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THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
JESUP COLLECTION.
THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
THEIR STRUCTURE, QUALITIES, AND USES.
WITH
©eocjrapfjtcal ano otjer RTotes upon tfje Hlxm
foJjkJj produce tfjem.
By C. S. SARGENT.
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, and 5 Bond Street.
1885.
Copyright, 1885,
By C. S. Sargent.
©nf&ersttg Press :
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
INTRODUCTION.
The American Museum of Natural History is indebted to its
enlightened and public-spirited President, Mr. Morris K. Jesup,
for a magnificent collection of woods, which display, for the first
time in a satisfactory manner, the forest wealth of the United States.
The conception of this collection belongs to Mr. Jesup. The forests
of the United States are not surpassed by those of any other coun-
try in the variety and value of the timbers which they produce.
Many of these are little known or appreciated commercially ; and it
was the belief of the founder of this collection that the opportunity
it would afford to engineers, architects, and mechanics to examine
specimens of the material produced by the forests of the whole
country would be of great and immediate practical utility to the
community, and that the presence of such a collection in the
Museum of Natural History would facilitate the scientific and in-
dustrial study of the Sylva of this country, and develop a popular
interest in forests and forest science.
Mr. Jesup's collection is the outgrowth of an investigation of
the forest wealth of this country commenced by me more than five
years ago. The results of that investigation have been published
in Vol. IX. of the final Eeports of the Tenth Census, which this
collection will serve to illustrate.
The trees of the United States are represented in the Museum by
large and characteristic trunk specimens, arranged in the sequence
of their botanical relationship. These specimens are cut in such a
manner as to display the bark, and cross and longitudinal sections
of the wood, both polished and in its natural condition. They
are supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance,
vi
INTRODUCTION.
by carefully selected planks, or burls, which often show better than
logs the true industrial value of the wood.
Specimens of a few of the arborescent species of the United States
have not yet been secured, and others are still in preparation.
These will be added to the collection as rapidly as possible.
A series of life-size water-colors of the foliage, flowers, and fruit
of each tree represented in the collection by a wood specimen is in
course of preparation. They will be displayed with the collection
as fast as completed. An herbarium of the trees of the United
States, arranged by Mr. C. E. Faxon of the Arnold Arboretum, will
afford special students of dendrology an opportunity of critically
studying the collection.
The following catalogue of the trees of this country will serve
as a guide to the collection ; it is condensed from Vol. IX. of the
Reports of the Tenth Census, from which are derived the tables
relating to the physical properties of the woods of the United
States. These tables have been prepared for this publication by
Mr. S. P. Sharples, of Cambridge.
C. S. SARGENT.
Arnold Arboretum, Brookline, Mass.,
May, 1885.
CONTENTS.
PAG 3
Introduction v
Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (exclu-
sive of Mexico) 1
The Physical Properties of the Woods of the United States 141
TABLE I.
Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to
Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United
States 144
TABLE II.
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific
Gravity of their Dry Woods . 153
TABLE III.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the
Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods .... 158
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram,
Centimetre) 163
viii
CONTENTS.
TABLE V.
PAGE
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram,
Centimetre) 166
TABLE VI.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression . 169
TABLE VII.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of
the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of
1.27 Millimetres 173
CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES.
MAG-NOLIACEJE.
1. Magnolia grandinora, L.
Big Laurel. Bull Bay.
Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Mosquito
Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; along the coast of the Gulf States to
southwestern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas,
extending north in the valley of the Mississippi River to latitude 32° 30'.
A magnificent evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the
" bluff " formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi River from
Vicksburg to Natchez, and in western Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked,
satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color creamy white or
often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; little used except
as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc.
2. Magnolia glauca, L.
Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp
Laurel.
Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey, southward, generally near
the coast, to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida ; westward through
the valley of the Mississippi River south of latitude 35°, and the Gulf
States to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres
in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ;
swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich
hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula, and along the low
sandy banks of pine-barren streams in the Gulf States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
1
2
MAGNOLIACEiE.
Magnolia.
nearly white ; in the Gulf States sometimes used in the manufacture of
small wooden-ware.
The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acumi-
nata and M. Umbrella are included in the American Materia Medica,
furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remit-
tent fevers.
3. Magnolia acuminata, L.
Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia.
Western New York to southern Illinois ; southward along the Alle-
ghany Mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky
and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama
and northeastern Mississippi; and in northeastern, southern, and south-
western Arkansas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the
slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter,
often nearly white ; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet-
making, etc.
4. Magnolia cordata, Michx.
Cucumber Tree.
Southern Alleghany Mountain region, — Georgia to Winston County,
Alabama.
A tree 22 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter ; low rich woods ; very rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-
wood light yellow.
5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Western North Carolina to southeastern Kentucky, southward to
middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the
valley of Pearl River, Louisiana; and in central Arkansas.
A tree 6 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in
diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone
valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
Liriodendron.
MAGNOLIACEiE.
3
6. Magnolia Umbrella, Lam.
Umbrella Tree. Elk-wood.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains
to central Alabama, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to north-
eastern Mississippi ; and in central and southwestern Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10
to 0.40 metre in diameter; rich, shady hillsides; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white.
7. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.
Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia southward to western Florida
and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River,
Mississippi.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; rich woods.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very, numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
8. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White-wood.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to
northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to
Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30'; and south to latitude 31° in
the Gulf States east of the Mississippi River ; extending west to south-
eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas.
A large and valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk
2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its
greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along
the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in Tennessee and North
Carolina.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, com-
pact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color
light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac-
tured into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in
boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, wooden-
ware, etc. ; varieties varying in color and grain are recognized.
Liriodendrin, sl stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained
by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root.
4
ANONACEiE. — CAPPARIDACE.E.
Asimina.
ANONACEiE.
9. Asimina triloba, Dunal.
Papaw. Custard Apple.
Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to
southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas; south to mid-
dle Florida and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ;
rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower
Wabash valley and in the valley of the White River, Arkansas.
Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of
annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color
light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; the large fruit
sweet and edible.
10. Anona laurifolia, Dunal.
Pond Apple.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Malabar to Bay Biscayne, west coast,
Pease Creek to the Caloosa River ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits and on the west coast often
reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common, and reaching its
greatest development, within the United States, on the low islands and
shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing
many scattered open ducts ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the
sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit scarcely edible.
CAPPARIDACEJE.
1 1 . Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in
the West Indies and southward to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre
in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its
greatest development, within the United States, on Upper Metacombe and
Umbrella Keys.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many
evenly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Gordonia. CANELLACEiE. — TERNSTRCEMIACEiE.
5
CANELLACEJE.
12. Canella alba, Murr.
White-wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, often 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.22 metre h;
diameter; not rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood
light brown or yellow.
The pale inner bark furnishes an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occa-
sionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs.
G-UTTIFER^E.
13. Clusia flava, L.
West Indies; Key West prior to 1840. Not rediscovered by the
later explorers of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not
now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States.
Wood not examined.
TERNSTRCEMIACEJE.
14. Gordonia Lasianthus, L.
Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay.
Southern Virginia, south, near the coast, to Cape Malabar, and Cape
Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi
River.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50
metre in diameter ; low, sandy swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ;
specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabinet-
making.
15. G-ordonia pubescens, L'Her.
Franklinia.
Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, Georgia.
A small tree, not rediscovered during the present century, and now
only known through cultivated specimens.
Wood not examined.
6
STERC ULI ACE iE. — TILIACE.E.
Fremontia.
STERCULIACE^E.
16. Fremontia Californica, Torr.
Slippery Elm.
California, — valley of Pitt River, southward along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Lucia
to the San Jacinto Mountains ; rare at the north, most common and
reaching its greatest development on the southern Sierras and the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry,
gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing
many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary
rays ; layers of annual growth obscure ; color dark brown tinged with
red, the thick sap-wood lighter.
The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.
TILIACEJE.
17. Tilia Americana, L.
Lime Tree. Basswood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree.
Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the
one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the
Alleghany Mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama ; extending west,
in the United States, to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter; common in all northern forests
on rich soil ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-
lands. A variety (T. Americana, var. pubescens, Loud) with thinner
leaves softly pubescent beneath occasionally occurs in swamps and low
ground from North Carolina to western Florida, generally near the
coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily
worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or
often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely
used in the manufacture of wooden-ware and cheap furniture, for the
panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and
the manufacture of paper pulp.
The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cord-
age and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists.
Guaiacum. MALPIGHIACEiE. — ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
7
18. Tilia heterophylla, Vent.
White Basswood. Wahoo.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania, southward to northern Ala-
bama and Florida; west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Indiana, and southern and central Illinois.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its
greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
Mountains and in middle Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana,
from which it scarcely differs.
The young branches are often fed to cattle in winter by farmers in the
southern Alleghany Mountains.
MALPIG-HIACE^E.
19. Byrsonima lncida, HBK.
Tallow Berry. Glamberry.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; through the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.25 metre in diameter, or often shrubby and branching from the ground.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
Fruit edible.
ZYGOPHYLLACEJE.
20. Guaiacum sanctum, L.
Lignumvitce .
Keys of semi-tropical Florida, not rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo,
Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United
States, 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in di-
ameter.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly dis-
tributed resinous ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich
yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood
light yellow ; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for
which it is preferred to other woods.
Lignum Guaiaci, Guaiacum-wood, the heart of this and the allied
G. officinale, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now
8
RUTACEiE.
Porliera.
only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound
decoction of sarsaparilla.
Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating
diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is employed in
cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc.
21. Porliera angustifolia, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Colorado River to the Rio Grande,
extending west to the Rio Pecos ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced
to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States,
on the hills bordering the valley of the Guadalupe River.
Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open
ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary
rays very thin, numerous ; color rich dark brown, turning green with
exposure, the sap-wood bright }^ellow ; probably possessing medicinal
properties similar to those of lignumvitae.
RTJTACE^.
22. Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.
Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska,
and eastern Kansas ; south to the mountains of Virginia, and northern
Missouri.
A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ;
common, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great
lakes ; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich bottom-lands.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to
produce diaphoresis in cases of rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular
remedy for toothache.
23. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, L.
Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. Wild
Orange.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Bay Biscayne and
Tampa Bay, Florida, westward through the Gulf States to northwestern
Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter ; usually along streams and low, rich bottom-lands, reaching
Plelea.
RUTACE.E.
9
its greatest development in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern
Texas. A shrubby, or on the coast arborescent, form of western Texas,
with shorter ovate leaves, is var. fruticosum, Gray.
Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, con-
taining many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
24. Xanthoxylum Caribaeum, Lam.
Satin-wood.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre
in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained,
compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin, conspicuous ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
25. Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK.
Wild Lime.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on
the west coast from about latitude 29° to Cape Sable ; southwestern
Texas ; and southward through Mexico to Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex-
ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub. In
Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the
west coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub,
or, on the shores of Matagorda Bay, west of the Nueces River, and in the
valley of the Rio Grande, a low tree.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, nu-
merous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow.
26. Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash.
Banks of the Niagara River, and Pennsylvania southward to northern
Florida, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory ; through western
Texas to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a slender shrub ; shady,
rocky hillsides.
A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south
Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is var. mollis,
Torr. & Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, layers of annual
growth clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts ; medullary
rays few, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
10
SIMARUBEiE. — BURSERACE^E.
Canotia.
The bark of the root possesses tonic properties, and is employed by
herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in the treatment of
dyspepsia, debility, etc. ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically
as a substitute for hops.
27. Canotia holacantha, Torr.
Arizona, — White Mountain region, valley of the Gila River, valley of
Bill Williams Fork.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or often a large shrub ; dry, rocky hillsides.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays
thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
brown.
SIMARUBE^E.
28. Simaraba glauca, DC.
Paradise Tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through
the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in
diameter ; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest
development on the shores of Bay Biscayne.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood a little darker.
The bark of this species is occasionally used as a substitute for that of
S. officinalis, DC, as an aromatic, bitter tonic.
BURSERACEJE.
29. Bursera gummifera, Jacq.
Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metre in
diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of southern Florida,
of very rapid growth and decay.
Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown
or gray, quickly discoloring with decay.
The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat
used in various forms, under the name of Caranna, as a remedy for gout ;
and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish.
Ximenia.
MELIACEiE. — OLACINE^.
11
30. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq.
Torch-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25
metre in diameter ; common.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, com-
pact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a beautiful polish;
medullary rays obscure ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter.
MELIACE^E.
31. Swietenia Mahogoni, L.
Mahogany. Madeira.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies and
Central America.
A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 metres in
height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained,
compact, very durable, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the
thin sap-wood yellow ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ;
largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all
sorts, interior finish, etc. ; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building.
OLACINE^E.
32. Ximenia Americana, L.
Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. Mountain Plum.
Florida, — east coast Saint John's River to the southern keys, west
coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; through the West Indies to Brazil,
and on the coast of the Indian Peninsula (introduced ?).
A small, low, wide-spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil and toward its
northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its great-
est development, in Florida on the west coast.
Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing
numerous regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ;
color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
Hydrocyanic acid can be obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit.
12
ILICINEJE.
Ilex.
ILICINE^E.
33. Ilex opaca, Ait.
American Holly.
Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet
and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of
the Colorado River, Texas, and extending northward through the Missis-
sippi Valley to Southern Indiana.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30
to 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a
shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas
and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very
compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color
nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still
lighter ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and
turnery.
A bitter principle (Iliciri), common to other species of the genus, has
been obtained from the fruit of this tree.
34. Ilex Dahoon, Walt.
Dahoon. Dahoon Holly.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and
Tampa Bay, Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region
of western Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to
0.30 metre in diameter ; low, wet soil, or often in cypress swamps and
ponds; not common, and running into numerous forms, — var. angusti-
folia, Torr. & Gray ; var. myrtifolia, Chapm.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
35. Ilex Cassine, Walt.
Cassena. Yaupon. Yopon.
Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to Saint John's River
and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkan-
sas, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up many slender stems and
forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams ; reach-
ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Cliftonia. CYRILLACEiE. 13
»
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color nearly white, becoming yellow with
exposure, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves possess powerful emetic properties.
36. Ilex decidua, Walt.
Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western
Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River,
Texas, and northward through the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or in the Atlantic States a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet
woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Moun-
tain region of Missouri, and in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin; color creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter.
CYRILLACEJE.
37. Cyrilla racemiflora, L.
Iron-wood.
North Carolina, southward, near the coast, to middle Florida, and west,
along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from
the root ; open swamps, low thickets, or pine-barren pond-holes.
Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin,
not conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little
lighter.
38. Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks.
Titi. Iron-wood. Buckwheat Tree.
Valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, south to middle Florida, and
west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40
metre in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a
shrub ; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ;
largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame.
14
CELASTRACEiE. — RHAMNACEiE.
Euonymus.
CELASTRACE^E.
39. Euonymus atropurpnreus, Jacq.
Burning Bush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. Arrow-wood.
Western New York, west to the valley of the Missouri River, Mon-
tana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern
Kansas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; low, rich
woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ;
medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color white tinged with orange.
Wahoo bark, a mild but uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in
the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc.
40. Myginda pallens, Smith.
Upper Metacombe Key, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers
of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ;
color dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged
with red.
41. Sense fFeria fmtescens, Jacq.
Yellow wood. Box-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys from Metacombe Key east-
ward, Caloosa River, and sparingly on the Reef Keys ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, occasionally 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light bright yellow, the sap-wood
a little lighter.
RHAMNACEjE.
42. Reynosia latifolia, Griseb.
Red Iron-wood. Darling Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys to Bay Biscayne ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter.
Rhamnus.
RHAMNACE2E.
15
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; med-
ullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood light
brown.
The fruit edible and of agreeable flavor.
43. Condalia ferrea, Griseb.
Black Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to Bay Biscayne, and on the
southern keys ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 11 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38
metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective ; common.
Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, difficult to work ; remarkable for the large percentage of ash ; med-
ullary rays very numerous, thin ; color rich orange-brown, the sap-wood
lighter.
44. Condalia obovata, Hook.
Blue-wood. Logwood. Purple Haw.
Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New
Mexico to southern Arizona ; probably extending into northern M exico.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a low, much branched shrub ; reaching its greatest
development along the streams of eastern Texas ; one of the common
" chaparral " plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable
thickets.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning,
containing many groups of large irregularly arranged open ducts ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood light yellow.
45. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt.
Indian Cherry.
Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio River to
southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec River, eastern Kansas,
and the Indian Territory, south to northern Florida, and through the
Gulf States to eastern Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre
in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally a tall shrub ; rich woods
along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in
southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The fruit sweet and edible.
16
RHAMNACEiE.
Rhamnus.
46. Rhamims Californica, Eschsch.
California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper
Sacramento River southward to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon.
A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37
metre in diameter, or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high
elevations, often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the Santa Cruz Mountains. A low shrubby form, densely
white-tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern
California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of
annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
narrow, obscure ; color brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
47. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC.
Bearberry. Bear-wood. Shittim-wood.
Puget Sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington
to the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the shores of Flathead Lake,
Montana ; southward through western Washington, Oregon, and northern
California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A small tree, often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter ; depressions and on the sides and bottoms of canons
in the coniferous forests ; reaching its greatest development along the
western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon.
Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown tinged with yellow,
the sap-wood somewhat lighter.
The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful
cathartic properties, and, under the name of Oascara sagrada, has been
introduced into commerce by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and
tinctures.
48. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschsch.
Blue Myrtle.
California, — Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County south to the
valley of the San Luis Rey River.
A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15
metre in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ;
common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests
near Santa Cruz Bay.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very obscure ;
color light brown, the sap-wood darker.
The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent
properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana, used with advantage in
cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in the treat-
ment of troubles of the throat.
JEsculus.
SAPINDACEiE.
17
49. Colubrina reclinata, Brong.
Naked Wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 metres in
height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest
development, within the United States, on Umbrella Key, here forming a
dense forest ; not common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary
• rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood
light yellow.
SAPINDACE^.
50. JEsculus glabra, Willd.
Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to
northern Alabama, and westward through southern Michigan (rare) to
southern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, 8 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; rich soil along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its
greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split,
often blemished by dark lines of decay ; medullary rays obscure ; color
white, the sap-wood a little darker ; largely used, in common with that of
the other species of the genus, in the manufacture of wooden-ware, artificial
limbs, paper pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shaft-
ing and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
The bark of the allied old-world species jE. Hippocastanum has been
found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of
intermittent fevers, and similar properties may be looked for in the bark
of the North American species of this genus.
51. JEsculus flava, Ait.
Sweet Buckeye.
Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and
Alabama, west to southern Iowa, the Indian Territory, and the valley of
the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 28 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0 90 metre in
diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich
woods and borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the
slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
2
18
SAPINDACEiE.
JEsculus-
A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent
beneath, is var. purpurascens, Gray.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difficult to split; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly dis-
tinguishable.
52. .^Esculus Californica, Nutt.
California Buckeye.
California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River and Mendocino
County, southward in the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along
the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
A low, widely branching tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a short
trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base,
or more often a much-branched shrub from 3 to 5 metres in height ;
borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the
Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-
wood hardly distinguishable.
53. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl.
Spanish Buckeye.
Valley of the Trinity River, Texas, to the canons of the Organ Moun-
tains, New Mexico ; and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or towards its eastern and western limits reduced
to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado River, on bottoms and
rich hillsides, and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
Guadalupe River, between New Braunfels and the coast.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, contain-
ing numerous evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
inconspicuous ; color red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter.
54. Sapindus marginatns, Willd.
Wild China. Soapberry.
Atlantic coast, — Savannah River to the Saint John's River, Florida;
Cedar Keys ; valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, through western
Louisiana, and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico
and Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; in the West Indies.
A tree on the Atlantic coast, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height,
with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, west of the Colorado River
much smaller, rarely 9 metres in height ; borders of streams or toward the
western limits of its distribution, only in mountain valleys ; reaching its
greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Hypelate.
SAPINDACE2E.
19
Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin
strips ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged
with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used in Texas in the manu-
facture of cotton-baskets, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack-
saddles.
55. Sapindus Saponaria, L.
Soapberry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to Caximbas Bay ; in the West
Indies.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38
metre in diameter; common on Cape Sable, and reaching its greatest
development, within the United States, on the Thousand Islands and
along the shores of Caximbas Bay.
Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood
yellow.
The fruit and roots rich in saponin, and used in the West Indies as a
substitute for soap ; the round black seeds for beads, buttons, and small
ornaments.
56. Hypelate paniculata, Cambess.
Ink-wood. Iron-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — east coast from Mosquito Inlet to the southern
keys ; in the West Indies .
A tree often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 metre in
diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, sus-
ceptible of a good polish, checking in drying ; medullary rays obscure ;
color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in ship -building,
for the handles of tools, and wharf piles ; resisting the attacks of the
Teredo.
57. Hypelate trifoliata, Sw.
White Iron-ivood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; not common.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine
polish, durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays thin, obscure ;
color rich light brown, the sap-wood darker ; used in ship-building, for
the handles of tools, posts, etc.
20
SAPINDACEiE.
Acer.
58. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.
Striped Maple. Moose-wood. Striped Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple.
Whistle-wood.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake
Ontario, and the islands of Lake Huron, south through the north Atlantic
States, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia ; west
through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; cool ravines and mountain sides.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
59. Acer spicatum, Lam.
Mountain Maple.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west along the northern shores of
the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region,
south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to
northern Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain
ravines ; reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the
Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicu-
ous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
60. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Broad-leaved Maple.
Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of
British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon, and along
the California Coast Ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino Mountains and Hot Spring Valley, San Diego
County ; not found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the
rich bottom-lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich
light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ;
largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for axe and broom
handles, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully
curled and contorted are common.
Acer.
SAPINDACEiE.
21
61. Acer circinatum, Pursh.
Vine Maple.
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British
Columbia, southward through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cas-
cade Mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California;
rarely found above 4,000 feet altitude.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to
0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams; the stems often prostrate
and forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or often nearly white ; the sap-wood
lighter; specific gravity, 0.6660; ash, 0.39; used as fuel, by lumbermen
for axe and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of
fishing-nets.
62. Acer glabram, Torr.
Dwarf Maple.
Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British
Columbia, south through Washington, Oregon, and along the Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains of California to the Yosemite Valley ; east along the
mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains, south through Colorado and Utah ; in the east Humboldt
Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and
eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in
height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the
mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter.
63. Acer grandidentatum, Nutt.
Western Montana, canons of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and
south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico ; and in
Coahuila.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20
to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams ; not common.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin, distinct ; color light brown, or often nearly white.
64. Acer saccharimim, Wang.
Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple.
Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay
Rivers, shores of Lake Saint John, west along the northern shores of the
22
SAPINDACEiE.
Acer.
great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern States
and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama and western
Florida; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and
eastern Texas.
A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or towards its southwestern limits greatly
reduced in size ; rich upland woods ; often forming extensive forests, and
reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes. A form
with more widely lobed leaves, often downy on the lower side, common
along the borders of streams and on bottom-lands from western Vermont
to southern Missouri, extending south to northern Alabama and south-
western Arkansas, is var. nigrum, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of furni-
ture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish and
flooring ; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing
valuable fuel ; " curled " maple and " bird's-eye " maple, accidental forms
in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and
highly prized in cabinet-making.
Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the
wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash.
65. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh.
Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple.
Valley of the Saint John River, New Brunswick, to southern Ontario,
south to western Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the
valley of the Blue River, Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a
trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, borders of streams and intervales,
in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany Mountains, and reach-
ing its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; somewhat used in the manufacture of
cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. Maple sugar is occasionally made from
this species.
66. Acer rubrum, L.
Red Maple, Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple.
New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south of latitude 49°, north and
west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa Rivers,
Florida ; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian Territory,
and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet
Negundo.
SAPINDACEiE.
23
swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower
Wabash and Yazoo Rivers. A form common in southern Arkansas, east-
ern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf States to
southern Georgia, and well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves,
densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick
white tomentum, is var. Dnimmondii, Sargent.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, often tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, turnery, and for
wooden-ware, gunstocks, etc.
67. -Negundo aceroides, Moench.
Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
Shores of the Winooski River and Lake Champlain, Vermont, near
Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando County,
Florida ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and
Manitoba to Lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Sas-
katchewan to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; west, in the
United States, to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
and the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ; southwest through the basin of the
Mississippi River, western Texas, and New Mexico to eastern Arizona ;
and southward into Mexico.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre, or,
exceptionally, 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ;
in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 6,000
feet elevation ; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American
forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and
Cumberland Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ;
occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for wooden-ware, cooper-
age, and paper-pulp.
Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this
species.
68. Negnndo Californicum, Torr. & Gray.
Box Elder.
California, — valley of the lower Sacramento River, southward in the
interior valleys of the Coast Ranges to the western slopes of the San Ber-
nardino Mountains.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ;
occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
24
ANACARDIACEiE.
Rhus.
ANACARDIACEjE.
69. Rhus cotinoides, Nutt.
Chittam-wood.
Alabama, — southern slopes of the Cumberland Mountains, north of
the Tennessee River ; and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama
line, in Tennessee. Indian Territory, rocky banks of the Grand River
(Nuttall).
In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 metres in height,
with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, on limestone benches
between 700 and 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple,
etc. ; local and very rare ; not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian
Territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very
durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by sev-
eral rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ;
color bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely
used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye.
70. Rhus typhina, L.
Staghorn Sumach.
New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through the northern States and
along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama
and Mississippi.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30
metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry hillsides, or often along streams
in sandy, moist soil.
Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, taking a good
polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of
large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow
streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally used for
inlaying cabinet work.
Bark and leaves, astringent, and rich in tannin, are somewhat used
locally as a dye and in dressing skins.
71. Rhus copallina, L.
Dwarf Sumach.
Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas Bay, Florida,
west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; dry hills
Rhus.
ANACARDIACEiE.
25
and ridges ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas ; running into various forms (var. lanceolata, Gray ; var.
leucantha, DC).
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not prominent ; color
light brown, streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood
lighter.
Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin; the leaves largely collected,
principally in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and
ground for tanning and dyeing.
72. Rhus venenata, DC.
Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.
Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and
western Louisiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub ; low, wet swamps, or
more rarely on higher ground.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open ducts ; medul-
lary rays thin, very obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the
sap-wood lighter.
The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, is exceedingly
poisonous to most persons, owing to the presence of a volatile principle,
Toxicodendric acid ; the white milky sap, turning black in drying, yields
a valuable lacquer.
73. Rhus Metopium, L.
Poison-wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Bum-wood.
Hog Plum. Doctor-gum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on
the shores of Bay Biscayne, near Miami ; one of the most common trees
of the region, the large specimens generally decayed.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying,
containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown
or yellow.
A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incis-
ions made in the bark of this species.
26
LEGUMINOSiE.
Pistacia.
74. Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande near the mouth of the Pecos River ;
in northern Mexico.
Wood not examined.
LEGUMINOS^E.
75. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson.
Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Rio Grande, west
to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree. 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its
greatest known develojmient, in the United States, near the summit of the
Santa Catalina Mountains, at 3,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth
clearly defined by numerous rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
76. Dalea spinosa, Gray.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila
River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a short, stout trunk
0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky
soil.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many regularly dis-
tributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color walnut brown,
the sap-wood nearly white.
77. Robinia Pseudacacia, L.
Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust.
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia ; widely
and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern and western Arkansas,
and on the prairies of eastern Indian Territory.
A tree 22 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres
in diameter ; west of the Mississippi River much smaller, or often a low
shrub 1.80 to 3 metres in height, reaching its greatest development on the
western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked
by two or three rows of large open ducts ; color brown or more rarely
light green, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used for treenails, posts of all
sorts, construction, and in turnery.
Olneya.
LEGUMINOSiE.
27
The bark of the root is tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic.
The locust was formerly widely planted as a timber tree ; its cultivation
in the United States is now generally abandoned on account of the de-
structive attacks of the locust-borer (Cyllene picta).
78. Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Clammy Locust.
High Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina.
A small tree, 9 to 1 2 metres in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30
metre in diameter ; very rare and local in a wild state, but now widely
cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the Atlantic States.
Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
79. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray.
Locust.
Southern Colorado, through western and southwestern New Mexico to
the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, and in southern
Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15
to 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced
to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
Purgatory River, Colorado.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny,
containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, con-
spicuous ; color yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
80. Olneya Tesota, Gray.
Lron-wood. Arbol de Hierro.
California, valley of the Colorado River south of the Mohave Moun-
tains, valley of the lower Gila River, southwestern Arizona; southward
in Sonora.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 9 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes 0.45 metre in diameter ; dry arroyos and canons ; in
Sonora more common and of larger size.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; the
grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high
polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked
with red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow ; occasionally manufactured into
canes and other small objects.
28
LEGUMINOSiE.
Piscidia.
81. Piscidia Erythrina, L.
Jamaica Dogwood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne and Pease Creek to the south-
ern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 metre in
diameter.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible
of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays thin, not conspicuous ; color yellowish brown, the sap-wood lighter ;
one of the most valuable woods of the region for boat-building, firewood,
and charcoal.
The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in
the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leaves,
to poison or stupefy fish.
82. Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf.
Yellow-wood. Yellow Ash. Gopher-wood.
Central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee to the mountains of East
Tennessee and Cherokee County, North Carolina.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre,
or exceptionally 1.20 metres, in diameter; rich hillsides; reaching its
greatest development in middle Tennessee ; rare and very local, the large
trees generally hollow or defective.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a good polish ; layers, of annual growth clearly marked by several rows
of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts ;
color bright clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and
yielding a clear yellow dye.
83. Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca.
Frigolito.
Matagorda Bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio River, a
tall shrub rarely exceeding 2 metres in height, and forming dense thickets ;
borders of streams, generally in low, rather moist soil.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high
polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange streaked with red,
the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow ; furnishing valuable fuel.
The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria.
84. Sophora afrinis, Torr. & Gray.
Valley of the Arkansas River, Arkansas to the valley of the San
Antonio River, Texas.
Gleditschia.
LEGUMINOSiE.
29
A small tree, 5 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact; layers of
annual growth clearly marked with several rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color light red, the sap-wood bright
clear yellow.
85. G-ymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.
Kentucky Coffee-tree. Coffee-nut.
Southern Pennsylvania (rare) ; western New York (rare) ; west through
southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota
River, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkan-
sas, and the Indian Territory, extending south to middle Tennessee.
A tree 25 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; not common.
Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with
the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high
polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light rich brown tinged
with red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in cabinet-making,
for posts, rails, etc.
The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are occasionally used as a
poison for house-flies ; the seeds, formerly as a domestic substitute for coffee.
86. Gleditschia triacanthos, L.
Honey Locust. Black Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust.
Honey Shucks.
Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, west
through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the
Indian Territory ; south to Tampa Bay, Florida (not detected in east
Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 25 or 30 metres, or exceptionally 40 metres, in height, with a
trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; low, rich bottom-lands, or more
rarely on dry, sterile hills ; the characteristic tree of the " barrens " of
middle Kentucky and Tennessee ; reaching its greatest development on the
bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River basin ; widely cultivated for shade
and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic States
east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute
of thorns, is var. inermis, Pursh.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of
annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color bright brown or red, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.
30
LEGUMINOSiE.
Gleditschia-
87. Gleditschia monosperma, Walt.
Water Locust.
South Carolina, generally near the coast, to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, south-
ern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or,
exceptionally, 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps ; rare in the south
Atlantic and Gulf States ; common and reaching its greatest development
on the bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas,
here often covering extensive areas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to
three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rich
bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light
yellow.
88. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson.
Green-barked Acacia. Palo Verde.
Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila
River, Arizona.
A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk
sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low canons and depressions in
the sand-hills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development
in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible
of a beautiful polish, containing many small, evenly distributed, open ducts;
medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear
light yellow.
89. Parkinsonia microphylla, Torr.
Valleys of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers, eastward
through southern Arizona.
A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25
to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a low shrub, 1 to 3 metres in height.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color
dark rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow.
90. Parkinsonia aculeata, L.
Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley
of the Colorado River, Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; probably of
American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and
warmer regions of the globe.
Prosopis.
LEGUMINOSiE.
31
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, con-
taining many evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very
numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood
lighter, often tinged with yellow.
91. Cercis Canadensis, L.
Red-bud. Judas Tree.
Western Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northern
Alabama and Mississippi, west through southern Michigan and Minne-
sota to eastern Nebraska ; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to
the eastern portions of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of
the Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 16 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; rich woods, borders of streams, and swamps ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the
Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to
three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ;
color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
92. Cercis reniformis, Engelm.
Red-bud.
Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado River ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, not conspicuous ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-
wood lighter.
93. Prosopis juliflora, DC.
Mesquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod.
Texas, — valley of the Trinity River to the northern and western limits
of the State ; west through New Mexico and Arizona to the western
foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, reaching southern
Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a
low shrub ; dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky
Mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and
32
LEGUMINOSiE.
Prosopis.
reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valley
of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western
Texas, owing to the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 metre in
height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several
hundred pounds, and forming, as they are here locally known, " under-
ground forests," furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region.
Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to
work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many
evenly distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
distinct ; color rich dark browm or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ;
exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of
New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, for posts and fencing, and
occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels,
etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with
a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the gen-
eration of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers.
A gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe
and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, are edible, furnishing valuable and
important fodder.
94. Prosopis pubescens, Benth.
Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tornilla.
Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through New Mex-
ico and Arizona to southern California, southern Utah and southern Ne-
vada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub ; sandy
or gravelly river-bottoms, reaching its greatest development, within the
United States, in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, com-
pact, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ;
used for fuel and fencing.
The pods used as fodder are sometimes made into flour by the Indians.
95. Leucsena glauca, Benth.
Western Texas, — San Saba to Devil's River ; in northern Mexico ;
semi-tropical Florida (introduced) ; and through the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter ; or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many
stems from the ground.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small
regularly distributed open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary
rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich brown streaked with red, the sap-
wood clear yellow.
Acacia.
LEGUMINOSiE.
33
96. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth.
Southern Texas, — valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in northern
Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, often forming dense thickets ; rich, sandy loam.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small,
regularly distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin,
conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
97. Acacia Wrightii, Benth.
Cat's Claw.
Valley of the Guadalupe River, western Texas, west and south to the
valley of the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex-
ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing
many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ;
color bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood
clear yellow.
98. Acacia G-reggii, Gray.
Cat's Claw.
Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through south-
ern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; in northern
Mexico.
A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a
trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry slopes and low
canons ; common, the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown or red, the sap-
wood light yellow.
A resinous gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species.
99. Acacia Berlandieri, Benth.
Valley of the Nueces to Devil's River, southern Texas, southward
into Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.20 metre in diameter ; or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems
from the ground.
Wood not examined.
3
34
ROSACEA.
Lysiloma.
100. Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benth.
Wild Tamarind.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre
in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a fine polish, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color rich dark brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood white ; somewhat used, locally, in boat and ship building.
101. Pithecolobhim Unguis-cati, Benth.
Cafs Claw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex-
ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading,
vine-like stems from the ground.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ;
medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color rich red varying to pur-
ple, the sap-wood clear yellow.
ROSACEA.
102. Chrysobalanns Icaco, L.
Cocoa Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Caximbas Bay to the
southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil.
A small tree, 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30
metre in diameter ; or along sandy beaches a low prostrate shrub 1.08 to
2.16 metres in height; reaching its greatest development, within the
United States, on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near Bay
Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few
irregularly distributed, not large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
103. Pmmis Americana, Marsh.
Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence to the valleys of Rainy and Assinaboine
Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Manitoba ; northern Vermont,
western New England, and southward through the Atlantic States to
western Florida ; west to the valley of the upper Missouri River, Dakota,
Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and the valley of the lower Concho River,
Texas.
Prunus.
ROSACEA.
35
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and the borders of
ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands
of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the handles
of tools, etc. >
Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or
rarely sweet fruit.
104. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh.
Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum.
Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun-
tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau
east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation
throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the
Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of
prairies, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often
cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit.
105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.
Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry.
Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche-
wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser River ; south through the
northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois,
central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina
and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountain region reduced
to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses-
sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow.
The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa-
ration of cough mixtures, etc.
106. Prunus umbellata, Ell.
Sloe. Black Sloe.
South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi.
36
ROSACEA.
Pr units.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre
in diameter ; dry, sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
tbin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
107. Prunus emarginata, Walp.
Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south
through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay
to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California ; east to the western slopes of
the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River,
Montana.
A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex-
ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen-
tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa
Lucia Mountains, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The
common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe-
cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green.
108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry.
Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan-
zas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the valley of the Missouri
River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of
the upper San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres, or
exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods;
common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of
the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common
and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas.
Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily
worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red,
growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely used
and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming
scarce.
The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water
generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a
tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold
infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in
the preparation of cherry brandy.
Prunus.
ROSACEA.
87
109. Prunus Capuli, Cav.
Wild Cherry.
Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New-
Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun-
tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru.
A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a
trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain
valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation.
Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap-
wood nearly white.
110. Prunus demissa, Walp.
Wild Cherry.
Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains
of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest
development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali-
fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and
Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait.
Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach.
North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south-
ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada-
lupe River, Texas.
A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de-
velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern
Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light
reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter.
112. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw.
Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk
0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along
the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States.
Wood heav}% hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing
many very small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays
obscure ; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow.
38
ROSACEA.
Pr units.
113. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp.
Islay.
California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the
southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk
0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low
shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis-
tributed, rather small, open, ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; furnishing valuable
fuel.
114. Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson.
Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa
Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora.
A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs
between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil ; generally hollow
and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown
streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow.
115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
Cceur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes
of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities
of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; Wahsatch Mountains,
Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west-
ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into
Arizona and New Mexico.
A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to
a low shrub ; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central
Nevada.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to
work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous,
thin ; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood
clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely
manufactured into charcoal.
Pyrus.
ROSACEA.
39
116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.
Mountain Mahogany.
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the
Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; Lower
California ; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico,
mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reach-
ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus-
ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown; furnishing valuable
fuel.
117. Pyrus coronaria, L.
American Grab. Sweet-scented Crab.
Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south-
ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of
Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and
northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30
metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop-
ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly
in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to
light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in
turnery.
118. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait.
American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple.
Pennsylvania (?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower
Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common
west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
40
ROSACEA.
Pyrus.
119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl.
Oregon Grab Apple.
Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British
Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun-
tains, to northern California.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form-
ing dense thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets,
mauls, bearings of machinery, etc.
120. Pyrus Americana, DC.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the
southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south-
ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and
along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern
Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its
greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.
Mountain-ash.
Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ;
high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New
Mexico ; in Kamtschatka.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low
shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest
development in northern New England and Minnesota.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes,
like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely
astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions,
etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea.
Crataegus.
ROSACEA.
41
122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt.
British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east
and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and
Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming
dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl.
British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern
California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base
of the Rocky Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the
ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along
streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the
Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub.
Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of
a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white
tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc.
1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm.
Hog's Haw.
Western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North
American representative of the genus ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown
tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter.
The large fruit blue-black.
125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell.
Valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor-
ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and
southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado
River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45
to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange.
42
ROSACEA.
Cratcegus.
126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L.
Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario
to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and
the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape
of the leaves, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep-
tible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter.
127. Crataegus coccinea, L.
Scarlet Haw. . Red Haw. White Thorn.
West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law-
rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south
through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre
in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very
common at the North, rare at the South ; running into many forms, vary-
ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very
obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
128. Crataegus subvillosa, Schrad.
Scarlet Haw.
Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to
eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through
Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the
San Antonio River.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in heightj with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood
lighter.
The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor.
129. Crataegus tomentosa, L.
Black Thorn. Pear Haw.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region,
southward through the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern
Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore-
gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico.
Cralcegus.
ROSACEA.
43
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter, or often, especially west of the Rocky Mountains, reduced
to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams;
the most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America,
and varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the
leaves, amount of pubescence, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter.
130. Crataegus cordata, Ait.
Washington Thorn.
Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken-
tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter, generally along banks of streams.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx.
Parsley Haw.
Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex-
tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley
of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely
exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much-
branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the
pine-barren hummocks of central Florida.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged
with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter.
132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx.
Small-fruited Haw.
Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf States
to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and
prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-
lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
44
ROSACEA.
Cratcegus.
133. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray.
Western Louisiana.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very
imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected.
134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray.
May Haw. Apple Haw.
South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States
to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and
ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-
lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter.
The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid
flavor, and ripens in May.
135. Crataegus flava, Ait.
Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw.
Virginia southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida,
extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern
Arkansas.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in
diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ;
borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety
distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches,
smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var.
pubescens, Gray.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter.
Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible.
136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem.
Toyon. Tollon. California Holly.
California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending
east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains.
A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in
height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more
often a low, much-branched shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very
obscure ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Liquidambar.
HAMAMELACE2E.
45
1 37. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray.
June-berry. Shad-bush. Service Tree. May Cherry.
Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud-
son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south through the Atlantic forests
to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low shrub (vars. rotundifolia
and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south,
and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of
the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc.
(var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good
polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often
tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter.
HAMAMELACEJE.
138. Hamamelis Virginica, L.
Witch-hazel.
Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to
northern Florida and eastern Texas.
A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30
to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many
stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching
its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in
the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's
Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections.
139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.
Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bihted.
Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south-
ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the
Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico.
A large tree, often 30 to- 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in
height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wet soil ; very
common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the
Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion
of the forest growth.
46
RHIZOPHORACE.E. — COMBRETACEiE. Rluzoph
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact,
inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful
polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used
in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in
cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street
pavements.
The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col-
lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a syrup as a sub-
stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally
as an ointment.
RHIZOPHORACEJE.
140. Rhizophora Mangle, L.
Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern
keys ; Delta of the Mississippi River ; coast of Texas ; West Indies and
tropical America ; and* now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of
the Old World.
A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a
trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4
to 7 metres in height ; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its
greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable ; south of latitude
29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida
peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing
from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern key's.
Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly
distributed rather small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel.
COMBRETACEJE.
141. Conocarpus erecta, L.
Buttonwood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south-
ern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 15 to 18 metres, in height,
with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; common, and reaching its
greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of
Cape Sable ; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep-
Eugenia.
MYRTACEiE.
47
tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark
yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter; burning slowly like charcoal, and
highly valued for fuel.
142. Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertn. f.
White Buttonwood. White Mangrove.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Sable; West Indies and tropical America;
coast of tropical Africa.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low
shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus-
ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
MYRTACEJE.
143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Sw.
Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly
distributed rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
144. Eugenia buxifolia, Willd.
Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United
States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very
compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with
red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel.
145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC.
Naked-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common,
west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.15 metre in diameter.
48
CACTACE.E.
Eugenia.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow.
The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor.
146. Eugenia monticola, DC.
Stopper. White Stopper.
Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in
diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub.
Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the
sap-wood darker.
147. Eugenia longipes, Berg.
Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; rare.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con-
taining many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown
tinged with red.
148. Eugenia procera, Poir.
Red Stopper.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in
diameter; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de-
velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay
Biscayne.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained,
compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light
yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker.
CACTACE^E.
149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm.
Suw arrow. Sagiiaro. Giant Cactus.
Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central
Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River ; southward in Sonora.
A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the
desert.
Cornus.
CORNACEiE.
49
Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, rather coarse-grained,
solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact
with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light brown
tinged with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters
of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc.
The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians.
CORNACE^E.
150. Cornus alternifolia, L. f.
Dogwood.
New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River
to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States
and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.
A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, thin; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light
yellow.
151. Cornus florida, L.
Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.
Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and
through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich
woods, common, especially at the south.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry-
ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish , medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of
green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving
and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc.
The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe-
cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form
of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers.
152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon.
Flowering Dogwood.
Vancouver's Island, through western Washington and Oregon, and
southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada
and through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino Mountains.
A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an
4
50
CORNACEiE.
Nyssa.
elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from
4,000 to 5,000 feet; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the
dense shade of coniferous forests.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in
cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc.
153. Nyssa capitata, Walt.
Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum.
Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in
southern Arkansas.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact,
unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the
large, acid fruit.
1 54. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.
Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum.
Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south
to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in
diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather
high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren
ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and
swollen {N. aquatica, L.).
Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to
work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact
with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin; color light yellow or often nearly white, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels,
rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles.
155. Nyssa uniflora, Wang.
Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum.
Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint
Mary's River, Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Neches River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south-
eastern Missouri to southern Illinois.
A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent
Viburnum.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE.
51
overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom-lands
of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop-
ment in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near
the coast.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ;
used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware; that of the root for the
floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
156. Sambiicus glauca, Nutt.
Elder.
Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia,
south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains
of Oregon and the Wahsatch Range, Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large
shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil.
Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary
rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the
sap-wood lighter.
157. Sambucus Mexicana, Presl.
Elder.
Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along
the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in
northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25
metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam.
Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu-
merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
158. Viburnum Lentago, L.
Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry.
Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about
longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south-
ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to
northern Georgia.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to
0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swamps,
in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development
far north.
52
RUBIACEiE.
Viburnum.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable
odor ; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable ; color dark orange-
brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
159. Viburnum prunifolium, L.
Black Haw. Stag-bush.
Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the
Indian Territory.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a
low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check
in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
RUBIACE^E.
160. Exostema Caribaeum, Ream. & Schultes.
Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades
of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear rich yellow.
161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx.
Georgia Bark.
South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River
in Georgia and Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and low, sandy swamps ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers
of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays few, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter-
mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona.
162. G-enipa clusiaefolia, Griseb.
Seven-year Apple.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height,
Andromeda.
ERICACEAE.
53
with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more
often a shrub ; borders of saline shores.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded
with orange, the sap-wood light yellow.
163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.20 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged
with red.
ERICACEAE.
164. Yaccinmm arboreum, Marsh.
Farkle-berry.
North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the
Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern
Missouri to southern Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre
in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ;
very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger
ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop-
ment in eastern Texas near the coast.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry-
ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous,
broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
hardly distinguishable ; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of
small handles, etc.
1 65. Andromeda ferruginea, Walt.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate, rich hummocks ; or, in
sandy pine-barren soil, reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
height ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter.
54
ERICACEiE.
Arbutus.
166. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
Madrona.
Islands of British Columbia, southward through Washington and Ore-
gon, near the coast, and through the Coast Ranges of California to the
Santa Lucia Mountains.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90
to 1.20 metres in diameter, or rarely much larger ; south of San Francisco
Bay smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul-
lary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the
sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark
in tanning.
167. Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK.
Southern Arizona, — Santa Rita Mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000
feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes ; the large specimens generally hollow
and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in
drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
168. Arbutus Texana, Buckley.
Western Texas, Hays and Travis Counties, west to the Guadalupe and
Eagle Mountains, and southward, probably into northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges ; rare and local.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red ; used in
turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc.
169. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Sorrel Tree. Sour-wood.
Western Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghany Mountains to west-
ern Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, west to middle Ten-
nessee and western Louisiana.
A small tree, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35
metre in diameter ; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of
machinery, etc.
M yrsine.
MYRSINACEiE.
55
170. Kalmia latifolia, L.
Laurel, Calico-bush. Spoonwood. Ivy.
New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lake Erie, south to west-
ern Florida, and through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and the
valley of the Red River, Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.60 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; rich woodlands ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany
Mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal
medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous ; intermediate rays nu-
merous, thin, inconspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter ; used for tool-handles, in turnery, and for fuel.
171. Rhododendron maximum, L.
Great Laurel. Rose Bay.
Nova Scotia and the north shores of Lake Erie, south through New
England, New York, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia.
A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub ; at the
North in cold swamps ; rare ; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, on steep, rocky banks
of streams, etc. ; never on limestone.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occa-
sionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc. ; a good substitute
for boxwood in engraving.
MYRSINACEJE.
172. Myrsine Rapanea, Roem. & Schultes.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys ; through
the West Indies to Brazil.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; borders of ponds
and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, very conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, and beauti-
fully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distin-
guishable.
56
SAPOTACE.E.
Ardisia.
173. Ardisia Pickeringia, Nutt.
Marl-berry. Cherry.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies and southern
Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15
metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in
Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau-
tiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous ; color rich
brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood
a little lighter.
174. Jacquinia armillaris, Jacq.
Joe-wood.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, rare ; through the West Indies
to Brazil.
A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; in the West Indies much larger.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in
drying, containing many scattered large open ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, broad, conspicuous ; color light clear brown tinged with yellow.
The saponaceous leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.
SAPOTACE^E.
175. Chrysophylhim oliviforme, Lam.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Caloosa River to Cape Sable ; rare ; through the West Indies to
Brazil.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30
metre in diameter.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ;
medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color light brown shaded
with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter.
176. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq.
Mastic.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west
coast, Cape Romano to Cape Sable ; in the West Indies.
A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ;
common.
Bumelia.
SAPOTACE^.
57
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in
drying, containing few scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, not conspicuous ; color bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ;
largely used in ship and boat building.
177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC.
Bustle. Cassada.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through
the West Indies to Brazil.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre
in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com-
pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing
many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood
lighter.
178. Bumelia tenax, Willd.
North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and
Cedar Keys, Florida.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15
metre in diameter ; sandy soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible
of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American
species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of
annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with
white, the sap-wood lighter.
179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Gum Elastic. Shittim-wood.
Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi-
nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio
Grande, Texas.
An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90
metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed-
ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development
on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow,
the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making.
180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC.
Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare.
58
EBENACEiE.
Bumelia.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con-
spicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow,
the sap-wood lighter.
181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f.
Iron-wood. Southern Buckthorn.
Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and
the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and
Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho.
A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic
and Gulf States, a low, semi- prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw.
Anfs-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare,
west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the
interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and
southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter.
183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC.
Wild Dilly.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies.
A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk
0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very
obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
EBENACEJE.
184. Diospyros Virginiana, L.
Persimmon.
Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and south-
ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida,
and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, extending to southeastern
Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory.
Symplocos.
STYRACACEiE.
59
A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a
trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely
occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south-
ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the
rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual
growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick
sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in
turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the
dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen.
The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then
becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August
without austerity.
A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is
occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc.
185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote.
Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ;
in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its
greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe
River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of
larger size.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau-
tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick
sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools,
etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among
American woods for boxwood.
The small, black fruit sweet and insipid.
STYRACACEJE.
186. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her.
Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf.
Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the
Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep,
damp, shaded woods.
60
OLEACE^E.
Halesia.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap-
wood lighter.
The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as
well as the bark, a yellow dye.
187. Halesia diptera, L.
Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree.
South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through
the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to
0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems
from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods.
Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
188. Halesia tetraptera, L.
Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. Calico-wood.
Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle
Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west-
ern Louisiana and eastern Texas.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in
diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ;
most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle-
ghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
OLEACEJE.
189. Fraxinus G-reggii, Gray.
Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to
the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to
0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual
growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr.
Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah.
A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes.
Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large open scat-
tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar
Fraxinus.
OLEACEiE.
61
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood
lighter.
191. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torr.
Ash.
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and
eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre
in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less
commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more
rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea, Gray) ; the large specimens
generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occasionally
used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc.
192. Fraxinus Americana, L.
White Ash.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne-
sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and
west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley
of the Devil's River, Texas.
A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42
metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich,
rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of
the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits
smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash
(Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray),
with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree,
with harder, heavier, and more compact wood.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open
ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width
of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the
sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac-
ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior
and cabinet work.
193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.
Red Ash.
New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to
northern Florida and central Alabama.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com-
mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ;
62
0LEACE2E.
Fraxinus.
rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the
Mississippi River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked
with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white
ash, with which it is often confounded.
1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f.
Green Ash.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern
Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the
Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the
ranges of eastern and northern Arizona.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the
West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun-
tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the
Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact,
satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of
annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter.
195. Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx.
Water Ash.
Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the
Caloosa River, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in
the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the
open ducts not conspicuous; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly
white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx.
Blue Ash.
Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama,
and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas.
A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills,
rarely extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in
the basin of the lower Wabash River.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large
Privet.
OLEACEiE.
63
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow
streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for flooring, in
carriage-building, etc.
197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt.
Oregon Ash.
Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of
the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast
Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California.
A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching
its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain-
ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly
marked with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of
furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for
fuel, etc.
198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.
Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash.
Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south
through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir-
ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas.
A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; swamps and low river banks.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact,
durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth
strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often
nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in
cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets.
199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir.
Privet.
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to
the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas
to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre
in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common
in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development
in southern Arkansas.
64
BORRAGINACEiE.
Chionanlhus.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked
with brown ; the sap-wood lighter.
200. Chionanthus Virginica, L.
Fringe Tree. Old Man's Beard.
Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through
the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bu-
melia by branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes
employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers.
201. Osmanthus Americanus, Benth. & Hook.
Devil-wood.
Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida,
and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast.
A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with/ a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist,
rich soil.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi-
cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to
the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood
light brown or yellow.
BOBBAGINACEJE.
202. Cordia Sebestena, L.
Geiger Tree.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08
metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat-
tered small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic-
uous ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC.
Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico ; in
northern Mexico.
Catalpa.
BIGN0XIACE.E.
65
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15
metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub.
Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ;
color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown.
204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers.
Strong Bach.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk
0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and
defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his-
pidulous leaves is var. radula, Gray.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep-
tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable.
205. Ehretia elliptica, DC.
Knack-away. Anaqua.
Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the
valley of the lower Rio Grande.
A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest
development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge-
able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric
rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows
of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood a little lighter.
BIG-NONIACE^E.
206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt.
Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean.
Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama
and Mississippi.
A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk
0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich
loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively
naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and
highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc.
5
66
VERBENACEiE.
Catalpa.
207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
Western Catalpa.
Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to
southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas.
A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 45 metres in height, with a trunk
1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom-
lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the
lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern
Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in
contact with the soil ; layers of anuual growth clearly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
brown, the thin sap-wood lighter; largely used for railway-ties, fence-
posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish.
208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don.
Desert Willow.
Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New
Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30
metre in diameter ; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in
the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con-
taining many scattered small open ducts ; the layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter.
209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L.
Black Calabash-tree.
Semi-tropical Florida, — near Miami, and on Little River ; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small
regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish-
able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter.
VERBENACE^E.
210. Citharexyhim villosum, Jacq.
Fiddle-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies and Mexico.
Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE^E. — POLYGON ACE2E.
67
A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 6 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Bay Biscay ne reduced
to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reaching, within the United
States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost
Man's River, etc.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus-
ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed
open ducts ; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter.
211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq.
Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood.
Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar
Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West
Indies to Brazil.
A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in
diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60
metre in diameter ; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub ;
common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless
corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Bhizophora), impene-
trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its
greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida,
north of Cape Sable.
Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-
wood brown.
NYCTAG-INACEJE.
212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw.
Pigeon-wood. Beef -wood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in
diameter ; saline shores and beaches.
Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing
numerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays
hardly distinguishable; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood
darker.
POLYG-ONACE^E.
213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn.
Pigeon Plum.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and
from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.
68
LAURACEiE.
Coccoloba.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of the region.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained,
inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ;
layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich
dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat
used in cabinet-making.
214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.
Sea Grape.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west
coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil.
A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a
gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re-
duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub ; saline shores and beaches ;
common.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry-
ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small
open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly
distinguishable ; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter ;
valuable for cabinet-making.
LAURACEJE.
215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees.
Red Bay.
Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and
through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trin-
ity River, Texas, near the coast.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. A form
found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized
by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots
and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown tomentum, the
wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright red, the sap-wood
much lighter ; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish,
and for cabinet work.
216. NTectandra Willdenoviana, Nees.
Lancewood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the
southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America.
Umbellularia
LAURACE.E.
69
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development,
in Florida, on the shores of Bay Bisc^yne and in the neighborhood of
Cape Romano.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many
small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow.
217. Sassafras officinale, Nees.
Sassafras.
Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through
southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and the val-
ley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to
2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small
tree or shrub ; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in
southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in
contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of
annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin
sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely
for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage.
The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a
powerful aromatic stimulant.
218. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt.
Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput.
California Olive. California Bay-tree.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to
1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva-
tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap-
wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts,
cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the
Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work.
70
EUPHORBIACEiE. — URTICACE^.
Drypetes.
EUPHORBIACEJE.
219. Drypetes crocea, Poit.
Guiana Plum. White-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the
West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17
metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit-
ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should
perhaps be considered a distinct species (D. glauca, Nutt.).
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry-
ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood
yellow.
220. Sebastiania lucida, Mull.
Crab-wood. Poison-wood.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ;
in the West Indies.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed.
Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a
beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich dark
brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely
manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel.
221. Hippomane Mancinella, L.
Manchineel.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies
and Central America.
A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex-
ceedingly caustic poisonous sap.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly
distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow.
URTICACE^E.
222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt.
Cedar Elm.
Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande.
A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller;
Ulmus. URTICACEiE. 71
borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable
timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest
development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common
with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu-
larly arranged groups of small open ducts ; color light brown tinged with
red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon-
hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing.
223. Ulmus fulva, Michx.
Bed Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm.
Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south
to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of
the San Antonio River, Texas.
A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con-
tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth
clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely
used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc.
The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various
medicinal preparations.
224. Ulmus Americana, L.
White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm.
Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and
the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south
to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United
States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory,
and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres
in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western
and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi-
cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of
large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees,
flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building.
225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.
Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm.
Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and
southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south through Ohio to
central Kentucky.
72
URTICACE^E.
Ulmus.
A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90
metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and
river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern
Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with
one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much
lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements,
wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc.
226. Ulmus alata, Michx.
Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western
Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri-
tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois.
A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of
swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel-
opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge-
able ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood
lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc.
227. Planera aquatica, Gmel.
Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western
Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou-
isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north
through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and
southern Illinois.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and
eastern Gulf States ; very common and reaching its greatest development
in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few
scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown,
the sap-wood nearly white.
228. Celtis occidentalis, L.
Sugar-berry. Hachberry.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south
through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida,
and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
Ficus. URTICACEiE. 73
A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or
dry hillsides ; sometimes reduced to a low shrub ( G pumila), and varying
greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves ( G. Mississippiensis
Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu-
merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly-
morphous species of wide geographical range. A form with small thick
coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western
Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east-
ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent.
Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by
several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller
ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer-
ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for
fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
229. Ficus aurea, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys.
A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other
trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually
grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to
1.20 metres in diameter.
Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not
durable ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown,
the sap-wood lighter.
230. Ficus brevifolia, Nutt.
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open
scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con-
centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light
brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter.
231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait.
Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree,
Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the
West Indies.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large
open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con-
74
URTICACE^.
Morus.
centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange
brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable.
232. Morns rubra, L.
Red Mulberry.
Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through
southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota,
eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano,
Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas.
A large tree, 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and
reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the
Mississippi Rivers.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact,
very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ;
layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the
South in ship and boat building.
The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible.
233. Moms microphylla, Buckley.
Mexican Mulberry.
Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to the valley of
the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30
metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and
reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern
New Mexico.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow.
The small acid fruit hardly edible.
234. Maclnra aurantiaca, Nutt.
Osage Orange. Bois a1' Arc.
Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory,
and southward into northern Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich bottom-lands ; most common and
reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in
the Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the
Western States.
Platanus.
PLATANACE^E.
75
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained,
compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked with broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays
thin, numerous, conspicuous; color bright orange, turning brown with
exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving-
blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock.
PLATANACEjE.
235. Platanus occidentals, L.
Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech.
Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver-
mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern
Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and
Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas.
The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height,
with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and
bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest
development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large
specimens generally hollow.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to
split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands
of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that
of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks,
and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt.
Sycamore. Buttonwood.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in-
terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to
split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged
with red, the sap-wood lighter.
237. Platanus Wrightii, Watson.
Sycamore.
Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro
River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
76
JUGLANDACE^.
Juglans.
A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood lighter.
JUG-LANDACE^E.
238. Juglans cinerea, L.
Butternut. White Walnut.
Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River,
Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ;
south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south-
eastern Kansas.
A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River
basin.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous
regularly distributed large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin,
obscure ; color bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-
wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc.
The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as
a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye.
239. Juglans nigra, L.
Black Walnut.
Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie
through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and
eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas.
A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to
3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and
reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas
and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains,
and now everywhere scarce.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not
carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable
in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color rich
Carya.
JUGLANDACEiE.
77
dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; more generally used in
cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than that of any other
North American tree.
240. Juglans rupestris, Engelm.
Walnut.
Valley of the upper Colorado River, west through western Texas,
southern New Mexico and Arizona, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet eleva-
tion, and in the California Coast Ranges from the San Bernardino Moun-
tains to San Francisco Bay and the valley of the Sacramento River.
A tree rarely 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90
metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development near its northern
limits in California ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched
shrub ; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, sus-
ceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large
open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown,
the sap-wood lighter.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
241. Carya olivaeformis, Nutt.
Pecan. Illinois Nut.
Southeastern Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, northwestern Ken-
tucky, south and southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern
Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and Texas to the valley
of the Concho River.
A tree 30 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil ; very common and reach-
ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of Arkansas and the
Indian Territory ; the largest species of the genus, and the largest and
most important tree of western Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers
of annual growth marked by one or two rows, of large open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red ; the
sap-wood lighter brown ; less valuable than the wood of the other species,
and hardly used except for fuel.
The sweet edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an
important article of commerce.
242. Carya alba, Nutt.
Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes On-
tario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south
to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern
Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
78
JUGLANDACEiE.
Carya.
A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height,
with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich hillsides and sandy
ridges ; common, and reaching its greatest development west of the
Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit.
A form with small, thin-shelled nuts ( C. microcarpa, Nutt.) is not rare
from Delaware southward, and in Michigan.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact,
flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows
of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the
thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc.
The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce.
243. Carya sulcata, Nutt.
Big Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-bark.
Chester County, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territor}?-.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk
0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; bottom-lands, in low, rich soil ; rare and
local ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern
Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact,
flexible ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-
bark hickory.
The large nuts sweet and edible.
244. Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Bull nut. Big-bud Hickory. White-
heart Hickory. King nut.
Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes Ontario
and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory,
south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter; generally on rich hillsides; less commonly on low, river bottom-
lands ; very common in the Gulf States, and the most generally distributed
species of the genus in the South.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in
drying, flexible, containing few large regularly distributed open ducts ;
medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-
bark hickory.
Carya.
JUGLANDACEiE.
79
245. Carya porcina, Nutt.
Pig-nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory.
Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minne-
sota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south
to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces
River, Texas.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, check-
ing in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color dark or light brown,
the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for the same purposes
as that of the shell-bark hickory.
246. Carya amara, Nutt.
Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.
Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west
through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida and
the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry,
rich uplands.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in dry-
ing ; layers of annual growTth marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick
sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops,
ox-yokes, etc.
247. Carya myristicaeformis, Nutt.
Nutmeg Hickory.
South Carolina, near the coast; Arkansas, from the Arkansas River
to the Red River Valley.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; sandy ridges, borders of streams and swamps ; rare and very
local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest develop-
ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, con-
taining numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by
one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not
conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
248. Carya aquatica, Nutt.
Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and the Caloosa
River, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 to 10 miles of the coast),
80
MYRICACEiE. — CUPULIFER^E.
Myrica.
through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and
the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or generally much smaller ; low river swamps ; most common
and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower
Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers.
Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact,
containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly
marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; used for
fencing, fuel, etc.
MYRICACE^E.
249. Myrica cerifera, L.
Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
Shores of Lake Erie ; coast of Maine, and south near the coast to the
Florida keys and southern Alabama.
A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub ;
usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop-
ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some-
times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular
fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now,
under the name of myrtle wax, is a popular remedy in the treatment of
dysentery.
250. Myrica Californica, Cham.
Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Bay of Mon-
terey, California.
A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, with a
trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced
to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light rose, the sap-
wood lighter.
CUPULIFER^E.
251. Quercus alba, L.
White Oak.
Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower
peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint
Qucrcus.
CUPULIFERJE.
81
John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western
Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40
metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest
development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and
in the valley of the Ohio River and its tributaries, where it often forms
a large portion of the forest growth.
Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check
unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an-
nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ;
medullary rays broad, prominent; color brown, the sap-wood lighter
brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage,
in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and
for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc.
252. Quercus lobata, Nee.
White Oak. Weeping Oak.
California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper
Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the
San Bernardino Mountains.
The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk
0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part
of the State.
Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth
marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar-
ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color
light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value,
and only used for fuel.
253. Quercus Garryana, Doug.
White Oak.
Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south through western
Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington
and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ;
common.
Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com-
pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ;
medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light
brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used
for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very
largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the
Pacific forests.
6
82
CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus.
254. Quercus obtusiloba, Michx.
Post Oak. Iron Oak.
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west
through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern
Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian
in central Texas.
A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var.
parvifolia, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South-
west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed
oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi Eiver.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying,
very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by
one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely
used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and
somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc.
255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm.
Scrub Oak.
Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa
Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River,
and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A small tree, rarely 1-5 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60
metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots
and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high
mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens
generally hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close-
grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by
few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color
rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah
the bark in tanning.
The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region
does not attain arborescent size and habit.
256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of Lake Huron to Lake
Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, and along
the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware River, Massa-
chusetts, to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills
of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, south-
west to the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
Quercus.
CUPULTFER.E.
83
A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 50 metres in height, with
a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; rich bottoms and prairies ; in the
prairie region the principal growth of the " oak openings," and extending
farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests.
Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable
in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of an-
nual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary
rays often broad and conspicuous ; color dark or rich light brown, the sap-
wood much lighter ; generally confounded with white oak ( Q. alba), and
employed for the same purposes.
257. Quercus lyrata, Walt.
Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to western Florida, west through
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to middle Ten-
nessee, southern Indiana and Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; deep, often submerged river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic
States ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley
of the Red River, in Arkansas and Texas.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the
ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual
growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary
rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood
much lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak ( Q.
alba) .
258. Quercus bicolor, Willd.
Swamp White Oak.
Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence River, Ontario,
southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Mis-
souri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas.
A large tree, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres
in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; com-
mon and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the
great lakes.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in
seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large
open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for the same purposes as that of
the white oak (Q. alba).
84
CUPULIFER^E.
Quercus.
259. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt.
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern
Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas,
and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee
and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged swamps ; the
common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf States, reaching its
greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of southeastern Arkansas
and Louisiana.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth
marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicu-
ous ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; largely used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, wheel-stock, baskets, for which it is
unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel.
The large sweet edible acorns are eagerly devoured by cattle and other
animals.
260. Quercus Prinus, L.
Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak.
Eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of Lake Champlain, shores
of Quinte Bay, Ontario, and the valley of the Genesee River, New York,
south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to north-
ern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rocky banks and hillsides ; very common and reaching its great-
est development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a
large proportion of the forest growth.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check
in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts ;
medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; largely used in fencing, for railway-ties, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of the
other white oaks in tanning leather.
261. Quercus prinoides, Willd.
Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. C/iinquapin Oak.
Eastern Massachusetts, shores of Lake Champlain, west along the
northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan
to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to
Delaware and through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and
Mississippi, extending southwest to the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.
Quercus.
CUPULIFER^.
85
A tree 24 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter (Q. Muhlenbergii) , or often, especially toward the eastern and
western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub ( Q. prinoides ;
Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh. ; Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin, Michx. f.) ;
dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the
Alleghany Mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and
reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in dry-
ing, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked
by rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color
dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for cooperage, wheel-stock,
fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The small acorns sweet and edible.
262. Quercus Douglasii, Hook. & Arn.
Mountain White Oak. Blue Oak.
California, — from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the
Coast Ranges to the San Gabriel Mountains.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; common on the low foot-hills of the Sierras.
Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, and
containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays nu-
merous, varying greatly in width ; color dark brown, becoming nearly
black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light brown.
263. Quercus oblongifolia, Torr.
White Oak.
California, — foot-hills of the San Gabriel Mountains to San Diego
County ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New
Mexico ; in northern Mexico.
A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to
0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking
badly in drying ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, contain-
ing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the broad
and very conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown or almost
black, the thick sap-wood brown ; of little economic value except as fuel.
264. Quercus grisea, Liebm.
White Oak.
Southern Colorado, mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico
and Arizona between 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado
desert of California ; in northern Mexico.
86
CUPULIFER2E.
Quercus.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a poly-
morphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture
of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ;
the large specimens generally hollow and defective.
Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in dry-
ing ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open
ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous
conspicuous medullary rays ; color very dark brown, the thick sap-wood
much lighter.
265. Quercus reticulata, Humb. & Bonp.
Southeastern Arizona, — San Francisco, and Santa Rita Mountains
between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con-
taining many small scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very
broad ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter.
266. Quercus Durandii, Buckley.
Central Alabama ; western and southern Texas.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rich bottom-lands, or dry slopes and limestone hills, then re-
duced to a low shrub forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great
extent ( Q. San-Sabeana) ; very rare and local in Alabama ; the common
and most valuable white oak of western Texas.
Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to
check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open
ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood
lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba).
267. Quercus virens, Ait.
Live Oak.
Southern Virginia, south along the coast to Bay Biscayne and Cape
Romano, Florida, along the Gulf Coast to Mexico, extending through
western Texas to the valley of the Red River, the Apache and Guadalupe
Mountains, and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio
Grande, here between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in Costa Rica.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to
2.10 metres in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller and
often shrubby ; on the coast, on rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet
above water-level ; common and reaching its greatest development in the
south Atlantic States.
Que reus.
CUPULIFER^.
87
Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact,
difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth
obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts
arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary
rays ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; formerly
very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building.
268. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebm.
Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges
and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino
Mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower
California ; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Catalina
Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
1.50 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low narrow-
leaved shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelm.).
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact,
difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in
wide bands parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light
brown, the sap-wood darker ; somewhat used in the manufacture of agri-
cultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific
forests.
269. Quercus Emoryi, Torr.
Black Oak.
Western Texas, and through the mountain ranges of southern New
Mexico and eastern and southern Arizona.
A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ;
common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New
Mexico and southern Arizona near streams in open canons between 5,000
and 7,000 feet elevation ; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow
and defective.
Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts,
these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad
conspicuous medullary rays ; color dark brown or almost black, the thick
sap-wood bright brown tinged with red.
270. Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
Coast Live Oak. Enceno.
California, — Mendocino County, south through the valleys of the
Coast Ranges to Lower California.
88
CUPULIFER.E.
Quercus.
A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20
to 2.10 metres in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var frutes-
cens, Engelm.) ; rare at the North ; common south of San Francisco Bay,
and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme south-
western part of the State ; dry slopes and ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts
arranged in several rows parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary
rays ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown ; of little
value except as fuel.
271. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC.
Live Oak.
California, — Mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare County, and in the Coast Ranges south to
the Santa Lucia Mountains.
An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to
1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a low
shrub (var. frutesce?is, Engelm.) ; not common.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing
numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the
broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red,
the sap-wood lighter.
272. Quercus rubra, L.
Red Oak. Black Oak.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western
Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to northern Florida,
southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the Limpia Mountains, western
Texas.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; very common in all soils and extending farther north
than any other Atlantic oak. The form of western Texas, with smaller
acorns and deeper cups, and more deeply divided leaves, the wood heavier,
harder, and more compact, is var. Texana, Buckley.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open
ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-
wood somewhat darker ; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and
somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc.
273. Quercus coccinea, Wang.
Scarlet Oak.
Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan
and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware
Quercus.
CUPULTFERiE.
89
and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern
Florida.
A tree 30 to 54 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
to 1.20 metres in diameter; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com-
monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form-
ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest
development in the basin of the lower Ohio River.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth
strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ;
if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra.
274. Quercus tinctoria, Bartram.
Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and southern Minne-
sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south
to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas.
A large tree, 36 to 48 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; generally on dry or gravelly uplands ; very common.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check
in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large
open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much
lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc.
The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark
yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the
form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage.
275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry.
Black Oak.
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast
Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San
Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most
common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the
California Sierras.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers
of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary
rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ;
of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning.
276. Quercus nigra, L.
Black Jack. Jack Oak.
Long Island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana
to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern
90
CUPULIFERiE.
Quercus.
Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas.
A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 metres in height, with a trunk
rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often much smaller;
dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through
the Southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern
Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post
oak ( Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays
broad, conspicuous ; color rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much
lighter ; of little value except as fuel.
277. Quercus falcata, Michx.
Spanish Oak. Red Oak.
Long Island, New York, south to middle Florida, through the Gulf
States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas
and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern
Illinois and Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the North
Atlantic States only near the coast, rare ; most common and reaching its
greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where, in the
middle districts, it is the most common forest tree.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, check-
ing badly in drying ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several
rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light
red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc.,
and very largely for fuel.
The bark is rich in tannin.
278. Quercus Catesbaei, Michx.
Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek,
Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi.
A small tree, 7 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; very common in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States
upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine-belt ; rare in
Mississippi.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, and containing many
much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad conspic-
uous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
somewhat lighter; largely used for fuel.
Quei'cus.
CUPULIFERiE.
91
279. Quercus pahistris, Du Roi.
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak.
Valley of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, to central New York,
south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to
eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee.
A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a trunk
0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the
borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest
development west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly
in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open
ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown,
the sap-wood rather darker; somewhat used for shingles, clanboards,
construction, and in cooperage.
280. Quercus aquatica, Walt.
Water Oak. Buck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak.
Southern Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to
Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida ; through the Gulf States to the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas to south-
eastern Missouri, middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; generally along streams and bottoms, in heavy, undrained soil,
or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest
development near the larger streams of the maritime pine-belt in the
eastern Gulf States.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin,
conspicuous ; color rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; probably
not used except as fuel.
281. Quercus laurifolia, Michx.
Laurel Oak.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape
Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile
Bay.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check
in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather
small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter.
92
CUPULIFERJ2.
Quercus.
282. Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f.
Bartram's Oak.
Salem and Cumberland Counties, New Jersey ; North Carolina (M. A.
Curtis) ; and doubtfully from North Carolina and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; rare and very local, and often considered a natural hybrid.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary
rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood somewhat darker.
283. Quercus cinerea, Michx.
Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack.
North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek,
Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20
metre in diameter ; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays
distant, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood
darker.
284. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm.
Limpia Mountains, Texas, valleys of the high mountain ranges of
southwestern New Mexico, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, above 6,000
feet elevation ; in Sonora.
A small evergreen tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large
specimens hollow and defective.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth marked by few small open ducts ; medullary rays broad,
conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter.
285. Quercus imbricaria, Michx.
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
Eastern Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan, southern Wis-
consin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeast-
ern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee,
and northern Arkansas.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich woodlands.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ;
layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ;
Castanopsis.
CUPULIFERiE.
93
medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the
sap-wood much lighter ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc.
286. Quercns Phellos, L.
. Willow Oak. Peach Oak.
Staten Island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida,
through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and
through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern
Kentucky.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre
in diameter ; bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands.
Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of
annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary
rays few, distant ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter
red ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc.
287. Querelas densinora, Hook. & Arn.
Tan-bark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak.
Southwestern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to the Santa
Lucia Mountains, California.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing
broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous
medullary rays ; color bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker
brown ; largely used as fuel.
The bark, rich in tannin, is very largely used, and preferred to that of
any other tree of the Pacific forests, for tanning.
288. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC.
Chinquapin.
Cascade Mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along
the western slopes of the Sierras, and through the California Coast Ranges
to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a
low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the
Coast Range valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely
below 10,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual
growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-
wood lighter ; in southern Oregon occasionally used iu the manufacture
of ploughs and other agricultural implements.
94
CUPULIFER^l.
Castanea.
289. Castanea pumila, Mill.
Chinquapin.
Southern Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash River,
Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the
Neches River, Texas.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 metres
in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic States, reduced to a low
shrub ; rich hillsides and borders of swamps ; most common and reaching
its greatest development in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the
ground, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by
many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for posts, rails,
railway-ties, etc.
The small nuts sweet and edible.
290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC.
Chestnut.
Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern
Michigan, south through the northern States to Delaware and south-
ern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama,
extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres
in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reaching its greatest
development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp
in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of
annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in
cabinet-making, for railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc.
The fruit sweet and edible.
291. Fagus femiginea, Ait.
Beech.
Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restigouche River to the northern
shores of Lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida,
west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and
the Trinity River, Texas.
A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; rich woods, or at the South sometimes on bottom-lands
or borders of swamps ; reaching its greatest development upon the " bluff"
formations of the lower Mississippi basin ; very common.
Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in
contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season,
Betula.
BETULACE.E.
95
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ;
color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light
red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs,
shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel.
292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.
Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood.
Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower
Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota,
south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains
to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and
Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its
greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or,
like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of
tools, etc.
293. Carpiims Caroliniana, Walt.
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian
Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to
Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity
River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the
Poteau River, Indian Territory.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to
0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced
to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most
common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes
of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and
eastern Texas.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in
drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc.
BETULACE^E.
294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach.
White Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch.
New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to
the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast,
to northern Delaware.
96
BETULACE^.
Betula.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.15 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly, barren soil, or borders of swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying,
not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the
sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-
pegs, wood-pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel.
The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta,
are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the
skin, bladder, etc., and in rheumatic and gouty complaints ; the empyreu-
matic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used
externally and internally for the same purposes.
295. Betula papyrifera, Marsh.
Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of
Hudson Bay, and northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the valley of
the Yukon River, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Long Island,
New York, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan,
northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south
to the Black Hills of Dakota, the Bitter-root Mountains and Flathead
Lake, Montana, northern Washington, and the valley of the lower Fraser
River, British Columbia.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the
northern Atlantic region, and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous
tree of the American forest.
Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly
white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe lasts and pegs, in
turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc.
The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is
impervious to water, and is largely used in the manufacture of canoes,
tents, etc.
■
296. Betula occidentalis, Hook.
Black Birch.
British Columbia, south to northern California, and through the
interior ranges and Rocky Mountains to Montana, Utah, and northern
New Mexico.
A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to
0.45 metre in diameter ; mountain canons and borders of streams, in moist
soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense
thickets.
Be tula.
