Wave attenuation by artificial seaweed

U.S. vebeae |
Caast, Eng. es | Cte.

MR 76-9
(AD-A028 274)

Wave Attenuation by Artificial Seaweed

by
John Ahrens

MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 76-9

JUNE 1976 es
WHO]

DOCUMEN
COLLECTION /

U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COASTAL ENGINEERING

ie, RESEARCH CENTER
-OSS| Kingman Building
Miz Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060

Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate
credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of
this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are

available from:
National Technical Information Service
ATTN: Operations Division
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22151
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position unless so designated by other

authorized documents.

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READ INSTRUCTIONS
T. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 5. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
MR 76-9

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Miscellaneous Report
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

WAVE ATTENUATION BY ARTIFICIAL SEAWEED

7. AUTHOR(a) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a&

John Ahrens

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of the Army

Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-SP)
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060

F31236

11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Department of the Army June 1976
Coastal Engineering Research Cente LS INUMBE RIO RIRAGES
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virg iyii-e

d 060
4. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thia report)

UNCLASSIFIED

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SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report)

- SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

- KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)

Wave attenuation

Artificial seaweed
Shore protection Waves

ABSTRACT (Continue an reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number)

A series of wave tank tests was conducted at the U.S. Army Coastal Engi-
neering Research Center (CERC) to determine the ability of a field of low
specific gravity artificial seaweed to attenuate wave action. Wave gages
were located on both sides of the seaweed field to measure wave attenuation.
The field consisted of seven rows of seaweed with the rows spaced 3 meters
(10 feet) apart. Ten distinct wave conditions were tested using periods
ranging from 2.6 to 8.2 seconds and wave heights from 0.24 to 1.1 meters

FORM
DD , jan 73 1473 Ertion oF t Nov6S Is OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED
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(0.8 to 3.6 feet). The stillwater depth for all tests was 2.4 meters (8 feet).
There was a measureable level of wave attenuation for only the shortest period,
2.6 seconds. For the 2.6-second period, the reduction in wave height on pass-
ing through the seaweed field was about 12 percent.

2
UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)

PREFACE

This report is published to provide coastal engineers with the results
of a series of wave tank tests of artificial seaweed's ability to attenuate
wave action. The work was carried out under the coastal processes pro-
gram of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC).

The report was prepared by John P. Ahrens, Coastal Structures Branch,
under the general supervision of Dr. Robert M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal
Structures Branch, Research Division.

The author acknowledges the numerous contributions by Mr. George
Simmons in setting up and conducting the tests, and by Dr. Robert
M. Sorensen for the many suggestions which improved the report.

Comments on this publication are invited.

Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th
Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th

Congress, approved 7 November 1963.

WILSON P. ANDREWS
LTC, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director

III

IV

1 Test conditions and wave attenuation factors .

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .

TEST SETUP, CONDITIONS, AND, PROCEDURES .

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

CONCLUSION .

LITERATURE CITED .

TABLES

Example of wave height attenuation factor computations .

FIGURES

1 One seaweed unit

Closeup view of seaweed fronds .

3 Test setup in large wave tank

Cross section of tank at seaweed field .

Page

10

Mal

WAVE ATTENUATION BY ARTIFICIAL SEAWEED

by

John Ahrens

I. INTRODUCTION

This report discusses the wave tank testing of a low specific gravity
artificial seaweed field and its ability to attenuate wave action. Field
testing of the seaweed's potential to prevent scour or trap sand has pre-
viously been evaluated. Additional information on tests and applications
of artificial seaweed is found in Rankin and Cogan (1965), Wicker (1966),
Brashears and Bartnell (1967), Nicolon of Holland (1972), and Bakker,

Ge ails (U7e)c

II. TEST SETUP, CONDITIONS, AND PROCEDURES

The artificial seaweed was tested at the Coastal Engineering Research
Center (CERC) in the large wave tank, 6.1 meters (20 feet) deep, 4.6 meters
(15 feet) wide, and 194 meters (635 feet) long (see Coastal Engineering
Research Center, 1971 for a description of the tank). A riprapped wave
absorber slope occupied 46 meters (150 feet) of tank length during the
testing. Waves were generated by a piston-type wavemaker.

Each seaweed unit (Fig. 1) was composed of a large number of slender
fronds made of stretched polypropylene foam strands (Fig. 2). The unit
was 2 meters (6.5 feet) wide, about 2.1 meters (7 feet) long, and bound
by horizontal stitching at 25-centimeter (10 inches) intervals. The fronds
had a specific gravity between 0.1 and 0.2, and were attached to a black
nylon bag which could be filled with weighting material to anchor the unit.
The seaweed unit was secured in the tank by running a heavy aluminum strap
through the nylon bag and bolting the strap to the floor. When the tank
was filled each unit formed an inverted curtain extending about 2.3 meters
(7.5 feet) above the tank floor.

The artificial seaweed field was formed by seven rows of seaweed, each
row consisting of two seaweed units, spaced 3 meters (10 feet) apart along
the wave tank. Figures 3 and 4 show a cutaway view along the tank and a
cross-sectional view of the tank through the seaweed field, respectively.

Gages were located on both sides of the seaweed field to measure wave
attenuation (Fig. 3). A 1.5-meter-long (5 feet) capacitance-type wave gage
with continuous resolution was located at the seaward tank station 522. A
3-meter-long (10 feet) step-resistance gage with sensitive elements 3 centi-
meters (0.1 foot) apart (Williams, 1969) was located at the landward tank
Station 442. Output from the two gages was recorded on a dual-channel pen
and ink strip chart. The step-resistance wave gage is essentially a self-
calibrating gage. The capacitance gage was statically calibrated before each
data run and checked after each run to ensure that it maintained its cal-
ibration.

