
farm, Montgomery Co., May 31, 1955 (55-Dg-l). Fischer (1953) lists it as from
Virginia and eastern states.

Deuteromycetes - Hyphomycetes:

Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresen. appeared on incubated leaves having scald-like
lesions collected at the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co.,
July 18, 1989 (89-Dg-5). The fungus is illustrated by Ellis & Ellis (1985). No doubt
it is a saprophyte. (NR, U).

Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. occurred on leaves collected 0.5 mi. W. of
Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-39). The fungus occurred on nearby
barley. (NR, U).

Cercosporidium graminis (Fuckel) Deighton was collected at Williamsburg, James
City Co., June 1948 (48-Dg-l); the Glade Rd. Plant Pathology plots, Montgomery Co.,
Sept. 1955 (83-Dg-2) and May 25, 1990 (90-11); at the old Horticulture Farm (The
Market Place), Montgomery Co., July 1 2, 1 989 (89-Dg-4); at Lucas and Dickerson Dr.,
Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 1993 (93-24); from County Agent, Hanover Co.,
Sept. 2, 1994 (Plant Clinic 94-1385); at Roane residence, Lucas Dr., Blacksburg,
Montgomery Co., July 17, 1995 (95-29).

Drechslera dactylidis Shoem., causing leaf spot, was sent to the Plant Clinic from
Hanover Co., May 1 , 1 989 (89-Dg- 1 ). Orchardgrass is not commonly grown in eastern
Virginia; the fungus was believed to cause the grass to die out. (NR, V).

Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh. occurred on leaves collected at the Kipps
farm Sept. 16, 1982 (82-Dg-4). Although it is listed as a root colonizing fungus (Farr
et al., 1989), it has been found on leaves of several grasses. (NR, EU).

Mastigosporium rubricosum (Deam. & Barth.) Nannf, causing eyespot, was
collected on Rt. 613 at the N. end ofMt. Lake, Giles Co., June 24, 1990 (90-45). (NR,
V).

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, appeared on leaves of plants sent to the Plant
Clinic from Hanover Co., Sept. 2, 1 994 (94-46). The fungus often appears on incubated
leaves of various grasses and may be a saprophyte. (NR, U).

Rhynchosporium orthosporum Caldwell causing scald, has been collected on the
S. slope of Gap Mt., 5 mi W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co., July 3, 1982 (82-Dg-l);
at the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., Sept. 19, 1989
(89-48); at the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17, 1990 (90-36); in
Roane’s yard, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., July 1, 1994 (94-9) and July 17, 1995
(95-29); at Groundhog Mt., Blue Ridge Pkwy., Carroll Co., June 18, 1995 (95-23).
(NR, V).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Ascochyta graminea (Sacc.) R. Sprague & Johnson, associated with leaf spots, was
collected 0.5 mi. W. of Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-30). Spores
measured 14-17 X 4-5 pm. (NR, U).

A. sorghi Sacc., associated with leaf spots, was collected on Rt. 613 at the ridge
overlooking Stoney Ck. Valley (= then the junction with Appalachian Tr.), Giles Co.,
June 24, 1990 (90-45). Spores measured 12-19 X 1. 5-3.0 pm on the average, slenderer
than those of A. graminea. (NR, V).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, has been
found in many collections. In Montgomery Co., at several locations in Blacksburg,
Oct. 1981 (81-Dg-2); Oct. 12, 1981 (81-Dg-4); Nov. 11, 1983 (83-Dg-2); May 30,
1 990 (90- 1 6); July 1 993 (93-24); on the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place) July
12, 1989 (89-Dg-4); at Camp Fincastle, Botetourt Co, Oct. 29, 1989 (89-67); at
Rustburg, Campbell Co., July 13, 1993 (93-15); at Groundhog Mt., Blue Ridge Pkwy.,
Carroll Co., June 18, 1995 (95-23); at Delaplane, Fauquier Co. (Plant Clinic no.
89-2318), Aug. 30, 1989 (89-Dg-6); on Rt. 613 at N. end of Mt. Lake, Giles Co. June
24, 1990 and May 26, 1991 (90-45, 91-20); along the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P.,
Pulaski Co., Oct. 3, 1982, July 14, 1989, and June 17, 1990 (82-Dg-6, 89-8, 90-36).
The fungus has been known on D. glomerata in Virginia for many years. No doubt it
can be found wherever the grass grows.

Dilophospora alopecuri (Fr.) Fr., causing twist, was found at the eastern continental
divide, old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., June 26, 1989
(89-Dg-3). Williams (1964) reported its occurrence in Virginia but did not list a
collection site.

Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thuem.) Stayaert. A fungus fitting the description of
Pestalotia disseminata Thuem. as described by Guba (1961, p. 139), appeared on
incubated leaves collected on N. Main St. near U.S. 460, Blacksburg, Montgomery
Co., May 30, 1990 (90-16). It appeared to be saprophytic; no representatives of this
genus are reported on grasses (Farr et al., 1989). (NR, U).

Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema., Doren., and Van Kest., occurred on leaves
collected 0.5 mi. W. of Whitethome, Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-39). Spores
measured 4-6 X 2.3 pm thus fitting well within the dimensions given by Sprague
(1950). (NR,U).

Sphaerellopsis fdum (Biv.-Bem. ex. Fr.) Sutton (= Darluca filum) is a parasite of
rusts. It was found in Puccinia graminis on D. glomerata collected at the Glade Rd.
Plant Pathology plots, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Nov. 28, 1960 (see above,
60-Dg-l). (NR,U).

Stagonospora arenaria (Sacc.) Sacc., causing purple-brown leaf blotch, has been
collected from the Rocky Mount area, Franklin Co., Apr. 30, 1990 (90-12); Rt. 770
and Sinking Ck., Giles Co., June 12, 1993 (93-10); and the following sites in
Montgomery Co.: S. slope Gap Mt., 5 mi W. of U.S. 460, July 3, 1982 (82-Dg-l); the
Kipps farm. Sept. 16, 1982 (82-Dg-5); Glade Rd. Plant Pathology plots, Nov. 9, 1983
(83-Dg-2); near Pandapas Pond, June 9, 1985 (85-Dg-l); on the old Horticulture Farm
(The Market Place) July 12, 1989 (89-Dg-4); Roane’s backyard, Blacksburg, July 1990
(91-36); 0.5 mi. W. of Whitethome, June 9, 1991 (91-39). Spores of S. arenaria

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

217

measure 25-60 X 2. 5-5.0 |im and are nearly cylindrical, not constricted at the septa;
compare with S. maculata below. (NR, V).

S. maculata Castallani & Germano, purple leaf spot, is characterized by shorter,
wider, boat-shaped spores, constricted at the septa, measuring 27-40 X 4. 8-6. 5 pm.
Specimens were collected at Rustburg, Campbell Co., July 13, 1993 (93-15); at
Groundhog Mt., Blue Ridge Pkwy., Carroll Co., June 18, 1995 (95-23); in Roane’s
yard, Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Oct. 1981, July 12, 1995, and July 17, 1995
f81-Dg-l, 95-28, 95-29); along the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., June 17,
1990 (90-36); on Brush Mt. near the Audie Murphy monument, Roanoke Co., June 14,
1994 (94-10). The two Stagnospora spp. sometimes occur in mixed infections; both
are widespread in Virginia. (NR, V).

Deuteromycotina ^ other:

Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn, causing foliage blight, was collected along the lake
shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-3). According to Farr et al
(1989), Drake (1958) reported R. solani on D. giomerata. Drake said that R. solani
occurred on Lotus cvs. planted in mixed stands with D, giomerata. Thus, this is the
first report of R. solani on D. giomerata in Virginia. (NR, V).

Danthonia, oatgrass

Three species of Danthonia occur in Virginia; we have identified fiingi occurring
on D. spicaia (L.) Beauv. ex. Roem. & Schult., and D. compressa Aust.

Ascomycotina:

Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Peck) Diehl, black choke, was found on D. spicata along
the hiking trail in woods behind the swimming area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co.,
June 21, 1991 (91-52), and on D. compressa along the Blue Ridge Pkwy., between
Rocky Knob and Mabry Mill, Patrick Co., June 18, 1995 (95-22). Diehl (1950) cites
specimens in herbaria from Virginia as early as 1918 but does not state which species
was the host. The fungus is generally distributed in eastern states on D. compressa and
D. spicata (Farr et al, 1989).

Basidiomycotina;

Ustiiago residua G. P. Clinton, panicle smut, was collected on D. spicata along the
War Spur Trail off Rt. 613 (Salt Sulphur Tnpk.), Giles Co., June 22, 1980, and May
26, 1991 (80-Ds-l, 91-18); and on the S. slope of Gap Mt., 1.5 mi. W. of U.S. 460,
Montgomery Co., May 31, 1989 (89-76). It was collected on D. compressa on the War
Spur Trail June 24, 1990 (90-44). The fungus has long been known on Danthonia spp.
in Virginia (Farr et al, 1989).

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn, leaf mold, was collected on D.
spicata at White Top Mt., Smyth-Grayson Co. line, Aug. 31, 1989 (89-69); and on S.
slope of Gap Mt., 5 mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co., July 3, 1982 (82-Ds-2).

(NR, U),

Drechslera campanulata (Lev.) Sutton, causing leaf spot, was collected on D.
spicata along Forest Service road 630 off Rt. 621, N.E. Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991
(91-40). (NR,U).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Microdochium bolleyi (R. Sprague) DeHoog & Hermanides-Nijhot, was found
associated with bright tan leaf spots in D. spicata plants collected on the south slope
of Gap Mt., Montgomery Co., 5 mi. W. of U.S. 460 on July 3, 1982 and 1 mi. W. of
U.S.460,May31, 1989 (82-Ds-l, 89-Ds-l). (NR, EU).

Spermospora subulata (R. Sprague) R. Sprague occurred on incubated leaves of D.
compressa collected on the Blue Ridge Pkwy., Patrick Co., June 18, 1995 (95-22).
(NR, U).

Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., produced scattered sporodochia on incu¬
bated leaves of D. spicata collected on Forest Service road 630 off Rt. 621, N.E.
Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-40). (NR, U). See Ellis & Ellis (1985).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes

Amerosporium atrum (Fuckel) Hohn., appeared on incubated leaves of D. spicata
collected along the Forest Service road, S. slope of Gap Mt., 5 mi. W. of U.S. 460,
Montgomery Co., July 3, 1982 (82-Ds-2). (NR, U).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., anthracnose, was collected on D.
spicata along the Forest Service road 630 off Rt. 631, N.E. Montgomery Co., June 9,
1991 (91-40). It is reported only from N.W. United States (Farr et al., 1989). (NR,
EU). It also occurred on D. compressa along the Blue Ridge Pkwy, Patrick Co., June
18, 1995 (95-22). (NR, EU).

Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster, occurred on incubated leaves of D.
compressa from the Blue Ridge Pkwy. site above, collected June 18, 1995 (95-22).
(NR, U).

Pseudoseptoria donacis (Pass.) Sutton, causing halo spot, occurred on leaves of D.
spicata collected 1 mi. W. of U.S. 460 on S. slope of Gap Mt., Montgomery Co., July
3, 1982 (82-DS-2). Spores were lunate, measuring 15-29 X 2.5 pm. Sprague (1950)
describes the variability of spores from different localities and hosts. Most records are
from N.W. United States; our collection is rare for eastern states. (NR, U).

Stagonospora simplicior Sacc. & Briard or S. brachyelytri Greene was collected
on D. spicata. Spores were cylindrical to slightly tapered, with rounded ends, some¬
times slightly constricted at the three septa, cells vacuolate as on S. simplicior,
measuring 22-25 X 6-1 pm (very uniform). Spores of S. simplicior are broader and
longer, 28-38 X 8-9 pm; those of S', brachyelytri are 13-33 X 5-7 pm (Sprague, 1950).
We tentatively assign our collection to S. brachyelytri. S. subseriata (Desmaz.) Sacc.
is known on a western Danthonia but it has boat-shaped spores. In any case, our
collection made June 9, 1991, on Forest Service road 630, off Rt. 631, N.E.
Montgomery Co. is a NR, U.

In addition, Farr et al. ( 1 989) list A - Epichloe typhina (Pers:Fr.) Tul, causing choke,
on D. compressa in Virginia and on D. spicata in eastern U.S.

Dichanthelium spp., panic grasses

Dichanthelium (formerly subgenus of Panicum) is represented by 20 species in
V irginia (Roane, 1991). Many of those listed by Hitchcock & Chase ( 1 950) have been
reduced to synonyms by Gould, Clark, & Shaw (Gould and Clark, 1983). We have
identified fungi on eight former Panicum spp., now regarded as Dichanthalium spp.
In the discussion, species will be referred to by number; for synonyms, see Roane
(1991); in Farr et al. (1989), see under Panicum.

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

219

1. D. acuminatum (Swartz.) Gould & Clark, southern panic.

2. D. boscii (Poir.) Gould & Clark, no common name.

3. D. clandestinum (L.) Gould, deer tongue.

4. D. commutatum (Schult.) Gould & Clark, variable panic.

5. D. depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould, starved panic.

6. D. dichotomum (L.) Gould, forking panic.

7. D. laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould, loose-flowered panic.

Ascomycotina:

Mycosphaereila allicina (Fr.:Fr.) Vestergr. occurred on 6 in the Audie Murphy
Monument area. Brush Mt., near Craig-Roanoke Co. line, June 24, 1994 (94-14).
Ascospores were 1 -septate, constricted, cells unequal, hyaline, 17-19X6-7 pm. See
Ellis & Ellis, p. 464 (1985). (NR, U).

Paraphaeosphaeria michotii (Westend.) O. Eriksson, was collected on leaves of 1.
The fungus was associated with bright tan lesions on leaves collected along the lake
shore at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-4). See Ellis & Ellis pp.
464,540(1985). (NR, U).

Phyllachora punctum (Schwein.) Orton & Stevens has been collected on 1 along
the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1 989 (89-4) (NR, U); on 2 along
the lake-ridge trail. Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-37); and along
Mt. Rogers Recreation Area Hdqtrs. nature trail Va. 16, Smyth Co., Aug. 14, 1994
(94-28), (NR, U); on 3 at Little R. bridge on Rt. 613, Montgomery Co., Aug. 4, 1989
(89-22) and along Va. 8 & Dodds Ck., S. of Floyd, Oct. 3, 1994 (95-9); on 4 along
lake-ridge trail. Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-39), (NR, U). In
addition, D. depauperatum and D. sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould are listed by Farr et al.
(1989) as hosts of this fungus in Virginia.

Basidiomycotina:

A rust ftmgus occurred on 2 at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989
(89-38). No teliospores were present. Specimens were sent to J. F. Hennen of the
Arthur (Rust) Herbarium, Purdue Univ. but he could not make a positive identification.
Puccinia emaculata Schwein. and Uromyces graminicola Burrill are reported to occur
in Virginia on unidentified Panicum spp. (Farr et al., 1989) which in the revised genus
may include Dichanthelium spp.

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Exserohilum monoceras (Drechs.) Leonard & Suggs, was associated with elliptical,
zonate, brown lesions on 3 collected on the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co.,
Aug. 1 1, 1989 (89-33). (NR, U).

Microdochium bolieyi (R. Sprague) DeHoog & Herm.-Nijhof, associated with
circular, tan leaf spots, was collected on 2, 4, 5 in a small area off the Gap Mt.-Poverty
Ck. Forest Service Rd. 1.5 mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co., May 28-31, 1989
(89-Db-l, 89-De-l, 89-Dd-l); and on 6 Forest Service Rd. 630 of Rt. 621, N.E.
Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-33). (NR, U on all hosts).

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, was present on dead culms of living plants
of 1 collected on the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., Sept.
19, 1989(89-49). (NR, EU).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., associated with bright tan leaf spots on 1 was
collected at the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July 14, 1989 (89-4). (NR,
U).

Ramularia graminicola Peck, was associated with leaf spots on 2 collected on the
lake-ridge trail. Hungry Mother S.P,, Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-37); and was
associated with linear to elliptical leaf spots on 3, collected on the old Horticulture
Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., June 21, 1989 (89-5). The description of
this fungus is given by Sprague (1950). Peck’s (1891) original description was not
available. Although our collection satisfactorily fits Ramularia, the specific epithet
may be questioned; however, this genus has not been found previously on 2 and 3.
(NR, U).

Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome was associated with leaf streaks on J, collected
on the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., Oct. 11, 1989
(89-54). (NR,U).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes;

Ascochyta sorghi Sacc., was collected on 3 by Diane Reaver along Sinking Ck. at
the end of Rt. 770, 4 mi. E. of Newport, Giles Co., July 13, 1990 (90-53). (NR, U).

Chaetoseptoria sp., associated with small brown spots occurred on 7, collected at
Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-77). Pycnidia at first submerged,
erumpent, smooth, later becoming nearly superficial and crowned with 10 or more
brown, acute, 2-5-septate setae, up to 160 pm long. Pycnidiospores measured 60-70
X 1. 5-2.0 pm, were 2-5-septate (mostly 3-sep.). A second collection on 1 came from
the old Horticulture Farm (The Market Place), Montgomery Co., Sept. 19, 1989
(89-49). Pycnidia measured only up to 45pm and spores were 45-60 X 1 pm smaller,
than in the Smyth Co. collection. Only C vignae on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is
listed by Farr et al. (1989). This fungus genus is not listed on grass hosts. (NR, U).

Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., causing anthracnose, was collected
on 2 at Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept. 24, 1989 (89-51). (NR, U).

Phomatospora dinemasporium J. Webster, occurred on 7 collected at Hungry
Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989 (89-77). (NR, U). This fungus is described and
illustrated by Sutton (1980).

Phoma sorghina (Sacc.) Boerema, Doren., & Van Kesteren, with ellipsoid pycni¬
diospores measuring 3-9 X 2-3 pm was collected on 3 at the old Horticulture Farm
(The Market Place), Montgomery Co., Oct. 11, 1989 (89-54). (NR, U).

Phyllosticta anthoxella R. Sprague, having bacillar-shaped, guttulate spores meas¬
uring 5-7 X 0.8-1 .5 pm associated with linear stripes on overwintered culms of 5, was
collected at the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Mar. 25, 1991 (91-4). The
species from which this fungus was originally collected by Sprague (1950), Anthoxan-
thum odoratum L., was growing close to the stand of 3. (NR, U).

Phyllosticta healdii R. Sprague, having biguttulate oval spores, measuring 11-15
X 3. 5-5.0 pm was collected on 1 at the lake shore, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., July
14, 1989 (89-4), (NR, EU); and on 6 near the Audie Murphy Monument on Brush Mt.,
N.W. Roanoke Co., June 24, 1994 (94-14). (NR, U). Sprague (1950) described P.
healdii from Panicum huahucae Ashe, included by Gould & Clark (1983) in 1 D.
acuminatum (Roane, 1991).

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

221

Septoria arechavaletae Wint. was collected on 6 on Forest Service Rd. 630 off Rt.
621, N.E. Montgomery Co., June 9, 1991 (91-33). Spores were 3-8-septate, filiform-
vermiform 50-100 X 1 .0-1.2 pm Sprague (1946) questions the validity of this species
and suggests it should be included in S. tandilensis. The only collection of S.
arechavaletae to date was that of Fairchild on Panicum capillare L. in Virginia
(Sprague 1946). We hesitatingly call our collection a NR, U.

S. tandilensis Speg., causing a leaf spot, was collected along the lake shore at
Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co. on 1 July 14, 1989, and on 3 Oct. 10, 1988. Pycnidia
were very prevalent in lesions on leaves in the collections. (NR, V).

Stagonospora simplicior Sacc. & Briard, associated with elliptical leaf spots on 2
& 3 has been collected on 2 at Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3, 1989, and at
Adner, Gloucester Co., Sept. 24, 1989. (NR, U). It was collected on 3 on Gap Mt., 1
mi. W. of U.S. 460, Montgomery Co., July 1985; at Rt. 613 and Little R., Montgomery
Co., Aug. 4, 1989; on the lake-ridge trail, Hungry Mother S.P., Smyth Co., Sept. 3,
1989; and on the lake shore Claytor Lake S.P., on overwintered stems. Mar. 25, 1991 .
(NR, U).

Digitaha spp., crabgrasses

Roane (1991) lists five species of Digitaria in Virginia; we have collected and
identified fungi on only two species.

1. D. ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex. Muhl.

2. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

Ascomycotina:

Pleospora sp. or Pyrenophora sp. We have found an ascomycetous fungus with
sunken to erumpent, smooth pseudothecia, bearing cylindric to slightly saccate bituni-
cate asci, and muriform, dark brown, ascospores, with 3-5 transverse septa, constricted
at the septa, blunt on one end, more tapering on other, measuring 29-36 X 11-17 pm,
occurring on frosted leaves of 1 at Camp Fincastle, Botetourt Co., Oct. 29, 1989. More
careful work is needed before we can make a definite determination. Nothing ap¬
proaching Pyrenophora or Pleospora has been reported on crabgrass.

Basidiomycotina:

Ustilago syntherismae (Schwein.) Peck, has been identified on 1 from Augusta Co.,
(V.P.I. & S.U. PI. Clinic no. 82-2794), Oct. 6, 1 982 (82-Di-2); from Collinsville at U.S.
220 (Business) and Rt. 732, Henry Co., Sept. 25, 1994; from Christiansburg,
Montgomery Co., Sept. 28, 1982 (82-Di-l); on 2 from Roane’s yard, Blacksburg,
Montgomery Co., Oct. 12, 1981 (81-Ds-l); on 7, Sept. 16, 1995 (95-36) and 2 Sept. 8,
1991, both in the cabin area, Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co. There are previous reports
on 1 and 2 and also on D. filiformis (L.) Koel. from Virginia (Farr et al., 1989).
Although the hosts flower from June to October, smutted racemes do not appear before
late August in Virginia.

Deuteromycotina - Hyphomycetes:

Curvularia intermedia Boedijn appeared on incubated leaves of 1 collected at U.S.
220 & Rt. 732, Collinsville, Henry Co., Sept. 25, 1994 (94-58). Spores were asymet-
rical, 3 -septate, middle septum median, having an inconspicuous hilum, and measuring
25-32 X 15-18 pm. The fringus is illustrated by Ellis (1971). (NR, U).

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Curvularia trifolii (Kauf.) Boedijn was collected on frost-killed leaves of 1 from
Camp Fincastle, Botetourt Co., Oct. 29, 1989. Like C. intermedia, C. trifolii has
3-septate, asymmetrical spores, but the enlarged second cell forces the middle septum
below the median. There is a protruding hilum. (NR, EU).

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. occurs commonly on 2 throughout Virginia.
Collections have been made from Charlotte, King & Queen, Montgomery, and Pulaski
Cos. beginning in early August. Oddly, the fungus occurs on 1 & 2 throughout their
ranges, but we have no records of it on 7.

Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome was collected on 2 at Broaddus Flats, Hanover
Co., Aug. 23, 1983. (NR, U).

Deuteromycotina - Coelomycetes:

Collectotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G. W. Wils., was collected on 1 near the woods
behind the marina at Claytor Lake S.P., Pulaski Co., Oct. 30, 1995 (95-49). (NR, V).

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY

We have listed fungi on Virginia grass genera Aegilops through Digitaria (A
through D). We have made no effort to determine whether the fungus in an association
is saprophytic or parasitic. When we incubated plant parts, Alternaria, Cladosporium,
Epicoccum, and Penicillium invariably appeared. We regarded them as saprophytes
and ignored them. The fungi we reported seemed to be associated with a symptom or
disintegration of the host we collected. Despite our position, we recognize that some
of our reported fungi may be only saprophytes but their frequent association with
different components of the incubated material prompted us to accept them as a
regularly occurring partner. Their presence is recognized, and they are regarded as
elements of our mycoflora. Many associations are reported as new for the United States
(NR, U), for eastern United States (NR, EU), or for Virginia (NR, V). The large number
of new records may be attributed to the fact that no one before us has collected
extensively the fungus-grass associations occurring in Virginia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. L. D. Moore for availing to us the facilities and secretarial
pool of the Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science. We are
pleased to have this support as it allows us in our retirement to make original
contributions to the natural history of Virginia. We are especially grateful to Judy
Fielder for her patience in converting our scripted notes into publishable form.

LITERATURE CITED

Anonymous. 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric.

Handbook No. 165. Washington, D.C. 531 pp.

Arx, J. A. von. 1981. The Genera of Fungi Sporulating in Pure Culture. J. Cramer,
Vaduz, Germany. 424 pp.

Cummins, G. B. 1971 . The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer-
Verlag,N.Y. 570 pp.

Dennis, R. W. G. 1978. British Ascomycetes, J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany. 585 pp.
Diehl, W. W. 1950. Balansia and the Balansiae in America. Agric. Monograph No.
4. U.S. Dept. Agric. 82 pp. & 1 1 pi.

GRAMINICOLOUS FUNGI OF VIRGINIA

223

Drake, C. R. 1958. Diseases of birdfoot trefoil in six southeastern states in 1956 and
1957. Plant Dis. Reptr. 42:145-146.

Ellis, M. B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Inst.,
Kew, Surrey, England. 608 pp.

Ellis, M. B., and J. Pamela Ellis. 1985. Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification
Handbook. Macmillan Publ. Co., New York. 818 pp.

Farr, D. F., G. F. Bills, G. P. Chamuris, and A. Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on Plants
and Plant Products in the United States. Amer. Phytopathological Soc. Press., St.
Paul, Minn. 1252 pp.

Fischer, G. W. 1953. Manual of the North American Smut Fungi. The Ronald Press
Co., New York. 343 pp.

Gould, F. W., and R. B. Shaw. 1983. Grass System atics. 2nded. Texas A & M Press,
College Station, Tex. 347 pp.

Graham, J. H., and E. S. Luttrell. 1961. Species of Leptosphaerulina on forage plants.
Phytopathology 5 1 :680-693.

Guba, E. F. 1961. Monograph of Monochaetia and Pestalotia. Harvard Univ. Press,
Cambridge, Mass. 342 pp.

Harvill, A. M., Jr., T. R. Bradley, C. E. Stevens, T. F. Wieboldt, D. M. E. Ware, and
D. W. Ogle. 1986. Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Va. Botanical Associates,
Farmville, Va., 2nd ed. 135 pp.

Hitchcock, A. S., and Agnes Chase. 1951. Manual of Grasses of the United States.

2nd ed. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 200. 1051 pp.

Roane, C. W., and M. K. Roane. 1984. Epichloe typhina in colonies of Agrostis
perennans. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 74:758.

Roane, C. W., and M. K. Roane. 1991. New hosts for graminicolous fungi in Virginia.
1989-1990. (Abstr.). Va. J. Sci. 42:189.

Roane, C. W., and M. K. Roane. 1994. Graminicolous fungi of Virginia: Fungi
associated with cereals. Va. J. Sci. 45:279-296.

Roane, M. K. 1991. The grasses of Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 42:3-100.

Roane, M. K., and C. W. Roane. 1984. New hosts of fungi found on small grains,
com and perennial forage grasses. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 74:792.

Roane, M. K., and C. W. Roane. 1985. New hosts for fungi found on grasses in
Virginia. (Abstr.). Phytopathology 75:628.

Roane, M. K., and C. W. Roane. 1991. Graminicolous fungi new to Virginia:
1989-1990. (Abstr.). Va. J. Sci. 41:188.

Shoemaker, R. A., and C. E. Babcock. 1989. Phaeosphaeria. Can. J. Bot. 67:1500-

1599.

Sprague, R. 1946. Additions to the Fungi Imperfecti on grasses in the United States.

Mycologia 38:52-64.

Sprague, R. 1950. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America. The Ronald

Press Co., New York. 538 pp.

Sutton, B. C. 1980. The Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Inst., Kew,
Surrey, England. 696 pp.

Weston, W. H., Jr. 1924. Nocturnal production of conidia by Sclerospora gramini-
cola. J. Agric. Res. 27:771-784 & 2 pi.

\ 224

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Ji' V

Williams, A. S. 1964r Twist disease of orchardgrass in Virginia. Plant Dis. Reptr. "j
48:119.

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MINUTES

225

Minutes of the May 22 1996 Meeting
of the Executive Committee
of the Academy Council
of the Virginia Academy of Science

University Student Commons Alumni Association Board Room, Virginia

Commonwealth University, 2 pm, May 22, 1996

Members Present: Thomas O. Sitz (President), Elsa Q. Falls (Immediate Past
President), R. Dean Decker (President-elect), Carolyn M. Conway (Vice Presi¬
dent), Joseph W. Rudmin (Secretary), Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Assistant Executive
Secretary-Treasurer), Donald R. Cottingham (Director, Junior Academy of Sci¬
ence). Others Present: Darcy Mays (Incoming Treasurer), James Martin, (Editor
of the Virginia Journal of Science), Larry Snedden, (photographer).

Members Absent: Greg Cook (Treasurer), Blanton Bruner (Executive Secre¬
tary Treasurer).

The meeting commenced at 2:10 pm.

1. Introductions: Participants introduced themselves.

2. The Agenda was adopted

3. The minutes of the November meeting were approved, and the minutes of
the March meeting were approved subject to submitted corrections.

4. Officers’ Reports

a. President, Tom Sitz

i. Future meeting sites: Tom reported receiving a letter from President Cov¬
ington at Radford University inviting the Academy to hold the annual meeting
there in the year 2000. Tom sent a response to him, with copies going to appro¬
priate people at Radford and to Richard Brandt (Long Range Planning Commit¬
tee Chair), suggesting Judy Niehaus as contact person and Local

Arrangements Chair. I plan to write John Casteen about holding the meeting
in 2001 or 2002 at the University of Virginia. This will be done in consultation with
Jim Murray, Ken Lawless, and Ertle Thompson, who are active Academy members
there.

Tom asked when was the last time the Academy met at William and Mary.
Dean Decker said that it was in 1975. There has not been a meeting there since,
because the Academy has not felt welcomed there. Moreover, there are few active
Academy members there. Art Burke said that since the W&M administration has
since changed, they should be reconsidered as a meeting set. Dean Decker
suggested Ronald Giese as a possible contact person on this question. Mary
Washington was suggested as a possible site. Michael Bass would be an appropri¬
ate person to ask about this. Committee members were not certain of the date of
the most recent meeting there, but felt that it was time to ask them again. We have

226

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

an invitation to return to VCU in the year 2003, which is well set. The years 2001
and 2002 still need to be settled.

The University of Richmond was mentioned as a very attractive site for the
meetings, especially regarding the activities of the Junior Academy. However,
there is currently a shortage of active Academy members there who would be
willing to carry on the duties needed.

Christopher Newport, Virginia State, and Hampton University were also men¬
tioned as possible sites.

ii. Teaching Creationism in the Public Schools: Tom Sitz said that a situation
has arisen to which the Academy might wish to respond. The Superintendent of
Public Instruction, William Bosher, has suggested that creationism might be
given equal weight with evolution in teaching biology. Tom has asked Tom
Teates, co-chair of the Science Education Committee, to look into this and per¬
haps coordinate a response with other science organizations in the state. Teates
has suggested either reviving a previous statement on this which we used several
years ago, or using a very good statement developed by the State Department of
Education. He has nothing ready for this meeting however. Art Burke thought
that such a statement might alienate more support than it garners. A statement
from someone other than the Academy would carry a lot more weight. The
AAAS might be consulted. Tom Sitz replied that they have a very good state¬
ment on this issue. Dean Decker suggested NABT— the National Association of
Biology Teachers. Joe Rudmin thought that non-fundamentalist churches might
be supportive. Dean Decker supported Art’s position by noting that nothing fur¬
ther had developed from the statement. Art added that he thought that
Bosher’s statement was political rather than ideological, and Dean Decker said
that he was a strong supporter of the Junior Academy program. The final con¬
sensus was that it would be best to do nothing at this time.

b. President-Elect, Dean Decker

i. The Current Meeting

Dean said that his major efforts in the meeting have been to procure Judges.
Of all the people who said they would come, there have been only two no-shows.
In general the meeting has been going well.

Art Burke mentioned two people in particular, Ann and Preston Leake, who
have been generous with both their time and money in supporting the Junior
Academy.

ii. Meeting conflicts

Dean Decker raised an issue which he thought the Committee might want to
consider, and that is the problems which arise from other institutions scheduling
science events which conflict with the Academy. For instance, Radford faculty
know when our meeting is, yet they scheduled a biology symposium at the same
time. Perhaps when we know our schedule we should send a letter to various
department heads or deans, asking them to try to avoid conflicts.

MINUTES

227

iii. Speaker for the 1997 meeting

Since the March meeting, Dean Decker has received confirmation of accep¬
tance by speaker Richard Rutan. He will be giving us two talks for a charge of $3000,
for which he normally charges $10,000. He plans to come on Tuesday and leave on
Friday. Dean asked Tom Sitz, as a VPI faculty member, to be sure that the VPI
aerospace department knows about Rutan ’s talks.

c. Vice President, Carolyn Conway

Carolyn Conway reported on the revised procedures to be sure that the people
who present papers at the Academy meeting are members and have paid their dues.
Starting next year, the Academy will ask for dues when the titles are submitted.
Carolyn also suggested that a penalty for presenting a paper without paying dues
would be a refusal to publish the abstract. Since some presenters pay their meeting
registration and dues with the same check, the easiest way to handle this is for the
local arrangements chair to keep track of which people are doing this and then to
write a check to the Acadmy for dues payments.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION: The motion was made, seconded,
and passed to 1) request payment of dues at the time that titles of papers are sent
in, and 2) to prohibit the publication of abstracts for presenters who have not paid
their dues. This will take effect next year.

An additional advantage of the above procedure is that people who pay their
dues when they submit their titles are entered into the mailing lists to receive
registration materials. The costs of dues and meeting registration fees are very
modest compared to most other scientific organizations.

d. Secretary, Joseph Rudmin, No report

e. Treasurer, Greg Cook (absent)

f Immediate Past President, Elsa Falls

Elsa said that she was happy to represent the Academy at the Virginia Science
Museum banquet. She also said that she has enjoyed working with Steven Negus,
the Negus lecturer at this year’s meeting.

g. Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director, Don Cottingham

1 100 participants attended the Junior Academy meeting. He also reported on
the meeting of the Junior Academy Committee and on the new loose-leaf format
of the Junior Academy Handbook, which should reduce future printing costs. He
also announced the Junior Academy Committee summer meeting. He said that

regionalization has been shelved for three years.

5. Executive Secretary-Treasurer Blanton Bruner (with Arthur Burke, Jr.) Art
Burke reporting:

Blanton Bruner is now 91 years old, and is in good shape mentally, although his
knees are giving him problems. I (Art Burke) have hopes of retiring on July first,

228

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

1996, at which time I will be able to devote more time to the Academy business.
In submitting the 1996 budget, we cut the Executive Secretary-Treasurer’s salary
from $8000 to $4000, anticipating that Blanton would retire after six months, and
that Art Burke, his replacement, would drawno salary. Another issue is the problem
of space at the Science Museum now and in the future. A director of physical
facilities, J. Parry, has been appointed, to coordinate the construction while the
Museum has the renovation funds. They will renovate first the east wing and then
the west wing of the Broad Street Station. The Museum would like someone from
the Academy to discuss space needs with the design architects. There is a two-fold
problem. We have materials stored in the cellar, including 3 pallets (4x4x4 feet)
of copies of the James River Basin. We are being asked to move this to rented
storage, which will cost us three to five hundred dollars per year. Should we pay
to store this white elephant or ditch it? We also have two pallets of back-issues of
the Virginia Journal of Science. A more serious problem is where will the
Academy office move during the renovation of the east wing? The west wing will
be vacated at that time. No guarantees have been given, and our position is tenuous
at the Science Museum. Don Cottingham said that to secure our rights, it was
essential that Ray Carpenter go down there and meet with them personally. Art
said that the cooperation between the Academy and the Science Museum was
based on some well-meant visions, but that what was needed was a contract. The
President of the Academy needs to meet with Walter Witschey, or whomever else
is empowered, to work out an agreement and put it in writing. Don Cottingham
said that promises were given in writing to the Long Range Planning Committee
specifying both office and storage space, and the time commitment ofthe Associate
Director. They have backed off on the Associate Director, but the rest is in writing.
Art replied that we should use that letter as a starting point for future negotiations,
and that we needed to move expeditiously. J. Parry mentioned that the Model
Railroad Association has already given him their requirements, implying that we
should respond soon. I’m not sure that we even know what we need, but we should
look forward, not backward and act quickly. Otherwise we may find ourselves out
in the street. We need to maintain a good rapport with the Museum. Walter
Witschey has been very successful in fund raising, and has everything they hoped
for for the next seven years. I would strongly suggest that the President of the
Academy appoint a small ad hoc committee, including the Executive Secretary-
Treasureer, and Lisa Martin, to sound out the Academy concerning space needs
for both the seniors and juniors. The sitting President, and the chairman of the
Long-range Planning Committee should also be a member. Joe Rudmin asked how
much it would cost to store the books. Don Cottingham said that it comes to $472
per year. Rudmin suggested that this was not an unbearable amount to pay for
storage under own control. Don Cottingham said that the Academyhad addressed
the space problem, and that we decided that our needs were 2200 square feet. This
has been repeatedly communicated to Witschey and the Museum in writing. Art
said that he and Blanton feel that this is an issue that should be moved on or we
may soon find ourselves without an office. Tom Sitzsaid that he may have a solution
to the storage problem, and would know by the end of next week. J. Sergeant
Reynolds Community College may provide warehouse space which would be
suitable. Joe Rudmin asked Art Burke what his vision was for the eventual solution

MINUTES

229

to the space problem. Art said that he thought that someday a benefactor would
donate a building, along with an endowment for its upkeep.

6. Local Arrangements Committee Reports

a. 1996, Virginia Commonwealth University, Tom Haas (absent)

b. 1997, Virginia Tech, John Hess and Tom Sitz

Tom Sitz reporting. Tom said the current meeting is going well, and he, John
Hess, Golde Holtzmann, and Tom Teates, had been meeting monthly, and were on
top of things. They have strong support from the President’s office. Their plans
are outlined in the written report submitted to the last meeting.

7. Old Business

Dean Decker asked Tom to take the meeting scrap book from the display table
and to take it to the archives.

8. New Business

Joe Rudmin suggested that, given Blanton Bruner’s retirement, perhaps the
Council could direct that some money be set aside from the trust fund to provide
for an endowed scholarship in his name. Art Burke said that this might be
appropriate after he retires. He (Bruner) has funded a scholarship for the support
of chemistry graduate students which might be enlarged and named after him.
Some of Blanton’s in-laws (the Massey family) might view favorably some kind of
an endowment honoring him, if approached discretely by the right person. This was
followed by a brief discussion on the problems of fund-raising and legislative
support. Art Burke expressed the opinion that the best way to generate more
fund-raising support is to regionalize the Junior Academy so that more people see
local benefit. Joe Rudmin favored highly publicizing VAS Scholarships. Art
Burke said that the only way to get things like this done is for some determined
volunteer to make it their cause celebree,

9. Concluding Remarks, Tom Sitz thanked everyone for the support he had
received during his recent health problems.

10. Adjournment was at 4:10 pm.

230

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Minutes of the May 22 Meeting
of the Academy Council
of the Virginia Academy of Science

May 22, 1996, Virginia Commonwealth University, 74th Annual Meeting, 6 pm.
Student Commons Theater, University Student Commons

Present: Thomas O . Sitz (President), R. Dean Decker (President-elect, Science
Education Committee), Carolyn M. Conway (Vice President, Biology, Awards
Committee), Joseph W. Rudmin (Secretary, Membership Committee), Elsa Q.
Falls (First Past President), Gerald R. Taylor (Constitution and Bylaws Commit¬
tee; Astro. Math, and Physics), Michael L. Bass (Constitution and Bylaws Com¬
mittee, Environmental Science, Committee on the Environment), Marion
Lobstein (Virginia Flora Committee, Botany), Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Finance and
Endowment Committee, Ass’t Exec. Sec-Treas), Ann Lund (Natural History and
Biodiversity), Ralph Eckerlin (Public Affairs), William Harrison (Biomedical &
Engineering), Paul Homsher, D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. (Trust Committee), Vera B.
Remsburg (Science Museum of Virginia Trustee), James P. O’Brien (Second Past
President, Fund Raising Committee),

Absent: Donald P. Cottingham (Junior Academy of Science Committee, VJAS
Director), James H. Martin (Publications Committee, Va. Journal of Science
Editor), Ertle Thompson (AAAS/NAAS Rep.) Lisa Martin (Administrative As¬
sistant to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer), Richard B. Brandt (Long Range
Planning, Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Rep.), Thomas W. Haas (1996 Local
Arrangements Committee), Mary Strother (VAST Representative), Greg Cook
(Treasurer, Publications Committee, Virginia Scientist Editor), Golde 1.
Holtzmann (Third Past President, Archives Committee, 75th Anniversary Com¬
mittee, Nominations and Elections Committee), Eugene B. Barfield (Archaeol¬
ogy, Public Affairs

Committee), Pamela Turpin (Education), Sandra P. Welch (Medical Sci¬
ences), Robert A. Berquest (Psychology), Fred H. Lutze (Aeronautical and
Aerospace Science), Scott H. Newton (Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture),
Eleni Achilleos and Penny Pagona, (Biomedical and General Engineering),
George W. Mushrush (Chemistry), Robert A. Willis (Computer Science), Steven
Wright (Geography), Kenneth Lawless (Materials Science), Judy H. Niehaus
(Research Committee), Francis Macrina, (Microbiology and Molecular Biology),
Michael Kosztarab (Natural History and Biodiversity), Paul J. Homsher (Finance
and Endowment Committee), John P. Morgan (Statistics), William L. Dewey
(Science Advisory Committee), Thomas G. Teates (Science Education Commit¬
tee), Jack Cranford (Director Visiting Scientists), Blanton Bruner (Executive
Secretary Treasurer).

The meeting commenced at 6: 10 pm.

1. The participants introduced themselves.

MINUTES

231

2. The agenda was adopted.

3. The minutes of the previous meeting were approved, subject to submitted
corrections.

4. Officers’ Reports

a. President, Tom Sitz

Radford has offered to host the meetings in the year 2000, and we have accepted
their offer. I have suggested that JudyNiehaus be the chair of the Local Arrange¬
ments Committee. The following meeting sites are scheduled: 1997"Virginia
Tech, 1998— George Mason, 1999— Old Dominion, 2000— Radford, 2001 and 2002
are unscheduled, and 2003-VCU . We are still seeking a local arrangements chair
for ODU.

b. President-Elect, Dean Decker

Dean spent the last two months getting judges for the current VJAS meeting,
ending up eight or nine short. He also reported that he has engaged Richard
Rutan as the speaker for the 1997 VAS and VJAS meeting. Mr. Rutan flew the
Voyager aircraft around the world without refueling.

d. Vice President Carolyn Conway.

