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WALNUT BLOSSOMS

WALNUT GROWING

Edited by J. C. Cooper

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Walnut Confections

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

A COMING INDUSTRY OF GREAT NATIONAL IMPORTANCE

English walnuts for dessert, walnut confectionery, walnut
cake, walnuts in candy bags at Christmas time—thus far has the
average person been introduced to this, one of the greatest foods
of the earth. But if the food specialists are heard, if the increas-
ing consumption of nuts as recorded by the Government Bureau
of Imports is consulted—in short, if one opens his eyes to the
tremendous place the walnut is beginning to take among food
products the world over, he will realize that the walnut’s rank
as a table luxury is giving way to that of a necessity; he will
acknowledge that the time is rapidly approaching when nuts will
be regarded as we now regard beefsteak or wheat products. The
demand is already so great that purveyors are beginning to ask,
where are the walnuts of the future to come from?

In 1902, according to the Department of Commerce and Labor,
we imported from Europe 11,927,432 pounds of English walnuts;
each year since then these figures have increased, until in 1906
they reached 24,917,023 pounds, valued at $2,193,653. In 1907 we
imported 32,590,000 pounds of walnuts and 12,000,000 more were
produced in the United States. In Oregon alone there are con-
sumed $400,000 worth of nuts annually.

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WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

When we consider the limited area suitable to walnut culture
in America—California and Oregon practically being the only
territory of commercial importance—and the fact that the Old
World is no longer planting additional groves to any appreciable
extent, there being no more lands available, we begin to realize
the important place Oregon is destined to take in the future of
the walnut industry: for in Oregon, throughout a strip of the
richest land known to man—the great Willamette basin with its
tributary valleys and hills, an area of 60 by 150 miles—walnuts
thrive and yield abundantly, and at a younger age than in any
other locality, not excepting their original home, Persia. In addi-
tion, Oregon walnuts are larger, finer flavored, and more uniform
in size than those grown elsewhere; they are also free from oili-
ness and have a full meat that fills the shell well. These advan-
tages are recognized in the most indisputable manner, dealers -
paying from two to three cents a pound-more for Oregon walnuts
than for those from other groves. Thus the very last and highest
test—what will they bring in the market ?—has placed the Oregon
walnut at the top.

However, in all of Oregon, throughout the vast domain that
seems to have been providentially created to furnish the world with
its choicest nut fruit, there are, perhaps, not more than 200 acres
in bearing at the present time. The test has been accomplished
by individual trees found here and there all the way from Wash-
ington and Multnomah counties on the north, to Josephine and
Jackson counties, bordering California. In a number of counties
but two or three handsome old monarchs that have yielded
heavy crops year after year, without a failure for the past twenty
to forty years, bear witness to the soil’s suitability; in other coun-
ties, notably Yamhill, sturdy yielding groves attest the soil’s
fitness. In none of the counties of the walnut belt has but the
smallest fraction of available walnut lands been appropriated for
this great industry. People are just beginning to realize Oregon’s
value as a walnut center and her destiny as the source of supply
for the choicest markets of the future.

Were it practical to plant every unoccupied suitable. acre in
Oregon this year to walnuts, in eight or ten years the crop would
establish Oregon forever as the sovereign walnut center of the
world; and the crop, doubling each year thereafter for five

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More-Nuts than Leaves. Tree of D. H. Turner.

years, as is its nature, and then maintaining a steady increase
up to the twentieth year, would become a power in the world’s
markets, equal, if not superior to that of North American wheat
at the present time.

Garden Stuff, Melons, Pumpkins, Prunes and Children growing among the Walnuts.
The Walnuts will in a Few Years put out all but the Children

The United States Year Book for 1908 estimates the food value
of the walnut at nearly double that of wheat, and three times |
that of beefsteak.

Colonel Henry Dosch, the Oregon pioneer of walnut growing,
says: ‘‘As a business proposition I know of no better in agricul-
tural or horticultural pursuits.’’

Prof. C. I. Lewis, of the Oregon Experiment Station, writes:
‘In establishing walnut groves we are laying the foundation for
prosperity for a great many generations.’’

Mr. H. M. Williamson, secretary of the Oregon Board of Horti-
culture, writes: ‘‘The man who plants a walnut grove in the
right place and gives it proper care is making provision not only
for his own future welfare, but for that of his children and his
children’s children.’’

Felix Gillett, the veteran horticulturist of Nevada City, Cali-
fornia, wrote shortly before his death: ‘‘Oregon is singularly
adapted to raising walnuts.’’

Thomas Prince, owner of the largest bearing walnut grove in
Oregon, expresses the most enthusiastic satisfaction with the
income from his investment, and is planting additional groves on
his 800-aere farm in Yamhill county, in many cases uprooting fruit
trees to do so.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

HISTORY IN BRIEF

The so-called ‘‘ English’? walnut originated in Persia, where it
throve for many centuries before it was carried to Europe—to
England, Germany, France, Spain and Italy—different varieties
adapting themselves to each country. The name ‘‘walnut’’ is of
German origin, meaning ‘“‘foreign nut.’’ The Greeks ealled
it “‘the Royal nut,’’ and the Romans, ‘‘Jupiter’s Acorn,’’ and
‘“Jove’s Nut,’’ the gods having been supposed to subsist on it.

The great age and size to which the walnut tree will attain has
been demonstrated in these European countries; one tree in Nor-
folk, England, 100 years old, 90 feet high, and with a spread of
120 feet, yields 54,000 nuts a season; another tree, 300 years
old, 55 feet high, and having a spread of 125 feet, yields 1,500
pounds each season. In Crimea there is a notable walnut tree
1,000 years old that yields in the neighborhood of 100,000 nuts
annually. It is the property of five Tartar families, who subsist
largely on its fruit.

In European countries walnuts come into bearing from the
sixteenth to the twenty-fourth year; in Oregon, from the eighth to
the tenth year; grafted trees, sixth year.

The first walnut trees were introduced into America a century
ago by Spanish friars, who planted them in Southern California.
It was not until comparatively recent years that the hardier
varieties from France, adapted to commercial use, were planted
in California and later in Oregon. They were also tried in other
localities, but without success.

Since the prolific productiveness of the English walnut on the
Pacific Coast has been assured, many commercial groves have been
set out.

TEST TREES OF. OREGON

The first walnut trees were planted in Oregon in limited
number for purely home use, ‘‘just to see if they would grow,’’
and they did. Thus the state can boast of single trees close to
sixty years of age, each with admirable records of unfailing
crops, demonstrating what a fortune would now be in the grasp
of their owners had they planted commercially.

In Portland, Oregon, on what is known as the old Dekum
place, 135th and Morrison streets, there are two walnut trees,
planted in 1869, that have yielded a heavy crop every fall since
their eighth year, not a single failure having been experienced.

The ground has never been cultivated. The nuts planted were
taken at random from a barrel in a grocery store. During the
‘‘silver thaw’’ of 1907, the most severe cold spell in the history of
Oregon, one of the trees was wrenched in two, but the dismem-
bered limb, hanging by a shred, bore a full crop of walnuts the
following season.

N. A. King, at 175 Twenty-first street, has some fine, old trees
that have not missed bearing a good crop since their eighth year.

Henry Hewitt, living at Mt. Zion, Portland, an elevation of
1,000 feet, has many handsome trees, one, a grafted tree fifteen
years old, that has borne since its fifth year. Another tree of
his buds out the fourth of July and yields a full crop as early as
any of the other varieties.

In Salem, there is what is known as the famous old Shannon
tree, fully thirty years old, with a record of a heavy crop every
season.

Mayor Britt, of Jacksonville, has a magnificent tree that has
not failed in twenty years.

Dr. Finck, of Dallas, has a large tree seventeen years old
that bore 70 pounds of nuts in its thirteenth year, and has in-
creased ever since. :

C. H. Samson, of Grants Pass, has a grove of 250 trees, now ten
years old, that bore at seven years.

Mr. Tiffany, of Salem, has a fifteen-year-old tree that at thir-
teen years bore 115 pounds.

Mr. EK. Terpening, of Eugene, has four acres of walnuts
erafted on the American black, which im 1905 produced 700
pounds, in 1906 produced 1200 pounds, in 1907 produced 2000
pounds, and in 1908 produced 3000 pounds. He tried seedlings
first, but they were not satisfactory. The Epps and Reece orchard
near Eugene produces about 100 pounds per tree, at 12 years
of age. i

Mr. Muecke, of Aurora, planted a dozen walnuts from his .
father’s estate in Germany; they made a splendid growth, and
at six years bore from 500 to 800 nuts to a tree.

Mr. Stober, of Carson Heights, planted nuts from Germany
with satisfactory results.

Mrs. Herman Ankeny, of New Era, has seven young trees
that in 1907 netted her $15 a tree.

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Here is a Santa Barbara soft-shell on the lawn of Mr. E. C.
Apperson, in McMinnville, which at the age of eight years bore 32

It stood the frosts and winter of 1908-’09 and

bears every year; it is now 11 years old, 12 inches in diameter and

has a branch spread of 40 feet.

pounds of walnuts.

The “Cozine’”’ Walnut Tree

Cozine tree on A street, McMinnville. Seedling, 15 years old;
bears good erop of nuts every year. At 14 years old the crop was
125 pounds. Is 16 inches in diameter and has a spread of 42 feet.

One sixteen-year-old tree near Albany netted its owner $30.

A Franquette walnut near Brownsville yielded eight bushels
at ten years.

The French varieties planted in and around Vancouver com-
menced bearing at seven years, and have never failed. Prominent
growers are A. A. Quarnberg, A. High, Mr. H. J: Biddle, C. G.
Shaw.

In Yamhill county, Ed. Greer, James Morison, F. W. Myers, D.
H. Turner and Bland Herring all won prizes at the first walnut
fair held in the state, on nuts from their groves.