BETULACE,3E.
97
Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; somewhat
used for fencing, fuel, etc.
297. Betula lutea, Michx. f.
Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the
western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy Lake, south through the north-
ern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee.
The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of the north-
ern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to
1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woodlands ; common.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; largely
used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel moulds,
pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels.
298. Betula nigra, L.
Bed Birch. Biver Birch.
Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket Rivers, Massachusetts, Long
Island, New York, south through the coast and middle districts to western
Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas,
the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75
metre in diameter ; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and
reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in
the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc.
299. Betula lenta, L.
Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch.
Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay River, west through
Ontario to the islands of Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and
southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida,
extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests.
Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ;
now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building.
7
98
BETULACE.E.
Alnvs.
300. Alnus maritima, Muhl.
Seaside Alder.
Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast ; valley
of the Red River, Indian Territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. ;
Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica, and arguta, Regel).
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary
rays broad, conspicuous; color light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly
distinguishable, somewhat lighter.
301. Alnus rubra, Bong.
Alder.
Sitka, south through the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia,
western Washington, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending
east through the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon to northern
Montana.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue Mountains often
reduced to a low shrub ; bottom-lands and borders of streams ; most
common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington
and Oregon.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily
worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays distant,
broad ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ;
largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture.
302. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt.
Alder.
Valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, south through the
Coast Ranges to southern California, extending east along the ranges of
Washington to Clear Creek, Idaho, and the valley of the Flathead River,
Montana.
A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a
shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white.
303. Alnus oblongifolia, Torr.
Alder.
San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, California, through the
ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the valley of the upper
Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
Salix.
SALICACE.E.
99
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; borders of streams in deep mountain canons.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the
sap-wood nearly white.
304. Alnus sermlata, Willd.
Black Alder. Smooth Alder.
Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida
and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets ;
borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest develop-
ment in southern Arkansas.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter.
A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a
popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of
diarrhoea, hematuria, etc.
305. Alnus incana, Willd.
Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder.
Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south to
northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in
Europe.
A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre
in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams
and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or
slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific
region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and
the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is var. virescens, Watson.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays
numerous, broad ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; pre-
ferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of
bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture
of gunpowder.
SALICACEJE.
306. Salix nigra, Marsh.
Black Willow.
Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior southward through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and the
Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas ;
100
SALICACEiE.
Salix.
Pacific region, — valleys of the Sacramento River, California, and the
Colorado River, Arizona.
A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.60 metre in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ;
banks of streams ; most common in the basin of the Mississippi River, and
reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Colorado
and other rivers of eastern Texas ; varying greatly in the size and shape
of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anders.), length
and habit of the aments, etc. (vars. marginata and Wrightii, Anders., var.
Wardii, Bebb).
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; med-
ullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
The tonic and astringent bark is used domestically as a popular febrifuge,
containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, —
a powerful antipyretic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases
of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc.
307. Salix amygdaloides, Anders.
Willow.
Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the valley
of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Rocky Mountain
region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia River,
Oregon.
A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; color
light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
308. Salix laevigata, Bebb.
Willow.
California, — Sierra County and the valley of the Sacramento River
to the southern boundary of the State.
A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre
in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands. Forms varying in the
shape of the leaves, length of aments, etc., are vars. angustifolia and
congesta, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very thin ; color light brown tinged with red.
309. Salix lasiandra, Benth.
Willow.
British Columbia, south to the valley of the Sacramento River, Cali-
fornia ; mountains of Utah, Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana).
Salix.
SALICACEiE.
101
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter ; banks of streams ; very common ; varying in the shape of
the leaves and character of the aments (var. lancifolia and Fendleriana,
Bebb).
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter or
often nearly white.
310. Salix longifolia, Muhl.
Sand-bar Willow.
Valley of the Connecticut River and of the Potomac River at Wash-
ington ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the
valley of the Mackenzie River, in latitude 66° N., through the Mississippi
basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast States.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low,
wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alle-
ghany Mountains ; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin,
and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and
northern California.
Forms found from western Texas to Oregon, varying in the shape of
the leaves, aments, nature of pubescence, etc., are var. exigua, Bebb, and
var. argyrophylla, Anders.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown.
311. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt.
Puget Sound southward, near the coast, and through the California
Coast Ranges.
A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground.
A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento Valley and the
California Coast Ranges, is var. Hindsiana, Anders.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin ; color
light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
312. Salix discolor, Muhl.
Glaucous Willow.
Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, south-
ward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri.
A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk some-
times 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3
to 6 metres in height ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, wet soil ;
varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence.
102
SALICACEiE.
Salix.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly dis-
tributed small open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not
obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown.
313. Salix flavescens, Nutt.
Willow.
Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to southern New
Mexico ; on the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada,
California.
A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely
0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest develop-
ment in the southern Rocky Mountain region. A form found from Alaska
to California upon dry hillsides and slopes near the coast, distinguished by
its broadly obovate leaves, larger size, heavier and harder wood, and dark
sap-wood, is var. Scouleriana, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly
white.
314. Salix Hookeriana, Barratt.
Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan; coast of Washington Territory
and Oregon.
A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre
in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate
stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of beaches, or in low,
rather moist, sandy soil.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open
ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with
red, the sap-wood nearly white.
315. Salix cordata, var. vestita, Anders.
Diamond Willow.
Valley of the Missouri River and its tributaries, — Fort Osage, Mis-
souri, Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth
meridian.
A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20
metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub, not exceeding
1.80 to 3 metres in height; bottom-lands, in wet, sandy soil. S. cordata,
Muhl., of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever,
attains arborescent size or hubit.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, reported very durable in con-
tact with the ground ; annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary
rays very obscure ; color brown or often tinged with red, the sap-wood
nearly white; used for fence-posts.
Populus.
SALIC WEM.
103
316. Salix lasiolepis, Benth.
Willow
California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the
western portions of the State, reaching in the Sierra Nevadas an eleva-
tion of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45
to 0.50 metre in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to
a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angusti-
folia and latifolia, Anders.), or toward its southern limit often persistent
until spring (S. Hartwegi, Benth.).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; somewhat
used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the State.
317. Salix Sitchensis, Sans.
Silky Willow.
Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California.
A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with
a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ;
low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblan-
ceolate leaves is var. cmgustifolia, Bebb.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous,
thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white.
318. Populus tremuloides, Michx.
Aspen. Quaking Asp.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud-
son Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie
River, and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south in the Atlantic
region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois,
and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the
Sacramento River, California, and along the Rocky Mountains and in-
terior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter; very common through British America, and
spreading over enormous areas stripped by fire of other trees ; in the
Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms
between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation; the most widely distributed
North American tree.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, con-
taining, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute scattered open
ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown,
the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ;
in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc.
104
SALICACEiE.
Populus.
A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in
the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility.
319. Populus grandidentata, Michx.
Poplar.
Nova Scotia,' New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern
Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany
Mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and
Tennessee.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in
diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
thin, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely
manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for
wooden-ware, etc.
320. Populus heterophylla, L.
River Cottonwood. Sivamp Cottonwood.
Connecticut, Northport, Long Island, south, generally near the coast,
to southern Georgia, through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, and
through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois
and Indiana.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in
diameter ; borders of river swamps ; most common and reaching its great-
est development in the basin of the lower Ohio River ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays
thin, very obscure ; color dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown.
321. Populus balsamifera, L.
Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead.
Straits of Belle Isle to the shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the
shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska,
south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the
Rocky Mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington,
and British Columbia.
A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; very common on all islands and shores of the north-
ern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied
P. trichocarpa, the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form
with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or un-
known in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans,
Gray.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary
rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown, the thick sap-wood nearly
white.
Populus.
SALICACE.E.
105
The buds, as well as those of several other species, are covered with
a resinous exudation, which is occasionally used medicinally as a substitute
for turpentine and other balms.
322. Populus angustifolia, James.
Black Cottonwood.
Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and southwestern Montana, east Hum-
boldt and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada, Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
and on the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.
A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, between 6,000 and 10,000
feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
323. Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray.
Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, and probably much
farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root Mountains,
Montana, south through Washington, western Oregon and California to
the southern borders of the State.
A large tree, 24 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom-lands below 6,000 feet
elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the val-
leys of the lower Columbia River and the streams flowing into Puget
Sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ;
medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light dull brown, the
sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; in Oregon and Washington largely
manufactured into staves of sugar-barrels, wooden-ware, etc.
324. Populus monilifera, Ait.
Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton-
wood.
Shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western New
England to western Florida, west to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A large tree, 24 to 51 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40
metres in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common cottonwood of Texas
and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Rocky
Mountains.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp
in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu-
facture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence-boards, and fuel.
106
CONIFERS.
Populus.
325. Populus Fremontii, Watson.
Cottonwood.
California, valley of the upper Sacramento RiverT south to San Ber-
nardino County, extending eastward in Nevada and Utah. A form dis-
tinguished by its sharply acuminate leaves, truncate at the base (var.
Wislizeni, Watson), is common along all the larger streams from southern
California, through Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas and
southern Colorado.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80
metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the
valleys of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in
drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color
light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
CONIFERS.
326. Libocedrus decurrens, Torr.
White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar.
Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through
the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca
Mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; slopes and valleys ; common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin,
dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; the thin
sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and in the construction
of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.;
often injured by a species of dry rot {Dcedalia vorax), rendering it unfit
for lumber.
327. Thuya occidentalis, L.
White Cedar. Arbor-vitce.
New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the southern
shores of James Bay and southeast to Lake Winnipeg, south through the
Northern States to central New York, northern Pennsylvania, central
Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; cold, wet swamps, and rocky banks of streams ; very
common at the North, often covering great areas of swamp.
Chamcecyparis.
CONIFEILE.
107
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, very durable in contact with the soil ; the bands of small summer
cells very thin, dark-colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color
light brown, turning darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; largely used for posts, fencing, railway-ties, and shingles.
The distilled oil and a tincture of the leaves of Thuya have been found
useful in the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints.
328. Thuya gigantea, Nutt.
Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
Alaska, south along the Coast Ranges and islands of British Co-
lumbia, through western Washington and Oregon and the Coast Ranges
of northern California, extending east along the mountains of Washing-
ton to the Cceur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon River Mountains
of Idaho and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern
Montana.
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60
metres in diameter ; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry
ridges and slopes below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its
greatest development in western Washington and Oregon ; the large
specimens generally hollow.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small
summer cells thin, dark-colored, distinct ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ;
largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-making and
cooperage, and by the Indians of the northwest coast in the manufacture
of their canoes.
329. Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach.
White Cedar.
Southern Maine, south near the coast to northern Florida, and along
the Gulf Coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi.
A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; deep, cold swamps ; rare in the Gulf States, west of the Bay
of Mobile.
Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily
worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, ob-
scure ; color light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure,
the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in boat-building, for wooden-ware,
cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts, railway-
ties, etc.
108
CONIFERS.
Chamcecyparis.
330. Chamsecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach.
Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
Sitka, south along the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia
and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the valley of
the Santian River, Oregon.
A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 metres in height, with a
trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and
at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level
to about latitude 49° 30', then less common and only at higher elevations;
within the United States hardly below 5,000 feet elevation and very rare
and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska.
Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very
durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a
beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable resinous odor ; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly
distinguishable ; color bright light clear yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly
white ; somewhat used in boat and ship building, for furniture, interior
finish, etc.
331. Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana, Pari.
Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. Lawson's
Cypress. Ginger Pine.
Oregon, — Coos Bay, south to the valley of the Rogue River, not ex-
tending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, — valley of
the upper Sacramento River (shores of Castle and Soda Lakes, Shasta
County).
A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 metres in height,
with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods, in low, moist soil,
interspersed among the red fir and hemlock ; most common and reaching
its greatest development along the Oregon coast ; local ; in California very
rare and local.
Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked,
very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin,
satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin,
not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light
yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely
manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway,
ties, fence-posts, matches, and in ship and boat building ; the resin strongly
diuretic and a powerful insecticide.
332. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hart.
Monterey Cypress.
California, — Cypress Point, Pescadero Ranch, and Carmelo Point,
near Monterey.
Juniperus.
CONIFERS.
109
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact,
easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of
a beautiful polish, odorous ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color clear
bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow.
333. Cupressus G-oveniana, Gord.
Humboldt County, California, south along the coast and through the
Coast Ranges into lower California.
A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 metres in height, writh a trunk 0.60
to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and mountain slopes, in
rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, occupying extensive tracts of sandy
barrens or thin, rocky soil, 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast ; widely but
not generally distributed.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin,
obscure ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white.
334. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murr.
California, — mountains south of Clear Lake, Lake County.
A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45
metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground ;
very rare and local.
Wood not collected.
335. Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson.
San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona, Santa
Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ; Sierra Madre, near Saltillo,
and Guadalupe Island, Mexico.
A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; rocky canons and ridges; forming on the New Mexico and
Arizona Mountains extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet eleva-
tion, generally on northern slopes ; local.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, suscep-
tible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells broad, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color gray, often faintly streaked
with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow.
336. Juniperus Californica, Carr.
Juniper.
California, — valley of the Sacramento River south through the Coast
Ranges to lower California.
110
CONIFERS.
Juniperus.
A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60
metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from
the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil.
A form (var. Utahensis, Engelm.) with more slender branchlets and
smaller globose fruit found from the western base of the Wahsatch Moun-
tains, Utah, to eastern California, and south through the Great Basin to
southeastern California and the San Francisco Mountains, eastern Arizona,
is very common in the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all
the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and is the most
generally distributed arborescent species of the region.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durahle in con-
tact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, not
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown
slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; in southern California
largely used for fencing and fuel.
337. Juniperus pachyphlcea, Torr.
Juniper.
Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south
of latitude 34° ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000
feet elevation.; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of
western Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, sus-
ceptible of a fine polish; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark-
colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear
light red, often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
338. Juniperus occidentals, Hook.
Juniper.
Blue Mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington and Oregon,
Cascade Mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath River, California,
and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and
10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino Mountains.
A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in
diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub; dry, rocky ridges and
prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact
with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medul-
lary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light red or brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; largely used for fencing and fuel.
A variety (var. monosperma, Engelm.) with smaller, generally 1-seeded
berries, extends from the eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, to the
Juniper us.
CONIFERS.
Ill
mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern
Arizona to southern California.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
0.G0 metre in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many
stout, contorted stems ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet
elevation.
Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often
eccentric ; largely used for fuel and fencing.
A variety (var. conjugens, Engelm.) with slender branchlets and 4
ranked, closely appressed denticulate leaves and globose 1-2-seeded fruit,
extends from the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west and north.
A tree 11 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre
in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western
Texas ; its range not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable
in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown often
streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing,
fuel, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
339. Junipems Virginiana, L.
Red Cedar. Savin.
Southern New Brunswick, shores of Georgian Bay, northern Michigan,
northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, west to eastern
Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory to about the one hundredth
parallel of west longitude ; in the Pacific region, Rocky Mountains of
Colorado to Vancouver's Island, British Columbia; not extending to
western Texas, California, or Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona
rare and local.
The most widely distributed of North American Coniferce, a tree 24
to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in diameter, or
toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a
low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf States,
especially, near the coast, in deep swamps ; common and reaching its
greatest development in the valley of the Red River, Texas.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained,
compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, odorous ;
bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, very obscure ; color dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ;
largely used for posts, sills, railway-ties, interior finish, cabinet-making,
and lead-pencils.
A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine
cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic.
112
CONIFERS.
Taxodium.
340. Taxodium distichum, Rich.
Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress.
Deciduous Cypress.
Southern Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape
Romano, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Nueces
River, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and
northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and
Indiana.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres
in diameter ; deep, submerged swamps, river bottom-lands, and pine-barren
ponds ; common and occupying extensive tracts in the South Atlantic and
Gulf States in the neighborhood of the coast.
Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily
worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer
cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ;
color light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac-
tured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway-ties, posts,
fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi River, by a
species of Dcedalia, rendering it unfit for lumber.
Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumber-
men, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder
and considered more durable than the other ; the unseasoned wood of the
latter lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than black cypress.
341. Sequoia gigantea, Decsn.
Big Tree.
California, — western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Placer County
(Calaveras Grove) south to the southern borders of Tulare County.
A tree 76 to 119 metres in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 metres in
diameter ; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000
feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its south-
ern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, occu-
pying areas often several hundred acres in extent.
Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact,
remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells
thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color
bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood
white ; formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber, and locally used for
fencing, shingles, construction, etc.
342. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.
Redwood.
California, — from the northern boundary of the State, south in the
Coast Ranges to the southern border of Monterey County.
Taxus.
CONIFERJE.
113
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 metres
in diameter ; sides of canons and valleys in low, wet situations, borders of
streams, etc. ; not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to slopes
facing the ocean, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most gen-
erally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of Cape
Mendocino.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in
contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, con-
spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color clear light red,
the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely sawed into lumber ; the prevail-
ing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in Cali-
fornia almost exclusively used for shingles, fence-posts, telegraph-poles,
railway-ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms
with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental.
343. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt.
Tew.
Islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, through western and
the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon to the western
slopes of the \Rocky Mountains of northern Montana ; through the Cali-
fornia Coast Ranges to the Bay of Monterey and along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller,
often reduced to a low shrub ; rare ; low, rich woods and borders of
streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washing-
ton, and British Columbia.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-drained, compact, suscep-
tible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of
small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin,
numerous, very obscure ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood light
yellow ; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast
for paddles, spear-handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc.
344. Taxus Floridana, Nutt.
Yew.
Western Florida, — banks of the Apalachicola River from Bristol to
Aspalaga.
A small tree, 3 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; rare and very local.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small sum-
mer cells very thin, dark-colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays nu-
merous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood
nearly white.
8
114 CONIFEIUE. Torreya.
345. Torreya taxifolia, Am.
Stinking Cedar. Savin.
Western Florida, — eastern bank of the Apalachicola River from
Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of swamps on calcareous soil ; very rare and local.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact,
susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ;
bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much
lighter ; largely used locally for fence-posts, etc.
346. Torreya Californica, Torr.
California Nutmeg. Stinking Cedar.
California, — Mendocino County, and along the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada to Tulare County, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation.
A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; borders of streams, in moist soil ; rare.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of
a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small sum-
mer cells broad, not conspicuous ; medullary raj^s numerous, obscure ;
color clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white.
347. Pinns Strobus, L.
White Pine. Weymouth Pine.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake
Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the North-
ern States to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of Lake Michigan ;
" Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (very
rare and local) ; and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia.
A large tree, 24 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50
metres in diameter ; sandy loam, forming extensive forests, or in the
region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard-
wood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude
47° and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much
smaller, less common and valuable.
Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact,
easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages small, not numerous nor con-
spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, often slightly
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; more largely manufactured
into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American
tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the Northern
States ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the
manufacture of matches, wooden-ware, and for many domestic purposes.
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
115
348. Pinus monticola, Dougl.
White Pine.
Vancouver's Island, Coast and Gold Ranges of southern British Colum-
bia, east along the mountains of northern Washington, through the Coeur
d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead
River, Montana ; south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and
Oregon and the California Sierras to Calaveras County.
A large tree, 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable
and important timber tree ; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet,
and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, not common.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages
numerous, not large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white ; inferior in quality,
although resembling that of the Eastern white pine (P. Strobus) ; in
Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber.
349. Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.
Sugar Pine.
Oregon, — Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the head of Mackenzie
River and the valley of the Rogue River, south ; California, — western
flank of the Sierra Nevada, through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia
Mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
A large tree, 46 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 metres in
diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the
Sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation ; in the Oregon Coast Ranges descending to 1,000 feet above
sea-level.
Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily
worked ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous ; resin
passages numerous, very large and conspicuous ; medullary rays numer-
ous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; now largely
manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes,
etc., and for cooperage and wooden-ware ; less valuable and less easily
worked than that of the Eastern white pine (Pinus Strobus) ; its quality
injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages.
A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially burned
trees is sometimes used as a substitute for su^ar.
350. Pinus flexilis, James.
White Pine.
Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and probably farther
north, south to New Mexico, Guadalupe and Limpia Mountains, western
116
CONIFERS.
Plnus.
Texas, high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona,
Inyo Mountains and Mount Silliman, California.
A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet
elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, and the prevailing forest
tree ; in central Nevada the most valuable timber tree of the re°ion
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells
narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color light clear yellow, turning red with expo-
sure, the sap-wood nearly white ; in northern Montana, Nevada and
Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction
and for various domestic purposes.
351. Pinus albicaulis, Engelm.
Coast Ranges of British Columbia, south along the Cascade and Blue
Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; California, — Scott Mountains,
Mount Shasta, and along the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada to Mount
San Bernardino ; extending east along the high ranges of northern Wash-
ington to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana.
A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60
metre in diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate
shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching
in the San Bernardino Mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not
large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white.
352. Pinus reflexa, Engelm.
White Pine.
High mountains of southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Rita and
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding
0.60 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and slopes of almost inaccessible
canons between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly
white.
353. Pinus Parryana, Engelm.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
California, — Larkin's Station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San
Diego County, and in lower California.
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
117
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre
in diameter ; very rare within the limits of the United States ; south of
the boundary forming in lower California extensive open forests upon
high ridges and slopes.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells
thin-, not conspicuous ; resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown or yellow, the
sap-wood much lighter, nearly white.
The large seeds edible.
354. Pinus cembroides, Zucc.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk hardly
exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet
elevation.
Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer
cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white.
The seeds edible.
355. Pinus ednlis, Engelm.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Eastern base of Pike's Peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico
to the mountains of western Texas.
A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; dry slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching
in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in
contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous ;
resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light
brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fen-
cing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior
lumber.
The large seeds edible.
356. Pinus monophylla, Torr. & Frem.
Pinon. Nut Pine.
Western base of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills
of the California Sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great
Basin to the San Francisco Mountains of eastern Arizona.
A small, busby tree, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes
1 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet
elevation.
118
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow or light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white ; largely used for fuel and charcoal.
The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the
Great Basin.
357. Pinus Balfouriana, Murr.
Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
California, — Scott Mountains, Mount Whitney, and about the head-
waters of King and Kern Rivers. A form (var. aristata, Engelm.),
common on the mountains of southeastern California, through Nevada,
northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, and
in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation, is distinguished by its ovate
cones, with thinner scales and shorter recurved awn-like prickles.
A small tree, 15 to 19 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90
metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott
Mountains a broad belt of forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet
elevation.
Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny,
susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells very nar-
row, dark-colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure.
358. Pinus resinosa, Ait.
Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and
Lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg River, south through the
Northern States to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern
Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37
metres in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, forming scat-
tered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent ; common and
reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and
Minnesota.
Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, dark-colored, very resinous ; resin passages few,
small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red,
the sap-wood yellow or often almost white ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc.
359. Pinus Torreyana, Parry.
California, — mouth of the Soledad River, San Diego County.
A low, short-lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
119
a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 metre in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately
upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
small, few ; medullary ray's numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-
wood yellow or nearly white ; locally used for fuel.
360. Pinns Arizonica, Engelm.
Yellow Pine.
Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, and probably upon
other ranges of southern Arizona.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; high rocky ridges between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and
forming extensive forests near the summits of the Santa Catalina
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close-grained, compact;
bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin pas-
sages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light red or
often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; sometimes sawed into
inferior lumber.
361. Pinns ponderosa, Dougl.
Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east
along the mountain ranges of the Pacific Region to Mexico, the Black
Hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas ; not detected in central or
southern Nevada.
A large tree, 61 to 91 metres in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57
metres in diameter, or throughout the Rocky Mountain region much
smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height (var. scopulorum) ; dry,
rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet
swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the
Sierras of northern and central California ; in western Washington and
Oregon, rare and local ; next to Pseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally
distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the
principal lumber of eastern Washington and Oregon, western Montana,
Idaho, the Black Hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona.
Wood varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle,
not coarse-grained nor durable, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad
or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure; color light red, the very thick sap-wood
almost white ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway-
ties, fuel, etc.
120
CONIFERJE.
Pinus .
362. Pinus Jefifreyi, Murr.
Bull Pine. Black Pine,
California, — Scott Mountains, south along the Sierra Nevada to the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
A large tree, 30 to 31 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 metres
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ;
most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope
of the Sierra Nevada.
Wood light, strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the
sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white ; largely manufactured into coarse
lumber.
Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful ansesthetic
properties, is obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species.
363. Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelm.
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, San Francisco Mountains, southwest-
ern New Mexico and Arizona ; in Chihuahua.
A small tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60
metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000
feet elevation ; not common.
Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, rather
large, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color clear light
orange, the thick sap-wood lighter.
364. Pinus contorta, Dougl.
Scrub Pine.
Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino County, California, ex-
tending inland to the western slopes of the Coast Ranges.
A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to
0.50 metre in diameter ; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points.
Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer
cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, not large ;
medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the
thick sap-wood nearly white.
365. Pinus Murray ana, Balfour.
Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine.
Valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south through the interior of
British Columbia, along the mountain ranges of Washington and Oregon
and the Sierra Nevada of California to Mount San Jacinto ; on the high
plateau east of the Rocky Mountains in about latitude 56°, and south
Pinus.
CONIFERS.
121
through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and
Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras ; in
the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, cover-
ing immense areas, and generally replacing other species destroyed by
fire ; western Washington and southward only along the borders of moist
alpine meadows between 6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, com-
pact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ;
resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color
light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, and used for fuel, railway-ties, etc.
366. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl.
Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
California, — Shasta County, south along the foot-hills of the Coast
Ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada below 4,000 feet
elevation.
A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20
metres in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not
durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ;
resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white;
largely used for fuel.
The large seeds edible.
367. Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.
California, — Mcnte Diablo, south through the Coast Ranges to the
Cuyamaca Mountains.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in
diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ;
most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small
summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages few, large ;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light red, the thick sap-wood
nearly white.
368. Pinus insignis, Dougl.
Monterey Pine.
California, — Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon Bay.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in di-
ameter ; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast ; rare and local.
122
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; color light brown,
the very thick sap-wood nearly white ; locally somewhat used for fuel.
369. Pinus tuberculata, Gord.
Knob-cone Pine.
Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south along the western slope
of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in the California Coast
Ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto Mountains.
A tree 18 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges and
slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino Mountains) to 5,500 (Mount Shasta)
feet elevation ; not common.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells very broad, not conspicuous ; resin passages numerous,
large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the
thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red.
370. Piims Tseda, L.
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine.
Southern Delaware, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida,
generally near the coast, through the Gulf States to the valley of the
Colorado River, Texas, and extending north to the valley of the Arkansas
River.
A tree 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in
diameter ; low, wet clay or dry, sandy soil ; springing up on all aban-
doned lands from Virginia southward, and now often replacing in the
Southern pine-belt the original forests of Pinus palustris ; in eastern
North Carolina rarely on low, rich swamp ridges, here known as rose-
mary pine and attaining its greatest development and value.
Wood light, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands
of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous; resin passages
few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown,
the very thick sap-wood orange, or often nearly white ; largely used for
fuel and manufactured into lumber of inferior quality.
371. Pinus rigida, Mill.
Pitch Pine.
New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, south through
the Atlantic States to northern Georgia, extending to the western slope of
the Alleghany Mountains in West Virginia and Kentucky.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; dry, sandy, barren soil, or less commonly in deep, cold swamps ;
very common.
Pinus.
C0NIFER2E.
123
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages nu-
merous, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown
or' red, the thick sap-wood yellow or often nearly white ; largely used for
fuel, charcoal, and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
372. Pinus serotina, Michx.
Pond Pine.
North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's
River, Florida.
A tree 12 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; inundated borders of streams and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not
common.
Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands
of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin
passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark
orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow.
373. Pinus inops, Ait.
Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
Long Island and Staten Island, New York, south, generally near the
coast, to the valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, and through
eastern and middle Kentucky to southeastern Indiana.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally much smaller ; sandy, gen-
erally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany
Mountains.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, dur-
able ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin
passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light
orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, and in
Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-
pipes and pump-logs.
374. Pinus clausa, Vasey.
Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine.
Florida, — shores of Pensacola Bay, south, generally within 30 miles
of the coast, to Pease Creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east
coast south of Saint Augustine.
A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in
diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 metres in height ; barren,
sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest develop-
ment about the head of Halifax Bay.
124
CONIFERiE.
Pinus.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bands of small summer cells broad,
very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous, prominent ; medullary
rays numerous, thin ; color light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood
nearly white.
375. Pinus pungens, Michx. f.
Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee.
A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in
diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the
high mountains of East Tennessee, here often forming extensive forests.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages numerous,
large ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light brown, the thick
sap-wood nearly white ; in Pennsylvania largely manufactured into
charcoal.
376. Pinus nmricata, D. Don.
Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine.
California, — Mendocino County south through the Coast Ranges to
San Luis Obispo County.
A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in
diameter, or more often not exceeding 15 metres in height ; cold peat-bogs
or barren, sandy gravel ; always in situations exposed to the winds and
fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its
greatest development in Mendocino County ; rare and local.
Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous ; resin passages few, not promi-
nent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the thick sap-
wood nearly white.
377. Pinus mitis, Michx.
Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Pull Pine.
Staten Island, New York, south to western Florida, through the Gulf
States to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the
Indian Territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri and southern
Illinois.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 metres in
diameter ; light, sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of
swamps ; forming, west of the Mississippi River, mixed with oaks and
other deciduous trees, extensive forests ; the only species of northern
Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, and reaching its greatest development
in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Pinus.
CONIFERJE.
125
Wood varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard,
strong, generally coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells
broad, very resinous; resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays
numerous, conspicuous ; color orange, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely
manufactured into lumber, especially in the States west of the Mississippi
River.
378. Pinus glabra, Walt.
Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. White Pine.
South Carolina, south to middle Florida, generally near the coast, and
through the Gulf States south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl
River, Louisiana.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hummocks in dense forests of hard-wood
trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not
common and very local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ;
bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous ; resin passages few, not
large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood
nearly white.
379. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.
Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine.
Bay of Chaleur to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to
the Great Bear Lake, the valley of the Mackenzie River, and the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains ; south to northern Maine, northern Ver-
mont, the southern shores of Lake Michigan and central Minnesota.
A small tree, 9 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.75 metre in diameter ; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich
loam; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and
reaching its greatest development in the region north of Lake Superior,
here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits
associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and
P. Murrayana of the Pacific region.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous ; resin passages
few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color clear light brown
or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; largely used for fuel,
railway-ties, etc.
380. Pinus palustris, Mill.
Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine.
Hard Pine.
Southeastern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay,
Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valley of the Red River,
126
CONIFERS.
Pinus.
Louisiana, and the Trinity River, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150
miles from the coast.
A tree 18 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plain ; forming extensive
forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme
interior range, especially in the Gulf States, occupying rolling hills, here
mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees ; rarely along the borders of
swamps in low, wet soil.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained,
compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-
colored ; resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous,
conspicuous ; color light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ;
largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for
ship-building, fencing, railway-ties, etc.
The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufac-
tured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this
species.
381. Pinus Cubensis, Griseb.
Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine.
South Carolina, south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida,
west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, not
extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland ; in the West Indies.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; light, sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or
wet, clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking
possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been
removed ; the only species of Florida south of Cape Canaveral and Bay
Biscayne.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained,
compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad and resinous,
conspicuous ; resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous,
rather prominent; color rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often
nearly white ; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although
rarely manufactured into lumber.
Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from
this species.
382. Picea nigra, Link.
Black Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern Labrador to Ungava Bay, Nastapokee Sound
and Cape Churchill, Hudson Bay, and northwest to the mouth of the
Mackenzie River and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; south
through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, central
Picea.
CONIFERS.
127
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the
high peaks of North Carolina.
A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of latitude 50°,
extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold,
wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra).
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells thin, resinous ; resin passages few, minute ;
medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red or often nearly white,
the sap-wood lighter; largely manufactured into lumber, and used in
construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway-ties, etc.
383. Picea alba, Link.
White Spruce.
Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava Bay, Cape
Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and
the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south to northern Maine, north-
eastern Vermont, northern Michigan and Minnesota, the Black Hills of
Dakota, the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, Sitka, and British
Columbia.
A tree 15 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swamps ; most com-
mon north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest
development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of north-
ern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important
timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of latitude 60° ; its dis-
tribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells thin, not .conspicuous ; resin passages few,
minute ; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color light yellow, the
sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely manufactured into lumber,
although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce
(P. nigra).
384. Picea Engelmanni, Engelm.
White Spruce.
Peace River Plateau, in latitude 55° 46', through the interior of
British Columbia and along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and
Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie River ; on the principal ranges of
the Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains to the San Francisco Mountains,
Sierra Blanco, and Mount Graham, Arizona.
A large tree, 24 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20
metres in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate
shrub; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet
elevation ; the most valuable timber tree of the central Rocky Mountain
128
CONlFERiE.
Picea.
region, here forming extensive forests, generally above 8,500 feet eleva-
tion ; rare' and of small size in the mountains of Washington, Oregon,
and Montana.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact,
satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin pas-
sages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color pale
yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; in Colorado
manufactured into lumber and largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc.
The bark, rich in tannin, is sometimes used in Utah in tanning
leather.
385. Picea pungens, Engelm.
White Spruce. Blue Spruce.
Valley of the Wind River, south in the mountain ranges of Wyoming,
Colorado, and Utah.
A tree 30 to 46 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter; borders of streams, in damp or wet soil, generally between
6,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests ; rare and local.
Wood very light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of
small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few, small ;
medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color very light brown or often
nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable.
386. Picea Sitchensis, Carr.
Tide-land Spruce,
Alaska, south to Mendocino County, California, not extending more
than 50 miles inland from the coast.
A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 metres in height, with
a trunk 2.40 to 5.19 metres in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps,
reaching its greatest development in Washington and Oregon near the
mouth of the Columbia River, here forming a belt of nearly continuous
forest growth, from 10 to 50 miles in width.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ;
bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; resin passages few,
obscure ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color light brown
tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building,
the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, wooden-ware, etc.
386 a. Picea species.
Alpine slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon {Thomas Howell,
June, 1884) ; probably very rare and local.
A tree sometimes exceeding 30 metres in height, with a trunk often 1
metre in diameter ; the botanical characters not yet published ; easily dis-
Tsuga.
CONIFERS.
129
tinguished by its long pendulous branchlets, flat or slightly rounded leaves,
and large cones with broad, spreading, very thin, entire scales.
Wood not collected.
387. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.
Hemlock.
Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence
River to the shores of Lake Temiscaming, and southwest to the western
borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the Northern States to
northern Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along
the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama.
A tree 21 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 metres in
diameter ; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north and often forming
extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less com-
monly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil ; most common at the North,
and reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of
North Carolina and Tennessee.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult
to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable ; bands of small
summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap-wood
somewhat darker ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in
construction for outside finish, railway-ties, etc. ; two varieties, red and
white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth,
are recognized by lumbermen.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the North-
ern States in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used
medicinally as a powerful astringent.
388. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm.
Hemlock.
Southern Alleghany region, North and South Carolina.
A small tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75
metre in diameter ; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet eleva-
tion ; rare and local.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small
summer cells narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white.
389. Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr.
Hemlock.
Alaska, south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, and
through the Selkirk, Gold, and other interior ranges to the Bitter Root
Mountains of Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
9
130
CONIFERJE.
Tsuga.
Montana, extending south along the Cascade Mountains to southern Ore-
gon and in the Coast Ranges between 1,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, to
northern California.
A large tree, 30 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres
in diameter ; low, moist bottoms or rocky ridges ; very common and
reaching its greatest development in western Oregon and Washington,
often forming extensive forests, especially along the western base of the
Cascade Mountains.
Wood light, hard, not strong, rather close-grained; bands of small
summer cells thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, promi-
nent; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white;
occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used on the north-
west coast in tanning leather.
390. Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm.
British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains and the Califor-
nia Sierras to the headwaters of the San Joaquin River, extending east
along the high mountains of northern Washington to the western slopes
and summits of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho,
and to northern Montana.
An alpine tree, rarely 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10
metres in diameter ; dry slopes and ridges near the limits of tree growth,
ranging from an elevation of 2,700 feet in British Columbia to 10,000
feet on the Sierras of central California.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a
good polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medul-
lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood
nearly white.
391. Pseudotsuga Dcmglasii, Carr.
Med Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir.
Coast Ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of lati-
tude 55° N., east to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in lati-
tude 51° N. ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington, Oregon,
the California Coast Ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada,
on the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the
Guadalupe Mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah Moun-
tains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona ; in northern Mexico ;
not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsatch Mountains, south of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and north
of Arizona.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66
metres in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountains much smaller, here rarely
A bies.
C0NIFER2E.
131
30 metres in height ; the most generally distributed and valuable timber
tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in
Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive forests, almost
to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and
Washington Territory its greatest development and value. A form with
larger cones and narrower acutish leaves (var. macrocarpa, Engelm.) occurs
in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California,
— a small tree with darker-colored, lighter, and less valuable wood.
Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth
in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difficult to work, durable ; bands of
small summer cells broad, occupying fully one half the width of the annual
growth, dark-colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to
cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color varying from light red to
yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and
used for all kinds of construction, railway-ties, piles, fuel, etc. Two va-
rieties, red and yellow fir, distinguished by lumbermen, are dependent
probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker-
colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir.
The bark has proved valuable in tanning leather.
392. Abies Fraseri, Lindl.
Balsam. She Balsam.
High Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre
in diameter ; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often
forming considerable forests ; very local.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells rather broad, light-colored, not conspicuous ; medul-
lary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly
white.
393. Abies balsamea, Mill.
Balsam Fir. Balm-of- Gilead Fir.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud-
son Bay ; northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania,
central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to
the high peaks of Virginia.
A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub
{A. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ;
bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary
rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, often streaked with yellow,
the sap-wood lighter.
132
CONIFERS.
Abies.
Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained
from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed
under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in
the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts.
394. Abies subalpina, Engelm.
Balsam.
Alaska, south through British Columbia and along the Cascade Moun-
tains to northern Oregon ; Blue Mountains of Oregon and on the ranges
of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.
A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60
metre in diameter ; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British
Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and
rarely forming the prevailing forest growth.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; bands
of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood
lighter.
395. Abies grandis, Lindl.
White Fir.
Vancouver's Island, south to northern California, near the coast ; in-
terior valleys of western Washington and Oregon south to the Umpqua
River; Cascade Mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, Blue Mountains
of Oregon to the eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Root
Mountains, Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Montana.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development
on the bottom-lands of western Washington and Oregon in rich, moist
soil or on moist mountain slopes ; then much smaller, rarely exceeding
30 metres in height.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark-colored,
resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light
brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; in western Oregon manufactured into
lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc.
396. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord.
White Fir. Balsam Fir.
Northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, south along the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino an<J San Ja-
cinto Mountains, California ; high mountains of northern Arizona to the
Abies. CONIFERS. 133
Mogollon Range, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of
Colorado, and in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah.
A large tree, 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; moist slopes and canons between 3,000 and 9,000 feet
elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras,
varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps
only a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it
cannot be always readily distinguished.
Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of
small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, obscure ; color very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood
somewhat darker; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for
packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes.
397. Abies bracteata, Nutt.
California, — Santa Lucia Mountains.
A tree 46 to 61 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in
diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 canons between 3,000 and
6,000 feet elevation, west of the summit of the range.
Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer
cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ;
color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen.
398. Abies amabilis, Forbes.
Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south along the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and Oregon.
A tree 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres
in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Colum-
bia between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the
Columbia River between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its
greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small
summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays
numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white.
399. Abies nobilis, Lindl.
Red Fir.
Oregon, — Cascade Mountains from the Columbia River south to the
valley of the upper Rogue River, summits of the Coast Range from the
Columbia to the Nestucca River.
A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres
in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the
slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ;
less multiplied in the Coast Ranges, but here reaching its greatest indi-
vidual development.
134
CONIFERiE.
Abies.
Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of
small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary
rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown streaked with red,
the sap-wood a little darker.
400. Abies magnifica, Murr.
Bed Fir.
California, — Mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada to Kern County.
A large tree, 61 to 76 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres
in diameter, forming about the base of Mount Shasta extensive forests
between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the southern sierras less
common, here reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny,
durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning ;
bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ;
medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood somewhat
darker ; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse
lumber.
401. Larix Americana, Michx.
Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.
Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson
Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwest to the northern shores of the Great
Bear Lake and the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic
Circle ; south through the Northern States to northern Pennsylvania,
northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota.
A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; moist uplands and intervale lands, or, south of the boundary of
the United States, in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas,
here much smaller and less valuable.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable
in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous,
dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays
numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly
white ; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship-
timbers, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc.
402. Larix occidentalis, Nutt.
Tamarack.
British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold Ranges, south of latitude 53°, south
along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia River,
through the mountain ranges of northern Washington Territory to the
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana ; Blue Mountains of
Washington and Oregon.
Washingtonia.
PALMiE.
135
A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50
metres in diameter ; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500
and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclu-
sively forming forests ; very common and perhaps reaching its greatest
development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot River and in the
valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; the largest and most valuable
timber tree of the Columbian basin.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, com-
pact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the
soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored,
conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ;
color light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway-
ties, etc.
403. Larix Lyallii, Pari.
Eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington, east
along the boundary of the United States to northern Montana.
A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15
metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter; dry,
rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus
albicaulis and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree growth
between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation.
PALMJE.
404. Sabal Palmetto, Lodd.
Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, extend-
ing along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola River.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; sandy maritime shores ; very common and reaching its greatest
development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar
Keys.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark-
colored ; color light brown ; impervious to the attacks of the Teredo, and
largely used for wharf-piles, etc.
405. "Washingtonia nlifera, Wend.
Fan-leaf Palm.
California, — from the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains
to the valley of the Colorado River.
A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in
diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the
t
136
LILIACEiE.
Thrinax.
desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of
small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured
by fire.
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark-
colored, conspicuous.
406. Thrinax parvifLora, Sw.
Silk-top Palmetto.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding
0.10 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless
(P. Garberi, Chapm.).
Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous ;
color light brown ; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls.
407. Thrinax argentea, Lodd.
Silver-top Palmetto. Brickley Thatch. Brittle Thatch.
Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies.
A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre
in diameter.
Wood light, soft; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior
of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; used for piles, the
foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc.
408. Oreodoxa regia, HBK.
Royal Palm.
Semi-tropical Florida, — hummocks near Cape Romano to the south-
ern keys ; in the West Indies.
A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ;
rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare and
local.
Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicu-
ous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color
brown.
LILIACEiE.
409. Yucca canaliculata, Hook.
Spanish Bayonet.
Texas, — Matagorda Bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe Rivers
to the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico.
A small tree, 5 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil.
Yucca.
LILIACE^E.
137
Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of con-
centric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ;
color light brown.
The bitter, sweetish fruit is cooked and eaten by the Mexicans ; the
root stock, as in the whole genus, is saponaceous and largely used by
the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.
410. Yucca brevifolia, Engelm.
The Joshua. Joshua Tree.
Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the
valley of the Mohave River, California.
A tree 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in
diameter ; dry, gravelly soil ; forming upon the Mohave Desert, at 2,500
feet elevation, an open, straggling forest.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color very light brown or
nearly white ; sometimes manufactured into paper-pulp.
411. Yucca elata, Engelm.
Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah ; southward into Mexico.
A small tree, 3 to 5 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre
in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes.
Wood light, soft, spongy ; color light brown or yellow.
412. Yucca baccata, Torr.
Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Banana.
Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico
to southern Colorado and southern California ; in northern Mexico.
A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter, or
often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range stem-
less ; forming upon the plains of Presidio County, Texas, extensive open
forests.
Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color light brown.
The large juicy edible fruit is an important article of food to Mexicans
and Indians ; a strong coarse fibre, prepared by macerating the leaves in
water, is manufactured into rope in Mexico.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE
WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
OF THE UNITED STATES.
The various processes by which the physical properties of the woods of
the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies, in connection with
the Census investigation, are fully set forth in Vol. IX. of the final
Reports of the Tenth Census. This volume may not be accessible to all
persons who may have occasion to use the following tables, and the
methods therefore adopted in attaining these results are here briefly
described.
The specific gravity, ash, and fuel value of the wood of every indige-
nous arborescent species of the United States, with seven unimportant
exceptions, were determined. The specific gravity was obtained by
weighing carefully measured specimens, 100 millimetres long and about
35 millimetres square, previously subjected to a temperature of 100° C.
until their weight became constant. The ash is given in percentages of
the dry wood, and was determined by burning small blocks of the wood
in a muffle furnace at a low temperature.
The relative approximate fuel value of any wood is obtained by
deducting its percentage of ash from its specific gravity ; and the cor-
rectness of the result thus obtained is based upon the hypothesis first
proposed by Count Rumford, that the value . of equal weights of all
woods for fuel is the same. It would be more correct, however, to say
that the fuel value of the organic matter in all woods is approximately
the same.
Wood is made up of two factors, — organic matter, composed of car-
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a small amount of nitrogen, and a still
smaller amount of sulphur ; and inorganic or mineral matter, — ash, as it
is generally called, — without value as fuel. The specific gravity represents
the weight of equal volumes of wood ; and if from the specific gravity the
weight of the ash, which varies greatly in different species, is deducted,
142 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
the relative fuel value will be obtained. A wood free from ash, there-
fore, having the specific gravity of 1.000, would represent the unit of fuel
value, the specimens being free from hygroscopic water.
. If the values thus obtained are multiplied by 4,000, the results will
give very nearly, except in the case of some of the resinous woods, the
number of units of heat which a cubic decimetre of the wood is capable
of yielding, — a unit of heat being the amount required to raise one kilo-
gramme of water one degree Centigrade. The fuel value of any wood is
often modified by other conditions than its weight and percentage of ash.
Perfect combustion is rarely attainable. Resinous woods, especially, are
seldom perfectly consumed, much carbon escaping in the form of smoke.
The moisture which always occurs in the firewood of commerce must also
be considered. Wood when first cut often contains as much as 50 per cent
of its weight of water, and air-dried wood may generally be expected to
contain at least 20 per cent. The heat necessary to distil this is, of course,
lost in combustion.
The strength and power to resist compression of the principal timbers
produced in the forests of the United States were determined by Mr.
Sharpies in the course of the Census investigation.
A stick being supported at each end and weights being applied to it,
it is bent or deflected in proportion to each addition of weight within a
certain limit, which differs in different species of wood. This limit is
called the elastic limit of the wood. When the elastic limit is exceeded,
the ratio of deflection is in excess of that previously produced by the addi-
tion of similar weight. If the elasticity of a given stick under weights
which do not strain it beyond this limit is known, the deflection of any
other stick, of the same wood, may be calculated by means of the following
formula : —
p _ PI*
E is the coefficient of elasticity ; P, the weight applied in kilogrammes ;
I, the length of the stick in centimetres ; b, the width of the stick in cen-
timetres ; d, the depth of- the stick in centimetres ; A, its deflection in
centimetres.
Any five of these being known, the value of the sixth may be calcu-
lated. E has been determined for many woods, and its value is given
in the fourth column of Table I.
If the deflection of a stick under a given weight is required, it can be
obtained by using the formula
PI*
A ~~ 4Ehri*'
OF THE UNITED STATES.
143
It is often desirable to know what is the ultimate strength of a given
stick. This is obtained by the following formula : —
in which P, I, b, and d have the same value as in the preceding formulas.
R is given in the fifth column of Table I. as the Modulus of Rupture.
In this formula P will most generally be the unknown quantity, and can
be obtained by using this formula, —
2bd*R
3/ *
Wood may be compressed in a direction either parallel or perpendicu-
lar to its fibres. The Latter is known as indentation. When a stick is
compressed in the direction parallel to its fibres, if its length does not ex-
ceed ten or twelve times its diameter, it generally fails by the crushing of
the fibres ; and the force necessary to produce such crushing is propor-
tionate to the area of the cross-section of the stick. The figures in the
sixth column of Table I. give the weight in kilogrammes necessary to
produce such crushing in sticks of the different species one centimetre
square. In order to find the weight any given stick will support, the
number in the column should be multiplied by the number of square cen-
timetres in the end of the stick. The force necessary to sink a punch
one centimetre square to the depth of 1.27 millimetres perpendicular to
the fibre of the wood of the different species, is given in the seventh col-
umn of Table I. The force necessary to produce indentation is propor-
tionate to the surface of the punch or the surface exposed to its action.
For further information in regard to the formulas relating to the
physical properties of wood, the reader is referred to : —
The Materials of Engineering. Part I. pp. 37-153. Robert H.
Thurston. New York, 1883.
Treatise on the Resistance of Materials. De Volson Wood. New
York, 1871.
144 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
TABLE I.
Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient
of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per
Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States.
Number.
Gravity.
; of Ash.
Approxi-
Value.
of Bias-
"Rupture
to Longi-
essure.
tolnden-
a Cubic
unds.
V
Species.
bO
"3
's
0
S
C PL,
talogi
rcent
lativt
ite Fi
efficie
ity.
>dulu
.S£ .c
si star
:ion.
£.£
'5 ©
Ot
oa
Pm
& a
S
&2
■
1
1
0 6360
0.53
0.6326
Q0830
792
482
197
39.64
4
Magnolia glauca
0.5035
0.47
05011
91299
424
102
31 38
Q
O
0 4690
0.29
0.4676
92817
671
415
107
29.23
A
"±
Magnolia cordata .......
0.4139
0.32
0.4126
94073
600
410
89
25.78
K
O
0 6309
0.35
0 5290
116854
696
489
130
83.09
0
0 4487
0 4478
583
366
84
27.96
i
0.5003
0.28
0.4989
94462
707
418
123
31.18
Q
o
0 4230
0.23
0.4220
92667
372
82
26 36
9
0 3969
0.21
0.3961
48179
391
212
69
24 78
10
0 5053
4.86
0.4807
60113
607
302
127
81 .49
11
0 6971
4.76
0.6639
43.44
12
v^aiiciid <iiUci
0.9893
1.75
0.9720
111698
1026
782
573
61.65
13
14
0.4728
0.76
0.4692
79414
670
387
99
29.46
15
16
0.7*142
1.69
0.7021
44.50
17
Tilia Americana
0.4525
0.55
0.4500
84010
689
348
63
28.20
171
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . .
0.4074
0.65
0.4048
81111
560
405
59
25.39
18
0 4253
0.62
0.4227
84659
577
394
68
26.50
19
0 5888
2.46
0.5743
52503
424
391
210
36.69
20
1,1482
0.82
1.1338
86324
787
737
793
71 24
21
1,1101
0.51
1.1044
22
Xanthoxylum Americanuni . . .
0.5654
0.57
0.5622
85.24
23
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . .
0.5056
0.82
0.5015
72577
640
449
159
31.51
231
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var.
0.5967
0.76
0.5922
24
Xanthoxylum Caribseum ....
0 9002
2.02
0.8820
86755
754
685
373
56.09
25
0 7444
0.78
0.7386
46.39
26
0.8319
0.30
08294
51.84
27
0 6885
6.33
0.6518
42.91
28
0,4136
0.93
0.4098
93217
664
426
86
25.78
29
Barsera gummifera
0.3003
2.04
0.2942
41694
148
155
47
18.71
30
1 .0459
0.69
1.0397
108507
1305
748
650
65.18
31
0.7282
1.09
0.7203
106272
1003
666
809
45.38
32
0.9196
0.73
0.9129
67.31
33
0,6818
0.76
0.5774
64317
686
419
176
36.26
34
Ilex Dahoon
0.4806
0.91
0.4762
64192
672
349
113
29.95
341
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . . .
0.5873
0.90
0.5820
36.60
OF THE UNITED STATES.
145
Species.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
65
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
641
65
66
661
67
68
69
70
71
711
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Ilex Cassine
Ilex decidua
Cyrilla racemiflora
Cliftonia ligustrina . . . . .
Euonymus atropurpureus . .
Myginda pallens •
Schaafferia frutescens
Reynosia latifolia
Condalia ferrea
Condalia obovata
Rhamnus Caroliniana . . ■
Rhamnus Californica ....
Rhamnus Purshiana . . . .
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus . . .
Colubrina reclinata ....
JEsculus glabra
iEseulus flava
iEseulus Californica ....
Ungnadia speciosa
Sapindus marginatus ....
Sapindus Saponaria ....
Hypelate panieulata ....
Hypelate trifoliata
Acer Pennsylvanicum . . .
Acer spicatum
Acer macrophyllum ....
Acer circinatum
Acer glabrum
Acer grandidentatum ....
Acer saccharinum .....
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum
Acer dasycarpum
Acer rubrum
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii
Negundo aceroides . . . . • •
Negundo Californicum . . .
Rhus cotinoides
Rhus typhina '
Rhus copallina
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Rhus venenata
Rhus Metopium
Pistacia Mexicana
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . .
Dalea spincsa
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
Robinia viscosa
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . •
Olneya Tesota
Piscidia Erythrina
Cladrastis tinctoria ....
Sophora secundiflora ....
Sophora affinis . . . . • •
Gymnocladus Canadensis . .
Gleditschia triacanthos . . .
0.7270
0.7420
0.6784
0.6249
0.6592
0.9048
0.7745
1.0715
1.3020
1.1999
0.5462
0.6000
0.5672
0.5750
0.8208
0.4542
0.4274
0.4980
0.6332
0.8126
0 8367
0.9533
0.9102
0.5299
0.5330
04909
0.6660
0.6028
0.6902
0.6912
0.6915
0.5269
0.6178
0.5459
0.4328
0.4821
0.6425
0 4357
0.5273
0.5184
0.4382
0.7917
0.87
0.70
0.42
0.42
0.58
3.42
2.54
3.20
8.31
7.03
0.64
0.58
0.67
0.69
1.75
0.86
1.00
0.70
1.17
1 50
4.34
1.25
1.38
0.36
0.43
0.54
0.39
0.30
0.64
0.54
0.71
0.33
0.37
0.34
1.07
0.54
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.85
064
2.39
0.8740
0.5536
0.7333
0.8094
0.8034
1.0602
0 8734
0.6278
0.9842
0.8509
0.6934
0.6740
0.7207
0.7368
0.6756
0.6223
0.6554
0.8739
0.7548
1.0372
1.1938
1.1155
0.5427
0.5965
0.5634
0.5710
0.8064
0.4503
0.4231
0.4945
0.6258
0.8004
0.8004
0.9414
0.8976
0.5280
0.5307
0.4882
0.6634
0.6010
0.6858
0.6875
0.6866
05252
0.6155
0.5440
0.4282
0.4795
0.6393
0.4835
0.5241
05140
0.4354
0.7728
1.28
4.04
0.51
0.20
0.60
2.29
3.38
0.28
1.59
078
067
0.80
O O
48828
78250
ll
314
626 371
105005
114310
74084
91268
0.8628
0.5312
0 7296
0 8078
0.7986
1.0359
0.8439
0.6260
0.9686
0.8443
0.6888
0.6686
97656
64438
68216
83681
111144
78032
71810
820
904
147
£67
750
1216
494
635
843
1*190
146108
102726
110973
94284
58156
94532
73647
105007
129238
114889
86822
85079
100226
97694
104822
108579
684
766
839
803
444
621
639
649
136
192
313
355
394
470
439
71
108
149
272
384
381
459
162
200
1149
962
1019
811
529
796
603
656
1273
909
750
752
902
811
771
923
619
550
482
463
257
252
181
176
322
442
111
107
377
479
109
126
533
209
45.31
46.24
43.28
38.95
41.08
56.39
48.27
66.78
81.14
74.78
34.04
37.39
35.35
35.83
51.15
28.31
26.64
31.04
39.46
50.64
52.14
59.41
56.72
33.02
33.22
30.59
41.51
37.57
43.01
43.08
43.09
32.84
38 50
34.02
26.97
30.04
40.04
27.15
32.86
32.31
27.31
49.34
694
258
683
366
597
534
271
655
337
183
570
400
500
334
160
168
5447
34.50
45.70
50.44
50.07
66.07
54.43
39.12
61.34
53.03
43.21
42.00
10
146 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE WOODS
jue Number.
Species.
; Gravity.
age of Ash.
e Approxi-
uel Value.
ent of Elas-
is of Rupture.
nee to Longi-
Pressure.
oce to Inden-
of a Cubic
Pounds.
J Catalog
Specific
Percen 1
Relativ
mate F
Coeffici
ticity.
Moduli
Resista
tudinal
Resista
tation.
Weight
Foot in
ft7
0/
Parkinsonia Torreyana
A 7Q/(o
A TO
U.7o
A TOCO
116991
1027
KQA
oo4
z/6
a k '•a
45. /O
88
A A^oi
119
1 1Z
A A4 K.G
U.0400
55839
040
A 1 7
41 /
ZZO
AC\ '"A
4U. iU
GO
3.64
0.7178
46.42
on
O oo
Z.oZ
A COT/1
u.oy < 4
oO. 11
Q1
V 1
0.72
0.6317
68798
*26
a nc\
40y
182
39.65
Q9
ifZ
A T'xIO
0.77
0.7455
4o 02
QQ
a 7AK.9
O 1 Q
Z.10
A 74 QK.
U. I 400
5oz9 /
400
<^ftft
000
QA Q
o4o
A 7 AO
4 / .oy
Q4
a 7cno
0.95
A 7K07
U. t ool
82424
CAJ
o94
C71
071
000
oz9
An Act
4/ AZ
oo
a ooon
U VZoo
o on
o.Zy
0.8931
A.T
Ol.OO
QA
1 A 1
1 Ul
a p. a a a
U.0004
A 1 OK
4 l.yo
07
o /
A OQflO
A HO
U Oo
A QQQQ
u.yooo
00.00
oo
A 8^£.A
A Ul
u.y i
A G470
U.04 ( Z
1 AQr,A7
lVOuVl
7Q9
ivZ
74Q
( 4o
W Oft
Oo.ZO
QQ
yy
100
Pithecolobiuni Unguis-cati ....
A A41 8
9 19
Z.1Z
A A9G9
U.OZOZ
A AAA/i
40U04
Ooo
401
1 71
1 / 1
4A AA
1U1
A C\f\A A
2.46
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104
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Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . .
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1 14
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1.45
i i oao
1.1 zuy
7A ftft
i U.OO
1 1 n
Cercocarpus ledifolius
1 A7Q1
1 A4
1.U4
1 AA 1 Q
i uoiy
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40U
AA 88
DO.OO
I 1 A
I I O
A flOfiC
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117
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A 1C\A Q
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A TA1 1
U. /Ul 1
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118
Pyrns angustifolia
A floor,
U.ooyo
A OO
U.oo
A AftTO
U.00IZ
49 07
1 1 Q
Pyrus rivularis
A QQ1 A
U.OolO
A A 1
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A ftOftO
u.ozoz
^1 ftQ
190
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A GQ
U OO
U.04U0
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117
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191
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Pyrus sambuci folia
A K.OOG
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A OC.
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A £<lflft
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A AOK.A
A OQ
U.oo
A AQ97
u.oyz/
* '
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4Q Ql
1 91
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Crataegus brachyacantha ....
A fi7nO
0.07 ao
U.4Z
A ATt; A
U.0/04
49 QQ
4Z.OO
19^
1Z9
A Kfl
U.OO
A A/I
U.04 04
TOQOT
/ OOo I
fi91
0Z1
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1 Qi
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4A 4<a
4U.40
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1Z0
ATI CiA
A P.H
U.OO
A T1 KA
U. / 104
OOJoO
OOo
4oU
91 A
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44 GQ
44.09
127
0 8618
0.38
0.8585
53.71
128
0 7953
0.69
0.7898
90023
738
538
263
49.56
129
Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata .
0,7585
0.52
0 7546
73160
709
445
240
47.57
1291
0.7681
0.47
0.7645
47.87
130
Crataegus cordata
0.7293
0.46
0.7259
45 45
131
0.7453
0.97
0.7381
46.45
132
Crataegus spathulata
0.7159
0.66
0.7112
67349
506
455
218
44.61
133
134
0 6564
0.57
0.6527
59185
712
445
224
40.91
135
0 7809
0.79
0 7747
48.67
1351
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . .
0.7683
0.91
0.7613
70765
724
527
319
47.88
136
Heteromeles arbutifolia
0.9326
0.54
0.9276
58.12
137
Amelanehier Canadensis ....
0 7838
0.55
0.7795
119677
1132
670
280
48.85
138
Hamamelis Virginiea
0.6856
0.37
42.73
139
0,5909
0.61
0.5873
86088
651
466
132
86.82
OF THE UNITED STATES. 147
ie Number.
Species.
>>
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at of Elas-
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re to Longi-
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ce to Inden-
of a Cubic
Pounds.
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U.01W4
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Viburnum Lentago
A 7QAQ
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481
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Pinckneya pubens
A <">OKA
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A l\0 9Q
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1 AO
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Guettarda elliptica
A BO'^7
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1 Al
A 7£! 1 A
A '^Q
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1A7
A 7AQQ
A 9A
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168
Arbutus Texana
A 7\Afk
u. low
U.O 1
A 74A9
U. t 40Z
41'. 74.
4U. 4 4
1 AO
U /40o
A 37
A 74QA
U. / 4ou
888M
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4A 48
40.40
A 7 1 AA
A 41
A 71 ^1
yj- i ioi
^8484
00404
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9A9
44 A9
44. O^
171
Rhododendron maximum ....
U.OoUo
A
A A9ftA
v.D/OU
A4^78
040 i 0
AA3
4oy
1 01
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3Q 98
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172
A Q'lA 1
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A 8971
U.oZ / 1
51.98
173
A 8AA9
U.OOUZ
1.84
A 8444
U.0444
^3 A1
OO.U L
174
A AQi8
3.45
A K7A8
43 30
40.0V.'
175
Chrysophy Hum oliviforme ....
A O'-UAA
U.yOOU
1 24
A 0944
1 1 9494
1 1 ^4 ^4
8<\7
OO I
^08
oyo
389
OOZ
^8 33
oo.oo
176
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron
1 A 1 AU
i.u iuy
5.14
A 0^80
u.yooy
109948
07A
A^A
OOU
ooo
A'^ 00
177
A 031 A
0 32
0 09 8 A
1 1 48
1 140
7'^A
/ ou
974
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^8 OA
oo.uo
178
Bumelia tenax
A 79u3
U. / Z.'O
0.78
A 79QA
7^1 9A
4^9
40Z
181
101
4^ 4^
40 4U
170
A A^14
1 9'-i
1 .^o
A A4A4
483^4
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^A9
OOZ
1 HA
10U
40 78
4U. la
180
Bumelia spinosa
A AAAO
U OOU-j
1 94
1 .^4
A A^91
41 1 ^
4 1 . J O
181
A 74A7
0 81
v.OI
A 74A7
y>- i 4U 1
7819^
562
480
99A
zzu
4 A £>3
4U. OO
182
A 70-^0
U. IvOV
1.90
A 78A8
60281
515
478
98A
40 AO
183
Mimusops Sieberi
1 .Uooo
2^61
1 .UOOO
100226
914
460
875
67.54
184
A 7nAQ
0.96
A 78Q9
78234
879
503
324
49.28
185
Diospyros .Texana
A Q/1AA
U.040U
3.33
A 81 78
52.72
186
S3*mplocos tinctoria
A ^Q9f^
U.OoZO
0.68
A <^980
62202
619
384
159
33.19
187
Halesia diptera
A ^7A^
U.O/UO
0.42
A ^A81
v.OOol
68321
857
434
197
35.55
188
0 5628
0.40
0.5605
35.07
189
Fraxinus Greggii
0.7904
0.93
0.7830
49.26
190
0 6597
0.85
0.6541
41.11
191
0 6810
0.62
0.6768
60119
622
385
210
42.44
192
Fraxinus Americana
0.6543
042
0.6516
101668
861
463
171
40.78
1921
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis .
0.7636
0.70
0 7583
108174
1125
541
198
47 59
193
0 6251
0.26
0.6235
81222
869
435
204
38.96
148
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
1
s
3
f Ash.
proxi-
ilue.
f Elas-
upture
Longi-
iure.
Inden-
Cubic
ids.
S?5
a
3
Species.
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S 0
194
07117
a ac.
U.bO
A 7A"71
U.7071
90313
895
A OO
482
220
44.35
194 J
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana
0.5780
A K A
U.04
A KT A O
36.02
195
o no
U. 16
A O \ 1 C
U.oo 10
/< r7CO'7
4 /bo/
OOO
OKI
251
138
22.07
196
0 7184
A 7ft
U. /o
A 7 1 OQ
U. / IZo
IT a on
/ /4oy
C 1 1
/< riA
4;)y
222
44.77
197
05731
A ^A
u.o4
A K.7 1 9
U.O/ 1Z
o4oIo
OOO
OZU
166
35.72
198
A 79
U. / Z
/I A97Q
U.bZ/ O
ft71 ftl^
o/ loO
QAt;
oUb
/1 90
4Zo
194
39.37
199
06345
A 79
u. / z
u.bzyy
7AOQ4">
70zo2
717
A AI
4Ul
170
39.54
200
A £.1
U. Dl
A flOIA
201
Osmanthus Americanus ....
0.8111
a a(\
U.40
A ftA7<1
UcU/4
1 9Q1 °0
lOol
KA 7
04/
z4/
50.55
202
Cordia Sebestena
0 7108
A 99
4.ZZ
A AftAft
U.boUo
• •
A A OA
44.30
203
Cordia Boissieri
0.6790
Q ,'Q
O.Oo
A ACHA
U OOOU
42.32
204
Bourreria Havanensis
0.8073
9 7Q
A 7Q/I Q
U. /o4o
fine /< a
A/l A
o7o
294
r;n 01
0O.0I
205
0 6440
1 Q9
l.oZ
U.boOO
oyoy /
701
721
OO/
OOf\
ZZy
40.13
206
0,4474
A QS
U.oo
A A A £7
U.440/
AS 1 A1
OO I O 1
KnA
oyu
o04
77
/ /
Z/ .OO
207
Catalpa speciosa
0.4165
A QQ
A A 1 /in
U.414lJ
G91 r;A
oA lOo
OOO
4U/
ob
ZO/Jb
208
Chilopsis saligna
0.5902
A Q7
U.O /
u.oooU
^/l A 9 1
0/0
zy /
1 A A
144
QCi 7Q
ob.7o
209
Crescentla cucurbitina
0.6319
l.oO
A AOO/I
U.bZo4
39.38
210
Githarexylum villosum
0 8710
A KO
U.OZ
A ftAA^
U.OOOO
1Z07J.7
A07
Vol
CCA
boy
OAft
0U0
54.28
211
Avieennia nitida
0.9138
9 £.1
Z.Ol
A ftQAQ
u.oyuy
ob.yo
212
Pisonia obtusata
0.6529
7 AO
i .OZ
A AAOi
U.bUol
4ooUo
zy /
Q1 A
OlU
1 Aft
lUo
A A A
4U.by
213
!\ QQ
O.Uo
A QO/lA
1 1 Q^Qft
1 loooo
yio
771
oy4
CI OA
b i . Zl )
214
Coccoloba uvifera
0.9635
1 Q7
l.O /
A QK.AQ
U.yOUo
9f;ft
ZOo
cn Ac
bO.Uo
215
0 6429
A 7A
U. t O
n A^QA
U.OooU
o^yuu
AA9
yoz
O/O
1 OQ
iyy
/JA AT
4U.U/
215i
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris .
Nectandra Willdenoviana ....
0.6396
A Q7
U.O/
A AQ~0
U.bo/Z
C 4 AI Q
o4y lo
OOA
ozO
QUI
ob/
1 09
iyz
39.86
216
07693
A AA
U.OU
O 7A47
U. / 04 /
A ~ ClA
4 / .y4
217
Sassafras officinale
0.5042
A in
U. 1U
O ^"7
U.OUo /
PilOl A
o i u iu
AA9
buz
^>ft9
00Z
1 QA
1 o4
Q1 AO
61 .4Z
218
Umbellularia Californica ....
0.6517
A on
U oVt
A A 1 < 19
U 04; >Z
1 AA7AA
1UD / DO
oUO
OOO
1 QQ
j yy
/I a ei
4U.bl
219
0.9209
fK 1A
O ftAll
0.0044
1 AQftQA
luooyu
70A
/yo
A^A
OOU
OA9
uOZ
0/ .oy
2191
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia. . .
0.9346
ft 9Q
o.zy
O ftK.71
U.OO / 1
7A7
iVI
KO(\
OZU
4A7
4U/
CD OA
0o.Z4
220
1 0905
9 7ft
Z. / O
1 AAA9
l.UOUZ
A7 CiCi
b/.yb
221
P, 1A
O.JO
0. 04/4
Q7
222
Ulnms crassifolia
0.7245
1 9A
A 71 ^ft
O. / lOo
/Uoyy
770
/ /o
zl^^>
40o
9^C
ZoO
40.10
223
Ulmus fulva
0.6956
A ftQ
U.oo
O AftOft
o.ooyo
VOZ 1 4
ftAO
ooy
C.QO
ooy
1 (^A
lou
4o.o0
224
0 6506
A ftO
U.OU
0 A4 !\±
7/17/19
/4 / 4Z
ftf;9
coz
440
1 7A
1 /U
AC\ KK
4U.00
225
Ulmus racemosa
0.7263
n AO
U-OU
0 791 Q
O. / Zlv
109628
1 AAA
lubo
oyz
9APL
ZUO
A OA
40. ZD
226
0.7491
A OQ
U. • 'u
A 7/1 i 7
U. / 41 /
OZozo
791
/Z4
AAO
44y
9^
ZOO
/(A KQ
4b. bo
227
Planera aquatica
0.5294
A
U.49
f» fW7A
u.oz/u
OOlO/
A91
bZI
OOA
o''4
1 /1A
140
OO AA
oz.yy
228
Celtis occidentalis
0.7287
1 AO
0 79Aft
U. /ZUo
Aft ^9 7
OoOZ /
7ftQ
/ oy
/191
4Z1
91 7
Zl /
A C A 1
40.41
2281
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
0.7275
1 99
l.ZZ
O 71 ftA
O. / lOD
ftAftA^
OOOUO
ftA^
0U0
A Q7
^61
97Q
Z to
/I O/l
40. o4
229
AQ
O.Uo
0 94ftl
zooyy
9QQ
zoy
1 A9
10Z
AI
Ol
1 A QA
J 0. oU
230
Ficus brevifolia
0.6398
A QA
4.00
0 AI 1 Q
OO ft7
oy.o/
231
Ficus pedimculata
0.4739
zt 09
4.VZ
U.40U0
4AA0A
4uoyu
90A
ZoU
981
Zo 1
119
90 fiQ
ZM.OO
232
0 5898
A 71
U. / 1
n ^ft^A
U.OOOO
89Q77
oZo/ /
77^
/ to
49A
4ZU
178
QA 7A
OO /O
233
07715
O Aft
U DO
O 7AA^
O. /OOO
y*o / o
4ft Aft
40.U0
234
0 7736
A Aft
U.OO
A 7AS9
U. / OOO
1101
1 10 1
ftAA
ouy
363
AQ 91
4o.Zl
235
Platanus occidentalis
0.5678
0.46
0.5652
86402
635
450
165
35.39
236
0 4880
1.11
0.4826
62401
562
324
93
30.41
237
0 4736
1.35
0.4672
45644
428
327
117
29.51
238
0 4086
0.51
0.4065
81253
597
392
90
25.46
239
06115
0.79
0.6067
109200
856
583
196
3811
240
0.6554
1.01
0.6488
72632
600
437
182
40.84
241
0 7180
1.13
0.7099
66646
578
434
232
44.75
242
0 8372
0.73
0.8311
138839
1200
625
271
52.17
243
Carya sulcata
0.8108
0.90
0.8035
103884
1083
559
288
50.53
244
0 8218
1.06
0.8131
114995
1129
593
277
51.21
OF THE UNITED STATES.
149
Species.
Carya porciua
Carya amara
Carya myristieseformis ....
Carya aquatica . ,
Myrica cerifera
Myrica Californica .....
Quercus alba
Quercus lobata
Quercus Garryana
Quercus obtusiloba
Quercus utidulata, var. Gambellii
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus lyrata
Quercus bicolor
Quercus Michauxii
Quercus Prinus
Quercus priuoides
Quercus Douglas ii
Quercus oblongifolia
Quercus grisea
Quercus reticulata
Quercus Durandii
Quercus virens .......
Quercus chrysolepis
Quercus Emory i
Quercus agrifolia
Quercus Weslizeni
Quercus rubra
Quercus rubra, var Texana . .
Quercus coccinea
Quercus tinctoria
Quercus Kelloggii
Quercus nigra
Quercus fakata
Quercus Catesbaei
Quercus palustris
Quercus aquatica
Quercus laurifolia
Quercus beterophylla
Quercus cinerea
Quercus bypoleuca
Quercus imbricaria
Quercus Pbellos
Quercus densiflora
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
Castanea pumila
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Fagus ferruginea
Ostrya Virginica
Carpinus Caroiiniana
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
Betula papyrifera
Betula occidentalis
Betula lutea
Betula nigra
0.8217
0.7552
0.8016
0.7407
0.5637
0.6703
0.7470
0.7409
0.7453
0.8367
0.8407
0.7453
0.8313
0.7662
0.8039
0.7499
0.8605
0.8928
0.9441
1.0092
0.9479
0.9507
0.9501
0.8493
0.9263
0.8253
0.7855
0.6540
0.9080
0.7405
0.7045
0.6435
0.7324
0.6928
0.7294
0.6938
0.7244
0.7673
0.6834
0 6420
0.8009
0.7529
0.7472
0.6827
0.5574
0.5887
0.4504
0.6883
0.8284
0.7286
0.5760
0.5955
0 6030
0.6553
0.5762
Percentage of Ash.
Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value.
Coefficient of Elas-
ticity.
Modulus of Rupture.
Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure.
Resistance to Inden-
tation.
Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds.
0.99
0.8136
103300
1046
577
301
51.21
1.03
0.7474
102986
1101
522
242
47.06
1.06
0.7931
146484
1394
638
315
49.96
1.27
0.7313
101261
884
486
274
46.16
0.51
0.5608
88778
815
445
144
35.13
0.33
0.6681
99161
1036
532
188
41.77
0.41
0.7439
97089
905
511
213
46.35
0.30
0.7387
71664
864
424
188
46.17
0.39
0.7424
81109
879
505
240
46.45
0.79
0.8301
83257
872
487
276
52.14
0.99
0.8324
57162
680
417
255
52.39
0.71
0.7400
92929
982
491
233
46.45
0.65
0.8259
133438
1025
492
252
51.81
0.58
0.7618
90636
909
490
221
47.75
0.45
0.8003
96373
1118
482
233
50.10
0.77
0.7441
125473
1031
538
230
46.73
1.14
0.8507
112461
1238
575
264
53.63
0.84
0.8853
77166
993
557
374
55.64
2.61
0.9195
85739
719
434
439
58.84
1.82
0.9908
73982
937
479
364
62.89
0.52
0.9430
59.07
1.78
0 9338
83766
993
534
308
59.25
1.14
0.9393
113627
1017
547
324
59.21
0.60
0.8442'
119810
1268
545
317
52.93
2.36
0.9044
63828
703
422
415
57.73
1.28
0.8147
95276
935
463
235
51.43
1.02
0.7775
86055
818
533
272
48.95
0.26
0.6523
112798
990
511
177
40.76
0.85
0.9003
103343
1024
582
291
56.59
0 19
0.7391
108507
1054
504
202
46.15
0.28
0.7025
103427
1041
501
202
43.90
0.26
0.6418
74488
768
449
174
40.10
1.16
0.7239
97656
1043
497
286
45.64
0.25
0.6911
140151
1193
596
201
43.18
0.87
0.7231
103468
1046
457
228
45.46
0.81
0.6882
112296
1090
491
190
43.24
0.51
0.7207
122657
1052
501
198
45.14
0.82
0.7610
125916
1181
526
253
47.82
0.17
0.6822
122494
1073
412
182
42.59
1.21
0.6342
75120
993
448
201
40.01
1.34
0.7902
94409
1113
293
272
49.91
0.43
0.7497
119357
1218
552
226
46.92
0.50
0.7435
78440
989
390
216
46.57
1.49
0.6725
96347
946
475
224
42.55
0.35
0.5554
101195
741
435
119
34.74
0.12
0.5880
114108
991
495
118
36 69
0.18
0.4496
85621
696
381
106
28.07
0.51
0.6848
120996
1148
478
196
42.89
0.50
0.8243
137276
1134
542
231
51.63
0.83
0.7226
114881
1149
498
213
45.41
0.29
0.5743
72970
778
348
129
35.90
0.25
0 5940
130557
1065
487
126
37.11
0.30
0.6012
92424
806
391
127
37.58
0.6533
161723
1248
619
161
40.84
0.35
0.5742
111322
972
438
132
35.91
150
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE W<
OODS
alogue Number.
Species.
cific Gravity.
centage of Ash.
ative Approxi-
Fuel Value.
fficient of Elas-
ty.
lulus of Rupture
istanoe to Longi-
inal Pressure.
istance to Inden-
on.
iffht of a Cubic
t in Pounds.
6
p.
m
H
V
75 OS
a; H
o jo
o
<i
« s
> §.
299
Betula lenta
0.7617
0.26
0.7597
141898
1216
619
226
47.47
300
0.39
0.4977
. . .
129
81.14
301
0 4813
0 42
0.4793
106046
811
415
117
29.99
302
0.31
0.4104
84580
682
356
78
25.72
303
0.42
0.3964
76937
686
278
74
24 81
304
0.38
0.4648
305
0.42
0.4588
108507
820
289
28.71
3051
306
Salix nigra
0.4456
0.70
0.4425
39062
424
213
93
27.77
307
0.92
0.4468
50144
550
264
81
28.10
308
0.4872
0.58
0.4844
48828
644
819
118
30.36
309
0.60
0.4727
29.64
3091
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . .
0.4547
0.79
0.4411
87935
675
341
87
28.34
3092
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. .
0.4598
0.56
0.4572
30517
469
286
82
28.65
310
0.4930
0.48
0.4906
30.72
3101
Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . .
0.5342
1.06
0.5285
33.29
ol0z
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla .
311
Salix sessilifolia
0.4397
0.50
0.4375
27.40
31 11
312
0.43
0.4243
. . .
26.55
313
Salix flavescens
0.4969
0.61
0.4939
108507
808
408
98
30.97
3131
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
0.5412
0.39
0.5391
126216
909
468
126
33.73
314
Salix Hookeriana
0.5350
0.32
0.5333
• •
427
111
33.34
315
0 59
0.6033
• •
37.82
316
0 5587
0.98
0.5532
88778
813
385
140
34.82
317
0.59
0.5042
31.61
318
0.4032
0.55
0.4010
81441
677
330
80
25.13
319
0.45
0.4611
96827
721
358
62
28.87
320
Populus heterophylla
0.4089
0.81
0.4056
72338
642
283
86
25.48
321
Populus balsamifera
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans .
0 3635
0 66
0.3611
85690
550
320
75
22.65
oo 1 1
0.4161
0.46
0.4142
73024
609
276
2o.9o
322
0 79
0.3881
45847
400
271
76
»)/( OO
24.38
323
1.27
0.3766
111694
665
390
CO
DO
23.77
oz4
Populus monilifera
0.3889
0.96
0.3852
99417
7/0
oro
ooo
OQ
OO
32 o
0.77
0.4876
105116
698
•WO
86
on an
80.o2
o.irl
3251
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni .
0.4621
1.13
0.4569
84317
691
372
i nn
1U0
oq on
28.80
326
0 4017
0.08
0.4014
84729
682
403
no
98
or no
327
0.37
0.3152
5381 1
512
one
OU
i n to
328
Thuya gigantea
0.3796
0.17
0.3790
103372
749
450
70
23.66
329
Chamaseyparis spliasroidea ....
0.3822
0.33
0.3311
40410
456
259
67
20.70
330
0.34
0.4766
102881
801
455
101
29.80
331
0 4(521
0.10
0.4616
121772
888
466
82
28.80
332
Cupressus macrocarpa
0.6261
0.57
0.6225
107327
1045
237
39.02
333
0 4fi8Q
u.to
0 4668
49941
539
359
178
29.22
334
335
Cupressus Guadalupensis ....
0.4843
0.44
0.4822
30.18
336
0 6282
0.75
3361
Juniperus Californiea, var. Utahensis
0.5522
0.49
0.5495
34.41
337
0 5829
0.11
0 5823
61275
761
36.32
338
0 5765
0.12
0.5758
186
35.93
3381
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono-
0.78
0.7062
44 36
3382
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens
0.6907
0.46
0.6875
73426
468
532
286
43.04
339
0.4926
0.13
0.4920
66992
740
416
148
30.70
340
0 4543
0.42
0.4524
103206
682
423
81
28.31
OF THE UNITED STATES. 151
Species.
Sequoia gigantea
Sequoia seinpervirens
Tax us brevif'olia
Tax us Floridana
Torreya taxifolia
Torreya Californica
Pinus Strobus
Pinus monticola
Pinus Lambertiana
Pinus flexilis
Pinus albicaulis
Pinus reflexa
Pinus Parryana
Pinus eembroides
Pinus edulis
Pinus monophylla
Pinus Balfouriana ,
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . .
Pinus resinosa
Pinus Torreyana
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus Jeffrey i
Pinus Cbihuahuana
Pinus contorta
Pinus Murrayana
Pinus Sabiniana -
Pinus Coulteri
Pinus insignis ........
Pinus tubereulata
Pinus Taeda
Pinus rigida
Pinus serotina
Pinus inops
Pinus clausa
Pinus pungens
Pinus murieata
Pinus mitis
Pinus glabra
Pinus Banksiana
Pinus palustris
Pinus Cubensis
Picea nigra
Picea alba
Picea Engelmanni
Picea pungens
Picea Sitcliensis
Tsuga Canadensis
Tsuga Caroliniana
Tsuga Mertensiana
Tsuga Pattoniana
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. tuacro-
carpa
Abies Fraseri
0.2882
0.4208
0.6391
0.6340
0.5145
0.4760
0.3854
0.3908
0.3684
0.4358
0.4165
0.4877
0.5675
0.6512
0.6388
0 5658
0.5434
0.5572
0.4854
0.4879
0.5038
0.4715
0.5206
0.5457
0.5815
0.4096
0.4840
0.4133
0.4574
0.3499
0.5441
0.5151
0.7942
0.5309
0.5576
0.4935
0.4942
06104
0.3931
0.4761
0.61)99
0.7504
0.4584
0.4051
0.3449
0 3740
0.4287
0.4239
0.4275
0.5182
0.4454
0.5157
0.4563
0.3565
a
0.50
0.14
0.22
0.'21
0.73
1.34
0.19
0.23
0.22
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.54
0.90
0.62
0.68
0.40
0.30
0.27
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.26
0.39
0.19
0.32
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.33
0.26
0.23
0.17
0.30
0.31
0.27
0.26
0.29
0.45
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.32
0.32
0.38
0.17
0.46
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.08
0.08
0.54
0.2868
0.4202
0.6377
0 6327
0.5107
0.4696
0.3847
0.3899
0.3676
0.4346
0.4154
0.4864
0.5644
0.6453
0.6318
0.5620
0.5412
0.5555
0.4841
0.4862
0.5028
0.4698
0.5192
0.5436
0.5804
0.4083
0.4821
0.4118
0.4560
0.3487
0.5427
0.5139
0.7928
0.5293
0.5559
0.4922
0.4929
0.6086
0.3913
0.4750
0.6982
0.7484
0.4572
0.4038
0.3438
0.3726
0.4280
0.4220
0.4258
0.5160
0.4434
0.5153
0.4559
0.3546
45146
67646
76133
82833
40146
85093
95068
79375
67531
38147
91287
37783
42094
43488
59386
71482
113216
54213
82370
88731
92777
72575
158533
77113
58517
114108
97850
42870
112847
58127
116957
54295
54295
80330
119357
137495
44750
94231
148733
157747
109987
102280
80791
55360
99001
89970
71282
137483
77524
128297
105007
97170
459
597
1078
887
583
626
609
597
624
581
770
426
II
I!_
388
416
483
460
351
339
334
336
349
331
489
339
447
288
424
653
800
756
653
720
744
832
993
564
779
761
740
409
883
739
1164
658
502
726
1031
1038
496
652
1152
1172
747
747
574
454
649
736
461
909
719
881
846
639
349
274
337
325
455
290
381
381
417
337
554
333
337
367
417
263
427
355
505
360
377
354
509
477
288
396
629
664
407
342
267
258
353
384
403
547
379
519
463
347
68
77
264
158
122
74
67
78
108
107
128
195
212
169
147
134
85
147
105
107
116
154
149
86
138
92
105
86
107
133
296
156
131
115
122
129
106
101
153
186
77
74
76
79
73
82
125
101
104
100
102
65
152 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
ie Number.
Species.
Gravity.
ige of Ash.
Approxi-
el Value.
nt of Elas-
! of Rupture.
ce to Longi-
Pressure.
ce to Inden-
of a Cubic
Pounds.
Catalogi
Specific
Percent!
Relative
mate Fu
Coefficie
ticity.
Modulus
Resistan
tudinal
Resistan
tation.
Weight
Foot in ]
893
Abies balsamea .........
0.3819
0.45
0.3802
81924
515
365
75
23.80
394
0 3476
0.44
0.3461
76199
473
302
64
21.66
395
Abies grand is
0.3545
0.49
0.3528
95838
494
391
51
22 09
396
0.85
0.3607
90889
703
390
78
22.67
397
Abies bracteata
0.6783
2.04
0.6645
42 27
398
0 4228
0.23
0.4218
126013
792
467
64
26.35
399
0 4561
0.34
0.4545
127660
862
453
120
28.42
400
Abies magnifica
0.4701
0.30
0.4687
66220
701
435
96
29.30
401
Larix Americana
0.6236
0.33
0.6215
126126
901
536
112
38.86
402
0,7407
0.09
0.7400
165810
1227
689
139
46.16
403
404
0 4404
7.66
0.4067
27.45
405
0,5173
1.89
0.5075
56346
429
227
66
32.24
406
Thrinax parviflora
0.5991
3.99
0.5752
407
Thrinax argentea
0.7172
3.01
0.6956
44.70
408
Oreodoxa regia
0.6034
2.21
0.5901
37.60
409
0 6677
6.27
0.6258
41.61
410
Yucca brevifoha
0.3737
4.00
0.3588
411
9.28
0.4055
412
0 2724
8.94
0.2480
16.98
Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 153
TABLE II.
The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their
Dry Woods.
Order.
Species.
Gravity.
Order.
Species.
zi
&
0)
>■
o
ec
>
Relat
Speci
Relat
Speci
1
1 3020
41
Eugenia montieola
0.9156
2
Condalia obovata
1.1999
42
0 9138
3
1 1617
43
0 9102
4
Guaiacum sanctum
1.1432
44
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . .
0.9080
5
Vauquelinia Torreyi ....
1.1374
45
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati . .
0.9049
6
1 1235
46
0 9048
7
1 1101
47
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . .
0.9002
8
1 0905
48
Prunus spbseroearpa
0.8998
9
1 0838
49
Calyptrantbes Chytraculia . .
0.8992
10
1 0731
50
0 8983
11
1,0715
51
12
1 0602
52
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . . .
0.8740
13
1 0459
53
Piscidia Erythrina
0.8734
14
54
Citharexylum villosum ....
0 8710
15
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron .
1.0109
55
Prunus Caroliniana
0.8688
16
Quercus grisea
1.0092
56
Crataegus coccinea
0.8618
17
0 9900
57
0.8605
18
Canella alba
0.9893
58
0 8602
19
0 9842
59
0,8550
20
0 9835
60
0 8509
21
0.9803
61
Quercus clirysolepis
0.8493
22
Coecoloba uvifera
0.9635
62
0 8460
23
Hypelate paniculata
0.9533
. 63
Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii
0.8407
24
0 9507
64
0 8372
25
09501
65
Sapindus Saponaria
0.8307
26
0.9479
66
0 8367
27
0 9453
67
0 8341
28
Quercus oblongifolia ....
0.9441
68
Guettarda elliptica
0.8337
29
Acacia Wrightii
0.9392
69
0 8332
30
Cercocarpus parvifolius . . .
0.9365
70
08319
31
71
32
Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . .
0.9360
72
33
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia .
0.9346
73
34
Heteromeles arbutifolia . . .
0.9326
74
Quercus agrifolia
0.8253
35
75
Carya tomentosa
0.8218
36
37
0 9310
76
0.8217
0 9263
77
0 8208
38
0 9235
78
0 8202
39
0 9209
79
Cornus florida
0.8153
40
0,9196
80
0 8126
154 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
u
i Orde
Species.
rt
■c
u
O
Species.
eS
o
s
Rela
. . .
'o
s,
c
81
Osmantbus Araericanus . . .
0.8111
136
0 7405
82
137
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
0.7342
83
0 8094
138
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
0 7333
84
0 8073
139
0 7324
85
Quercus Micliauxii
0.8039
140
0.7303
86
Robinia Neo-Mexicana ....
0.8034
141
Quercus Catesbaei
0 7294
87
Carya myristicaeformis ....
0 8016
142
Bumelia tenax
0.7293
88
0 8009
143
Crataegus cordata
0 7293
89
Bumelia cuneata
0.7959
144
0,7287
90
Crataegus subvillosa
0 7953
145
Carpinus Caroliniana ....
0 7286
91
146
0.7282
92
0 7917
147
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
0 7275
93
Diospyros Virginiana ....
0.7908
148
94
149
Ulmus racemosa
0 7263
95
0.7879
150
96
151
Quercus aquatica
0.7244
97
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
0.7838
152
0 7215
98
153
Crataegus Crus-galli
0.7194
99
0.7745
154
Fraxinus quadrangulata . . .
0.7184
100
155
■ 0,7180
101
156
Tbrinax argentea
0.7172
102
157
103
Crataegus rivularis
0.7703
158
0.7159
104
Nectandra Willdenoviana . . .
0.7693
159
0 7142
105
Crataegus flava var. pubescens .
0.7683
160
Laguncularia racemosa . . .
0.7137
106
0 7673
161
Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono-
107
108
162
0 7117
109
Fraxinus Americana, var.Texensis
0.7636
163
0 7108
110
0.7617
164
111
Vaccinium arboreum ....
0 7610
165
0 7052
112
0 7609
166
0 7048
113
167
114
168
115
0.7529
169
Capparis Jamaicensis ....
0 6971
116
Cercis reuiformis
0.7513
170
117
0 7504
171
0 6951
118
Arbutus Texana . . . .
0.7500
172
Crataegus Douglasii
0.6950
119
173
Jacquinia armillaris
0.6948
120
Quercus Prinus
0.7499
174
121
Ulmus alata
0.7491
175
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
0 6934
122
0.7481
176
123
Quercus Phellos
0.7472
177
Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum .
0.6915
124
178
125
179
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
126
Oxydendrum arboreum . . .
0.7458
127
Crataegus apiifolia
0.7453
180
128
Quercus macrocarpa
0.7453
181
129
Quercus Garryana
0.7449
182
130
Parkinsonia micropbylla . . .
0.7449
183
0,6884
131
YintlinYvlntn VtprnTn
0 7444
184
Fagus ferruginea
0 6883
132
0 7420
185
0 6856
133
Quercus lobata
0.7409
186
Quercus beteropbylla ....
0.6834
134
0 7407
187
Quercus densiflora
0.6827
135
0 7407
188
0 6810
Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 155
Order.
Sp6cies,
S
Order.
Species.
Gravity.
Relative
Specific
Relative
Specific
189
Crataegus brachyacantha . . .
0.6793
244
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . .
U.OUOtf
190
Cordia Boissieri
0.6790
245
191
246
Betula occidentalis
U.bUoU
192
0 6783
247
A l!AOQ
193
248
A i'.AAA
194
Leucaena pulverulenta ....
0.6732
249
A rnnA
195
250
Xanthoxylum Clava - Herculis,
196
var. fruticosum
0.5967
197
251
Betula papyrifera
U.DlJOO
198
252
Pyrus sambucifolia
A r,noQ
199
253
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
a r,nnn
200
Fraxinus anomala
0.6597
254
a Knno
201
Euonymus atropurpureus . . ..
0.6592
255
A rOAQ
202
256
A KQQQ
203
257
204
258
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia . .
A KD70
205
. 259
Juniperus pachyphloea ....
200
260
Prunus serotina
a rcoo
207
261
A CQ1Q
208
262
A KQ1 K
209
Pisonia obtusata
0.6529
263
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlan-
210
Umbellularia Californica . . .
0.6517
211
264
212
265
A KHAX.
213
A a A A 1
266
Betula nigra
214
267
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
0.5760
215
a flior
268
216
269
Fraxinus Oregana
0.5731
217
270
218
0.6420
271
0.5678
219
272
Pin us Parry ana
Rhamnus Purshiana
0.5675
220
273
0.5672
221
PerseaCarolinensis, var. palustris
0.6396
274
All
Taxus brevifolia
a floai
U.OoVJl
275
Xanthoxylum Americanum . .
A F.HKA
U.0O04
223
A />OOQ
276
224
Chionanthus Virginiea ....
0.6372
277
225
278
226
Magnolia grandiflora ....
0.6360
279
0 5576
227
280
Castanopsis chrysophylla . . .
0.5574
223
Forestiera acuminata ....
A d OA K
0.0 345
281
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata .
229
0 6340
282
0 5536
230
0 6332
283
Juniperus Californica, var. Uta-
231
0 6319
0 5522
232
Fraxinus sambucifolia ....
0.6318
284
0 5462
233
Rhododendron maximum . . .
0.6303
285
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii
0.5459
234
Juniperus Californica ....
0 6282
286
Pinus Chihuahuana
0.5457
235
0.6278
287
0 5451
236
Cupressus macrocarpa ....
00261
288
0 5441
237
Fraxinus pubescens
0.6251
289'
Pinus Balfouriana
0.5434
238
0 6249
290
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana
0.5412
239
0 6236
291
Pinckneya pubens
0 5350
240
0 6178
292
0 5350
241
Parkinsonia aculeata ....
0.6116
293
Salix longifolia, var. exigua . .
0.5342
242
06115
294
Acer spicatum
0.5330
243
0 6104
295
0 5325
156 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity.
ve Order.
Species.
ic Gravity. !
ve Order.
Species.
c Gravity.
Relati
—
i>
4)
04
VI
H
Specifi
296
Magnolia maerophylla ....
9^1
oOl
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizenii
0.4621
297
a ^9aq
oOZ
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . .
0.4621
298
Acer Pen nsy Ivan icum ....
O "WOQ
Vj.OitOU
9^9
Odd
Sambucus Mexicana
04614
299
Planera aquatica
A fW04
U.O Sv-i
CO**
0 4613
300
A
ooo
0 4607
301
Acer dasyearpuni
0 5269
9^
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
0.4598
302
o ^9nr>
9^7
0.4584
303
Nyssa uniflora
0 5194
9<^8
ooo
0 4574
304
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata .
0 5184
or-.n
uOV
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
305
fry -\ i , .
n m co
0 4563
306
Washingtonia filit'era ....
A A 1 7 9
U. O l i o
9 ft A
0 4561
307
n r»i ^7
9R1
oOl
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
0.4517
308
a Aim
9R9
OOZ
Taxodium distichum ....
0.4543
309
O R14A
ooo
0 4542
310
D AA87
0 4525
311
A AA79
oOO
0 4509
312
Aantnoxyluin Clava-Herculis
0.5056
ouo
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
0.4504
313
0 5AR3
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
0.4502
314
0 5042
388
ouo
Ti/r l • TT 1 11
0 4487
315
Pinus Arizonica
A AA98
9AQ
ooy
0 4474
316
Magnolia glauca
0 503 5
yj .oyjoo
37A
O ( u
0 4470
317
A F.A99
371
o / 1
0 4456
318
A 5AA9
979
0 4454
319
A 4QQfi
O 1 O
O „ 1 „1 IV. 1 J A
0 4404
320
A 4 08 A
374
Oil! Mix" 12
0 4397
321
A 40fi0
.97 A
O < O
322
0 1942
376
0 4358
323
A 40°. A
U.t JOO
377
o/ <
324
A 4 09 A
378
o / o
04328
325
Juniperus Virginiana ....
Populus Fremontii
A 4098
37A
0 4287
326
A 4Q14
380
Tsuga Caroliniana
0.4275
327
0 4909
381
iEseulus flava
0.4274
328
A 488A
389
0 4261
329
Pinus Torreyana
A 4870
383
0 4253
330
A 4877
384
0 4239
331
A 4879
38A
Linodendron luhpifera . . .
0.4230
332
A 48 "\4
98fi
ooo
0 4228
333
Cupressus Guadalupensis . . .
Pinus Sabiniana
A 4849
387
oo /
Sequoia sempervirens ....
0.4208
334
A 48JA
988
ooo
0 4165
335
Negundo Californicum ....
A 4291
3SQ
ooy
Pinus albicaulis
0 4165
336
A 481 9
3QA
oyu
Populus balsam if era,var. can dicans
0.4161
337
A 48AA
oyi
338
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . .
A 4789
9QO
oyz
0 4136
339
0 4761
393
Pinus Coulteri
0.4133
340
A 47AA
904
oyi
Alnus rhombifolia
0.4127
341
0 4756
395
342
0 4739
396
Populus heterophylla ....
0.4089
343
Platanus Wriglitii
0.4736
397
0 4086
344
0 4728
398
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
0.4074
345
Pinus ponderosa
0 4715
399
0 4051
346
0 4701
400
0 4032
347
0 4690
401
Libocedrus decurrens ....
0.4017
348
0 4689
402
Alnus oblongifolia
0.3981
349
0 4666
403
Asimina triloba
0.3969
350
Populus grandidentata ....
0 4632
404
03931
Specific Gravity.']
OF THE UNITED STATES.
157
fid
c
Orde
Species.
Orde
Species.
I
CD
>
'rt
to
<u
'3
'§
<u
i
cu
t/2
3
Cu
405
41o
400
A OflAQ
/( i n
Fraxinus platycarpa
0.3541
407
420
408
0 3854
421
Abies subalpina . . . . . .
0.3476
409
0 3819
422
0 3149
410
423
Cliamaseyparis sphaeroulea . .
0 3322
411
424
412
0 3740
425
0,3104
413
0 3737
426
Bursera gummifera
0.3003
4H
0.3684
427
0 2882
415
0 3638
428
Yucca baccata
0.2724
410
Populus balsa mifera
0.3G35
429
0 2616
417
0 3565
158
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
TABLE III.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Relative
Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods.
Species.
Condalia ferrea . .
Rhizophora Mangle .
Guaiacum sanctum .
Vauquelinia Torreyi
Condalia obovata . .
Porliera angustifulia .
Eugenia longipes . .
Cercocarpus ledifblius
Sebastiania lueida
Mimusops Sieberi. .
Amyris sylvatica . .
Keynosia latifolia . .
Olneya Tesota . . .
Genipa clusisefolia
Quercus grisea . . .
Conocarpus erecta
Prunus ilicifolia . .
Canella alba . . .
Sopbora secundiflora
Sideroxylon Mastichodend
Coceoloba uvifera
Quercus reticulata .
Hypelate paniculata
Quercus virens . ,
Coceoloba Floridana ,
Quercus Durandii .
Acacia Wriglitii . ,
Cercocarpus parvifolius
Exostema Caribasum
Dipholis salicifolia . .
Heteromeles arbutifolia
Chrysophyllum oliviforme
Eugenia buxifolia . . .
Eugenia procera . . .
Quercus oblongifolia . .
Ximenia Americana . .
Quercus Emoryi . . .
Quercus rubra, var. Texan a
Eugenia nionticola
Hypelate trifoliata
1.1938
1.1406
1.1338
1.1209
1.1155
1.1044
1.0844
1.0619
1.0602
1.0555
1.0397
1.0372
1.0359
1.0207
0.9908
0.9868
0.9727
0.9720
0.9686
0 9589
0.9503
0.9430
0.9414
0.9393
0.9310
0.9338
0.9333
0.9323
0.9289
0.9286
0.9276
09244
0.9220
0.9205
0.9195
0.9129
0.9044
0.9003
0.8983
0.8976
Species.
latifolia
Leucsena glauca ....
Prunus spbaarocarpa . .
Eugenia dicbotoma . . ,
Avicennia nitida . . . ,
Quercus Douglasii . . ,
Pithecolobium Unguis cati
Xanthoxylum Caribasum .
Myginda pallens ....
Calyptrantbes Chytraculia
Citbarexylum villosum . .
Prunus Caroliniana
Drypetes crocea .
Eysenbardtia orthoca
Crataegus coccinea
Drypetes crocea, var
Quercus prinoides
Acacia Greggii
Sopbora affinis . .
Quercus cbrysolepis
Ardisia Pickeringia
Piscidia Erytbrina
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
Carya alba . . .
Quercus obtusiloba
Ptelea trifoliata .
Viburnum prunifoliu
Pyrus rivularis
Myrsine Rapanea .
Quercus lyrata . .
Guettarda elliptica
Ostrya Virginica .
Prunus umbellata .
Diospyros Texana
Quercus agrifolia .
Carya porcina . . ,
Carya tomentosa .
Corn us florida . .
Robinia viscosa . ,
Osmantbus Americanus
Colubrina reclinata .
Fuel] OF THE UNITED STATES. 159
Relative Order.
Species.
He'ative Approxi- !
j mate tuel Value. J
Relative Order.
Species.
||
<
.t
& a
81
uarya sulcata
0.8035
136
0 7313
82
Sapindus marginatus ....
0 8004
137
Pobinia lJseudacacia ....
0.7296
83
Sapindus feaponaria
0 8004
138
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
0.7288
84
HnarfHi^ 1VT w ■ 1 1 -l I r Y 1 1
wUrirLlla IVllUIln U All
0.8003
139
Viburnum Ijentago .
0 7282
85
1-? / \\ i 1 1 1 i >i ^Ton IV^p Y 1 f "1 tl '1
i\ tr(J- l*lt:A l^<l ll<l ....
0.7986
140
Crataegus cordata
0.725!)
86
lHy rioLlCcKIUI IIJ1S ....
0 7931
141
Que reus nigra .......
0.7239
87
0 7928
142
0 7236
88
OiiDrnnc 1 i v nnl p n f*fi
V^uuicus iivpuicuufi
0.7902
143
Qugtcus Catesbasi
0 7231
89
^votoamic c 1 1 1 k V 1 1 1 n^fl
V / 1 <1 1 <cfci * *0 o u yj * * * i w<i .....
0.7898
144
Carpinus Caroliniana
0 7226
90
I^rnn nc I1 o Tin ll
1 I lulua ^<tpuii
0.7863
145
Ulmus racGmosa
0 7219
91
1^ rtii rwr l €\ l-T'i vn npnsisi
0 7848
146
Celtis occidentals
0 7208
92
T ^ i mc n \t mG \/ i vtf 1 1 1 1 i\ n i\
0 7832
147
IIgx Cassinc
0 7207
93
TPi'ivinnc It i*p ct or 1 1
0 7830
148
Qugtcus acjuatica
0 7207
94
"R 1 1 m o 1 i i pnnp'it.i
149
Swietenia IVIaliogoni
0.7203
95
A m o 1 ci n oil l pr 1 HIVIIIOTISW
* V 1 1 1 VT 1 fill Ks 1 1 1 C l rtl 1 (Hit- llo 1 3 ...
0.7795
150
Prunus Americana
0 7202
96
Quercus Wislizeni
0 7775
151
Ccltis occidcntalis var reticulata
0.7186
97
0 7748
152
Parkinsonia micropliylla . . ,
0.7178
98
Rhus Metopium
0 7728
153
Ulmus crassifolia
0 7158
99
IN/Tni'l nm ii ii via n ti n r*n
JXLrtl^ 1 11 I rt <X 11 1 <l 1 1 1 1 CLl^cl. .....
0.7683
154
Crataegus Crus-galli
0.7154
100
I1 n t iprr 1 1 a J*i\7iiliiri<
0,7676
155
T^nlmiii liitifolin
0 7131
101
TVrnrn^ mir»rnnli vl 1 n
J'lUl U3 IIUL-I Ul/U V . . . . .
0.7663
156
Praxinus cjuadrangulata . . .
0.7128
102
^pr>tn n rl rn Wi lilpnnviimn
.^CL-lilllLllrt. IT IIWCIIU* l(lll(l« • . .
0 7647
157
Crataegus *patbulata
0 7112
103
C^vu tcpcrii e tninpiitfKJi v'ir niinf»tnt5i
0.7645
158
r^nrvii (ill v rpf" orm i «
0 709()
104
^ llT*\" Cllllfl 1 Jl nn <3 Tf^C^O
0 7642
159
Arbutus X^alapGnsis
0 7081
105
(l HDPfMlfi rlHT^Wll*
0 7618
160
Frji viniK virirli«
0 7071
106
Crat33"*us flava, vrf. pubescens
0.7613
161
Junipcrus occidcntalis, var. mono-
107
Oupt'miq 1 a ii rifi >1 i n
0 7610
QTiprni :i
0 7062
108
162
Qucrcus tiuctoria
0 7025
109
"RVsiYiniiQ Ampripjinn vnr TpYPn*:i<
0.7583
163
Arl^ntiiQ A'Tpnyipeii
0 7024
110
Vaccinium arborcum
0 7580
164
Fremontia Oalitornica
0 7021
111
fti'lifpffprin frntpif'pnfl
0 7548
165
l .ii criiiHMiliirin T^Mpnincci
0 7021
112
Crata3'JUS tomcntosa
0.7546
166
Pvrn^ f^rnniinQ
0 7011
113
Prosopis pubescens
0.7537
167
r Iimi^ 1 n^ri*i <
0 6982
114
Quercus imbricaria
0.7497
168
T^lirinnY a rtrATi tp<i
0 B95(i
115
Prosopis juliflora ......
0.7485
169
(!rjl tfPtriiQ "PiniKrlacii
0 6427
116
PimiQ {^nUpnsi'S
0 7484
170
rfnniiQ mp m i c c q
0 6916
117
Carya amara
0.7474
171
Ouprpns fflK'ntn
0 6911
118
Andromeda ferruginea .
0 7465
172
Ulmus fulva
0 6898
119
Arbutus TGxana
0.7462
173
Gymnocladus Canadensis . •
0.6888
120
Cercis renilormis
0.7455
174
Quercus palustris
0 6882
121
Cornus Nuttallii
0 7444
175
Acer saccbarinum
0.6875
122
QiiGrcus Prinus
0.7441
176
.1 ll n l nprn g pppimpti f nl la vnr r*/iii-
i £■>
0 7.1QQ
"iiicpns
0 6875
124
Quercus Phellos
0 7435
177
Pyrus angustifolia
0 6872
125
Oxvdendrum arboreum ....
0 7430
178
Acer saccharin um, var. nigrum
0.6866
126
Quercus Garryana
0 7424
179
r^Trnnntt onmictiTrilia
0 6865
127
Ulmus alata
0 7417
180
A ppr crrnnfli^pntatnm
0 6S58
128
Bumelia lycioides
0 7407
181
"Kciornft fpTriKTinpn
0 6848
129
Quercus macrocarpa
0 7400
182
rl!ini!liYlpll8 A/ J Y*fTI 11 1 1 »0
0
130
0 7400
183
0 6H22 *
131
184
0 6808
132
185
Fraxinus pistaciasfolia ....
0.6768
133
Xantboxylum Pterota ....
0.7386
186
Crataegus brachyacantha . . .
0.6764
134
Cratcfigus apiifolia
0.7381
187
0 6756
135
0 7368
188
06725
160
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
Order.
Species.
Approxi-
el Value.
Order.
Species.
A pproxi-
1 Value.
Relative
« a
Relative
Relative
mate Fue
189
Jacquinia armillaris .
0 6708
244
Pisonia obtusata
1 (\C\
1UO
Gleditschia triacanthos .
0 6686
245
Rptlllfl Mf'fi Hon 1 1 1 ia
xjcuiia wvi^njt^ii icillo . . . ...
0.6012
191
Myrica Californica
0 6681
246
Acer glabruni
192
247
in ivuiouijia a\y u itrcl LtX ....
0.5974
193
Leucsena pulverulenta .
0 6664
248
T?liamnil<s f^nlif'nrnw'ti
194
249
Bptiiln ruinvrifpra
jjtLuia u<iuy inrid .....
0.5940
195
Capparis Jamaicensis ....
0.6639
250
Xa 1) t ll n wl 11 m OIm V1-T-Tnrc>iilic var
196
Acer circinatum
Triiti/^n^nm
0.5922
197
Euonynius atropurpureus . . .
0.6554
251
Pvrni! % ji m 1 m fifr^ i n
198
Oordia Boissieri
0.6550
252
Oreodoxa regia
199
Fraxinus anomala
0 6541
253
Castanea pumila
200
Betula lutea
0.6533
254
Cbilopsis saligna
201
Crataegus aestivalis
0 6527
255
Eicjuidambar Styraciflua
0.5873
202
Quereus rubra
0.6523
256
JMorus rubra
208
Bumelia spinosa
0 6521
257
Juniperus pacbypblosa ....
0.5823
204
Canotia liolacantba
0 6518
258
Tlpv Oillinoli vflr n» vrtifr\li.i
-i i vr vv j v «i 1 1 w w 1 1 , veil. J n \ I [ I j < ) 1 1 . i , .
0.5820
205
Fraxinus Americana
0.6516
259
T^rnnns ^prntini}
0 5813
206
Umbellularia Californica
0.6492
260
Pinus contorta
207
06488
261
Ilex opaca
208
Bumelia lanuginosa
Parkinsonia Torreyana
0.6464
262
.Til ni nprii <5 nrvirlpnt'ilie
0.5758
ZUy
0.6458
Of* '7
ZOO
Thrinax parviflora
210
(IratflPfTiK u rlinrpQf»pn e
0 6155
264
TTVfl vinil<s vivirlic vnr "Rorl «»nfl In
J-'IflAIIlUo > 11 llllo, \ ell . OUl lclllUHj-
211
Ulmus Americana
0 6454
212
Pinus cembroides •
0.6453
265
Betula alba, var. populifolia
0.5743
213
( Illpr^lw T\ pi lnrr(_rii
lllius cotinoides
0 6418
206
"I^vr^nn i nia Inf'irin
0.5743
214
0.6393
267
Rpriilfi niorn
215
Persea Carolinensis
0 6380
268
Fraxinus Oregana
216
Taxus brevifolia
0 6377
269
Ceanotlius tliyrsiflorus
0.5710
217
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
06372
270
Halesia diptera
0.5681
218
0 6355
271
Platanus occidentalis
219
T^inuc; or 1 1 1 1 i c
0 6348
272
l^iiinci Parrv^na
• )OA
220
Oiip rp n « p i n p rp *i
2/3
1 i n m n ii<s l^nr<liinni
H Udllll 1 Uo JL LI 1 c*l 1 1 CI 11 cl . . ■ • .
0.5634
221
Chion<inthus Virginicci ....
0.6340
2<4
Xanthoxy lum Americanum
0.5622
222
Tuxus Floridan?i
0.6327
275
Pinus monopliylla
223
JVIfignoliri gr&ndiflorci
0.6326
Zib
224
pJv^^n «:vlvntipn
Ot^rci** C<intid6nsis
0 6323
1577
T-?Mlps;iii tptriintpm
225
0 6317
2/8
Pinus clausa
2 ZD
Hnrp^ti pn n pn m in n f n
0 6299
Z(\)
Pinus Balfouriana var. aristata
U.OOOt)
227
Lysilonici lRtisili(jUfi
0 6282
280
Castanopsis cbrysopliylla . .
0.5554
228
Rhododendron maximum
0.6280
ZoL
Salix lasiolepis
A KitOO
229
Frnxinus samljucif olici
0 6273
282
Juniperus Californica, var. Tlta-
230
Clndr#stis tinctorici
0 6260
bensis .
0 5495
231
UngnRdia, sp<?cios3»
0 6258
283
Hippomane IMancinella ....
0.5474
232
Yuccci cnnnliculcitci
0 6258
284
Acer rubrum var. I^rummondii .
0.5440
233
Frtixinu^ pub(?scGns
0 6235
285
Pinus Cliihuabuana .
0 5436
234
Juniperus Cfllifornicni
0.6235
286
Pinus Taeda
0.5427
235
V/I cMcll I let L> lit U! Ul 11 1 let • • •
0.6234
287
TJliammiQ i i vnl i n im na
0 5427
236
\, ii tiro^^n «: m n pro pi rnn
0 6225
288
Pinus Balfouriana
0.5412
237
Cliftonia ligustrina
0.6223
289
Pyrus Americana
0 5406
238
0 6215
290
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana
0.5391
239
Acer rubrum
0.6155
291
Salix Hookcriana
0.5333
240
06119
292
0 5328
241
0 6086
293
242
0 6067
294
0.5307
243
Salix cordata, var. vestita . . .
0.6033
1
295
Fuel]
OF THE UNITED STATES.
161
Species.
Magnolia macrophylla . . .
Symp locos tinctoria ....
Salix longifolia, var. exigua .
Acer Pennsylvanicum . . .
Planera aquatica
Acer dasycarpum
Rhus copallina
Pinus Jeffreyi
Tsuga Mertensiana ....
Nyssa uniflora
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . .
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata
Pinus rigida
Torreya taxifolia .....
Washingtonia filifera . . .
Salix Sitchensis
Sassafras officinale ....
Pinus Arizonica .....
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
Magnolia glauca
Sambucus glauca
Prunus Pennsylvanica . . .
Magnolia Fraseri
Alnus maritima
iEsculus California ....
Salix flavescens
Pinus muricata
Pinus pungens
Juniperus Virginiana . . .
Salix longifolia
Acer maerophyllum ....
Populus Fremontii ....
Pinus reflexa
Pinus Torreyana
Salix laevigata
Pinus resinosa
Platanus racemosa ....
Cupressus Guadalupensis . .
Pinus Sabiniana
Anona laurifolia
Negundo Californium . . .
Alnus rubra
Chamaeeyparis Nutkaensis
Ilex Dahoon ......
Pinus Banksiana
Salix lasiandra
Pinus ponderosa
Torreya California . . . .
Gordonia Lasianthus
Abies magnifica . . . . .
Magnolia acuminata ....
Platanus Wrightii ....
Cupressus Goveniana . . .
Alnus serrulata
Chamaeeyparis Lawsoniana .
0.5290
0.5289
0.5285
0.5280
0.5270
0.5252
0.5241
0.5192
0.5160
0.5158
0.5153
0.5140
0.5139
0.5107
0.5075
0.5042
0.5037
0.5028
0.5015
0.5011
0.5007
0.5003
0.4989
0.4977
0.4945
0.4939
0.4929
0.4922
0.4920
0.4906
0.4882
0.4876
0.4864
0.4862
0.4844
0.4841
0.4826
0.4822
0.4821
0.4807
0.4795
0.4793
0.4766
0.4762
0.4750
0.4727
0.4698
0.4696
0.4692
0.4687
0.4676
0.4672
0.4668
0.4648
0.4616
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
Species.
Populus grandidentata ....
Nyssa capitata
Alnus incana
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
Picea nigra
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Pinus insignis
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
crocarpa
Abies nobilis
Taxodium distichum ....
Sambucus Mexicana ....
Ficus pedunculata
iEsculus glabra
Tilia Americana
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Magnolia Umbrella
Salix amygdaloides
Catalpa bignonioides ....
Tsuga Pattoniana
Salix nigra
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Salix sessilifolia
Rhus venenata
Pinus flexilis
Rhus typhina
Negundo aceroides
Picea Sitchensis
Tsuga Caroliniana
Salix discolor
JEseulus flava
Tilia heterophylla
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Tsuga Canadensis
Abies amabilis
Sequoia sempervirens ....
Pinus albicaulis
Catalpa speciosa
Populus balsamifera,var.candicans
Magnolia cordata
Pinus Coulteri
Alnus rhombifolia
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Sabal Palmetto
Jiiglans cinerea
Populus heterophylla ....
Yucca alata
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Picea alba
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Populus tremuloides
Alnus oblongifolia
Asimina triloba
0.4559
0.4545
0.4524
0.4522
0.4506
0.4503
0.4500
0.4496
0.4493
0.4478
0.4468
0.4457
0.4434
0.4425
0.4411
0.4375
0.4354
0.4346
0.4335
0.4282
0.4280
0.4258
0.4243
0.4231
0.4227
0.4220
0.4220
0.4218
0.4202
0.4154
0.4149
0.4142
0.4126
0.4118
0.4104
0.4098
0.4083
0.4067
0.4065
0.4056
0.4055
0.4048
0.4038
0.4014
0.4010
0.3964
0.3961
11
162
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Fuel.
Order. j
Species.
Approxi-
el Value.
Order.
Species.
Approxi-
;1 Value.