This year I have tried to keep track of the membership. Many presenters at
the VAS meeting are not members, as required by the rules. Presenters were to
have paid their dues by the fifteenth of May.

COUNCIL ACTION: Art Burke noted that the Executive Committee had
passed a resolution to establish a policy of requesting dues at the time that titles,
are sent in, with the proviso that if dues are not paid, the abstract will not be
published. He then moved that the Council endorse this motion. His motion was
seconded and passed unanimously.

Carolyn reported that VCU is establishing a $2000 scholarship to be awarded
to a member ofthe Virginia Junior Academy of Science who will be attending VCU .

d. Secretary, Joseph Rudmin: No Report

e. Treasurer Greg Cook: Absent

f Executive Secretary-Treasurer Blanton Bruner (with Arthur Burke, Jr.)

Art Burke reporting: Blanton is having problems with his knees, although he is
mentally sound. Blanton will retire in July, at which time Art Burke expects to take
over his duties, serving without pay, and assisted by Lisa Martin.

g. 1994-5 President Elsa Falls:

Elsa reported that she and her husband enjoyed representing the Academy at
the banquet ofthe Virginia Science Museum, and has also had the pleasure of

232

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

communicating via email with Dr. Steve Negus in preparing for the current meet¬
ing.

h. 1993-4 President Jim O’Brien:

Motion: At the March meeting of the Council, Jim O’Brien requested a lead¬
ership retreat in the Fall of 1996. The motion was made to give Jim the go-ahead
to arrange this retreat. The motion was seconded and approved. Following this
was a discussion about disposing copies of the book 'The James River Basin". Jim
reported that the Book Press Limited of Williamsburg has agreed to retail the book
at $50/copy, with half the price being returned to the Academy. The Academy on
its part agrees not to permit the book to be sold to the general public at less than
$50.

i. 1992-3 President Golde Holtzeman: Absent

5. Local Arrangements Committee Reports

a. 1996, VCU, Chair Tom FI aas: Absent, but undoubtedly busy.

b. 1997, Virginia Tech: John Hess and Tom Sitz: getting judges

6. Directors and Representatives Reports

a. Junior Academy of Science, Don Cottingham:

b. Visiting Scientist’s Program, Jack Cranford, absent.

c. AAAS Representative, Ertle Thompson:

d. Science Museum of Virginia, Trustee Vera Remsburg:

The Museum has been given 18 acres and a house on the James River at Lock
Lane. The fundraising campaign has reached 27 M$ of its 30 M$ goal. Renovation
of the grounds will be completed next year. In the meantime, the VAS needs to
tread lightly and skillfully to maintain our interests.

e. Jefffess and Gwathmey Memorial Trust Allocation Committee, Richard
Brandt.

7. Standing Committee Reports

a. Archives Committee, Golde Holtzman, absent.

b. Awards Committee, Robert Johnson, absent, Carolyn Conway reporting:
No nominations for special awards were received this year.

c. Constitution and Bylaws, Co-Chairs Michael Bass and Gerald R. Taylor:
No report.

d. Environment Committee, Chair Michael Bass: no report.

e. Finance and Endowment Committee, Co-chairs Arthur Burke and Paul
Homsher: Art Burke reporting:

The budget is currently in arrears, but receipts may well exceed expendi¬
tures during the coming year. The Academy is financially sound.

f Fund-raising, Chair James O’Brien: see above.

MINUTES

233

g. Junior Academy of Science, Chair Don Cottingham. absent.

h. Long Range Planning, Richard Brandt, absent.

i. Membership, Scott Newton and John P. Morgan absent.

j. Nominations and Elections Committee, Golde Holtzman, absent.

k. Publications Co-Chairs:

i. Virginia Journal of Science, Editor James H. Martin

ii. Virginia Scientists, Editor Greg Cook.

l. Research, Judy H . Niehaus, absent-report read by J Rudmin

The Research Committee is pleased to fund 6 proposals for Small Projects
Grants. The recipients are Dr. Rafael O. de Sa of the Univ. of Richmond, Dr.
Eugene G. Maurakis and Dr. William S. Woolcott of the Science Museum of
Virginia, Ms. Laura P. McDonald and Dr. Jack A. Cranford of Virginia Tech, Dr.
Orion Rogers of Radford Univ., Dr. Heide Scrable and Ms. Wendy Siemon of
Charlottesville, and Ms. Nikita Warty and Dr. Charles L. Rutherford of Virginia
Tech. The winner ofthe J. Shelton Horsley Research Award for 1996 is Dr. KJiidir
W. Hilu from Virginia Tech for the paper 'Phylogenetic Construction with matK:
Walking Along the Gene", which will be presented in the Botany Section.

m. Science Advisory, Chair William L. Dewey, absent.

n. Science Education, Co-Chairs Thomas G. Teates and Maurice P. Lynch
absent.

o. Trust, Rae Carpenter, Jr.: Finances are in good shape. We are pursuing
the idea oftrasferring some of our funds to a smaller fund than Investment
Company of America.

p. Virginia Flora, Chair J. Rex Baird absent.

8. Special Committee Reports

a. Futures, Chair Rae Carpenter, Jr.

b. Public Affairs, Chair Ralph Eckerlin

c. 75th Anniversary, Chair Golde Holtzman absent

9. Section Representatives Reports

a. Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences, no report.

b. Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture, no report.

c. Archaeology, no report.

d. Astronomy, Math, and Physics. Gerald Taylor: AM&P had a full program.

e. Natural History and Biodiversity. Ann Lund: Biodiversity had 19 pa¬
pers, one poster session and one invited speaker. The invited speaker is Teta
Kain, an ornithologist, speaking on 'Plover Paradise: Barrier Island Nesting Sur¬
veys." Most abstracts have been submitted.

f Biology, Carolyn Conway:

g.Biomedical Engineering, Bill Harrison: Our section is getting increasing
requests for computer-controlled LCD projectors.

234

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

h. Botany, Marion Lobstein: Botany is having a hard time getting papers due
to increased internal and external competition for people’s time.

i. Chemistry, no report.

j. Computer Science, no report.

k. Education, no report.

l. Environmental Science, Mike Bass:

m. Geography, Gerald Taylor reporting: Geography will beat the bushes to
improve participation.

n. Geology, no report.

o. Materials Science, no report.

p. Medical Sciences, no report.

q. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Tom Sitz reporting: We had five pa¬
pers, and expect more next year.

s. Psychology, Jim O’Brien: Papers are coming in.

t. Statistics, John Morgan: We have received six titles for the meeting.

10. Old Business

Marion Lobstein brought up the following resolution:

VAS RESOLUTION REGARDING EQUITY OF TEACHING CREDIT
AND TEACHING LOAD FOR SCIENCE FACULTY TEACHIN
LABORATORY COURSES

At the 1995 VAS annual meeting a resolution supporting the importance of
laboratories in science education received unanimous support of Academy mem¬
bers. However, at most public and many private colleges and universities in
Vrginia, teaching credits for laboratory teaching is often only given one third to one
half that of lecture experience. The credit hours of science faculty teaching looads
are often much higher than that of colleagues in other disciplines. Such inequity
of teaching credit and teaching loads of science faculty at these institutions does
not reflect the importance of the laboratory experience.

RESOLUTION

In Association with other scientific groups and organizations, the Virginia
Academy of Science strongly supports the concept ofequity of teaching credit and
teaching loads for faculty teaching laboratory courses. The laboratory experience
is an integral and critical component of science courses. Teaching laods and credit
afforded to faculty teaching laboratory courses should reflect equity relative to that
of faculty in other disciplines.

COUNCIL ACTION: The Council endorsed the following resolution and
approved its submission to the Academy Conference.

11. New Business

12. Concluding Remarks, President Tom Sitz: None

13. Adjournment was at 7:41 pm.

235

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Virginia Academy of Science Academy Conference
74th Annual Meeting, May 23, 1996
Room 1164, General Purpose Academic Building, VCU Campus

President Tom Sitz opened the Conference at 4:45 pm. He recognized Tom
Haas, chair of the Local Arrangements Committee, and thanked Tom, the LAC,
and the VCU staff for a job well-done. He reported that in response to a request
by James Poland, VCU will establish a scholarship of $2000 to be awarded to a
VJAS graduating senior. John Hess (Past director of the VJAS) and Tom Sitz are
the local arrangement Chairs for next year’s meeting, which will be held at Virginia
Tech, May 20-23, 1997, along with the help and guidance of Golde Holtzman.

Finance and Endowment Committee Report: Arthur W. Burke, Co-chair of
the Finance and Endowment Committee, issued a report stating that the finances
of the Virginia Academy of Science are in good order, and that the Academy is
solvent.

Nominating Committee Report: Golde Holtzman, chair, introduced the new
officers of the Academy. They are Dean Decker-President, Harold Marshall-
President-Elect, Carolyn Conway— Vice President, Judy Niehaus— Secretary, and
Darcy Mays— Treasurer.

Awards Committee Report: Robert Johnson, chair, announced the student
awards winners.

New Business:

Marion Lobstein reported to the conference that the Council had endorsed the
following resolution, and approved its submission to the Academy Conference.

VAS RESOLUTION REGARDING EQUITY OF TEACHING CREDIT
AND TEACHING LOAD FOR SCIENCE FACULTY
TEACHING LABORATORY COURSES

At the 1995 VAS annual meeting a resolution supporting the importance of
laboratories in science education received unanimous support of Academy mem¬
bers. However, at most public and many private colleges and universities in Vrginia,
teaching credits for laboratory teaching is often only given one third to one halfthat
of lecture experience. The credit hours of science faculty teaching looads are often
much higher than that of colleagues in other disciplines. Such inequity of teaching
credit and teaching loads of science faculty at these institutions does not reflect the
importance of the laboratory experience.

MINUTES

236

RESOLUTION

In Association with other scientific groups and organizations, the
Virginia Academy of Science strongly supports the concept of equity
of teaching credit and teaching loads for faculty teaching laboratory
courses. The laboratory experience is an integral and critical com¬
ponent of science courses. Teaching laods and credit afforded to
faculty teaching laboratory courses should reflect equity relative to
that of faculty in other disciplines.

After extensive discussion, the resolution was unanimously approved by the
Academy membership present at the Conference.

The Conference adjourned at 5:30 pm.

MINUTES

237

Minutes of the May 24 1996 Meeting
of the Executive Committee
of the Academy Council
of the Virginia Academy of Science

University Student Commons, Alumni Association Board Room, Virginia

Commonwealth University, 8:30 am, May 24, 1996

Members Present: R. Dean Decker (President), Harold Marshall (President-
Elect), Carolyn M. Conway (Vice President), Judy Niehaus (Secretary), Darcy
Mays (Treasurer), Thomas O. Sitz (Immediate Past President).

Others Present: Arthur W. Burke, Jr. (Assistant Executive Secretary-

Treasurer), Gerald Taylor (Co-Chair, Constitution and Bylaws Committee),
Joseph W. Rudmin (Outgoing Secretary), Larry Snedden, (photographer), D. Rae
Carpenter (Trust Committee), Michael Bass, (Co-Chair, Constitution and Bylaws
Committee) Vera Remsburg, Golde Holtzman, Richard Brandt, William Hanson,
Ertle Thompson,

Members Absent: Donald R. Cottingham (Director, Junior Academy of Sci¬
ence).

The meeting commenced at 8:30 am.

1. Introductions: Participants introduced themselves.

2. Adoption of the agenda: This practice is herewith discontinued.

3. The minutes of the May 22 meeting were not available.

4.0fficers’ Reports

a. President, Dean Decker:

i. Changes in the ECL Miller Science Club Award: Wednesday evening, the
Junior Academy Committee made some changes in awards. The ECL M iller award,
a $50 prize was given to the science club which had the best record of activity.
Science clubs are no longer active within the Academy. There were no applica-tions
for the ECL Miller Award this year. Besides this, there was an award for science
club sponsors, and the VAS has been giving a teacher award of $200 from the
budget. The VJAS Committee has recommended combining these and increasing
the award to a $500 teacher award. The South Carolina Junior Academy gives a
teacher of the year award which is an all-expense paid trip to the AAAS AJAS
Meeting. Recipients have told me that this was one of the most exhilerating
experiences they have had. The VJAS Committee accordingly decided to establish
the ECL Miller Teacher of the Year Award, which would consist of expenses to
the AAAS annual meeting. The existing funds for the previous three awards have
been budgeted items totaling $450. If the AAAS meeting were in Baltimore or DC,
this would cover the registration, room and travel. It wouldn’t cover a meeting in
Seattle. But the committee knows where the meeting is each year to budget a
sufficient amount in advance. We propose to budget this annually into the Junior
Academy Budget. No VAS approval is needed.

238

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Art Burke said that the award should be a fixed amount, say $500, with the
teacher keeping or paying the difference, provided they attend the meeting. Joe
Rudmin replied that a teacher would not go if he or she had to pay hundreds of
dollars to go to the meeting. Rae Carpenter: There should be a fixed fund, from
which the awards are taken, taking it out of the annual budget. But the amount
would not be highly flexible. Dean Decker said that the Junior Academy should go
ahead with the award, and seek to get the award endowed later. Joe Rudmin
suggested that the Academy simply put an upper limit on the award. If the meeting
were in Hawaii, there would be no award that year. Tom Sitz asked if there might
be alternative meetings to an expensive meeting? Art Burke asked where the next
meeting would be. Ertle Thompson replied that the next one was Seattle, then
Philadelphia, then Anaheim. Art Burke said that there should also be a standing
committee of the VJAS whose work was to monitor the award and make sure that
it was used and not abused. Rae Carpenter commented that if the award got up to
$1200 the Academy should ask if honoring the teacher was as beneficial as say giving
a student a scholarship to college. Dean Decker said that since the proposal came
from the Junior Academy Committee, it constituted a motion which needed no
second. "We need to vote it up, down, or amend it."

VJAS Committee Motion: The VAS Teacher Award, Sponsor Award, and
ECL Miller Club Award should be combined to create the ECL Miller Teacher of
the Year Award, it being an expense-paid trip to the A A AS-AJ AS Annual Meeting.

Jerry Taylor noted that the Constitution and Bylaws Article XI, section C,
require the Director ofthe Junior Academy to prepare a budget and submit it with
the VJAS Committee recommendations to the Academy Finance and Endowment
Committee by September 1. He moved that the recommendation of the VJAS
committee should go through the established budgeting process, and that action
by the Council be tabled until November when this action will have been carried
out.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ACTION: The motion to table the previous
motion until November was made, seconded, and approved.

ii. Appointments to be recommended to Council:

Chair ofthe Trust Committee— Rae Carpenter for 3 more years.

Gwathmy& Jeffress Trust Representative: Elsa Falls

Virginia Science Museum Trustee: (3 names have been submitted to the Science
Museum)

Editors of the Virginia Journal of Science and the Virginia Scientist: James
Martin and William Cunningham (Tidewater Community College), Visiting Scien¬
tist Program: Jack Cranford

Executive Secretary-Treasurer: Blanton Bruner

Assistant Executive Secretary-Treasurer: Art Burke

iii. There was some discussion about changingthe schedule ofduties to be more
workable. This will be handled by Dean Decker, Carolyn Conway, and Lisa Martin.

MINUTES

239

iv. VJAS Scholarships Awarded by Schools:Dean Decker recommended ap¬
pointing an ad hoc committee to create some guidelines for handling these, since
the number is growing. The committee will consist of Jerry Taylor, Tom Sitz, and
Carolyn Conway.

V. New name for the VJAS Distinguished Service Award: The Ad Hoc Com¬
mittee to make recommendations for this will consist of Rae Carpenter, Vera
Remsburg, and Ertle Thompson.

b. President-Elect: No report.

c. Vice President, Carolyn Conway, No report.

d. Secretary, JudyNiehaus, No report.

e. Treasurer, Darcy Mays, No report.

f Immediate Past President, Tom Sitz: We are seeking to have U VA host the
annual meeting in the year 2001.

g. Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director, (absent)

5. Executive Secretary Treasurer, Art Burke reporting: No report

6. Local Arrangements Committee Reports

a. 1996, Virginia Commonwealth University, Carolyn Conway: No report.

b. 1997, Virginia Tech, Tom Sitz: 'Everything is on track."

7. Old Business None

8. New Business

a. The VAS and the Science Museum of Virginia: Rae Carpenter said that the
relationship between VAS and the SMV needs to handled carefully. He re¬
ported that the problem of storing Journals and copies of 'The James River Ba¬
sin" may have been solved by transferring them to another institution in the
Richmond area. If not, then we will be dealing with the SMV when storage be¬
comes a problem. This will be difficult due to the pressures caused by renova¬
tion. Dean Decker said that he would be talking with Walter Witschey about the
problems this summer. Rae said that the museum officers have been supportive
and generous. Vera Remsburg said that Walter attended the academy banquet
in a convivial spirit. She said that he noted the graying of the Academy. Vera ex¬
pressed agreement with Walter, that more young people need to be recruited.
Gerald Taylor said that he had invited Walter Witchey and Betty Blatt to the
banquet. He recommended that Rae Carpenter be present during any discus¬
sions with Witchey due to his continuity and the mutual trust between Rae and
Walter. The relationship between the VAS and SMV is of mutual benefit. Rich¬
ard Brandt felt that the VAS should seek to recover its lost half-time position at
the SMV which was authorized by the legislature. Both Richard and Gerry cau¬
tioned against having informal discussions with Walter without Rae being pre¬
sent.

9. Concluding Remarks: None

10. Adjournment was at 9:37 am.

240

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Minutes of the May 24, 1996 Meeting
of the Academy Council
of The Virginia Academy of Science

May 24, 1996, Virginia Commonwealth University, 74th Annual Meeting Stu¬
dent Commons Alumni Association Board Room, 9:30 am

Present: R. Dean Decker (President), Harold Marshall (President-elect),
Carolyn M. Conway (Vice President), Judy H. Niehaus (Secretary), Arthur W.
Burke, Jr. (Finance and Endowment Committee, Ass’t Exec. Sec-Treas), Thomas
O. Sitz (Immediate Past President, 1997 Local Arrangements Committee), Elsa Q.
Falls (Second Past President), James P. O’Brien (Third Past President, Fund
Raising Committee), Gerald R. Taylor (Constitution and Bylaws Committee;
Astro. Math, and Physics), Golde I. Holtzmann (Archives Committee, 75th Anni¬
versary Committee, Nominations and Elections Committee), Richard B. Brandt
(Long Range Planning, Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Rep.), William Harrison
(Biomedial & Engineering), Paul Hansher, D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. (Trust Commit¬
tee), Vera B. Remsburg (Science Museum of Virginia Trustee), Ertle Thompson
(AAAS/NAAS Rep.) Joseph W. Rudmin (Outgoing Secretary, Membership Com¬
mittee).

The meeting commenced at 9:30 am.

1. The participants introduced themselves.

2. Adoption of the agenda is herewith and hereafter discontinued.

3. The minutes of the May 22, 1996 were not available for approval.

4. Officers’ Reports

a. President, Dean Decker

COUNCIL ACTION: The appointment of Rae Carpenter to another three-
year term as head of the Trusts Committee was moved, seconded, and approved.

COUNCIL ACTION: The appointment of Elsa Falls as representative to the
Gwathmey and Jeflfess Trusts Allocation Committee Representative was moved,
seconded, and approved.

COUNCIL ACTION: The appointment of William Cunningham as Editor of
the Virginia Scientist was moved, seconded, and approved.

The continuation of Jack Cranford as Director of the Visiting Scientists Pro¬
gram was reported. There was some discussion of the program.

MINUTES

241

Jim Martin has agreed to serve as editor of the Journal for another year and has
been reappointed.

COUNCIL ACTION: Dean Decker reported that the recommendation of the
Executive Committee is to continue the present situation of Blanton Bruner as
Executive Secretary-Treasurer, and Art Burke as Assistant Executive Secretary-
Treasurer for the time being. At the end of June, Blanton Bruner’s salary will cease,
and Art Burke will continue to serve without pay. The reappointment of these two
people was moved, seconded, and approved.

A tentative Schedule of Events was distributed and discussed. Carolyn Conway
said that the scheduling of nominations needs to be reworked.

Following this was a discussion on how to increase the student participation in
the VAS Banquet at Mure meetings. Joe Rudmin suggested reducing the cost of
the Banquet to less than that of eating in a restaurant.

Next was a discussion about improving attendance at the May Council meet¬
ings. Ertle Thompson said that moving the Wednesday meeting to the evening had
adversely affected attendance, because many members were working on awards
committees which had to deliberate at that time. Elsa Falls said that having the
meeting in the afternoon excluded Council members who were judges and session
chairs. Dean Decker said that compounding the problem was the decrease in the
number of active VAS members. There are fewer people trying to cover more jobs,
and this creates conflicts. Council members should avoid over-committing them¬
selves. Jerry Taylor said that the Academy needs to bring in more young people.
This is discouraged, because the state doesn’t recognize Academy service as a
creditable activity. Ertle Thompson said that one avenue for bringing in these
younger members is through invitingthem to be Junior Academy session chairs and
judges. He said that the Council should meet Wednesday afternoon, leaving the
younger faculty to handle chairing and judging. The more senior members could
then participate in awards selection in the evening. Jim O’Brien said that more
Committee Chairs should be appointed among the Section Counselors and Chairs,
to bring them into the active circle. These chairs and co-chairs should be educated
concerningtheir responsibilities, and should be encouraged to get at least one thing
done with their committee. Joe Rudmin suggested that committee chairs be phoned
prior to the meeting, asking them to attend. Richard Brandt said that he did this
when he was president. JerryTaylor suggested putting the committee chairs’ names
in the agenda. Dean Decker asked this to be postponed to Old Business in the
November meeting.

Dean Decker appointed an ad hoc committee to establish guidelines to imple¬
ment scholarships awarded by colleges to VJAS members. This committee consists
of Jerry Taylor, Tom Sitz, and Carolyn Conway.

The Distinguished Service Award for the Junior Academy has no name and
could be named to honor a past member of the Academy. Dean Decker appointed
an ad hoc committee to make recommendations to the Council concerning naming

242

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

this award. The ad hoc committee consists ofVera Remsburg, Rae Carpenter, and
Ertle Thompson.

b. President-Elect, Harold Marshall, no report.

c. Vice President Carolyn Conway.

Carolyn noted the absence of many awardees at the Academy Conference. She
suggested that this ceremony be dropped, and that the awards simply be mailed to
the recipients. Bill Harrison suggested that the senior sponsors should instruct the
recipients to attend. Tom Sitz said that the Negus lecture is the highlight of the
meeting, and attending it would be a good experience. Bill Harrison noted that
even the numerous VCU students did not attend. Jim O’Brien said that the awards
winners in the Education section were simply announced at the end of the presen¬
tations. He felt this was a good practice, and that recognitions at the Academy
Conference be restricted to those present. Carolyn says that the problem is the
timing and gathering the information. She suggested trying procedures one more
time as is, with more emphasis on instructing the sponsors to encourage participa¬
tion. Joe Rudmin said that he thought that many Academy members think that the
Conference and the Negus lecture are only for the inner clique. He felt that a line
should be added to the program saying 'Will ALL members ofthe Academyplease
try to attend these events." Carolyn Conway asked for email suggestions.

d. Secretary, JudyNiehaus: No Report

e. Treasurer: Absent

f Executive Secretary-Treasurer Blanton Bruner (with Arthur Burke, Jr.): ab¬
sent At the Academy Conference, he issued a written report stating that the fi¬
nances of the VAS are in good order and that the Academy is solvent.

g. Second Past President Elsa Falls:

Elsa raised the question of publicizing the Academy Conference Resolution on
Teaching Credit and Teaching Equity for Science Faculty Teaching Laboratory
Courses. Tom Sitz said that he would take care of this. Elsa noted that the
Richmond Times Dispatch front page carried an item about a pseudo-science
conference at U VA, but did not mention the VAS-VJAS meeting. Carolyn replied
that this was a slip up by the public relations office at VCU.

Elsa expressed dismay at the poor attendance by Council members of the
Council meeting. Carolyn replied that in many sections which had only Thursday
meetings scheduled, the councilors had left. Those with Friday meetings were at
those meetings. Some sections actually ran concurrent sections to avoid a two-day
schedule. Joe Rudmin noted that Committe Chairs weren’t present either. Com¬
mittee meetings were scheduled from 8:15 to 9:15. He asked if any of those
committees met.

5. Local Arrangements Committee Reports

a. 1996, VCU, Carolyn Conway:

For the Senior Academy, there were 250 pre- registered, and about 100 on-site
registrants. For the Juniors, about 500 registrants stayed in the dorms, about 400
others came, and 60 paid parents and about 200 free parents. Dean Decker said

MINUTES

243

that the unregistered people created a shortage of programs. Tom Sitz suggested
printing an extra box of programs to mitigate this problem. Joe Rudmin suggested
printing up extra sheets consisting of a schedule of events and a map might help.

COUNCIL ACTION: The Council recognises, the local arrangements commit¬
tee, Carol}® Conway, Tom Haas, and VCU for a job well-done. Tom Sitz said he
would send a thank-you letter to President Trani.

b. 1997, Virginia Tech: Tom Sitz said that everything is in good shape. Dean
Decker reminded the Council that Richard Rutan is the invited speaker.

6. Directors and Representatives Reports

a. Virginia Junior Academy of Science,

Dean Decker reported, that the VJAS was well-represented at the national
meeting in Baltimore by Bryan Green of Arlington High School. Ertle Thompson
said that several of the papers would do credit to a university professor and that
they deserved more public recognition.

b. Visiting Scientist’s Program, Jack Cranford, absent.

c. AAAS Representative, Ertle Thompson: It was another great meeting. 1
cannot give enough accolades to Brian Green, who was the VJAS award winner.

d. Science Museum of Virginia, Trustee Vera Remsburg: absent

e. Jeffress and Gwathmey Memorial Trust Allocation Committee, Richard
Brandt.

We just had the May meeting, and there will be a report in the Journal. The
Jeffress award has sixrenewals of about $10,000 each, and there were 32 new grants
applied for of which 20 were fiinded, more than usual, because the stock market
performed so well this year. The amount of money in the Jeffress exceeds $300,000.
For the Gwathmey, there were 39 requests, and about $200,000 was allocated to 23
proposals. The academy would be well-advised to seek funding from the Gwathmey
fund to support a history of the Academy. This should be in the neighborhood of
$10,000. Contact Sam Gillespie for more details. Dean Decker, at Jerry Taylor’s
suggestion, said that he would appoint Jerry Taylor, Golde Holtzman, and Vera
Remsburg to be an ad hoc committee to look into getting a Gwathmey grant, before
November, to complete the history of the Academy.

7. Standing Committee Reports

a. Archives Committee, no report.

b. Awards Committee, Carolyn Conway: The deadline for nominating fellows
is Oct 1. As many as two maybe awarded. It is the responsibility of the member¬
ship to nominate people. Nomination letters signed by 3 VAS members are re¬
quired.

244

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

c. Constitution and Bylaws, Co-Chairs Michael Bass and Gerald R. Taylor:
The Constitution and Bylaws are in good shape. In November we will consider
the modifying the selection process for Chair of the Research Committee. Rec¬
ommendations are welcome. Dean Decker asked this to be brought up in No¬
vember Old Business.

d Environment Committee, Chair Michael Bass: Mike reported that Richard
Collins is the director of the new Center for Environmental Negotiation at U VA.
Joe Rudmin added that the JMU Geology department is launching a BS in Envi¬
ronmental Science.

e. Finance and Endowment Committee, Co-chairs Arthur Burke and Paul
Homsher: absent.

f Fund-raising, Chair James O’Brien:

Our pledges range from ten dollars to five thousand. We have sixty seven donors,
and total pledges are $29580, of which over $12,000 has been received. We are
seeking support from other organizations, starting with the American Association
of Naval Engineers. We are also trying to develop a fund for a VJAS Associate
Director.

James River Basin: The Book Press in Williamsburg is willing to sell the book
in the store and in the catalogue for $50, of which $25 would be returned to the
VAS, provided the Academy agree not to permit sale of the book to the public
elsewhere for less than this. Joe Rudmin said that he believed that the consensus
of the earlier meeting was that we should try this for a year and see how the sales
go. The Council gave Jim the go-ahead to make arrangements.

g. Junior Academy of Science, Chair Don Cottingham. absent.

h. Long Range Planning, Richard Brandt, no report

i. Membership, Scott Newton and John P. Morgan absent.

There was some discussion about instituting emeritus membership, and the new
brochure for membership was distributed.

j. Nominations and Elections Committee, Jim O’Brien: We will perform our
duties earlier this year.

k. Publications Co-Chairs:

i. Virginia Journal of Science, Editor James H. Martin absent

ii. Virginia Scientists, Editor absent

l. Research,

The Research Committee is pleased to fund 6 proposals for Small Project
Grants. The recipients are Dr. Rafael O. de Sa of Richmond, Dr. Eugene
Maurakis and Dr. William S. Woolcott of the Science Museum of Virginia, Ms.
Laura P. McDonald and Dr. Jack Cranford of Virginia Tech, Dr. Orion Rogers
of Radford, Dr. Heidi Scrable and Ms. Wendy Siemon of Charlottesville, and Ms.
Nikita Wary and Dr. Charles L. Rutherford, of Virginia Tech. The winner of the

MINUTES

245

J. Shelton Horsley Research Award for 1996 is Dr. Khidir W. Hilur from Virginia
Tech for the paper "Phylogenetic Construction with matK: Walking along the
Gene", which will be presented in the Botany Section.

m. Science Advisory, Chair William L. Dewey, absent.

n. Science Education, Co-Chairs Thomas G. Teates and Maurice P. Lynch
absent. Tom Sitz reported that he has asked the committee to address the prob¬
lem of pressure by fundamentalists groups to teach creationism in biology
classes.

o. Trust Committee, Rae Carpenter, Jr.

The Trust Committee’s report was distributed. Highlights of this report were
that the trusts total $435,368, up 6.7% since December. A br^eakdown by fund was
given.

p. Virginia Flora, Chair J. Rex Baird absent.

8. Special Committee Reports

a. Futures. The Futures Committee has expired.

b. Public Affairs, Chair Ralph Eckerlin absent

c. 75th Anniversary, Chair Golde Holtzman, Stickers for cars and windows
displaying the 75th Anniversary Logo were distributed. We give our thanks to
Nancy Patterson and George Lobstein for originating them. We will produce the
history which we have been working on for four years, and distribute it at the
meeting. There was discussion about the Junior Academy T-shirts.

9. Section Representatives Reports

a. Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences, no report.

b. Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture, no report.

c. Archaeology, no report.

d. Astronomy, Math, and Physics. Gerald Taylor: AM&P had a full schedule
and good attendance.

e. Biology, Carolyn Conway: We had a full day, and the papers went well.

f Biomedical Engineering, Bill Harrison: We had a good meeting.

g. Botany, Marion Lobstein: There is a problem with overlap of Botany,

h. Chemistry, Tom Sitz: Chemistry had a full slate and a successful meeting.

i. Computer Science, absent.

j. Education, absent.

k. Environmental Science, absent:

l. Geography, absent

m. Geology, absent.

n. Materials Science, absent.

0. Medical Sciences, Richard Brandt: Medical Sciences had 35 papers.

p. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, JudyNiehaus: We met!

q. Natural History and Biodiversity, absent.

r. Psychology, Jim O’Brien: A full meeting, and everything was fine.

t. Statistics, John Morgan: absent

10. Old Business, none.

1 l.New Business, none.

12. Concluding Remarks, none.

n.Adjournment was at 1 1:30 am.

NOTES

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Membership in the Academy is organized into sections
representing various scientific disciplines as follows:

Agriculture, Forestry &

10.

Psychology

Aquaculture

11.

Education

Astronomy, Mathe

12.

Statistics

matics & Physics

13.

Aeronautical

Microbiology

& Aerospace Science

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Botany

Biology

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Chemistry

16.

Archaeology

Materials Sciences

17.

Computer Science

Biomedical & General

18.

Geography

Engineering

19.

Natural History &

Geology

Medical Sciences

Biodiversity

Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to
Virginia Journal of Science

Student . . . $ 10.00

Regular - Individual . 25.00

Contributing - Individual .... 30.00

Sustaining - Individual . 50.00

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Sustaining - Institution . 100.00

Business - Regular . 100.00

Business - Contributing .... 300.00

Business - Sustaining . 500.00

Patron . . 1000.00

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

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Class of Membership Desired _ _ _

Contacted by: _ _

Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science
Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054.

Instructions to Authors

The title, author’s name, affiliation, and address should be placed on a cover
page. An abstract (not to exceed 200 words) summarizing the text, particularly the
results and conclusions, is required. The text should follow the general format used
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follow the name-year format: (McCaffrey and Dueser, 1990) or (Williams et al,
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a book, include author(s), year, title, pages or number of pages, publisher and city
of publication. Examples:

McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the
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Spry, A. 1969. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp.

Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables,
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Multiple author papers are required to have a statement in the acknow¬
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After revision and final acceptance of an article, the author will be required to
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Authors will be allowed 15 printed pages (including figures) free, but payment
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WINTER 1996 VOL. 47, No. 4

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDITORyTBUSINESS MANAGER:

James H. Martin

Dept. ofBiology- PRC

J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College

P.O.Box 85622

Richmond, VA 23285-»5622

Phone: (804)371-3064

For instructions to authors, see inside of back cover

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Vol 47 No* 4 WINTER, 1996

. TABLE OF CONTENTS ' ^ ' PAGE

ARTICLES

Effects of the Juic 1995 Freshet on Die Mam Virginia Tributaries
to the Chesapeake Bay. Herbert M. Austin and
Christopher F. Bonzek 251

Wildflowers as an Alteimti¥e for Landfill Revegetation in Spot^l-
Yania County, VA. Mara Sabre, Karen D. Roll and Cairns, Jr,

281

Aburfance of Adult Ixodes scapularis and Infection with Bonelia
burgdorferi in Eastern Virginia. Michael Casteel and
Daniel E, Sonenshine. 293

NECROLOGY

Martha Ann Kotila Roane 302

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Viiginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 4
Winter 1996

Effects of the June 1995 Freshet on The Main Virginia
Tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay^

Herbert M. Austin and Christopher F. Bonzek, School of Marine
Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and
Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062

ABSTRACT

Environmental eolations in the Virginian waters of the Ctesapeake Bay area
during Urn summerof 1995 have been characterized as a severe drought. This
drought was punctuated on 27 June witti a headwater (James and Rappahan¬
nock River) rain storm tot produ^ a "freshet**. Altough it did not rain in
the Tidewater area of Viiginia, surface sahnities were depressed by the
nm-off, and main-stem bottom oxygen levels dropped to zero in the James
and Rappahannock rivers, Tte effects of the reduced oxygen were apparent
on title James River oyster stock, particularly the reduction in spatfall, and to
a lesser degiw on the Rap^tonnock River young-of-the-year striped bass
index. Long-term effects of to Jum flood and/or the drought must be
monitoied

INTRODUCTION

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) has collected surface and bottom
physical environmental data from the Virginia river tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay
as part of the juvenile finfish trawl survey for 40 years (Bonzek et all 1995), These
were coEected coincident with the biological data (species enumeration) since the
survey *s inception in 1955. These data have included smface and bottom sahnity (ppt),
temperature (C), and o?^gen (ppm) from the river mouth (mile 0) to as far up each river
as the survey penetrates. For most years the cruises were up the main stem of each
river. The tributaries are the Rappahannock, York, and James Rivere.

This 40 year period has allowed the development of a climatological profile for the
rivers, both p%sical and biological (Bon^k et al 1995). Over to yeare tMs has
allowed VTMS scientists to note both episodic peituAations and longer term trends
(Wojick 1978, Norcross 1983). Departures from the climatological norm were particu¬
larly severe during 1995, and while the general pattern was one of a drought (VDMTF
1995), heavy rains in the mountains of Viiginia during June produced anomalous
conditions that had profound biological impacts dowiKtream in to estoarine-maiine
environment. The purpose of this report is to bring together to VIMS data sets, as
well as other reports, describing the down-stream impacts of this June 1995 storm.

METHODS

VIMS institute the "trawl survey" in April 1955 as a series of mid-chani^l stations
into YoA River, VA. By 1964 to Rappatamock and James Rivers had become part

1 VIMS Contribution No. 2053

252

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

of the monthly survey. Today, a station consists of a five minute tow with a 30’
semi-balloon otter trawl parallel to the isobaths. Tow speed is approximately 2.5 knots
(3.8 K/h). Surface and bottom hydrogr^hic data (temperature, salinity and oxygen)
are measured following each tow. More detailed sampling protocols are reported in
Bonzek et al (1995) and Land et al (1995).

RESULTS

Researchers in the field began, in early July 1995, to notice anomalous conditions
in the Rappaharmock and James rivers that were possibly related to torrential rains that
on 27 June dropped up to 31.6 in (803 mm) on the Rapidan River (James River
drainage) at RuckersviUe, Madison Co. Rainfall was estimated to have exceeded 4
in/h (23 mm) (Michaels 1995). In Madison Co. alone 35,000 acres of crops were
destroyed or damaged; state-wide there were eight deaths, 2,000 homes destroyed or
damaged, and total damage estimated to exceed $ 1 12 milhoa The York, which drains
the Piedmont plain of Virginia, did not show the effects of this rain.

On average, in 1995 the Chesapeake Bay drainage streamflow was well below
normal (USGS 1995), and in fact during April 1995 a record low flow value was
recorded (<60,000 cu ft). Air temperatures each month were above normal (per comm.
State Climatologist’s Office) averaging +1-2 F (1 C) in Richmond and +2-5 F (3-4 C)
in Norfolk. This situation is reflected in the river surface and bottom water ten^ra-
tures, depicted in the May-August 1995 plots (Fig 1-24). Uie heavy mountain rains
on 27 June produced a low sahnity surface flow, a freshet, that not only brought an
extreme sediment load, but also served to intensify June stratification and resulted in
an up-river (mile 25, kilometer 46) dissolved oxygen sag in both the James and
Rappahannock. By July the oxygen had become depleted in both rivers from around
river mile 25 (kilometer 46) to the mouth. The situation was particularly acute in the
James River (Fig 14c).

Streamflow data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) show spring
1995 running about one third of 1994’s. The Palmer Drought Index (Palmer 1964) for
the late summer 1995 in Tidewater, Virginia was -4.04 (VDMTF 1995), the lowest on
record. Bay -wide the drought is apparent in the USGS streamflow data. The June
freshet, while increasing the Rappahannock and James flow, did very httle, however,
to increase the overall Bay-wide discharge for the summer months as the rain fell
locally on the head waters of these rivers in the western part of Virginia.

Figures 1 through 24 present gr^hs of salinity, dissolved ojQ^gen (DO), and water
temperature, by river and approximate river mile, for May through August 1995. Each
graph presents the historical mean (represented by the lines with solid points), values
for the present year (represented by the hnes with open points), and the historical
minimum and maximum values (represented by the lower and upper shaded areas,
respectively).

In mid-July there were reports from the Virginia Department of Emergency
Services, and the Virginia Marine Resources Commission of resource— particularly
oysters-problems in the James. Our own survey personnel (trawl survey and juvenile
striped bass survey) reported persistent discoloration of the water, and dead or dying
catfish, carp and gar in the up-stream reaches of the Rappaharmock.

1995 FRESHNET

253

DISCUSSION

Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, are effected by salinities below 6-7 ppt,
which rednce feeding and growth rates. If lower Mlinities occur when temperatures
are below 10.0 C they have litrle im^ct as oysters are dormant. But when low salinities
occur during spring througli fall when oystere are growing, storing glycogen, or
preparing lo spawn, these activities cease (Austin et al., 1989, Zaborski and Haven,
1980). Ovster spatfall was almost completely absent from the Virginia tributaries of
die James airf Rap^hannock through August, and was attributed to the heavy June
:rui»ff. Tte freshwater runoff . .apparently wiped out spatfall during the peak period
between mid- July aid mid-August'' (Morales-Alamo, 1995). The Virginia Marine
Resources Commission, monitoring the oyster beds, iwted that the June "freshet"
produced an infliix of fieshwater downstream, aid resulted in mortalities of up to 90%
on some public oyster rocte (Deepwater Shoal) in the James River, and close to 100%
on some private grounds. Further, it interrupted the peak of the spawning season
(Andrew-Spear, 1995).

The Virginia young-of-the-year striped bass (Morone saxattUs) survey, which
consists of five rounds of samples between river miles 12-15 (kilometer 22) up to 76-78
(kilometer 144) during the fii^t week of July through September, also documented the
effects of the June flood (Austin et al, 1996), The survey fouid warmer than normal
shore temperatures (32.0 C, normal range is mid-20’s), and lower than i»nnal shore
salinities (5 ppt, normal range is 15-20 ppt) as far down river as river miles 12 to 22
(kilometer 22) in both the James and Rappahaimock. ResearcheiB wto conducted the
survey also report^ that

"The river (Rappahannock) was quite turbid. . .extending down river to mile
R37 (kilometer 68). While no dead or dying striped bass were caught in our
samples, dead and dying fish were encountered along the river and maity
reports from other sources were noted. We did note tlet juvenile striped bass
in our samples appeared to be emaciated and in generally poor condition."

The primary long term impact of the June flood was the record depression of the
mid-river bottom o^gen levels to near zero or zero levels. May and Jum surface and
bottom salinities generally ran 2.5 to 5 ppt above the long term average and o^^gen
levels were generally average. In July salinities were generally 2.5 ppt below average,
a one month drop of 5 to 8 ppt, river-wide. Most dramatic were %poxic and anoxic
conditions. While ai»xic conditions are fairly typical in parts of the mid-Rappahan¬
nock, they extended from about river mile 25 (kilometer 46) in both the Rappahannock
and James to mile 10 (kilometer 18,5) in tte Rap^haimock, and to the mouth of the
James River. By August, salinity conditions were back to near the long term norm in
all rivers; but o^g^gen remained below normal, hypoxic down to the mouth of the
Rappaliannock River, and anoxic from river miles 10 to 20 (kilometer 18.5-37) in tlie
Rappahannock.

Not siice Hurricai^ Agnes in 1972 has a June flood produced such a summer-long
impact on the p%sical environment (Anderson 1973) and subsequent biological
impacts on the biota (e.g. oyster: Haven et al, 1976; Setsler, 1989 ). It is interesting to
speculate too on the possible impacts of Agnes on striped bass recruitment as the 1972
year class was the lowest on record. It may be some time before the eventual record

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

shows whether or not the June 1995 flood approaches any of the long term Agnes
impacts. Primary among the impacts may be the reduction in oyster recruitment of the
already severely depressed James River oyster stocks. Fortunately, unlike Agnes the
impacts should not be Bay-wide.