WOOD OF THE ENGLISH WALNUT

The wood of the English walnut is very hard and close grained,
and nearly as hard and tough as hickory. It will no doubt be
valuable for furniture, finishing lumber and any other use that
may require a first-class hard wood.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

YOUNG GROVES OF OREGON

The Prince walnut grove of Dundee, Yamhill county, thrills
the soul of the onlooker with its beauty, present fruitfulness, and
great promise. Lying on a magnificent hillside, the long rows of
evenly set trees-—healthy, luxurious in foliage, and filled with nuts
-——present a picture of ideal horticulture worth going many miles
to see. There is not a weed to mar the perfect appearance of
the well-tilled soil; not a dead limb, a broken branch, a sign of
neglect or decay. In all, 200 acres are now planted to young wal-
nuts, new areas being added each season. From the oldest grove,
about forty-five acres, the trees from twelve to fourteen years
old, there was marketed in 1905 between two and three tons of
walnuts; in 1906 between four and five tons; in 1907 ten tons
were harvested, bringing the highest market price, 18 and 20 cents
a pound wholesale, two cents more than California nuts. The
crop for 1908 was at least one-third heavier than for 1907. One
tree on the Prince place, a Mayette, that has received extra culti-
vation, by way of experiment, now twelve years old, has a spread
of thirty-eight feet, and yielded in its eleventh year 125 pounds
of excellent nuts. Mr. Woods, the superintendent of the Prince
place, considers walnut growing a comparatively simple matter;
he advocates planting the nut where the tree is to grow, choosing
nuts with care; and then thorough cultivation. The soil is semi-
clayey, red, hill land.

Near Albany, Linn county, 700 acres are planted; the soil is
a rich loam, and seems admirably adapted to walnuts.

Near Junction City, in Lane county, there are 200 acres of
young trees. Every condition seems present for the best results.

Eugene has two small groves.

Yamhill county, where the greatest demonstration thus far
has been made, has close to 3,000 acres in young trees, the planting
having been both on hill and valley lands.

At Grants Pass, Josephine county, there is a promising grove
of 600 young trees.

Near Aurora and Hubbard, Marion county, where the soil is a
rich, black loam, rather low, a number of young groves are mak-
ing a growth of four and five feet a season.

J. B. Stump, of Monmouth, Polk county, has a very thrifty
young grove. .

A Young Willamette Valley Grove

This is a view of a part of the R. Jacobson orchard one and
one-half miles west of McMinnville. The land was bought for $60
per acre and when planted to walnuts sold for $200. The orchard
is now five years old and could not be bought for $600 per aere.
It is located on a hill 150 feet above the level of the valley.

The largest single grafted grove in Oregon is situated one mile
from Junction City, the property of A. R. Martin. He has sixty-
five acres.

Washington county is rapidly acquiring popularity as a walnut
center, many fine orchards being now planted. Mr. Fred Groner,
near Hillsboro, is now planting 100 acres to grafted trees. The
Oregon Nursery Company is establishing large walnut nurseries
in Washington county.

In Douglas county, vicinity of Drain, little attention has been
paid to walnut culture, but a sufficient number of trees are doing
well to insure good results from large plantings.

In Jackson county, near Medford, a number of young groves
have been planted, and individual trees throughout the Rogue
River Valley furnish ample evidence of correct soil and climatic
conditions in that section. Even when apple trees have been
caught by frost the walnuts have escaped uninjured, bearing later
a full crop.

In Tillamook county only sufficient trees have been planted to
demonstrate favorable soil conditions.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

While western Oregon is universally conceded to be the nat-
ural walnut center, eastern Oregon also has its localities where
walnuts bear heavily, and will prove a good commercial crop.
In Baker county there are thousands of acres of land adapted to
walnuts; young groves are being planted, and a number of trees
have produced fine crops.

When one considers the years of the future when the trees
of each of these young groves will lft their symmetrical heads
fifty, sixty, ninety feet into the air, laden to full capacity with
a plenteous crop; each October dropping their golden-brown nut
harvest that falls with the clink of dollars to the commercial-
minded, but with an accompaniment of finest sentiment in the
hearts of those otherwise inclined, one turns away with a desire
to repeat the wisdom of these pioneer planters and start a grove
of his own. With what grander monument could one commemo-
rate his little span on earth?

LOCATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROVES

Much is heard, in a general way, of necessary climate and
soil conditions for walnut culture, some giving preference to the
hillsides, others to valley lands: some contending for a deep, rich
loam, others for sandy soil. But a careful examination of the
soils of Oregon and the trees now bearing thereon produces con-
vineing evidence that almost any deep, rich, well-drained, western
Oregon soil—and some in eastern Oregon—not underlaid by
hardpan, will insure a good harvest, providing the right varieties
are planted. The whole question resolves itself into a,matter
of intelligent choice of trees to suit varying conditions.

For example, the famous Prince grove is producing magnifi-
cent crops on soil decidedly clayey; but the place is thoroughly
cultivated and careful selection has been made of hardy trees, the
Mayette being preferred.

Another young grove is proving that walnuts do well on
clayey hill land of buckshot nature, where the drainage is good
and there is no rock or hardpan.

In contrast with the hill land, young groves are making
admirable growth on the rich loam about Aurora and MeMinnville.

Mr. Henry Hewitt, of Portland, has fine, young seedlings on a
hillside, elevation 1,000 feet, that made four feet of growth in one
season.

View of a Yamhill Orchard

In the neighborhood of all these groves, there are hardy, bear-
ing trees that amply foreshadow the future of the larger plant-
ings. Colonel Henry Dosch, the pioneer walnut grower of Oregon,
who has experimented rather thoroughly, even goes so far as to
elaim that rocky soil is not objectionable, providing there is no
hardpan.

In this, as in all other horticultural pursuits, naturally the
richer soils are best; but the industrious horticulturist, by cultiva-
tion, fertilization, and proper care, can produce a fairly good grove
on unfavorable lands. However, so much of Oregon is favorable
by nature that growers will hardly undertake to enrich the few
less desirable areas for a good many years to come. Land that on
the Atlantic slope would be seized readily enough, in Oregon is
passed by, as there is still so much untouched that nature has
made ideal. Years hence growers accustomed to the less fertile
conditions of the far east will undoubtedly turn their attention to
even the few poorer areas in Oregon, and make of them glowing
garden spots.

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It is a simple matter to determine the presence of hardpan;
you have but to make a series of tests—four or five to the acre—
with a plumber’s auger; and this care should be taken in every
area where soil conditions have not been fully determined.

PLANTING

Gather the walnuts during the fall or winter, fall is better,
and put them in boxes about the size of ordinary apple boxes,
putting in first a layer of sand (the sandy loam along the valley
streams is excellent) about four inches deep, then a layer of wal-
nuts about the same depth, then cover these over with three or
four inches more of sand. Place these boxes out in the weather
on the ground where the water will not rise in them. The reason
for putting the walnuts in boxes instead of beds, as advised by
some planters, is that the boxes may be taken to the field or
nursery and the nuts lifted carefully from the sand and placed
where they are to grow. It sometimes happens in a wet and back-
ward spring that the walnuts will sprout before the ground is
ready for planting, in which case they must be handled with the
tenderest care and not exposed to the atmosphere any longer
than can be helped.

One grower had a bed of hybrid black walnuts. The season
was late and when the ground was ready for planting many had
started to grow. He engaged some boys to grabble out the nuts
from the sand beds, urging care, but many of the best were
broken and injured. Some of them had sent down a taproot
nearly or quite three inches in length. These early ones, under
proper conditions, are the most vigorous and surest growers, but
in the treatment they received many were injured and killed.

Black walnuts are slow to germinate, sometimes laying in the
ground two years before sprouting. But if kept properly they
will start by June or July.

For the nursery the ground should be plowed deep and thor-
oughly pulverized. Plant the nuts 6 to 12 inches apart in rows
about 3 feet apart. Put a handful of the sand from the boxes
around each walnut. Our soil will appreciate the sand or silt from
the drifts along the valley streams, as it has proven to be one
of the best fertilizers known. If anyone doubts this let him
try a quantity of it on his kitchen garden.

A California Black Walnut near McMinnville

On the Ford place, near the North Yamhill bridge, is one of
the finest trees in the county, 33 inches diameter, height 75 feet,
spread of branches 60 feet. Bears an abundance of nuts every
year. It is 34 years old. The seeds are much used to raise grafting
stock.

Nearly all of the black walnut seed produced in the Willamette
valley will partake more or less of a mixed or hybrid nature,
whether from a California black, Japanese black, or American
black. The black walnuts are very susceptible to cross polliniza-
tion and the English walnut also, for be it known that

With wandering bees and the sweet May breeze,
That virile tide goes far and wide.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

The nut should be planted two or three inches deep. A good
authority says to place the nut on its side as it would lay after
falling from the tree. If the nut is sprouted make a hole in the
well pulverized soil and put the root carefully down into it.

The best way for planting in the orchard is to bore a hole with
a post or well auger 4 or 5 feet deep where the tree is to grow,
put in a stick of dynamite and break up the ground thoroughly.

Or, better still, bore down to permanent moisture and fill
the lower hole with good soil or other root food, then dynamite
4 or 5 feet of the upper section of the hole. Nothing will produce
a vigorous and thrifty tree hke a deep and vigorous root sytem,
and no tree responds to cultivation and care as does the walnut,
white or black. After bursting up the soil, excavate and put in
a half bushel of barn or other mould, well rotted. This will foree
the tree in the earler years of its life and can be no hindrance
to it later. Cover the manure with a foot or two of soil and plant.
Both before and after planting the ground should be ploughed
and harrowed until it is as mellow as an ash heap. Plant three
or four nuts in a hill 6 to 8 inches apart and at the end of the
first season’s growth pull out all but the most vigorous one. For
transplanting from the nursery the same methods should be
followed in the preparation of the hole and the soil as in planting
the seed nuts. If one wants to lay the foundation for a fine
orchard and a fine fortune as a consequence, these preliminary
steps must not be neglected. Because in time you expect this tree
to pay you a rental of $8 to $12 a month. If you are building a
cottage that would bring in that sum, you would put in much
more work and money besides. The wise grower would rather
have a man plant six trees for him in one day than sixty. The
walnut is usually a very vigorous tree and will fight its way
among adverse conditions and surroundings, but its golden show-
ers are much more abundant if it is protected from the scars of
battle, especially in its youth. It almost seems to respond to the
love and affection given to it by a kind master. Animals respond
to kindness, and why not the domestic trees? It will pay you a
big salary after a while when your other bank accounts and your
health and strength fail.

American Black Walnuts

A magnificent row of nine American black walnuts, 35 or 40
years old. The tree in the foreground is 29 inches in diameter of
trunk. The tallest of the trees is nearly 60 feet and they have a
spread of more than 70 feet. They are at the residence of Dave
Johnson on the Portland road about 8 miles from McMinnville.
Seed from such trees as these would produce the very best trees
for grafting upon.