***
I
« 3
Relat
Relat
Relat
Relat
4UO
Firms glabra
41o
C\ OK ACt
406
419
Abies grandis
0.3528
407
Populus angustifolia
0.3881
420
1 raxinus platycarpa
0.3515
408
0 3852
421
0,3487
409
Pinus Strobus
0.3847
422
0 3461
410
0 3802
423
Picea Pingeliuanni
0.3338
411
0 3790
424
Chamascyparis sphgeroidea
0.3311
412
Populus trichocarpa
0 37(56
425
Thuya occidentals
0.3152
413
Picea pungens
0.3726
426
Cereus giganteus
0 3078
414
0.3676
427
0 2942
415
0 3611
428
Sequoia gigantea
0.2868
416
0.3607
429
0 2484
417
0 3588
430
0 2480
Elasticity .~\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
163
TABLE IV.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of
their Woods ( Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
w
cS
a
u
S
m
©
Species.
mt of
V
o
Species.
:nt of
ative
>
f 1?
U '3
m
o '3
C> T3
i
i
165810
a n
47
114108
o
Z
Rhizophora Mangle
165567
48
113627
Q
o
161723
49
Coccoloba Jblondana ....
113538
A
e±
158533
50
113216
p.
0
157747
51
112847
157510
52
112798
7
148733
CO
53
112461
Q
o
Carya myristieaefonnis . . .
146484
. 54
Chrysopliyllum oliviforme . .
112424
Q
146108
55
112296
10
xu
141398
56
111698
1 1
1 1
140151
57
Populus trichocarpa ....
111694
12
58
111322
13
ow
Hypelate paniculata ....
111144
14
137483
60
110973
i ^
Ostrya Virginiea
137276
61
Chrysobalanus Icaco ....
110973
16
Dipholis salicifolia
133593
62
109987
1 7
J. <
133438
63
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron .
109948
18
130557
64
109628
1 Q
J. u
Robinia Pseudacacia ....
129238
65
109200
20
Pseudotsuga Douglasii ....
128297
66
Gleditschia triacanthos . . .
108579
91
127660
67
108507
99
_—
Salix flavescens, var.Scouleriana
126216
1 68
108507
23
126126
69
108507
24
126013
70
108507
25
Quercus laurifolia
125916
71
108507
26
Citharexylum villosum . . .
125717
72
108507
27
125473
73
Fraxinus Americana, var. Tex-
28
Osmanthus Americanus ...
123133
108174
29
122657
74
Cupressus macrocarpa ....
107327
30
Quercus heterophylla ....
122494
75
Umbellularia Californica . . .
106766
31
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . .
121772
76
Swietenia Mahogoni ....
106272
32
120996
77
106046
33
Quercus chrysolepis ....
119810
78
Populus Fremontii
105116
34
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
119677
79
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
35
Exostema Caribaeum ....
119357
105007
36
Quercus imbricaria
119357
80
105007
37
Pinus muricata
119357
81
105005
38
119111
82
Gynmocladus Canadensis . .
104822
39
Gleditschia monosperma . . .
116991
83
103890
40
116957
84
103884
41
Magnolia macrophylla ....
116854
85
103468
42
Carya tomentosa
114995
86
Quercus tinctoria
103427
43
Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . .
114889
87
103372
44
Carpinus Caroliniana ....
114881
88
Quercus rubra, var. Texana . .
103343
45
114316
89
Carya porcina
103300
46
114108
90
Taxodium distichum ....
103206
164
THE PHYSICAL PROPER'
.TIES OF THE WOODS [Eh
lasticity.
species.
11a
Cornus Nuttallii ,
Carya amara . .
Cbamascyparis Nutkaens
Acer saccbarinum, var.
Conoearpus electa .
Picea alba ....
Fraxinus Americana
Carya aquatica . .
Castanopsis cbrysopby
Mimusops Sieberi .
Cladrastis tinctoria .
Bourreria Havanensis
Populus monilifera .
Myrica Calif ornica .
Picea Sitcbensis . .
Pinus insignis ...
Sophora affinis . .
Colubrina reclinata .
Quercus nigra . . .
Abies Fraseri . . .
Quercus alba . . .
Quercus Michauxii .
Quercus densiflora .
Populus grandidentata
Abies grandis . . .
Quercus a grifolia . .
Ulmuc fulva . . .
Pinus monticola . .
Negundo Californicum
Magnolia Fraseri . .
Quercus hypoleuca .
Maclura aurantiaca .
Acer rubrum . . .
Pinus Banksiana . .
Magnolia cordata
Prunus Caroliniana .
Siniaruba glauca . .
Quercus macrocarpa
Magnolia acuminata
Pinus Jeffrey i . . .
Liriodendron Tulipifen
Betula occidentalis .
Magnolia glauca . .
Pinus reflexa . . .
Rbamnus Pursbiana
Abies concolor . .
Viburnum prunifolium
Quercus bicolor . .
Magnolia grandiflora
Fraxinus viridis . .
Crataegus subvillosa .
Tsuga Canadensis
Oxydendrum arboreum
Myrica cerifera
Salix lasiolepis
Pinus ponderosa
grum
3
■s
.22
si
a> . «
o o
OS
103081
10298G
102881
102720
102411
102280
101C68
101261
101195
10022G
100226
99649
99417
991G1
99001
97850
97G94
97656
97656
97170
97089
96373
96347
96327
95838
9527G
95274
£5008
• 94532
94462
94409
94373
94284
94231
94073
93217
92929
92817
92777
92GG7
92424
91299
91287
91268
90889
90654
90G36
C0330
90313
90023
89970
88851
88778
88778
88731
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
170
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
180
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
Species.
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Fraxinus sambucifolia ....
Olneya Tesota
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata
Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . .
Platanus occidentalis ....
Liquidambar Styraciflua . . .
Guaiacum sanctum
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Quercus Wislizeni
Prunus serotina
Quercus oblongifolia ....
Populus balsamifera ....
Castanea vulgaris, var. Ameri-
cana
Pinus Strobus
Piscidia Erytbrina
Persea Carolincnsis, var. palustris
Fraxinus Oregana
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Tilia beteropbylla
Alnus rbombifolia
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
Tilia Americana
Persea Carolinensis .....
Arbutus Menziesii
Quercus Durandii
Sapindus marginatus ....
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia .
Quercus obtusiloba
Torreya taxifolia
Prunus Americana
Prosopis pubescens
Morus rubra
Pinus Arizonica
Catalpa speciosa
Cornus florida
Abies balsamea
Nyssa sylvatica
Populus tremuloides ....
Andromeda ferruginea ....
Juglans cinerea
Fraxinus pubescens
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
Quercus Garryana
Picea Engelmanni
Pinus pungens
Gordonia Lasiantbus ....
Pinus Lambertiana *
Crataegus arborcscens ....
Quercus Pbellos
Cliftonia ligustrina
Diospyros Vireiniana ....
Bumelia lycioides
Acer macropbyllum
Tsuga Pattoniana
Elasticity. ~\
OF THE UNITED STATES.
165
Elas-
ti
Elas-
Orde
Species.
nt of
Orde
Species.
nt of
>
efficie
ity.
lative
efficie
ity.
5
o-J
202
Fraxinus quadrangulata
77439
256
Svmplocos tinctoria
62202
203
Quercus DouWasii
I'M mis Murray an a
77166
257
Arbutus Xalapensis .....
61577
204
77113
258
Juniperus pachyphlcea ....
61275
205
Alnus oblon (yif olia
76937
259
Prunus an°°ustifolia
60281
206
Prunus demissa •
76895
260
Bumelia cuneata .
60281
207
Abies subalpina
76199
261
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
60119
208
Tax us brevifolia •
76133
262
Pinus Balfouriana
59386
.209
Bumelia tenax
75120
263
Crataegus aestivalis
59185
210
Quercus cinerea
75120
264
Pinus Sabiniana
58517
211
XTl in us Americana
74742
265
Kalmia latifolia .
58484
212
Quercus Kelloccii
74488
266
58297
213
Magnolia Umbrella .
74365
267
Negundo aceroides .
58156
214
Rhamnus Caroliniana ....
74084
268
58127
215
Quercus "risea
73982
269
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
57162
216
Rhus copallina
73647
270
56346
217
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
271
Parkinsonia Torreyana
55839
ju^ens .... ,
73426
272
Picea pungens
55360
218
273
Planera aquatica
55167
219
Crataegus tomentosa ....
73160
274
Pinus clausa
54421
220
Pop ul us balsamifera, v.ir. can-
275
54295
270
Pinus inops
54295
221
Betula <alba, var. populifolia .
72970
277
54213
222
Juglans rupestris
72632
278
Thuva occidentalis
53311
223
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
72577
279
59503
224
72575
280
Ulmus alata
52323
225
Laguncularia racemosa
72396
281
Sassafras officinale .
51910
226
Populus heterophylla .
72338
282
51678
227
Acer circinatum .
71810
283
Salix amvgdaloides .
50144
228
71664
284
Anona laurifolia
50113
229
Pinus Balfouriana var. aristata
71482
285
Cupressus Goveniana
49941
230
71282
286
Cyrilla racemifolia
48828
231
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens .
70765
287
Salix laevigata
48828
232
Ulmus crassifolia.
70399
288
Bumelia lanuginosa ....
48334
233
Forestiera acuminata ....
70282
289
Asimina triloba .
48179
234
Cercis Canadensis
68798
290
Fraxinus platycarpa ....
47637
235
68527
291
Pisonia obtusata
45503
236
Halesia diptera
68321
292
Bysiloma latisiliqua ....
46064
237
Pinckneya pubens
68291
293
Populus an°Tistifolia
45847
238
^sculus Californica ....
68216
294
Platanus Wri^htii .
45644
239
Catalpa bignonioides ....
68161
295
Sequoia gigantea
45146
240
Nyssa capitata
68083
296
Pinus glabra
44750
241
Sequoia sempervirens ....
67646
297
Pinus nionophylla
43488
242
Finns flexilis .
67531
298
Pinus tuberculata
42870
243
Crataegus spathulata ....
67349
299
"Pinus edulis
42094
244
Juniperus Virginiana ....
66992
300
Bur^era gummifera
41694
245
Carya olivaeformis
66646
301
Ficus pedunculata . .
40690
246
Crataegus Crus-galli .
66436
302
Cliamaecy paris sphaeroidea . •
40410
247
Abies magnifica
66220
303
Torreya Californica ....
40146
248
Rhododendron maximum
64578
304
249
64438
305
Salix nigra .
39062
250
64317
306
251
64241
307
37783
252
64192
308
Sambucus glauca
30517
253
309
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana
30517
254
62600
310
25699
255
62401
166
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength.
TABLE V.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of
their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre).
i
s
Rupture
V
Rupturej
o
Species.
<t-l
o
o
Species.
<«-!
o
Relative
Modulus
Relative
Modulus
1
Larya myristicaelormis ....
1394
45
1045
2
46
1043
3
1273
47
1041
4
Quereus ehrysolepis
1268
48
5
1248
49
1036
6
1238
50
1031
7
1227
51
1031
8
1218
52
Gleditsehia monosperma ....
1027
9
1216
53
1026
10
1216
54
1025
11
1207
55
Quereus rubra, var. Texana
1024
12
1200
56
1019
13
1193
57
1017
14
1190
5<s
1005
15
1181
59
1003
16
1176
60
Quereus Douglasii
993
17
1172
61
993
18
1172
62
993
19
1164
63
993
20
1152
i' i
b4
Cornus Nuttallii
Afll
991
21
1149
65
991
22
Carpinus Caroliniana
1149
66
989
23
1148
67
989
24
1148
68
Quereus maerocarpa
982
25
1134
69
972
26
Amelanchier Canadensis . . .
1132
70
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron .
970
27
1131
71
Acer saeeharinum, var. nigrum .
962
28
1129
72
Chrysobalanus Icaco
961
29
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
1125
73
Viburnum prunifolium ....
951
30
1118
74
946
31
Quereus hypoleuca
1113
75
944
32
■1101
76
942
33
1090
77
Citharexylum villosum ....
937
34
1083
78
937
35
1078
79
935
36
1073
80
Prunus Caroliniana
928
37
1066
81
Gleditsehia triacanthos ....
923
88
1065
82
914
39
1055
83
Coccoloba Floridana
918
40
1054
84
Robinia Neo-Mexicana ....
909
41
1052
85
909
42
Osmanthus American us ....
1051
86
Salix flaveseens, var. Scouleriana
909
43
1046
87
909
44
1046
88
907
Strength. 1
OF THE UNITED STATES.
167
ative Order.
Species.
idulus of Rupture.
lative Order.
)dulus of Rupture.
«
a
oy
905
144
782
on
yu
904
145
779
Q1
dl
904
146
Betula alba, var. populifolia . .
778
U9
902
147
775
yo
902
148
773
901
149
Gymnocladus Canadensis . . .
771
Fraxinus viridis
895
150
770
yo
894
151
770
Q7
Cbamaecyparis Lawsoniana .
888
152
768
98
887
153
766
884
154
Juniperus pacbypblcea ....
761
inn
883
155
761
Pseudotsuga Douglasii ....
881
156
756
102
879
157
Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . .
754
103
879
158
Piscidia Erytlirina
752
104
872
159
Rhamnus Pursbiana
750
10^
869
160
750
106
869
161
749
107
864
162
747
108
864
163
747
109
862
164
Pin us Jeffrey i
744
110
861
165
Castanopsis cbrysopbylla . . .
741
111
Chrysophyllum oliviformo . . .
857
166
740
1 19
857
167
740
113
856
168
739
114
i itt
852
169
738
115
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma-
170
736
846
171
736
116
843
172
Oxydendrum arboreum ....
728
117
832
173
726
118
830
174
726
119
829
175
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens
724
120
820
176
724
121
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris
820
177
721
122
820
178
Populus grandidentata ....
721
123
818
179
Pinus ponderosa
720
124
815
180
719
125
813
181
Tsuga Pattoniana
719
126
Acer rubrum
811
182
Forestiera acuminata
717
127
811
183
Crataegus aestivalis
712
128
Fraxinus quadrangulata ....
811
184
709
129
811
185
707
130
808
186
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia .
707
1.31
806
187
703
132
Umbellularia Californica . . .
806
188
703
133
Betula oceidentalis
806
189
701
134
Celtis oceidentalis, var. reticulata
805
190
135
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . .
801
191
Magnolia macropbylla ....
696
136
800
192
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
696
137
Negundo Californicura ....
796
193
691
138
796
194
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
691
139
7G2
195
686
140
792
196
686
141
792
197
Acer macrophyllum
684
142
789
198
682
143
787
199
682
168
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
[Strength.
Species.
Libocedrus decurrens ....
Taxodium distichum ....
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii
Primus emarginata, var. mollis
Andromeda ferruginea . . .
Populus tremuloides ....
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia .
Bumelia tenax
Magnolia acuminata ....
Gordonia Lasianthus ....
Fraxinus Oregana
Populus trichocarpa ....
Rhus copallina
Rhododendron maximum . .
Pinus inops
Liriodendron Tulipifera . . .
Rhus Metopium
Nyssa uniflora
Crataegus Crus-galli ....
Pinus Balf'ouriana, var. aristata
Pinus Arizonica
Pinus Banksiana
Liquidambar Styraeiflua . . .
Picea Sitchensis
Salix laevigata
Populus heterophylla ....
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis .
Kalmia latifolia
Abies Fraseri
^Fsculus Californica ....
Catalpa speciosa
Platanus occidentalis ....
Pinus Strobus
Pinus fiexilis
Fraxinus pistaciaefolia ....
Crataegus arborescens
Planera aquatiea
Symplocos tinetoria
Arbutus Xalapensis
Pinus montieola
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
Anona laurifolia
Sassafras officinale
Magnolia cordata
Juglans rupestris
Juglans cinerea
Sequoia sempervirens
Pinus Lambertiana
Catalpa bignonioides
Tilia Americana
Magnolia Umbrella
Torreya Californica
Pinus albicaulis
Chilopsis saligna
Carya olivaeformis
Tilia heterophylla
682
682
680
679
679
677
675
673
671
670
665
665
663
663
658
657
656
655
653
653
653
652
651
649
644
642
640
639
639
635
635
635
626
624
622
621
621
619
618
609
609
607
602
600
600
597
597
597
590
589
583
581
578
578
577
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
300
307
308
309
310
Species.
Picea Engelmanni
Ilex Dahoon
Rhamnus Caroliniana
Simaruba glauca
Pinus Murrayana
Bumelia lycioides
Platanus racemosa
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens .
Lysiloma latisiliqua
Salix amygdaloides
Populus balsamifera
Parkinsonia Torreyana . . . .
Cupressus Goveniana
Fraxinus platycarpa
Negundo aceroides
Cliftonia ligustrina
Laguncularia racemosa . . . .
Bumelia cuneata
Abies balsa mea
Thuya occidentalis
Crataegus spathulata
Pinus clausa
Pinus glabra
iEsculus glabra
Abies grandis
Prosopis juliflora
Pyrus coronaria .......
Abies subalpina
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana.
Prunus angustifolia
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
jugens
Tsuga Caroliniana
Sequoia gigantea
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . .
Picea pungens
Pinus edulis
Pyrus sambueifolia
Washingtonia filifera
Platanus Wrightii
Pinus Parryana
Byrsonima lucida
Salix nigra
Pinus Balf'ouriana
Pinus tuberculata
Pinckneya pubens
Populus angustifolia
Asimina triloba
Bumelia lanuginosa
Sambucus glauca
Cyrilla racemirlora
Pisonia obtusata •
Pinus monophylla
Ficus aurea
Ficus pedunculata
Bursera gummifera ....
OF THE UNITED STATES.
169
TABLE VI.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of
their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression.
tive Order.
Species.
ihing Weight.
tive Order.
Species.
hing Weight.
a
D
%
PS
U
O
PS
1
on/
oy
Carva tomentosa
593
2
Rhizopl lora ]Maiio'le
860
40
Viburnum prunifolium
592
o
O
eon
boy
A 1
41
592
A
4
Madura, aurantiaca .
Dan
: An
! 4^
Prosopis j uliflora .
588
5
Cond;ilia ferrea
' A O
\ ™
Prunus Americana
588
o
Oanella alba
! A A
! 44
Gleditschia monosperma ....
584
rj
I
Coccoloba Floridana
T71
1 A K.
40
Juglans nigra
583
o
O
Exostema Oaribajum
tOL
Alt
\ 40
Quercus rubra var. Texana
582
9
Amyris ^ylvatica
748
1 47
(arya porcina .
577
10
Acacia Gre°'orii .
743
48
Bourreria Havanensis
575
11
49
Quercus prinoides
575
12
Dipholis salicifolia
730
50
Persea C;trolincnsis
573
13
Robinia Pseudacacia .
694
51
Sopliora affinis .
570
14
Citharexylum villosum
689
52
Umbellularia Californica
568
15
689
63
562
16
Xanthoxylum Caribreum ....
685
54
559
17
Robinia Neo-Mexicana
683
55
557
18
672
56
555
10
671
57
Pinus contorta
554
20
Ameianchier Canadensis ....
670
58
553
21
666
59
552
22
666
60
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum . .
550
23
664
61
Prunus serotina
547
24
663
62
Osmanthus Americanus ....
547
25
655
63
Tsuga Mertensiana
547
26
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . .
650
64
547
27
65
545
28
638
66
Prunus ilicifolia
544
29
629
67
542
30
625
68
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
541
31
621
69
539
32
619
70
538
33
619
71
538
34
619
72
538
35
Conocarpus erecta
599
73
536
36
Clirysopbyllum oliviforme ....
598
74
534
37
597
75
534
38
596
76
534
170
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
lative Order.
Species.
ushing Weight.
lative Order.
Species.
ishing Weight.
P3
a>
77
Rhus Metopium
533
132
Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana .
468
78
Quercus Wislizenii .......
533
133
467
79
Myrica Californica
532
134
Liquidambar Styraciflua ....
466
80
Juniperus oecidentalis,var.conjugens
532
135
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . .
466
81
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . .
527
136
Acer rubrum
463
82
526
137
Fraxinus Americana
463
83
522
138
Quercus agrifolia
463
84
520
139
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro-
85
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . .
520
463
86
519
140
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis
460
87
511
141
460
88
511
142
460
89
510
143
Acer circinatum
459
90
509
144
457
91
Quercus Garryana
505
145
455
92
505
146
Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis ....
455
93
504
147
455
94
Diospyros Virginiana
503
148
95
Arbutus Menziesii
502
149
96
501
150
Bumelia tenax
452
97
501
151
98
152
450
99
500
153
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . .
449
100
Fraxinus quadrangulata ....
499
154
Laguncularia racemosa
449
101
155
449
102
156
449
103
498
157
448
104
497
158
446
105
495
159
445
106
Quercus lyrata
492
160
445
107
491
161
445
108
491
162
444
109
490
163
442
110
Magnolia macrophylla
489
164
439
111
Bumelia lycioides
489
165
Rhododendron maximum ....
439
112
489
166
438
113
487
167
437
114
Quercus obtusiloba . . ...
487
168
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata .
437
115
487
169
435
116
486
170
Castanopsis chrysophylla ....
435
117
483
171
435
118
482
172
434
119
482
173
434
120
482
174
434
121
482
175
431
122
481
176
Crataegus Crus-galli
430
123
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . .
479
177
430
124
479
178
427
125
Bumelia cuneata
478
179
427
126
478
180
Simaruba glauca
426
127
477
181
424
128
Quercus densiflpra
475
182
424
129
470
183
423
130
469
184
423
131
468
185
422
OF THE UNITED STATES. 171
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
188
p . . . , ,.
421
241
377
187
IVIriT'nG Villi!*'!
420
242
Tjiriorlpnrl rnn rPnlitii'fprii
372
188
419
243
I UpillUa X 1 t; 11IUI1 111, V<ll. lVlsII/icIIl .
372
189
419
244
1 1 1 1 c\ n l n lifrnctr'iri'i
371
190
Magnolia Fraseri
418
245
Persea Oarolinensis, var. palustris .
367
191
417
246
T^iniiG l1nnlf"pvi
367
192
Quercus nndulata, var. Gambtllii
417
247
193
417
248
306
194
417
249
365
195
416
250
365
196
416
251
364
197
415
252
362
198
415
253
360
199
412
254
359
200
410
255
Populus grandideutata
358
201
Salix flavcsccns ■
408
256
202
407
257
355
203
407
258
355
204
407
259
354
205
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens
405
260
353
206
iJlUULclli Uo UtrULHICllS .....
403
261
353
207
TcnrTQ ( irnlinidiiQ
403
262
208
rriimic q n <Tii g f i Tol i ct
402
263
TIpv l~)ilifinii
J 11 a XJ clllUUH •
349
209
A rKtitnc "V" a 1 ti T^o Mela
401
264
349
210
H firoctiorQ Q r»n i vi l ii q f" i
401
265
I-^innc pi'liilio
349
211
l-rVninfiplflMiid I flntirionoiG
VTV 1 1 1 1 1 I rll I I 1 s vyclllclll^lisio ....
400
266
T iIiq Ampriponn
348
2L2
\/ o t*i*\ n i 1 1 in arhnrfiiiMi
399
267
Betula alba, var. populifolia
348
213
396
268
347
214
llll llpfPTTinVlvllQ
394
269
342
215
394
270
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia
341
216
394
271
PiniiQ SitTTlVlllG
339
217
.TnrrlonQ f*inpi*P5j
392
272
339
218
T-£ \7 renn l m o lnpiflo
391
273
337
219
rsptiiln nc»f»i npn t"ij 1 iq
391
274
T^iniiG Pliilinaltnnno
L 111 IIS Vylllll Ucl 11 Uilllil
337
220
A nipc (rrn n( 1 15
391
275
T^iniiG S*ihini<iiiQ
221
Miioi'^iiQ T^IiaIIog
390
276
222
V'nnnliiG t ri r » 1 1 < rnd
390
277
Piniic yy\ r\m t i r»/~il o
223
AVhpg priiifAlnr
390
278
PiniiQ lYTn vrn v a n q
333
224
^pniiAiii o*i(T£infp;i
388
279
T-^innc a 1 l"\i n 1 i c
331
225
f-rnrrlnni n FiiiGitint'VmG
387
280
rrtnillllD tvOTlllllfliilDC
330
226
n.livotm pi hnhpi
387
281
T-^l a t a n ii c AATim rr 1 1 f i i
327
227
T-Tt'o y i n i! a. ni g t c\ pifpf nl i a
llrtAllluo 17lclaLICLluH« .....
ooo
989
Pinus P>alf ouriana, var. <iristata .
.228
SijiliY lii^inlpniG
385
283
r ntQTlllC fo no Ki-i f\ o o
229
SsvmnlopnG tinptnria
284
322
230
T^Gncra On v\f\ flprwiG
285
320
231
Pyrus sambucifolia
286
>1 ti 1 1 Y ln^vi o*«i i~a
319
232
Kfi^GfifVnc. offirMniilp
287
313
233
Afpr mnfrnnli vll nm
288
310
234
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana .
381
289
306
235
Pinus Arizoniea
381
290
302
236
291
302
237
380
292
297
238
293
293
239
294
290
240
377
295
289
172
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
296
288
307
264
297
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana .
286
308
263
298
Populus heterophylla
283
309
299
281
310
258
300
278
311
258
301
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
276
312
251
302
275
313
Wq cliinortrinin fil lforn
227
303
274
314
304
272
315
212
305
271
316
162
306
267
317
155
OF THE UNITED STATES.
173
TABLE VII.
The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power
of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres.
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
1
793
39
309
2
655
40
308
3
649
41
308
4
42
1_> „ ; i ■ ■ l •
305
5
43
r> rt ij_
305
6
550
44
7
481
45
8
Cereocarpus ledifolius
480
46
294
9
462
47
Quercus rubra, var. Texana .
291
10
444
48
288
11
439
49
286
12
415
50
286
13
408
51
Juniperus occidentalis, var. con-
14
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia
407
286
15
52
Amelancbier Canadensis ....
280
16
394
53
279
17
384
54
277
18
Chrysophyllum oliviforme . . . .
382
55
Gleditscbia nionosperma ....
276
19
375
56
276
20
57
Dipbolis salieifolia
274
21
Xanthoxylum Caribaeum ....
373
58
274
22
370
59
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata .
273
23
364
60
Sapindus marginatus
272
24
363
61
272
25
362
62
272
26
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . .
355
63
272
27
343
64
271
28
Prunus umbellata
342
65
271
29
337
66
Quercus prinoides
264
30
334
67
264
31
68
Crataegus subvillosa
263
32
324
69
262
33
324
70
Robinia Pseudacacia
258
34
Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . .
319
71
257
35
Prunus Caroliniana
318
72
Ulmus crassitolia
255
36
73
Ulmus alata
255
37
Carya myristicaeformis
315
74
Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii .
255
38
313
75
253
174
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS
Order.
Species.
g Weight.
Order.
Species.
5 Weight.
1
.9
<u
fe>
a
Relati
Crush
Relati
Crush
76
Acer saccharinura, var. nigrum . .
252
131
197
77
252
132
197
78
250
133
196
79
247
134
196
80
Osmanthus Americanus ....
247
135
196
81
246
136
195
82
242
137
194
83
242
138
192
84
240
139
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris .
192
85
240
140
Rhododendron maximum ....
191
86
141
190
87
235
142
188
88
933
143
188
89
233
144
186
90
232
145
186
91
931
146
184
92
230
147
183
93
229
148
182
94
228
149
182
95
226
150
182
96
226
151
181
97
226
152
181
98
225
153
178
99
224
154
178
100
224
155
177
101
Fraxinus quadrangulata ....
222
156
176
102
221
157
176
103
221
158
174
104
220
159
171
105
220
160
171
106
218
161
170
107
217
162
170
108
216
163
169
109
213
164
168
110
213
165
166
111
Prunus Americana
213
166
165
112
212
167
162
113
210
168
161
114
210
169
161
115
210
170
Gymnocladus Canadensis ....
160
116
209
171
160
117
207
172
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . .
159
118
205
173
159
119
204
174
Torreya taxifoiia
158
120
204
175
156
121
202
176
155
122
202
177
154
123
201
178
153
124
201
179
150
125
201
180
149
126
200
181
149
127
199
182
149
128
Umbellularia Californica ....
199
183
148
129
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis
198
184
Clif tonia ligu'strina
147
130
198
185
147
W X -L 1J.J2J
O X Jr\. X £ju.
175
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
Relative Order.
Species.
Crushing Weight.
186
147
241
Pinckneya pubens
105
187
Planera aciuatica
146
242
Pinus Arizonica
105
188
144
243
Pinus insignis
105
189
T^Iyrica cerifcra
144
244
Tsuga Pattoniana
104
190
Salix lasiolepis
140
245
Prunus Pennsy Ivanica
103
191
Larix occidentalis •
139
246
102
192
Sambucus glauca
138
247
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro-
193
Fraxinus platycarpa
138
carpa
102
194
138
248
ii <x iij(a^i> y ijcki 13 i» uiivaciioio ....
101
195
Rhamnus Caroliniana
136
249
Tsuga Mertensiana
101
196
Sassafras officinale
134
250
Pinus Banksiana
100
197
l'inus Balfouriana var. aristata
134
251
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni
100
198
Prunus angustifolia
133
252
Pseudotsuga I^ouglasii
100
199
Pinus ri^ida
133
253
Gordonia Lasiantlius
99
200
Liquidambar Stvraciflua ....
132
254
Salix flavescens
98
201
Betula nigra
132
255
Libocedrus decurrens
98
202
Pinus clausa
131
256
Abies magnifica
96
203
Betula alba, var. populifolia
129
257
93
204
Pinus mitis
129
258
Salix nigra
93
205
Pinus reflexa
128
259
rimiQ lionltp'ri
92
206
127
260
90
207
Betula occidentalis
127
261
lYTncnnlin pnrflnfji
89
208
Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . •
126
262
IVIagnolia macropliylla
Salix lasiandra var. lancifolia
89
209
126
263
87
210
Salix flavescens var. Scouleriana .
126
264
Simaruba glauca
86
211
Tsuga Caroliniana
IVIagnolia Fraseri
125
265
Catalpa speciosa
86
212
123
266
Populus Fremontii
86
213
Torreya Californica
122
267
Populus heterophylla
86
214
Pinus muricata
122
268
Pinus Alurrayana
86
215
Abies nobilis
120
269
86
216
Ficus pedunculata
119
270
Pinus resinosa
85
217
Castanopsis elirysophylla ....
119
271
IVIagnolia Umbrella
84
218
l!nQtnripji Tiiimiln
118
272
Populus monilifera
83
219
Salix l96vi°*ata
118
273
Liriodendron Tulipifera
82
220
Pvrus Americana
117
274
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana .
82
221
Platanus Wrio'htii
117
275
Cliamajcy paris Lavvsoniana
82
222
Alnus rubra
117
276
Tsuga Canadensis
82
223
Pinus Jeffreyi
116
277
81
224
Pinus pun^ens
115
278
Taxodium distichum .
81
225
Ilex Dahoon
113
279
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis .
Populus tremuloides
80
226
Larix Americana
112
280
80
227
Ne°"undo aceroides
111
281
Picea pungens
79
228
Salix Hookeriana .......
111
282
Alnus rhombifolia
78
229
Rlius copallina
109
283
Pinus Lambcrtiana
78
230
-^Esculus Californica
108
284
Abies concolor
78
231
Pisonia obtusata
108
285
77
232
Pinus flexilis
108
286
Picea nigra
77
233
IVIagnolia acuminata
107
287
Seciuoia sempervirens
77
234
Negundo Californicum
107
288
76
235
Pyrus sambucifolia
107
289
Picea Engelmanni
76
236
Pinus albicaulis
107
290
Populus balsamifera
75
237
Pinus ponderosa
107
291
AViipq hjilsnmpn
75
238
107
292
Alnus oblongifolia
74
239
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana
106
293
74
240
106
294
74
176 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc.
2
3
Order.
Species
g Weig
Order.
"3
p .
Relative
Crushin
Relative
Crushinj
295
72
305
64
296
71
306
64
297
70
307
63
298
69
308
63
299
68
309
62
300
68
310
61
301
Chamaecyparis sphasroidea ....
67
311
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens .
60
302
67
312
59
303
Washingtonia filifera
66
313
51
304
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans
64
314
47
INDEX.
Abies amabilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (38G)
156, (385) 161, (24) 163, (141) 167, (133)
170, (306) 176.
Abies balsamea, 131; tables (395) 152, (409)
157, (410) 162, (183) 164, (274) 168, (250)
171, (291) 175.
Abies bracteata, 133 ; tables (397) 152, (192)
155, (194) 160.
Abies concolor, 132; tables (396) 152, (415)
157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223)
171, (204) 175.
Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157,
(418) 162, (110) 164, (228) 168, (268)
171.
Abies grandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152,
(418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168,
(220) 171, (313) 176.
Abies Iludsonica, 131.
Abies magnified, 134; tables (400) 152, (346)
156, (345) 161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171)
170, (256) 175.
Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 156,
(309) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170,
(215) 175.
Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421)
157, (422) 162, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291)
171, (305) 170.
Abietine, 120.
Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 146.
Acacia, Green-barked, 30.
Acacia Gregr/ii, 33; tables (98) 146, (59) 153,
(57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169.
Acacia, Three-thorned, 29.
Acacia Wrighlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29)
153, (27) 158.
Acer circinatum, 21 ; tables (61) 145, (198)
155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143)
170, (126) 174.
Acer dasycarpum, 22; tables (65) 145, (301)
156, (301) 161, (60) 163, (56) 166, (119) 170,
(151) 174.
Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155,
(246) 160.
Acer grandidentatum, 21; tables (63) 145,
(180) 154, (180) 159.
Acer macrophyllum,20; tables (60) 145, (327)
156, (326) 161, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233)
171, (167) 174.
Acer Pennsylvanicum, 20; tables (58) 145,
(298) 156, (299) 161.
Acer rubrum, 22; tables (66) 145, (240) 155,
(239) 160, (123) 164, (126) 167, (136) 170,
(157) 174.
Acer rubrum, var. Brummondii, 23 ; tables
(661) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160.
Acer saccharinum, 21; tables (64) 145, (178)
154, (175) 159, (9) 163, (21) 166, (32) 169,
(71) 173.
Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum, 22; tables
(641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71)
166, (60) 169, (76) 174.
Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294) 155,
(294) 160.
Acids, 35.
Acorns, edible, 84, 85.
Adobe houses, 32, 49.
jEsculus Calif ornica, 18; tables (52) 145,
(320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 168,
(257) 171, (230) 175.
jEsculus flava, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156,
(381) 161.
jEsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (363)
156, (363) 161, (249) 165, (279) 168, (287)
171, (296) 176.
JEsculus Hippocastanum, 17.
Africa, 47.
Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84,
87, 93.
Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35,
37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75-
77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129.
Alaska, 20, 40, 96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127-
129, 132.
Alder, 98.
Alder, Black, 99.
Alder, Hoary, 99.
Alder, Seaside, 98.
Alder, Smooth, 99.
Alder, Speckled, 99.
Algaroba, 31.
Alkali, 22.
Alkaloid, 28.
Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22,
24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54,
55, 60, 62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97,
101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131.
178
INDEX.
Alleghany Region, 89, 129.
Alnus arguta, 98.
Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156,
(353) 161, (71) 163, (122) 167, (295) 171.
Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (3051)
150.
Alnus Japonica, 98.
Alnus maritima, 98 ; tables (300) 150, (319)
156, (319) 161.
Alnus oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402)
156, (403) 161, (205) 165, (196) 167, (300)
172, (292) 175.
Alnus rhombifolia, 98; tables (302) 150, (394)
156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 167, (256)
171, (282) 175.
Alnus rubra, 98; tables (301) 150, (336) 156,
(337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171,
(222) 175.
Alnus serrulata, 99; tables (304) 150, (349)
156, (349) 161.
Alpine slopes, 128.
Altamaha River, 5.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137)
146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 163. (26) 160,
(20) 169, (52) 173.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia,
45.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundif olia ,
45.
America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34, 46,
47, 96.
American Crab, 39.
American Crab Apple, 39.
American Elm, 71.
American Holly, 12.
American Linden, 6.
American Museum of Natural History, viii.
American Oaks, 83.
Amyris sylvatica, 11; tables (30) 144, (13)
153, (11) 158, (67) 163, (2) 166, (9) 169, (6)
173.
Ana card iacea?, 24, 25.
AruTsihetics, 120.
Anaqua, 65.
Andromeda ferrurjinea, 53; tables (165) 147,
(119) 154,' (J 18) 159, (186) 164, (204) 168,
(113) 170, (98) 174.
Ann, Cape, 1.
Anonaceoz, 4.
Anona laurifoUa, 4; tables (10) 144, (313)
150, (335) 161, (284) 165, (241) 168, (290)
171, (206) 175.
Anticosti Island, 40.
Anti-periodic bark, 64.
Antipyretic, 100.
Ant's-wood, 58.
Apache Mountains, 37, 86.
Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135.
Apple, American Crab, 39.
Apple, Custard, 4.
Apple, Oregon Crab, 40.
Apple, Pond, 4.
Apple, Haw, 44.
Apple, Seven-year, 52.
Apple, Southern Crab, 39.
Arbol de Hierro, 27.
Arbor-vita?, 106.
Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (166) 147, (165)
154, (103) 159, (171) 164, (88) 166, (95)170,
(117)174.
Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118)
154, (119) 159.
Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147,
(164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 165, (238) 168,
(209) 171, (79) 174.
Arctic Circle, 134.
Ardisia Piclceringia, 56; tables (173) 147,
(58) 153, (60) 158.
Arizona, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33,
37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62, 66, 75, 77, 82, 85-
87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109-111, 116-
121, 127, 130, 132, 137.
Arizona Mountains, 109, 120.
Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31,
42-45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 68-
70, 72, 74, 76-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112,
124.
Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122.
Arnold Arboretum, viii.
Aromatics, 48, 69, 132.
Arrow-wood, 14.
Arroyos, 27.
Arts, 132.
Ash, 61.
Ash, Black, 63.
Ash, Blue, 62.
Ash, Green, 62.
Ash, Ground, 63.
Ash, Hoop, 63.
Ash-leaved Maple, 23.
Ash, Mountain, 40.
Ash, Oregon, 63.
Ash, Prickly, 8.
Ash, Red, 61.
Ash, Sea, 8.
Ash, Wafer, 9.
Ash, Water, 62.
Ash, White, 61.
Ash, Yellow, 28.
Asimina triloba, 4; tables (9) 144, (403) 156,
(404) 161, (289) 165, (302) 168, (315) 172,
(298) 176.
Aspalaga, Fla., 113.
Aspen, 103.
Aspen, Quaking, 103.
Assinaboine River, 34.
Astringents, 24, 25, 40, 59, 129.
Athabasca River, 101.
Atlantic forests, 35, 36, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83,
97.
Atlantic oaks, 88.
INDEX.
179
Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103.
Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30,
34, 57-59, 61, 65, 72, 83, 86, 90, 94, 97, 112,
122, 123.
Avicennia nitida, 67 ; (Rhizophora, 67) ; tables
(211) 148, (42) 153, (44) 158.
Axe-handles, 20, 21, 61, 78.
Back, Strong, 65.
Bahamas, 7.
Bald Cypress, 112.
Balms, 105.
Balm of Gilead, 104.
Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131.
Balm of fir, 132.
Balsams, 46.
Balsam, 104, 131, 132.
Balsam Cottonwood, 105.
Balsam Fir, 131, 132.
Balsam, She, 131.
Banana, Mexican, 137.
Bark, Cinnamon, 5.