CONCLUSIONS

The spring-summer 1995 marine-estuarine lower Chesapeake Bay environment
was characterized as in extreme drought with unusually high salinities. In the middle
of this (27 June) there was an extreme rainfall event in the headwaters of the
Rappaharmock River, and particularly the James River which produced an episode of
heavy streamflow, a freshet. This produced a freshwater lens that overlay the more
sahne deeper water, causing increas^ stratification, and which carried tons of sediment
into the lower rivers. The combination of these events produced hypoxic and anoxic
conditions that lasted for nearly a month. The effects of the combined drought with a
freshet on the biota are urdaiown, but will become apparent in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Austin is a Principle Investigator on the "trawl survey" contract, "Estimation of
Relative Juvenile Abundance of Recreationally Important Finfish in the Virginia
Portion of Chesapeake Bay", and Bonzek is the Data Management Head of the VIMS
Fisheries Data Management Unit, Department of Fisheries at VIMS. The work is
currently fiinded by the USFWSA^MRC Wallop-Breaux project No. F-104-R-6.

LfTERATURE CfTED

Anderson, A. 1973. Effects of Hurricane Agnes on the environment and organisms of
ches^)eake Bay. Rept to the Phil. dist. USACoE, Ches. Bay Inst. Contrib. 187,
Md. Nat. Resourc. Inst Contrib. 529, VIMS Spec. Rep. Appl. Mar. Sci. & Ocean.
Engr. 29, 172 pp.

Andrew-Spear, L. 1995. Situation Report; Status of oyster stocks in Virginia. Water¬
front News,2(3):2.

Austin, H., D. Haven and M. Mustafa. 1989. The relationship between trends in a
condition index of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and environmental

parameters in three Virginia estuaries. Estuaries, 16(2):362-374.

Austin, H., D. Estes, and D. Seaver. 1996. Estimation of juvenile striped bass relative
abundance in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay. Armual Prog. Rept.
Submitted to Va. Mar. Res. Conun. and U. S. Fish & Wildlife, 6 pages., 10 tables,
6 figures.

Bonzek, C., P. Geer, andH. Austin. 1995. VIMS Juvenile Fish Trawl Survey, Juvenile
Indices, 1979-1994. Va. Sea Grant Mar. Res. Advisory No. 57 (VSG-95-02), 15

pp.

Haven, D., W. Hargis, J. Loesch, and J. Whitcomb. 1976. The effects of Tropical Storm
Agnes on oysters, hard clams, soft clams, and oyster drills in Virginia. In The
Effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system. Davis,
J., Editor, Ches. Res. Consort. Publ. No. 54. pp 488-508.

Land, M., P. Geer, C. Bonzek, andH. Austin, 1995. Juvenile finfish and blue crab stock
assessment program, bottom trawl survey armual data summary report series.
VIMS Spec. Sci. Rept. Vol. 1994, No. 124, 211 pp.

Michaels, P. 1995. The Big Drench. Vir. Chmate Adv., 19(2): 12-13.

1995 FRESHNET

255

Morales- Almo, R 1995, Oyster spatfaU update. Interim Rept on Spatfall, VIMS, 3 pp.

Norcross, B. L. 1983, Climate scale environmental factOK affecting year-class fluc¬
tuations of Atlantic croaker, {Micropogonim undulatus) in the Chesapeake Bay,
PhD Dissertation, Va. Inst Sch. of Marine Sci., CoU. of W&M. 388 pp,

Seteler, J. 1989. The effects of Humcane Agnus on tte American oyster, Crassostrea
■virginica. Va. Governor’s School Rept to VIMS, 43pp.

United States Geological Survey. 1995. Monthly stream flow into Chesapeake Bay.
August, 1995, 3 pages,

Virginia Dmught Monitoring Task Force. 1995. Drought status report of the Virginia
Drought Monitoring Task Force, 15 Sept 1995, 6 pages.

Wojick, F. 1978. Temperature Muced croaker mortality. Coastal Oceanog. aiM
CMmat News, 1(1):2.

Zaboreki, J. and D. Haven. 1980. Oyster mortalities in the upper Rappahannock River
and in the Virginia tiibutaries of the lower Potomac-Their association with
river discharge and low salinity. SRAMSOE No. 241., VIMS, Coll of W&M., 5
pp.,8Fig.

256 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE la-c. Bottom salinity. May 1995, James, York and Rappahannock rivers, VA.

1995 FRESHNET

257

FIGURE 2a-c. Bottom dissolved oxygen. May 1995, James, York and Rqipahannock rivers, VA.

258

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 3a-c. Bottom water temperature. May 1995, James, York and Rappahannock rivers, VA.

1995 FRESHNET

259

FIGURE 4a-c. Surface salinity. May 1995, James, York, and Rappahannock rivers, VA.

260

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 5a-c. Surface dissolved oxygen. May 1995, James, York and R^pahannock rivers, VA.

1995 FRESHNET

261

FIGURE 6a-c. Surface water temperature, May 1995, James, York and Rappahannock rivers, VA.

262

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 7a-c. Bottom salinity, June 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

263

FIGURE 8a-c. Bottom dissolved oxygen, June 1995.

264

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 9a-c. Bottom water temperature, June 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

265

FIGURE lOa-c, Surface salinity, June 1995.

266

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE lla-c. Surface dissolved oxygen, June 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

267

FIGURE 12a-c. Surface water temperature, June 1995.

268

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 13a-c. Bottom salinity, July 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

269

FIGURE 14a-c. Bottom dissolved oxygen, July 1995.

270

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 15a-c. Bottom water temperature, July 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

271

FIGURE 16a-c. Surface salinity, July 1995.

272

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 17a-c. Surface dissolved oxygen, July 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

273

FIGURE 18a-c. Surface water temperature, July 1995.

274

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 19a-c. Bottom salinity, August 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

275

FIGURE 20a-c. Bottom dissolved oxygen, August 1995.

276

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 21a-c. Bottom water temperattire, August 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

277

FIGURE 22a-c. Surface salinity, August 1995.

278

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

FIGURE 23a-c. Surface dissolved oxygen, August 1995.

1995 FRESHNET

279

FIGURE 24a-c. Surface water temperature, AugiBt 1995.

Vii^nia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 4
Winter 1996

WiMflowers as an Alternative for Landfill Revegetation
in Spotsylvania County, VA

Mara Sabre, Karen D. Holl and John Cairns, Jr*^
Department of Biol Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, VA

ABSTRACT

As landfills become widespread and conspicuous compoicnts of the land¬
scape, communities are iicreasingly hying to make them an asset rather than
a liability. &ological, financial, regulatoiy, and social concerns influence the
choice of plants for revegetating landfills. In Spotsylvania Couirty, of
tlK closed landfill was seeded with wildflowers to create a more aesthetically
pleasir^ landscape than the standard revegetation mixture cunently used.

This stu% compared vegetative cover and species richness and composition
in areas seeded with the wildflower and standaid mixtures. Over a period of
2 yeare, 15 of the 19 species of wildflowers and all 9 species of the standard
mixture became estabhshed. Cumulative species richness was higher in
wildflower plots, whereas the number of species observed on individual
samphng dates was similar in plots seeded with both mixtures due to the
number of colonizing species in all plots. Vegetative cover did not differ
significantly in areas seeded with the two mixtures. This study shows that,
by using a range of criteria including erosion control, cost, and aesthetic and
ecological value, a number of native and naturalized wildflower species
compare favorably with species commonly used for landfill revegetatioa

INTRODUCTION

LandfilMng is a common means of disposing of tousehold nonhazardous waste.
As growth in tic human population has resulted in the generation of ircreasing amounts
of solid waste, city and county governments are confronted more often with the
escalating costs of landfill construction, operation, and closure. Municipal landfills
pose numerous environmental and social problems. Byproducts of anaerobic decom¬
position in landfills can contaminate surrounding soil and water supphes if not properly
contained and monitored (Booth and Vagt, 1990; Flower et al., 1981). The anaerobic
decomposition processes in landfills generate offensive odors while a landfill is in
operation and afterwards, and trash from the landfill may blow offsite despite efforts
to keep material in place. The environmental contamination, tic odors, and misplaced
trash affect people living near landfills, and property values in the area often decrease
as a result. Optirrally, landfills should be located out of public view; however, today,
tic ap])ropriate geological and hydrological parametere necessary to site landfills are
usually located near population centeiE. Consequently, community officials are at¬
tempting to make lat^ills assets rather than visual or environmenM liabihties.

1 Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Research on landfill processes has focused on the effects of landfill leachate and
gases on plants used to revegetate landfills. This research has evolved because, when
a landfill is closed, it must be capped with an appropriate soil or geotextile membrane
liner and seeded with fast growing vegetation to stabihze the hner (Figure 1). Most of
the hterature concerning landfill revegetation suggests that a mixture of quick growing
annual and perennial grasses and perennial legumes be used to stabihze soil (Ettala et
al., 1988; Gilman et al., 1985). Recommended plants are all hybrid, non-native species
that have been particularly effective in suppressing colonizing woody species on
roadside embankments and surface mined sites (Luken, 1987; Wade, 1989); in Vir¬
ginia, commonly used species include Festuca arundinacea (Kentucky -3 1 tall fescue),
Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza), and Coronilla varia (crown vetch) (see Table
1 for a complete hst). The standard revegetation species succeed within a few years
to a monoculture of C. varia or L cuneata, which provide little wildlife value.

The municipal landfiU (Chancellorsville Landfill) located in Spotsylvania County
in central Virginia is an iUustration of an iimovative solution to the multiple constraints
of landfill closure. The director of public works was confronted with the task of
creating an attractive landscape on a 3.8 ha (9.4 acre) landflU. The landfill was in
operation from the mid-1970s until its closure in 1992. Secondary roads now encircle
the landfill, and the northwestern portion of the landfiU site is less than a kilometer
from residential housing. In addition, old railroad tracks that have been designated as
part of the statewide "Rails to Trails" project run alongside the landfill. In an effort to
create a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, the Board of Supervisors of Spotsyl¬
vania County approved money to plant wildflowers over part of the landfill. As the
operator was concerned whether wildflowers would provide sufficient cover to retain
the soil and maintain the integrity of the cap hner, he chose a shaUow slope to seed as
a trial study. The steeper slopes were seeded with a standard revegetation mixture.

The objectives of the present study were to compare vegetative cover and species
richness and composition over time in each mixture type. In combination with a cost
analysis, these data serve to determine if the wildflower seed mixture is a viable
alternative to the standard revegetation mixture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ChancellorsviUe LandfiU is a 3.8 ha (9.4 acre) nonhazardous soUd waste
disposal area near Fredericksburg, Virginia (N 38° 16.3’, E 77° 32.7’). Die landfill
was closed m April 1992 using the capping design iUustrated in Figure 1 . The soil used
in the capping layer was excavated when the landfill was constructed. Seeding of the
capped landfill was completed in July 1992. Areas with 3 : 1 (33%) slopes were seeded
with a standard revegetation mixture. The southwestern-facing portion of the landfill
with a 4:1 (25%) slope was seeded with a "Northeastern" mixture of wildflowers
prepared by Applewood Seed Company. This seed mixture was comprised predomi¬
nantly of species native and naturalized to Virginia. We define native as species present
in Virginia prior to European colonization. The term naturaUzed refers to species that,
while not native to Virginia, are a well-established component of the flora and do not
aggressively compete with native species. Scientific and common names for all species
are listed in Table 1 (hereafter, species are referred to by their scientific names only).
Both mixtures were hydroseeded by spraying a mixture of seeds, paper mulch, N:P:K
fertiUzer, and water.

LANDFILL REVEGETATION WITH WILDFLOWERS 283

12 oz/sy
GEOTEXTILE
40mil VLDPE

FIGURE 1. Soil cap design med at the Chancellorsviile Landfill (courtesy of Draper Aden and Associates).

The hydroseed tank was not rinsed before the wildflower mixture was added, and
parts of the area sprayed with the wildflower mixture included residual seeds from the
stan,dard levegetation mixture. The standard revegetation mixture was seeded at a
density of 12 kg (--26 lbs) per acre, and the wildflower mixture was seeded at a density
of 9 kg (-20 lbs) per acre. The difference in seeding rates was due to the higher cost
of the wildflower mixture. No straw cover or additional irrigation was provided.

The southwestern aspect was chosen for study because both mixtures were repre¬
sented. Four 80 m (-248 ft) transects, separated by 10 m (-31 ft), were established
along the length of ftie same hiUface. Two transects each were located in areas
revegetated with the wildflower mixture (4:1 slope) and the standard mixture (3:1
slo^). Eight permanent markers were placed at 10-m intervals along each transect for
surveys. Hie total percent cover and percent cover of individual species were recorded
in 1 m^ (9ft^) plots at each marker three times between April and September in both
1993 and 1994. Cover was estimated by the amount of area a plant stoded within the
sampling unit. Plante were identified using specimen from the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Herbarium.

Species richness and cover were compared using t-tests, considering the 16 plots
of each seeding mixture as replicates. Repeated^ measures analysis of variance was
used to determine if the main effects of time and mixture type or the related interaction
was significant across both j^irs of transects. Repeated measures testing was required
because the same experimental unit was repeate^y sampled over time (Meredi A and
Stehman, 1991). Throughout, results in wMch p < 0.05 are reported as significant.

284

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 1. Plant species inventory at the Chancellorsville L^dfill in 1993 and 1994, Values are the number
of survey plots in which each species was observed in each year. Values are from a total of 16 plots for the
standard and wildflower species and from a total of 32 plots for colonizing species, since most of these
species were observed in plots seeded with each of the mixtures. P indicates that the species was not observed
in study plots but was observed elsewhere on the landfill.

LATIN NAME

COMMON NAME No. of plots

1993

No. of plots
1994

STANDARD MIXTURE TRANSECTS (16 plots total)
Agrostis alba Red top

Coronilla varia

Crown vetch

Festuca arundinacea

Kentucky-3 1 fescue

Lespedeza cuneata

Sericea lespedeza

L. stipulacea

Korean lespedeza

Lolium multiflorum

Annual rye

L. perenne

Perennial rye

Secale cereale

Abruzzi rye

Setoria italica

German foxtail millet

NORTHEASTERN MIXTURE TRANSECTS (16 plots)

Aquilegia canadensis

Eastern columbine

Aster novae-angliae

New England aster

Bouteluoua gracilis

Buffalo grass

Centaurea cyanus

Cornflower

Cheiranthus allonii

Wallflower

Chrysanthemum maximum

Shasta daisy

Coreopsis lanceolata

Lance-leaved coreopsis

Dianthus barbatus

Sweet Wilham pink

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove

Echinacea purpurea

Purple coneflower

Gypsophila elegans

Baby’s breath

Hesperis matronalis

Dame’s rocket

Linaria maroccana

Spurred snapdragon

Linum grandiflorum rubrum

Scarlet flax

Lupinus perennis

Perennial lupine

Oenothora missourensis

Dwarf evening primrose

Papaver rhoeas

Poppy

Rudbeckia hirta

Black-eyed Susan

Silene armeria

Catchfly

COLONIZING SPECIES* (32

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

: plots)

Ragweed

Bidens polylepis

Beggar tick

Cassia nictitans

Wild sensitive plant

Dactylon sp.

Crab grass

Holcus lanatus

Velvet grass

Hypericum perforatum

St. John’s wort

Medicago sativa

Alfalfa

Phleum pratense

Timothy

Rosa multiflora

Multifloral rose

Rumex acetosella

Sheep sorrel

R. obtusifolius

Sorrel

Solidago spp.

Goldenrod

Trifolium arvense

Rabbit’s foot clover

♦Colonizing species include all species that were not seeded on the landfill. They comprise a mixture of

native, naturalized, and non-native species.

. LANDFILL REVEGETATION WITH WILDFLOWERS 285

TABLE 2. Soil nirtrients. Values are in mg/kg and are means ± 1 SE. N = 3 samples per transect

Transet^

NOj-N

Standard 1

6,S ± 03

6.0 ± 2.7

63.0 ± 31.0

3.7 ± 13

592 ± 97

773 ± 8.6

553 ± 15.0

Standard 2

6.4 ± 03

3.7 ± 13

55.7 ± 11.0

3.7 ± 1.2

492 ± 87

703 ± 4.6

46.7 ± 15

Wildflower 1

€.9 ± 0.4

133 ± 6.1

55.7 ± 14.0

3.7 ± 1.2

1036 ± 148

983 ± 93

93.7 :t 14.0

Wildflower 2

6.6 ± 0.3

6.3 ± 33

56.7 ± 17.0

43 ± 1.2

788 ± 363

86.0 ± 25.0 64.0 ± 23.0

Soil samples were collected in 1994 from the upper 8 cm (3. 1 in.) of the soil cap at
three randomly located points of each of the four transects to provide baseline
information for the vegetation data collected. Samples were analyzed for pH and
macronutrients (P, K, NO3-N, Ca, Mg, SS) at the Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory.
Soil nutrient data were pooled for each transect, and the mean values were compared
within arKl between seed mixture types using t-tests.

RESULTS

Levels of all soil nutrients on the landfill were within ranges acceptable for growth
(Table 2), although the level of nitrate nitrogen was low, 3-5 mg/kg (Brady, 1990).
None of the measured nutrient levels differed significantly between paired transects
nor between iruxture type for any nutrient, suggesting that the soil nutrients were
relatively homogeneous across the study area. Although Ca and soluble salts averaged
higher levels in the wildflower plots, the differences were not statistically significant
due to high variance.

Plant species observed in 1993 and 1994 in the survey plots are listed in Table 1.
Eleven of the 19 wildflower species seeded were recorded on survey plots. Four
additional species, including Digitalis purpurea^ Echinacea purpurea, Lupinus peren-
nis and Oenothora speciosa, were observed on the larxlfill but not in the survey plots.
Only four of the wildflower species seeded, Aquiiegia canadensis, Linar ia maroccana,
Linum grandijlorum rubrum and Papaver rhoeas, were not observed on the landfill.
Two wildflower species. Coreopsis lanceolata and Dianthus barbatus, speared at the
highest frequency both years, being found on 16 and 14 plots, respectively. Five
species, including Centaurea cyanus, Cheiranthus allonii. Digitalis purpurea, Gypso-
phila elegans, and Lupinus perennis, were observed in the first but not the second year
of the study. All nine of the standard nuxture species seeded were observed in survey
plots in both years. Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne were the dominant
species. Thr^ species, Agrostis alba, Lolium multiflorum, and Secale cereale, were
only observed in one plot in one year.

A total of 17 and 20 species (including both seeded and naturally colonizing
species) was observed during the 2-year study period on the two wildflower transects,
while 16 and 15 species were observed on the two standard mixture transects. Nine
species naturally colonized in areas seeded with the wildflower mixture, and 1 1 species
naturally colonized areas seeded with the standard mixture. The most common
colonizing species was Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Most other colonizing species were
widespread, noivnative species.

On individual sample dates, species richness was slightly higher in the plots planted
with the wildflower mixture, but it was significantly higher only in April 1994.

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VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Month of survey

FIGURE 2. Average plant species richness on individual san^ling dates for wildfiower and standard mixture
plots. N = 16 for each mixture. (♦Means are significantly different at tiie p = 0.05 level using a t-test.)

Average species richness was highest in June 1993 in both mixtuies (nine species) and
declined in July and September (Figure 2). In 1994, species richness in the areas
planted with the wildflower mixture increased from the previous September, but never
recovered to the same level as the number recorded in June 1993. The number of
species in plots planted with the standard revegetation mixture increased after an initial
drop between June and July 1 993 . At the end of the survey, species richness was nearly
the same in areas seeded, as a number of wildflower species were no longer present.

Total cover in the two areas ranged from 7.5-100% during the study; cover values
were lowest at the initiation of the study. Cover was slightly higher in the plots planted
with the standard revegetation mixture throughout the survey period (Figure 3), but it
was only significantly higher than the wildflower mixture in June and September 1 993 .
Cover of individual plots seeded with the standard mixture was sometimes the same
or lower than that of the wildflower mixture plots, as there was high variability in
vegetative cover in areas seeded with both mixtures. Cover for the areas seeded with
the wildflower mixture remained at approximately the same level throughout the study,
rising slightly in July 1994. The wildflower mixture cover increased with time during
the two growing seasons. The standard revegetation mixture increased in the middle
of the first growing season and decreased toward the end of the second growing season
(Figure 3). Cover of naturally colonizing species ranged from 0-80% and increased
overall during the 2 years of the study. Cover of naturally colonizing species was
highly variable between plots seeded with the same mixture and was not significantly
different in wildflower and standard mixture plots.

LANDFILL REVEGETATION WITH WILDFLOWERS 287

Month of survey

FIGURE 3. Average plant cover on individual sampling dates for wildflower mid standard mixture plots.
N = 16 for each mixture. (♦Means are significantly different at the p = 0.05 level using a t-test.)

The total cost of the wildflower mixture seeded at 9 kg (-20 lb) per ha and of the
standard mixture seeded at 12 kg (-26 lb) per ha was $1235.00 ($500.00/acre) each.
The cost per hectare of the four absent wildflower species was $247.00 ($ 100.00/acre),
20% of the total cost of the wildflower mixture. The cost of the two dominant species
of the wildflower mixture, Coreopsis lanceolata and Dianthus barbatus^ was
$89. 00/ha ($3 6. 00/acre), only 7% of the total cost of the mixture.

DISCUSSION

Communities such as those in Spotsylvania County, VA, are increasingly recog¬
nizing the benefits of revegetating landfills with native and naturalized species. Use
of wildflowers for landfill revegetation is currently hmited by concerns about their low
establishment rates and the high cost of purchasing these seeds. This stu^ has
demonstrated that several wildflower species seeded at the Chancellorsville Landfill
constitute viable altematives to the non-native species currently used. Despite subop-
timal growing conditions present at this site, performance of the wildflowers did not
differ significantly from the standard mixture species with regard to erosion control,
aesthetic value, ecological value, and cost.

Many landfill operators are hesitant to use native and naturalized species because
of fear of increased erosion. Using aboveground cover as an indication of erosion
control, the wildflower mixture compared favorably with the standard mixture. At only
one of six sampling dates was cover significantly higher in standard mixture plots,
despite the fact that the standard mixture was seeded at a higher rate. Most importantly.

288

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

the landfill operator was satisfied with the cover provided by the wildflower mixture
during the course of the study. As state solid waste management guidelines do not
specify an adequate quantity of vegetative cover for different slopes, the landfill
operator must decide what is an acceptable amount. It is doubtful that cover alone is
an accurate indicator of soil retention on slopes (Torbert and Buiger, 1992). However,
visual examination of aboveground cover is the most common method of determining
whether an area is stabilized. Results of this study do not guarantee that either plant
mixture will stabilize the cap without substantial soil loss; the results only indicate that
the wildflower mixture is comparable to the standard mixture for aboveground cover
over the 2 years of the study.

Cost is commonly the overriding criterion in choosing a revegetation protocol. A
major reason for seeding aggressive, non-native species in disturbed areas is that they
are often less expensive than native and naturalized species. If seeding rates had been
equivalent in this project, the wildflower mixture would have been only 20% more
expensive than the standard mixture. This difference in cost could be easily reduced
by removing a few of the species that did not establish well on the site and replacing
them with appropriate species. It is important to note that these costs are estimates;
seed prices may vary greatly with company and year. Regardless, it appeara that
wildflowers are an economically viable revegetation alternative in the southeastern
United States.

While difficult to quantify, aesthetic value is an important factor in the public’s
acceptance of disturbed areas such as landfills. Based on observations by the landfill
operators and scientists, the sections seeded with wildflowers were more visually
pleasing. By the end of the survey, the color display in the wildflower section was
dominated by the yellows of Bidens spp.. Coreopsis lanceolata, and Rudbeckia hirta.
For the operator, the areas seeded with wildflowers contrasted favorably with the
standard mixture areas and the surrounding meadow. If the standard revegetation
mixture had provided an adequate view from the outset, then the landfill operator would
not have invested time, money, and resources in trying an alternative mixture.

As with aesthetic value, quantification of the ecological value of plants is difficult
and largely subjective. Unfortunately, regulations do not consider floristic composi¬
tion as a factor in selecting revegetation covers. Species richness overall was slightly
higher on plots seeded with the wildflower mixture, which is not surprising since more
wildflower species were seeded. On individual sampling dates, species richness was
similar in plots seeded with both wildflower and standard mixtures. This result is
largely due to the high number of colonizing species occurring on both aspects, and
also to the fact that most of the grasses in the standard mixture are present throughout
the growing seasons while a number of the wildflower species have shorter growing
seasons. For example, Dianthus barbatus flowers in June and rapidly senesces, while
Ambrosia artemisiifolia grows slowly over the season until it flowers in August.

It is important to consider not only number of species but also the species
composition. More of the wildflower species are either native or naturalized to the
region, which suggests that they would provide more value to wildlife. For example,
research on reclaimed coal surface mines in the southeastern United States has shown
that animals are more commonly associated with native, naturally colonizing species
than non-native, planted species on reclaimed mine sites (Breimer et al. 1984; Holl
1994). Research on landfills suggests that using wildflowers and compatible grasses

LANDFILL REVEGETATION WITH WILDFLOWERS 289

pro¥ides a stable source of seeds for consumption by birds and insects (Davis, 1989;
Robinson and Handel, 1993; Smith, 1993),

NatumUy colonizing species coastituted an im^rtant component of the vegetation
in areas seeded with both mixtures. Naturally coloniang species ranged from species
native to the area (Q,g.,Ambrosia artemisiifolia) to aggressive non-native species (e.g.,
Rosa multiflora). Non-native species can be beneficial or disastrous, depending upon
their ag^ssiveness. Species such as Dactylon sp. commonly outcompete native
species and form monocultuies over large areas. Despite the reputation of the standard
revegetation mixture to better resist coloniation of aggressive weeds, the number of
colonimg species (predominantly non-native) and percent cover of these species were
similar in wildflower and standard mixture plots.

If left unmanaged, the wildfloweiE that were seeded would eventually be succeeded
by woody vegetatiou However, the Spotsylvania Landfill, as in mary landfills in
Virginia, is mowed towards the end of the growing season to prevent tic establishment
of woo% vegetetion. Le^slation prohibits woody species on landfills, due to fear of
the roote of woody species penetrating tic lardfill liner. This restriction is one of the
re»ons the landfill operator chose to use wildflower^ to increase the vegetative
diversity on the landfilL Mowing also serves to enhance growth of tire wildflowers in
tic following year.

While the majority of wildflower species became estabhshed, a few of the seeded
species were not observed on tic landfilL Centaurea cyanus^ Echinacea purpurea^
and SUene armeria, which have shown high estabhshment rates on other disturbed sites
(Sabre, 1994), were recorded in low numbers at the Spotsylvania landfilL Papaver
rhoeas, a popular species used for roadside wildflower plantings throughout Virginia
and the United States, was never observed on the landfill. The low establishment or
absence of these species at the ChanceUorsville Landfill may be due to the combined
factoiB of time of seeding (July), variable germination densities, and quahty of seed
stock. These results highhght the importance of doing gneenlDuse germination studies
and smal-scale test plots prior to landfill seeding. Screening tests serve to identify
species that tove low germination or survival rates; this screening reduces the cost of
tic seeding mixture. Field test plots are important to identify site-specific differences
in establishment rates.

Interpretation of tlcse results should be considered in the context of three problems
witli the experimental design that were beyord the control of the researchers. First, as
discussed pre'viously, starred and wildflower seeds were mixed in the hydroseeder,
which complicated comparing the two mixtures. Fortunately, standard revegetation
species were rarely observed along the two wildflower transects, suggesting that the
se^ contamination was minimal. Second, tte landfill seeding was done in July rather
than at the normal time, spring or fall. While establishment rates may have been lower
due to lack of rainfall and elevated soil temperatures, both mixtures were seeded at the
same time, allowing for comparisons betwwn mixtures. Finally, results may have been
confoiuided by lire fact that the two mixtures were seeded, on different slopes. While
»me plant species may be affected by 8-10 degree diffenerces in slope, most of the
species used arc adapted to a range of stressfid conditiorK. Therefore, the effect of
slope diffeiences was likely minimal.

The result K ol’tMs and other studies (e.g.. Sabre, 1994) highlight the importance of
beginning lelevaitf planning and research at least 3-10 years before closure of a landfill

290

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

to reduce costs of soil amendments, to locate appropriate vegetation types, and to
reduce the risk of erosion as a result of inadequate seeding densities or dead seed at
closure. For example. New York City has spent thousands of dollars annually at the
Fresh Kills Landfill, the largest in the world at 1265 ha (3000 acres), to determine how
the landfill might best serve the community when it closes in 20-30 years (Robinson
and Handel, 1993). While the expenses of analyzing soil nutrients and establishing
plots to test revegetation protocols increase the cost of restoration efforts over the short
term, they will result in increased chances of success and reduced costs over the long
term. In addition, it is important to include long-term monitoring as an integral
component of any revegetation effort. The large turnover of species observed in the 2
years of this study demonstrates the need to monitor revegetation projects for a number
of years in order to judge success and correct any problems that may arise.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding was provided by matching funds by the Mobil Foundation, Inc. and the
Du Pont Company Education in Aid Program for a grant awarded to Karen Holl and
John Cairns, Jr. Dr. Cairns, Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, initiated and
oversaw the project Dr. Holl, Environmental Studies Board, University of California,
Santa Cruz, participated in experimental design, interpretation of data, and writing the
manuscript. Mara Sabre conducted the vegetation samphng and analysis of data as
part of a master’s thesis in the Department of Biology, Virginia Tech. The authors
gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Robert Lyons, Department of
Horticulture, Virginia Tech, and Eric Smith, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech.
Tom Wieboldt of the Virginia Tech Herbarium provided invaluable assistance in the
identification of plants. Ken Hyer, undergraduate research assistant in 1993, assisted
in vegetation and soil samphng. Finally, we are grateful to Doug Barnes, Director of
Spotsylvania Public Works Department, for permission to work on the landfill, and to
Lyrm Croy of Draper Aden and Associates, Blacksburg, for informing us about the
wildflower project.

LITERATURE CITED

Booth, C. J. and P. J. Vagt. 1990. Hydrology and historical assessment of a classic
sequential-land use landfill site, nhnois, USA. Env. Geol. Water Sci. 15(ni):165-
178.

Brady, N. C. 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 10th ed. MacMillan Publishing
Company, New York, NY. 1083 p.

Brermer, F. J., M. Werner and J. Pike. 1984. Ecosystem development and natural
succession in surface coal mine reclamation. Min. Environ. 6:10-22.

Davis, B. N. K 1989. Habitat creation for butterflies on a landfill site. Entomologist
108(1,2): 109-122.

Ettala, M. O., K. M. Yqonen and E. J. Rossi. 1988. Vegetation coverage at sanitary
landfiUs in Finland. Waste Manage. Res. 6:281-289.

Flower, F. B., E. F. GUman and I. B. Leone. 1981. Landfill gas, what it does to trees
and how its injurious effects may be prevented. J. Arboricult. 7(11): 43 -5 2,

Gilman, E. F., F. B. Flower and I. B. Leone. 1985. Standardized procedures for
planting vegetation on completed sanitary landfiUs. Waste Manage. Res. 3:65-80,

LANDFILL REVEGETATION WITH WILDFLOWERS 291

HoU, K, D. 1994. Vegetational and lepidopteran community composition in rehabili¬
tated ecosy'stems. Ph. D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Univereity, Blacksburg, VA.

Luken, J. 0. 1987. Potential patch dy ramies on a roadside embankment: Interactions
between crown vetch and Keitucky-31 tall fescue. Reclam. Rev. Res. 6:177-186.

Meredith, M. P. md S. V. Stehman. 1991. Repeated measures ex^riments in forestry:
Focus on analysis of response curves. Can I For. 21:957-965.

Robinson, G. R. and S. N. Handel. 1993. Forest restoration on a closed landfill: Rapid
addition of new species by bird dispersal, Conserv. Biol 7(II):27 1-277.

Sabre, M, 1994. WMdflower estabhshment on landfills in central aid southwestern
Virginia. Master’s thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univereity,
Blacksburg, VA.

Smith, D. S. 1993. An overview of gieenways. In: D. S. Smith and P. C. HeUmund
(ed.). Ecolo^ of Gieenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 222 p.

Tolbert, J. aid J. A. Burger. 1992. Effect of surface grading intensity on ground cover
establishment, erosion, and tree growth. 1992 Powell River Project, Symposium
and Progress Reports. Clinch Valley College, Wise, VA.

Wade, G. L. 1989. Grass competition and establishmeitt of native species from forest
soil banks. Landscape Urban Plan. 17:135-149.

292

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

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V 4

Virginia Journal of Science
Volume 47, Number 4
Winter 1996

Abundance of Adult Ixodes scapularis and Infection
with Borrelia burgdorferi in Eastern Virginia

Michael Casteel and Daniel E. Sonenshine
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, Virginia 23529

ABSTRACT

Field studies to determine the relative abundance of adult blacklegged ticks,
Ixodes scapularis and rates of infection of adult ticks Wiih Borrelia burgdor¬
feri were done in three localities in eastern Virginia. At the time of the Fall
seasonal peak, tick capture frequency was greatest, (37.5+4.3 (S,E)ticks/100
minutes, on Assateague Island (Chincoteague National Wildlife Reftige), a
peninsula along the Atlantic Ocean near the Maryland border. Tick capture
frequency was considerable lower, 21.7 ± 5.3 (S.E.) ticks/100 minutes, at the
Cheatham Armex Naval Supply Station, an inland locality near Williamsburg.
Ticks were virtually absent at the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, a
coastal locality in southeastern Virginia near the North Carolina border. Rates
of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in adult ticks were similar at the Assateague
Island (7.7%) and Cheatham Annex sites (9.1%). No evidence of infection
was found in the two ticks examined from Back Bay.

Key words: Blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, abundance, Borrelia burgdorferi,
infection, Lyme borrehosis.

INTRODUCTION

First described in 1977 (Steere et al, 1977) Lyme disease is now considered the
most prevalent vector-borne disease in humans in the United States. The disease is
caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Stierwalt and
Brenner, which is transmitted by the bite of a black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say.
Thousands of cases have been reported in the United States each year (Anon., 1993).
Although the numbers of cases of Lyme disease that occur in the southeastern states
are not as high as in the northeastern and north central regions of the United States
(Ginsberg, 1993; Luckhait et al., 1991; Ameiasinghe et al., 1993), the number of cases
from the former region have increased greatly since the 1980’s. In Virginia, case
numbers of Lyme disease for 1992, 1993 and 1994 which met the case definition of
the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA) were 1 15, 95 and 131,
respectively. According to the Virginia State Health Department, the risk of infection
for humans is greatest in the eastern part of the state, especially the northeastern and
coastal coimties. Studies of ticks and wildlife native to Virginia demonstrated that B.
burgdorferi occurs in wildlife and ticks (Levine et al., 1991; Sonenshine et al., 1995).
B. burgdorferi was isolated (and cultured) from 5 species of small mammals in a coastal
site near Chincoteague and an inland site between Wilhamsburg and Yorktown. In
addition, B. burgdorferi infection was demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay in
ticks, mostly /. scapularis in these same locahties (Sonenshine et. al., 1995). These

294

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

reports suggest that Lyme borreliosis (i.e., spirochete infection in wildlife and ticks) is
established in eastern Virginia. However, most of the evidence concerning infection
in 1. scapular is, the major vector, was based on immature ticks collected from
vertebrate hosts. Few records were obtained from unfed adult black-legged ticks.

Although nymphal black-legged ticks are considered to be the most important
vectors of B. burgdorferi to humans (Lane et al, 1993), adult ticks also represent a
serious threat to hunters, hikers and other people enjoying outdoor recreatiorial activi¬
ties in the fall and early spring. In the northeastern United States, /. scapularis is
abimdant and rates of natural infection in unfed adults frequently range from 20 - 100%
(Burgdorfer et aL, 1982; Anderson, 1989). Consequently, the risk of human infection
from contact with unfed adults in that region is corKiderable. Less is known about L
scapularis abundance or rates of B. burgdorferi infection in adult ticks in the south¬
eastern part of the United States. In Virginia, rates of infection in/, scapularis adults,
based on small sample numbers, were 23.5% near the coast (Chincoteague) and 0,2%
64 kilometers inland (WilliamsburgA^ orktown). Elsewhere in the southeastern region,
reports of natural infection in adult/, scapularis ranged from 1-3% (Magnarelh et al,
1986; Luckhart et ai, 1991). No estimates of adult / scapularis abundance in this
region have been reported

Knowledge of tick abundance and B. burgdorferi infection rates are important for
defining high risk areas for Lyme disease. Consequently, this study was undertaken
to compare the relative abundance of adult, unfed / scapularis and to determine
infection rates of B. burgdorferi in this species at three contrasting localities in eastern

Virginia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Intensive samphng for ticks was done in selected study sites in three localities in
eastern Virginia between 4 October and 22 November, 1994, the period of maximum
adult / scapularis seasonal activity. The study sites were located at 1) Assateague
Island, part of the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR), adjacent to the
Atlantic Ocean; 2) the Cheatham Armex Naval Supply Station (CANSS) near the York
River between Williamsburg and Yorktown; and 3) at the Backbay National Wildlife
Refuge (BBNWR) in Virginia Beach, with stu^ sites located on Long Island in
Backbay and on the adjacent mainland (Fig. 1). Tire CNWR and CANSS study sites
were chosen because of their previous use for intensive field studies of small mammals,
immature / scapularis activity and spirochete infection studies over a three year period
(Sonenshine et aL, 1995).

Description of Study Sites. The dominant vegetation in the CNWR study site
consisted of closely-spaced bayberry bushes {Myrica cenifera) (most less than 3 m
high) on sandy dunes, with scattered loblolly pine {Pinus taeda) and Virginia pine (P.
virginiana) distributed among them. Ground cover was relatively sparse within the
bayberry thickets, but masses of greenbrier (Smilax), thistle (Cardus sp.) and various
vines (Cuscuta sp.) dominated the understory. Surroimding the thickets were grassy
meadows covered predominantly by salt grass (Distichlis spicata) and other grasses
but also containing blackberry (Rubus cuneifolius), greertf)rier, thistle and various
weeds. Brackish marshes dominated by marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora) were
interspersed among the meadows and bayberry thickets. Fiuther inland, about 0.5 to 1
km from the beach, there was a transition to mixed deciduous-pine second growth

TICK INFECTION WITH Borrelia

295

FIGURE 1. Map of Virginia showing the location of the three different study localities. Sampling at the
Chincoteague National Wildlife Reftige (CNWR) was done along two transacts established in or adjacent to
bayberry thickets on Assateague Island, near the Atlantic Ocean. Sampling at the Cheatham Annex Naval
Supply Station (CANSS) was done along four transects established in or adjacent to upland forest
communities. Sampling at the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge (BBNWR) was done along transects
established in or adjacent to forest habitat.

forests dominated by loblolly pine, red maple (Acer rubrum), tulip (Liriodendron
tulipifera) and white oak (Quercus alba) with a dense, almost impenetrable understoiy
of blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium), masses of greenbrier (Smilax spp) and other
vines. Previous studies showed large numbers of L scapularis immatures on small
mammals in this habitat, but not in drier, oak-pine thickets further inland. Conse¬
quently, the adult tick sampling effort was limited to the baybeny thickets and adjacent
meadows.

The dominant vegetation at the CANSS was deciduous forest, mostly white oak,
loblolly pine, Virginia pine, red maple, sweet gum (Liquidambar styricflua\ American
beech (Fagus grandifoUa\ tuMp poplar and river birch (Betula nigra). In the under¬
stoiy, greenbrier, Japanese honeysuckle, Virginia creeper, blackberry and other vines
were common, especially near the margins of the woo^ands or along trails.

The vegetation at the BNWR consisted of small areas of forest, mostly mixed pine
and oak species, and grassy meadows (especially on Long Island). The dominant forest
vegetation included Virginia hve oak (Quercus virgmiana\ southern prickly ash
(Xanthodcylum clavaherculis), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), loblolly pine and white
swamp oak (Quercus bicolor) with an understory of greenbrier, other vines, baybeny,
Virginia inkbeny (Ilex glabra) and others. The dominant meadow grasses included
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), saltgrass and beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata)
interspersed with scattered shrubs. Brackish marshes were also present but were not
included in the sampling areas.

Adult Tick Sampling Procedures. Ticks were collected with a one m^ denim
cloth tick flag attached to a 1.2 m wooden dowel as described by Sonenshine (1993).
Flagging was done along measured transects selected at random (from compass
bearings) for a total of 120 min (excluding time to remove ticks) at two transects at the

296

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

CNWR (Assateague Island), four at tic CANSS and two at tite BNWR. A stopwatch
was used to record the time actualy spent during flagging aid to exclude the time
required for examining the flag, collecting the ticks and taiKferring ttem to numbered
vials. Tte number of ticks captured at each interval that the flag was examined was
used to determine the mean number of ticks ± S.D. captured on each sampMng date.
Markers were placed at regular intervals along each traiKect to guide tic flagging
process. Based on measurements of the time required to flag 10m(13.7±0.2s, n =
18), the average area sampled at each of the three locations, CNWR, CANNS, and
BNWR, was 5,256 m^ (0.53 ha). At Asrateague Island, the two transects were in the
(predominantly) baybeny thickets approximately 1 km apart from one another and
adjacent to tte duiKS that separated these habitats from tic Atlantic Ocean At the
CANSS, two of the four transects were at fle edge of old fields surrounded by derm
woodlands; the remainder were in dense forest At the BNWR, ore of the transects
was in a grassy area at the edge of wooded habitat on a small (280 to) island; the other
was in wooded liabitat along the bay shore. The area sampled at each of the three
locations was 5,256 m^ (approximately 0.53 ha). Captu^ ticks were identified
(species and sex), the date and site of collection recorded, and the specimens taken to
the laboratoiy for examination. Sampling was done from 4 October to 24 November,
1994, after which the refoges were closed for deer hunting.

Laboratory Procedures. Surviving ticks were surfaced sterili^d ard ejcmiined
for burgdorferi antigens by the immunofluorescence assay (IF A) using monocloiml
antibodies H5332 and H683 1 in accordance with techniques described by Bissetl and
Hill (1987). Ticks were surface sterihzed (0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol),
washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), dissected, the midgut contents smeared
onto slides and allowed to air dry. Slides were fixed in acetone (20 min), rinsed 3 X
with PBS, treated with 10 pL of momclonal antibody H5332 or H6831 (gift from
Alan Barbour, University of Teras Health Center, San Antonio, TX) and iKubated for
45 min at 37® C. Following staining with fluorescein isothyiocyanate-labeled anti¬
mouse immune antibodies, the slides were covered and examined with epifluorescence
microscopy at 400X with an Vai»x AH2 microscope (Olympus) for evidence of
spirochetes. Smeare made from cultures of the B3 1 strain of B. burgdorferi were used
as positive controls while smears of B. mserina spirochetes were used as negative
controls. The control specimens were obtain^ from tic American Type Culture
Collection (Washington, D.C.).