There are very few California blacks of pure strain in the
country. The hybrids or crosses with the American or eastern
black walnut are better trees for grafting stock than the pure
Californias. They are more hardy and better adapted to our
climate.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

WHAT TO PLANT

Horticulturists of equal fame and experience take different
views on the subject of planting, some contending that the nut
should be planted where the tree is to grow; others that seedlings
are the thing, and still others that trees should be grafted. And
as all three plans have produced good results in Oregon, the indi-
vidual planter may take his choice, according to the circumstances
in which he is situated. The truth is that the walnut is one of the
hardiest of trees, and with good attention will not disappoint if
the right kinds are properly started.

In planting walnuts to raise seedling trees the best available

seed nuts should be.used. Select the best and most prolific variety
and the one most suited to the climate.
.. It is claimed that the nuts from a grafted tree will produce
the best seedling trees. This may be true as a rule, as the nut
from such a tree will have some of the characteristics of the stock
upon which the parent tree was grafted. It may inherit some of
the resistant qualities of the black walnut or the rapid growth of
the California hybrids. It may have early ripening qualities. It
is well to consider all these points as well as.the quality of the
nut when selecting seed. © bay Soe

By careful selection and cross linear: many and better
varieties will be produced. No doubt a nut superior to any that
has yet appeared in any country will yet be originated in the
Willamette Valley, as in the case of the Bing and Lambert cherry
and some other fruits.

The improvement of the walnut in this section is one of the
most fertile fields of investigation to be found anywhere and one
_that promises big reward to the successful culturist. And the
walnut grower need not wait long to find whether he has a
prize or not, for just as soon as the little sprout comes from the
ground and has hardened sufficient to handle, a skillful grafter
can place it in a bearing tree and the second or third year know
the result of his experiment by the production of fruit, and this
not more than three or four years from the planting of the seed.

The advantage of planting walnuts, providing you secure first
generation nuts of the right variety for your soil and atmospheric
conditions, is in simplicity and inexpensiveness. You merely pur-
chase your nuts of a reliable coneern, or from an isolated grove

Pot

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

of one variety (many send direct to France, where pure strains
can be more readily gotten), and in February plant them on their
sides in a shallow box of moist sand; keep in a cool place. In
April, or as soon as they sprout, dig a hole 214 or 3 feet deep, put
in surface loam, and plant three or four nuts to a hole about 2 or
3 inches deep. They will come up by June and make a growth
of a foot or so the first season.

It is contended by many that nothing is gained by planting
seedlings in the nursery, as the set-back from transplanting pre-
vents their bearing any earlier than trees of the same age grown
from nuts.

Grafted trees, on the other hand, are difficult to obtain in large
numbers, are expensive, but produce nuts of uniform size and
beauty, and the pollination is said to be more sure.

The industry is still too young in Oregon for the final word
to have been spoken on this point. The future will undoubtedly
add much valuable information as larger experience supplants
theory with facts.

The vital point is to plant good nuts or reliable seedlings from
a pure strain.

In choosing varieties be governed by your location. If frosts
are to be feared get late-blooming varieties, the leading ones
established in Oregon being the Mayette and the Franquette.
Other varieties will undoubtedly be introduced in the next few
years that will withstand frost in regions where walnut planting
now seems impractical. Mr. Henry Hewitt’s one tree that blooms
the fourth of July, at an elevation of 1,000 feet, is evidence of the
possibilities in this direction. Air drainage is necessary.

The tested varieties in Oregon to date, and the results, are as
follows:

Mayettes (the famous ‘‘Grenoble’’ of commerce) and Fran-
quettes are first choice for hardiness and for reliable commercial
crops, the nuts being of good size, fine flavor and in every way
meeting the highest market demands.

Proeparturiens bear earlier than other varieties, are very pro-
ductive and as fine flavored as a hickory nut, but the nuts are
small for best commercial prices.

The Chaberte is a hardy tree, good for the uplands, and pro-
lific; a delicious nut, small but excellent for confectioners use.

The Ford Mammoth, Glady and Bijou are too large to find
favor for commercial purposes.

A Fine Japanese Hybrid in Lafayette

The Parisienne, Meylan and Lanfray are newer varieties that
give much promise, but have not been thoroughly tested.

H. M. Williamson, Secretary Oregon State Board of Horti-
culture, in an article says:

‘““The extremely unfavorable weather of the past winter
(1908-9) has been one of the best things which could have hap-
pened to many heedless persons who planted walnut trees without
first taking pains to learn anything about the business. The
destruction of many young trees of the Santa Barbara type was a
blessing to those who planted them, and the planters deserve no
sympathy, for the warnings not to plant trees of that type have
been ample for many years past.

“The fine condition of suitably located groves of walnut
_trees of Franquette, Mayette and other French varieties, after a
winter which proved the most trying to fruit trees of all kinds
which we have known during a long period of years, has given
firm confidence to those who are leading in the development of the
walnut industry in Oregon.

‘*The varieties which are best adapted to culture in this state
are those which produce the finest nuts known to the world.’’

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WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

SEEDLING WALNUTS

The leading commercial orchard in the state is that of Mr.
Thomas Prinee, of Yamhill county, and is composed almost entirely
of seedling trees. The history of this orchard is best told by Mr.
Prince in the following very conservative letter:

‘* About 17 years ago the Ladd Stock Farm of Yamhill, Oregon,
by the advice of Mr. H. E. Dosch, then Secretary, of the Oregon
Horticultural Society, purchased from the late Felix Gillett,
Nevada City, Cal., and planted quite a number of young walnut
trees which are now in bearing. The first few years their cattle
received first attention and the young trees were not cultivated
as much as they should have been to make good growth. They
therefore do not grow the quantity of walnuts they would have
produced with better cultivation. Two or three years after this
Mr. Z. T. Davis, of Dundee, Oregon, also by advice of Mr. Dosch,
purchased of Mr. Gillett some 500 one-year-old seedlings. One
year later the writer, who had some land adjoining Mr. Davis, also
became interested and set out about 1,500 additional trees, and
about two years later purchased the place belonging to Mr. Davis,
and became owner of the young trees at Dundee, with the excep-
tion of a few purchased by several neighbors. All are now in
bearing.

“Those who do not know the facts are inclined to give the
writer more credit than he is entitled to. Mr. Dosch, the Ladds,
Mr. Davis and Mr. Gillett were first to interest themselves and
should receive the credit to which they are entitled.

‘“We have now in Oregon and Washington quite a few trees in
bearing, and we believe they can be grown here with profit.
There is much to learn. We find the young trees should be care-
fully set out and receive good cultivation for the first few years.
That the selection of the trees and the location in which to grow
them are very important. The number of trees to the acre, and
whether to grow seedling or grafted trees; and if grafted whether
root grafting or top grafting is best must be considered.

““T think growing of walnuts has the advantage of many other
products. The crop is easily grown, harvested and marketed;
the labor greatly economized and the net profits a larger per cent
of the gross receipts; while sometimes with other crops the results
are just the reverse—the net profits but a small oe cent of the
gross receipts.

‘““The question is often asked how much is ian ae that is
suitable; how long before trees will bear, and how much will
they produce, ete. The price of land depends largely on location ;
generally it is worth from $50 to $150 per acre. Seedling oes
come into bearing from 7 to 9 years of age, quantity Sin 10
to 50 pounds per tree; number of trees per acre, 20 to 40.

Sixty Year Old Walnut Trees on Derr Place

These trees are about 60 years old and were planted by I. M.
Johns, who took the donation claim two miles southeast of Me-
Minnville, about 1844, now the Derr farm. The trunk of the
largest one on the right is 10 feet in circumference, and is prob-
ably the largest English walnut tree in Oregon. They have some
nuts every year, but are shy bearers, due no doubt to lack of
proper pollination. The nut is not large, but is full of good meat
and resembles the Parry. The trees are about two hundred yards
from the Yamhill river, are hale and hearty and seem good for
a few centuries. In fact, all of the seedlings examined in this
county are healthy and vigorous.

There are half a dozen or more walnut trees growing in the
woods and about the garden of Mr. J. T. Jones, seven miles west
of McMinnville, which are a valuable study to the walnut grower.
They are seedlings from the Casey tree, and they all bear full
crops every year. The largest is 21 inches in diameter. One of
them has a much larger and finer nut than that grown on the
Casey tree. Hardpan is reached about 18 inches below the sur-
face, which would indicate that no tap root were needed were it
not for the fact that a tiny brook runs down through the garden
not far from the trees.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

Following is the testimony of Col. Henry E. Dosch, taken
from ‘‘Better Fruit’’ of August, 1908:

‘*Tt is over twenty years since I first experimented with nut cul-
ture, more especially English, or, more properly speaking, French
walnut culture, and by persistent effort in keeping this matter
before the horticulturists am more than gratified to know that this
important industry is at last receiving the attention it deserves;
and a few who took my advice in the beginning and planted on
a commercial basis are now reaping the benefit, as their products
command the highest price in the market.

‘*First generation nuts are produced on original trees, or on
trees grafted from the original trees. Those nuts when planted
produce second generation trees, and the nuts from these second
generation trees are a little larger than the original or first gen-
eration, which is due to the pecuhar soil and climatic conditions
of the Pacific Northwest, so well adapted to nut culture. Trees
grown from second generation nuts retrograde very rapidly, pro-
ducing nuts not half so large as even the first generation trees,
and finally running out altogether. Hence it is very essential that
we plant nuts from the original trees, or trees grown from the
original nuts or grafted from the original trees.’’

A tree on John E. Brooks’ claim, Casey Place, is one of the
earliest and most important trees in the country. It has borne a
good crop every year for thirty-five years, and in all that time
has led a strenuous life. It was planted first in Portland from
a nut supposed to have been brought from the Rhine in Ger-
many by a German sea captain. It was broken down by stock
when Amasa Brooks saw it, and with the consent of the owner
transplanted it to its present site, on the side of a red hill a few
rods above the house and about 100 feet above the level of
the valley. There it was much abused by stock, and exposed to
other accidents. When it began to bear, the squirrels would
gather the nuts as soon as they were big enough to attract them.
When the tree was visited in August, 1909, for the purpose of
getting a photograph it was found that a squirrel had burrowed
under the roots, making an opening large enough to admit a good-
sized foxhound, and a quantity of nuts hulls were piled about it
and scattered beneath the tree. It is 23 inches in diameter and has
a branch spread of nearly 60 feet. Trees of the fourth generation
from this tree are in bearing near McMinnville and are producing
fairly good nuts, some better than the original tree, demonstrat-
ing that the seedling walnut tree can be improved here by seed
selection.