Figure 1. One seaweed unit.

Figure 2., Closeup view of seaweed fronds.

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Tank Width (ft)

EXPLANATION

Tiedown Strap and Bolts

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Cross section of tank at seaweed field.

Figure 4.

A 2.4-meter (8 feet) stillwater depth, which was just sufficient to
submerge the tops of the seaweed fronds (Fig. 4), was used for all con-
ditions. Wave data were collected during runs of 10-minute durations.
The 10 wave conditions tested are listed in Table 1. Generally, three
runs were made at each wave condition so the reproducibility of con-
ditions and results could be checked. The length of the data runs was
chosen before the effectiveness of the wave absorber slope was noted.
Standing-wave patterns on the tank wall indicated that there was con-
siderable wave reflection from the absorber slope for wave periods of
6.2 and 8.2 seconds. The wave absorber had been designed for another
study which used a stillwater depth of 4.6 meters and time restrictions
on the use of the tank made it impossible to modify the absorber for
the 2.4-meter water depth used in this study. Because of the wave re-
flection problem only the part of the wave record unaffected by reflec-
tion was used to calculate attenuation. Data runs were also made with
the seaweed field out of the wave tank for all wave conditions to pro-
vide a control for the analysis.

III. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Wave records were analyzed to see if wave energy had been lost in
traveling through the seaweed field from the seaward to the landward
gage. Since two different types of wave gages were used, the data runs
with the seaweed out of the tank provided a method of eliminating system-
atic wave height measurement differences between the gages. The data
runs with the seaweed out of the tank also allowed the analysis to
eliminate inclusion of any losses of wave energy between the two gages
due to the tank walls and floor. Table 2 shows how the wave height
attenuation factor for wave condition 1 (Table 1) was computed.

In Table 2, the wave heights from stations 522 and 442 (cols. 2 and
3) are the average heights of five consecutive waves. These five waves
were measured shortly after the generator was started for each data run
when the wave conditions had stabilized at the station but before re-
flected waves from the absorber slope had reached the gage. For sim-
plicity, waves in this category are referred to as well-formed waves.
The ratio of the landward wave height to the seaward height for the
seaweed-in and seaweed-out conditions is given in column 4. The paired
values of the seaweed-in and seaweed-out conditions (col. 4) form the
ratio which is the wave height attenuation factor (col. 5). There are
nine equally valid ways the seaweed-in condition can pair up with the
seaweed-out condition (col. 4); however, the average value of the wave
height attenuation factor for the nine pairings will be the same as the
average value in colum 5. The average value of the wave height atten-
uation factor was tabulated for all wave conditions (Table 1, col. 4),
and is considered the best estimate of the reduction in wave height
caused by the seaweed field.

A wave height attenuation factor of 1 indicates no reduction in wave
height for waves passing through the field due to the presence of the field.

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The example (Table 2) indicates that wave height is reduced 12.5 percent
by the field for a 2.6-second wave period. Table 1 (col. 5) shows

some wave height attenuation factors greater than 1 which implies a

gain in wave height at the landward gage due to the presence of the
field. Such a condition is impossible and indicates noise in the ex-
periment.

To provide a check on the wave height attenuation factor calcula-
tions, the segment of the wave record from which the wave height was
calculated was digitized at a rate of two times per second. From the
digitized data the variance of the wave record was calculated; the
variance is proportional to the wave energy. The variance of each
wave record was treated the same as the wave height in Table 2 to give
a wave energy attenuation factor for each condition (Table 1, col. 6).
The square root of the wave energy attenuation factor (Table 1, col. 7)
can be compared to the wave height attenuation factor as a method of
judging the consistency of the two methods in evaluating wave attenuation
due to the seaweed field. Both methods indicate that with the exception
of the shortest wave period, there is little wave energy loss.

To further document the attenuation for the shortest period, T = 2.6
seconds, an analysis of a longer record length was conducted. Because
of the slower group speed of this wave period a considerably greater
record length and number of waves were unaffected by reflection from the
absorber slope than for the longer period wave conditions. An analysis
based on the first 25 stable waves unaffected by reflection gave a wave
height attenuation factor of 0.878. The same segments of records used in
the 25 wave analyses were digitized two times per second and gave a wave
energy attenuation factor of 0.791 which corresponds to a wave height
attenuation factor of 0.889 (Table 1, cols. 5, 6, and 7).

IV. CONCLUSION

This study shows that for the width of the field tested, the low
specific gravity artificial seaweed is not effective in attenuating
wave energy at wave periods commonly found in the ocean or other large
bodies of water.

LITERATURE CITED

BAKKER, W.T., et al., "Artificial Seaweed," The Dock and Harbor
Authority, Vol. 54, No. 638, Dec. 1973, pp. 289-292.

BRASHEARS, R.L., and BARTNELL, J.S., "Development of the Artificial
Seaweed Concept,"' Shore and Beach, ASBPA, Vol. 35, No. 2, Oct. 1967,

pp. 35-41.

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, "Summary of Capabilities," MP 3-64,
U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C., updated Nov. 1971.

NICOLON OF HOLLAND, ''Artificial Seaweed Prevents Scour,'' Ocean Industry,
Wolls 7s NOs Sg Weses IOVAS jo) ZOo4oe

RANKIN, J.K., and COGAN, F., "Report on Artificial Seaweed," Shore and
Beach, ASBPA, Vol. 33, No. 2, Oct. 1965, pp. 13-16.

WICKER, C.F., "Report on Artificial Seaweed," Shore and Beach, ASBPA,
Vol. 34, No. 2, Oct. 1966, pp. 28-29.

WILLIAMS, L.C., ''CERC Wave Gages," TM-30, U.S. Army, Coastal Engineering
Research Center, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1969.

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