RESULTS

Relative Abundance of I, scapularis. At Assateague Island, a total of 171 adult
/. scapularis (76 males, 95 females) were collected in the two traiKCts on six dates
between 4 October and 22 November. Tick capture success at the three different stu%
locahties, expressed as the mean number of ticks ± S.E./100 minutes, is summariad
in Table 1 and in Fig. 2. Tic seasonal activity peak occurred on 4 November. Tick
numbers captured increased from only 1.7 ± 1.0 (3.8 ticks/ha) on 4 October to 37.5+
4.1 ticks/100 min (85.6 ticks/ha) on 4 November. Tick numbers captured declined
thereafter, down to 24.2 ±5.6 ticks/100 min (55.2 ticks/ha) when sampling was
terminated on 22 November. It is not known how much longer ticks would have
remained active after rampling ended. At the CANSS, a total of 99 adult L scapularis

TICK INFECTION WITH Borrelia

297

TABLE 1. Frequency of collection and relative abundance of adult Ixodes scapularis at three contrasting

localities in eastern Virginia.

Dates

(1994)

Msateague (CNWR)

Mean ± S.E

Avg.

Ticks/100 min. No./ha^

CANSS

Mean ± S.E.

Ticks/100 min.

Avg.

No./ha*

EN^
Mean± S.E.

Ticks/ 1(X) min.

Avg.

No./ha^

4- 6 Oct

1.7

1.0

3.8

4.2

1.8

9.5

0.00

11- 13 Oct

21.7

5.2

49.5

15.0

3.0

34.3

2.0 ± 1.2

3.8

29-31 Oct

31.6

4.3

72.3

11.7

2.9

26.6

0.00

4-6 Nov

37.5

4.1

85.6

18.3

3.6

41.9

1.0 ± 0.8

1.9

15 -17 Nov

25.8

3.0

59.0

21.7

5.3

49.5

0.00

22 -24 Nov

24.2

5.6

55.2

11.7

3.1

26.6

0.00

Mean±(S.E.) 23.8

33.4

53.8

13.8

19.7

31.1

3.0 ± 2.0

0.9

all samples

1 Estimated number of ticks that would have been collected if one hectare had been sampled. Each value
represents the actual number collected in each 120 min sampling period x the conversion of sampling area
0.53 ha to 1 ha.

FIGURE 2. Graph illustrating adult tick (Ixodes scapularis) sampling success at the three different study
sites in eastern Virginia during the fall, 1994 sampling period.

298

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

TABLE 2. Rates of infection of Borrelia burgdorferi in adult Ixodes scapularis at three localities in eastern

Virginia.

Assateague Is./

CNWR CANSS BNWR

Life No. No.(%) No. No.(%) No. No.(%)

stage examined positive examined positive examined positive

Males

3 (6.5)

4 (9.8)

0(0)

Females

5 (8.6)

2 (8.0)

NA*

Totals

104

8 (7.7)

6(9.1)

0(0)

1 Not applicable.

(62 males, 37 females) were collected on approximately the same dates as above. Most
of the ticks (71.7%) collected came from the forested transects. The seasonal peak
occurred on 15 November when captures reached 21.7 ± 5.3 ticks/100 min (49.5
ticks/ha). At the BNWR, only three ticks were collected during the sampling period,
all from the island transect. Capture success at the three different localities was
significantly different from one another (F = 13. 108, 15, 17, p < 0.001; 1-way analysis
of variance). If the BNWR, where ticks were virtually absent, is excluded, capture
success at the CNWR (Assateague Island) was significantly greater than at the CANSS
(F ^ 3.21, 10, 11, p < 0.05, 1-way analysis of variance).

Rates of S. burgdorferi infection in /. scapularis. Infection was found in eight
(7.7%) of 104 adult/, scapularis examined from Assateague Island (Table 2). These
included three males (6.5% of 46 examined) and five females (8.6% of 58 examined).
Infection was found in six (9.1%) of 66 adult/, scapularis examined from the CANSS,
including four males (9.8% of 41 examined) and two females (8.0% of 25 examined).
No evidence of infection was found in two ticks that were examined from the BNWR.

DISCUSSION

This study was the first opportunity to systematically compare adult tick relative
abundance and B. burgdorferi infection rates in populations of /. scapularis in different
locahties of eastern Virginia. A previous study ( Sonenshine et al, 1995) compared
larval and nymphal /. scapularis on wild-caught small mammals and infection rates in
these immatures, but did not systematically sample adult ticks. Although limited in
scope, the results of the present study suggest that/, scapularis is more abundant near
the Atlantic Ocean, as represented by Assateague Island (CNWR) than further inland
in Viiginia, as represented by the CANSS. This finding is consistent with an earlier
report (Sonenshine et al., 1995) that found the tick to be more abundant on Assateague
Island than further inland. Whether the larger /. scapularis population on Assateague
Island is representative of the eastern coast or an isolated focus of high tick density is
unknown.

TICK INFECTION WITH Borrelia

299

Studies of I. scapularis occurrence in Maryland have shown that the ticks are most
numerous on white-tailed deer in the eastern part of the state, near the Atlantic Ocean
(Amerasinghe et al., 1992, 1993). Similarly, a four year statewide survey of ticks on
white-tailed deer in North Carolina showed that 46% of all 1. scapularis were collected
in the eastern coastal plain region (Apperson et al., 1990). Thus, it is not surprising
that tick relative abundance in Virginia also spears to be greater near the Atlantic
Ocean than further inland. However, at Back Bay, along the southeast coast and
Parramore Island, a banier island bordering the Atlantic Ocean, /. scapularis was
virtually absent (this paper, Levine et al 1991; Sonenshine et al. 1995). The infrequent
occurrence of /. scapularis on the banier islands or coastal habitats south of Assateague
Island is puzzling. White-tailed deer and small mammal hosts occur in these localities,
although white-footed mice {Peromyscus leucopus) are absent from several of the
barrier islands. However, studies on Assateague Island have shown that a variety of
other small mammals can support the immature stages of this tick in the absence of P.
leucopus (Sonenshine etal., 1995). South of Assateague Island, the vegetation changes
and the waxmyrtle thickets that provide excellent tick habitats at the former locality
are rare or absent on the other barrier islands. Assateague Island (actually a peninsula
extending from the Maryland mainland) is more representative of eastern Maryland,
where /. scapularis is abundant, than the Virginia barrier islands or other coastal
communities. However, except for our study at the CANSS near Williamsburg,
nothing is known about the occurrence of 7. scapularis or its relative abundance on
the mainland of eastern Virginia. The relatively high incidence of Lyme disease cases
in Accomack county, where Assateague Island is located (189.3 cases/100,000 popu¬
lation for the five-year period, 1990 - 1994) (Virginia State Health Department,
unpubhshed) suggests that 7 scapularis may be more abundant on the mainland than
on the coastal islands. This possibility should be investigated further.

Despite differences in tick abundance, infection rates in unfed adults at CNWR
(7.7%) and CANSS (9. 1%) were similar. This is quite different from the rates reported
for immature ticks from these two localities; for nymphs collected from small mam¬
mals, the rates for the same two localities, CNWR and CANSS, were 22. 1% and 0%,
respectively (Sonenshine et al, 1995). Both studies support the conclusion that B.
burgdorferi infection rates in ticks(7 scapularis) in eastern Virginia are substantially
lower than in ticks in the northeastern United States.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Robert Ratzlaff. Dr. Ralph Stevens and Ms. Jill Troyer, Old Dominion
University, for use of their laboratory facihties and their assistance in conducting the
laboratory studies. We thank Mr. Irving Ailes, CNWR, Mr. B. Hoag, CANSS, and
Mr. John Gallegos, BNWR, for access to the field sites. We thank Dr. Alan Barbour,
University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, for the supply of MAB
H5332 and H683 1 . Finally, we thank Dr. Suzarme Jenkins, Division of Epidemiology,
Virginia State Health Department, Richmond, Virginia, for providing the statistics on
cases of Lyme disease in Virginia.

Mr. Casteel carried the field work and performed the laboratory diagnostic assasy
under the overall supervision of Dr. Sonenshine. Dr. Sonenshine assisted with some
of the field work and wrote the manuscript.

300

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

LITERATURE CITED

Anoitymous. 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease

Control. 42:345-350.

Ameiasinghe, F.P., Breisch, N.L., Azad, A.F., Gimpel, W.F., Greco, M., Neidhardt,
K., Pagac, B., Piesman, J., Sandt, J. Scott, T.W., & Sweeney, K. 1992. Distribution,
density, and Lyme disease spirochete infection in/xoJ^s' dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)
on white-tailed deer in Maryland. J. Med. Entomol 29: 54-61.

Amerasinghe, F.P., Bresich, N.L., Neidhardt, K., Pagac, B., & Scott, T.W. 1993.
Increasing density and Borrelia burgdorferi infection of deer-infesting Ixodes
dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Maryland. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 858 - 864.
Anderson, J.F. 1989. Epizootiology of Borrelia in tick vectors and reservoir hosts.

Rev. Infect. Dis. 11 (Suppl. 6): S1451 - 1459.

Apperson, C.S., Levine, J.F. & Nicholson, W.L. 1990. Geographic occurrence of
Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae) infesting white¬
tailed deer in North Carolina. J. Wildl. Dis. 26: 550-553.

Bissett, M.L. and Hill, W. 1987. Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi strains
isolated from Ixodes pacificus ticks in California. J. Clin. Micro. 25: 2296 - 2301.
Burgdorfer, W., Barbour, A.G., Hayes, S.F., Benach, J.L., Grunwaldt, E., & Davis,
J.P. 1982. Lyme disease - a tick-bome spirochetosis? Science 2 16: 13 17 - 13 19.
Ginsberg, H.S. 1993. Ecology and management of ticks and Lyme disease at Fire
Island National Seashore and selected eastern national Parks. Scientific Mono¬
graph No. NPS/NRSUNJ/NRSM-92/20, U.S. National Park Service, 77 pp.

Lane, R.S., Piesman, J., and Burgdorfer, W. 1991. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its
causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Armu. Rev.
Entomol. 36: 587 - 609.

Levine, J.F., Sonenshine, D.E., Nicholson, W.L., and Turner, R.T. 1991. Borrelia
burgdorferi in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in coastal Virginia. J, Med. Entomol. 28:
668 - 674.

Luckhart, S., Mullen, G.R. and Wright, J.C. 1991. Etiologic agent of Lyme disease,
Borrelia burgdorferi, detected in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected at a focus in
Alabama. J. Med. Entomol. 28: 652 - 657.

Magnarelli, L.A., Anderson, J.R., Apperson, C.S., Fish, D., Johnson, R.C. and Chap¬
pell, W.A. 1986. Spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in
white-tailed deer from Cormecticut, New York State and North Carolina. J. Wildl.
Dis. 22: 178 - 188.

Sonenshine, D.E., Ratzlaff, R.E., Troyer, J., Demmerle, S., Demmerle, E.R., Austin,
W.E., Tan, S., Annis, B.A. and Jer^ns, S. 1995. Lyme boneliosis in eastern
Virginia: comparison between a coastal and an inland locality. Am. J. Trop. Med.
Hyg. 53: 123 - 133.

Sonenshine, D.E. 1993 . Biology of Ticks. Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, New York,

445pp.

Steere, A., Malawista, S.E., Sitydinan, D.R., Shope, R.E., Andiman, W. A., Ross, M.R.
and Steele, F.M. 1977. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in
children and adults in three Cormecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum. 20: 7 - 17.

NECROLOGY

301

MARTHA ANN KOTILA ROANE
1921 - 1996

Martha K. Roane was bom into a botanical heritage on November 1, 1921 at
Munising, Michigaa Her father, John E. Kotila, was a potato pathologist for the
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and her mother, Martha Olsen, had grown
up on a farm. Martha attended elementary school in East Lansing. About 1932, her
father was appointed Plant Pathologist with the United States Department of Agricul¬
ture at Washington, DC so Martha attended high school in the District and graduated
in 1939. Thereupon, she enrolled at Michigan State College to major in botaity under
the guidance of E. A. Bessey. Toward the end of her B.S. program in 1943, there was
a need for women in the engineering aspects of the aircraft industry. She became a
fellow in the Pratt and Whitney wartime training program and was thoroughly educated
in mathematics and machinery. After graduation in 1944, she was assigned to work at
Hartford where she devoted time to the development of jet engines and the translation
of German patents related thereto. At war's end, she enrolled in the University of
Minnesota Department of Plant Pathology where she worked on the late blight disease
of potato under the direction of E. C. Stalanan and C. J. Eide. Upon completion of her
M. S. degree in 1946, she was awarded an assistantship at the University of Michigan
to study under F. K. Sparrow, renowned aquatic mycologist. She resigned her
assistantship to become Mrs. Curtis W. Roane in September 1947 and to move to
Blacksburg, Virginia. There she worked for 14 months as a laboratory technician in
the soil conservation section of the Agricultural Engineering Department at V.P.I.

302

VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Even as a technician, she published a paper on the recovery of platinum from potassium
iodoplatinate.

From 1949 to 1956, Martha devoted herself exclusively to motherhood, but in 1956
she was offered employment as a part-time instructor in mathematics at V.P .1. In 1963,
she was appointed Instmctor in mathematics at Radford College for 1963-64 and
Assistant Professor for 1964-68. Then fate evicted her from math and propelled her
into botany. Radford College President Martin was prepared to promote her to
Associate Professor and give her tenure when he discovered Martha had no degrees in
math and by national accreditation standards was not qualified to teach college math.
He had hired her upon the strength of recommendations from the V.P.I. Math Depart¬
ment and had not carefully examined her credentials. He duly assigned her to work as
Assistant Director of Development for 1968-69 and allowed her leave time to renew
her studies toward a Ph.D. in mycology at V.P.I. & S. U. There she was an advisee of
R. A. Paterson who had been trained by Sparrow at Michigan. She was awarded her
degree in 1971. She worked with 0. K. Miller and Paterson as curator of fungal
collections and taught biology laboratories during 1972-75. Fate again intervened
when it was decided that three mycologists on the Biology Department faculty was one
too many. Somehow, R. J. Stipes of die Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology
and Weed Science, succeeded in having her appointed Adjunct Professor, and for
several years she and Stipes contributed to the literature on the chestnut blight fimgus
and the genus Endothia. She was heavily involved as a cooperator with chestnut
workers, especially Stipes and G. J. Griffm of V.P.I. & S.U., until a climax was reached
with the pubhcation of a monograph on chestnut blight. Meanwhile, an interest in the
taxonomy of higher plants had been incubating and she published several papers on
the Liliaceae, Poaceae and Ericacae, especially Rhododendron species. She was
co-editor with Bruce Parker of Volume IW, Algae and Fungi in the squqs Distributional
History of the Biota of the Southern Appalachians and for several years was editor and
a major contributor to Jeffersonia. With D. L. Coyier of Oregon State University, she
organized and edited a Compendium of Rhododendron Diseases and with M. D. Cline
of Monsanto Corp., St. Louis, she assembled a slide collection and prepared a text for
Diseases of Rhododendrons and Azaleas', both of these were distributed by the
American Phytopathological Society Press. Recently, she published in the Virginia
Journal of Science, "The Grasses of Virginia," and with C. W. Roane, the "Fungal
Diseases of Cereal Crops," and helped prepare manuscripts on fungi associated with
Virginia grasses. If one were to examine a complete list of her publications, one would
recognize that she would aptly be called a "botanist" having published in plant
pathology, mycology, taxonomy of fungi and flowering plants, and having served as
an editor of botanical publications. Martha did not limit her time to research and
publications; she served on the Mycology Committee of APS, 1985-88, as a member
of the Advisory Board of the Virginia Museum of Natural History, and on numerous
committees of the Virginia Academy of Science. In the Botany Section of the
Academy, she served as Vice-Chairman, Secretary, Chairman and Counselor. During
eight years with the Flora Committee, she was Chairman, 1976-77, and Editor of
Jeffersonia 1980-82. She served on several Academy committees: Local Amnge-
ments, 1978-82; Chairman, Public Relations, 1978; Chairman Accommodations, 1982;
Publications, 1982-84; Clmirman Long Range Planning, 1983-86; Treasurer, 1982;

NECROLOGY

303

Secretaiy, 1982-83; Archives Committee, 1988-19%, Chairman, 1988-1992. She was
honored to be nominated for President-elect in 1984. In 199 1, she was named Fellow.

Martha did not limit her activities to science and professional societies. She served
the community through the American Red Cross Bloodmobile Pack Table for over 15
years and was on the Montgomery County Board of the Red Cross more than five years;
she was a Troop Leader and Board Member, ard Secretary of the Virginia Skyline Girl
Scout Council, 1974-76; she had received the Girl Scout Thanks Badge. In the Boy
Scouts of America from 1977-1996, she held virtually every volunteer position
imaginable, from Explorer Post Advisor (first woman in the district) to member of the
Blue Ridge MountairK Council Executive Board (first woman). Wood Badge Staff
Member (first woman) seven times, and member of the National Jamboree Staff, 1989.
In 1991, she was tapped into the Order of the Arrow, and at the age of 70, like all
initiates, she slept under the stars. The Council awarded her the Silver Beaver in 1 986.

During the years she was Adjunct Professor at V.P.I. & S.U., she served for several
years as Faculty Advisor and Chairman of the Advisory Committee of Alpha Phi
Omega, a service Fraternity, and as Faculty Advisor to the V.P.I.& S.U. Student
Services Council.

Martha had been honored by membership in Gamma Sigma Delta, Kappa Mu
Epsilon, Pi Mu Epsilon, Sigma Xi, Phi Sigma, and Omicron Delta Kappa. One might
look at die hst of organizations and conclude she was just a joiner. Not so; when she
joined, she took an active role in an organization and contributed ideas and guidarce.
She lived by the Boy Scout motto, laws, and oath.

Finally, you will note that she referred to herself as "c” of a committee. She
disdained being called "chair", "chairperson" or "chairlady." She thought of the
chairman as being either "Mr. Chairman" or "Madame Chairman", so to her chairman
cormoted being human as compared with "chairape," or "chairdonkey". "Madame
Chairman" died December 3 1, 1996.

Membership in the Academy is organized into sections
representing various scientific disciplines as follows:

Agriculture, Forestry &

10.

Psychology

Aquaculture

11.

Education

Astronomy, Mathe

12.

Statistics

matics & Physics

13.

Aeronautical

Microbiology

& Aerospace Sciences

& Molecular Biology

14.

Botany

Biology

15.

Environmental Science

Chemistry

16.

Archaeology

Materials Sciences

17.

Computer Science

Biomedical & General

18.

Geography

Engineering

19.

Natural History &

Geology

Medical Sciences

Biodiversity

Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to
Virginia Journal of Science

Student . . $ 10.00

/ Regular ” Individual ...... 25.00

Contributing - Individual .... 30.00

Sustaining - Individual . 50.00

Life - Individual ........ 500.00

Sustaining - Institution . 100.00

Business - Regular ...... 100.00

Business - Contributing .... 300.00

Business - Sustaining . 500.00

Patron ............. 1000.00

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Spry, A. 1%9. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350 pp.

Each figure and table should be mentioned specifically in the text. All tables,
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THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME 47

THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

1996-97 DIRECTORY

The "Virginia Academy of Science
is affiliated with

The American Association for the Advancement of

Science

The National Association of Academies of Science
The American Junior

Academy

lence

America’s Fifth Largest State or City Science Academy
Founded 1923

THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
Circulation in 47 States and 50 Countries Overseas
Volume I, Issue L. January 1940
(Succeeds CLAYTONIA..J934-39)

THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Named a National Model and Ranked Among the Top 3
Junior Academies in the U.S. for over 25 Years
by the American Junior Academy of Science
Serving Over 14,000 Junior and Senior High School Students
in Virginia Each Year
Founded 1941

VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM
Providing Expertise to Virginia’s Schools in Alliance
With Virginia’s Colleges and Universities
Over 500 Volunteer Scientists on More Than 1200 Topics
Established 1985

VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS
Circulation of 1700 includes Legislators and
Presidents of Virginia’s Institutions of Higher Education
Volume I, Issue L. .August 1990

As a direct result of Academy leadership, the state park service was estab¬
lished; the Virginia Institute for Scientific Research, regarded by many as a
precursor to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology, was built; and the
Science Museum of Virginia was founded due to our effort to establish a
statewide network of science museums. The Academy conducted the first
comprehensive multidisciplinary study of the James River Basin, a publica¬
tion supported by funding from the General Assembly, and assisted state
agencies in responding effectively to the kepone disaster Since the Scopes
Trial, we have fought for excellence in Virginia’s science classrooms and,
from our inception, have worked to ensure the quality of Virginia’s environ¬
ment and economic resources. We are committed to fostering the civic, aca¬
demic, agricultural, industrial, and commercial welfare of

The People of Virginia.

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Join The Virginia Academy of Science

ACADEMY PUBLIC SERVICE OPPORTUNITIES
To promote science education in Virginia’s schools, the Visiting Scientists
Program Director asks the Commonwealth’s university and college Presi¬
dents every two years to request their Faculties to volunteer to speak in the
schools (Be on the lookout for this.). The Director distributes the VSP Direc¬
tory of individuals who are willing to speak to science classes and groups,
listing their topic titles, to Virginia science teachers.

To assist governmental offices, the Science Advisory Committee prepares an
inventory of scientific/technological expertise in Virginia as a public service
to state agencies and legislative bodies. This information can also be used
to assist Virginia’s civic, agricultural, industrial, and commercial enterprizes
on a limited basis and to ensure scientific/technological accuracy in the me¬
dia. For example, the topical listing of expertise could help a science corre¬
spondent contact a knowledgeable Academy Member for comment as
stories break on various sci/tech issues.

If you want to help Virginia in either or both of these efforts, fill in the
form below and send one copy to each responsible party you check off.

Kindly note your affiliation with The Academy should you be called to serve
in these efforts.

Please list me in:

Visiting Scientists Program Directory Send copy to: Jack Cranford,
21 13B Derring-Biology, VPI&SU, Blacksburg 24061

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William L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs, MCV/VCU,
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The Virginia Academy of Science enjoys a distinguished history and tradition
of ensuring the vitality and excellence of scientific research and science educa¬
tion in The Commonwealth of Virginia. In an increasingly complex world of
global market competitiveness, threats to ecology and health, and the demand¬
ing issues of social intolerance and illiteracy: it is our conviction that the solu¬
tions necessary to resolve such challenges depend on the effective and
efficacious research, teaching, and discipline of thought and action inherent in
the sciences and technologies. We, therefore, rededicate ourselves to the prin¬
ciple reason for our existence... the pursuit of our purposes for the benefit of the
people of Virginia.

The Virginia Academy of Science acknowledges our sincere appreciation to
those individual, institutional, and corporate citizens who have allied themselves
with our cause. Without their constant and ready support, we would be unable
to execute our outstanding nationally recognized research and educational pro¬
grams in service to The People of Virginia. In particular, we recognize here The
Patrons of The Academy who have generously contributed $1,000 or more in
1996...

Virginia Power

The Virginia Environmental Endowment
Mrs. George W Jeffers
Bethel High School VJAS Science Club
Blanton M. Bruner
Vera B. Rems burg

The Family of Major W Catesby Jones
D. Rae Carpenter, Jr.

Virginia Marine Science Consortium, Virginia Sea Grant Program
Virginia Division, American Cancer Society
The Fellows of The Virginia Academy of Science
James Madison University

Tidewater Section of American Society of Navel Engineers
Arthur W Burke, Jr.

We also note for the reader’s attention those pages hereinafter listing our Individ¬
ual and Institutional Sustaining Members, Business Members, Contributing Busi¬
ness Members, and Sustaining Business Members...

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CONTENTS

CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS ......................... 1

CO-CHAIRS, 1997 LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE ...... 18

FUTURE MEETINGS ............................... 21

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ........................... 22

ACADEMY COUNCIL

ELECTED OFFICERS ............................ 23

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER ................ 23

DIRECTOR VJAS ............................... 23

PAST PRESIDENTS (3) ............................ 24

EDITOR OF VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ............ 24

DIRECTOR OF THE VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM. ...... 24

A A AS/NAAS REPRESENTATIVE ..................... 24

SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA TRUSTEE ............. 24

EDITOR OF VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS ................... 24

GWATHMEY/JEFFRESS TRUSTS REPRESENTATIVE . ....... 25

SECTION REPRESENTATIVES TO COUNCIL ............. 25

CHAIRS OF STANDING COMMITTEES ................. 27

CHAIRS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES. . . . 30

SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS

AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES SECTION .... 31
AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY& AQUACULTURE SECTION .... 31
ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION . ........................ 31

ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS SECTION . 32

BIOLOGY SECTION ............................. 32

BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING SECTION ..... 33

BOTANY SECTION . . . . 33

CHEMISTRY SECTION ........................... 34

COMPUTER SCIENCE SECTION ..................... 34

EDUCATION SECTION . . 35

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SECTION ................. 35

GEOGRAPHY ................................. 36

GEOLOGY SECTION ............................. 36

MATERIALS SCIENCE SECTION ..................... 37

MEDICAL SCIENCES SECTION ...................... 37

MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION .... 38

NATURAL HISTORY AND BIODIVERSITY .............. 38

PSYCHOLOGY SECTION .......................... 39

STATISTICS SECTION ............................ 39

STANDING COMMITTEES

ARCHIVES COMMITTEE . 40

AWARDS COMMITTEE . 40

COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT . 41

CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE . 41

FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE . 42

FUND RAISING COMMITTEE . 42

JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE . 45

VJAS OFFICERS . 48

LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE . 49

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE . 51

NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE . 52

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE . 52

RESEARCH COMMITTEE . 52

SCIENCE AD VISORY COMMITTEE . 53

SCIENCE EDUCATION COMMITTEE . 53

TRUST COMMITTEE . 54

VIRGINIA FLORA COMMITTEE . 55

SPECIAL COMMITTEES . 56

PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE . 56

75TH ANNIVERSARY COMMITTEE . 57

1997 VMI LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE . 58

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PRESIDENTS . 59

VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIRECTORS . 60

VJAS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD . 60

RECIPIENTSOFJ. SHELTON HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD .... 61

RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON GOLD MEDAL . 62

RECIPIENTS OF THE JEFFERSON PRIZE . 62

MERITORIOUS SERVICE AWARDS . 62

IVEY F. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS . 63

FELLOWS OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE . 64

MEMBERSHIP LIST

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS . 65

REGULAR MEMBERS . 66

STUDENT MEMBERS . 93

LIFE MEMBERS . 103

EMERITUS MEMBERS . 104

CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS . 105

SUSTAINING MEMBERS . 108

BUSINESS MEMBERS . 109

INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS . . . 110

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CONSTITUTION OF
VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ARTICLE!: NAME

The name of this organization shall be the Virginia Academy of Science.

ARTICLE II: PURPOSE

The purpose of this organization shall be to establish and maintain in
Virginia for scientific and educational purposes an association of persons and
organizations interested in science and scientific research in all of Its branches;
to solicit financial and other support; to cooperate with educational institutions,
industries, and state agencies in fostering an interest in scientific matters, in
promoting scientific investigations and in spreading knowledge of the sciences;
to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of papers on scientific
subjects and facilities for their publication; to provide opportunities for the
cooperation and fellowship among its members; and generally, in doing these
things, to benefit not only its own members, but to promote the civic, agricul¬
tural, academic, industrial, and commercial welfare of the people of Virginia.

ARTICLE III: ORGANIZATION

Section 1. Membership

Membership in this organization shall be open to professional scientists
of all branches of science and others who are interested in the purpose of the
organization. Types of membership and dues for each shall be specified in
Academy Bylaws. The membership, through the Academy Conference,
provided by Section 2 of Article VIII, shall have ultimate authority over the affairs
of this organization.

Section 2. Sections

The Academy shall be organized Into Sections according to the various
scientific disciplines. A person may belong to one or more Sections in accord¬
ance with his or her interests.

Section 3. Council

The governing body of this organization shall be the Academy Council.
Its composition and responsibilities are specified in Article VII.

Section 4. Officers

The elected officers of this organization shall be a President, a President-
Elect, a Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. Duties of each shall be
specified in Academy Bylaws.

Section 5. Executive Committee

The elected officers, the immediate past president and the Director of the
Junior Academy of Science shall comprise the Executive Committee of the
Academy Council.

Section 6. Standing Committees

The primary activities of this organization shall be implemented by Stand¬
ing Committees as follows: the Research Committee, the Long Range Planning
Committee, the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Membership Com¬
mittee, the Finance and Endowment Committee, the Trust Committee, the
Publications Committee, the Awards Committee, the Fund Raising Committee,
the Nominations and Elections Committee, the Virginia Flora Committee, the
Science Advisory Committee, the Science Education Committee, the Archives
Committee, the Committee on the Environment, and the duties of the Standing
Committees not specified hereafter, shall be as specified In the Academy
Bylaws, and as may be further enumerated by Council from time to time.

ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

The Virginia Journal of Science shall be the official publication of the
Virginia Academy of Science. All Academy members shall receive copies of
this publication.

ARTICLE V: FELLOWS

From active membership, there shall be a body of scholars known as
"Fellows of the Virginia Academy of Science" selected because of their con¬
tribution to science in one or more of the following ways: (a) outstanding
scientific research, (b) inspirational teaching of science, (c) significant leader¬
ship in the Academy. Rules and procedures for selection of Fellows shall be
specified in the Academy Bylaws.

ARTICLE VI: ACCREDITATION OF MEMBERSHIP

Membership of the Academy shall be accredited by the Secretary and the
Treasurer. The membership list shall be published periodically according to
types, as directed by Council.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

ARTICLE VII: COMPOSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COUNCIL

Section 1 . Council shall be composed of the President, the President-Elect, the
Vice President, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the three most recent Past Presi¬
dents and one member elected by each Section of the Virginia Academy of
Science. Members from the Sections shall be elected for three year terms on
a rotational basis among the Sections, provided the initial term of a member
from a newly established Section shall be specified by Council. In addition to
the foregoing, the Chairs of the Standing Committees, the Editor of The Virginia
Journal of Science, the Editor of Virginia Scientists, the official Academy
Representative to the Board of Trustees of the Science Museum of Virginia, the
official representative of the Academy to the American Association for Advan¬
cement of Science and National Association of Academies of Science, the
Director of the Visiting Scientists Program, and the Director of the Virginia Junior
Academy of Science shall be members of Council. In event of vacancies, the
President shall make interim appointments until the next election is held;
provided however, vacancies of elected officers shall be filled as hereafter
provided.

Section 2. Council shall meet each year preceding the annual meeting and at
least once in the fall at a time and place designated by the President.

Section 3. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of

business by Council.

Section 4. Council shall establish the policies of this organization and shall be
responsible for the administration of all Academy funds.

Section 5. Council shall consider and recommend to the membership from
time to time appropriate changes in the Constitution, and shall promulgate
bylaws appropriate to the implementation of the Constitution.

Section 6. Council may establish appropriate administrative positions and
employ such personnel as may be required. Terms of office, the duties and
remuneration of such personnel shall be prescribed by Council.

Section 7. Through appropriate Bylaws, Council shall provide for the publica¬
tion of The Virginia Journal of Science and the Virginia Scientists.

Section 8. The Executive Committee of Council shall be empowered to act for
Council on an interim basis between meetings of Council and shall report to
Council at its regular meetings. A meeting of Council may be called at any time
upon concurrence of any four members of the Executive Committee.

ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS

Section 1. The annual nneeting of this organization shall be arranged in
accordance with procedures to be established by Council In appropriate
Academy Bylaws.

Section 2. All business requiring action by the membership shall be transacted
at an Academy Conference, which shall be scheduled by Council during the
annual meeting. A meeting of the Academy Conference may be called between
Annual Meetings by concurrence of a majority of the members of Council;
provided, however, that the membership shall be notified of such called meeting
no less than thirty (30) days prior to the date that such meeting is to be held.
Forty accredited members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business by an Academy Conference.

Section 3. Each Section shall annually arrange a program oriented to its area
of scientific interest; provided, however, such programs shall be compatible
with the purpose of the Academy and scheduled within the framework of the
general meeting program of the Academy.

Section 4. The fiscal year of the Academy shall be from January 1 through
December 31.

Section 5. The parliamentary procedure for ail meetings of this organization
shall be governed by Robert’s Rules of Order Revised, and Council shall provide
for a Parliamentarian.

ARTICLE IX; ESTABLISHMENT OF SECTIONS

Section 1. Sections as defined in Article III with the approval of Council, may
be organized by an accredited group of members. Each Section shall annually
arrange a scientific program related to its area of interest.

Section 2. Such a Section may become accredited and established after it has
conducted one successful program at an annual meeting of the Academy.

Section 3. Any Constitution and Bylaws changes proposed by a Section must
conform to the provisions of the Academy Constitution and Bylaws and shall
be submitted to Council for review and approval prior to adoption by Section.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

Section 4. Any Section which fails to conduct a program at two successive
Academy annual meetings, may be dropped as a Section by action of Council;
but, may be reinstated after subsequently conducting one successful program.

Section 5. When established, all Section names shall be enumerated in the
Academy Bylaws, and thereby subject to provisions of Article XIII, Section 1.

ARTICLE X: ELECTION OF ACADEMY AND SECTION OFFICERS

Section 1 . A "Nominations and Elections Committee" consisting of three recent
Past Presidents, appointed by the President, shall establish a slate of nomina¬
tions for the positions of President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary, and
Treasurer and conduct an election for same in accordance with procedures
specified by Academy Bylaws.

Section 2. Upon election, officers shall serve one-year terms commencing at
the annual meeting at which their election is announced and continuing until
the next annual meeting; provided, however, the President-Elect shall automat¬
ically ascend to the position of President at the end of this scheduled term of
office and at any prior time that the office of President may be vacated; however,
such person shall not serve as President beyond the term that such person was
originally scheduled to serve as President.

Section 3. All interim vacancies in Academy offices, other than President,
occurring between annual Academy Conferences, shall be filled by Council
from names of persons recommended by the Executive Committee. Persons
so selected shall serve until the next Academy Conference.

Section 4. Each Section shall elect from their members:

A. A Chair and a Secretary for one-year terms of office.

B. A Representative to Council in accordance with the provisions of
Article Vi I.

C. Other officers desired.

Section 5. Persons to fill vacancies in Section offices which occur between
Annual Meetings shall be designated by the Council Representative from that
Section.

Section 6. All Elected officers shall serve without remuneration, but, at the
discretion of Council, may be reimbursed for certain expenses incurred in
conducting the business of the Academy.

ARTICLE XI: COMMITTEE STRUCTURE,

APPOINTMENTS, TERMS, ETC.

Section 1. Except as provided othen/vise, all Standing Committees shall be
composed of three (3) or more members, and the President shall designate
Committee Chairs, and appoint approximately one-third of the members of
each Committee for terms of three (3) years, and shall subsequently appoint
members to fill unexpired terms that occur periodically.

Section 2. The Research Committee shall be composed of five (5) members,
each appointed for a term of five (5) years. One new member shall be appointed
each year by the President to replace the member whose term expires;
unexpired terms shall also be filled by appointment by the President. The senior
member of the Committee shall be Chair.

Section 3. A Trust Committee, composed of three (3) accredited members,
shall be elected by Council, to serve for terms of three (3) years on a rotational
basis. The members of this Committee shall place in trust and supervise the
management of Academy investments subject to annual review by Council.
The Committee shall elect its own Chair; provided, however, that should it be
unable to do so, the President shall name the Chair.

Section 4. The President and Council shall assign operational matters to
appropriate Standing Committees; however, the President and/or Council may
establish Special Committees as the need arises.

ARTICLE XII: JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The Academy shall provide financial support, leadership, and supervision
to a Junior Academy of Science. Effective working relationships shall be
maintained with such Junior Academy of Science, through the Junior Academy
of Science Committee.

ARTICLE XIII: BYLAWS AND AMENDMENTS

Section 1 . Council shall promulgate appropriate Bylaws to implement orfurther
clarify the Articles of this Constitution. The establishment or amendment of
such Bylaws shall require an affirmative vote of a majority of the total member¬
ship of Council; provided, that all proposed Bylaws or amendments shall be
distributed to the membership or published in an issue of The Virginia Journal
of Science at least thirty (30) days prior to action by Council.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

Section 2. This Constitution may be changed or amended, after the recom¬
mendation of a majority of the total membership of Council, by a two-thirds
majority of an Academy Conference, provided all proposed changes shall be
submitted to members of Council in writing no less than fifteen (15) days prior
to the Council Meeting at which such proposals are to be considered and further
provided that subsequent to approval by Council, all proposed amendments
shall be published in The Virginia Journai of Science or distributed In writing to
the membership no less than twenty five (25) days nor more than fifty (50) days
prior to presentation to an Academy Conference for adoption.

Section 3. All provisions of the Constitution and Bylaws In effect prior to the
adoption of this Constitution, except the provisions of this Article, shall rule until
new Bylaws are duly established In accordance with Section 1 of this Article.

ARTICLE XIV: ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION

The Articles of Incorporation of this organization (Charter) shall conform
to the provisions of this Constitution and all amendments hereafter adopted.
The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall review and coordinate all neces¬
sary appropriate revisions of both documents and be responsible for the
submission of all required reports to the State Corporation Commission and
other governmental entities, annually or as otherwise required by law.

ARTICLE XV: DISSOLUTION OR LIQUIDATION

Section 1 . In the event of dissolution or liquidation, all liabilities and obligations
of the Academy shall be paid, satisfied and discharged.

Section 2. All assets remaining, including those received and held for scientific
and educational purposes, shall be transferred to one or more societies or
organizations engaged In activities substantially similar to those of the
Academy; provided however, that no assets shall accrue to the benefit of any
officer or member of the Academy.

BYLAWS OF VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ARTICLE I: TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP AND DUES

Section 1 . There shall be nine types of members: regular, student, contributing,
sustaining, life, patron, honorary life, business, and emeritus.

Section 2. Dues of the first four types of members shall be as follows:

A. Regular members shall pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars ($25.00).

B. Student members shall pay annual dues of ten dollars ($1 0.00).

C. Contributing members shall be individuals who elect to pay annual
dues of thirty dollars ($30.00).

D. Sustaining members shall be individuals who elect to pay annual dues
of fifty dollars ($50.00) or more, and institutions which shall pay annual
dues of one hundred dollars ($100.00) or more.

E. To be In good standing the foregoing types of members must pay the
specified dues by July 1 .

Section 3. Life members shall be individuals who elect to pay to the Academy
the sum of five hundred dollars ($500.00) and thereby become exempt from
further payment of dues.

Section 4. Patrons shall be those persons who have given to this organization
the sum of one thousand dollars ($1 ,000.00) or Its equivalent In property. They
shall have all the rights and privileges of membership for one year. An institution
may also become a Patron by meeting the above requirement. Its repre¬
sentative shall have all the rights and privileges of regular members.

Section 5. Honorary Life members shall be persons elected by the Council for
long and distinguished service to science. They shall have all the rights and
privileges of Regular Members and shall be exempt from dues. Previous active
membership In this organization shall not be a requirement of eligibility.

Section 6. Business or industrial organizations, which elect to pay dues of one
hundred dollars ($100.00) annually, shall be Regular Business Members of the
Academy, or may elect to:

A. Pay annual dues of three hundred dollars ($300.00) and be designated
Contributing Business Members, or

B. Pay annual dues of five hundred dollars ($500.00) and be designated
Sustaining Business Members.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

Section 7. Emeritus Members shall be persons who have been active Academy
members for at least ten years and retired from full-time employment. These
Members shall have all rights and privileges of regular membership but will be
exempt from dues. Eligibility for Emeritus membership status will be deter¬
mined by requests to the Membership Committee.

ARTICLE II: DUTIES OF OFFICERS

Section 1. The President shall be the directing head of the Academy, shall
preside at business meetings and general sessions of the organization, and
shall appoint the members of the standing committees and of new committees
authorized by the Council, In accordance with Article XI of the Constitution.

Section 2. The President-Elect shall assist the President as mutually agreed
between them and shall serve as President in the latter’s absence. The
President-Elect shall furnish the Editor of The Virginia Journal of Science, In
time for publication with the Summer issue of The Virginia Journal of Science,
a list of committee memberships which he or she has set up to assist him or
her during his or her year as President . The President-Elect shall distribute that
list to Council at the Annual Meeting at which he or she automatically ascends
to President. The President-Elect begins a three year term serving as a member
of the Finance and Endowment Committee.

Section 3. The Vice President shall be responsible for coordinating the scientific
programs of the Annual Meeting. The Vice President shall serve as a member
of the Membership Committee.

Section 4. The Secretary shall be responsible for keeping complete records of
the Academy Conference and all meetings of the Council and Executive
Committee.

Section 5. The Treasurer shall:

A. Account for the income and disbursements through one Academy
General Fund Account.

B. Keep the membership lists of the Academy up-to-date.

C. Upon request, supply the Secretary and others a list of all members In
good standing.

D. Receive and disburse all funds as approved by Council and directed
by the President or Chair of the Finance Committee and Endowment
Committee.

E. Submit to Council annually a written report of all receipts and disbur¬
sements, accompanied by a statement of audit from a certified public

accountant.

F. Furnish quarterly financial summaries to the Executive Committee,
members of Council, and to members of the Finance Committee.

G. Prepare annually and present to the Finance and Endowment Commit¬
tee for review a proposed budget for Academy operations.

Section 6. The Treasurer and all administrative employees engaged in the

receipt and disbursement of funds shall be adequately bonded.

Section 7. All officers shall be ex-officio members of all Academy Committees.

ARTICLE III; DUTIES OF STANDING COMMITTEES

Section 1. The Research Committee shall:

A. Review and award Academy Research Grants.

B. Arrange for and present the J. Shelton Horsley Research Award.

Section 2. The Long Range Planning Committee shall:

A. Develop and advise Council on broad policies which will affect the
Academy in the future.

B. Solicit and study suggestions from the membership for the improve¬
ment of Academy activities.

C. Investigate and evaluate proposed projects, publications and other
factors that may relate to the long-range effectiveness of the Academy.

D. Advise and consult with other Academy Committees relative to the
aforegoing and make recommendations to such committees concern¬
ing the effectiveness of their various activities.

Section 3. The Junior Academy of Science Committee of the Virginia Academy
of Science shall:

A. Assist the Executive Committee in selecting a Director and an As¬
sociate Director for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science.

B. Coordinate with the Director activities of The Virginia Junior Academy
of Science Including development, expansion, and the annual meet¬
ings.

C. Review funding proposals for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science
and submit appropriate recommendations to the Executive Committee
or other designated committees In a timely manner.