A Grafted Walnut

The above is a two-year-old grafted tree in the orchard of Mr.
Prince. It was sent to him by Judge Leib, of San Jose, in order
to convince him of the superiority of the grafted tree. You will
note that the lttle bush has two good-sized nuts, and also that
it bore one last year, the first year from the nursery. With this
ratio of increase at 20 years of age it would produce about three
and one-quarter tons of walnuts, counting 42 nuts to the pound,
the weight of first-class Oregon walnuts. But this is not probable.

GRAFTED TREES

The testimony in favor of the grafted tree is not yet very
abundant in Oregon, as the grafting business is new; but with
the evidence at hand it will surely have a standing in court.

Prof. Lewis speaks plainly on this subject. He says:

‘*One of the main points of discussion is, Which are preferable
—egrafted or seedling trees? Let us consider the seedling tree
first. There are men who claim that these are superior to grafted
trees, especially in size, prolificness, ete.; that there is something
about our wonderful Oregon climate that causes the so-called
second generation trees to bear larger and better fruits than the
parent plant. And these writers love to dwell on the subject of

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

generation. There is at times a sort of mystery, an uncanny
vagueness connected with this subject that is baffling and
bewildering to the layman, and causes him to listen with mouth
agape. It is the same sweet silly story that we have had to learn
by bitter experience with other nuts and fruits, and some of us
will evidently pay dearly for it in the case of the walnut. The
term ‘first generation’ is generally applied to the parent tree—
some say the original tree, while others put the clause on the
original grafted tree. Nuts taken from such trees and planted
produce the second generation trees. These may be equal, may
be superior, or may be inferior to the original stock. It is this
very variation and unstability that makes the seedling to a more
or less degree a gambling proposition.”’ ;

The following is taken from a paper on walnut culture by
Luther Burbank, read before the annual meeting of the California
Fruit Growers convention:

“Tn all cases the best results will be obtained by grafting on
our native California black walnut or some of its hybrids. No
one who grows English walnuts on their own roots need expect to
be able to compete with those who grow them on the native black
walnut roots, for when grown on these roots the trees will uni-
formly be larger and longer lived, will hardly be affected by blight
and other diseases, and will bear from two to four times as many
nuts, which will be of larger size and of much better quality.
These are facts, not theories, and walnuts growers should take
heed.

‘‘Although not popular among nurserymen, yet the best way
to produce a paying orchard of walnuts is to plant the nuts from
some vigorous black walnut tree, three or four in each place
where a tree is to stand. At the end of the first summer remove
all but the strongest among them. Let the trees grow as they
will, for from three to six years, until they have formed their
own natural, vigorous system of roots, then graft to the best
variety extant which thrives in your locality, and if on deep,
well-drained land you will at once have a grove of walnuts which
will pay, at present ,or even with very much lower prices, a most
princely interest on your investment. By grafting in the nursery,
or before the native tree has had time to produce its own system
of roots by its own rapid-growing leafy top, you have gained lit-

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

tle or nothing over planting trees on their own roots, for the foli-
age of any tree governs the size, extent and form of the root
system. Take heed, as these are facts, not fancies, and are not
to be neglected if you would have a walnut grove on a safe
foundation.

‘“*T hold in my hands a record, and also a photograph, of one of
the Santa Rosa walnut trees, grafted, as I recommended, on the
black walnut, 1891; this was handed to me by the owner, George
C. Payne, of Campbell. The record may be of interest to you:
Dimensions (1905)—Spread of top, 66 feet; circumference one
foot above ground, 8 feet 9 inches. No record of nuts was kept
until 1897, which amounted to 250 pounds; 1898, 302 pounds;
1899, 229 pounds; 1900, 600 pounds; 1901, 237 pounds; 1902, 478
pounds; 1903, 380 pounds; 1904, 481 pounds; 1905, 269 pounds;
1908, 712 pounds.

‘““The walnut has generally been “considered a very difficult
tree to graft successfully. Mr. Payne has perfected a mode of
grafting which in his hands is without doubt the most successful
known; by it he is uniformly successful, often making one hun-
dred per cent of the grafts to grow. Who ean do better by any
method ?

‘““When you plant another tree, why not plant a walnut?
Then, besides sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a peren-
nial supply of nuts, the improved kinds of which furnish the
most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which has ever
been known. The old-fashioned hit-or-miss nuts, which we used to
purchase at the grocery store, were generally of a rich, irregular
mixture in form, size and color, with meats of varying degrees
of unsoundness, bitter, musty, rancid, or with no meat at all.
From these early memories, and the usual accompanying after-
effects, nuts have not been a very popular food for regular use
until lately, when good ones at a moderate price can generally,
but not always, be purchased at all first-class stores.

““The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all
civilized nations today faster than that of any other food, and we
should keep up with this increasing demand and make the
increase still more rapid by producing nuts of uniformly good
quality. This can be done without extra effort, and with an
increase in the health and rapid and permanent increase in the
wealth of ourselves and neighbors.’’

Row of Eleven Y ear Old Top Grajfted Black Walnut Hybrids

An American black walnut growing on a lot on the east side of
Grant street, residence of J. C. Cooper, McMinnville, grafted by
Mr. Payne May 14, 1908, grew 7 1-2 feet in 95 days and was still
growing when the terminal buds were nipped by the early Sep-
tember frost of that year. The sprouts were pruned back to 12
inches. The tree made a vigorous growth in 1909, making a
spread of 13 feet. Some think the American black a better tree
for grafting stock that the California black. One of the noblest
and grandest trees in any American forest is the American black
walnut, and while a little slow at the beginning of its career it is
only a question of time when it will overtake all others. It knows
no disease or pests, and he who plants it lays a foundation for
20 to 50 generations to come as well as for himself and those of
his own household.

A four-year-old hybrid, 4 inches in diameter, grafted in by Mr.
Payne, grew a sprout as shown, 7 feet 9 inches high in four
months from the setting of the graft. It is growing on the east
side of D street near the Presbyterian church in front of the
residence of Mrs. Sarah Updegraf, McMinnville, Oregon. Three
trees there all show the same vigor, with little or no cultivation.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

John H. Hartog, formerly of Eugene, wrote of the experience
of Mr. E. Terpening, one of the most successful walnut growers
near that city:

- ““Mr. Terpening is a devotee of the grafted tree. And why?
A burnt child spurns the fire, says the proverb. Mr. Terpening
set out second generation Mayettes and Franquettes, expecting
that these seedlings would produce true, but when they com-
menced to bear, behold his amazement at finding that he had a
variety of almost every kind. This was enough to convince him
that in the future he would use grafted trees, and know what he
was doing and what kind of nut he was raising.

‘‘Counting out trees of other kinds, he has four acres in
walnuts, and these produced—

| a et (0) 5 Rear erga Re Ree Tee ic ee 700 pounds
Pat OG Ye ckawinie eee ee os eae 1200 pounds
aOR ors at.c tes ka eos nee AS 2000 pounds
Trane OB eS a a eae, ote Ccey nre ot ee 3000 pounds

‘‘This spring he set out 450 more trees and wisely he put
them 50 feet apart and will grow peaches in between for a few
years. While it is generally said that walnuts come into bearing
after 8: years, Mr. Terpening states that the grafted tree will
bear commercially in 6 years, which tallies exactly with my:
experience.

‘“‘The Terpening walnut trees are grafted on American black
and his favorite variety is the Mayette and lately the so-called
Improved Mayette.”’

WALNUT GRAFTING

Walnut grafting is in a class by itself, and walnut budding is
not a success as practiced at the present time, although the ordin-
ary method is shown in the cut. The top grafting method shown
is easy and sure if you have ‘‘the know-how and skill.’? One of
the important things to remember in tree surgery as well as other
kinds, is to work quickly and deftly. Don’t let the wounds of
the scion or stub remain exposed longer than necessary. Make the
euts smooth with a very sharp knife, kept sharp by frequent
‘““stropping.’’ Expert walnut grafters are few, but the ordinary
skillful orchardist or amateur can do fairly successful work by a
study of the drawings in ‘‘Details of Walnut Grafting’’ on next
page. and using common sense methods.

DETAILS OF WALNUT GRAFTING

Graf ts

\ JRemoved

Paper Sac

Tea over

de tanner

Shallow Cut
Too much Canty

Goad Wood

or 24 to yin own

Make insi

Sea

than Outsiae
ee side <5

Scions

stishty

Bu dding

Or Budding

J CCooper

Cut off the branch or stock to be grafted with a sharp pruning
saw at a point where the stump will be from one to two and a half
inches in diameter. Split through the center of the stub with a
sharp knife as shown in figure 1, using a mallet. Depress the
point of the splitting knife and strike with the mallet, cutting the
bark and sap down the side of the stub instead of tearing it, then
depress the handle and cut down the other side in the same way.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

Open the split shghtly with a hardwood wedge, as in figure 2.
Slightly bevel the split, cutting upward, with a sharp knife as in
figure 3. Insert the carefully fitted scion as at figure 4, being
careful to have the cambium layer, the inner layer of the bark, of
both stub and scion come together.

When the scion is carefully fitted remove phe wedge and fill
the split with paper as shown at figure 5. Then cover all wounds
over with wax brushed on warm as at figure 6. The melted wax
should be about the consistency of thick honey. Tie a paper sack
over all as at figure 7. This should remain until scions begin to
erow. It keeps them warm and prevents drying out by hot
winds. In from ten days to three weeks the scions will have
started sufficient to gradually remove the cover as at figure 8.
In eight or ten days from the time grafts are set a small opening
should be cut or torn in the-north side of the paper sack so that
the sprouting buds may have air and their growth noted.

When the stock is too large to split through the center it
should be split to one side of center as shown in figure 9. The
method of shaping the scions is shown in figures 10, 11 and 12.
Good scions and poor are sown in 13 and 14. Scions with buds
not too far apart are best. Prong grafting is shown in figures 15
to 18, and flute budding in 19 and 20.

In grafting the stock should not close on the scion with suffi-
cient force to bruise or injure it, but just tight enough to hold.