Bark, Georgia, 52.
Barrel-hoops, 49, 63.
Barrels, 105.
Barrington, Fort, 5.
Bartram's Oak, 92.
Basket Oak, 84.
Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84.
Basswood, 6.
Basswood, White, 7.
Bastard Cedar, 106.
Bastard Pine, 126.
Bayberry, 80.
Bay, Bull, 1.
Bay, Loblolly, 5.
Bay, Red, 68.
Bay, Rose, 55.
Bay, Sweet, 1.
Bay, Tan, 5.
Bay-tree, California, 69.
Bay, White, 1.
Bayonet, Spanish, 136, 137.
Beads, 19.
Beams, 32.
Bean, Indian, 65.
Bean, Screw, 32.
Bean Tree, 65.
Bearberry, 16.
Beard, Old Man's, 64.
Bear-wood, 16.
Beaver Tree, 1.
Beech, 94.
Beech, Blue, 95.
Beech, Water, 75, 95.
Beef-wood, 67.
Bee Tree, 6.
Belle Isle, Straits of, 104.
Berry, Tallow, 7.
Betulacece, 95-99.
Betula alba, var. popullfolia, 95; tables (294)
149, (267) 155, (265)' 160, (221) 165, (146)
107, (267) 171, (203) 175.
Betula lenta, 96, 97; tables (299) 150, (110)
154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169,
(97) 174.
Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155,.
(200) 160, (3) 163, (5) 166, (33) 169, (169).
174.
Betula nigra, 97; tables (298) 149, (266) 155,
(267) 160, (58) 163, (69) 166, (166) 170,
(201) 175.
Betula occid entails, 96; tables (296) 149, (246)
155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (219)
171, (207) 175.
Behda papyri/era, 96; tables (295) 149, (251)
155, (249) 160, (18) 163, (38) 166, (115) 170,
(209) 175.
Big Blackfoot River, 135.
Big-bud Hickory, 78.
Big Cottonwood', 105.
Big Laurel, 1.
Big Shell-bark, 78.
Big Tree, 112.
Big Williams Fork, 10, 48.
Bignoniaceas, 65, 66.
Bill Williams River, 30.
Bilsted, 45.
Birch, Black, 96, 97.
Birch, Canoe, 96.
Birch, Cherry, 97.
Birch, Gray," 95, 97.
Birch, Mahogany, 97.
Birch, oil of, 96.*
Birch, Old-field, 95.
Birch, Paper, 96.
Birch, Red, 97.
Birch, River, 97.
Birch, Sweet, 97.
Birch, West Indian, 10.
Birch, White, 95, 96.
Birch, Yellow, 97.
Bird's-eye Maple, 22.
Biscayne, Bay, 1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28,
34, 37, 46-48, 56-58, 67-70, 72-74, 86, 99,
126.
Bishop's Pine, 124.
Bitter-nut, 79.
Bitter Pecan, 79.
Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 96, 105, 107,
115, 129, 130, 132.
Bitts, 69.
Black Alder, 99.
Black Ash, 63.
Black Birch, 96, 97.
Black Calabash-tree, 66.
Black Cherry, Wild, 36.
Black Cottonwood, 105.
Black Cypress, 112.
Black Gum, 50.
Black Haw, 52.
180
INDEX.
Black Hickory, 78, 79.
Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127.
Black Iron-wood, 15.
Black Jack, 89, 90.
Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90.
Black Larch, 134.
Black Locust, 26, 29.
Black Mangrove, 67.
Black Oak, 87-89.
Black Persimmon, 59.
Black Pine, 120.
Black Sloe, 35.
Black Spruce, 126, 127.
Black Thorn, 42.
Black Tree, 67.
Black Walnut, 46, 76.
Black Willow, 99.
Black-wood, 67.
Bladder-diseases, 96.
Blinds, 115.
Blocks, 72, 75.
Blood-impurities, 99.
Blue Ash, 62.
Blue Beech, 95.
Blue Jack, 92.
Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132,
134.
Blue Myrtle, 16.
Blue Oak, 85.
Blue River, 22.
Blue Spruce, 128.
Blue-wood, 15.
Boarding, 46.
Boat-building, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 108,
128.
Boilers, 32.
Bo is d'Arc, 74.
Books referred to, 143.
Borraginacece, 64, 65.
Bottom Shell-bark, 78.
Bourreria Bavanensis, 65 ; tables (204) 148,
(84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 166, (48)
169, (46) 173.
Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula, 65.
Bows, Indian, 49, 113.
Box Elder, 23.
Boxwood, 14, 49; substitute for, 55, 59.
Brazil, 4, 9, 10, 11, 34, 46, 55-57, 67, 68.
Brazos River, 1, 8, 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 64, 69,
78, 80, 81, 90, 92, 136.
Brick-baking, 99.
Briekley Thatch, 136.
Bridge-timbers, 72.
Bristol, Fla., 113, 114.
British America, 6, 51, 103.
British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96,
98-100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115,
116, 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134.
Brittle Thatch, 136.
Broad-leaved Maple, 20.
Brooms, 20.
Brown Hickory, 79.
Buckeye, California, 18.
Buckeye, Fetid, 17.
Buckeye, Ohio, 17.
Buckeye, Spanish, 18.
Buckeye, Sweet, 17.
Buckthorn, Southern, 58.
Buckwheat Tree, 13.
Bull Bay, 1.
Bull-nut, 78.
Bull Pine, 119-121, 124.
Bumelia cuneata, 58; tables (182) 147, (89)
154, (94) 159, (260) 165, (273) 168, (125)
170, (49) 173.
Bumelia lanuginosa, 57; tables (179) 147,
(205) 155, (208) 160, (288) 165, (303) 168,
(252) 171, (171) 174.
Bumelia lycioides, 58; tables (181) 147, (125)
154, (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 168, (111)
. 170, (104) 174.
Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatum, 58.
Bumelia spinosa, 57; tables (180) 147, (199)
155, (203) 160.
Bumelia tenax, 57; tables (178) 147, (142)
154, (142) 159, (209) 165, (207) 168, (150)
170, (152) 174.
Bum-wood, 25.
Burning Bush, 14.
Bur Oak, 82.
Burseracece, 10, 11.
Bursera c/ummifera, 10; tables (29) 144,
(426) 157, (427) 162, (300) 165, (310) 168,
(317) 172, (314) 176.
Bush, Burning, 14.
Bustic, 57.
Butchers' blocks, 75.
Butter-tubs, 133.
Butternut, 76.
Button-ball Tree, 75.
Button-moulds, 97.
Buttons, 19.
Buttonwood, 46, 75.
Button wood, White, 47.
Byrsonima lucida, 7; tables (19) 144, (236)
155, (266) 160, (279) 165, (296) 168, (218)
171, (113) 174.
Cabbage Palmetto, 135.
Cabbage Tree, 135.
Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12, 22-24, 29, 36, 46,
50, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 94, 107,
111, 114.
Cactacece, 48, 49.
Cactus, Giant, 48.
Cagiput, 69.
Calabash-tree, Black, 66.
Calaveras County, 115.
Calaveras Grove, 112.
Calico-bush, 55.
Calico-wood, 60.
INDEX.
181
California, 6. 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33,
36-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 63, 66, 69, 73, 75, 77,
80, 81, 85, 87-89, 93, 96, 98-103, 105-122,
124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating
limit of distribution.)
California Bay-tree, 69.
California Buckeye, 18.
California Coast, 93.
California Holly, 44.
California Laurel, 69.
California Nutmeg, 114.
California Olive, 69.
California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130.
Caloosa River, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 56, 58,
62, 79, 99.
Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 47; tables (143)
147, (49) 153, (49) 158.
Campo, 116.
Canada Plum, 34.
Canadian Balsam, 132.
Canaveral, Cape, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57,
62, 64, 66-68, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126.
Candles, 80.
Canellacece, 5.
Canella alba, 5; tables (12) 144, (18) 153,
(18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173.
Canes, 27, 70.
Canoe Cedar, 107.
Canoe Birch, 96.
Canoes, 96, 107.
Canons, 27.
Canotia holocantha, 10; tables (27) 144, (182)
154, (204) 160.
Cape Fear River, 1, 72.
Capparidacece, 4.
Capparis Jamaicensis, 4; tables (11) 144,
(169) 154, (195) 160.
CapriJ'oliacea:, 51, 52.
Car anna, remedy, 10.
Carbo-hydrogen, 120.
Carmelo Point, 108.
Carolina Poplar, 105.
Carpinus Caroliniana, 95; tables (293) 149,
(144) 159, (44) 163, (22) 166, (103) 170,
(110) 174.
Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82.
Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63)
158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 169, (65) 173.
Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78.
Carya amara, 79; tables (246) 149, (114) 154,
(117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83)
174.
Carya aquatica, 79; tables (248) 149, (134)
154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170,
(58) 173.
Carya myristiccej ormis, 79; tables (247) 149,
(87) 154, (86) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 169,
(37) 173.
Carya olivcef ormis, 77; tables (241) 148, (155)
154, (158) 159, (245) 165, (254) 168, (173)
170, (90) 174.
Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 149, (76) 153,
(75) 158,(89) 163,(44) 166, (47) 169, (44) 173.
Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 148, (82) 154,
(81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48)
173.
Carya tomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75)
153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 169,
(54) 173.
Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81,
93, 102, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 122, 127,
130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of
distribution.)
Cascara sagrada, 16.
Cassada, 57.
Cassena, 12.
Castanea pumlla, 94; tables (289) 149, (57)
155, (253) 160, (47)163, (65) 166, (105) 170,
(218) 175.
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables
(290) 149, (366) 156, (365) 161, (160) 164.
(192) 167, (34) 171, (239) 174.
Castanopsis chrysophylla, 93; tables (288) 149,
(280) 155, (280) 160, (99) 164, (165^ 167,
(170) 170, (217) 175.
Castle, Lake, 108.
Catalpa, 65.
Cat'dpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148,
(369) 156, (369) 161, (239) 165, (248) 168,
(251) 171, (285) 175.
Catalpa speciosa, 66; tables (207) 148, (388)
156, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 168, (203)
171, (265) 175.
Catalpa, Western, 66.
Catarrh, 46, 132.
Catawba, 65.
Cathartics, 8, 14, 76.
Cat's Claw, 33, 34.
Cattle, food for, 7.
Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 19, 24, 34.
Ceanothus Americana, 16.
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 16 , tables (48) 145,
(268) 155, (269) 160.
Cedar, Bastard, 106.
Cedar, Canoe, 107.
Cedar Elm, 70.
Cedar, Incense, 106.
Cedar Keys, 12, 18, 46, 47, 57, 58, 67, 135.
Cedar, Oregon, 108.
Cedar Pine, 125.
Cedar, Port Orford, 108.
Cedar, Post, 106.
Cedar, Red, 107, 111.
Cedar, Stinking, 114.
Cedar, White, 106-108.
Celastracece, 14.
Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crass/folia. 73.
Celtis Mississipjriensis, var. integrifolia, 73.
Celtis Mississippiensis, var. laivigata, 73.
Celtis occidental, 72; tables (228) 148, (144)
154, (146) 159, (235) 165, (142) 167, (186)
171, (107) 174.
182
INDEX.
Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata, 73; tables
(2281) 148, (147) 154, (151) 159, (150) 164,
(134) 167, (168) 170, (59) 173.
Census, Vol. IX., 141-143.
Central America, 11, 68, 70.
Cercis Canadensis, 31 ; tables (91) 146, (225)
155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130)
170, (148) 174.
Cercis renifonnis, 31; tables (92) 146, (116)
154, (120) 159.
Cercocarpus ledij alius, 38; tables (115) 146,
(10) 153, (8) 158, (25) 109, (8) 173.
Cercocarpus parvif alius, 39 ; tables (116) 146,
(30) 153, (28) 158.
Cereus rjiganleus, 48; tables (149) 147, (424)
157, (426) 162.
Chairs, 71, 88, 95.
Chaleur, Bay of, 95.
Chamaicyparis Lawsoniana, 108; tables (331)
150, (352) 150, (350) 161, (31) 163, (97) 167,
(135) 170, (275) 175.
Chamoecyparis Nutkaensis, 108; tables (330)
150, (338) 156, (338) 161, (93) 164, (135)
167, (146) 170, (248) 175.
Chamcecyparis splueraidea, 108; tables (32D)
150, (423) 157, (424) 102, (302) 165, (289)
168, (309) 172, (301) 176.
Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105.
Chaparral, 15.
Chapote, 59.
Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128.
Charlotte Harbor, 12.
Chattahoochee, 114.
Cherokee County, N. C, 28.
Cherry, 56.
Cherry Birch, 97.
Cherry brandy, 36.
Cherrv, Indiaii, 15.
Cherry, May, 45
Cherry, Pigeon, 35.
Cheny, Pin, 35.
Cherrv, Rum, 36.
Cherry, Wild, 37.
CherrV, Wild Black, 36.
Cherry, Wild Red, 35.
Chester County, Pa., 78.
Chestnut, 94. "
Chestnut Oak, 84, 93.
Chestnut Oak, Rock, 84.
Celtis jntmila, 73.
Chickasaw Plum, 35.
Chihuahua, 120.
Chilopsis saligna, 66; tables (208) 148, (254)
155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (292)
171, (188) 175.
China, Wild, 18.
Chincapin, 85.
Chinquapin, 93, 94.
Chinquapin Oak, 84.
Chionanthus Virf/inica, 64; tables (200) 148,
(224) 155, (221) 160.
Chittam-wood, 24.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 146,
(102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 163, (72) 166,
(102) 174.
Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 56; tables (175)
147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 163, (111) 1G7,
(36) 169, (18) 173.
Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134.
Cigar Tree, 65.
Cinchona Bark, 17, 52.
Cinnamon bark, 5.
Cinnamon, Wild, 5.
Citharexylum villosum. 66; tables (210)148,
(54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (14)
169, (40) 173.
Cladrastis tinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235)
155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169,
(147) 174.
Clammy Locust, 27.
Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93.
Clark's Fork, 115.
Claw, Cat's, 33, 34.
Clear Creek, 98.
Clear Lake, 109.
Cleats, 69.
Cliff Elm, 71.
Cliftonia Ufjustrina, 13; tables (38) 145, (238)
155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271) 168, (244)
171, (184) 174.
Clusiajlava, 5; table (13) 144.
Coahuila, 21.
Coast Live Oak, 87.
Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39, 44, 49,
54, 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 98, 101,
106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124,
130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis-
tribution.)
Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148,
(20) 153, (25) 158, (49) 163, (83) 166, (7)
169, (16) 173.
Coccaloba uvifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22)
153, (21) 158, (311) 172.
Cockspur Thorn, 42.
Cocoa Plum, 34.
Cceurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,130,132.
Coffee, substitute for, 29.
Coffee-nut, 29.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 29.
Coffins, 113.
Colorado, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41. 58, 60, 82,
85, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121,
128, 130-133, 137.
Colorado Desert, 26, 30.
Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, ^1-43,
52, 62, 63, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77)
153, (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166.
Columbia, District of, 39.
Columbian Basin, 135.
Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134.
INDEX.
183
Combretacece, 46, 47.
Commerce, 69, 77, 78.
Compression, longitudinal, 169-172.
Concho River, 34, 59, 77.
Condaiia ferrea, 15; tables (43) 145, (1) 153,
(1) 158, (45) 163, (90) 167, (5) 169, (3)
173.
Condaiia obovata, 15 ; tables (44) 145, (2) 153,
(5) 158.
Coniferas, 106-134.
Coniferce, North American, 111.
Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104.
Connecticut River, 91, 101.
Conocarpus erecta, 46; tables (141) 147, (17)
153, (16) 158, (95) 164, (76) 166, (35) 169,
(22) 173.
Construction, 26, 29, 46, 81, 82, 84, 90, 91, 93,
112, 118, 127, 128, 131.
Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85,
88, 90, 91, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132.
Coos Bay, 108.
Coquille River, 20.
Coral Sumach, 25.
Cordage, 6.
Cordia Boissieri, 64; tables (203) 148, (190)
155, (198) 160.
Cordia Sebestena, 64 ; tables (202) 148, (163)
154, (184) 159.
Cork Elm, 71.
Cork, substitute for, 51.
Cork-wood, 67.
Cornaceae, 49-51.
Cornus alternifolia, 49; tables (150) 147,
(196) 155, (192) 160.
Cornus flor ida, 49; tables (151) 147,(79) 153,
(77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43)
173.
Cornus Nuttallii, 49; tables (152) 147, (122)
154, (121) 159, (91) 164, (64) 166, (24) 169,
(82) 174.
Corpus Christi, 65.
Corpus Christi River, 30.
Costa Rica, 86.
Cotton-gum, 45, 50.
Cottonwood, 105, 106.
Cottonwood, Balsam, 105.
Cottonwood, Big, 105.
Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105.
Cottonwood, River, 104.
Cottonwood, Swamp, 104.
Cough-mixtures, 35.
Cow Oak, 84.
Crab, American, 39.
Crab Apple, American, 39.
Crab Apple, Oregon, 40.
Crab Apple, Southern, 39.
Crab, Sweet-scented, 39.
Crab-wood, 70.
Cratcegus aestivalis, 44; tables (134) 146, (205)
155, (201) 160, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160)
170, (99) 174.
Crataegus apii folia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127)
154, (134) 159.
Crataegus arborescens, 41; tables (125) 146,
(213) 155, (210) 160, (195) 164, (235) 168,
(102) 170, (146) 174.
Crataegus berberifolia, 44; table (133) 146.
Crataegus brachyacantha, 41; tables (124)
146, (189) 155, (186) 159.
Cratcegus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (56)
153, (54) 158.
Cratcegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 146, (143)
154, (140) 159.
Cratcegus Crus-galli, 42; tables (126) 146,
(153) 154, (154) 159, (246) 165, (218) 168,
(176) 170, (114) 174.
Cratcegus Douglasii, 41; tables (123) 146,
(172) 154, (169) 159.
Crataegus Jlava, 44; tables (135) 146, (98) 154,
(97) 159.
Crataegus jlava, var. pubescens, 44; tables
(1351) 146, (105) 154, (106) 159, (231) 165,
(175) 167, (81) 170, (34) 173.
Crataegus rivularis, 41; tables (122) 146. (103)
154, (100) 159.
Cratcegus spathulata, 43; tables (132) 146,
(158) 154, (157) 159, (243) 165, (276) 168,
(145) 170, (106) 174.
Cratcegus subvillosa, 42 ; tables (128) 146, (90)
154,' (89) 159, (141) 164, (169) 167, (71) 169,
(68) 173.
Crataegus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 146,
(113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 165, (184) 167,
(159) 170, (84) 174.
Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata, tables
(1291) 146, (103) 159.
Crescentia cucurbitina, 66 ; tables (209) 148,
(231) 155, (235) 160.
Cretaceous formations, 82.
Cross-trees, 69.
Cuba, 7.
Cucumber Tree, 2:
Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2.
Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3.
Cumberland County, N. J., 92.
Cumberland Mountains, 24.
Cumberland River, 23.
Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150,
(348) 156, (348) 161, (285) 165, (268) 168,
(254) 171, (154) 174.
Cupressus Guadalupensis, 109; tables (335)
150, (333) 156, (333) 161.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150.
Cupressus macrocarpa, 108 ; tables (332) 150,
(236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 166, (86)
174.
Cupuliferae, 80-95.
Curled Maple, 22.
Custard Apple, 4.
Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106, 115, 121, 131.
Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27.
Cypress, Bald, 112.
184
INDEX.
Cypress, Black, 112.
Cypress, Deciduous, 112.
Cypress, Lawson's, 108.
Cypress, Monterey, 108.
Cypress Point, 108.
Cypress, Red, 112.
Cypress, Sitka, 108.
Cypress swamps, 59.
Cypress, White, 112.
Cypress, Yellow, 108.
Cyrilla racemiflora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191)
155, (187) 159, (286) 105, (305) 168.
Cyrillacece, 13.
DjEdalia, 112.
Dcedalia vorax, 106.
Dahoon, 12.
Dahoon Holly, 12.
Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119,
127.
Datea spinosa, 26 ; tables (76) 145, (282) 155,
(293) 160.
Darling Plum, 14.
Davenport, Iowa, 114.
Debility, 104.
Deciduous Cypress, 112.
Decoctions, 40, 45, 49, 64, 89, 111.
Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91,
94, 95, 97, 98, .101, 112, 122, 129.
Desert Willow, 66.
Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72, 75.
Devil-wood, 64.
Diamond Willow, 102.
Diarrhoea, 16, 40, 59, 99.
Digger Pine, 121.
Dilly, Wild, 58.
Diospyros Texana, 59 ; tables (185) 147, (62)
153, (73) 158.
Diospyros Virginiana, 58; tables (184) 147,
(93) 154, (92) 159, (198) 164, (102) 167, (94)
170, (32) 173.
Dlpholis salicifolia, 57; tables (177) 147, (35)
153, (30) 158, (16) 163, (23) 166, (12) 169,
(57) 173.
District of Columbia, 39, 91.
Diuretics, 25, 108, 111.
Doctor-gum. 25.
Dogwood, 49.
Dogwood, Flowering, 49.
Dogwood, Jamaica, 28.
Dogwood, Striped, 20.
Door-blinds, 115.
Douglas Fir, 130.
Downward Plum, 58.
Drypetes crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39)
153, (52) 158, (83) 163, (138) 167, (27) 169,
(25) 173.
Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia, 70; tables
(2191) 148, (33) 153, (55) 158, (174) 164,
(180) 167, (85) 170, (14) 173.
Drypetes glauca, 70.
Dry rot, 106.
Duck Oak, 91.
Dunnage of vessels, 128.
Dwarf Maple, 21.
Dwarf Sumach, 24.
Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89.
Dysentery, 80.
Dyspepsia, 10, 16.
Eagle Mountains, 54.
Eastern States, 89.
Eastern White Oak, 81.
Eastern White Pine, 115.
Ebenacece, 58, 59.
Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121.
Ehretica elliptica, 65; tables (205) 148, (214)
155, (218) 100, (304) 165, (177) 167, (226)
171, (93) 174.
Elastic, Gum, 57.
Elasticity, tables, 163-165.
Elder, 51.
Elder, Box, 23.
Elder, Poison, 25.
Elemi, Gum, 10.
Elk-wood, 3.
Elm, American, 71.
Elm, Cedar, 70.
Elm, Cliff, 71.
Elm, Cork, 71.
Elm, Hickory, 71.
Elm, Moose, 71.
Elm, Red, 71.
Elm, Rock, 71.
Elm, Slippery, 6, 71.
Elm, Water, 71.
Elm, White. 71.
Elm, Winged, 71.
Emetics, 13, 25, 27.
Empyreumatic oil, 96.
Enceno, 87.
Engraving, 55. (See Wood-engraving.)
Ericaceae, 53-55.
Erie, Lake, 39, 55, 75-78, 80, 84.
Eugenia buxifoUa, 47; tables (144) 147, (31)
153, (6) 163, (33) 158, (39) 166, (1) 169, (15)
173.
Eugenia dichotoma, 47; tables (145) 147, (50)
153, (43) 158.
Eugenia longipes, 48; tables (147) 147, (6)
153, (7) 158.
Eugenia monticola, 48 ; tables (146) 147, (41)
153, (39) 158, (69) 163, (17) 166, (58) 169,
(13) 173.
Eugenia procera, 48; tables (148) 147, (27)
153, (38) 163, (16) 166, (18) 169, (10) 173,
(34) 158.
Euonymus atropurpureus, 14 ; tables (39) 145,
(201) 155, (197) 160.
Euphorbiacece, 70.
INDEX.
185
Europe, 99.
Everglades, 4, 34, 46, 47.
Extracts, 45.
Exostema Caiibceum, 52; tables (160) 147,
(36) 153, (29) 158, (35) 163, (58) 166, (8)
169, (7) 173.
Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 26 ; tables (75) 145,
(52) 153, (53) 158.
Fagus FERRUGiiNEA, 94; tables (291) 149,
(184) 154, (181) 159, (32) 163, (24) 166,
(126) 170, (135) 174.
Fairtield Count}', Conn., 45.
Fan-leaf Palm, 135.
Farkle-berry, 53.
Faxon, C. E., viii.
Febrifuges, 100. (See Fevers.)
Fellies, for wheels, 32, 93.
Fence-boards, 105.
Fence-posts, 20, 65, 66, 69, 75, 102, 108, 113,
114, 134.
Fencing, 32, 49, 63, 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85,
94, 97, 107, 110-112, 117, 126, 128.
Fetid Buckeye, 17.
Fevers, 17, 49, 52, 64, 104.
Ficus aurea, 73 ; tables (229) 148, (429) 157,
(429) 162, (310) 165, (308) 168, (316) 172,
(310) 176.
Ficus brevi folia, 73; tables (230) 148, (220)
155, (216) 175, (240) 100.
Ficus pedunculala, 73; tables (231) 148, (342)
156, (362) 161, (301) 165, (309) 168, (299) 172.
Fiddle-wood, 66.
Fig, Wild, 73.
Fir, Balm-of-Gilead, 131.
Fir, Balsam, 131, 132.
Fir, Douglas, 130.
Fir, Red, 130, 133, 134.
Fir, White, 132.
Fir, Yellow, 130, 131.
Fishes, poison for, 28.
Fish-hooks, 113.
Fishing-nets, 21.
Flathead Lake, 16, 96.
Flathead Region, 127.
Flathead River, 98, 115, 135.
Floats, 51.
Flooring. 2, 22, 63, 71, 103, 108, 118.
Florida, 1, 3-15, 17-19, 22-25, 28-32, 34-37,
39, 41-50, 52-84, 80, 88-95, 97, 99, 100, 105,
107, 111-114, 123-126, 135, 136. (Mostly
relating to limit of distribution.)
Florida Coast, 80.
Florida Keys, 80.
Flour, 32.
Flowering Dogwood, 49.
Fodder, 32.
Forestiera acuminata, 63; tables (199) 148,
(228) 155, (226) 160, (233) 165, (182) 167,
(210) 171, (161) 174.
Fork-leaved Black Jack, 90.
Foulweather, Cape, 80.
Foxtail Pine, 118.
Franklinia, 5.
Fraser River, 21, 35, 36, 51, 96, 98, 105, 133.
Fraxinus Americana, 61; tables (192) 147,
(206) 155, (205) 160, (97) 164, (110) 167,
(68) 169, (137) 170, (160) 174.
Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, 61 ;
tables (192) 147, (109) 154, (109) 159, (73)
163, (29) 166, (129) 174.
Fraxinus anomala, 60; tables (190) 147, (200)
155, (199) 160.
Fraxinus Greggii, 60; tables (189) 147, (94)
154, (93) 159.
Fraxinus Oreyana, 63; tables (197) 148, (269)
155, (268) 160, (164) 164, (210) 168, (84)
170, (165) 174.
Fraxinus pistacice folia, 61 ; tables (191) 147,
(188) 154, (419)* 157, (185) 159, (261) 165,
(234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174.
Fraxinus pistacicefolia, var. coriacea, 61.
Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148,
(420) 162, (290) 165, (269) 168, (312) 172,
(193) 175.
Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147,
(237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 167,
(169) 170, (120) 174.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, 62; tables (196)
148, (154) 154, (156) 159, (202) 165, (128)
167, (100) 170, (101) 174.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, 63; tables (198) 148,
(232) 155, (229) 160, (148) 164, (131) 167,
(183) 170, (137) 174.
Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 148,
(162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167,
(120) 170, (105) 174.
Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62;
tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (264) 160.
Frigolito, 28.
Fringe Tree, 64.
Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, 63, 70,
77, 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91, 95-97, 103, 105,
110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131,
134, 135.
Fuel value, 141-143, 158-162.
Furniture, 6, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97, 98,
106, 108.
Geiger Tree, 64.
Genesee River, 84.
Genipa clusicefolia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14)
153, (14) 158.
Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52,
55, 57, 63, 65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122.
(Relating generally to limit of distribution.)
Georgia Bark, 52.
Georgian Bay, 95, 111.
Georgia Pine, 125.
Giant Cactus, 48
186
INDEX.
Gila River, 10, 26, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74.
Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131.
Ginger Pine, 108.
Glamberry, 7.
Glass-factories, 50.
Glaucous Willow, 101.
Gleditschia monosperma, 30; tables (87) 146,
(137) 154, (138) 159, (39) 163, (52) 166, (44)
169, (55) 173.
Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tables (86) 145,
(193) 155, (190) 160, (66) 163, (81) 166,
(99) 170, (164)174.
Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis, 29.
Gold Range, 115, 129, 134.
Goose-foot Maple, 20.
Gopher Plum, 50.
Gopher-wood, 28.
Gordonia' Lasianthus, 5; tables (14) 144,
(344) 156, (193) 164, (344) 161, (209) 168,
(225) 171, (253) 175.
Gordonia pubescens, 5; table (15)144.
Gout, 8, 10, 96, 100.
Graham, Mount, 127.
Grand Rapids, 102.
Grand River, 24.
Grape, Sea, 68.
Grape sugar, 32.
Gray Birch, 95, 97.
Gray Pine, 125.
Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118.
Great Bear Lake, 96, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134.
Great Laurel, 55.
Green Ash, 62.
Green-barked Acacia, 30.
Ground Ash, 63.
Guadalupe Island, 109.
Guadalupe Mountains, 37, 54, 84, 86, 115, 130.
Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 26, 33, 37, 59, 65, 71,
99, 136.
Guaiac, 8.
Guaiacum officinale, 7.
Guaia cum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144, (4) 153.
(3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 167, (11) 169, (1)
173.
Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8.
Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68)
153, (70) 158.
Guiana Plum, 70.
Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 126, 135.
Gulf States, 1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 36, 43,
44, 50, 53, 58-60, 62-64, 68, 72, 78, 80, 84,
90, 91, 93, 97, 104, 107, 111, 112, 122, 124-
126. (Often marking limit of distribution.)
Gums, 25, 50.
Gum-arabic, 32, 33.
Gum, Black, 50.
Gumbo Limbo, 10.
Gum Cotton, 50.
Gum Elastic, 57.
Gum Elemi, 10.
Gum, Red, 45.
Gum, Sour, 50.
Gum, Sweet, 45.
Gum, Tupelo, 50.
Gunpowder, 54, 99.
Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77.
Gurgeon Stopper, 47.
Guttiferce, 5.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145,
(175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167,
(211) 171, (170) 174.
Hackberry, 72.
Hackmatack, 134.
Hematuria, 99.
Halesia diptera, 60; tables (187) 147, (270)
155, (270) 160, (236) 165, (112) 167, (172)
170, (132) 174.
Halesia tetraptera, 60; tables (188) 147, (277)
155, (277) 160.
Halifax Bay, 123.
Hamamelaceai, 45, 46.
Hamamelis Vir<jinica, 45; tables (138) 146,
(185) 154, (182) 159.
Handles, 19-21, 39, 50, 53, 54, 59, 61, 62, 95.
H ird Maple, 21.
Hard Pine, 125.
Hats, wooden, 17.
Haw, Apple, 44.
Haw, Black, 52.
Haw, Hog's, 41.
Haw, May, 44.
Haw, Parsley, 43.
Haw, Pear, 42.
Haw, Purple, 15.
Haw, Red, 42, 44.
Haw, Scarlet, 42.
Haw, Small-fruited, 43.
Haw, Summer, 44.
Haw, Yellow, 44.
Hays County, Texas, 54.
Hazel, Witch, 45.
Heart-wood, 59.
Hedges, 74.
Hemlock, 129.
Hemorrhage, 59, 89.
Hernando County, Fla., 23.
Heteromeles arbuti folia, 44; tables (136) 146,
(34) 153, (31) 158.
Hickory, Big-bud, 78.
Hickory, Black, 78, 79.
Hickory. Brown, 79.
Hickory Elm, 71 .
Hickorv, Nutmeg, 79.
Hickorv, Pine, 118, 124.
Hickory, Shag-bark, 77.
Hickory, Shell-bark, 77.
Hickorv, Swamp, 79.
Hickory, Switch-bud, 79.
Hickory, Water, 79.
Hickory, White-heart, 78.
INDEX.
187
Hierro, Arbol de, 27.
High Mountains, 131.
Hlppomane Mancinella, 70; tables (221) 148,
(264) 155, (283) 1G0.
Hoarv Alder, 99.
Hog Plum, 11, 25, 35.
Hog's Haw, 41.
Holly, American, 12.
Hollv, California, 44.
Holly, Dahoon, 12.
Honey, G.
Honey Locust, 29, 31.
Honey Pod, 31.
Honey Shucks, 29.
Hoop Ash, G3.
Hoop-poles, 9G.
Hoops, 49, 63, 79.
Hop Hornbeam, 95.
Hops, substitute for, 10.
Hop Tree, 9.
Hornbeam, 95.
Hornbeam, Hop, 95.
Horse Plum, 34.
Horse Sugar, 59.
Hot Spring Mountains, 63.
Hot Spring Valley, 20.
House-flies, poison for, 29.
Hubs, 49, 50, 71, 72, 97.
Hudson's Bay (Hudson Bay), 35, 45, 51, 96,
103, 104, 125, 126, 131, 134* (Often marking
limit of distribution.)
Humber River, 39.
Humboldt County. Cal., 109.
Humboldt Range, 21.
Hummocks, 47, 53, 80, 91, 125.
Huron, Lake, 20, 40. 82, 94, 95, 97, 99.
Hydrocyanic acid, 11, 36.
Hypelate paniculata, 19; tables (56) 145,
'(23) 153, (23) 158, (59) 163, (14) 1GG. (21)
1G9.
Hypelate trifoliata, 19; tables (57) 145, (43)
153, (40) 158, (164) 170, (17) 173.
Idaho, 16, 21, 36, 38, 41, 98, 102, 104, 107,
113, 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132.
Ilex Cassine, 12; tables (35) 145, (148) 154,
(47) 159.
Ilex Dahoon, 12; tables (34) 144, (337)
156, (339) 161, (257) 168, (263) 171, (225)
175.
Ilex Dahoon, var. angusti folia, 12.
Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia, 12; tables (34)
144, (258) 155, (258) 160, (252) 165.
Ilex decidua, 13; tables (36) 145, (132) 154,
(135) 159.
Ilex opaca, 12; tables (33) 144, (261) 155,
(156) 174, (261) 160, (250) 165, (195) 167,
(188) 171.
Ilicin, 12.
Ilicinece, 12, 13.
Illinois, 2, 7, 13, 15, 30, 35, 39, 43, 45, 50, 53,
57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 90, 94,
96, 103, 104, 106, 112, 114, 124, 134. (Often
indicating limit of distribution.)
Illinois Nut, 77.
Indentation, power to resist, 173-176.
Indiana, 7, 12, 30, 45, 51, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83,
84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 112, 123, 134. (Often
indicating limit of distribution.)
Indian Bean, 65.
Indian Cherry, 15.
Indian Peninsula, 11.
Indian River, 22, 55-58, 73.
India-rubber Tree, 73.
Indians: Coast, 21; flour, 32; dried fruit, 49;
manufactures, 113; canoes, 107; food, 118.
Indian Territory, 6, 9, 15,- 17, 22, 24, 26, 29,
31, 36, 39, 42,' 45, 52, 58, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74,
76-79, 82, 84, 88-90, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 124.
(Often indicating limit of distribution.)
Infusions, 36, 40, 52.
Ink-wood, 19.
Inlaying, 24.
Insecticide, 108.
Interior finish, 23, 36, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76,
77, 81, 88, 106-108, 111, 114, 115, 128, 132.
Intermittent fever, 49, 52, 64, 104. (See
Fevers.)
Invo Mountains, 116.
Iowa, 4, 17, 35, 39, 58, 62, 69, 71, 76, 77, 83,
88, 95, 97, 102, 114.
Ithaca, N. Y., 23.
Iron Mountain, 13.
Iron Oak, 82.
Iron-wood, 13, 19, 27, 58.
Iron-wood, Black, 15.
Iron-wood, Red, 14.
Iron-wood, White, 19, 95.
Islay, 38.
Ivy] 55.
Jack, Black, 89, 90.
Jack, Blue, 92.
Jack, Fork -leaved Black, 90.
Jack Oak, 89.
Jack, Sand, 92.
Jacquinia armillaris, 56; tables (174) 147,
(173) 154, (189) 160.
Jamaica Dogwood, 28.
James Bay, 40, 106.
Japan, 98.
Jaws, for ships, 69.
Jersey Pine, 123.
Jesup, Morris K., vii, viii.
Jocko River, 36.
Joe-wood, 56.
Joshua, The, 137.
Joshua Tree, 137.
Judas Tree, 31.
Juglandacece, 76-80.
188
INDEX.
Juglans cinerea, 76; tables (238) 148, (397)
156, (396) 161, (187) 164, (245) 168, (217)
171, (260) 175.
Juglans nigra, 76; tables (239) 148, (242)
155, (242) 160, (65) 163, (113) 167, (45) 169,
(134) 174.
Jucjlans rupestris, 77; tables (240) 148, (203)
155, (207) 160, (222) 165, (244) 168, (167)
170, (149) 174.
June-berry, 45.
Juniper, 109, 110.
Juniperus Calif arnica, 109; tables (336) 150,
(234) 155, (234) 160.
Juniperus Calif ornica, var. Utahensis, 110;
tables (3361) 150, (283) 155, (282) 160.
Juniperus occidentalis, 110; tables (338) 150,
(265) 155, (262) 160, (144) 173.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens, 111 ;
tables (3382) 150, (179) 154,(176) 159, (217)
165, (286) 168, (80) 170, (51) 173.
Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma, 110;
tables (3381) i50, (161) 154, (161) 159.
Juniperus Pachyphlaza, 110; tables (337) 150,
(259) 155, (252) 160, (258) 165, (154) 167.
Juniperus Virginiana, 111; tables (339) 150,
(325) 156, (324) 161, (244) 165, (166) 167,
(195) 171, (183) 174.
Kalmia latifolia, 55; tables (170) 147,
(157) 154, (155) 159, (265) 165, (227) 168,
(177) 170, (69) 173.
Kamtschatka, 40.
Kansas, 4, 8, 14, 15, 17, 21, 29, 36, 39, 58, 61,
69, 74-79, 82, 84, 88-92, 95, 97, 111, 124.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Kentucky 2, 3, 7, 28-30, 66, 71, 72, 77. 83, 84,
90, 91,"93, 94, 97, 103, 104, 112, 122, 123.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 29.
Kern County, Cal., 134.
Kern River," 118.
Key Largo, 47, 135.
Key West, 5.
King Nut, 78.
King River, 118.
Klamath River, 39, 103, 110.
Knack-away, 65.
Knees, of vessels, 134.
Knob-cone Pine, 122.
Labrador, 35, 40, 45, 96, 101, 103, 120, 127,
131, 134. (Often indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Lacquer, 25.
Laguncularia racemosa, 47; tables (142) 147,
(100) 154, (165) 159, (225) 165, (272) 168,
(154) 170, (181) 174.
Lake County, Cal., 109.
Lancaster County, Pa., 82.
Lances, Indian, 49.
Lancewood, 69.
Larch, 134.
Larch, Black, 134.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, 2.
Large Tupelo, 50.
Largo, Key, 47. (See Key Largo.)
Larix Americana, 134; tables (401)152, (239)
155, (238) 160, (23) 163, (94) 167, (73) 109,
(226) 175.
Larix Lyallii, 135; table (403) 152.