D. Publish and distribute Proceedings of Virginia Junior Academy of
Science.

E. Select student representatives and alternates to attend The American
Junior Academy of Science.

F. Solicit membership and participation In Virginia Junior Academy of
Science programs and projects.

G. Support and participate in all other programs and activities related to
the work of Virginia Junior Academy of Science.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

H. Set up procedures for selecting the top students and declare and
announce them to be State Winners in the Virginia Science Talent
Search, and all other contestants as runners-up.

I. Carry out other duties that support the development of science in
education as approved by Council.

Section 4. The Membership Committee shall:

A. Make recommendations to Council, the Executive Committee and
officers relative to policies on general membership.

B. Promote membership growth and seek adequate representation from
all scientific disciplines.

C. Sponsor a Business Advisory Committee for the purpose of creating
understanding between science and business, and to solicit business
memberships to the Academy.

Section 5. The Finance and Endowment Committee shall:

A. Monitor and appraise income and expenditures, and make appropriate
recommendations to the President, Executive Committee and Council.

B. Estimate annually the anticipated income of the Academy and prepare
a proposed budget for consideration by Council at its Fall meeting.

C. Seek and encourage the establishment of endowments to the benefit
of Academy activities.

D. Have at least one member of this Committee be a member of the Trust
Committee.

Section 6. The Trust Committee shall:

A. Place in trust and supervise the management of funds of the Academy
designated by Council or otherwise for investment.

B. Review all Academy Investments annually and make appropriate ad¬
justments subject to approval of Council.

Section 7. The Publications Committee shall:

A. Develop and implement a continuing policy of review and evaluation
of Academy publications.

B. Present to Council annually through the Finance Committee the
budgetary needs of the several Academy periodical publications.

C. Make recommendations to Council relative to priority, publication,
finance and distribution of non-recurring publications.

D. Select and recommend to Council, as necessary; an Editor for the
Virginia Journal of Science, and members of the editorial Board.

E. Enlist the interest of all groups in worthwhile publications by the
Academy.

Section 8. The Awards Committee shall:

A. Select recipients of the Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award to
be presented periodically to a member who has made significant
contributions toward the activities of the Virginia Academy of Science.

B. Select recipients of Special Awards periodically as directed by Council.

C. Accept and submit to Council nominations for fellows in accordance
to Article V of the Constitution and Article V of the Bylaws.

Section 9. The Fund Raising Committee shall:

A. From time to time at the direction of Council, plan, organize, and
coordinate appropriate fund raising campaigns in support of Academy
activities or projects contingent to the purposes of the Academy.

Section 10. The Nominations and Elections Committee shall:

A. Mail to the membership on or about January 1 each year a request for
nominations of persons to fill the offices of President-Elect, Vice Presi¬
dent, Secretary and Treasurer.

B. Nominate a slate of one person for each of the aforenamed offices and
present report to Council for informational purposes.

C. Mail slate of nominees to members advising that names may be added
to the slate by 25 members petitioning the committee on behalf of each
name to be added.

D. Prepare ballots with or without additional nominees as the case may
be and mail to membership with registration and other information
relative to annual meeting indicating deadline and address for return
of ballot to committee.

E. Count ballots and announce results at the Academy Conference.
Should a tie vote result for any office, the Academy Conference shall
vote on the nominees. In all cases, the nominee receiving the largest
number of favorable votes shall be elected; provided, however, that
only members in good standing may cast ballots.

Section 1 1 . The Constitution and Bylaws Committee shall:

A. Periodically receive and prepare drafts of all proposed changes in
constitution as the occasion arises and present same to Council and
membership for consideration as set forth in the constitution.

B. Draft all Bylaw changes as directed by Council and notify membership
of such changes.

C. Update articles of Incorporation (Charter) as required.

D. Provide a Parliamentarian for all Council meetings and Academy Con¬
ferences.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

Section 12. The Virginia Flora Committee shall:

A. Promote the study of and publications of the flora and vegetation of
Virginia.

B. Sponsor symposia and conferences on the ecology, conservation, and
preservation of the plant life of Virginia.

C. Disseminate botanical information to all who are interested in the flora
and ecology of Virginia.

D. Serve as liaison between the Academy, government bodies, and in¬
stitutions in matters pertaining to the plant life of Virginia.

Section 13. The Science Advisory Committee Shall:

A. Provide scientific and technical information and advice requested by
the Executive, Legislative, and other governmental bodies and agen¬
cies of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

B. Serve as liaison for the collection and transfer of scientific information
and/or advice solicited in (A).

C. Collect and evaluate suggestions and opinions regarding topics of
general public interest wherein science and technology may provide
assistance, but where such assistance has not been requested. The
Science Advisory Committee will make recommendations to the
Academy, to the Executive Committee, and/or the Council of the
Academy for review and approval. The Science Advisory Committee,
upon direction of Council or Executive Committee, shall serve as a
conduit for placement of such information before the appropriate
Executive, Legislative, or other governmental body or agency.

D. Maintain an inventory of scientific interests and expertise of individuals
within the Academy who are willing to serve in an advisory and/or
consultant capacity to state government.

E. At no time operate beyond constraints considered as proper conduct
for a non-profit organization.

F. Append all reports and recommendations with a statement as follows;
"The Virginia Academy of Science assumes no legal or financial respon¬
sibility for the utilization or dispersal of scientific and technical data or
advice provided by the science Advisory Committee, further, the
Academy assumes no responsibility, financial or other-wise, to
governmental agents or agencies, institutions, individuals or commit¬
tee members pursuant to the conduct and activities of this Committee."

Section 14. The Science Education Committee shall:

A. Promote science education in the State of Virginia.

B. Disseminate information about scientific matters and scientific topics
of current interest.

C. Respond to requests for assistance in matters dealing with education
in the areas of mathematics and science, such as are embraced by the

various Academy Sections and as directed by the President and
Council of the Academy.

D. Assist and cooperate with the Virginia State Department of Education
in planning and conducting the annual State Science Teachers Con¬
ference, K-12. Delegated members of the Committee may hold and be
responsible for funds generated by the activities of the State Science
T eachers Conference, solely for the purpose of funding the Conference
meetings. These funds shall remain separate from other funds of the
Academy.

Section 15. The Archives Committee shall:

A. Address the business of collection, assembly, organization, catalogu¬
ing and storage of records, documents, awards and paraphernalia
associated with the history and development of the Academy.

B. Secure an Institutional repository for storage of the inactive records of
the Academy.

C. Secure the services of a qualified individual to establish and maintain
the aforementioned records, as the official Archivist of the Academy;
and such person shall be extended honorary membership in the
Academy.

D. Assist, and cooperate, with the Archivist in securing and screening of
records and documents destined for permanent storage In the Ar¬
chives.

Section 16. The Committee on the Environment shall;

A. Maintain close liaison with organizations and agencies involved in
environmental study and management.

B. Keep informed of the status of Virginia’s environment, noting particular¬
ly those problems and issues amenable to scientific research.

C. Cooperate with the Science Advisory Committee in advising and
providing information to private and public environmental agencies and
bodies.

ARTICLE IV: THE VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Section 1 . The Academy shall publish The Virginia Journal of Science quarterly.

Section 2. The staff of The Virginia Journal of Science shall be composed of:

A. An editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed
by Council for a three-year term.

B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial Board Members,
appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor and the
Publications Committee.

C. Editors designated by Individual Sections.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

Section 3. All members of the Academy shall receive The Virginia Journal of
Science.

Section 4. Subscriptions may be sold to non-members at a rate established by
the Publications Committee and approved by Council.

ARTICLE V: RULES AND PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING FELLOWS

Section 1 . A Fellow must be nominated by at least three members of the
Academy. The Academy Council must approve each Fellow by a majority vote.
It will be the usual procedure to announce new Fellows at an Annual Meeting.

Section 2. Nominations for Fellows with appropriate biographical information
shall be sent directly to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer annually prior to
October 1 . All Information received shall be forwarded to the Chair of the
Awards Committee for review and recommendations to Council prior to the
subsequent Annual Meeting. All nominees not recommended by the Commit¬
tee or not acted upon favorably by Council shall remain In consideration for one
additional year.

Section 3. No more than twenty-five fellowships will be approved the first year.
After the first year, no more than one-half of one percent of the total active
membership shall be selected in any one year. The limiting number of Fellows
shall not exceed five percent of the total active membership of the Academy.
However, nothing in this section shall preclude the election of one Fellow each
year.

Section 4. All Fellows shall be presented with a suitably inscribed scroll.

Section 5. Appropriate announcement of new Fellows shall be made in The
Virginia Journal of Science.

ARTICLE VI: THE DULY ORGANIZED SECTIONS OF THE ACADEMY

The duly organized scientific sections of the Academy are:

(1) Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture

(2) Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics

(3) Microbiology and Molecular Biology

(4) Biology

(5) Chemistry

(6) Materials Science

(7) Biomedical and General Engineering

(8) Geology

(9) Medical Sciences

(10) Psychology

(11) Education

(12) Statistics

(13) Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences

(14) Botany

(15) Environmental Science

(16) Archaeology

(17) Computer Science

(18) Geography

(19) Natural History and Biodiversity

ARTICLE VII: OFFICIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ACADEMY

Section 1. Where official representation of the Academy is desirable, the
President, the President’s designees, or an official representative appointed by
Council shall represent The Academy.

Section 2. No Officer or Academy Member shall receive reimbursement from
Academy funds for such purposes except as included in the annual budget of
the Academy or separately approved by Council from available funds.

Section 3. The official representative to serve as delegate to the American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) shall be appointed by
Council for a term designated by the AAAS. Actual expenses of the official
representative in attending the Annual Meeting of AAAS may be paid if the funds
are included in the budget or separately approved by Council.

Section 4. The official representative to serve on the Board of Trustees of the
Science Museum of Virginia shall be recommended by Council and serve as
an ex officio member of Council. Actual expenses of the official representative
may be paid If the funds are included in the budget or separately approved by
Council. Expenses payable by the Board or Science Museum of Virginia shall
not be reimbursed by the Academy.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

ARTICLE VIII: MEETINGS AND BUSINESS

The annual meeting of this organization shall be held in the Spring of each
year at a time and place selected by Council, which shall arrange for all
appropriate sessions.

ARTICLE IX: EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-TREASURER

Section 1 . The position of Executive Secretary-Treasurer is hereby established
for the purpose of providing administrative assistance to the officers and
committee chairs.

Section 2. The Executive Committee shall select a qualified person for this
position, specify his or her duties, and set appropriate remuneration which shall
be approved by Council.

Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the
Executive Committee, subject to review by Council.

Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall attend all Council and Executive
Committee Meetings and may participate in all deliberations as circumstances
dictate, but, shall not have a vote in either body.

ARTICLE X: VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM DIRECTOR

Section 1. The position of Visiting Scientists Program Director is hereby
established for the purpose of implementing a Visiting Scientists Program in
cooperation with the State Board of Education.

Section 2. The Executive Committee upon recommendation of the President
shall select a qualified person for this position and approve guidelines for the
conduct of the program.

Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the
Executive Committee, subject to review by Council.

ARTICLE XI: THE DIRECTOR OF THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY

OF SCIENCE

Section 1 . The position of Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science
is hereby established for the purpose of providing leadership, supervision, and
administrative support to the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and the Junior
Academy of Science Committee.

Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall
select a qualified volunteer for this position.

Section 3. The incumbent of this position shali serve at the pleasure of the
Executive Committee subject to review by Council.

Section 4. Duties of the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of Science.

A. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall provide leader¬
ship, supervision and administrative support to the Virginia Junior
Academy of Science.

B. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be a member of
The Virginia Academy of Science, shall attend all Council and Executive
Committee meetings and may participate In all deliberations.

C. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall prepare an
annual budget for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science and submit
the Virginia Junior Academy of Science budget with Virginia Junior
Academy of Science Committee recommendations to the Academy
Finance and Endowment Committee by September 1.

D. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall coordinate all
fund raising by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science with the Fund
Raising Committee, The Trust Committee, and The Finance and En¬
dowment Committee.

E. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible
for the program of Virginia Junior Academy of Science at the annual
meeting of the Academy and coordinate Virginia Junior Academy of
Science activities with the Virginia Academy of Science Program Chair.

F. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall be responsible
for the development and expansion of the Virginia Junior Academy of
Science as approved by Council.

G. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall serve as Chair
the Junior Academy of Science Committee with the approval of the
President.

H. The Virginia Junior Academy of Science Director shall carry out other
duties specified by the Virginia Junior Academy of Science Committee
or the Executive Committee as approved by Council.

CONSTITUTION & BYLAWS

ARTICLE XII: ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF
THE VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Section 1 . The position of Associate Director of the Virginia Junior Academy of
Science is hereby established for the purpose of providing administrative
assistance to the Junior Academy of Science Committee, the Chair of the Junior
Academy of Science Committee and the Director of the Virginia Junior Academy
of Science.

Section 2. The Executive Committee, subject to the approval of Council, shall
select a qualified person for the position, specify his or her duties, and set
appropriate remuneration, if any.

Section 3. The incumbent of this position shall serve at the pleasure of the
Executive Committee, subject to annual review by Council and by the Junior
Academy of Science Committee.

Section 4. The incumbent of this position shall be a member of the Virginia
Academy of Science, attend all Council meetings and all Virginia Junior
Academy of Science Committee meetings, and may participate in all delibera¬
tions as circumstances dictate, but shall not have a vote in either body.

ARTICLE XIII: VIRGINIA SCIENTISTS NEWSLETTER

Section 1. The Virginia Academy of Science shall publish periodically the
Virginia Scientists as its newsletter.

Section 2. The staff of the Virginia Scientists shall be composed of:

A. An Editor recommended by the Publications Committee and appointed
by Council for a three-year term.

B. Such Associate Editors, Assistant Editors, or Editorial board Members,
appointed by the President, as are recommended by the Editor.

Section 3. The Editor shall serve on the Publications Committee and on
Council.

Section 4. All members of the Virginia Academy of Science shall receive the
Virginia Scientists.

ARTICLE XIV: OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS

Section 1 . The official abbreviation for the Virginia Academy of Science shall

be VAS.

Section 2. The official abbreviation for the Virginia Junior Academy of Science
shall be VJAS.

FUTURE MEETINGS
AND

CHAIRS OF LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEES

(For list of Committee Members in charge of scheduling, registration, exhibits,
etc.; see Special Committee on Local Arrangements listings.)

75th Anniversary of The Virginia Academy of Science
56th VJAS...May 20-23, 1997
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

John L. Hess, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech,

Blacksburg, V A 24061-0308

540-231-5336 FAX: 540-231-9070

JLHESS@VT.EDU

Tom O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech,

Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308

540-231-4970 FAX: 540-231-9070

TOSITZ@VT.EDU

76th VAS...57th VJAS...May 1998
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia

George W. Mushrush, Department of Chemistry,

George Mason University, 4000 University Drive,

Fairfax, Virginia 22030

703-993-1080 or 1070 (O) FAX: 703-993-3193

77th VAS...58th VJAS...May 1999
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

78th VAS...59th VJAS...May 2000
Radford University, Radford, Virginia

(NOTE: Academy Central Office, Publications, and other frequently

used addresses and phones are listed on the inside back cover.)

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology

University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173
804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H)

DECKER@URVAX.URICH.EDU

FAX: 804-289-8233

President-Elect

Harold G. Marshall, Dept, of Biological Sciences

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266
757-683-4204 (3595),
HGM100F@VIPER.MGB.ODU.EDU

FAX: 757-683-5283

Vice President

Carolyn M. Conway, Box 842012,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284

804-828-1562(0)

CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU.EDU

FAX: 804-828-0503

Secretary

Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931, Dept, of Biology,

Radford University, Radford, VA 24142

540-831-5146 (0) 540-951-3556 (H)

JNIEHAUS@RUNET.EDU

FAX: 540-831-6615

Treasurer

D’Arcy Mays, Department of Mathematical Sciences, P. O. Box 842014, VCU,
Richmond, VA 23284-2014

804-828-1301

DMAYS@ATLAS.VCU.EDU

FAX: 804-828-8785

Immediate Past President

Tom Sitz, Department of Biochemistry

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308
540-231-4970 (O) 540-231-6315 (Main Office)
540-951-7332 (H)

TOSITZ@VT.EDU

FAX: 540-231-9070

Director, Virginia Junior Academy of Science

Donald R. Cottingham

910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk, VA 23507
757-622-6239 (H)

FAX: 757-622-4412

Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non-Voting)

Arthur W. Burke, Jr., Virginia Academy of Science,

Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220
804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX; 804-371-3311

1995-96 ACADEMY COUNCIL
ELECTED OFFICERS

President

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology
University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173

804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) FAX: 804-289-8233

DECKER@URVAX.URICH.EDU

President-Elect

Harold G. Marshall, Dept, of Biological Sciences

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266

757-683-4204 (3595), FAX: 757-683-5283

HGM100F@V1PER.MGB.ODU.EDU

Vice President

Carolyn M. Conway, Box 842012,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284

804-828-1562 (O) FAX: 804-828-0503

CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU.EDU

Secretary

Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931, Dept, of Biology,

Radford University, Radford, VA 24142

540-831-5146 (O) 540-951-3556 (H) FAX: 540-831-6615

JN1EHAUS@RUNET.EDU

Treasurer

D’Arcy Mays, Department of Mathematical Sciences, P. O. Box 842014, VCU,
Richmond, VA 23284-2014

804-828-1301 FAX: 804-828-8785

DMAYS@ATLAS.VCU.EDU

Executive Secretary-Treasurer (Non- Voting)

Arthur W. Burke, Jr. Virginia Academy of Science,

Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220
804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311

Director, Virginia Junior Academy of Science
Donald R. Cottingham
910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk, VA 23507
757-622-6239 (H)

DRC@jericho.com

FAX: 757-622-4412

Immediate Past Presidents (3)

1995-96:Tom Sitz, Department of Biochemistry
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308
540-231-4970 (O) 540-231-6315 (Main Office)

540-951-7332 (H) FAX: 540-231-9070

TOSITZ@VT.EDU

1994-95:Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7231

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

1993-94:James P. O’Brien, Psychology-VBC,Tidewater Community College,
1700 College Cresent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456

757-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy) FAX: 757-427-7326

757-423-4113 (H)

Editor, The Virginia Journal of Science

(1996) James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC,

J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622,

Richmond, VA 23285-5622

804-371-3064(0) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: S04-371-3311

SRMARTJ@jsr.cc.va.us

Director, Visiting Scientists Program

(1996) Jack Cranford, 21 13 B Derring Hall, Department of Biology
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
540-231-5371 (O)

CRANFORD@VT.EDU

AAAS/NAAS Representative
(1997) Ertle Thompson, Ruffiier Hall
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H)

Science Museum of Virginia Trustee

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. ,(1999)

Department of Physics & Astronomy
Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450
540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H)

Editor, Virginia Scientists
William Cunningham (1999)

Psychology - VBC, Tidewater Community College
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456
757-427-7207 (Secy)

FAX: 757-427-7326

Gwathmey and Jeffress Trusts Allocation Committee Representative (Non-Vot¬
ing)

(1997) Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7231

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

SECTION REPRESENTATIVES TO COUNCIL

Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences Section

(1997) Fred H. Lutze, Jr., Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, V A 24061

540-231-6409

Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture Section

(1999) Scott H. Newton, VA State University, P.O. Box 8091, Petersburg,

VA 23806

804-524-5495 FAX: 804-524-5245

Archaeology Section

(1998) Eugene B. Barfield, 5162 Valleypoint Parkway, George Washington

& Jefferson National Forests, Roanoke, VA 24019

540-265-6058 FAX: 540-265-6012

Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics Section

(1998) Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department, James Madison University,
Harrisonburg, V A 22807

540-568-6328 FAX: 540-568-7938

FAC_TAYL@JMUVAX1

Biology Section

(1996) Carolyn M. Conway, Department of Biology, Box 842012,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012
804-828- 1562 F AX : 804-828-0503

CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU.EDU

Biomedical and General Engineering (1 vote, 2 Co-Representatives)

(1996) John B. Crittenden, Engineering Fundamentals Division, VPI&SU,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218

540-231-6555 FAX: 540-231-6903

BCRITTEN@ VTVM 1 .CC. VT.E DU

Botany Section

(1998) Marion Blois Lobstein, NVCC-Manassas Campus,

6901 Sudley Road, Manassas, VA 22110

43 (O) NVCC-Manassas Campus) 703-536-7150 (H)

MBLOBST@MNSINC.COM

Chemistry Section

(1997) George W. Mushrush, Department of Chemistry,

George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030

703-993-1080 FAX: 703-993-3193

Computer Science Section

( 1996) Robert A. Willis, Jr., Department of Computer Science,

Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668

757-727-5835 F AX : 757-727-5390

WILLIS@WlLLIS.CS.HAMPTONU.EDU

Education Section

(1998) Pamela C. Turpin, Department of Chemistry, Roanoke College,

221 College Lane, Salem, VA 24153-3794
540-375-2439 (O) 540-586-8067 (H)

PTURPIN@ACC.ROANOKE.EDU

Environmental Science Section

(1997) Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Science and Geology,

Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401

540-654-1424 FAX: 540-654-1018

Geography Section

(1996) Stephen E. Wright, Department of Geology and Geography,

James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-6130 FAX: 540-568-6920

IN%FACSWRIGHT@JMU.EDU

Geology Section

(1998) Bruce K. Goodwin, Dept, of Geology, College of William & Mary, Wil¬
liamsburg, VA 23187-8795

757-22 1 -2443 F AX :757-22 1 -2093

BKGOOD@MAIL.WM.EDU

Materials Science Section

(1997) Kenneth R. Lawless, Department of Materials Science
Thornton Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
804-924-3462
KRL@VIRGINIA.EDU

Medical Sciences Section

(1999) Amelia Compton, Dept, of Psychology, University of Richmond, Rich¬
mond, VA 23173

804-289-8123 FAX: 804-289-8943

COMPTON@URVAX.URICH.EDU

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Section

(1998) Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
540-831-5146 (O) 540-951-3556 (H) FAX: 540-831-6615

JNIEHAUS@RUNET.EDU

Natural History and Biodiversity Section

(1998)Michael Kosztarab, Department of Entomology, VPI&SU,

Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319
540-231-6773 (0)

Psychology Section

(1999) Robert A. Berquest, Psychology-CC, Tidewater Community

College, 1428 Ceder Road, Chesapeake, VA 23320

757-490-8058 (O) 757-527-7329 (H) FAX: 757-549-5173

Statistics Section

(1997) Don Jensen, VPI&SU

(DEPT.) FAX:

CHAIRS OF STANDING COMMITTEES

Archives Committee

Golde 1. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, (1999)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0439

540-231-8356(0) 540-951-7259 (H) FAX: 540-231-3863

HOLTZMAN@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU

Awards Committee

Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences, (1998)

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2014
804-367-1301 (O) FAX: 804-367-8785

RJOHNSON@RUBY.VCU.EDU

Committee on the Environment

Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Sciences and Geology, (1998)
Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401
540-899-4358 (O) 540-972-2453 (H)

FAX: 540-899-4766

Constitution and Bylaws Committee (Co-Chairs) (1998)

Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental Sciences and Geology

Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401

540-899-4358 (O) 540-972-2453 (H) FAX: 540-899-4766

Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department, (1998)

James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
540-568-6109 or

568-6328 (O) 540-433-1251 (H)

FAC_TAYL@JMUVAX1

Finance and Endowment Committee

Paul J. Homsher, Director of Development, (1999)

Dean’s Office, College of Sciences,

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529
757-683-3319 (O) 757-497-6833 (H)

HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU

Fund Raising Committee (Co-Chairs)

James P. O’Brien, Psychology-VBC,Tidewater Community College, (1997)
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456
757-427-7171 (O) or

427-7207 (Secy) 757-423-4113 (H) FAX: 757-427-7326

Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry (1999)

MCV/VCU, Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298-0614
804-828-0104 (O), 804-355-0436 (H), FAX:804-786= 1473
BRANDT@VCUVAX

Junior Academy of Science Committee

Donald R. Cottingham, 910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk, VA 23507
757-622-6239 (H) FAX: 757-622-4412

Long Range Planning Committee (Co-Chairs)

Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, MCV/VCU (1998)

Box 980614, Richmond, VA 23298

804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-1473

BRANDT@VCUVAX

1995-96:Tom Sitz, Department of Biochemistry (1999)

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308
540-231-4970(0) 540-231-6315 (Main Office)

540-951-7332 (H)

TOSlTZ@VT.EDU

FAX: 540-231-9070

Membership Committee (Co-Chairs)

Scott H. Newton, Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
(1998)

(VDACS), Box 1 163, Richmond, VA 23209

804-786-4435 (O) FAX: 804-371-7786

Joseph W. Rudmin, Department of Physics (1999)

James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 23703
540-568-6548 (O)

RUDMINJW@VAXLACSJMU.EDU
Nominations and Elections Committee

James P. O’Brien, Psychology-VBC, Tidewater Community College, (1997)
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456
757-427-7171 (O) or

427-7207 (Secy) 757-423-4113 (H) FAX: 757-427-7326

Publications Committee (Co-Chairs)

James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC, (1999)

J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622,

Richmond, VA 23285-5622

804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-37U3311

SRMARTJ@JSR.CC.VA.US

William Cunningham (1999)

Psychology - VBC, Tidewater Community College
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456

757-427-7207 (Secy) FAX: 757-427-7326

Research Committee

Arthur F. Conway, Department of Biology (1999)

Randolpph-Macon College, P. O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505
804-752-3720(0). FAX: 804-752-7345 or

7231

ACONWAY@RMC.EDU
Science Advisory Committee

William L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs, MCV/VCU,

Box 568, Richmond, VA 23298

804-828-0732 (O) FAX: 804-786-1664

Science Education Committee (Co-Chairs)
Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall, VPI & SU,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0313
540-231-5537 (O) 540-382-0542 (H)

TEATES@VTVM1

FAX: 540-231-9075

Maurice P. Lynch, Virginia Institute of Marine Science,

Gloucester Point, VA 23062

804-642-7151 (O) FAX: 804-642-6120

MLYNCH@VIMS.EDUM.LYNCH.VIMS

Trust Committee

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., Department of Physics and Astronomy, (1999)
Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450
540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H)

Virginia Flora Committee

J. Rex Baird, Department of Biology, (1998)

Clinch Valley College, Wise, VA 24293
540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540 (H)

JRB@CLINCH.EDU

CHAIRS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES (Non-Voting)

Public Affairs Committee

Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Division,

Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, VA 22003
703-323-3234 (O) FAX: 703-323-3215

75th Anniversary Committee

Golde 1. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, (1997)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0439

540-231-8356 (O) FAX: 540-231-3863

HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU

1996A^CU Local Arrangements Committee

Thomas W. Haas, Director, Cooperative Graduate Engineering Program
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2009
804-828-0266, FAX: 804-367-9164

THAAS@CABELL.VCU.EDU

SECTIONS AND SECTION OFFICERS

AERONAUTICAL AND AEROSPACE SCIENCES
Chair: Henri Fuhrmann, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 248
Hampton, VA 23666

804-864-5254 FAX: 804-864-3553

H.D.FUHRMANN@LARC.NASA.GOV

Secretary: Jeanette Elliott, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 248 Hampton,
VA 23666

757-864-5990 FAX: 757-864-3553

JEANEH@LARC.NASA.GOV

Council Representative: Fred H . Lutze, Jr. (1997)

Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, VPI&SU,

Blacksburg, VA 24061
540-231-6409

Vice Chain Leroy Spearman, NASA Langley Research Center, MS 248
Hampton, VA 23666

804-864-5226 FAX: 804-864-3553

M.L.SPEARMAN@LARC.NASA.GOV

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND AQUACULTURE
Chair: AhMohamed, VA State University, P.O. Box 9259, Petersburg, VA
23806

804-524-6715 FAX: 804-524-5186

NUTAGBIO@AOL.COM or AMOHAMED@VSU.EDU

Secretary:

Council Representative: Scott H. Newton (1999)

VA State University, P.O. Box 8091, Petersburg, VA 23806

804-524-5493 FAX: 804-524-5245

Editor: Scott H. Newton, VA State University, P.O. Box 8091, Petersburg, VA
23806

804-524-5493 FAX: 804-524-5245

ARCHAEOLOGY

Chair: Donald W. Linebaugh, Dept, of Aathropology, WiUiam & Mary, P.O.
Box 8795, Wmiamsburg,VA 23187-8795
757-221-2579

DWLINE@FACSTAFF.WM.EDU

FAX: 757-221-2564

Secretary: Michael B. Barber, 5162 Valley Point Parkway, Roanoke, VA 24019
540-265-522 1 540-265-5 145

Council Representative: Eugene B. Barfield (1998)

379 Walnut Ave., SW, Roanoke, VA 24016

540-345-9706 FAX: 540-345-9706

800-757-3879 PIN 3493

Editor: Andrew Veech, 3819 Javins Dr., Alexandria, VA 22310
703-950-2941

ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS
Chair: Jane Carter Webb, Dept, of Physics and Computer Science, Christopher
Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606

804-594-7082 FAX: 804-594-7919

JWEBB@PCS.CNU .EDU

Secretary: Brian Bradie, Mathematics Department, Christopher Newport Uni¬
versity, Newport News, VA 23606

804-594-7944 FAX: 804-594-7919

BBRADIE@PSC.CNU.EDU

Council Representative: Gerald R.Taylor, Jr. (1998)

Physics Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
540-568-6328 FAX: 540-568-2800

TAYLORGR@JMUVAXl

Editor: Ridgeley Lange, Department of Mathematics,

Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
804-727-5909

BIOLOGY

Chair: Harry F. Painter, 8324 The Midway, Annandale, VA 22003

@PHONE= 703-978-3343

JMPHFP@AOL.COM

Secretary: Michael T. Mengak, Box 2383 Ferrum College, Ferrum VA 24088
540-365-4373 (O) 540-365-0092 (H) FAX 540-365-4375

MMENGAK@FERRUM.EDU

Council Representative: Carolyn M. Conway (1996)

Dept, of Biology, Box 842012, Va Commonwealth Univ. Richmond, VA 23284-
2012

804-828-1562

CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU .EDU

FAX: 804-828-0503

Editon Arthur F. Conway, Department of Biology,

Randolph-Macon College, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505
804-752-3720 FAX: 804-752-7345 or

804-752-7231

ACONWAY@RMC.EDU

\^ce Chain Harold J. Grau
50 Shoe Lane, Newport News, VA

804-594-7946 FAX 804-594-7919

HGRAU@CNU.EDU

BIOMEDICAL AND GENERAL ENGINEERING
Chair: Michael H. Gregg, Engineering Fundamentals Division,

VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218

540-23 1-9544 FAX: 540-23 1-6903

GREGGMH@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU

Secretary: WiUiam P. Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals Division
VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218

540-23 1-6555 FAX: 540-23 1-6903

BIL_NEL@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU

Council Representative: John B. Crittenden, Engineering Fundamentals Divi¬
sion, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0218

540-231-6555 FAX: 540-231-6903

BCRITTEN@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU

Editor: David L. Livingston, VA Western Comm. College, Division of Engr/In-
dustrial Tech., P. O. Box 14007, Roanoke, VA 24038
540-857-6261 FAX: 540-857-6944

DLLPHDPE@ROANOKE.INFLNET

BOTANY

Chair: Leonard Morrow, P.O. Box 7447, JSRCC, Richmond, VA 23221
804-371-3692 FAX: 804-556-2092

Secretary: J. Rex Baird, Clinch Valley College, Wise, VA 24293
540-328-0201 FAX: 540-328-6540

Council Representative: Marion Blois Lobstein (1998)

NVCC-Manassas Campus, 6901 Sudley Road, Manassas, VA 22110
703-257-6643 (O) 703-536-7150 (H) FAX:

MBLOBST@MNSINC.COM

Editor; Harold S. Adams, 1021 Cliftwood Cir., Clifton Forge, VA 24422
540-862-4246 (O), 540-862-1251 (H) 540-862-2398

DLADAMS@VCCS.CENT

Vice Chair: R. Jay Stipes, Dept, of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Sci¬
ence, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331
540-321-7479
TREEDR@VT.EDU

CHEMISTRY

Chair: Donald D. Shillady, P.O. Box 842006, Virginia Commonwealth Univer¬
sity, Richmond, VA 23284-2006

804-828-7508 FAX: 804-828-8599

D SH ILL AD @C ABELL. VCU .EDU

Secretary. Gary L. Long, Dept, of Chemistry, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-
0212

540-231-7575 FAX: 540-231-3255

GLONG@VT.EDU

Council Representative: George W. Mushrush (1997)

Chemistry Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030
703-993-1080 FAX: 703-993-3193

Editor: Albert T. Sneden, Department of Chemistry, Box 2006,

Virginia Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond, VA 23284-2006
804-367-1298 FAX: 804-367-8599

ASNEDEN@SATURN.VCU.EDU

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Chair: Rita D ’Arcangelis, Department of Computer Science,

Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358
540-654-1321 540-654-1068

RMD@MWC.EDU

Secretary Rhonda Eller-Meshreki, Department of Computer Science, Ran-
dolph-Macon CoUege, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005-5505
804-752-7272

RELLERME@RMC.EDU

Council Representative: Robert A. Wilhs, Jr. (1997)

Department of Computer Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
804-727-5082 FAX: 804-727-5390

WILLIS@WILLIS.CS.HAMPTON.EDU

Editor: Larry More 11, Department of Computer Science,

Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668

804-727-5556 FAX: 804-727-5390

MORELL@CS.HAMPTONU.EDU

EDUCATION

Chair: Bea L. Taylor, 4413 Woods Edge Ct., Chantilly, VA 22021
703-378-8810 703-631-5590

BLTAYLOR@PEN.K12.VA.EDU

Secretary: Richard T. Strauss, Maury H.S., 322 Shirley Ave., Norfolk, VA 23517
757-441-2611 FAX: 757-441-1285

RSTRAUSS@PEN.K12.VA.EDU

Council Representative: Pamela C. Turpin (1998)

1120 Woodcreast Dr., Bedford, VA 24523
540-586-8067 (H)

PTURP1N@ACC.R0AN0KE.EDU

Editon Alvin M. Pettus, Department of Secondary Education,

James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-6486 or 3887 FAX: 540-568-3780

PETTU SAM@JMU .EDU

ENGINEERING (See Biomedical and General Engineering)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Chair: Douglas Mose, Department of Chemistry, George Mason U niversity,
Fairfax, VA 22030

703-993-1068 FAX: 703-273-2282

DMOSE@GMU.EDU

Secretary: Tess Connor, Dept, of Biology, George Mason, University, Fairfax,
VA 22030

703-993-1036 FAX: 703-993-1046

TCONNOR@OSFLGMU.EDU

Council Representative: Michael L. Bass
Department of Environmental Science and Geology,

Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401
540-654-1424 FAX: 540-654-1018

(1997)

Editor: Brian W. Moores, Department of Chemistry, 328 Copley Science Center,
P.O. Box 5005, Randolph Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005-5505
804-752-7245 FAX: 804-752-4724

Vice Chair: R. Christian Jones, Department of Biology,

George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030

703-993-1 127 FAX: 703-993-1046

RC JONE S@WPG ATE .GMU .EDU

GEOGRAPHY

Chair: Stephen E. Wright, Department of Geology and Geography,

James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-6130 FAX: 540-568-6920

IN%FACSWRIGHT@JMU.EDU

Secretary: Stephen E. Wright, Department of Geology and Geography, James
Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-6130 FAX: 540-568-6920

IN%FACSWRIGHT@JMU.EDU

Council Representative: Stephen E. Wright (1996)

Department of Geology and Geography, James Madison U niversity, Harrison¬
burg, VA 22807

540-568-6130 FAX: 540-568-6920

IN%FACSWRIGHT@JMU.EDU

GEOLOGY

Chair: W. Cullen Sherwood, Department of Geology, James Madison Univer¬
sity, Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-6473 FAX: 540-568-7938

SHERWOWC@JMU.EDU

Secretary: Chester F. Watts, Dept, of Geology, Radford U niversity, Radford,
VA 24142

540-831-5637 FAX: 540-831-6615

CWATTS@RUNET.EDU

Council Representative: Bruce K. Goodwin (1998)

Dept, of Geology, College of WiUiam & Mary, Wilhamsburg, VA 23187-8795
804-221-2443 FAX: 804-221-2093

BKGOOD@MAIL.WM.EDU

Vice Chair: Bruck K. Goodwin, Dept, of Geology, College of William & Mary,
Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795

804-221-2443 FAX: 804-221-2093

BKGOOD@MAIL.WM.EDU

MATERIALS SCIENCE

Chair: Mike Stawovy, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237
MSTAW0VY@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU

Secretary: Paul Cantonswine, Dept, of Materials Science & Engineering, Univer¬
sity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903

FAX: 804-982-5677

PEC4N@VIRGINIA.EDU

Council Representative:

Editor: Thomas Kuhr, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vir¬
ginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0237

Vice Chair: James Groves, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
UVA, Charlottesville, VA 22903

804-982-2797 FAX: 804-982-5677

JFGBE@VIRGINIA.EDU

MEDICAL SCIENCES

Chair: Craig Kinsley, Department of Psychology, U niversity of Richmond, Rich¬
mond, VA 23173

804-289-8132 FAX: 804-289-8943

KINSLEY@URVAX.URICH.EDU

Secretary: Jenny Wiley, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, MCVA^CU,
Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613

804-828-2067 FAX: 804-828-2117

JWILEY@GEMS.VCU.EDU

Council Representative: Amelia Compton, (1999)

Dept, of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173
804-289-8123 FAX: 804-289-8943

COMPTON@URVAX.URICH.EDU

Vice Chair: Roman J. Miller, Department of Biology,

Eastern Mennonite College, Harrisonburg, VA 22801

540-432-4412 FAX: 540-432-4488

MILLERR J@EMU .EDU

MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Chain J. Keith McClung, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142-6931
540-831-5642

MCCLUNG2QMAIL.BIOLOGY.RUNET.EDU

Secretary: Charles H. O’Neal, Department of Microbiology & Immunology,

Box 980678, MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298-0678

804-786-9699 FAX: 804-786-9946

Council Representative: Judy H. Niehaus, Box 6931, Radford University,
Radford, VA 24142

540-831-5146 (o) 540-951-3556 (H) FAX: 540-831-6615

JNIEHAUS@RUNET.EDU

Editor: Gail E. Christie, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Box
980678 MCVA^CU, Richmond, VA 23298-0678

804-828-9093 FAX: 804-828-9946

CHRISTIE@GEMS.VCU.EDU

NATURAL fflS TORY AND BIODIVERSITY
Chair: C. Barry Knisley, Department of Biology,

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005

804-752-7254 FAX: 804-752-4724

BKNISLEY@RMC.EDU

Secretary: Werner Wieland, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Mary Washington
College, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358

540-654- 1426 F AX :540-654- 108 1

WWIELAND@paprika.mwc.edu

Council Representative: Michael Kosztarab, Dept, of Entomology, VPI & SU,
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319
540-231-6773 (O)

Editor: Joseph C. Mitchell, Department of Biology,

University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173
804-740-7086

MITCHELL@URVAX.URICH.EDU

804-289-8233

PSYCHOLOGY

Chair: W. George Jones, Department of Psychology,

Danville Community College, 1008 S. Main Street, Danville, VA 24541
804-797-8485 or

797-3553 (O) 804-792-3440 (H) FAX: 804-792-6810

Secretary: Perry M. Duncan, Department of Psychology,

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529

757-683-4447 (O) 757-627-1 178 (H) FAX: 804-683-5087

PMD200F@VIPER.MGB.ODU.EDU

Council Representative: Robert A. Berquist (1999)

Psychology-CC, Tidewater Community College,

1428 Cedar Road, Chesapeake, VA 23320

804-490-8058 (O) 804-527-7329 (H) FAX: 804-549-5173

Editor: Jeffrey Pickens, Department of Psychology, James Madison U niversity,
Harrisonburg, VA 22807

540-568-7900 (O) 540-434-8303 (H) FAX: 540-568-3322

JPICKENS@VAX1.ACS.JMU.EDU

STATISTICS (VAS Chapter, American Statistical Association)
Chair: Don Ramirez, U VA
FAX:

Secretary: Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Virginia

Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond, VA 23284-2014

804-828-1301 FAX: 804-828-8785

R JOHNSON@VCU .EDU

Council Representative: Don Jensen, VPl&SU

FAX:

Editor: Dayanand Naik

FAX:

STANDING COMMITTEES

ARCHIVES COMMITTEE

Chair: Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics (1999)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg, 24061-0439.

540-23 1-8356 (O) FAX 540-23 1-3863

HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU

Martha Roane, Department of Plant Pathology, (1998)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061
540-231-6361 (O) 540-552-2260 (H)

Vera Remsburg (1997)

236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210
540-628-6236 (H)

Academy Archivist, Stephen Zietz(Ex officio)

Head, Special Collections, ATTN: VAS Archives,

1020 Newman Library, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0434

540-231-9205 (O) FAX: 540-231-9263

ZIETZ@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU

Wilham P. Harrison, Engineering Fundamentals, (1998)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0218
540-231-6555 (O) 540-552-2427 (H)

AWARDS COMMITTEE

Chair: Robert E. Johnson, Department of Mathematical Sciences, (1998)

Virginia Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond 23284-2014
804-367-1301 (O) FAX: 804-367-8785

RJOHNSON@RUBY.VCU .EDU

Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry (1997)

Washington and Lee University, Lexington 24450
540-463-8927 (O) 540-464-8272 (Dept.) 804-384-7356 (H)

ALTY.L@FSSCIENCE S. WLU .EDU

W. R. (Rick) West, Jr. (1997)

6806 Lakewood Drive, Richmond 23229-6931
804-288-5796 (H)

Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, (1997)

MCVA^CU, Box 614, Richmond 23298

804-786-0104(0) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-786-0104

BRANDT@GEMS.VCUEDU

COMMIITEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Chair: Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental (1998)

Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College,

Fredericksburg 22401

540-899-4358 (O) 540-972-2453 (H) FAX: 540-899-4766

J. J. Murray, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, (1998)

University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903-2477

804-982-5771 (O) 804-982-5474 (Dept.) 804-973-6693 (H)

David J. Moore, Biology Department, (1996)

Radford University, Radford 24142
540-831-5658 (O)

Robert K. Rose, Department of Biological Sciences, (1997)

Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0266

757-683-3595 (O) 757-683-4202 (Dept.) FAX: 757-683-5283

Fred Stemple, Department of Biology (1997)

Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456

757-427-7191 (O) 757-498-8068 (H) FAX: 757-427-7326

James H. Martin, Department of Biology-PRC, (1998)

J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622
804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311

srmartj@jsr.cc.va.us

CONSTITUTION AND BYLAWS COMMITTEE

Co-Chair: Michael L. Bass, Department of Environmental (1998)

Sciences and Geology, Mary Washington College,

Fredericksburg 22401

540-899-4358 (O) 540-972-2453 (H) FAX: 540-899-4766

Co-Chair: Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Department of Physics, (1998)

James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807
540-568-6109 or -6328 (O) 540-433-1251 (H)

TAYLORGR@JMU .EDU

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, (1998)

U niversity of Richmond, Richmond 23 173
804-289-823 1 (O) 804-282-163 1 (H)

Michael Lyle, Department of Geology,

Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456
757-427-7189 (O)

LYLEM@VCCS

(1997)

Lisa T. Alty, Department of Chemistry,
Washington and Lee U niversity, Lexington 24450
540-463-8927

ALTY.1@FS.SCIENCES.WLU.EDU

(1997)

FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE

(According to Bylaw Article 111, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the
Trust Committee is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee; see
Paul J. Homsher).