Scions should: be of last year’s wood and pruned or cut from
the trees in late winter,:when the tree is dormant, and cut into
about 12-inch lengths, long enough to make three or four grafts.

Select upright wood. Drooping branches make a sprawling and
sometimes a barren tree.

The dormant scions should be packed away in a cool, dark cel-
lar in damp sand or moss, or put in cold storage and kept dormant
until ready for use. Do not allow the buds to swell. It will be
well to look at them occasionally to see that they do not get too
dry nor be so damp as to mold.

In the spring when the sap is well up and the trees to be
grafted have sprouted and are growing during April and May the
grafting should be done. Work may be continued even after the
catkins are out and the leaves half grown.

The methods described are those practiced by Mr. George C.

Payne, probably the most successful walnut grafter in the
business. |

Tools Used in Walnut Grafting
Plate One. Furnished by Oregon Agricultural College

GRAFTING WAX

The following formula is the grafting wax used by Mr. Payne:

Rosin, 5 pounds.

Beeswax, | pound.

Finely pulverized charcoal, 1-2 pound.

Raw linseed oil, 1 gill.

Be sure that the charcoal is finely pulverized. First melt the
beeswax and rosin, being careful not to have the fire too hot. Add
the charcoal, stirring constantly, and then add the oil. Mould
into bricks by pouring into greased pans. When desiring to use
break off a few lumps and melt in such a contrivance as is shown
in the plate of grafting tools. The wax must be quite liquid if
apphed successfully.

Nursery grafting, or root grafting, is not a success as practiced
at present. The best grafters do not succeed with more than 10
to 15 per cent. This makes the grafted tree cost from $1.50
to $2.00 per tree, and makes that kind of walnut planting ex-
pensive. However, Col. Dosch, in his article, quotes Professor

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON <

Gare

Leckenby, the noted agrostologist, as saying that if directions
are religiously followed ninety per cent of the grafts will grow.
The directions are as follows:

‘“‘Hor walnut grafts on scions use one gallon of water with
four teaspoonfuls of sulphate of quinine. Cut scions submerged
in the solution, and wash the cut on tree at once, to prevent it
from turning black, acting as an antiseptic; then insert the scion
as on other fruit trees.”’

This, from such authority, is worthy of a trial. A great amount
of experimenting has been done in walnut grafting and a way to
success will be found.

BEST STOCK ON WHICH TO GRAFT

Mr. Burbank, Judge Leib, and George C. Payne, all of Califor-
nia, think the California black or some of its hybrids make the
best stock in California. Mr. Groner prefers the hybrid for
Oregon.

Mr. A. MeGill, of Oregon, thinks that neither the California
black nor its hybrid are suited to this chmate. Few have had
more experience, costly experience at that, than Mr. McGill. He
thinks the American black better for Oregon.

It is sometimes asked, why not plant seedling walnuts and top
work those that are not good bearers? Because the grafts will
not do so well on the English stock as on the black; and it is also
found that the English stock does not make as good a foundation
as the black.

Therefore, the best growers in Oregon conclude that the seed
from a thrifty American Black, or close hybrid, is best for this
state. In three or four years after planting cut off the trunk
about as high as a man’s waist or shoulder and put in the graft
from the best variety available. The third year from setting of
the graft you will have a crop of nuts.

Mr. Payne ean set 250 to 300 grafts in a day. His wages are $8
a day, and he furnishes the wood. So you see that your trees
would cost very httle. Good black walnut seed can be had very

cheap, probably at a cost of 50 cents to $1 per bushel, the Oregon
product prefered.

Some of the California hybrids make rapid growth, but too
rapid growth of wood may not be desirable. It may mean early
maturity and early decay, and too few walnut bearing boughs.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

GOOD PLAN FOR WALNUT ORCHARD

Mr. Prince, of Yamhill county, has modified his views some-
what in regard to the grafted and seedling trees. He thinks that
possibly the permanent orchard should be of the grafted variety,
possibly on the Royal or California hybrid of rapid growth. He

proposes the above form of an orchard. The principal grafted
trees should be placed in square form 60 feet apart, represented by
figures 3. In the center of these squares at figures 2 he would
either plant the same trees or some other seedling variety which

will bring the trees about 42 feet apart. Midway between the
main grafted trees he would plant other trees, or apple trees, rep-

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

resented by figures 1 in the little squares. This would make
trees 30 feet apart. At the end of 15 or 20 years, when the trees
possibly become crowded, he would remove the No. 1 trees. If
this were an apple tree, it would already have served its best
days and no ereat loss would be had by its removal. At the end
of 25 or 30 years we would remove No. 2, if the trees became
crowded, leaving a permanent orchard of trees 60 feet apart, 12
trees to the acre. This is an excellent arrangement, and no doubt
about the best that has yet been proposed for walnut culture in
Oregon.

It is best to plant in square form, a tree to the center of
each square, forty to sixty feet apart is the rule. Berries, small
fruit, potatoes, vetch, peas, beans, ete., can be grown between
the trees while they are young, leaving six or eight feet free to
be cultivated each side of the trees.

Many plant apples, peaches, prunes or cherries between walnut
trees, planning to cut them out when the latter are of such size
as to need all the space.

These crops between the rows produce an income during the
eight years’ waiting for the walnuts to come into bearing. Hach
grower must decide this point according to his situation, always
avoiding grains and grasses.

THE TAP ROOT

Some experimenting has been done and much speculation
has been indulged regarding the tap root. One writer disposes
of the whole subject in this manner:

‘‘The cutting of the tap root in planting seedlings has been a
question for much discussion, many growers formerly holding
that to cut it meant to kill the tree. This has proved a mistake.
It has been practically demonstrated that, the tree thrives better
with the tap root cut if properly done with a sharp instrument,
making a clean cut. New growth is thereby induced, the abund-
ance of lateral roots feed the tree more satisfactorily and the
trees come into bearing from two to three years earlier than
would otherwise be the case.”’

Dv Well Planted Sree

pee ali
’

SwPig Yyanentk a

Ta a ec eile Au!

nd a a

Before accepting this as final it would be well to make further
inquiry. The summers of western Oregon are practically rain-
less and when the kernel in the formed shell is maturing unless
there is irrigation a distress call is sent down to the roots for
moisture, if the weather is very dry. The lateral roots cannot
supply this dire need and if the main pump is not working away

down deep in the moist earth the kernel will not fill well and may
perish entirely. For this reason no fibre of the tap root should be
disturbed, but rather encouraged by a well auger hole, bored
before the tree is planted, down to the reservoir of moisture that
will not fail in the dryest season.

The moisture in a dry season as a rule is nearer the surface
in the valley than in the hills and gives a better filled nut. In
a wet season, when the ground everywhere is full of moisture,
the hills may produce a more abundant crop than the valley, but
in the run of years it will require more time to prove which is
most valuable for walnut culture. Trees grow in either place, but
he who cuts the tap root in any soil does so at the peril of his
crop in dry seasons.

Of the taproot, Wm. M. Reece, of the firm of Epps, Reece &
Tillmont, Eugene, Oregon, writes:

‘“‘The peculiar climatic conditions of the Willamette Valley,
which at a certain season of the year becomes semi-arid, fully
justifies the statement that trees not having a tap root are
annually checked in their growth when irrigation is not used;
while those that do have a tap root, as do walnuts, continue to
grow and thrive even in the driest weather. The walnut should
be planted, however, in soil having a subsoil free from any hard
substance that will permit the tap root to grow downward into
the strata of perpetual moisture.

‘‘This has been most thoroughly demonstrated in our walnut
orchard this, the driest year in the memory of old settlers in the
Valley.

‘‘When the growth of our apple, cherry and peach trees ceased
because of the dry weather, our walnuts kept on growing as if
supplied by continuous rains. It is true that liberal cultivation
through the dry season will materially aid the growth of all
kinds of trees not having a tap root and is indispensable to the
growth of young walnut trees, trees that have not extended their
tap root down to perpetual moisture.

‘“Walnut trees, in the opinion of the writer, cease growing
upward when they cease growing downward; that is to say, when
rock, shale or impenetrable hardpan stops the growth of the
tap root, the tree has practically reached its height.

‘‘Therefore, in planting a walnut grove, borings should be
made to test the depth of the soil and character of the subsoil.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

‘‘Unquestionably the best variety for this climate is the
Franquette and next the Mayette.

‘‘Grafted trees are to be preferred to seedlings. Grafted trees
bear much sooner and the fruit is more uniform in size, though
a seedling that has attained the bearing age will produce as much
fruit as a grafted tree of the same age; this we have occasion to
observe from comparisons in our own orchard.

‘““We have trees 14 years old that bore 100 pounds at the age
of 12 years and the product sold for 25e a pound for planting
purposes.

“Those who had the misfortune to have the tender shoots of
their walnut trees killed by the unusual frost early last May,
should not be discouraged. Just examine the limbs now and you
will find that three or four more shoots grew out where the one
was killed. This makes more fruit buds for next year and the
shortage of crop this year will be more than made up next.

‘“The writer believes that walnut growing will prove to be
the most profitable industry in the Willamette Valley.
‘““WM. M. REECE.”’’

It seems to be a characteristic of the walnut and hickory,
and possibly other nut trees, to send down a tap root deep into
the earth to draw up the distilled and purified moisture that has
been refined and sweetened in the lower depths. The older boys
of the Middle Western states can recall the time when they
wandered through the woods in late winter time, with a long
pole or rail on their shoulders with which they ‘‘pulled hickory
root.’’ The young sprout was ‘‘withed’’ around near one end of
the pole, then all hands put their shoulders under the long end
and with an ‘‘altogether, heave, oh,’’ draw up a tap root 4, 6 and
8 feet long. The lowest end was the choicest and sweetest. It
was delicious and in the division of a day’s hunt some of these
found their way to ‘“‘his best girl’’ at school.

Whether the water down in these lower depths possesses these
qualities, and that they are necessary to give the Oregon walnut
its superiority is yet a matter of speculation, but that these con-
ditions exist is well known and should have fullest consideration
by the intelligent walnut culturist.

Tap Root of a Two-year-old Black Walnut showing how
the root grows down to permanent water level, thus
insuring full crops regardless of
weather conditions

Cut of tap root of a
2-year-old American
Black which grew in
the lower red_ hill
land of Yamhill
County. There is but
one lateral root near
the surface and this
was probably caused
by the tap root strik-
ing harder soil on its
way down to perma-
nent moisture level.