Co-Chair: Arthur W. Burke, Jr., Executive Secretary-Treasurer, (Non-voting)
Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia,

2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220

804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311

Co-Chair: Paul J. Homsher, Director of D eve lopment,D can’s Office, College of
Sciences, (1997)

Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0163
757-683-33 19 (O) 757-497-6833 (H)

HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU

Golde 1. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, (1997)

VPl & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439

540-231-8356 (O) FAX: 540-231-3863

HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU

FUND RAISING COMMITTEE

Chair: James P. O’Brien,

Psychology- VBC, Tidewater Community College
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456
757-427-7171 (O)

or 7207 (Secy) 757-423-4113 (H)

FAX: 757-427-7326

(1997)

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology,

U niversity of Richmond, Richmond 23 173
804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H)

DECKER@URVAX.UR1CH.EDU

(1999)

FAX: 804-289-8233

Golde 1. Holtzman, Department of Statistics,
VPl & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0439
540-231-8356 (O) 540-951-7259 (H)

HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU

(1997)

FAX: 540-231-3863

Preston H. Leake

401 Delton Avenue, Hopewell 23860
804-452-1743 (H)

(1999)

Rosemary Barra, Department of Biological Sciences, (1997)

Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg 22401

540-654-1414 (O) FAX: 540-654-1081

RBARRA@MWC.EDU

Alan E. J. Branigan (1997)

Law Office of Millen, White, Zolano, and Branigan, P.C.

Arlington Court House, Plaza 1, Suite 1400,

2200 Clarendon Blvd, Arhngton 22201

703-243-6333 (O) FAX: 703-243-6410

Ann M. Fabirkiewicz, Department of Chemistry (1997)

Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, Lynchburg 24503

804-947-8495 (O) FAX: 804-947-8138

AFAB@MAIN.RMWC.EDU

Gerald H. Johnson, Department of Geology, (1997)

College of Wilham and Mary, Wilhamsburg 23185

757-221-2444 (O) FAX: 757-221-3540

GHJOHN@EDUC.WM

Kenneth R. Lawless, Department of Materials Science, (1997)

University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903

804-982-5645 (O) FAX: 804-982-5660

KRL@VIRGINIA.EDU

Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biological Sciences, (1997)

Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529

757-683-3595 (O) FAX: 757-683-5283

HGM100F@VIPER.MGB.ODU.EDU

Ah 1. Mohamed (Agriculture Research Station), (1997)

Division of Agriculture, Virginia State U niversity, P.O. Box 9259,

Petersburg 23806

804-524-6715 (O) 804-539-5099 (H) FAX: office or -5186

NUTAGBIO@AOLCOM

Douglas C. Mose, Department of Chemistry, (1997)

George Mason U niversity, Fairfax 22030

703-993-1068 (O) 703-273-2282 (H) FAX: 703-273-2282

RCJONES@GMUVAX

James L. Poland, Department of Physiology, (1997)

MCVA^CU, Box 980551, Richmond 23298-0551

804-828-9557 (O) 804-272-6374 (H) FAX: 804-828-7382

POLAND @GEMS. VCU .EDU

Eleanor C. Santos (ODU Sports Medicine) (1997)

1029 Swapscott Court, Virginia Beach 23454
757-431-2659 (O) 757-721-9708 (H)

Robert A. Wilhs,Jr., Department of Computer Science (1998)

Hampton University, Hampton 23668

757-727-5082 (O); or (Secy: -5552) FAX: 757-727-5390

WILLIS® W1LL1S.CS.H AMPTONU .EDU

Robert A. Berquist, Psycho logy-CC, (1998)

Tidewater Community College, 1428 Cedar Road, Chesapeake 23320
757-549-5213 (O) 757-490-8058 (H) FAX: 757-549-5173

TCBERQR@VCCSCENT

Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry,
MCVA^CU,Box614, Richmond 23298
804-786-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H)

BRANDT@VCUVAX

(1998)

FAX: 804-786-0104

Donald R. Cottingham

910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk 23507

757-622-6239 (H)

(1998)

FAX: 757-622-4412

Donald Falls

1515 Helmsdale Drive, Richmond 23233
1-800-488-9888 (BUS) 804-740-1492 (H)

(1998)

FAX: 804-644-1111

Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology, (1998)

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7345

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

Mary Frances Hobbs (1998)

103 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville 23111

804-730-3395 (O: Atlee H.S.) 804-730-0913 (H)

C. Anthony Macera (1998)

1444 Maharis Road, Virginia Beach 23455
757-683-4462 (ODU) 757-460-1533 (H)

Maurice B. Rowe (1998)

4121 Southaven Road, Richmond 23235
804-272-2494 (H)

D avid L . Winters, D epartment of Chemistry, ( 1998)

Tidewater Community CoUege-VBC, 1700 College Crescent,

Virginia Beach 23456

757-427-7278 (O) FAX: 757-427-7326

Stephen E . Wright, Department of Geology and Geography, (1998)

James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807

540-568-6130 (O) FAX: 540-568-6920

FAC^SWRIGHT@JMU VAX 1

Arthur W. Burke, Jr.

9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville 23111
804-287-4340 (O) 804-746-3283 (H )

(Advisor to the Committee)

D . Rae Carpenter, Jr. (Advisor to the Committee)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Virginia Mihtary Institute,

Lexington 24450

540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H)

Paul J. H omsher (Advisor to the Committee)

Director of Development, Dean’s Office, College of Sciences, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk 23529-0163

757-683-3319 or (O) 757-497-6833 (H)

HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU

C. Roy Taylor

(Advisor to the Committee)

American Tobacco Co., P.O. Box 899, Hopewell 23860
804-751-7725 (O)

JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE
Chair: Donald R. Cottingham (VJAS Director) (1997)

910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk 23507

757-622-6239 (H) FAX: 757-622-4412

DON@DIRECT.NET

Jeannie Bishpp, Liberty Middle School, ( 1999)

134% Liberty School Rd. Ashland, VA 23005
804-752-6020 (O), 804-262-0339 (H)

Susan Booth, Kecoughtan H igh School ( 1999)

522 Woodlawn Road, Hampton 23669
757-892-5173 (O) 757-874-9301 (H)

FAX: 757-892-5138

Richard B. Brandt, MCVA^CU (1998)

Department of Biochemistry, Box 614, Richmond 23298

804-828-0104 (0) 804-355-0436 (H)

BRANDT@VCUVAX

FAX: 804-828-0104

Martha Chew, Turner-Asby High School

46 Cantrell Avenue, Harrisonburg 22801
540-828-2008 (0) 540-434-7535

(1998)

Eric J. Collins, Wytheville Community College

1000 E. Main St., WytheviUe 24382

540-223-4815 (0) 540-228-3066 (H)

WCCOLLE@VCCS.CENT

(1997)

Kathleen Frame

13112 Nestlewood Court, Herndon 22071
703-471-1134 (0) 703-476-6460 (H)

(1998)

FAX: 703-435-5582

Meg Gilman-King, Atlee High School

Gillhope Farm, Route 1, Box 2085, Ashland 23005
804-730-3395; Ext. 135 (0)

(1999)

804-730-8959 (H)

Calvin C. Green (1999)

5135 New Kent Highway, Quinton, 23141-2519
804-932-4310 (H)

Mary Frances Hobbs, Atlee High School

6296 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville 23111
804-343-6525 (0) 804-730-0913 (H)

(1999)

FAX: 804-343-6529

Cheryl Kayes, Open High School

8031 Whittington Dr., Richmond, 23235

804-285-1015 (0) 804-272-4310 (H)

(1999)

Lee Larkin, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) (1999)

Gloucester, 23062

757-642-7170 (0), 757-693-6274 (H),

FAX: 757-642-7079

W. George Jones, Danville Community College

1008 S. Main Street, Danville 24541

804-797-8485 (0) 804-792-3440 (H)

(1999)

FAX: 804-797-8449

JoanH. Jones

1810 Poplar Green Drive, Richmond 23233
804-740-7606 (H)

JOANJONES@AOL.COM

(1998)

Dorothy S. Knowlton, Sci. Spvr., Arlington
1426 North Quincy Street, Arlington 22207
703-358-6166 (O) 703-536-3495 (H)

FAX: 703-358-6188
or 6186

(1997)

John Kowalski, Roanoke Valley Governor’s School
2104 Grandin Road, Roanoke 24015
540-981-2116 (O) 540-772-0657 (H)

(1999)

Richard Krieg, VCU/MCV

Dept, of Anatomy, Box 980-709, Richmond

804-828-9540 (O) 804-740-7471 (H)

KRIEG@GEMS.VCU.EDU

23278-0709

FAX: 804-828-9477

(1998)

Lee Larkin, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)
Gloucester, 23062

757-642-7170 (O) 757-693-6274 (H) F

FAX:757-642-7079

(1999)

Preston H. Leake

(1997)

401 Delton Avenue, Hopewell 23860-1815
804-452-1743 (H)

John Lieberman, Thomas Jefferson H.S. for Sci & Tech (1998)

6560 Braddock Road, Alexandria 23212-2297
703-750-8971 (O) 703-385-1163 (H)

Lisa L. Martin (Administrative Asst., VJAS)

2404 Penniman Court, Richmond 23228

804-367-8971 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-6541

Carolyn Smith, Gloucester High School (1998)

6680 Short Lane, Gloucester 23061
804-693-2526 (O) 804-693-3913

Susan Steward, Arlington Public Schools (1999)

5208 N. 30th St, Arlington 22207
703-358-5450 (O) 703-237-8427 (H)

H.W. (Chuck) Straley, Woodberry Forest School (1998)

P.O. Box 79, Woodberry Forest 22989
540-672-3900 (O) 540-672-1634 (H)

Richard Strauss, Maury H igh School (1997)

1308 Westmoreland Avenue, Norfolk 23508

757-441-2611 (O) 757-489-2627 (H) FAX: 757-441-1589

James R. (Bobby) Surry, Prin., Newport News (1997)

36 Newport Avenue, Newport News 23601
757-428-6860 (O) 757-596-3301 (H)

Thomas Teates, VPl & SU (1997)

4712 Brush Creek Road, Riner 24149-3416
540-382-0542 (O) 540-342-7807 (H)

TEATES@VT.EDU

Ertle Thompson, U VA, RufFner Hall (1999)

U niversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903
804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H)

Jane B. Turner, Addison Magnet Middle School (1997)

1220 Fifth Street, NW, Roanoke 24016

540-981-2681 (O) 540-342-7807 (H) FAX: 540-981-1174

Judy U pchurch ( 1997)

200 Berkley St., Ashland, VA 23005
804-752-6000 (O) 804-784-3233 (H)

Luella Van Newkirk (1997)

1116 N. Rochester Street, Arlington 22205
703-358-5400 (O) 703-536-5916 (H)

Sarah Ward-Petroske, Mag. Sch. for Health Prof (1998)

5 18 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk 23507
757-446-5975 (O) 757-627-2293 (H)

Joyce Weeks, Sci. Spvr., Hampton City Schools (1998)

1819Nickerson Avenue, Hampton 23663

757-850-5259 (O) 757-826-2778 FAX: 804-850-5138

Jane Westbrook, Hermitage High School (1999)

1307 Ware Rd. Richmond, 23229
804-258-4281 (O), 804-285-4281 (H)

Thomasena Woods, Sci. Supvr, Newport News (1998)

12465 Warwick Blvd., Newport News 23606
757-591-4586 (O) 757-838-3722 (H)

1995-96 Virginia Junior Academy of Science Officers
President: Diameng Pa
831 S. Momoe Street, Arlington 22204
703-892-4374 (H)

Yicc President: Meredith Bailey
9012 Brieiyle Road, Richmond 23229
804-741-9522 (H)

Secretaiy Jacob Foster

167 Wright’s Run Dr. White Post 22663

540-869-5090(H)

LONG RANGE PLANNING COMMITTEE (Co-Chairs)

Co-Chair: Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry, (1998)

Box 980614, MCVA^CU, Richmond 23298

804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-1473

BRA'NDT@GEMS.VCUEDU

Co-Chair: Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry (1999)

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0308

540-231-4970 (O) 540-23 1-63 15(Leave Message)

540-951-7332 (H) FAX: 540-231-9070

TOSITZ@VT.EDU

Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biolo©^, (1998)

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7231

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biolo©^, (1999)

U niversity of Richmond, Richmond 23 173

804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H) FAX: 804-289-8233

DECKER@URVAX.URICH.EDU

James P. O Brien, Psycho logy- VBC, Tidewater Community College (1999)

1700 College Crescent, Virgima Beach 23456
757-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy)

804-423-4113 (H) FAX: 804-427-7326

James H . Martin, Editor, (1999)

The ’Wrginia Journal of Science

Department of Biolo©^ - PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College,

Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622

804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311

SRMARTJ@JSR.CC.VA.U S

Lisa Martin, Administrative Assistant (1999)

Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St. Richmond, VA 23220
804-367-8971(0). 804-26200517 (H), FAX: 804-371-3311

Ertle Thompson, Rufifner Hall (1999)

U niversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
804-924-0840 (O), 804-293-7330 (H)

Paula A. ColUer(1999)

RR# 1, Box 1845A, Crew, VA 23930
804-645-1095,

FAX: 804-645-1998

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr.,

Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Virginia Military Institute, Lexington 24450
540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H)

(1999)

Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biological Sciences (1999)
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266
757-683-4204 (3595 (O), FAX;757-683-5283
HGM100F@VIPER.MGB.ODU.EDU

Donald R. Cottingham (VJAS Director)
910 Greenway Court # 1, Norfolk 23507
757-622-6239 (H)

FAX: 757-622-4412

(1999)

drc@jericho.com

Vera B. Remsburg (1999)

236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon, VA 24210
540-628-6236 (H)

JudyH. Niehaus, Dept, of Bio logy (1999)

Radford University, Radford, VA 24142

540-831-5146 (O), 540-951-3556 (H), FAX: 540-831-6615

JNIEHAUS@RUNET.EDU

Carolyn M. Conway, Biology Department (1999)

Box 842012, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
804-828-1562 (0), FAX: 804-828-0503

CCONWAY@SATURN.VCU.EDU

Arthur W. Burke, Jr., VAS Exec. Sec.-Trea. (1999)

Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23220
804-3678971 (0). 804-746-3283 (H), FAX: 804-371-3311

Mary Frances Hobbs, Atlee High School (1999)

6296 Kennedy Court, Mechanicsville 23111

804-343-6525 (O) 804-730-0913 (H) FAX: 804-343-6529

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE

CO“Chair: Scott H. Newton (1998)

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
(VDACS), Box 1163, Richmond 23209

804-786-4435 (O) FAX: 804-371-7786

Co-Chair: Joseph W. Rudmin, Department of Physics, (1999)

James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807

540-568-6548

F AC^RUDMIN@VAX LCS JMU .EDU

Eleni Achilleos, Civil Engineering Technologies, (1997)

Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent,

Vir^ia Beach 23456

757-427-73 1 1 FAX: 757-427-7326

Kathryn E. Strozak, CEBAF, Mail Stop 16C, (1996)

12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News 23606

757-255-2408 (O) FAX: 757-249-7352

STROZAK@CEBAF.GOV

W. Peter Trower, Department of Physics,
VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061
540-231-6230 (O)

TROWER@VTCCLCC.VT.EDU

Patricia L. Dementi, Biology Department,
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005
804-752-7255 (O) 804-262-3312 (H)

George C. Grant, Chemistry Department,
Norfolk State University, Norfolk 23504
757-683-8909

(1999)

FAX: 540-231-7511

(1997)

Ali Mohamed (1997)

Box 9259, Virginia State University, Petersburg 23806

804-524-6715

Preston H. Leake

401 Delton Avenue, Hopewell 23860
804-452-1743 (H)

(1998)

NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS COMMITTEE
Chair: James P. O’Brien, Psychology-VBC, Tidewater Community College (1997)
1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach 23456
757-427-7171 (O) or 7207 (Secy)

757-423-4113 (H) FAX: 757-427-7326

Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biolo©^, (1998)

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-723 1

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

SECTION = Tom Sitz, Department of Biochemistry ( 1999)
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308
540-231-4970 (O), 540-231-6315 (Dept. Off.)

540-951-7332 (H), FAX: 540-231-9070
TOSITZ@VT.EDU

PUBUCAHONS COMMITTEE

Co-Chair: James H . Martin, Editor, (1999)

The Virginia Journal of Science

Department of Biology - PRC, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College,

Box 85622, Richmond 23285-5622

804-371-3064 (O) 804-262-0517 (H) FAX: 804-371-3311

SRMARTJ@JSR.CC.VA.US

Co-Chair: Wilham Cunningham, Psychology (1999)

VBC, Tidewater Community College

1700 College Crescent, Virginia Beach, VA 23456

757-427-7207 ( Secy) FAX :757-427-7326

Production Editor, Virginia Scientists

Nancy Patterson, Creative Services (1997)

Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent,

Virginia Beach 23456

757-427-7295 FAX: 757-427-7326

RESEARCH COMMITTEE

Chair: Arthur F. Conway, Biology Department, (1999)

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005
804-752-7293 (O) 804-746-2475 (H)

ACONWAY@RMC.EDU

Diane M. Spresser, Mathematics & Computer Science Dept.,
James Madison University, Harrisonburg 22807
540-568-6184 (O)

(1997)

W, John Hayden, Biolo©^ Department (1999)

University of Richmond, VA 23173

804-289-8232 (O), 804-794-2473 (H), FAX: 804-289-8233

HAYDEN@URVAX.URICH.EDU

Mandn W. Scott, Department of Natural Sciences, (1999)

1.01 igwood College , F armville 23 90 1
804-395-2569 (O)

Ah Mohamed , VA State U niversity, (1998)

P.O. Box 9259, Petersburg 23806

804-524-6715

SCIENCE AD WSORY COMMITTEE

Chair: WilMam L. Dewey, Research and Graduate Affairs (1999)

MCV/VCU, Box 568, Richmond 23298

804-828-0732 (O) FAX: 804-786-1664

R. Gerald Bass, Department of Chemistry, (1998)

Virginia Commonwealth U niversity, Richmond 23284
804-828-1298

John Eaton, Associate Dean, Graduate School,

VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0325
540-231-5645 (O)

EATON@VTVMLCC.VT.EDU

George M. Simmons, Department of Biolo©^, (1997)

2119 DerringHall, VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061

540-231-6407 540-231-6407 (Dept.) FAX: 540-231-9307

Anne C. Lund, Biolo©^ Department, (1997)

Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney 23901

804-223-6175

Jan Winstead, Biolo©^ Department, (199*^

James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg 22807
540-568-6157 540-568-6225 (D epartment)

SCIENCE EDUCATION CO^IMUTEE
Co-Chair: Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall (1999)

VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0313

540-231-5537 (O) 540-382-0542 (H) FAX: 540-231-9075

TEATES@VT.EDU

(1997)

FAX: 540-231-3714

Co-Chair: Maurice P. Lynch, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, (1999)

Gloucester Point 23062

804-642-7151 FAX: 804-642-6120

MLYNCH @ VIMS.EDUM.L YNCH .VIMS

Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall, (1998)

U niversity of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903
757-924-0840 (O) 757-293-7330 (H)

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology, (1999)

U niversity of Richmond, Richmond 23 173

804-289-8321 (O) 804-282-163 1 (H) FAX: 804-289-8233

A1 Costa, Department of Oceanography, (1997)

1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276
757-683-5375 757-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX: 757-683-5303

David L. Winters, Department of Chemistry, (1997)

Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach 23456

757-427-7278 FAX: 757-427-7326

W. George Jones, Dept, of Psychology, (1997)

Danville Community College, 1008 S. Main St., Danville 24541
804-797-3553, Ext. 285 804-792-3440 (H) FAX: 804-792-6810

Thomasena H. Woods, Science Supervisor, (1997)

Newport News Public Schools, 12465 Warwick Blvd., Newport News 23606
757-591-4586 (O) 757-838-3722 (H)

Rebecca L. Riester, NVCC-Loudoun (1998)

1000 HFB Highway, Sterling 20164
540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540

TRUST COMMITTEE

(According to Constitution Article XI, Section 3, the Trust Committee is com¬
posed of three accredited Members and shall elect its own Chair. According to
Bylaw Article III, Section 5, Paragraph D, one member of the Trust Committee
is a member of the Finance and Endowment Committee; see Paul J. Homsher).

Chair: D. Rae Carpenter, Jr., (1999)

Department of Physics and Astronomy,

Virginia Military Institute, Lexington 24450
540-464-7225 (O) 540-463-4948 (H)

Maurice B. Rowe

4121 Southaven Road, Richmond 23235
804-272-2494 (H)

(1998)

Paul J. Homsher, Director of Development, Dean’s Office, (1997)

College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0163
757-683-3319 (O) 757-497-6833 (H)

HOMSHER@CS.ODU.EDU

Arthur W. Burke, Jr., Executive Secretary-Treasurer, (Advisor)

Virginia Academy of Science, Science Museum of Virginia,

2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220

804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H) FAX 804-371-33 1 1

Paula A. Colher, (Advisor)

R. R. # 1, P.O. Box 1845A, Crew 23930
804-645-1095 (H) 804-645-1998 (Fax)

VIRGINIA FLORA COMMUTEE

Chair: J. Rex Baird, Department of Biology, (1998)

Clinch Valley College, Wise 24293
540-328-0201 (O) 540-328-6540 (H)

JRB@CLINCH.EDU

J. Christopher Lugwig, Division of Natural Heritage, (1998)

203 Governor Street, Suite 402, Richmond 23219
804-786-7951 (O)

Leonard Morrow (1998)

P.O. Box 7447, Richmond 23221
804-358-7355 (H)

Michael Hill, Biology Department, (1997)

Bridgewater College, Bridgewater 22812
540-828-2501 (O)

Bruce L. King, Biology Department, (1997)

Randolph-Macon CoUege, Ashland 23005
804-752-7267 (O) 804-448-1063 (H)

Donna M. E. Ware, Department of Biology, (1997)

College of William and Mary, Williamsburg 23185

757-221-2213 (O) FAX: 757-221-6483

Marion B. Lobstein, NVCC - Manassas Campus,
6901 SudleyRd., Manassas 22110
703-257-6643 (O) 703-536-7150 (H)

(1998)

FAX: 703-368-1069 (O)
FAX: 703-534-5713 (H)

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Chair: Ralph P. Eckerhn, Natural Sciences Division, (1997)

Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale 22003
703-323-3234 (O) FAX: 703-323-3215

H. Stephen Adams, Department of Biology, (1998)

Dabney S. Lancaster Community College, Clifton Forge 24422
540-862-4246 (O) 540-862-1251 (H) FAX: 540-862-2398

Eugene B. Barfield, Archaeology, (1997)

Jefferson National Forest, 210 Franklin Road SW, Roanoke 24001

540-982-6248 (O)

540-345-9706 (H)

FAX: 540-982-4656

Eric J. Collins, Wytheville Community College,
1000 E. Main St., Wytheville 24382
540-228-5541 (O) 540-228-3066 (H)

(1998)

Beverly K. Hartline, CEBAF, MS 16C,

12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News 23606
757-249-7567

HARTLINEB@CEBAF.GOV

(1998)

FAX: 757-249-7352

Harold G. Marshall, Department of Biology,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529
757-683-4204 (3595) (O)
HGM100F@VIPER.MGB.ODU.EDU

(1997)

FAX:757-683-5283

Cathy McConaugha, Department of Oceanography,

1054 W. 47th Street, Old Dominion University, Norfolk 23529-0276
804-683-5140 (O) 804-683-4285 (Dept.) FAX: 804-683-5303

(1998)

Penny Pagona, Industrial Engineering and Management,
Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent,
Virginia Beach 23456

(1997)

757-427-7311 (O)

FAX: 757-427-7326

Fred Stemple, Department of Biology

Tidewater Community College, 1700 College Crescent,

Virginia Beach 23456

804-427-7191 (O) 804-498-8068 (H)

(1998)

FAX: 804-427-7326

Sandra P. Welch, Dept, of Pharmacology and Toxicolo^, (1998)

MCVA^CU, Box613, Richmond 23298-0613

804-786-8406 (O) FAX: 804-371-7519

SWELCH@VCUVAX

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON 75TH ANNIVERSARY
Chair: Golde I. Holtzman, Department of Statistics, VPI & SU, Blacksburg
24061-0439

540-231-8356 (O) FAX: 540-23 1-3863

HOLTZMAN@VT.EDU

Richard B. Brandt, Department of Biochemistry,

MCVA^CU, Box 980614, Richmond 23298

804-828-0104 (O) 804-355-0436 (H) FAX: 804-828-0104

BRANDT@GEMS.VCUEDU

Greg C. Cook

Tidewater Community College,

7000 College Dr., Portsmouth 23703

757-484-2121, Ext. 461 (O) FAX: 757-483-9169

GCOOKG@INFI.NET

Elsa Q. Falls, Department of Biology,

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland 23005

804-752-7203 (O) 804-740-1492 (H) FAX: 804-752-7345

EFALLS@RMC.EDU

James P. O’Brien, Psychology- VBC,

1700 College Crescent, Tidewater Community College,

Virginia Beach 23456
757-427-7171 (O) or

427-7207 (Secy) 757-423-4113 (H) FAX: 757-427-7326

Charles H. O’Neal, Dept, of Microbiology/Immunology
MCV/VCU, Box 478, Richmond 23298
804-828-9699 (O) 804-798-8030 (H)

Vera Remsburg

236 Barter Drive, Box 1230, Abingdon 24210
540-628-6236 (H)

Thomas O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry & Anaerobic Microbiology, VPI &
SU, Blacksburg 24061-0308

540-231-4970 (O) 540-23 1-63 15(Leave Message)

540-951-7332 (H) FAX: 540-231-9070

Gerald R. Taylor, Jr., Physics Department,

James Madison U niversity, Harrisonburg 22807
540-568-6109 (O) 540-568-6328 (O)

Thomas G. Teates, 305 Memorial Hall
VPI & SU, Blacksburg 24061-0313
540-231-5537 (O) 540-382-0542 (H)

TEATES@VTVM1

Ertle Thompson, Ruffner Hall,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903
804-924-0840 (O) 804-293-7330 (H)

R. Dean Decker, Department of Biology,

U niversity of Richmond, Richmond 23 173
804-289-8231 (O) 804-282-1631 (H)

540-433-1251 (H)

FAX: 540-231-9075

FAX: 804-289-8233

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE 1997
ANNUAL MEETING AT VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE and STATE

UNIVERSITY

John L. Hess, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
24061= 0308

540-231-5336 FAX :540-23 1-9070

JLHESS@VT.EDU

Tom O. Sitz, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-
0308

540-231-4970, FAX: 540-231-9070

TOSITZ@VT.EDU

Please contact Drs. Hess or Sitz for a complete hst of the local arrangements
committee.

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
PRESIDENTS

Ivey F. Lewis 00 ...... 1923-24

James Lewis Rowe 00 . . . 1924-25
Robert E. Loving 00 .... 1925-26

J. Shelton Horsley 00 . . . 1926-27

Donald W. Davis oo . . . . 1927-28
William Moseley Brown oo 1928-29

Garnet Ryland oo . 1929-30

L.G.Hoxtonoo . 1930-31

I.D. Wilson 00 . 1931-32

T. McN. Simpson, Jr. ... 1932-33
William A Kepner oo ... 1933-34
William T. Sanger 00 .... 1934-35

IdaSitler . 1935-36

H.E. Jordan . 1936-37

D. Maurice Allan . 1937-38

Earl B. Norris . 1938-39

Ruskin S. Freer oo . 1939-40

Wortley R. Rudd 00 .... 1940-41
George W. Jeffers 00 . . . 1941-42

Marcellus H. Stow 00 . . . 1942-43
W. Catesby Jones oo .... 1943-44

Robert F. Smart . 1944-45

Hiram R. Hanmer . 1945-46

Arthur Bevan . . 1946-47

Jesse W. Beams qo . . . . . 1947-48
Sidney S. Negus oo ..... 1948-49
Boyd Harshbarger ..... 1949-50

Guy W. Horsley . . 1950-51

Paul Patterson . . . 1951-52

Lloyd C. Bird oo . 1952-53

Allan T. Gwathney 00 . . . 1953-54

Irving G. Foster . 1954-55

Walter S. Flory, Jr. .... . 1955-56

E. S. Harlow . . 1956-57

William G. Guy 00 . 1957-58

John C. Forbes oo . 1958-59

William M. Hinton . 1959-60

Wilson B. Bell 00 . 1960-61

HortonH.Hobbs, Jr. 00 . . 1961-62

Jackson J. Taylor . 1962-63

Foley F. Smith 00 ...... 1963-64

S. S. Obenshain . 1964-65

Roscoe D. Hughes oo . . . 1965-66
Stanley E. Williams 00 . . . 1966-67

James W. Cole, Jr . 1967-68

PaulB. Seigel . 1968-69

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. . . . 1969-70

Maurice B. Rowe . 1970-71

Edward F. Turner, Jr. 00 . 1971-72

Franklin F. Flint 00 ..... 1972-73
Stanley Ragone 00 . 1973-74

E. L.Wisman . 1974-75

Arthur W. Burke . 1975-76

W. Allan Powell . 1976-77

Ralph A. Lowry . 1977-78

Dale V. Ulrich . 1978-79

Vera B. Remsburg . 1979-80

Kenneth R. Lawless .... 1980-81
Donald G. Cochran .... 1981-82

Ertle Thompson . 1982-83

Harold M. Bell . 1983-84

Frank B. Leftwich . 1984-85

R. Gerald Bass . 1985-86

J.J. Murray . 1986-87

William L. Banks, Jr. . . . 1987-88

Stewart A. Ware . 1988-89

Michael Bass . 1989-90

Richard B. Brandt ..... 1990-91
Gerald R. Taylor, Jr. . . . 1991-92

Golde 1. Holtzman . 1992-93

James P. O’Brien . 1993-94

Elsa Q. Falls . 1994-95

Tom Sitz . 1995-96

R. Dean Decker . 1996-97

00 Deceased

VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
DIRECTORS

Hubert J. Davis . 1941-47

F. G. Lankford 00 ..... 1947-49

Boyd Harshbarger . 1949-50

Floyd S. Andrews oo . 1950

B. W. Cooper oo ........ 1950

Grover Everett 00 . 1951

Thelma C. Heatwole Qo . . 1952-60

W. W. Scott . . . . . 1960-64

E.L.Wisman . 1964-72

Lee Anthony ........ 1972-75

John L. Hess . 1975-78

A. B. Neimeyer . ...... 1978-80

R. Dean Decker ...... 1980-91

Donald R. Cottingham . . . 1991-

VIRGINIA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD

Susie Floyd oo and

George W. Jeffers 00 .... 1968

Hubert J. Davis . 1969

Thelma C. Heatwole qo . . . . 1970
Martha Lipscomb Walsh 00 . . 1971
Loyde C. Byrd qo and

Rodney C. Berry ...... 1972

Edgar V. Russell, Jr. and

James W. Cole, Jr . 1973

Vera B. Remsburg and

E.L. "Chick” Wisman . . . 1974

Virginia C. Ellet and

Blanton M. Bruner ..... 1976

Lee S. Anthony . 1977

John L. Hess . . 1978

A. B. Niemeyer, Jr. ...... 1980

Dawn Campbelloo ....... 1983

Bernie J. Kozakowski ..... 1984

Dallas W. Cockeoo . 1985

Eleanor Lewis Tenney 00 . . . 1988
F. Lee Larkin and

Lisa L. Martin ....... 1992

R. Dean Decker ........ 1995

00 Deceased

HORSLEY RESEARCH AWARD

Carl C. Speidel 00 ....... 1927

JohnH. Yoeoo ......... 1928

J.C. Street . 1929

H. E. Jordan and

Carl C. Speidel . . 1930

E. C. Stevenson ........ 1931

James H. Smith . . . 1932

S. A. Wingard . 1933

E. P. Johnson . . 1934

Margaret Hess . 1935

Alfred Chanutin ........ 1936

R. G. Henderson . . . 1937

S. G. Bedell .......... 1938

M. J. Murray and

Forrest F. Cleveland ..... 1939

Walter C. Gregory ....... 1940

Charles Ray .......... 1941

No Award . 1942

J. B. Meyer . . 1943

J. Gerbert Taylor ....... 1944

No Award . 1945

Boyd Harshbarger . 1946

D.B. DeJury .......... 1947

Henry Leidheiser, Jr. ..... 1948

Walter S. Flory . . 1949

Erling S. Hegre ........ 1950

D. B. Duncan . . 1951

D.R.H.Gourley. ....... 1952

Stephen Burko and

Frank L. Hereford ...... 1953

Lynn D. Abbott, Jr. and

Mary J. Dodson ........ 1954

Albert W. Lutz, Jr. and

A.E.B. Reid . . 1955

M. C. K. Tweedie ....... 1956

R. A. Bradley, D.E.W. Schumann,

and W.H. Lewis . 1957

C. Tyler Miller, Jr. and

K.R. Lawless . 1958

Dorothy L. Crandall ...... 1959

Lawrence 1. Miller, ...... 1960

Irving R. King, Billy W. Sloope,
and Calvin O. Tiller . 1961

Claude P. Talley and

Gerald. R. Taylor, Jr . 1962

H. A. David . . 1963

E.RaeHarcum . 1964

D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf .... 1965

Frank A. Vingiello ....... 1966

O. R. Rodig and

GalalZanati . 1967

H. H. Hobbs, P.C. Holt 00,

and Margaret Walton oo . . . 1968
A. J. McCaffery, P. N. Schatz,
and T. E. Lester . 1969

I. Gordon Pels ......... 1970

L. R. Durden, L. H. Slack, and

P. R. Eusner . 1971

1. J. Good and

R. A. Gaskins ......... 1972

Larry Taylor, J. C. Dillard, and

J. H.Burness . 1973

Kuldip P. Chopra . 1974

Roddy V. Amenta ....... 1975

Douglas W. Ogle and

Peter Mazzeo ......... 1976

Henry W. Gould ........ 1977

K. L. Reifsnider and

K. D. O’Brien . . 1978

William L. Dewey . 1979

C. R. Terman and

R.J.Huggett . . 1980

L. E.Jarrard . 1981

Joyce G. Foster, ........ 1982

Harold E. Burkhart, and

Peter T. Sprinz . 1983

R. W. Berlien, G. Colmano, and
G.Nunn ............ 1984

Milton M. Sholley,

Gilda P. Ferguson,
Hugo R. Seibel,

James L. Montour, and

John D. Wilson ........ 1985

Robert F. Johnson . 1986

Richard B. Brandt ....... 1987

Muriel Lederman . . . 1988

George W. Mushrush . 1989

R. Bruce Martin . 1990

W. John Hayden . 1991

(not awarded)

W. Peter Trower . 1993

William P. Harrison . 1994

RECIPIENTS OF
THE JEFFERSON GOLD MEDAL

Alfred Chanutin . 1936

William B. Porter ....... 1937

H.M. Phillips . 1938

G. M. Shear and

H.D.Ussery . 1939

RECIPIENTS OF
THE JEFFERSON PRIZE

L. G. Overholzer and

J.H.Yoe . 1940

*Allan T. Gwathmey . 1941

R. N. Jefferson . 1942

W.H. Hough . 1943

Clinton B. Cosby . 1944

MERITORIOUS SERVICE AWARDS

Ivey F. Lewis oo and

William T. Sanger oo . 1956

No Award . 1957

American Tobacco Co.

Research Laboratory .... 1958

Lloyd C. Bird oo . 1959

No Award . . 1960

No Award . 1961

No Award . . 1962

Allan T. Gwathmey oo

Sidney S. Negus oo and

Jesse W.Beams oo . . 1963

No Award ........... 1964

Hiram R. Hanmer . . 1965

00 Deceased

IVEYF. LEWIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS

Boyd Harshbarger . . 1966

Russell J. Rowlett, Jr. ..... 1967

George W. Jeffers oo . 1968

Walter S. Flory, Jr . 1969

Roscoe D. Hughes oo . 1970

HortonH.Hobbs, Jr. 00 .... 1971

No Award . 1972

No Award . . . . 1973

Lynn D. Abbott, Jr . 1974

Edward S. Harlow . . 1975

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr . 1976

No Award . 1977

Rodney C. Berry 00 1978

Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo ... 1979

Ruskin S. Freer oo . . 1980

Philip Morris, Inc.

(Presented to

Bernard Kosakowski) .... 1981

Carolina Biological

Supply Company . 1982

No Award . 1984

Arthur W. Burke, Jr. ..... 1985

Virginia C. Ellett . 1985

Vera B. Remsburg . 1986

No Award . 1987

No Award . 1988

Ertle Thompson . 1989

Dale V. Ulrich . 1990

R. Dean Decker . 1991

Blanton M. Bruner . 1992

Harold M. Bell . 1993

Virginia Power . 1994

James H. Martin . 1995

00 Deceased

FELLOWS OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

1970 1975

Jesse Wakefield Beams qo Franklin F. Flint oo

John Campbell Forbes oo Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. qo

Thomas E. Gilmer 00 Michael Kosztarab

Boyd Harshbarger Vera B. Remsburg

Roscoe D. Hughes oo William E. Trout, Jr. oo

Clyde Young Kramer qo W. Peter Trower

J. Douglas Reid oo Edward F. Turner, Jr. oo

William T. Sanger oo

1971

Robert C. Carter oo
Edward S. Harlow
Wilbert Harnsberger, Jr. oo
Alton M. Harville, Jr.
Sterling M. Heflin oo
George W. Jeffers oo
Harry G. M. Jopson
Everett L. Wisman

1972

Lynn De Forrest Abbot
Rodney C. Berry oo
Lloyd C. Bird oo
Robert P. Carroll oo
James W. Cole, Jr.

Walter S. Flory, Jr.

Mary E. Kapp oo
Paul B. Siegel

1973

D. Rae Carpenter, Jr.
Virginia C. Ellett
Susie V. Floyd oo
A. B. Niemeyer, Jr.

Edgar V. Russell, Jr. oo
Raymond L. Taylor

1974

Perry C. Holt
WilliamT. Ham, Jr.
Leonard O. Morrow
Robert F. Smart

1976

Miles E. Hench
Franklin D. Kizer
Russell J. Rowlett, Jr.

1977

Bernard R. Woodson, Jr.

1978

Blanton M. Bruner
A. W. Burke, Jr.

Herbert McKennis, Jr. oo
W. Allan Powell

Stanley Ragone oo

1979

S. Gaylen Bradley
Addison D. Campbell
William M. Hinton oo
William L. Mengebier
Maurice B. Rowe
Jackson J. Taylor
Ertle Thompson

1980

Dorothy Bliss
Elizabeth Jackson
Ralph A. Lowry
James W. Midyette
Helmut R. Wakeham

00 Deceased

1981

Hubert J. Davis
Frank L. Hereford
Peter M. Mazzeo
Warwick R. West, Jr.

1982

Dale V. Ulrich

1983

Donald G. Cochran
Dallas W. Cocke c»
R. Dean Decker
Mario R. Escobar »
Charles O’Neal
Martha L. Walsh 00

1984

Dawn Campbell oo
Frank Leftwich
J. J. Murray
Stewart Ware

1985

Edward A. Crawford

1986

No Fellows Elected

1987

No Fellows Elected

1988

No Fellows Elected

1989

Kenneth R. Lawless

1990

James H. Martin

1991

Martha K. Roane

1992

Richard B. Brandt

1993

1. J. Good

1994

No Fellows Elected

1995

Golde 1. Holtzman
Gerald R. Taylor

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

Rodney C.Berry
Loyd C.Byrd
Blanton M. Bruner
Walter S. Flory
J. C. Forbes
Edward S. Harlow
Boyd Harshbarger
Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.
George W. Jeffers
Mary E. Knapp
Arthur H. Livermore

A. B. Massey
Herbert McKennis, Jr.
Glenn McMullen
Beverly Orndorff
Russell J. Rowlett
Myron Shear
Robert F. Smart
LD. Wilson
Hubert J. Davis
Martha L. Walsh

« Deceased

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SITY

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BHARDWAJ, HARBANS

AGRI RESEARCH STATION

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BAYLES, ROBERT A.

BINNS, STEPHEN J.

CODE 6312

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GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
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1831 GLENCOVE LANE
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322 SUMPTER ST
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1627 POPE AVE
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17 E LEICESTER ST
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PO BOX 980613
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4634 BUTTE RD
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CNU, 50 SHOE LANE
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680NEW YORK AVE
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DEPT OF MECH, AEROSPACE AND
NUC ENGR

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
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DEPT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
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ARCH RESEARCH DEPT
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5709 RIDGE POINT CT
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6133 MERRIFIELD DR
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1500 CONCORD APT # 1
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31 15 CAMPUS BLVD NE
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COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT
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ELLETT, VIRGINIA C. 11

56 LOCKE LANE
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ELMES, DAVID G. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
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LEXINGTON, VA 24450

ENGEL, GERALD L. 02

15 AVON CT

BEACON FALLS, CT 06403-4923

ERDLE, SANDRA Y.

VA DEPT OF CONS & REC
DIV NATURAL HERITAGE
1500 E MAIN ST SUITE 312
RICHMOND, VA 23219

ERGLE, WILLIAM D. 02

5941 CASTLE ROCK ROAD S.W.
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EZEKWE, MICHAEL O. 01

A9 RESEARCH STATION
VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY
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EZELL, JAMES E. 04

725 WATCH HILL RD
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FABIRKIEWICZ, ANN M. 04

BOX 895

RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL¬
LEGE

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FARRAH, JEANETTE 13

MAIL STOP 248

NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
HAMPTON, VA 23681

FASHING, NORMAN J. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
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FICENEC, JOHN R. 02

1305 GLEN CORE LANE
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FINE, MICHAEL L. 04

BOX 842012

VCU

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

FISHBACK, PAT D. 11

2401 HARTMAN STREET
RICHMOND, VA 23223

FISHER, CHET H. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

FLEMING, GARY P. 19

VA DEPT OF CONSERVATION & REC
1500 E MAIN ST, SUITE 312
RICHMOND, VA 23219

FLINT, WARREN 15

THE EASTERN SHORE INSTITUTE
PO BOX 688
EXMORE,VA 23340

FONTENOT, J.P. 05

ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

FORBES, JAMES E. 04

5109 2A GOLDSBORO DR
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23605

FORD, GEORGE D. 09

PO BOX 980551
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551

REGULAR MEMBERS

FORMICA, JOSEPH V.