This tap root is 3
feet long and nearly
6 inches in cireumfer-
ence. It is one of the
best object lessons to
be had in walnut ecul-
ture in Oregon.

Though the Willam-
ette Valley has prac-
tically four rainless
months of sunshine,
irrigation 1s unneces-
sary... [here as 16
other country com-
parable to it. Its cool
and dewy summer
nights, together with
its great subterra-
nean reservoir sup-
plied by the winter
rains, are the reasons
why its crops never
failandwhyits
fruits fill ‘‘red, round
and luscious,’’ and
why the walnut has
so persistently shown
its preference for
this favored region.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

WALNUT CULTIVATION

While the walnut is the hardiest of trees and in many cases
has borne heavily in Oregon without cultivation, experience has
proved that, like fruit trees, cultivation up to the tenth or twelfth
years increases the growth, the yield and the quality of the prod-
uct. After full maturity no further cultivation is necessary, the
tree taking care of itself with the independence of any forest tree.

With a young grove it is best to plow between the rows after
the rains cease in the spring, and then stir the ground occasionally
all through the summer with the harow or disk; this holds the
moisture. When some trees seem backward a trench should be
dug some two feet or so away, and a couple of feet deep, filled
with fertilizer and closed over. This will encourage hardier and
more rapid growth. Lime ean also be used with good effect, it
being customary in England to haul wagon loads to the walnut
lands. Continually hoeing and digging constitute the best treat-
ment, as one tree on the Prince place, a Mayette, has proved. It
was given daily cultivation, by way of experiment, and more than
doubled the size and yield of other trees of the same age not so
treated.

PRUNING WALNUTS

Walnuts require very little pruning. However, to do well they
must have plenty of ight and air, and there must be room under
the trees to cultivate. To this end, keep all lateral growths
removed the first two years, pushing the strong terminal growth.
Young trees so treated often make five or six feet in that time.
They must be staked and tied with a broad strip of cloth. Cross
the cloth between the stake and the twig so as not to bruise the
tender wood. As the limbs begin to grow take out an occasional
one to prevent the tree becoming too thick. When large limbs are
removed, cut on the slant, carefully waxing to prevent decay.
Heading-in is often beneficial when the tree does not seem to be
fruitful. Train the trees upward as much as possible.

In Roumania and some of the eastern countries of Europe,
some of the walnut trees have such an enormous spread that a
flock of five hundred sheep can lie in comfort beneath the shade
of one tree and have ample room. If this vine-like tendency to
spread can be obviated by intelligently training the trees upward,

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

and its productiveness maintained or increased, the walnut grower
of Oregon will have accomplished much in the conservation of
our resources.

At present we can make a tree that will produce 500 pounds
of walnuts in 25 to 30 years. With 12 trees to the acre, will give
6000 pounds of nuts; two and one-half times that of wheat at 40
bushels per acre, and they will not require the expensive refrig-
erator cars and rapid transit of perishable fruits.

TRAINING THE TREES

It will only be necessary to train the limbs in seven or eight
feet all round to be able to double the number of trees to the
acre. Then train the trees skyward and increase the number of
nut-bearing boughs, and the yield will be increased accordingly.
If the nuts on the higher branches fill as well as on the lower,
the tree can not be made to grow too high, because we have no
violent storms to throw down the trees, and the nuts are self-
gathering. These and many other valuable and interesting prob-
lems in the industry are to be worked out.

According to Prof. Lewis, who is good authority, a later and
better method is to cut the young tree back to 4 feet and make it
throw ‘out three or four laterals. When these laterals are fully
grown, bind them up in a bundle one or two feet diameter with
soft strands of rope. In the dormant season cut these laterals
back to about two feet. This will multiply the branches. Cut
back the new growths again the next year, and so on; this will
greatly increase the nut-bearing boughs and will train the tree
upward. This seems to be the most sensible method of pruning
yet proposed.

NO DISEASES INJURE OREGON WALNUTS

The soft, moist atmosphere of western Oregon, so favorable to
the English walnut, seems wholly unfavorable to pests that
destroy the crop in other climates. A crop has never been lost
or materially injured in Oregon through these sources; in fact,

Old Walnut Trees Planted About 1850, Near McMinnville, on the Yamhill River

so free are the Oregon trees of such enemies that little thought
or attention has been given to this phase of the subject. In a few
localities where caterpillars have attacked the foliage they have
been quickly eradicated by an arsenic spray. Fumigating will
kill insect life. A bacterial disease that has made its appearance
in California has not been seen in this state. Winter spray of lime
and sulphur will kill moss and lichens, which are about the only
parasites that attempt to fasten on Oregon walnut trees.

PistWate or
Femate Jlower,
Produces Walnuls. . |

POLLINATION

“Tee Walwrit

Sta Minak e,
Catkin or
Mnale flowery,

Produces Pollen.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON <¢

POLLINATION

Every fruit and nut grower should know the simple theory
of pollination. When a tree apears thrifty but fails to produce,
nine times in ten the trouble is with the pollination. The walnut
is bi-sexual and self-fertile; the staminate catkins appear first, at
the end of the year’s growth (see Fig. 1), and the female blossoms,
or pistillates, from one to three weeks later at the end of the new
growth (see Fig. 2). Thus the staminate catkins sometimes fall
before the pistillates form, and naturally there is no pollination
and no crop. This should not discourage the grower or cause him
to uproot his trees. Often by waiting a few seasons—if the tree
is of the correct variety—the trouble may right itself. Many
growers have gotten a crop from single trees where there was
trouble with the pollination by artificially fertilizing, that is,
shaking the pollen from fertile trees, even black walnut, over the
barren pistillates. Birds, insects, and the breezes carry pollen from
one tree to another. Therefore, if nuts for seed are desired,
keep each grove of pure strain separate that there may be no
deterioration owing to cross-fertilization. But the mixed orchard
may bear best. Some varieties of walnut trees—notably the Los
Angeles—are suitable only for shade in Oregon and should not be
planted with any other thought in mind. The staminate blossoms
of this variety appear six weeks ahead of the pistillates and, there
being no pollination, naturally there are no nuts.

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Best in the World, Oregon Walnuts

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Drying the Nuts

THE HARVEST

The harvest comes in October, a convenient season where there
are fruit crops to be taken care of. The process is extremely
simple, being little more than an old-fashioned ‘‘nut gathering.’
When ripe, the nuts fall to the ground, shedding their hulls on
the way. They are picked up by boys, girls, men and women.

During the harvest three or four rounds must be made through
the grove, perhaps a week elapsing between trips, each time
slightly shaking the trees to make the ripe nuts fall. On the last
round, a padded mallet with a long handle is used to dislodge
the remaining nuts. The expense of harvesting is slight, five or
six people being sufficient to care for a fifty-acre grove.

“& WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

WASHING AND DRYING

When the nuts are gathered and brought in they are put into
a revolving barrel-churn holding about 12 to 16 gallons. Two
buckets of water and about the same of walnuts are put in
together and the churn revolved for some minutes. Then the nuts
are taken out and spread on wire crates and placed in the sun;
they should be raked over two or three times a day. Or, if the
weather is wet, they may be placed in the dry-house in a good
draught at about 70 degrees F. In an artificial drying if the heat
becomes too great the nuts will be rancid, as the oil-cells will
burst; so better err on the side of underheating than overheating.
If left out of doors, cover carefully to protect from dew. The
erates for outdoor drying are placed on trestles in some Cali-
fornia groves, in order that the air may circulate through the
nuts. This is much better than placing them on the ground,
where they draw dampness.

SORTING AND GRADING

After the walnuts are gathered, washed, dried and stored for
a week or so to test the correctness of their drying, they are ready
to be graded by passing over a sized screen. The choicest ones
will sell at top market prices, and the culls a little under. The
Prince grove harvest is never graded, as he finds ready sale at
highest prices for the entire output just as it runs after sorting
out the few imperfect nuts.

PACKING AND SHIPPING

They are next put into pound cartons, or 50-pound bags, com-
mon gunny sacks, ready for the market.

Not being perishable none are lost in shipping or by keeping.
Walnuts from Oregon groves have been kept two years, tasting
as sweet and fresh as those in their first season. Long hauls are
not objectionable, as the rough handling is not injurious to the
well-sealed varieties grown in Oregon. In this they have an
advantage over fruit.

“_

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

WALNUT YIELD PER ACRE

While it is generally found that seedling trees properly treated
come into bearing the eighth year, this crop is usually light,
doubling each successive season for seven or eight years. From
then on there is a steady increase in crop and hardiness for many
years. Often trees in Oregon bear in their sixth year; while there
are instances on record of trees set out in February bearing the
following autumn. This is no eriterion, however, merely an
instance illustrating the unusual richness of Oregon soil, and its
perfect adaptability to walnut culture.

Thirty-five acres on the Prince place yielded at twelve years,
twelve tons of fine nuts, which were sold at 18 and 20 cents a
pound, two cents above the market price, making an average of
$125 per acre. Another grove of two acres yielded in their ninth
year two tons, or a ton to the acre, netting the owner $360 an
acre.

Mr. A. A. Quarnberg’s eleven-year-old trees averaged twenty-
five pounds each. Mr. Henry J. Biddle’s ten and twelve-year-old
trees averaged thirty pounds each. One hundred fifty dollars
an acre from twelve-year-old trees is a conservative estimate,
though some groves not cultivated may fall under that figure,
while others in a high state of cultivation will almost double it.

THE WALNUT MARKET

_ The very fact that in 1907 Oregon-grown walnuts commanded
several cents a pound higher price than those grown elsewhere
indicates their market value. When ordinary nuts sold for 12
and 16 cents a pound Oregon nuts brought 18 and 20 cents.

New York dealers who eater to the costlest trade throughout
the United States, and who have never handled for this purpose
any but the finest types of imported nuts, pronounced the Oregon
product satisfactory from every standpoint—finely flavored, nutty,
meaty and delicious. They were glad to pay an extra price to
secure all that were available.

In the home market the leading dealers of Portland and North-
west cities readily dispose of all of the Oregon walnuts obtainable
at an advanced price. In fact, the Oregon walnut has commanded
a premium in every market into which it has been introduced.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

California walnuts are largely shipped east, the percentage
entering the northern markets being comparatively small. The
annual sum expended in Oregon for imported nuts at the present
time is $400,000. When the Oregon growers are able to supply
the home demand alone, shutting out importations, the population
of Oregon will have more than doubled, and the amount expended
in this state for walnuts will approach if it does not exceed the
million-dollar mark. In addition to this the eastern markets will
be clamoring for Oregon walnuts, as they now absorb Hood River
apples, Willamette valley cherries and Rogue River valley pears.
With eastern buyers always ready to pay an extra price for extra
grade products, superior grades of Oregon walnuts will undoubt-
edly be contracted for, leaving only the culls for home con-
sumption.

It has been conservatively estimated that at the rate the
population of the United States is increasing, and the rate wal-
nut consumption is increasing, by the time every available acre
in Oregon is in full bearing the supply will still fall far short of
the demand. Judging by past experience in California this is no
chimerical conception. Since 1896 the walnut crop in that state
has steadily increased, and in like proportion has the price ad-
vanced, from seven cents in 1896 to twenty cents in 1907.

COMPARED WITH FRUIT

In comparing walnut culture with fruit, one must take into
consideration the fact that distance from transportation facili-
ties is not a detriment; that there is very little expense in putting
out or maintaining a walnut grove; that insects, blight and disease
are unknown to walnut groves of Oregon, thus obviating the cost
of spraying; that the expense of harvesting is exceedingly lhght;
that no nut-fruit perishes—that it does not need to be sold at
onee, but will keep indefinitely, making a lost crop practically
impossible.

It is estimated by experienced walnut growers that the annual
cost of cultivation and pruning should not exceed $10 an acre,
while harvesting should not exceed 20 cents per hundred pounds.
It is a simple matter to figure the profits.

The original investment in a walnut grove may be made a
comparatively small amount; thus it appeals particularly to those
of limited means.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

THE POUND PACKAGE

It is difficult or impossible to establish a uniform package
good for every year. Walnuts are not like other fruits; size is
not a sure indication of weight. The pound package used by
Mr. Thos. Prince is 334 x 444x514 inches, which in 1907 when
filled weighed 17 ounces, in 1908 it weighed 16 ounces, and in the
dry year of 1909 it weighed but 14 ounces.

WALNUT CONFECTIONERY

The cut on page 5 shows the best method of cracking walnuts to
extract the kernel in halves without breaking. Grasp the nut
between the thumb and forefinger at the seam. place on a hard
surface of stone or iron and strike sharply with a hight hammer
only sufficient to crack the shell without crushing the kernel.

This method is used by most manufacturers of great varieties
of walnut confectionery, some of which are shown in the picture.
Walnut chocolates, walnut taffy, walnut log, panoche, nougat and
many other articles, as well as walnut sundries. to put on dishes
of ice cream are among the tasty confections for which the demand
is very great.

WALNUTS IN COOKING

A few of the delightful ways in which walnuts may be used
on the table:

NUT BREAD

1 pound hard wheat flour.

1 pound whole wheat flour.

1 cup good yeast.

1 cup ground walnuts.

1 tablespoonful Orleans molasses.

2 tablespoonfuls melted lard or butter.

Mix with warm water; let it raise quite light, then mould,
raise and bake as other bread.

GEMS

Graham, wheatlet or cornmeal gems are greatly improved by
adding a few walnut kernels ground fine.

NUT CAKE

3 eggs, yolks and whites beaten separately, 4% cup—seant—
butter, 34 cup milk, 1 cup walnuts ground or chopped, 114 cups
granulated sugar, 44 teaspoonful each of lemon and vanilla, 2
teaspoonfuls baking powder, flour to make a moderately stiff
batter.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

CHOCOLATE NUT CAKE

3 eggs, 34 cup each of brown and white sugar, 34 cup of coffee
and milk mixed, 1 cup ground walnuts, 4 tablespoonfuls melted
butter, 2 teaspoonfuls ground chocolate or cocoa, most of 1 nut-
meg grated, 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder, flour to make mod-
erately stiff batter.

More satisfactory results are obtained by baking either of
these cakes in two deep layereake tins and putting the two parts
together with any good filling.

NUT COOKIES
3 cups sugar—Extra C preferred—*®4 pound of butter, 2 or 3
eggs, 1 cup of water, 1 teaspoonful of baking powder, 1% a nut-

meg, a little ginger and cinnamon, 1 cup walnuts ground fine,
4 cups of flour. Roll thin and bake in a quick oven.

APPLE NUT SALAD

4 cups of good tart apples cut in small cubes or chopped not
too fine, 1 cup of coarsely ground, or chopped nuts. Stir lightly
into these 1 cup of sugar and 1% of a nutmeg grated fine.

DRESSING FOR SAME

2-3 cup of cold water, 2 tablespoons strong vinegar, 144 cup
of sugar. Add one egg, well beaten. Put this on the stove and
stir constantly until well cooked. If this is done carefully it will
not curdle. Take from the stove and add a lump of butter the
size of a walnut, grate in a little nutmeg and stir gently until
the butter is well melted and mixed. Some whipped cream may
be added to this when cool if desired or convenient.

BY-PRODUCTS

In addition to walnuts as nuts, they pay handsomely as pickles.
For this purpose they must be picked green. This could be made
a most profitable side industry in connection with large groves.

One grower had an inquiry for two carloads of green walnuts
to be used for this purpose. Large quantities are imported
annually and they sell at very high prices.

They are also used for dyeing purposes, giving a beautiful
brown shade difficult to obtain except with walnut hulls.

Oil which is often substituted for olive oil is manufactured
from walnuts, thus suggesting another commercial avenue. One
hundred pounds of walnuts produce eighteen pounds of oil.

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Plate Three The “Prince of Yamhill”

VARIETIES

The beautiful nuts shown on Plate 3 are seedlings from the
orchard of Mr. Thomas Prince, of Yamhill county. They are
probably the handsomest walnut as to size, form and color as well
as taste that may be found anywhere. The tree has not had an
orchard try-out yet. It if proves to be a good bearer with the
other qualities suitable for this climate and soil condition, it will
enter the field high up in the standard of excellence.

There is some discrepancy in what constitutes standard varie-
ties of walnuts. We have endeavored to get nuts both from
Oregon and California to fix a uniform understanding as to the
different varieties. The types submitted by Mr. A. MeGill of
the Oregon Nursery Co., Plate 1, are No. 1, 1 Vrooman Franquette,
No. 2, 2 Mayette, No. 3, 3 Mayette Rouge, No. 4, 4 Parisienne, No.
5, ) Praeparturien, No. 6, 6 Chaberte, No. 7, Cluster.

Plate No. 2, by Mr. Ferd Groner, No. 1, 1 Franquette, No. 2,
2 Glady, No. 3, 3 Payne, No. 4, 4 Mayette, No. 5, 5 Meylan, No. 6,
6 Parisienne, No. 7 Cluster, No. 8 Preparturien, are about as near

uniformly correct as we have.

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

The Chaberte nuts, which confectioners use, are a special in-
dustry, the kernels being slipped out of the shells without break-
ing, and sold in this form. All the smaller nuts, the imperfect
ones—the culls—find ready sale both shelled and unshelled for the
manufacture of walnut candy, walnut cake, ete.

WEIGHTS, KERNEL AND TASTE
The first Walnut Show was held at McMinnville, November 1,
1907, and was judged by H. M. Williamson, Secretary of the
State Board of Horticulture. Most of the following memoranda
on weights are taken from his report:

James, Morrison; Kranquette. .-o..............d2 to the pound
ere E Vel aaehlen tei cue Secutety @levayere OA «RES Bs
BE es DRYERS Meee Cae! set. Rees eda te ON OT af
James Morrison, Seedling Franquette ......... SORT a
James UMormson, Gratted Mayette ..:...0.....54388 °° ae
Stl ge WME ome CMlIMNGd a a csc ose Ae ee eee ADs Cae ae
James Morrison, Blanche Mayette ............34 “* “ a
James Morrison, Grenoble Mayette ...........82 “* ** ce
eel ae Dune Aol ERY aca ts ved to: Shes ocean's, ARG. ef
Mayettesshaped Proeparturiens.. .. 6.2.20.) ..: Game es
ie Pe Oinmermign. Seedimes 5.0 sca. Lv een ss noel 5 |) epee et
Bind? Herring. Proeparturienses.....cs5s.4..200 °. 5° :
lamin LGR Pate, aI OUWS ies inva tcad re, ee aoa a ea Boe ag a
PleasantaCozite. Seedlinesiic\. . aia kA eaten oes 1 OES S oe
fe ISey METeR COO IMO MAL eis. Soca eel tent Oo e Ke
EK. Estes, fourth generation from Casey tree....52 ‘‘ “ ou
ETT eN Seek UTR COSC COL UTE 4 i oc tes Me eeanain ane goenaes aces Ae cn s
Were ree, MeArry pic. Sec sce eta 2 ee aie as Gi ore os ef

The investigations in regard to relative weights of kernel and
shell of the different varieties is made up from an article read
by Mr. Ferd Groner before the State Horticultural Society,
December, 1909.

The Vrooman Franquette shell and kernel weighed equal.

The Payne Seedling gave slightly more kernel than shell.

The Mayette slightly more shell than kernel.

The Meylan, shell and kernel equal.

The Gladys, shell and kernel equal.

Franquette, near Salem, shell weighed two and one-half times
that of kernel.

- 57

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

Other experiments show that the Proeparturien shell and ker-
nel are about equal.

While the weight of the kernel is of great importance to the
consumer, the taste and digestibility is still more so. In this is
the food value of the walnut. The food value will in time be the
commercial value. There is very little variation in the taste of
any one variety of wild nuts or fruits, but the cultivated walnut,
as well as the cultivated peach and apple, has a great variety
of tastes, and it does not require an expert to distinguish the
good from the poor qualities.

Walnuts should be graded as to variety, the varieties should
then be graded as to size, but the paramount duty of the grower
is to produce a creamy, delicious walnut of excellent flavor. The
soil and climate has proven their excellence, and it is now for the
intelligent grower to do his part.

WHO SHOULD INVEST

Professional men and women, business men and women, those
living in cities and towns and confined to offices, stores and fac-
tories, will find an investment in forty or fifty acres of walnut
land at the present time wholly within their possibilities. Special
terms can be arranged and their groves planted and cared for at
small cost. While they are working their groves will be growing
toward maturity, and in less than a decade they may be free
from the demands of daily routine: the grove will furnish an
income, increasing each season until the twentieth year, and will
prove the most pleasant kind of old age annuity, and the richest
inheritance a man could leave his children.