PO BOX 980678
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

FORNSEL, CLAIRE E.

1348 MEADOW LAKE RD

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454-2070

FOSTER, W. JOHN D.
7807MILLCREEKDR
RICHMOND, VA 23235

FOSTER, JOYCE G.

USDA-ARS

P.O. BOX 400, 1224 AIRPORT RD
BEAVER, WV 25813-0400

FOSTER, C. L. JR.

1203 AUGUSTA ST
BLUEFIELD,WV 24701

FRAME, KATHLEEN
13112 NESTLEWOOD CT
HERNDON, VA 22071

FRANCE, MARCIA B.

CHEMISTRY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450-0303

FRANSON, RICHARD C.

11812 BRITAIN WAY
RICHMOND, VA 23233

FULLER, STEPHEN W.

BIOLOGY DEPT

MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-5358

GALLAHER, THOMAS N.

CHEMISTRY DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY

HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

GANDOUR, RICHARD D.
CHEMISTRY DEPT, 107 DAVIDSON
HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061-0212

GARRETT, REGINALD H.
BIOLOGY DEPT, GILMER HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

GARRISON, NORMAN E.

BIOLOGY DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY

HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

GATHRIGHT, THOMAS 08

P.O.BOX 297

BATESVILLE, VA 22924-0297

GELLER, E. SCOTT 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

GETTINGER, RONALD D. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL.
2500 RIVERMONT AVE
LYNCHBURG, VA 24501

GIESE, RONALD N. 11

214 JONES HALL
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

GIOVANETTI, KEVIN 02

PHYSICS DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

GIPSON, TERRY A. 01

BOX 9100

VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY
PETERSBURG, VA 23806

GIURGIUTIU, VICTOR 06

ESMDEPT

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0219

GLASSON, GEORGE E. 11

DIV OF CURRICULUM & INSTR
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

GLENNON, RICHARD A. 09

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
PO BOX 980540
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540

GLOVER-FISCHER, DEBORAH P. 05
3901 GLOUCESTER RD
ROCKY MOUNT, NC 27803-1112

GODORD, RENEE D. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
HOLLINS COLLEGE
ROANOKE, VA 24020

GO E H RING, J. BRO WN 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450-0303

GOLLER, EDWIN J. 05

RED 5, BOX 21
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

GOOD, I. J. 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

GOODWIN, BRUCE K. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795

GOUGH, STEPHEN B. 14

1301 COLLEGE AVE
BIOLOGY DEPT

MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

GOURLEY, EUGENE V. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

GRABAU, ELIZABETH 01

PLANT PATHOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

GRANGER, JILL NELSON 05

206 GUION - DEPT CHEMISTRY
SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE
SWEET BRIAR, VA 24595

GRANGER, ROBERT M. Ill 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

GRANT, GEORGE C. 05

179 DEVON PL

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

GRATZ, ROY F. 05

902 SYLVANIA AVE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

GRAU, HAROLD J. 04

CNU DEPTOFBCES
CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

GRAY, F. HARRIET
BOX 9616

HOLLINS COLLEGE
ROANOKE, VA 24020

GREEN, CALVIN C. 11

5135 NEW KENT HWY
QUINTON, VA 23141-2519

GREENBERG, FLORINE A. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
NVCC, 8333 LITTLE RIVER TPKE
ANNANDALE,VA 22003

GREENE, VIRGINIA C. 05

540 E RIO RD

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

GREER, WILLIAM T. JR
1584 WESLEYAN DR
NORFOLK, VA 23502

GREGG, MICHAEL H. 07

503 LINKOUS CIRCLE
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

GRUNDER, HERMANN A. 02

12000 JEFFERSON AVE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

GUSHEE, BEATRICE E. 05

BOX 9675

HOLLINS COLLEGE
ROANOKE, VA 24020-1675

GUSTAFSON, GLEN C. 18

GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

GWAZDAUSKAS,F.C. 01

DAIRY SCIENCES DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

HAAS, CAROLA A. 01

112 CHEATHAM HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321

HAIRFIELD, ELIZABETH M. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE
STAUNTON, VA 24401

HALEY, CLARENCE D. JR. 1 1

2832 RIDGEVIEWDR
AUGUSTA, GA 30909-9408

HAN, KWANG S. 02

522 ELIZABETH LAKE DR
HAMPTON, VA 23669-1724

REGULAR MEMBERS

HANDLEY, CHARLES OVERTON JR. 04
DIVISION OF MAMMALS, MRC-NHB 108
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON, DC 20560

HANKINS, GERALD R. 03

116 SCARBOROUGH PLACE
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

HAPP, JOHN
1460 UNIVERSITY DR
SHENANDOAH UNIVERSITY
WINCHESTER, VA 22601-5195

HARRIS, ALASTAIR V. 04

108 BUCKEYE LANE
RADFORD, VA 24141-3902

HARRIS, ROBERT B. 09

PO BOX 980614
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614

HARRIS, LOUIS S. 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

HARRIS, REID 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

HARTLINE, BEVERLY K
12000 JEFFERSON AVE
CEBAF

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

HARTLINE, FREDERICK F. 02

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY
50 SHOE LANE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

H AWKRIDGE, FRED M. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT

VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

PO BOX 842006
RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

HAYDEN, W. JOHN 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

HAYDEN, SHEILA M. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND
RICHMOND, VA 23173

HENDERSON, JAMES E. 02

RT. 1 BOX 137B
CONCORD, VA 24538

HENDRICKS, ROBERT W. 06

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENG DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0237

HENSLEY, MICHAEL S. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
BRIDGEWATER COLLGE
BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

HENSON, PAUL D. 05

6836 TRE VILIAN RD, NE
ROANOKE, VA 24019-6252

HERBEIN, JOSEPH H. 01

DAIRY SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0315

HERDEGEN, ROBERT T. Ill 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943

HERRMANN, AMY S. 15

P.O. BOX 726
SUFFOLK, VA 23439

HIBLER, DAVID L. 17

103 CORBIN DR
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

HIGGINS, THOMAS F. Ill 16

4712 HICKORY SIGN POST RD
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

HILL, MICHAEL 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE
BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

HILL, TREVOR B. 05

228 LONGHILL RD
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

HILU,KHIDIR W. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

HINKELMANN, KLAUS 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

HOBBS, MARY C.

6296 KENNEDY COURT
MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111

HODGES, ROBERT LEE
1191 DUNCAN DR
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

HOEGERMAN, STANTON F.

BIOLOGY DEPT

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

HOLLIS, W. GARY JR.

ROANOKE COLLEGE
221 COLLEGE LANE
SALEM, VA 24153

HOLLOWAY, PETER W.
BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908

HOLTMAN, ELLEN P.

316 SUNSET RD
SALEM, VA 24153

HOMSHER, PAULJ.

OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATE DEAN
COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0163

HOWARD, STEVE
3020 WARDS FERRY RD
CENTRAL VA GOVERNOR’S SCHOOL
LYNCHBURG, VA 24502

HUDDLE, B. P. JR
CHEMISTRY DEPT
ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

HUDLICKY, MILOS
1005 HIGHLAND CIRCLE
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

HUFFORD, TERRY L.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
2023 G STREET NW

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON, DC 20052

HUGHES, JAN
COMBS HALL, MWC
1301 COLLEGE AVE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

HUGHES, ROBIN L. 15

524 S. CLYDE MORRIS BLVD
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601

HUNSUCKER, SALLY 04

47 FT WILLIAMS PKWY
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304

HYLTON, ROBERTA E. 19

PO BOX 2345
ABINGDON, VA 24212

INGHAM, WILLIAM H. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

JACOBS, KENNETH C. 02

PHYSICS DEPT - BOX 9661
HOLLINS COLLEGE
ROANOKE, VA 24020

JARRARD, LEONARD E. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

JAYASHREE, KURUP 09

PO BOX 980540
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540

JENKINS, ROBERT E. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

JENKINS, DAVID 02

PHYSICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0435

JENSEN, DONALD R. 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

JENSSEN, T. A. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

JESSER, WILLIAM A. 06

THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

REGULAR MEMBERS

JOHNSON, DAVID M. 05

LIFE SCIENCE DIVISION
FERRUM COLLEGE
FERRUM,VA 24088

JOHNSON, W. REED 07

115 FALCON DR
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

JOHNSON, ROBERT A. 06

MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT
THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

JOHNSON, STANLEY S. 08

VA DIV MINERAL RESOURCES
PO BOX 3667

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

JOHNSON, ROBERT E. 02

BOX 2014

VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2014

JOHNSON, RONALD E. 15

OCEANOGRAPHY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

JONES, R. CHRISTIAN 15

BIOLOGY DEPT
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

JONES, JOAN H. 11

1810 POPLAR GREEN DR
RICHMOND, VA 23233

JONES, BETTY WADE 11

1746WESTOVER AVE
PETERSBURG, VA 23805

JONES, SHERMAN C. Ill 04

PO BOX 698

TWENTYNINE PALMS, CA 92277-0698

JONES, W. GEORGE 10

1554 WOODCREST HTS
DANVILLE, VA 24541

KAIN, TETA 19

7083 CAFFEE CREEK LN
GLOUCESTER, V 23061

KARO WE, DAVID 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 842012
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

KAUMA, SCOTT WILLIAM 09

PO BOX 980034
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0034

KEEFE, WILLIAM E. 05

13037 FAIRWAY LANE
ASHLAND, VA 23005-3105

KEPPEL, CYNTHIA 02

PHYSICS DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

KIBLER,JOHNL. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE
STAUNTON, VA 24401

KIEFER, RICHARD 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT, PO BOX 8795
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795

KILBURN, KERRY S. 04

DEPT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

KILLIAN, JOELLA C. 01

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

KIMBROUGH, DANIEL 04

10300 WALTHAM DR
RICHMOND, VA 23233

KING, BERTHA C. II

10308 WALTHAM DR
RICHMOND, VA 23233

KING, H. E. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

KING, BRUCE L. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE
ASHLAND, VA 23005

KINSLEY, CRAIG 10

116 RICHMOND HALL

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

KIRBY, RAYMOND H. 10

925 QUEEN ELIZABETH DR
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452

KIZER, FRANKLIN D. 11

RT 2, BOX 1449
LANCASTER, VA 22503

KLIMAN, RICHARD M. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

KNEBEL, TIMOTHY F. 13

1021 CAMEO DR
HAMPTON, VA 23666

KNIPP, PETER A. 02

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY
50 SHOE LANE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601

KNISLEY, C. BARRY 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE
ASHLAND, VA 23005

KNOWLTON, ROBERT E. 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON, DC 20052

KORNEGAY, ERVIN T. 01

ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

KOSZTARAB, MICHAEL 04

ENTOMOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

KOVER, CYNTHIA

1039 ROCKBRIDGE AVE # 186

NORFOLK, VA 23508

KOWALSKI, JOHN 11

ROANOKE VALLEY GOV’S SCHOOL
2104GRANDIN RD
ROANOKE, VA 24015

KRAEMER,MARKE. 01

PO BOX 9241

VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY
PETERSBURG, VA 23806

KREH, RICHARD E. 01

P.O. BOX 70
CRITZ,VA 24082-0070

KRIEG, RICHARD J. JR. 09

PO BOX 980709
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0709

KUENNECKE, BERND H. 18

DEPT OF GEOGRAPHY, BOX 6938
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

KUHN, SEBASTIAN
711 MARYLAND AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23508-2825

KUO, ALBERT Y. 15

VA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

KYGER, ELIZABETH L.

RT 3, BOX 126

BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

LACEY, SHARON M. 01

2502 PARRISH ST
RICHMOND, VA 23231

LACY, GEORGE H. 03

PLANT MOLECULAR BIO
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0330

LAM, MARIA 17

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

LAMB, ROBERT G. 09

13610 EDMONTHORPE RD
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113

LAMBERT, LYNN 17

PHYSICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
DEPT

50 SHOE LANE

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIV.
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

LANE, CINDY 19

103 VILLAGE RD
LYNCHBURG, VA 24502

LANGE, RIDGLEY 02

MATHEMATICS DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, V A 23668

REGULAR MEMBERS

LANZILLOTTI, HARRY V. 02

13329 STARCROSS RD
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113-3831

LAWLESS, KENNETH R. 05

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

LAWRENCE, DAVID J. 02

ISAT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

LAWRENCE, SUE C. 02

16 CARROLL DR
POQUOSON, VA 23362

LEAKE, PRESTON H. 05

401 DELTON AVE
HOPEWELL, VA 23860

LEARY, JAMES J. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT - MILLER HALL
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

LEDERMAN, MURIEL 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

LEE, PHILIP C. JR. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT, ROANOKE COLLEGE
221 COLLEGE LANE
SALEM, VA 24153

LEE,H.M. 09

PO BOX 980057
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0057

LEE, LARRY D. 12

MATH & STATISTICS DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0077

LEEPER, CHARLES K. 13

PO BOX 820

STEPHENS CITY, VA 22655

LEFFLER, JOHN W. 15

POBOX 607

ROCKY MOUNT, VA 24151

LEFTWICH, F. B. 04

4409 WISTAR RD
RICHMOND, VA 23228

LEHMAN, JAMES D. 02

1180 SHENANDOAH ST
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

LEUNG, WING H. 05

BOX 6422

HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

LEVY, GERALD F. 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

LEWIS, LYNN O. 03

BIOLOGY DEPT

MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

LICHTMAN, ARON 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

LIEBERMANN, JOHN JR. 05

10106 SPRING LAKE TERRACE
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

LIKINS, T. MICHAEL 01

VA DEPT OF AGRI & CONSUMER SERV¬
ICES

ONE NORTH 14TH ST ROOM 257
RICHMOND, VA 23219

LILLELEHT,L.U. 07

THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442

LIN, JENG-ENG 02

DEPT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

LINEBAUGH, DONALD W. 16

ANTHROPOLOGY/COLLEGE OF W & M
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795

LISS, IVAN B. 17

BOX 6941

RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

LIVINGSTON, DAVID L. 07

VIRGINIA WESTERN COMMUNITY COL¬
LEGE

DIV ENG/INDUSTRIAL TECH
PO BOX 14007
ROANOKE, VA 24038

LOBSTEIN, MARION B. 04

1815 N ROOSEVELT ST
ARLINGTON, VA 22205

LOESSER, KATHRYN E. 09

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

LOVIN, JEFFREY C. 01

21315 HALLO WAY AVE
MATOACA,VA 23803

LOWRY, RALPH A.

THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22902

LUE, LOUIS PING-SION 01

3003 TINSBERRY DR
COLONIAL HEIGHTS, VA 23834

LUND, ANNE C. 04

602 FOURTH AVE
FARMVILLE,VA 23901

LUQUIRE, KAREN B. 04

3720 SPICEWOOD DR
ANNANDALE,VA 22003-2249

LUTZE, FREDERICK H. 13

1201 PATTON CT
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

LYLE, MICHAEL E.

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE
1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

MACCORD, HOWARD A. SR 16

562 ROSSMORE RD
RICHMOND, VA 23225

MACDONALD, HEATHER 08

GEOLOGY DEPT, PO BOX 8795
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795

MACRINA, FRANCIS L. 03

PO BOX 980678
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

MAPP, JOHN A. 10

116 MATO AKA RD
RICHMOND, VA 23226

MARING, LISE D. 04

49RIVERMONTDR

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601

MARONEY, SAMUEL P. JR. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT - GILMER HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

MARSHALL, HAROLD G. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266

MARSH ALL, MARYAN L. 05

5804 NAVAJO CIRCLE
LYNCHBURG, VA 24502-1412

MARTIN, BILLY R. 09

PO BOX 980613
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

MARTIN, W. WALLACE 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE
ASHLAND, VA 23005

MARTIN, JAMES E. 02

MATHEMATICS DEPT, CNU
50 SHOE LANE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

MARTIN, R. BRUCE 05

RT. 743 ARDWOOD
300 FOREST RIDGE RD
EARLYVILLE, VA 22936-9219

MASON, J. PHILIP JR. 01

AGRI. ENGINEERING - SETZ HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

MAST, JOSEPH W. 02

EASTERN MENNONITE UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

MATHES, MARTIN C.

105 ROYAL CT
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

MAURAKIS, EUGENE G. 01

4309 FITZHUGH AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23230-3830

MAYHEW, SHIRLEY 10

524 BEECH TREE COURT
DANVILLE, VA 24541

REGULAR MEMBERS

MAYNARD, GENE
1209 WADSWORTH ST
RADFORD, VA 24141

MAYS, D ’ARC Y P.

8703 B CLAYMONT DR
RICHMOND, VA 23229

MCCLUNG, J. KEITH
BIOLOGY DEPT, PO BOX 6931
RADFORD, VA 24142

MCCORMICK-RAY, JERRY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DEPT
CLARKE HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

MCCOY, KATHLEEN U
PO BOX 980678
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

MCGOVERN, JAMES J.

2109 ADELBERT RD
CLEVELAND, OH 44106

MCKEE, GAIL H.

C/O COURTHOUSE
ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

MCLAUGHLIN, JOHN W.
2460TILLETRD SW
ROANOKE, VA 24015

MCNABB, F. M. ANNE
1002 EHEART ST
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

MCNAIRY, WILLIAM W.

PHYSICS DEPT
VMI

LEXINGTON, VA 24450

MEACHAM, ROGER H. JR.

280 COTSWOLD LN

WEST CHESTER, PA 19380-3700

MEIER, GERALD E.

16W2 DEER PARK DR
DUMFRIES, VA 22026-1734

MELLINGER, A. CLAIR
EASTERN MENNONITE COLLEGE
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

MENGAK, MICHAEL T.

DIV OF LIFE SCIENCES
FERRUM COLLEGE
FERRUM,VA 24088

MENGEBIER, W. L.

P.O. BOX 147

BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

MESHEJIAN, WAYNE K.

NATURAL SCIENCES DEPT
LONG WOOD COLLEGE
FARMVILLE,VA 23901

MIDDLETON, JUNE H.

DEPT BIOLOGY, BURRUSS HALL
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

MIKESELL, PATRICK B.

BOX 6931

RADFORD UNIVERSITY STATION
RADFORD, VA 24142

MILHAUSEN, THOMAS J,

8600 DWAYNE LANE
RICHMOND, VA 23235

MILLER, ROMAN J.

BIOLOGY DEPT

EASTERN MENNONITE UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

MILLER, ORSON K. JR.

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

MILLS, RICHARD R.

BIOLOGY DEPT
BOX 2012, VCU
RICHMOND, VA 23284

MILTON, THOMAS H.

RICHARD BLAND COLLEGE
PETERSBURG, VA 23805

MILTON, NANCY

MS953, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

RESTON,VA 22092

MINEHART, RALPH C.

PHYSICS DEPT - MCCORMICK RD
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

MINNIX, R. B. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

MINTON, PAUL D. 12

2626 STRATFORD RD
RICHMOND, VA 23225

MITCHELL, JOSEPH C. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

MO, LUKE W. 02

PHYSICS DEPT - ROBESON HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

MOLLICK, RONALD S. 04

50 SHOE LANE

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

MONCRIEF, NANCY 04

MAMMALS DEPT

VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS¬
TORY

MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112

MONTGOMERY, LOUISE B. 09

2807 NORTH GLEBE RD
ARLINGTON, VA 22207

MOORE, ELIZABETH A.

4600 43RD PLACE, NW
WASHINGTON, DC 20016

MOORE, DAVID J. 15

507 FIFTH ST
RADFORD, VA 24141

MOORES, BRIAN W. 15

RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE, P.O.
BOX 5005

ASHLAND, VA 23005-5505

MORELL, LARRY J. 17

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

MORSE, LARRY E. 14

1815 N. LYNN ST
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
ARLINGTON, VA 22209

MOSE, DOUGLAS C. 08

4700 GROVES LANE
FAIRFAX, VA 22030-4411

MUEHLSTEIN, LISA K. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

MUNSON, ALBERT E. 09

5302 BEECHWOOD PT CT
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23112-2535

MUSHRUSH, GEORGE W. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
4400 UNIVERSITY DR
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

MYERS, WILLIAM H. 05

2007 ORANGE WOOD RD
RICHMOND, VA 23235

NAGARKATTI, PRAKASH 09

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

NAGARKATTI, MITZI 09

DEPT BIOMED SCI & PATHOBIOL
VA-MD COLL VET MED
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

NAIK, DAYANAND N. 12

MATH & STATISTICS DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

NASH, CAROLE L. 16

285 NEWMAN AVE
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

NEEL, WILLARD WAYNE 07

MECH ENGR DEPT
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

NEUMANN, ALAN J. 14

880 MELROSE TERRACE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23602-9300

NEVES, RICHARD J. 15

FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

NEWTON, SCOTT H. 01

VA SATE UNIVERSITY
P.O. BOX 9081
PETERSBURG, VA 23806

REGULAR MEMBERS

NEY,JOHNJ. 15

FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCIENCES
DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321

NICELY, THOMAS R. 02

PROF OF MATH, LYNCHBURG COL¬
LEGE

1501 LAKESIDE DR
LYNCHBURG, VA 24501-3199

NIEHAUS, JUDYH. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24141

NIELSEN, ANNE W.

RT 3, BOX 36
DAYTON, VA 22821

NIEMEYER, A.B. JR. 04

4324GREENDELL RD
CHESAPEAKE, VA 23321

NILSEN, ERIK T. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

NORWOOD, BRADLEY K. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

NWOKOGU, GODSON C. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

O’DELL, DEBORAH A. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

O’NEAL, CHARLES H.

9224 HOLBROOK DR
RICHMOND, VA 23229

O ’RE AR, CH ARLE S E . 05

2754 HILL RD
VIENNA, VA 22180

OGLIARUSO,M. A. 05

500 SUNRISE DR, SE
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

OLIN, ROBERT F. 02

707 DRAPER RD
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

OLSON, LEE C. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT COLLEGE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

ORCUTT, DAVID M. 14

PLANT PATH & WEED SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

ORWOLL, ROBERT A. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

OSCAR, KENNETH J. 02

7806 HUNTSMAN BLVD
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22153-3924

OTIS, DEBORAH E. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT

VIRGINIA WESLEYAN COLLEGE
NORFOLK, VA 23502-5599

OWERS, NOELO.

PO BOX 980709
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0709

PAGELS, JOHN F. 04

PO BOX 842012

VCU

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

PAINTER, HARRY F. 04

8324 THE MIDWAY
ANNANDALE,VA 22003

PARKER, SCOTT
PO BOX 454

NATL TRUST/HIS PRES-MONTPELIER
MONTPELIER STATION, VA 22957

PARKER, BRUCE C. 03

BIOLOGY DEPT - DERRING HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

PEACHEE, CHARLES 10

4162 TRAYLOR DR
RICHMOND, VA 23235

PENDLETON, WALLACE O. JR 11

2318 MCRAE RD
RICHMOND, VA 23235

PETERS, PHILIP B.

RR3 BOX 402

LEXINGTON, VA 24450-9116

PETTUS, WILLIAM G.

RT. 2, BOX 549
MONROE, VA 24574

PETTUS, ALVIN M.

SECONDARY EDUCATION
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

PICKENS, JEFFREY
PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

PINSCHMIDT, MARY W.

8 NELSON ST

FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22405

PITTAS, PEGGY
719 SHERMAN DR
LYNCHBURG, VA 24502

PITTMAN, ROLAND N.

PO BOX 980551
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551

PLEBAN, PATRICIA
CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23429

POLAND, JAMES L.

PO BOX 980551
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551

POWELL, W. ALLAN
RFD 395 H

DELTAVILLE, VA 23043

PRATHER, J. PRESTON
1771 OLD BROOK RD
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

RABUNG, JOHN R.

501 CHAPMAN ST
ASHLAND, VA 23005

RAMIREZ, DONALD E.

MATH DEPT - KERCHOF HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

RAMSEY, GWYNN W.

1218CHARLDON RD
LYNCHBURG, VA 24501

RATCHFORD, J. THOMAS 02

8804 FIRCREST PLACE
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308

RAWINSKI, THOMAS J. 14

RT 1, BOX 40

VA DIV OF NATURAL HERITAGE
ROCKVILLE, VA 23146

REID, JAMES D. 04

PO BOX 16

WOODBERRY FOREST SCHOOL
WOODBERRY FOREST, VA 22989-0016

REIFSNIDER, KENNETH L. 06

2127 WOODLAND HILLS DR
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

REINDERS, THOMAS P. 09

PO BOX 980581
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0581

RENEAU, R. B. JR. 01

904 ELIZABETH DR
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

RENFROE, MICHAEL H. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

REPICI, DOMINIC J. 02

4105 MINSTRELL LANE
FAIRFAX, VA 22033

REYNOLDS, MARION R. JR. 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

RICHARDS, ELIAS III MRS. 04

905 OLD TRENTS FERRY RD
LYNCHBURG, VA 24503

RICKETT, FREDERIC L. 05

12521 EASY ST
CHESTER, VA 23831

RIES, HEIDI R. 06

2401 CORPREW AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23504

RIESTER, REBECCA L.
NVCC - LOUDOUN
1000 HFB HIGHWAY
STERLING, VA 22170

REGULAR MEMBERS

RIVERS, WALTER GUY 15

BIOLOGY DEPT
LYNCHBURG COLLEGE
LYNCHBURG, VA 24501

ROANE, CURTIS W. 01

PLANT PATH, PHYSIO, WEED SCI DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

ROANE, MARTHA K. 14

PLANT PATHOLOGY & PHYS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

ROBACK, VINCENT ERIC 13

15H ANTIQUA BAY
HAMPTON, VA 23666

ROBERTS, MARY DENTON 03

BIOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

ROBERTS, WILLIAM W. JR. 02

THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

ROBERTS, JAMES N. 11

5621 RAPPAHANNOCK RD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462

ROCKWOOD, LARRY L. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

ROGERS, J. ORION 04

P.O.BOX 6931
RADFORD, VA 24142

ROGERS, GARY K. 07

DEPT CEE

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 22450

ROONEY, HUGH 14

9032 CRAIG WOOD CIRCLE
MECHANICSVILLE,VA 23111

ROSE, ROBERT K. 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266

ROSECRANSS, JOHN A. 09

PO BOX 980613
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

ROSENZWEIG, MICHAELS. 04

PO BOX 824

BLACKSBURG, VA 24063

ROUSE, GARRIE D. 14

RT 1, BOX 25
AYLETT,VA 23009

ROWE, H. ALAN 09

CHEMISTRY DEPT
NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23504

RUDER, SUZANNE 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
BOX 842006

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

RUDMIN, JOSEPH W. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

RUGG, ROBERT D. 18

URBAN STUDIES & PLANNING DEPT
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, V A 23284-2008

RUSSELL, DARCY L. 03

BIOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

RUTHERFORD, CHARLES L. 03

2119 DRRRING HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

SAADY, JOSEPH J. 09

PO BOX 980165
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0165

SABRE, MARA 04

772 TRIANGLE ST, APT 475
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

SACKS, LAWRENCE J. 05

542 BURCHER RD
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

SATTLER, PAUL W. 04

BIOLOGY/CHEMISTRY DEPT
BOX 20000

LYNCHBURG, VA 24506-8001

SAUDER, WILLIAM C. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

S A VITZ KY, ALAN H . 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266

SCANLON, PATRICK F. 15

FISHERIES & WILDLIFE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0321

SCHATZ, PAUL N. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

SCHREIBER, HENRY D. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

SCHREINER, SERGE 05

10405 OAK BAY CT
RICHMOND, VA 23233

SCHULMAN, ROBERTS. 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

SCHWAB, DON 04

1411 PLANTERS DR
SUFFOLK, VA 23434

SCRABLE, HEIDI 09

DEPT OF NEUROSCIENCE, BOX 5148,
MR4

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908

SCRIVENER, J.G. 05

12913 SILVER CREST
CHESTER, VA 23831

SEIBEL, HUGO R. 09

PO BOX 980565

MCV/VCU

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0565

SEIDENBERG, ARTHUR J. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 2019
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2019

SELBY, GREGORY
PO BOX 7869
HAMPTON, VA 23666

SEN, DILIP K. 04

DEPT OF LIFE SCIENCES, BOX 9332
VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY
PETERSBURG, VA 23806

SHANHOLTZ, VERNON O. 01

AGRICULTURAL ENGR
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

SHEDD, DOUGLAS H. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 963
RANDOLPH-MACON WOMAN’S COL¬
LEGE

LYNCHBURG, V A 24503

SHELTON, KEITH R. 09

PO BOX 980614
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614

SHERWOOD, W. CULLEN 08

GEOLOGY DEPT - MILLER HALL
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

SHIPES, BARBARA G. 14

101 CLAYTON DR
YORKTOWN,VA 23693-5547

SHOLLEY, MILTON M. 09

PO BOX 980709
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0709

SIEGEL, PAUL B. 01

POULTRY SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

SIEMON, WENDY 09

MR4 BLLDG, ROOM 6115
LANE RD EXTENDED
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908

SIMPSON, MARGARET 04

BOX 26

SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE
SWEETBRIAR, VA 24595

SIMURDA, MARYANNE C. 09

BIOLOGY DEPT, 304 PARMLY HALL
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

REGULAR MEMBERS

SIPE, HERBERT J. JR. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943

SITZ, THOMAS O. 05

BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

SKOG, JUDITH E. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

SMITH, CAROLYN J. 04

4706 CHESTNUT FORK RD
GLOUCESTER, VA 23061

SMITH, EMMA B.

3400 NORTH STREET
ETTRICK,VA 23803-1632

SMITH, THOMAS L. 04

DIV OF NAT HERITAGE
DEPT CONS & RECREATION
1500 E MAIN ST, SUITE 312
RICHMOND, VA 23219

SMITH, ALAND. 12

A600 FIFTH AVE
PITTSBURGH, PA 15219-3099

SNEDEN, ALBERT T. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

SOINE, WILLIAM HENRY 09

PO BOX 980581
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0581

SOINE, WILLIAM H. 09

PO BOX 980540
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540

SOKOLOWSKI, STEVEN W. 03

1267-A W. 27TH ST
NORFOLK, VA 23508

SPEARMAN, M. LEROY 13

M.S.406

NASA, LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
HAMPTON, VA 23665

SPENCER, EDGAR W. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

SPENCER, RANDALL S. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23508

SPENCER, GORDON L. 02

535 FORREST RD
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22902

SPENCER, JACQUELINE 04

42 LOCUST AVE
HAMPTON, VA 23661

SPENCER, TURNER M. 1 1

BIOLOGY DEPT

THOMAS NELSON COMMUNITY COL¬
LEGE

HAMPTON, VA 23366

SPRESSER, DIANE 02

MATHEMATICS DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

SQUIRES, ARTHUR M. 07

PO BOX 10098
BLACKSBURG, VA 24062

STALICK, WAYNE M. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
4400 UNIVERSITY DR
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

STARNER, DAVID E. 01

P.O. BOX 448
ORANGE, VA 22960

STARNES, WILLIAM H. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8795

STAUNTON, NICKY 14

8815 FORT DR
MANASSAS, VA 22110

STEEHLER, JACK 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

STEEHLER, GAIL A. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

STENGER, KRISTA FISCHER 09

BIOLOGY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND
RICHMOND, VA 23173

STEPHENSON, STEVEN L. 14

1115 MORNING STAR LANE
FAIRMONT, WV 26554

STEVENS, CHARLES E. 08

615 PRESTON PLACE .
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

STEWART, ROBERTA A. 05

2 HARDING ST
ROCHESTER, NH 03867-3721

STEWART, JOHN W. 02

2205 DOMINION DR
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901-1437

STIPES, R. JAY 14

PATHOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

STRALEY,H.W.IV 11

WOODBERRY FOREST SCHOOL
BOX 25

WOODBERRY FOREST, VA 22989

STRAUSS, RICHARD T. 1 1

1308 WESTMORELAND AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23508

STRONG, SUSAN M. B. 09

RT. 3, BOX 41
FERRUM,VA 24088

STRUTT, MICHAEL 16

P.O. BOX 419

CORP FOR JEFFERSON’S POPLAR FOR¬
EST

FOREST, VA 24551

STUCK, KENNETH E. 16

304 SMOKEY TRAIL
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23602

STUMP, B.L. 05

HCR 74, BOX 937K DR
SHACKLEFORDS, VA 23156

SUCHECK, TREASURE J.

709 IVY ST APT 4
WAYNESBORO, VA 22980-3784

SULLIVAN, ANN M. 05

P.O. BOX 85622, DOWNTOWN CAMPUS
RICHMOND, VA 23285-5622

SWANK, SARAH 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE
BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

SWARTWOOD, SUZANNE C. 03

44959 BOURNE TER
ASHBURN,VA 22011-2763

SWEITZER, EDWARD M. 04

PO BOX 1187

SKIPPACK,PA 19474-1187

TAVERNER, MELISSA P.

16045 MENDOTA RD

ABINGDON, VA 24210-4062

TAYLOR, BEA

4413 WOODS EDGE CT

CHANTILLY, VA 22021-2409

TEATES, THOMAS

305 WAR MEMORIAL HALL

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0313

TELIONIS, D. P. 13

ENG. SCIENCE & MECH.

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

TEMPLE, DOYLE 2

PHYSICS DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

TERMAN, C. RICHARD 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY

WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

TERNER, JAMES 05

P.O. BOX 842006

VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

THOMPSON, ERTLE 05

308 MONTEBELLO CIRCLE
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

REGULAR MEMBERS

TIMKO, MICHAEL P. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

TINNELL, WAYNE H. 03

NATURAL SCIENCE DEPT
LONGWOOD COLLEGE
FARMVILLE,VA 23901

TISSUE, BRIAN M. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
VPI & su

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061-0212

TIWARI, SURENDDRA N. 13

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

TOPHAM, RICHARD W. 05

11821 YOUNG MANOR DR
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113

TOPICH, JOSEPH 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
P.O. BOX 842006

VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

TORZILLI, ALBERT P.

12510 KINGS LAKE DRIVE
RESTON,VA 22091

TROUT, W.E. Ill 04

35 TOWANA RD
RICHMOND, VA 23226

TROWER, W. PETER 02

PHYSICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

TURNER, GAIL C. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, BOX 842012
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

TURPIN, PAMELA
1120WOODCRESTDR
BEDFORD, VA 24523

UFFELMAN, ERICH S. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450-0303

UPCHURCH, BILLY T. 05

NASA LANGLEY RES CTR
MAIL STOP 236
HAMPTON, VA 23681

VAN ENGEL, WILLARD A. 04

VIMS

GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

VAN ALSTINE, NANCY E. 14

6209 CLOVER LANE
RICHMOND, VA 23228

VANDERMATEN, MARY A. 04

10913 SPURLOCK CT
FAIRFAX, VA 22032

VAUGHAN, ALVIN D. 07

300 PLEASANTS DR
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407

VENABLE, DEMETRIUS D. 02

209 ABBITT LANE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

WAKEHAM, HELMUT R. 05

8905 NORWICK RD
RICHMOND, VA 23229

WALKER, RICHARD D. 07

701 BROCE DR NW
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

WALLER, DEBORAH ANN 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23429

WALSH, SCOTT W. 09

PO BOX 980034
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0034

WARD, LAUCK W. 08

VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS¬
TORY

1001 DOUGLAS AVE
MARTINSVILE, VA 24112

WARD, SARAH JANE 10

518 FAIRFAX AVE

NORFOLK, VA 23507-2110

WARE, STEWART A. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

WATTS, CHESTER F. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24142

WEBB, KENNETH L. 04

SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY
GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

WEEMS, ROBERT E. 08

MAIL STOP 928
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
RESTON,VA 22092

WEILAND, ELIZABETH M. 04

2004 BURKS ST
PETERSBURG, VA 23805

WEISS, ARMAND B. 02

6516 TRUMAN LANE
FALLS CHURCH, VA 22043

WEISS, T. EDWARD JR. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606-2998

WELCH, SANDRA P. 09

PO BOX 980613
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

WELCH, CHRISTOPHER S. 02

ROUTE 3, BOX 1076
GLOUCESTER, VA 23061

WELLER, MARY H. 11

ROUTE 1, BOX 35C
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

WELSTEAD, WILLIAM J. 05

10471 JORDAN PARKWAY
HOPEWELL, VA 23860

WEST,TRAYCIEL. 15

DEPT OF ENVT QUALITY
5636 SOUTHERN BLVD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462

WHEELER, ALFRED G. 01

PA DEPT OF AGRICULTURE
2301 NORTH CAMERON ST
HARRISBURG, PA 17110-9408

WHISONANT, ROBERT C. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT
RADFORD UNIVERSITY
RADFORD, VA 24141

WHITE, CATHERINE W. 09

4108 CRESTWOOD RD
RICHMOND, VA 23227

WHITE, LARRY H. 09

CHEMISTRY DEPT
HARRISONBURG HIGH SCHOOL
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

WHITEMAN, LESLIE YOLANDA 03

9801 ALDERSMEAD PL
RICHMOND, V A 23236-4649

WHITNEY, DONALD A. 02

PHYSICS DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, V A 23668

WHITTEMORE, ROBERT E. 08

208 MARK DR
GRAY,TN 37615

WIELAND, WERNER 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-5358

WIGGINS, BRUCE A. 03

BIOLOGY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

WIGGINS, HAROLD JAMES 15

13 LAVELLE DR
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407

WIGGLESWORTH, HAYWOOD A.