The practical farmer, or the inexperienced man who desires to
escape the tyranny of city work by way of the soil will find that
a walnut grove offers an immediate home, a living from small!
fruits and vegetables while his trees are maturing, and at the end
of eight or ten years, the beginning of an income that will every
year thereafter increase, while the labor exacted will gradually
lessen until it amounts to practically nothing. Like rearing chil-
dren, a walnut grower’s troubles are over with the trees’ infant
days.

The capitalist can find no better place for his money than
safely invested in Oregon walnut lands; the rise is certain and
near.

The “Meat” of the Walnut

Some years ago ‘‘Outlook,’’ a most conservative publication,
spoke of the English walnut as ‘‘a tree of vast commercial import-
ance in the far west.’’

Luther Burbank states: ‘‘The consumption of walnuts is
increasing among all civilized nations faster than any other food.’’

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

CONCLUSION

B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the California State Board of
Horticulture, wrote in 1896:

‘‘California growers have had a long and varied experience
with many failures, and when they finally began to place their
walnuts on the market they were obliged to accept the humiliating
price of from 3 to 6 cents a pound less than that paid for imported
walnuts.’’

In Oregon the reverse is true. Our walnuts command a price
above that paid for walnuts raised anywhere else. The size,
cracking-out quantity, delicate flavor and delicious creamy taste,
are the qualities that give the Oregon walnut its surpassing ex-
cellence. If we have this pre-eminence at the beginning of the
industry, what may we expect when intelligent cultivation has
produced the best grade of walnuts of which our soil and climate
are capable?

To Oregon, then, with its vast areas adapted to this industry,
must the world look for its great annual walnut harvest in the
years to come. The far-seeing man will secure an interest in
Oregon walnut lands now, before speculation and a general
awakening to their real value have boosted the price to that of
walnut lands elsewhere.

View in Prince Walnut Grove Dundee, Oregon

WALNUT GROWING IN OREGON

OREGON WALNUT AREA BY COUNTIES

Note: The price of land varies according to location; the
cheaper land is not all cleared.

Groves now Bearing trees. Available land. Price
County. planted. per acre.
Washington Many young A number bear Thousands of
ones. full crops. acres. $25 to $209.
Multnomah Several young Many scattered. Several
groves. thousand. $50 to $200.
Yamhill 3,000 acres. 5,000 trees. 40,000 acres;

every quarter
section has
suitable land. $50 to $250.

Clackamas 100 acres. Many seattered; Several
one grove. thousand. $20 to $500.
Polk Several hundred100 trees. Many thousand. $25 to $100.
acres,
Marion A few A number in Hundreds
bearing. of acres. $20 to $500,
Benton No record. No record. Many acres $20 to $100.
Linn Several young Several Many hundred
groves, scattered. acres. $20 to $500.
Lane 300 acres. A few scattered; 10,000. $60 to $125.
bear heavily.
Douglas None. Many; loaded Thousands $25 to $100.
with nuts, of acres.
Josephine No record. A number; Hundreds
scattered. of acres. No record?
Jackson 30 or 40 acres. Hundreds scat- Several
tered through thousand. $25 to $225.
valley loaded
with nuts.
Baker A few groves. Many producing Thousands of
(Eastern Ore.) trees. acres. $25 to $150?

GOLD MEDAL WALNUT EXHIBIT
(See cut on following page)

Last year the Walnut club of McMinnville made an exhibit
of home grown walnuts at the A.-Y.-P. Exposition and was
awarded a gold medal. They have a very attractive and artistic
way of putting up an exhibit, classifying and arranging the
different varieties in glass cases in such a manner as to attract
universal attention and eall forth the heartiest exclamations of
admiration. The accompanying cut shows one of their exhibits
in position. It is nine feet high and nearly five feet wide and
is faced alike on both side.

This club was organized for the purpose of studying the wal-
nut industry in all its details. They employ scientists and experts
to tell how and to demonstrate the various methods of walnut
eulture. There are scores of 5 and 10-acre tracts planted to
walnuts in the vicinity, as well as experimental trees on the lots
in town and along the streets. They call MeMinnville ‘‘The
Walnut City.”’

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RAILROAD REPRESENTATIVES

Who will take pleasure in giving all desired information as to rates, routes,
train schedules, hotel accommodations, etc., and make advance arrangements
for trips.

EAST.
New York.......0.. J. B. DeFriest, Gen. Eastern Agt., U. P. R. R., 287 Broadway
NO@WHY Onis xls caus od L. H. Nutting, Gen. Pass. Agt., S. P. S. S. Co., 366 Broadway
BostonseMasse, crete 2a 'el> Willard Massey, N. E. Frt. & Pass. Agt., 176 Wash. St.
Philadelphia, Pali cscs ss S. C. Milbourne, G. A., U. P. R. R., 830 Chestnut St.
r R. J. Smith, Agent, S. P. Co., 632 Chestnut St.
Pittsburg gsRaleemancs ccsnlocne hence es G. G. Herring, General Agent, 707 Park Bldg.
Cincinnatiz ONO tier croc eae one W. H. Connor, General Agent, 53 East Fourth St.
Detrort,MiCWa sc ncec s tiecec.cc0t acres J. C. Ferguson. General Agent, 11 Fort St., West .
MIDDLE WEST.
Chicago, Wieiiacceess< ace W. G. Neimyer, General Agent, 120 Jackson Boulevard
SG OUTS eM Ontete rates (a,c) ee eils ooo bie watele oss J. G. Lowe, General Agent, 903 Olive St.
PRAT S cl Ge ILS GremEIVI Ole trot Ve ce ohe cc: crete ds c/a ae comm datas ay to uaa Wad area eC ww lo ta) ShaUaI 0 ah se. Scbceke ad hel otaleres
H. G. Kaill, Asst. Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., U. P. R. R., 901 Walnut St.
St. Joseph; Mo... .....- S. E. Stohr, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt., St. J. & G.I. R. R.
Leavenworth, Kan...... J. J. Hartnett, Gen. Agt., Rooms 9-11 Nat. Bank Bldg.
Council Bluffs, lowak sass + aeeas J. C. Mitchell, City Ticket Agent, 522 Broadway
Des Moines, lowat..<-<.+ 5:5... Jee VW bunele: Ura Passe At.) Silo WW Enon sibs
Minneapolis, Minn......... H. F. Carter, Dist. Pass. Agent, 21 South Third St.
PEITMC OG AINIED recs este aan crake Teac ata otatuesie e.svahe. 6 BE. B. Slosson, General Agent, 1044 O St.
GyrialivaliING bm oie fa ccscta ce «coe are E. L. Lomax, General Passenger Agent, U. P. R. R.
PEDO; (COlO mises creiersih cashes sete wakes L. M. Tudor, Commercial Agent, 312 N. Main St.
DEVE COMO ieicscn's aris. chs yet Francis B. Choate, General Agent, 941 Seventeenth St.
Wm. K. McAllister, Gen. Agt., S. P. Co., Suite 313 Railway Exc. Bldg.
CANADA.
TMOVOMLO oe so eats aerate J. O. Goodsell, Traveling Pass. Agt., Room 14 Janes Bldg.
SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST.
ASE FAA i pment el eet tec sayagece' oid exe's, 02-8 hove A. J. Dutcher, General Agent, 121 Peachtree St.
MIEN LOWES VAIS) IEE Se Slip inldiolaccuotibe au cgisecintos ol Mibise Eeimttitroitics Gecko na ace Rea ieee CREO
J. Re Parsons: Gen. Pass. Agt., i a& IT. Re Re, 7 St. Charles St.
FAGUSEON : PTIEXG.icce ee ccen-e T. J. Anderson, Gen. Pass. Agent, G. H eGo AS Tee hes
EUROPE.
L2OnA Gri EtG ani ater cl atetsle. cles oyssctencis to csue tous be Rudolph Falck, General European Agent
No. 49 Leadenhall St., E. C. No. 22 Cockspur St., N. W.
LAK ST ol arey 1S) a Ko ed 000 [eis se mea CRON SCORSESE nGIENSIG plo, “Sr ericie ts lene ie ere neice No. 25 Water St.
PATE MCI Pees GC MUM ce-taltacstsy chester sueyers elie ot emces ota <) 2) «) sbedehedatay atelraserm aus 11 Rue Chapelle de Grace
ELAM Dre e niaNir-y..drce + sjacsieusiste scliswie 2 Amerika Haus, 23-27, Ferdinand Strasse
PACIFIC COAST.
San Francisco, Cal...... Chas. S. Fee, Pass. Traffie Mgr. S. P. Co., Flood Bldg.
Eewiston, Jidae i crrids..< ac ote Cc. W. Mount, District Freight & Passenger Agent
Eos Angeles; Call. ..5..2-..,. H. ©. Wilson, Gen. Agt.,.U. P. R. R., 557 Spring St.
T, A; Graham, Asst. Gen, Pass. Ast... S. Co, .600 S. Spring St.
(QIRATHT OTE Go W/E) lel oincolc-g.-lb beoieas cipireaidicdiain Se eciGenc J. C. Percival, Agent, Percival’s Dock
Salt= Lake City, Utah... 3... 5. « DD; EY Burley: iGens Pass. Agt.,.©O:-S. Li aR. R.
Seattle, Wash.......... W. D. Skinner, Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agent, O. & W. R. R.

E. E. Ellis, General Agent, 608 First Ave.
Tacoma, Wash... Robt. Lee, Gen’] Agt., Berlin Bldg., Eleventh and Pacifie Ave.

Spokane; Washi... ce ce .. 2° as H. C. Munson, City Ticket Agent, 601 Sprague Ave.
Walla Wala, Wash............. R. Burns, District Freight and Passenger Agent
Wallace's alll abnctyertevaraersrsiere.o, 2.5.8 ctctwislistens/ccole ety ere G. A. Marshall, Commercial Agent
ASTODIATONG yo. eiacie esiciats aeons G. W. Roberts, Commercial Agent, O. R. & N. Dock
Portland, Ore....... C. W. Stinger, City Ticket Agent, 3d and Washington Sts.
R. B. MILLER, Traffic Manager WM. McMURRAY, Gen. Pass. Agt.

JOHN M. SCOTT, Assistant General Passenger Agent
Portland, Oregon > be eS

JUL 25 1910

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00009188824

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