2420 POATES DR
RICHMOND, VA 23228-3042

WIGHTMAN, JAMES P. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

WILDEUS, STEPHAN A. 01

BOX 9383

VIRGINIA STATE UNIVERSITY
PETERSBURG, VA 23806

WILEY, JENNY 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

WILKES, GERALD 08

3315 RED HILL RD

NORTH GARDEN, VA 22959

REGULAR MEMBERS

WILLIAMS, BILL 11

PO BOX 8783

WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23187-8783

WILLIAMS, R. L. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

WILLIAMS, PATRICIA B. 09

PHARMACOLOGY DEPT, PO BOX 1980
E. VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL
NORFOLK, VA 23501

WILLIAMS, HOLLY B. 04

5105S lOTH ST #2
ARLINGTON, VA 22204

WILLIS, ROBERT A. JR 02

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

WILLIS, LLOYD L. 14

RT. 6, BOX 1-A

PIEDMONT VIRGINIA COMMUNITY
COLLEGE

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

WILSDORF, H.G.F. 07

MATERIALS SCIENCE DEPT-THORN-
TON HALL

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

WILSON, ERNEST 14

BOX 64

VIRGINIA STATE COLLEGE
PETERSBURG, VA 23803

WINGFIELD, E. BURWELL 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

WINSTEAD, JANET 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

WINSTON, JUDITH E. 04

VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS¬
TORY

1001 DOUGLAS AVE
MARTINSVILLE, VA 24112

WINTERS, DAVID LEE 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE
1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

WISE, JAMES A. 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

WISHNER, LAWRENCE A. 05

1645 HEATHERSTONE DR
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22407

WITSCHEY, WALTER R. T. 16

SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA
2500 W BROAD ST
RICHMOND, VA 23220

WITTKOFSKI, J. MARK 16

7506 SWEETBRIAR RD
RICHMOND, VA 23229

WOLFE, LUKE G. 12

PO BOX 980539
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0539

WOLFE, JAMES F. 05

BURRUSS-201

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

WONG, ERIC A. 01

ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0306

WOODS, THOMASENA H. 11

SCIENCE SUPERVISOR
12465 WARWICK BLVD
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

WOOLCOTT, WILLIAM S. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

WOROBEC, R.B. 03

1000 CROTON DR
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22308

WRIGHT, ROBERT A. S. 14

8337 DEVILS DEN LANE
MECH ANICSVILLE, VA 23111

WRIGHT, THEODORE R.F. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

WU, DAXIN 02

PO BOX 2284
FERRUM COLLEGE
FERRUM,VA 24088

YANNI, JOHN 09

2821 DONNYBROOK DR
BURLESON, TX 76028-8934

YOUSTEN,ALLEN A. 03

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

ZAHN, MARTIN 04

202 OLD LAKESIDE DR
YORKTOWN,VA 23692

ZAPOTOCZNY, JOSEPH E. 11

204 CHANDELLE BLVD
WAYNESBORO, VA 22980

STUDENT MEMBERS

ADAMS, IRMA B 09

1234 WESTMINSTER AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23227

AIME, MARY CATHERINE 04

6306 PIONEER DR
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22150

ANONICK, KRISTEN 11

13719 QUEENSGATE RD
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113

ATKINS, ROBERT W. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

AURENTZ, CAREY A. 04

119 ELM LAKE WAY
YORKTOWN,VA 23693

AVILA, JUANITA V. 17

8509 CAVALRY LANE

MANASSAS, VA 22110-4812

BEALE, MARK L. 04

617TAPAWINGO ROAD SW
VIENNA, VA 22180

BECRAFT, SHUNIA M. 08

4500 DELCO RD

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455

BEELER, LINDA 10

3880 SHERMAN OAKS AVE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

BELLOWS, A. SCOTT 04

8173 LEE DAVIS RD
MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111-7002

BENNETT, BARBARA 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406

BERN, CARLETON R. 15

4LADUECIR

PITTSFORD,NY 14534-3672

BERNSTEIN, MARISSA A. 09

PO BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

BHANDARI, RASHMI 10

JMU BOX 5682
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

BOND, JASON E. 19

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

BONNE Y, JENNIFER 10

115 WINSHIRE ST
NORFOLK, VA 23503

BOOMER, MARCIA 15

5528 WHIRLAWAY RD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462

BORRERO, LUZ M. 15

DEPT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE SCI
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-0321

BREEDEN, TIMOTHY M. 09

BOX 980678

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

BROOKS, ANTONIO C. 04

11132 MOUNTHOPE CHURCHRD
DOSWELL,VA 23047

BROWN, LAVERNE L. 05

1304 MIDDLEBERRY DR
RICHMND,VA 23231

BROWN, DAVID ALAN 15

610 TRIMBLE SHOALS BLVD SUITE 302B
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

BROWN, ARUNSRI C. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

BROWN, DAVID A. 16

CS BOX 3726

WILLIAMSBURG,VA 23186

BURT, JENNIFER L. 13

MS 152

NASA, LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER
HAMPTON, VA 23681-0001

CALFEE, KAREN L. 04

6441 PENRITH DR
MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111

CAMPAGNE, JE AN-MICHEL 05

1312 BLUE JAY LANE
RICHMOND, VA 23229

CARDULLO, CATHERINE 09

BIOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

CASTEVENS, CHARLES M. 02

PHYSICS DEPT, BOX 2000
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2000

CHARBONEAU, AUBRIL. 09

10713 BOYDTON PLANK RD
DINWIDDIE,VA 23841

CHEAVENS, JENNIFER 10

3100W22ND ST APTC4
LAWRENCE, KS 66047-3605

CHEVAILLIER, CANDICE

1600 PATRICK HENRY DR APT # 239

BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

CHU, DAN-MY T. 03

BOX 980678

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

COGGSHALL, KELLY A. 05

1800 JEFFERSON PARK AVE APT 409
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

CONNER, JOY 10

820 GUILFORD CT

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464-3016

CONORS, FANNY 04

PO BOX 216

NEW MARKET, MD 21774-0216

CONRAD, MARGARET K. 10

101 W 67TH ST APT 47H
NEW YORK, NY 10023-5952

COOK, STACIE 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

COUCH, CHARLENE R. 04

610 MONTOUR DR
RICHMOND, VA 23236

COULLING, PHILIP 14

CB # 3280 COKE HALL UNC-CH
CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599-3280

COVINGTON, ROBERT M. 04

2290 S VINE APT 726
DENVER, CO 80210

COX, JAMES D. 01

798 CINNAMINSON ST
PHILADELPHIA, PA 19128-1512

CREASY, KIM 09

PO BOX 980613
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

CROZIER,J. BROOKS 01

PPWS

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

CU BITT, CH RISTINE C. 09

6109CHARLECOTE CIRCLE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464

CURTIS, ANTHONY D. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

DAMALAS, ANDY P. 15

5157 HARGROVE BLVD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464

DANDOY, JEREMIAH R. 16

1321 BOTETOURT GARDENS
NORFOLK, VA 23517

DATTILO, KEITHA M. 15

10431 STALLWORTH COURT
FAIRFAX, VA 22032

DAVIS, ELLEN 03

37 SHIRLEY RD

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601-3935

DAVIS’LIBRE, MARY CAROLE 10

2101B ROCKY POINT RUN
CHESAPEAKE, VA 23320

DAWSON, SHELLA E. 01

PO BOX 40

AMHERST, VA 24521-0040

DEWEY, MICHAEL 09

BOXC 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

DILLON, GREGORY K. 18

558N5TH ST APT 4
LARAMIE, WY 82070

DOLAN, JAMES 04

106 CALDRONEY DR
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23602

STUDENT MEMBERS

DOUGLAS, RUTH A. 11

108 WILD FLOWER DR
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22911-8543

DREW, MICHAEL 10

47 LAWRENCIA DR
LAWRENCEVILLE, NJ 08648

DUNAWAY, MARK 19

302 BROADWAY AVE
GLEN BURNIE, MD 21061

DVORAK-GRANTZ, ANDREA L. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, DERRING HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061-0406
EBERLY, KRISTEN E. 15

DEPT OF ENV SCIENCE 7 GEOLOGY
BOX MWC 2069
1701 COLLEGE AVE
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401-4666

EDWARDS, RHONDA 14

RT 5, BOX 739

HILLSVILLE, VA 24343

ELLIS, E. DARREN 02

2900 RENNOC RD

KNOXVILLE, TN 37918-1813

EVANS, KIMMARA 15

27 BEACONS WAY APT B
HAMPTON, VA 23669

FORNSHELL,BEN J. 17

6911QUANDERRD

ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307

FOUST, CHRISTOPHER J. 04

12345 GAYTON BLUFFS LANE
RICHMOND, VA 23233

FRITZ, WAYNE 04

26 WEBSTER ST
WESTMINSTER, MD 21157

FUHRMANN, HENRI 13

8 BROOKFIELD DR
HAMPTON, V A 23666

FUJIMORI, KEN 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

GAINES, OLA M. 01

3700 MORGAN TRAIL DR
CHESTERFIELD, VA 23832

GAUDETT, MICHELLE 06

MATERIALS SCIENCE BLDG
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

GAYLORD, CLARK 12

PO BOX 603

BLACKSBURG, V A 24063-0603

GIBSON, KATHLEEN M. 10

4170 WOODLAKE CT

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452-1120

GILMORE, RICHARD G. Ill 16

520 JAMESTOWN RD
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

GOLDIN, KEITH 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

GRASSO, MICHAEL G. 10

819 OLIVE DR

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23601

GRIMSHAW, AMYH. 10

122139 WOLF VALLEY DR
CLIFTON, VA 22024

HALECKI, JANICE 10

9629 HAMMETT PKWY
NORFOLK, VA 23503

HANSEN, RONDA K. 09

3914 POWH ATAHN AVE # A
NORFOLK, VA 23508-2251

HARDEE, RICHARD W. 10

904 SAINT DAVIDS PLACE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464

HARRIS, MICHAEL S. 08

GEOLOGY DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
NEWARK, DE 19716-2544

HARRIS, SANDRA 04

4075-3D MINERAL SPRING LN
GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060

HAYES, BRYAN 10

1301 LONGWOOD DR # 1
NORFOLK, VA 23508

HECKMAN, JOHN R. 15

2119 DERRING HALL
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

HERMAN, JULIE 08

PO BOX 598

GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

HERMAN, STEPHEN W. 08

480I-A COLLEY AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23508

HILL, STEWART A. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

H INSH AW, RO S ANNE 08

1523 OAK KNOLL LN
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464

HITE, VALERIE E. 09

1407 WESTWOOD AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23227

HOAGLAND, RACHEL L. 10

3779 KINGS GRANT RD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452

HOBBS, MARIA 10

1049 TO WAND A DR

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23464-3420

HOLMQUIST, RICHARD K. 04

1474 LAFAYETTE RD
GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

HOOPER, H. BROOKS 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

HYER, KENNETH E. 15

38H MEADOWCREST RD
RICHMOND, VA 23233-3106

IMPELLITTERI, CHRIS 08

610 RHODE ISLAND AVE APT. B
NORFOLK, VA 23508

JAPEE,SHRUTI 07

BOX 980694

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0694

JOHNSON, EMILY 16

225 WEST TAZEWELL WAY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

JONES, GREGORY V. 08

RR 1 BOX 244A

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-9737

KAMATH, ARATI 09

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES DEPT
COLLEGE OF VET MEDICINE
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

KERR, LAURIE 10

2952 ADAM KEELING RD
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454

KHET, MYAT MYAT 02

101 W PEMBROKE AVE # 12
HAMPTON, VA 23669

KIFLE, YESHIRAREG 03

157 HICKORY DR SW
PAPASKALA,OH 43062-9105

KIMARO, ANAEL 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23668

KITE, SHERRY R. 05

RT 1, BOX 36
ELKTON,VA 22827

KNICK, EMILY K. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

KOHLER, JENNIFER T. 04

740 LITTLE CONESTOGA RD
GLENMOORE,PA 19343

KOPERA,PAULG. R. 15

3905HILLRIDGECT

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452-2120

KUHAR, THOMAS P. 01

ENTOMOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0319

LAKE, KRISTY D. 09

2712 E BROAD ST # 2
RICHMOND, VA 23223

LARGEN, KIM D.B. 15

16400 GINGER WOOD CT
GAINESVILLE, VA 22065

LAWRENCE, JAMES
4515 HIGH ST W
PORTSMOUTH, VA 23703-4403

STUDENT MEMBERS

LAWWILL, KENNETH S.

13319 SCIBILIA CT

FAIRFAX, VA 22033-1413

LOXTERMAN, JANET L.

6325 CROSSWINDS DR

CLOVER, SC 29710-7527

LAYMAN, HOLLY M.

CHEMISTRY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

MACERA, C. ANTHONY

1444 MAH ARIS RD

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455

MADDOX, KRISTY L.

LEBEL, LUC G.

FORESTRY DEPT

VPI & SU

3310 WINSTON BLVD APT 204
WILMINGTON, NC 28403-2644

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0324

MARSCHEIDER, MARIA

137 SHIP SHOAL WAY

LEWIS, TIMOTHY A.

BOX 980678

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23451

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

MASON, DAVID

BOX 980613

LEWIS, KRISTI L.

104 NORTH HARVIE APT 1

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

RICHMOND, VA 23220

MATEJA, GEORGE

1028 ROCKBRIDGE AVE # 120

LIANG, HONGPING

BIOLOGY DEPT

NORFOLK, VA 23508

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

LINDHOLM, DEAN

MATKINS, JUANITA JO
624YANCEYVILLE RD

LOUISA, VA 23093

INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

ATHENS, GA 30602

MAYS, JAMES E.

9506 SUNDIAL CT

RICHMOND, VA 23294-5509

LITHERLAND, STEVEN

1404 SYDNEY CT

CHESAPEAKE, VA 23320

MCALLISTER, SEAN

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

LIU, DANHUI

PO BOX 980694

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0694

MCCAULEY, ENZ A J.

2518 RETRIECERS RIDGE RD
RICHMOND, VA 23233

LIVELY, JONATHAN M.

4009 LATHAM DR

HAYMARKET,VA 22069

MCCLISH, DANA B.

901 GREENWAY CT # 8

NORFOLK, VA 23507

LLEWELLYN, BARBARA E.

BOX 980033

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0033

MCDONALD, LAURA P.

RR 1 BOX 94-A

PEMBROKE, VA 24136-9719

LLEWELLYN, G. CRAIG

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

MCKAY, SAMUEL L. Ill

1001-A CAMBRIDGE CRES
NORFOLK, VA 23508

LONDON, WENDY B.

BOX 980032

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0032

MCKENZIE, WOODROW L.

408 PIEDMONT ST

BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

LOUQUE, ROBERT W.

100 OLD LONG BRANCH RD
CULLOWHEE,NC 28723-9601

MCTAMMANY, MATTHEW E.

2931 WEATHERLY CT
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

MCTHENIA, ANDREW W. 08

ROUTE 2, BOX 201
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

MEHTA, ROOMAM. 05

PO BOX 842006
RICHMOND, VA 23284-2006

MENG,UYN 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

MICHAEL, PAUL 10

409 HUNT CLUB RD APT 36F
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

MILLER, LINDA E. 10

708 SIR WALTER CIRCLE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23452

MOON, YOUNG C. 12

821 ORCHARD ST APT 7
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-7109

MOORE, KERIH. 08

10817 N BANK RD
RICHMOND, VA 23233

MORGAN, DONALD R. 04

5801 CHANNING RD
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22150

MORLINO, SUSAN E. 04

6812 MILL CREEK DR
ZUNI,VA 23898

MORRIS, GARY Z. 04

1701 HARMON ST APT 202
NORFOLK, VA 23518

MORRIS, EDGAR

6806 PLANTATION FOREST DR

SPOTSYLVANIA, VA 22553-7785

MOSCA III, THOMAS C. 04

6977 ARK RD

GLOUCESTER, VA 23061

MOURE, M. CARMEN 05

3935 WATERVILLE CT # 12
RICHMOND, VA 23233

MUKHERJEE,NILAY 09

BOX 980694

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0694

MU LLINS, D A VID W. 03

2119DERRING HALL

BIOLOGY DEPT

VIRGINIA TECH

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406

NASSIF, LANA 03

750 TALL OAKS DR APT # 13600A
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

NEEL, ROBERT W. 10

RT 2, BOX 12A
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

NELMS, CHRISTINE E. 10

PO BOX 1713

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23451-9713

NELSON, GLENORA 10

5840 CAMERION RUN TER APT 1114
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22303-1811

NNAMANI, IJEOMA N. 05

5785 TIVOLI CIR APT 109
RICHMOND, VA 23227-2755

NOONAN, GLYNIS M. 10

716 S DELAWARE AVE
TAMPA, FL 33606-2913

NORRIS, MARIAN 04

425 NEW HAMPSHIRE AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23508

NYANTAKYI, PAUL S.

6301 STEVENSON AVE # 501
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304

OH, SEI JIN 06

5504 MONROE PL 252-B
NORFOLK, VA 23508

OLEJNICZAK, JULIE ANN 10

3000 S RANDOLPH ST APT 246
ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2250

OLSON, JOHN M. 03

BOX 980678

RICHMOND, V A 23298-0678

OMASTER, JENNIFER 04

ROUTE 7, BOX 8494
GLOUCESTER, VA 23061

ORZECHOWSKA, GRAZ YNA E. 05

CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

STUDENT MEMBERS

OVERACKER, JOHN 05

3350 KENWICK TRAIL, SW
ROANOKE, VA 24018

OWUSU-SAKYI, JOSEPHINE 09

2643 HYDRAULIC RD APT D

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

PAIBIR, SHEELA G. 09

PO BOX 980540
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0540

PARK, GYUNG-SOO 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529

PATCH, HARLAND M. 04

PO BOX 842012
RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

PATRICK, GRAHAM 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

PHILLIPS, KATHLEEN E. 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

PHILLIPS, RYAN
C/O TREASURE SU CHECK
709 IVY ST APT 4
WAYNESBORO, VA 22980-3784

RABUNG, ADAM 17

501 CHAPMAN ST
ASHLAND, VA 23005

RAFI, ASIMAH Q. 09

2113 DERRING HALL

VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

RHILE, MARK J. 04

1324 WILLOW GLEN CIR APT 150
FORT WORTH, TX 76134-4927

RICE, ANDREW 09

BIOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

RIDER RAAMSESP. 10

102 JEFFREIS DR APT H
RADFORD, VA 24141

RINEHART, SHERRY C. 04

6916 COLUMBIA DR
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22307-1605

RISSER, MATTHEW 10

5175 CYPRESS POINT CIRCLE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455

ROHRER, WENDY 14

308 WASHINGTON ST SE
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-4840

PONTIER, NANCY K.

3731 LUDGATE DR

RUDMIN, JOSEPH D.

224 STRIBLING AVE

CHESAPEAKE, VA 23321

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA

22903

POTTS, ALICE A.
7716MILLCREEKDR

RUSSELL, DANA

500 N EMMET ST H-6

RICHMOND, VA 23235

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA

22903

PRIDE AUX, J. 09

PO BOX 980551
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0551

PULLEY, JASON E. 04

9046 PEANUT DR
WINDSOR, VA 23487

PURDY, MICHAEL D. 02

241 WAYT ST
STAUNTON, VA 24401

RABIU, SAFIANU 04

930 ROCKBRIDGE AVE, APT 134
NORFOLK, VA 23508

SEABORN, DAVID W. 04

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266

SELVAAG, TRACY L. 14

3417 CHESAPEAKE AVE
HAMPTON, VA 23661-3514

SE R ABIAN, E RICA A. 15

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

100

SHARP, S.M. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

SHERIDAN, PHILIP M. 14

2500 1/2 KENSINGTON AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23220

SHI, LIANG 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

SHUMATE, MELISSA 09

BOX 980599

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0599

SKLAREW, DANA 15

BIOLOGY DEPT
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FAIRFAX, VA 22030-4444

SLATER-SCHULTHEIS, ALEESIA 04

3482 MINTER RD
ELLISTON,VA 24087-3214

SMITH, E.W. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

SMITH, BEVERLY A. 09

BOX 980678

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

SOWERS, MICHELLE E. 08

2240 WILD OAK CRESCENT
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

SPEER, WILLIAM D. 14

DEPT OF BIOLOGY
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406

STANTON, TODD H. 10

4536 AIRLIE WAY
ATLANTA, GA 22003-3516

STEVENS, DAVID 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

STEWART, JOHN EDWARD 07

2115 TURTLE RUN DR # 8
RICHMOND, VA 23233

STILES, JUDITH 04

601 FAIRVIEW AVE
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

STINSON, ELIZABETH R. 15

1607 GLADE RD
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

STOCKETT, TAMMY 19

4607 RIDGE AVE 3RD FLOOR, APT D
BALTIMORE, MD 21227

SULLIVAN, P. KAREN 03

PO BOX 980678
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0678

SUMITRA, LEENA M. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
PO BOX 842012

RICHMOND, VA 23284-2012

SUN,XINGZHONG 05

900W FRANKLIN ST # 334

RICHMOND, VA 23220

SWAGER, MELINDA J. 10

551 SCARBOROUGH DR

CHESAPEAKE, VA 23320

TAN, OSMUND 10

728 PINEBROOK DR

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23462

TAORMINA, JAMES P. 09

619WESTOVER AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23507

TATAR, N. A. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

TERRELL, CHARLES
1413 OLD BUCKROE RD A13
HAMPTON, VA 23663

THOMPSON, BARRY R. 1 1

725 5TH ST S

BROOKINGS, SD 57006-3345

THORNTON, SUZANNE R. 04

6305 MINTAWOOD CT
MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111-3719

THORSTEINSSON, MARC V. 03

401 FAIRFAX RD#1121
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

TILLMAN, PATRICIA J. 10

3878 DARE CIRCLE # A
NORFOLK, VA 23513

STUDENT MEMBERS

101

TOWNSEND, VICTOR R. JR 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
LAFAYETTE, LA 70504

TRIGLIO, T.S. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT
WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

TRIMBUR, JOANNE 07

PHYSICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

DEPT

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY

50 SHOE LANE

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

TRIPATHI, ANUBHA 09

9912 COLONY BLUFF DR
RICHMOND, VA 23233

TURNER, JONATHAN E. 10

407 FAIRFAX AVE # 101
NORFOLK, VA 23507

VAILHE, CHRISTOPHE 06

9500 G RAINBOW SPRING CT
RICHMOND, VA 23294

VELAZQUEZ, DORIS 10

2088 SCHUBERT DR
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23454

VENOT, DEBRA 10

3929 LARCHWOODDR
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

VIGO, ENRIQUE 04

6828 VANTAGE DR
ALEXANDRIA, VA 22306

VILLARREAL, ADRIA N. 10

1336 MELROSE PKWY # 2
NORFOLK, VA 23508

VOGAN, WENDY 02

RT 1, BOX 203

BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

VOSHELL, JUSTIN 02

BOX 6049

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

WALTON, G. CLIFFORD 04

1618 CEDAR LANE
POWHATAN, VA 23139

WARTY, NIKITA 03

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061-0406

WEAVER, STARLIN D.

1495 SANDY CIR
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060-3772

WEI, DAVID 07

BOX 980411

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0411

WELLER, ED 07

RT 1, BOX 35C

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

WERNER, DANIEL 17

3 BROOKHOLLOW DR
GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060

WEST, LEE 04

PO BOX 681

BLACKSBURG, VA 24088

WICKER, DAVID 10

5112 VENTURE CT APT # 202
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455

WILDER, JOHN R. 15

2 BRADFORD COURT
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22405

WILGENBUSCH, JAMES 19

6026 LITTLE BROOK CT
CLIFTON,VA 22024

WILHITE, RHONDA E. 03

29 QUAIL RIDGE LN
STAFFORD, VA 22554-6423

WILKES, NICOLE 04

8606 GREELEY BLVD
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152

WILLEY, CAREY P. 09

101 BAYVIEW AVE
CAMBRIDGE, MD 21613

WILLIAMS, ANITA A. 08

306 ESTES DRIVE EXT APT 6P
CARRBORO,NC 27510-1456

WILSON, C. MORGAN 04

PO BOX 869

HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943

102

WOLFE, JAMES 07

3741 GREY DOVE LANE
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456-5701

WRIGHT, SHANNON L. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23529-0266

WRIGHT, RACHEL 04

3505 MARKHAM CT

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456-1874

WRIGHT, MARK A. 01

9420HOEHNS RD
GLEN ALLEN, VA 24060

WU, ETHEL 16

102 LITTLE JOHN RD
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

WYNN, THOMAS C. 08

16 BIMINI XING APT 1
HAMPTON, VA 23666-6112

YANG, BIN 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

YIN, MEING-FEI 09

BOX 980613

RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

ZADNIK, ANDREW K. 15

40 THOMAS DR
MANCHESTER, CT 06040

Z AHADAT, NAZDANEH
14317 SOUTHGATE CT
WOODBRIDGE, VA 22193

103

LIFE MEMBERS

BANKS, WILLIAM L. 05

PO BOX 980614
RICHMOND, VA. 23298-0614

BLY, CHARLES ALBERT 02

777-D MOUNTAINWOOD RD
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22902

BOSHER, LEWIS H. JR= 09

103 SENECA ROAD
RICHMOND, VA 23226

BRADLEY, GAYLEN S. 03

PO BOX 980110
RICHMOND, VA. 23298-0110

BRANDT, RICHARD B. 09

PO BOX 980614
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0614

BRUNER, B.M. 05

1900 LAUDERDALE DR -APT.A-314
RICHMOND, VA 23233

CARPENTER, D. RAE JR. 02

401 OVERLOOK CIRCLE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

CARRIER, RONALD E.

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
SOUTH MAIN ST
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

COLEMAN, ARTHUR P. JR. 1 1

PO BOX 44

RUSTBURG,VA 24588-0044

COLLIER, PAULA A. 14

1620 GROVE AVE APT 1
RICHMOND, VA 23220-4678

DAVIS, HUBERT J.

403 LEAVELL RD
PORTSMOUTH, VA 23701

DAVIS, CHARLES R. JR. 11

P.O.BOX 91

REEDVILLE,VA 22539

FLAGG, RAYMOND O. 04

712 W. DAVIS STREET
BURLINGTON, NC 27215

FLORY, WALTER S. JR. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT, WINSTON HALL, BOX
7325

WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY
WINSTON-SALEM, NC 27106

GOLDMAN, EMMA W. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

HARSHBARGER, BOYD 12

213 COUNTRY CLUB DRIVE - SE
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

HEMBREE, HOWARD W. 10

2034 VIEW POINT DR
NAPLES, FL 33963

HUDGINS, WEBSTER R. 05

4905 AQUA LANE

PRINCE GEORGE, VA 23875

I’ANSON, HELEN 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

JERVIS, CHARLES K. 04

BOX 2595

CHRISTIANSBURG, VA 24068-2595

JIMENEZ, M. A. 01

1604 TREBOY AVE.

RICHMOND, VA 23226

LIVERMORE, ARTHUR H.

5612 GLOSTER ROAD
BETHESDA,MD 20816

NEIL, GEORGE R. 02

M/S 12A, 12000 JEFFERSON AVE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

NELSON, GUY HALLIDAY 09

6518ERHART RD
RICHMOND, VA 23225-7108

OPP, RUTH O. 05

9002 BELVOIR WDS PKWY #112
FORT BELVOIR, VA 22060-2709

ORNDORFF, BEVERLY-SCIENCE EDI¬
TOR

RICHMOND TIMES-DISPATCH
333 E. GRACE STREET
RICHMOND, VA 23219

104

PETERS, DANIEL J.

501-D BRIDGE CROSSING
YORKTOWN,VA 23692

TAYLOR, GERALD R. JR.

1110 SOUTH DOGWOOD DR
HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

ROWLETT, RUSSELL J. JR.
COVENANT TOWERS 502 WEST
MYRTLE BEACH, SC 29577

TOWNSEND, J. IVES

2931 NORTHUNBERLAND AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23220-1225

SMART, ROBERT F.

1711 BELLEVUE AVE

RICHMOND, V A 23227

WEST, WARWICK R. JR.

6806 LAKEWOOD DR.

RICHMOND, VA 23229

STRUDWICK, EDMUND JR.

C/O NATIONS BANK

P.O. BOX 26903

RICHMOND, VA 23261

YOUNG, EDNA LOVING

181 VIRGINIA AVE

DANVILLE, VA 24541-3761

EMERITUS MEMBERS

CAIRNS, JOHN JR. 04

PO BOX 10661

BLACKSBURG, VA 24062-0661

COLMANO, GERMILLE 09

VETERINARY BIOSCIENCES DEPT
VPI & SU COLL VET MED
BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

CRAWFORD, EDWARD A. 04

PO BOX 184 - 7076 JUANA DR
MILLINGTON, TN 38053

HEISEY, LOWELL 05

22 COLLEGE WOODS DR
BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

LOWITZ, DAVID A. 02

4312 WEST FRANKLIN ST
RICHMOND, VA 23221

SHOULDERS, JOHN F. 01

509 MONTE VISTA DR. SW
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

105

CONTRIBUTITING MEMBERS

ABBOTT, LYNN D. JR. 09

607HORSEPEN RD
RICHMOND, VA 23229

ALLEN, J. FRANCES 04

RRl, BOX 9
ROOSEVELT AVE
ROXBURY,NY 12474-9779

BONNER, CARL E. JR 05

NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY
2401 CORPREW AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23504

BURTON, WILLARD W. 05

6808 GREENVALE DR
RICHMOND, VA 23225

CAMPBELL, ADDISON D. 02

8520 JULIAN ROAD
RICHMOND, VA 23229

CAULEY, LINDA N. 15

ROUTE 1, BOX 265
FISHERSVILLE, VA 22939

CHRISTMAN, CAROLE W. 09

4109 EXETER RD
RICHMOND, VA 23221

CLAUS, GEORGE WILLIAM 03

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0406

COGBILL, E. C. 05

1600 WESTWOOD AVE, APT E202-204
RICHMOND, VA 23227

COLEMAN, DOUG
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
WINTERGREEN NATURE FOUNDA¬
TION

NELLYSFORD, VA 22958

CROWELL, THOMAS I. 05

1877 FIELD RD

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

CUMMINS, MILTON D. 09

1907 SWEETWATER LN
RICHMOND, VA 23229

DEVORE, THOMAS C. 05

319 SIXTH ST

HARRISONBURG, VA 22801

DORR, JOHN VAN N. II MRS. 08

9707 OLD GEORGETOWN RD APT 2514
BETHESDA,MD 20814-7037

ENGLISH, BRUCE V.

P.O. BOX 267
ASHLAND, VA 23005

FABRYCKY, W. J. 07

PROF OF ISE
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

FAUL, SCOTT B. 09

4059 TIMBER RIDGE DR
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-7018

FISHER, CHARLES H. 05

2546 SOUTH CLEARING RD
SALEM, VA 24153

FISHER, LYMAN M. 09

9202 WATERLOO COURT
RICHMOND, VA 23229

FOY, M. L. GRAYSON 02

2811 GROVE AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23221

FUNSTEN, HERBERT O. 02

116 MILL NECK RD
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

GASKINS, RAY A. 12

P.O. BOX 311

HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943

GOULD, HENRY W. 02

MATHEMATICS DEPT
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
MORGANTOWN, WV 26506

H AM, WILLIAM T. JR. 02

8653 CHEROKEE RD
RICHMOND, VA 23235

HARGIS, WILLIAM JENNINGS JR. 04

220 MASTIN AVE
SEAFORD,VA 23696

HARRISON, EDWARD T. JR.

438 QU ACKENBOS ST NW
WASHINGTON, DC 20011

HENCH, MILES E. 03

5201 KIMBERWICK DR

GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060-4928

106

HESS, JOHN L. 04

BIOCHEMISTRY DEPT
207 ENGEL HALL
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060-0308

HOLTZMAN, GOLDE 1. 12

STATISTICS DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

HOPPE, JOHN C.

PO BOX L, 740 THOMPSON AVE
WEST POINT, VA 23181

HURD, LAWRENCE E. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

JOHNSON, G. H. 08

4513 WIMBLEDON WAY
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

KENNELLY, PETER J. 04

BIOCHEMISTRY & NUTRITION DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061-0308

KRIEG,NOELR. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

LEEMAN, CHRISTOPH W. 02

1200 JEFFERSON AVE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

LINDEM AN, CHERYL ANN 1 1

2224 LARK PLACE
LYNCHBURG, VA 24503

LLEWELLYN, CLEMENT 08

1040 VA TECH TRAIL

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-6662

LUNSFORD, CARL D. 05

1807 POPLAR GREEN
RICHMOND, VA 23233

LYNCH, ROBERT L. 09

4701 STUART AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23226

MAISANO, MARILYN R.D. 08

PO BOX 565
GLASGOW, VA 24555

MID YETTE, JAMES W. JR. 01

604 MAPLE STREET
ASHLAND, VA 23005

MILLER, VERNON R. 05

402 N. MARKET ST
SALEM, VA 24153

MOORE, MARCIA M. 09

HEALTHE SCIENCE DEPT OF SURGERY
BOX 181

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908

MORTON, JEFFREY B. 13

DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGR
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

MURRAY, J. J. JR. 04

BIOLOGY DEPT
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

OBENSHAIN, S.S. 01

2010 PRICES FORK RD
BLACKSBURG, V A 24060

OLSEN, THOMAS C. 04

470 HEMLOCK RD
SALEM, VA 24153-5424

PERRY, JAMES E. 19

VIMS, PO BOX 1346
GLOUCHESTER POINT, VA 23062

SCHECKLER, STEPHEN E. 14

BIOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

SCH WING, JAMES L. 02

COMPUTER SCIENCES DEPT
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VA 23508-8508

SCOTT, MARVIN W. 03

STEVENS HALL
LONGWOOD COLLEGE
FARMVILLE,VA 23909

SERWAY, RAYMOND A. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

SINGER, FRED 04

708 NOBLIN ST
RADFORD, VA 24141

107

STRONACH, CAREY E.

2241 BUCKNER ST
PETERSBURG, VA 23805

STU SNICK, ERIC
7124 H AMOR LANE
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22153

SZNYTER, EDWARD W. JR
PO BOX 5736

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455-0736

TAYLOR, JANE B.

8605 ARDFOUR LANE
ANNANDALE,VA 22003

TAYLOR, JACKSON J.

2431 SWATHMORE RD
RICHMOND, VA 23235

THORNTON, STEPHEN T.
PHYSICS DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901

ULRICH, DALE V.
BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE
BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

VALLARINO, LIDIA M.

1009 WEST AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23220

WEBB, JANE CARTER
12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

WEBB, GEORGE R.

12 BRIAR PATCH PLACE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

WILSDORF, DORIS
PHYSICS DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

WILSON, R. T.

CHEMISTRY DEPT
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

WINGFIELD, WILLIAM R.

PO BOX 11643
RICHMOND, VA 23230

WYATT, KATHRYN BENTON
301 MAGNOLIA DR
DANVILLE, VA 22454

108

SUSTAINEVG MEMBERS

ANTHONY, LEE S. 02

3779 GARVINS COVE RD
SALEM, VA 24153

BASS, ROBERT G. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT, BOX 2006
VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

RICHMOND, VA 23284

BENNECHE,PAULE. 07

NUCLEAR ENG DEPT
REACTOR FACILITY-THORNTON HALL
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903-2442

BORZELLECA, JOSEPH F. 09

PO BOX 980613
RICHMOND, VA 23298-0613

COCHRAN, DONALD G. 04

1205 KING’S LANDING ROAD
HAMPSTEAD, NC 28443

COLE,JAMES W. JR. 05

900 ROSSER LANE
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903

COTTINGHAM, DONALD R. 05

910 GREENWAY CT # 1
NORFOLK, VA 23507

DECKER, R. DEAN 14

BIOLOGY DEPT

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

FALLS, ELSA Q. 04

1515 HELMSDALE DR
RICHMOND, VA 23233

FAULCONER, ROBERT JAMIESON
1507 BUCKINGHAM AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23508

FLOWERS, GEORGE H. 11

334 ALBEMARLE AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23226

GILLESPIE, J. SAMUEL JR.

303 HILL WOOD RD
RICHMOND, VA 23226

HARRISON, WILLIAM P. JR 06

807 DRAPER RD
BLACKSBURG, VA 24060

HUGHES, ROSCOE D. MRS. 04

1717 BELLEVUE AVE A403
RICHMOND, VA 23227

JOYNER, W. T. 02

PHYSICS DEPT

HAMPDEN-SYDNEY COLLEGE
HAMPDEN-SYDNEY, VA 23943

LYNCH, MAURICE P. 04

VIMS

GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062

MARTIN, JAMES H. 04

2404 PENNIMAN CT
RICHMOND, VA 23228-3047

MOORE, LAURENCE D 01

PLANT PATHOLOGY DEPT
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061

MORROW, LEONARD 14

P.O. BOX 7447
RICHMOND, VA 23221

O’BRIEN, JAMES P.B. 10

PSYCHOLOGY DEPT

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE
1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

PUGH, JEAN E. 04

6640 FIELDS LANDING RD
HAYES, VA 23072-9777

REMSBURG, VERA B. 04

P.O. BOX 1230

ABINGDON, VA 24212-1230

ROWE, MAURICE B. Ill 01

4121 SOUTHAVEN RD
RICHMOND, VA 23235

TENNEY, WILTON R. 03

1507 CUTSHAW PLACE
RICHMOND, VA 23226

WATT, WILLIAM J. 05

CHEMISTRY DEPT

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

109

REGULAR BUSINESS MEMBERS

GEODYNAMICS CORPORATION 07

DR. PETER G. MALPASS

11781 LEE JACKSON MEMORIAL HWY

#400

FAIRFAX, VA 22033-3309

HOECHST CELANESE CORPORATION
ATT: DR DONNA L KEENE, TECHNICAL
MANAGER

3340 WEST NORFOLK RD
PORTSMOUTH, VA 23703

JEFFERSON NATIONAL BANK
ATTN: F.A. GARRETT
P.O. BOX 26363
RICHMOND, VA 23260

LOCKHEED ENGINEERING & SCI¬
ENCES CO
ATTN: PAT HANEY
144 RESEARCH DR
HAMPTON, VA 23666

OGDEN ENVIR. & ENERGY SERVICES
ATTN: FREDERICK L. CRANE
3211 JERMANTOWN RD, P.O. BOX 10130
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

THE BOEING COMPANY
ATTN: DON ADAMS
2101 EXECUTIVE DR
TOWER BOX 47
HAMPTON, VA 23666

UNIVERSAL LEAF TOBACCO CO, INC
ATTN: MRS. CAROL COPPLE
P.O. BOX 25C»9
RICHMOND, VA 23260

VIRGINIA POWER COMPANY
ATTN: JOE LONCOSKI
5000 DOMINION BLVD
GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060

VIRGINIA SECTION - A.C.S.

C/O DR WILLIAM RADEMAKER
MIDLOTHIAN HIGH SCHOOL
401 CHARTER COLONY PARKWAY
MIDLOTHIAN, VA 23113

WHITEHALL-ROBINS
WJ. WELSTEAD, JR
P.O. BOX 26609
RICHMOND, VA 23261-6609

CONTRIBUTING BUSNESS MEMBER

AMERICAN FILTRONA CORP.

PO BOX 521

RICH CREEK, VA 24147-0521

110

INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERO &
ASTRON.

HAMPTON ROADS CHAPTER
ATTN: LANCE BUSH
NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER,
MS 365

HAMPTON, VA 23681

BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE
LIBRARY

BRIDGEWATER, VA 22812

CHILDREN’S MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA II
TONY EARLES, CURATOR
420 HIGH ST

PORTSMOUTH, VA 23704

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY

50 SHOE LANE

NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
ATTN: GILLIAN T. CELL, PROVOST
WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185

COUNCIL OF VIRGINIA ARCHAEOLO¬
GISTS 16

BARBARA HEATH

CORP FOR JEFFERSON’S POPLAR FOR¬
EST

P.O. BOX 419
FOREST, VA 24551

EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOID
GRADUATE ART THERAPY PROGRAM
TRUDY M. RAUCH, MS, ATR-BC
P.O. BOX 1980
NORFOLK, VA 23501

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
FENWICK LIBRARY
4400 UNIVERSITY DR
FAIRFAX, VA 22030

HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
DR. WILLIAM R. HARVEY
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, V A 23668

JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
ATTN: DR. NORM GARRISON, DEAN
COLLEGE OF LETTERS AND SCIENCES
HARRISONBURG, VA 22807

KNIGHT-CAPRON LIBRARY
ATTN: CAROLYN AUSTIN
LYNCHBURG COLLGE
1501 LAKESIDE DR
LYNCHBURG, VA 24501-3199

LEWIS GINTER BOTANICAL GARDENS
ATTN: LIBRARY
1800 LAKESIDE AVE
RICHMOND, VA 23228

MARY WASHINGTON COLLEGE
PHILLIP L. HALL, PROVOST
FREDERICKSBURG, VA 22401

NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY
2401 CORPREW AVE
NORFOLK, VA 23504

OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
DEAN, COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
NORFOLK, VA 23508

PORTSMOUTH MUSEUMS
BURNELL, M.E.

420 HIGH ST

PORTSMOUTH, VA 23704

RANDOLPH-MACON COLLEGE
DEAN, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
ASHLAND, VA 23005

ROANOKE COLLEGE
ATTN: DR. DAVID M. GRING, PRESI¬
DENT

SALEM, VA 24153

SCIENCE MUSEUM OF VIRGINIA
2500 WEST BROAD ST
RICHMOND, VA 23220

SIGMA XI VPI CHAPTER
F.W. THYE,HNFE
VPI & SU

BLACKSBURG, V A 24061-0430

SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE
TREASURER’S OFFICE
SWEET BRIAR, VA 24595

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE
STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOC
1700 COLLEGE CRESCENT
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23456

Ill

UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND
ATTN: DR. ZEDDIE BOWEN
UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND, VA 23173

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
ASST VP FOR FINANCE
P.O. BOX 9002

CHARLOTTESVILLE, V A 22906

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE
DEAN, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
LEXINGTON, VA 24451

VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS¬
TORY

CONNIE C. GENDRON
1001 DOUGLAS AVE
MARTINSVILLE, V A 24112

VIRGINIA SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM
ATTN: MARY SANDY
2713D MAGRUDER BLVD
HAMPTON, VA 23666

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF ACADEMIC

PSYCH

ATT: MS JOAN SMALLWOOD
109 AMHERST ST
WINCHESTER, VA 22601

VIRGINIA BLUE RIDGE SECTION 05
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
VERNON MILLER, ROANOKE COLLEGE
SALEM, VA 24153

VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVER¬
SITY

OFFICE OF ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
901 W FRANKLIN ST, BOX 2527
RICHMOND, VA 23284-0001

VPI & SU

ATTN: MINNIS E. RIDENOUR
BLACKSBURG, VA 24061

WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY
JAMES G. LEYBURN LIBRARY
LEXINGTON, VA 24450

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THE JAMES RIVER BASIN:

PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

...is a MUST for college, corporate, museum, and government agency librar¬
ies; as well as the personal collections of scientists, historians, and educa¬
tors.

Published in 1950 by The Virginia Academy of Science, this compendium
represents the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary in-depth treatment of Vir¬
ginia’s most important river. A decade in the making, the combined work of
dozens of Virginia’s top scholars is contained in this 843-page hard-bound
document with 5 fold-out maps and scores of photographic plates.

It is the seminal study for serious investigators of "The James" as well as
those responsible for pubic and corporate policy. Teachers will find it a valu¬
able living resource for helping their students understand the complex inter¬
play between people and nature. It will be appreciated, as well, by all
Virginians with an interest in and affection for the natural history of "The
James" and the many essential environmental, commercial, and develop¬
ment issues of significance to the Commonwealth.

A partial listing of topics addressed includes:

....agriculture....air,rail, and highway transportation
.... astronomy and mathematics.. ..birds and mammals
....conservation. ...economic botany. ..engineering
....entomology.. ..forestry. ...geologic development
....industries....marine fishes and invertebrates
....medical resources.. .. minerals.. ..mollusks.... organic chemistry
...plant pathology....recreation... .reptiles and amphibia
...thermal and mineral springs...............

Copies of The James River Basin may be ordered by contacting VAS
Trust Committee Chair D. Rae Carpenter, Jr. at Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Vrginia Military Institute, Lexington VA 77824450... 703-464-7225.
Make checks payable to: Virginia Academy of Science in the amount of
$25.00.

Membership in the Academy is organized into sections
representing various scientific disciplines as follows:

Agriculture, Forestry &

10.

Psychology

Aquaculture

11.

Education

Astronomy, Mathe

12.

Statistics

matics & Physics

13.

Aeronautical

Microbiology

& Aerospace Science

& Molecular Biology

14.

Botany

Biology

15.

Environmental Science

Chemistry

16.

Archaeology

Materials Sciences

17.

Computer Science

Biomedical & General

18.

Geography

Engineering

19.

Natural History &

Geology

Medical Sciences

Biodiversity

Annual Membership Dues - Includes subscription to
Virginia Journal of Science

Student . . . $ 10.00

Regular- Individual . . 25.00

Contributing - Individual .... 30.00

Sustaining - Individual . 50.00

Life - Individual . 500.00

Sustaining - Institution . 100.00

Business - Regular . 100.00

Business - Contributing .... 300.00

Business - Sustaining . 500.00

Patron . 1000.00

VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

Date _ Name (Please Print) _ _ _

Phone ( ) _ E-mail _ _ _ FAX( )

Address

City _ _ State Zip ________

Institution or Business _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Position — Title _ _ _ _ _ _

Fields of Interest — Section No.(s) First No. indicates major interest

Class of Membership Desired _ _ _

Contacted by: _ _ _ _ _

Make check payable to Virginia Academy of Science and send to: VAS, Science
Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220-2054.

Central Office

Arthur W. B^urke, Jr., Executive Secretary-Treasurer

Lisa Martin, Executive Assistant, Virginia Academy of Science,

Science Museum of Virginia, 2500 W. Broad St., Richmond 23220

80«67-8971(O)

FAX: 804-371-3311

The Virginia Journal of Science

James H. Martin, Editor, Department of Bio!ogy-PRC,
J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Box 85622,
Richmond Virginia 23285-5622

804-371-3064 (O)

VAS 'WWW Home Page

http://nthsrvl.jsr.cc.va.us/stafFsrmartj/vacadsci.htinri

The Virginia Junior Academy of Science

Donald R. Cottingham, Director, 910 Greenway Court# 1,

Norfolk Virginia 23507

757-622-6239 (and FAX)

To spoesor/organize a science club, donate fiinds/expertise,
assist in student paper competition.
http://nthsrvl.jsr.cc.va.us/staff/srmartj/yjas~l.htm

The Visiting Scientists Program (and VSP Directory)

Jack Cranford, Department of Biology, Vrginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
540-231-5371
CRANFORD@VT.EDU

Virginia Scientists (Academy Newsletter)

William Cunningham, Editor, Psychology-VBC, Tidewater Comm. CoL
7000 College Dr., Portsmouth, VA 22320

767^27-7207 (Secy) FAX: 757-427-7326

VAS Research Grants Programs (applications/information)

Judy H. Niehaus, Biology Department, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
703-831-5641
JNIEHAUS@RUACAD

To Create an Endowment and or Make a Donation

Arthur W. Burke, Jr., 9699 Shady Grove Road, Mechanicsville, VA23111
804-367-8971 (O) 804-746-3283 (H)

To Become a Member, Institutional Member or Business Member

Contact any member or the Central Office (above).

75th VAS Annual Meeting, VPI&SU

VAS Progam Chair: Carolyn M. Conway, 804-828-1562, FAX:804-828-0503
CCONWAY@CABEL.VCU .EDU

Local Arrangements Chair: Tom O. Sitz, Dept of Biochem, 540-23 L4970
TOSITZ@VT.EDU

MSHINGTON, DC 20560

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BINDERY INC. |

JULY 97

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