Larix occidentalis, 134; tables (402) 152,
(135) 154, (130) 159, (1) 163, (7) 106, (15)
169, (191)174.
Larkin's Station, 116.
La Salle, 111., 114.
Lasts, 57.
Laths, 106.
Lauracece, 68, 69.
Laurel, Big, 1.
Laurel, California, 69.
Laurel, Great, 55.
Laurel, Mountain, 69.
Laurel Oak, 91, 92.
Laurel, Swamp, 1.
Laurel, Sweet, 1.
Laurel, White, 1.
Lawson's Cypress, 108.
Lead-pencils, 111.
Leather, 84, 128-131.
Leguminosai, 26-34.
Leuccena glauca, 32; tables (95) 146, (38) 153,
(41) 158.
Leuccena pulverulenta, 33; tables (96) 146,
(194) 155, (193) 160.
Levers, 39, 95.
Lever-wood, 95.
Libocedrus decurrens, 106; tables (326) 150,
(401) 150, (401) 101, (105) 104, (200) 108,
(200) 171, (255) 175.
Lignum-ritce, 7, 8.
Lignum Guaiaci, 7.
Liliacece, 136, 137.
Limbo, Gumbo, 10.
Limbs, artificial, 17.
Lime, Ogeechee, 50.
Lime Tree, 6.
Lime, Wild, 9, 10.
Limestone Hills, 111.
Limpia Mountains, 88, 92, 115.
Lin, 6.
Linden, American, 6.
Liqnidambar $tyraciflua, 45; tables (139)
146, (253) 155, (255) 100, (153) 164, (222)
168, (134) 170, (200) 175.
Liquidamber, 45.
Liriodendrin, a tonic, 3.
Liriodendron, 3.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 3; tables (8) 144,
(385) 156, (283) 101, (131) 104, (215) 108,
(242) 171, (273) 175.
INDEX.
189
Little River, 66.
Live Oak, 86-88.
Live Oak, Coast, 87.
Loblolly Bay, 5.
Loblolly Pine, 122.
Locust, 26, 27.
Locust, Black, 26, 29.
Locust-borer, 27.
Locust, Clammy, 27.
Locust, Honey, 29, 31.
Locust, Sweet, 29.
Locust, Water, 30.
Locust, Yellow, 26.
Lodge-pole Pine, 120.
Logwood, 15.
Long Island, 15, 74, 89, 90, 96, 97, 104, 123.
Long Island Sound, 58.
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree, 3.
Long-leaved Pine, 125.
Lost Man's River, 46, 67.
Louisiana, 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 30, 31,
39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 64, 66, 72,
77, 80, 83, 84, 104, 124-126. (Often indi-
cating the limit of distribution.)
Lumber, 46, 106, 108, 112, 115-123, 125-128.
130, 132-135.
Lumbermen, 129. 131.
Lysiloma latisiliqua, 34; tables (100) 146,
(219) 155, (222) 160, (292) 165, (264) 168,
(122) 170, (159) 174.
Machinery, bearings, 17, 40, 49, 54.
Mackenzie River, 89, 101, 103, 115, 121, 125-
127, 134.
Madura aurantiaca, 74: tables (234) 148,
(100) 154, (99) 159, (122) 164, (27) 166, (4)
169, (24) 173.
Madeira-wood, 11.
Madrona, 54.
Magnolia, 1, 2.
Magnolia cexz, 1-3.
Magnolia acuminata, 2; tables (3) 144, (347)
156, (346) 161, (129) 164, (208) 168, (197)
171, (233) 175.
Magnolia cordata, 2; tables (4) 144, (391)
156, (390) 161, (125) 164, (243) 168, (200)
171, (261) 175.
Magnolia Fraseri, 3; tables (7) 144, (318) 156,
(318) 161, (120) 164, (185) 167, (190) 171,
(212) 175.
Magnolia glauca, 1; tables (2)144, (316) 156,
(315) 161, (133) 164, (170) 167, (181) 170,
(246) 175.
Magnolia grandiflora, 1 ; tables (1) 144, (226)
155, (223) 160,(139) 161, (139) 167, (118)
170, (131) 174.
Magnolia macrophylla, 2; tables (5) 144,
(296) 156, (296) 161, (41) 163, (191) 167,
(110) 170, (262) 175.
Magnolia, Mountain, 2.
Magnolia Umbrella, 2, 3; tables (6) 144, (368)
156, (367) 161, (213) 165, (250) 168, (247)
171, (271) 175.
Mahogany, 11.
Mahogany Birch 97.
Mahogany, Mountain, 38, 39.
Maine, 50, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 107,
125, 127. (Often indicating the limit of
production.)
Malabar, Cape, 4, 5, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 111, 122.
(Often indicating the limit of distribution.)
Malarial fever, 49. (See Fevers.)
Mallets, 40.
Malpighiaceai, 7.
Manatee, 24.
Manchineel, 70.
Manchineel, Mountain, 25.
Manchuria, 98.
Mangrove, 46, 47.
Mangrove, Black, 67.
Mangrove, Red, 67.
Mangrove, White, 47.
Manitoba, 23, 42.
Manitoba, Lake, 34. .
Maple, Ash-leaved, 23.
Maple, Bird's-eye, 22.
Maple, Broad-leaved, 20.
Maple, Curled, 22.
Maple, Dwarf, 21.
Maple, Goose-foot, 20.
Maple, Hard, 21.
Maple, Mountain, 20.
Maple, Red, 22.
Maple, Silver, 22.
Maple, Soft, 22.
Maple, Striped, 20.
Maple, Sugar, 21.
Maple, Swamp, 22.
Maple, Vine, 21.
Maple, Water, 22.
Maple, White, 22.
Maple-sugar, 22, 23.
Marl-berry, 56.
Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 82
Maryland, 25, 98.
Massachusetts, 1, 8, 12, 42, 69, 76, 82, 84, 91,
97, 99, 118. (Often indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Mastic, 56.
Matagorda Bay, 9, 28, 53, 59, 136.
Matanzas Inlet, 30, 36, 90.
Match-boxes, 97.
Matches, 114, 108.
Materia Medica, American, 2.
Mathematical instruments, 54.
Matting, 6.
Maul Oak, 87.
Mauls, 40, 41, 50.
May Cherry, 45.
May Haw, 44.
Meadow Pine, 126.
190
INDEX.
Medicine, 2, 3, 5, 14. 16, 71.
Meliacece, 11.
Mendocino, Cape, 113.
Mendocino County, 16, 18, 44, 87, 114, 120,
124, 128. (Often indicating the limit of
distribution.)
Meramec River, 15.
Merrimac River, 97.
Mesquit, 31.
Mesquit, Screw-pod, 32.
Metacombe Key, 4, 14.
Mexican Banana, 137.
Mexican Mulberry, 74.
Mexican Persimmon, 59.
Mexicans, 137.
Mexico, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23, 26, 30-33, 39, 45, 51,
54, 56-62, 64, 66, 74, 75, 85, 86, 98, 109,
110, 117, 119, 130, 136, 137. (Often indi-
cating line or limit of distribution.)
Miami, Fla., 25, 48, 66.
Michigan, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 40, 42, 50, 62, 69,
71, 72, 74, 76-80, 82-84, 88, 92, 94-96, 104,
106, 111, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 131. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Michigan, Lake, 3, 114, 125.
Mimusops Sieberi, 58; tables (183) 147, (9)
153, (10) 158, (100) 164, (82) 166, (141) 170,
(19) 173.
Minnesota, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40,
49, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 89, 95-97, 99,
104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 134.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Minnesota River, 29.
Mississippi, 2, 3, 13, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 60, 61,
65, 71, 72, 75-77, 83, 84, 88-90, 107, 125.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Mississippi Basin, 45, 51, 94, 101, 112.
Mississippi Delta, 46.
Mississippi River, 1, 3, 5, 14, 23, 26, 62, 67,
73-75, 80, 82, 85, 101, 124, 125. (Often in-
dicating line or limit of distribution.)
Mississippi Valley, 12, 13.
Missouri, 3, 8. 13, 15, 22, 24, 25, 31, 41, 42,
50-53, 58, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 83, 84, 88,
90, 91, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 112, 124. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Missouri River, 14, 34, 36, 102.
Mobile Bay, 54, 57, 91, 107.
Mocker-nut. 78.
Mock Orange, 37.
Mogollon Range, 133.
Mohave Desert, 137.
Mohave Mountains, 27.
Mohave River, 137.
Montana, 14, 16, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 41, 62, 82,
96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 115, 110, 119,
121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Monte Diablo, 121.
Monterey, 108, 121.
Monterey Bay, 80, 113.
Monterey County, 112.
Monterey Cypress, 108.
Monterey Pine, 121.
Moose Elm, 71.
Moose-wood, 20.
Moras microphylla, 74; tables (233) 148, (101)
154, (101) 159.
Morus rubra, 74; tables (232) 148, (255) 155,
(256) 160, (179) 164, (147) 167, (187.) 171,
(153) 174.
Mosquito Inlet, 1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 46, 47, 56,
58, 67, 68, 91, 112. (Limit of distribution.)
Mossy-cup Oak, 82.
Moulds, 97.
Mountain Ash, 40.
Mountain Laurel, 69.
Mountain Magnolia, 2.
Mountain Mahogany, 38, 39.
Mountain Manchineel, 25.
Mountain Maple, 20.
Mountain Plum, 11.
Mountain White Oak, 85.
Mulberry, Mexican, 74.
Mulberry, Red, 74.
Myginda pallens, 14; tables (40) 145, (46)
153, (48) 158.
Myvicacece, 80.
Myrica Calif ornica, 80; tables (250) 149,
(195) 155, (191) 160, (104) 164, (49) 166,
(79) 170, (142) 174.
Myrica cerifera, 80 ; tables (249) 149, (270)
155, (276) 160, (144) 164, (124) 167, (161)
170, (189) 175.
Jlfyrsinacece, 55, 56.
Myrsine Rapanea, 55; tables (172) 147, (67)
153, (68) 158.
Myrtaceai, 47, 48.
Myrtle, Blue, 16.
Myrtle, Wax, 80.
Naked Wood, 17, 47.
Nanny-berry, 51.
Narcotics, 28.
Nastapohee Sound, 126.
Natchez, Miss., 1.
Nebraska, 6, 8, 22, 29, 31, 42, 61, 71, 74-70,
78, 79, 81, 84, 89, 92, 99, 102, 111. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Neches River, 50, 94.
Necklace Poplar, 105.
Nectandra Willdenoviana, 68; tables (216)
148, (104) 154, (102) 159.
Negundo aceroides, 23; tables (67) 145, (378)
156, (377) 161, (267) 165, (270) 168, (284)
171, (284) 175.
Negundo Calif ornicum, 23; tables (68) 145,
(335) 156, (336) 161, (119) 164, (137) 167,
(163) 170, (234) 175.
INDEX.
191
Nelson River, 40.
' Nestucca River, 133.
Net-floats, 51.
Nevada, 21, 31, 32, 38, 61, 103, 105, 106, 110,
111, 116, 118, 119, 137. (Often indicating
line or limit of distribution.)
New Braunfels, 18, 65.
New Brunswick, 6, 22, 24, 42, 49, 55, 61, 76,
82, 88, 95, 97, 99, 104, 100, 111, 122, 129.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Newcastle Thorn, 42.
New England, 3, 24, 25, 34, 40, 45, 49, 55,
74, 99, 104, 105. (Often indicating line or
limit of distribution.)
Newfoundland, 21, 40, 42, 63, 71, 96, 97, 99,
103, 112, 118, 126, 127, 131, 134. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New Hampshire, 75.
New Jersey, 1, 92.
New Mexico, 9, 15, 16. 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 28,
31-33, 37-42, 61. 64, 66, 74, 75, 77, 82, 85,
87, 92, 96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109-
111, 115-117, 119-121, 133, 137. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
New York, 2-4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 39, 51, 55, 58,
71, 74, 84, 88-91, 96, 97, 100, 106, 123, 124.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Niagara River, 9.
Nipigon, Lake, 114, 118.
No Name Key, 48.
North America, 17, 41, 43, 57, 71, 75, 77, 103,
114.
North Atlantic States, 90.
North Carolina, 1-3, 6, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 37,
40, 53, 57, 68, 72, 79, 83, 90-92, 97, 104,
100, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Northeastern States, 40.
Northern States, 20, 24, 42, 49, 51, 55, 63, 95,
97, 104, 106, 114, 118, 126, 129, 131, 134.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Northport, L. I., 104.
North, the, 88, 106.
Northwest, the, 89.
Norway Pine, 118.
Nova Scotia, 55, 01, 82, 88, 94, 95, 97, 104,
129. (Often indicating line or limit of dis-
tribution.)
Nueces River, 9, 33, 51, 65, 79, 82, 90, 112.
(Often indicating line or limit of distribu-
tion.)
Nutmeg, California, 114.
Nutmeg, Hickory, 79.
■ Nut, Illinois, 77.
Nut Pine, 116, 117.
Nuts, 77, 78, 94.
Nut, Tallow, 11.
Nyctaginacece, 67.
Nyssa aquatica, 50.
Nyssa capitata, 50; tables (153) 147, (354)
156, (352) 161, (240) 165, (198) 167, (175)
170, (176) 174.
Nyssa sylvatica, 50; tables (154) 147, (227)
155, (224) 160, (184) 164, (118) 167, (131)
170, (133) 174.
Nyssa uniflora, 50; tables (155) 147, (303)
156, (305) 161, (282) 165, (217) 168, (249)
171, (168) 174.
Oaks, American, 83.
Oak, Bartram's, 92.
Oak, Basket, 84.
Oak, Black, 87-89.
Oak, Blue, 85.
Oak, Bur, 82.
Oak, Chestnut, 84, 93.
Oak, Chinquapin, 84.
Oak, Coast Live, 87.
Oak, Cow, 84.
Oak, Duck, 91.
Oak, Iron, 82.
Oak, Jack, 89.
Oak, Laurel, 91, 92.
Oak, Live, 86-88.
Oak, Maul, 87.
Oak, Mossy-cup, 82.
Oak, Mountain White, 85.
Oak openings, 83.
Oak, Over-cup, 82, 83.
Oak, Peach, 93.
Oak, Pin, 91.
Oak, Possum, 91.
Oak, Post, 82.
Oak, Punk, 91.
Oak, Quercitron, 89.
Oak, Red, 88, 90.
Oak, Rock Chestnut, 84.
Oak, Scarlet, 88.
Oak, Scrub, 82, 90.
Oak, Shingle, 92.
Oak, Spanish, 90.
Oak, Swamp Post, 83.
Oak, Swamp Spanish, 91.
Oak, Swamp White, 83.
Oak, Tan-bark, 93.
Oak, Turkey, 90.
Oak, Upland Willow, 92.
Oak, Valparaiso, 87.
Oak, Water, 91.
Oak, Water White, 83.
Oak, Weeping, 81.
Oak, White, 80, 81, 83-85.
Oak, Willow, 93.
Oak, Yellow, 84, 89.
Oak, Yellow-bark, 89.
Oars, 61.
Obispo Pine, 124.
Ogeechee Lime, 50.
192
INDEX.
Ogeechee River, 50.
Ohio, 39, 58, 71, 89, 100. (Often indicating
line or limit of distribution.)
Ohio Basin, 59, 61.
Ohio Buckeye, 17.
Ohio River," 15, 22, 29, 74, 75, 81, 89, 104.
Ointment, 4G.
Olaeineai, 11.
Old-field Birch, 95.
Old-field Pine, 122.
Old Man's Beard, 64.
Old World, 46.
OleacecB, 60-64.
Olive, California, 69.
Olnetja Tesota, 27; tables (80) 145, (12) 153,
(13) 158, (149) 164, (160) 167, (248) 171,
(2) 173.
Ontario, Canada, 3, 4, 22, 24, 29, 36, 39, 42,
45. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74-76, 79, 80, 82-84,
88, 89, 94, 97, 104. (Often indicating line
or limit of distribution.)
Ontario, Lake, 20, 75, 77, 78, 84, 95, 122.
Orange, Mock, 37.
Orange, Osage, 74.
Orange, Wild, 8, 37.
Oregon, 16, 20, 21, 36-38, 40-42, 49, 51, 54,
63, 69, 73, 80, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100-102,
105-108, 110-112, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122,
127, 128, 130-134. (Often indicating line
or limit of distribution.)
Oregon Ash, 63.
Oregon Cedar, 108.
Oregon Coast, 69, 107.
Oregon Crab Apple, 40.
Oregon Pine, 130.
Oreodoxaregia, 136; tables (408) 152, (245)
155, (252) 160.
Orford, Port, Cedar, 108.
Organ Mountains, 18.
Osage, Fort, 102.
Osage Orange, 74.
Osmanthus Americanus, 64; tables (201) 148,
(81) 154, (79) 158, (28) 163, (42) 166, (62)
169, (80) 174.
Ostrya Virginica, 95 ; tables (292) 149,(73) 153,
(71) 158, (15) 163, (25) 166, (67) 169,(91) 174.
Ottawa River, 95.
Outside finish, 129. (See Inside finish.)
Over-cup Oak, 82, 83.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 54; tables (169) 147,
(126) 154, (125) 159, (143) 164, (172) 167,
(96) 170, (123) 174.
Ox-yokes, 50, 69, 75, 79, 97.
Pacific Coast States, 101.
Pacific forests, 40, 69, 87, 119.
Pacific oaks, 81.
Pacific Region, 37, 40, 96, 99, 100, 103, 119.
Packing-cases, 105, 132, 133.
Paddles, 113.
Palmce, 135, 136.
Palma Garberi, 136.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 135.
Palmetto, Silk-top, 136.
Palmetto, Silver-top, 136.
Palm, Fan-leaf, 135.
Palm, Royal, 136.
Paolo Verde, 30.
Papaw, 4.
Paper Birch, 96.
Paper pulp, 6, 17, 23, 105, 137.
Paradise Tree, 10.
Parasitic tree, 73.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 30; tables (90) 146,
(241) 155, (247) 160.
Parkinsonia microphylla, 30; tables (89) 146,
(130) 154, (152) 159.
Parkinsonia Torreyana, 30; tables (88) 146,
(208) 155, (209) 160, (271) 165, (267) 168,
(191) 171, (95) 174.
Parras, Mexico, 57.
Parsley Haw, 43.
Pavements, 46.
Paving-blocks, 75.
Peace River, 101, 127.
Peach Oak, 93.
Peach, Wild, 37.
Pear Haw, 42.
Pearl River, 2, 3, 13, 107, 125, 126.
Pease Creek, 4, 28, 71, 79, 90, 92, 123.
Pecan, 77.
Pecan Butter, 79.
Pecos River, 26, 60.
Pegs, 22, 96.
Pencils, 111.
Pend d' Oreille Region, 115.
Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 7, 9, 17, 23, 26, 29, 31,
35, 39, 51, 54, 64, 78, 82, 92, 94, 96, 103,
106, 114, 118, 124, 126, 131, 134. (Often
indicating line or limit of distribution.)
Penobscot River, 82.
Pensacola Bay, 123.
Pepperidge, 50.
Pepper-wood, 8.
Persea Carolinensis, 68; tables (215) 148,
(216) 155, (215) 160, (170) 164, (93) 167,
(50) 169, (127) 174.
Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris, 68; tables
(2151) 148, (221) 155, (217) 160, (163) 164,
(121) 167, (245) 171, (139) 174.
Persimmon, 58.
Persimmon, Black, 59.
Persimmon, Mexican, 59.
Peru, 37.
Pescadero Bav, 123.
Picea alba, 127; tables (383) 151, (399) 156,
(400) 161, (96) 164, (163) 167, (269) 171,
(294) 175.
Picea Engehnanni, 127; tables (384) 151,
(422) 157, (423) 162, (191) 164, (256) 168,
(306) 172, (289) 175.
INDEX.
193
Picea nigra, 126, 127; tables (382) 151,
156, (355) 161, (62) 163, (162) 167,
171, (286) 175.
Picea pungens, 128; tables (385) 151,
157, (413) 162, (272) 165, (290) 168,
172, (281) 175.
Picea rubra, 127.
Picea Sitchensis, 128; tables (386) 151,
156, (378) 161, (105) 164, (223) 168,
171, (295) 176.
Picea species, 128.
Pigeon Cherry, 35.
Pigeon Plum, 67.
Pigeon-wood, 67.
Pig-nut, 79.
Pike's Peak, 34, 110, 117, 133.
Piles, 118, 127, 136. (See Wharf-piles.
Pill-boxes, 97.
Pinckneya pubens,h2; tables (161) 147,
155, (292) 160, (237) 165, (300) 168,
172, (241) 175.
Pine, Bastard, 126.
Pine, Bishop's, 124.
Pine, Black, 120.
Pine, Bull, 119-121, 124.
Pine, Cedar, 125.
Pine, Digger, 121.
Pine, Eastern white, 115.
Pine, Foxtail, 118.
Pine, Georgia, 125.
Pine, Ginger, 108.
Pine, Gray, 125.
Pine, Hard, 125.
Pine, Hickory, 118, 124.
Pine, Jersey, 123.
Pine, Knob-cone, 122.
Pine, Loblolly, 122.
Pine, Lodge-pole, 120.
Pine, Long-leaved, 125.
Pine, Meadow, 126.
Pine, Monterey, 121.
Pine, Norway, 118.
Pine, Nut, 116, 117.
Pine, Obispo, 124.
Pine, Old-tield, 122.
Pine, Oregon, 130.
Pine, Pitch, 122.
Pine, Pond, 123.
Pine, Prince's, 125.
Pine, Red, 1 18.
Pine, Iiosemary, 122.
Pine, Sand, 123.
Pine, Scrub, 120, 123.
Pine, Short-leaved, 124.
Pine, Slash, 126.
Pine, Southern, 125.
Pine, Spruce, 120. 123-125.
Pine, Sugar, 115.
Pine, Swamp, 126.
Pine, Table-mountain, 124.
Pine, Weymouth, 114.
(357) | Pine, White, 114-110, 125.
(204) ] Pine, Yellow, 119, 124, 125.
Pin Oak, 91.
(412) Pinon, 110, 117.
(310) Pinos Altos Mountains, 41.
Pinus albicaulis, 116, 135; tables (351) 151,
(389) 156, (387) 161, (306) 165, (252) 108,
(379) (279)171,(236) 175.
(261) Ptnus Arizonica, 119; tables (360) 151, (315)
156, (313) 161, (180) 164, (220) 168, (235)
171, (242) 175.
Pinus Balfouriana, 118; tables (357) 151,
(289) 155, (288) 160, (262) 165, (298) 168,
(273) 171, (185) 174.
Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata, 118; tables
(3571) 151, (281) 155, (279) 160, (229) 165,
(219) 168, (282) 171, (197) 175.
Pinus Banksiana, 125; tables (379) 151, (339)
(291) 150, (340) 161, (124) 164, (221) 168, (213)
(304) 171, (250) 175.
Pinus cembruides, 117; tables (354) 151, (211)
155, (212) 100.
Pinus Chihuahuana, 120; tables (363) 151,
(286) 155, (285) 160, (224) 105. (117) 167,
(274) 171, (177) 174.
Pinus elausa, 123; tables (374) 151, (279) 155,
(278) 160, (275) 1G5, (277) 168, (241) 171,
(202) 175.
Pinus contorta, 120, 125; tables (364) 151,
(262) 155, (260) 160, (4) 163, (63) 166, (57)
169, (182) 174.
Pinus Coulteri, 121; tables (367) 151, (393)
156, (391) 161, (46) 163, (155) 167, (246)
171, (259) 175.
Pinus Cubensis, 126; tables (381) 151, (117)
154, (116) 159, (5) 163, (18 i 166, (23) 169,
(145) 174.
Pinus edulis, 117, tables (355) 151, (223) 155,
(219) 160, (299) 165, (291) 168, (265) 171,
(112) 174.
Pinus flexihs, 115; tables (350)151, (376) 156,
(375) 161, (242) 167, (233) 168, (265) 171,
(232) 175.
Ptnus glabra, 125; tables (378) 151, (104) 156,
(405) 102, (296) 165, (278) 168, (296) 172,
(240) 175.
Pinus inops, 123; tables (373) 151, (297) 156,
(295) 160, (276) 265, (214) 168, (253) 171,
(175) 174.
Pinus insignis, 121; tables (368) 151, (358)
156, (357) 161, (106) 164, (167) 167, (194)
171, (308) 172, (243) 175.
Pinus Jeffreyi, 120; tables (362) 151, (302)
156, (303) 161, (130) 164, (164) 167, (193)
171, (223) 175.
Pinus Lambertiana, 115; tables (349) 151,
(414) 157, (414) 162, (194) 164, (247) 168,
(276) 171, (283) 175.
Pinus mitis, 124; tables (377) 151, (243) 155,
(241) 160, (13) 163, (48) 166, (127) 170,
(204) 175.
13
194
INDEX.
Pinus monophylla, 117; tables (356) 151, (271)
155, (275) 100, (297) 105, (307) 108, (303)
172, (103) 174.
Pinus monticola, 115; tables (318) 151, (406)
157, (400) 102, (118) 104, (239) 108, (277)
171, (302) 176.
Pinus muricata, 124; tables (370) 151, (322)
150, (322) 101, (37) 163, (51) 166, (90) 170,
(214) 175.
Pinus Murrayana, 120, 125; tables (365) 151,
(395) 156, (394) 161, (204) 105, (200) 168,
(278) 171, (208) 175.
Pinus palustris, 122, 125, 120; tables (380)
151, (108) 154, (107) 159, (7) 163, (20) 100,
(29) 109, (178) 174.
Pinus Parry ana, 116; tables (353) 151, (272)
155, (272) 160, (307) 165, (295) 168, (272)
171, (136) 174.
Pinus ponderosa, 119; tables (361) 151, (345;
156. (342) 161, (146) 164, (179) 167, (236)
171, (237) 175.
Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, 119.
Pinus punrjens, 124; tables (375) 151, (323)
156, (323) 161, (192) 164, (174) 167, (259)
171, (224) 175.
Pinus reflexa, 116; tables (352) 151, (330)
156, (328) 161, (134) 164, (151) 165, (112)
170, (205) 175.
Pinus resinosa. 118; tables (358) 151, (332)
156, (331) 161, (50) 163, (136) 167, (147)
170, (270) 175.
Pinus rirjida, 122; tables (371) 151, (308)156,
(308) 161, (268) 165, (168) 167, (258) 171,
(199) 175.
Pinus Sabiniana, 121; tables (366) 151, (334)
156, (334) 161, (264) 165, (145) 167, (275)
171, (194) 175.
Pinus serotina, 123; tables (372)151, (91) 154,
(87) 159, (40) 163, (19) 166, (92) 170, (45)
173.
Pinus Strobus, 114, 115; tables (347) 151,
(408) 157, (409) 162, (161) 164, (232) 168,
(271) 171, (293) 175.
Pinus Tceda, 122; tables (370) 151, (288) 155,
(286) 160, (51) 163, (100) 167, (179) 170,
(238) 175.
Pinus Torreyana, 118; tables (359) 151, (329)
156, (329) 161, (277) 165, (156) 167, (294)
171, (186) 175.
Pinus tuberculata, 122; tables (369) 151, (420)
157, (421) 162, (298) 165, (299) 168, (269)
175.
Piscidia, Erythrina, 28; tables (81) 145, (53)
153, (61) 158, (162) 164, (158) 167, (37) 169,
(29) 173.
Pisonia obtusata, 67; tables (212) 148, (209)
155, (244) 160, (291) 165, (306) 168, (288)
171, (231) 175.
Pistacia Mexicana, 26; table (74) .145.
Pitch, 120.
Pitch Pine, 122.
Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, 34; tables (101)
146, (45) 153, (40) 158.
Placer County, Cab, 112.
Planera aquatica, 72; tables (227) 148, (299)
150, (300) 101, (273) 165, (236) 168, (216)
171, (187) 175.
Plane-stocks, 59, 95.
Platanacem, 75, 76.
Plata nus occidentalis, 75; tables (235) 148,
(271) 155, (271) 160, (152) 164, (231) 108,
(151) 170, (160) 174.
Platanus racemosa, 75; tables (236) 148, (328)
156, (332) 161, (255) 165, (262) 108, (283)
171, (257) 175.
Platanus Wrightii, 75; tables (237) 148, (343)
156, (347) 161, (294) 165, (294) 168, (281)
171, (221) 175.
Plates, 46.
Platte River, 82.
Ploughs, 93.
Plum, Canada, 34.
Plum. Chickasaw, 35.
Plum, Cocoa, 34.
Plum, Darling, 14.
Plum, Downward, 58.
Plum, Gopher, 50.
Plum, Guiana, 70.
Plum, Hog, 11. 25, 35.
Plum, Horse, 34.
Plum, Mountain, 11.
Plum, Pigeon, 67.
Plum, Saffron, 58.
Plum, Wild, 34.
Pod, Honev, 31.
Pods, 32.
Poison Elder, 25.
Poison, for fish, 28, 29.
Poison Sumach, 25.
Poison-wood, 25, 70.
Polyf/onacecB, 67, 68.
Pond Apple, 4.
Pond Pine, 123.
Pond's Extract, 45.
Poplar, 104.
Poplar, Carolina, 105.
Poplar, Necklace, 105.
Poplar, Yellow, 3.
Pojndus angustifolia, 105; tables (322) 150,
(405) 157, (407) 162, (293) 165, (301) 108,
(305) 172, (288) 175.
Populus balsamifera, 104; tables (321) 150,
(416) 157, (415) 162, (159) 164, (266) 168,
(285) 171, (290) 175.
Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, 104;
tables (3211) 150, (390) 156, (389) 161,
(220) 165, (240) 168, (301) 172, (304)
176.
Populus Fremontii, 106; tables (325) 150,
(326) 156, (327) 161, (78) 163, (190) 167,
(239) 171, (206) 175.
Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni, 106; tables
INDEX.
195
(3251) iso, (351) 156, (356) 161, (168) 164,
(194) 167, (243) 171, (251) 175.
Populus grandidentata, 104; tables (319) 150,
(350) 156, (351) 161, (114) 164, (178) 167,
(255) 171, (309) 170.
Populus heterophylla, 104; tables (320) 150,
(396) 156, (397) 161, (226) 165, (225) 168,
(298) 172, (267) 175.
Populus monilifera, 105; tables (324) 150,
(407) 157, (408) 162, (103) 164, (150) 167,
(260) 171, (272) 175.
Populus tremuloides, 103; tables (318) 150,
(400) 156, (402) 161, (185) 164, (205) 168,
(280) 171, (280) 175.
Populus trichocarpa, 104, 105; tables (323)
156, (410) 157, (412) 162, (57) 163, (211)
168, (222) 171, (308) 176.
Pork-wood, 67.
Porliera angustifolia, 8; tables (21) 144, (7)
153, (6) 158.
Port Orford Cedar, 108.
Porto Rico, 7.
Possum Oak, 91.
Post Cedar, 106.
Post Oak, 82.
Post Oak, Swamp, 83.
Posts, 19, 26, 29, 32, 65, 94, 95, 107, 108, 111,
112, 127, 135.
Potash, 22.
Poteau River, 95.
Potomac River, 101.
Poultices, 6.
Prickly Ash, 8.
Prince's Pine, 125.
Privet, 63.
Prosojris juliflora, 31; tables (93) 146, (108)
154, (115) 159, (266) 165, (281) 168, (42)
169, (27) 173.
Prosopis pubescens, 32; tables (94) 146, (112)
154, (113) 159, (178) 164, (96) 167, (19) 169,
(31) 173.
Prunus Americana, 34 ; tables (103) 146, (152)
154, (150) 159, (177) 164, (107) 167, (43) 169,
(111) 174.
Prunus angustifolia, 35; tables (104) 146,
(183) 154, (179) 159, (259) 165, (285) 168,
(208) 171, (198) 175.
Prunus Capuli, 37; tables (109) 146, (95) 154,
(90) 159, (70) 169, (61) 173.
Prunus Caroliniana, 37; tables (111) 146,
(55) 153, (51) 158, (126) 164, (80) 166, (53)
169, (35) 173.
Prunus demissa, 37; tables (110) 146, (171)
154, (170) 159, (206) 165, (193) 167, (89)
170, (81) 174.
Prunus emarginata, 36.
Prunus emarginata, var. mollis, 36; tables
(107) 146, (367) 156, (366) 161, (155) 164,
(203) 168, (140) 170, (279) 175.
Prunus ilicifolia, 38 ; tables (113) 146, (21) 153,
(17)158,(218)165, (141)167,(66)169,(42)173.
Prunus Pennsylvania, 35; tables (105) 146,
(317) 156, (317) 161, (202) 171, (245) 175.
Prunus serotina, 36; tables (108) 146, (260)
155, (259) 159, (157) 164, (119) 167, (61) 169,
(119) 174.
Prunus sphmrocarpa, 37; tables (112) 146,
(48) 153, (42) 158.
Prunus umbellata, 35; tables (106) 146, (78)
153, (72) 158, (101) 170, (28) 173.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, 119, 130; tables (391)
151, (307) 156,' (306) 161, (20) 163, (101)
167, (86) 170, (252) 175.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, 131 ;
tables (3911) (359) 156, (358) 161, (79)
163, (115) 167, (139) 170, (247) 175.
Ptelia trifoliata, 9; tables (26) 144, (70) 153,
(65) 158.
Puget Sound, 16, 63, 81, 101, 105.
Pulmonary consumption, 36. 107. (SeeThroat.)
Pump-logs, 123. (See Water-pipes.)
Pumps, 2, 3.
Punk Oak, 91.
Purgatives, 25, 27. (See Diuretics.)
Purgatory River, 27.
Purple Haw, 15.
Pyrus Americana, 40; tables (120) 146, (287)
155, (289) 160, (237) 171, (220) 175.
Pyrus angustifolia, 39; tables (118) 146, (181)
154, (177) 159.
Pyrus aucuparia, 40.
Pyrus coronaria, 39; tables (117) 146, (166)
154, (166) 159, (251) 165, (282) 168, (189)
171, (78) 174.
Pyrus rivulans, 40; tables (119) 146, (71) 153,
(67) 158.
Pyrus stmbucifolia, 40; tables (121) 146,
(252) 155, (251) 160, (254) 165, (292) 168,
(231) 171, (235) 175.
Quercus agrifolta, 87 ; tables (270) 149,
(74) 153, (74) 158, (116) 164, (79) 166, (138)
170, (87) 174.
Quercus alba, 80, 83, 83; tables (251) 149,
(124) 154, (123) 159, (111) 164, (89) 167,
(87) 170, (109) 174.
Quercus aquatica, 91 ; tables (280) 149, (151)
154, (148) 159, (29) 163, (41) 166, (98) 170,
(130) 174.
Quercus bicolor, 83; tables (258) 149, (107)
154, (105) 159, (138) 164, (85) 166, (109)
170, (103) 174.
Quercus Catesbcei, 90; tables (278) 149, (141)
154, (143) 159, (85) 163, (43) 166. (144) 170,
(94) 174.
Quercus chrysolepis, 87; tables (268) 149, (61)
153, (59) 158, (33) 163, (4) 166, (65) 169,
(36) 173.
Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifolia, 87.
Quercus cinerea, 92; tables (283) 149, (218)
155, (220) 160, (210) 165, (62) 166, (157)
170, (125) 174.
196
INDEX.
Quercus coccinea, 88; tables (273) 149, (136)
154, (131) 159, (70) 103, (40) 166, (93) 170,
(121) 174.
Quercus densiflora, 93; tables (287) 149, (187)
154, (188) 159, (113) 164, (74) 166, (128) 170,
(100) 174.
Quercus Douglasii, 85 ; tables (262) 149, (51)
153, (45) 158, (203) 165, (60) 166, (55) 169,
(20) 173.
Quercus Durandii, 86; tables (266) 149, (24)
153, (26) 158, (172) 164, (61) 166, (76) 169,
(41) 173.
Quercus Emoryi, 87 ; tables (269) 149, (37)
153, (37) 158, (253) 165, (188) 167, (185)
170, (12) 173.
Quercus falcata, 90; tables (277) 149, (176)
154, (171) 159, (11) 163, (13) 166, (38) 169,
(124) 174.
Quercus Garry ana, 81; tables (253)149, (129)
154, (126) 159, (190) 164, (103) 167, (91)
170, (85) 174.
Quercus grisea, 85; tables (264) 149, (16)
153, (15) 158, (215) 165, (78) 166, (124) 170,
(23) 173.
Quercus heterophylla, 92; tables (282) 149,
(186) 154, (183) 159, (30) 163, (36) 166,
(199) 171, (150) 174.
Quercus hypoleuca, 92; tables (284) 149, (88)
154, (88) 159, (121) 164, (31) 166, (293) 171,
(63) 173.
Quercus imbricaria, 92; tables (285) 149, (115)
154, (114) 159, (33) 163, (8) 166, (59) 169,
(96) 174.
Quercus Kelloggii, 89; tables (275) 149, (215)
155, (213) 160, (212) 165, (152) 167, (156)
170, (158) 174.
Quercus laurifolia, 91: tables (281) 149, (106)
154, (107) 159, (25) 163, (15) 166, (82) 170,
(75) 173.
Quercus lobata, 81; tables (252) 149, (133)
154, (132) 159, (228) 165, (108) 167, (182)
170, (143) 174.
Quercus lyrata, 83; tables (57) 149, (72) 153,
(69) 158, (17) 163, (54) 166, (106) 170, (77)
174.
Quercus macrocarpa, 82, 89 ; tables (256) 149,
(128) 154, (129) 159, (128) 164, (68) 166,
(107) 170, (88) 174.
Quercus Michauxii, 84; tables (259) 149, (85)
154, (84) 159, (112) 164, (30) 166, (121) 170,
(89) 174.
Quercus Muhlenbergii, 85.
Quercus nigra, 89; tables (276) 149, (139) 154,
(141) 159, (109) 164, (46) 166, (104) 170,
(50) 173.
Quercus oblongifolia, 85; tables (263) 149,
(28) 153, (35) 158, (158) 164, (180) 167, (174)
170, (11) 173.
Quercus obtusiloba, 82, 90; tables (254) 149,
(66) 153, (64) 158, (175) 164, (104) 167, (114)
170, (56) 173.
Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, 82.
Quercus palustris, 91; tables (279) 149, (174)
154, (174) 159, (55) 163, (33) 166, (108)170,
(141) 174.
Quercus Phellos, 93; tables (286) 149, (123)
154, (124) 159, (196) 164, (67) 166, (221)
171, (108) 174.
Quercus prinoides, 84, 85; tables (261) 149,
(57) 153, (56) 158, (53) 163, (6) 166, (49)
169, (66) 173.
Quercus Prinus, 84, 85; tables (260) 149,
(120) 154, (122) 159, (27) 163, (50) 166, (72)
169, (92) 174.
Quercus Prinus, var. Chincapin, 85.
Quercus Prinus, var. humilis, 85.
Quercus reticulata, 86; tables (265) 149, (26)
153, (22) 158.
Quercus rubra, 88, 89; tables (272) 149, (207)
155, (202) 160, (52) 163, (66) 166, (88) 170,
(155) 174.
• Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 88; tables (272)
149, (44) 153, (38) 158, (88) 163, (55) 166,
(47) 173, (46) 169.
Quercus San-Sabeana, 86.
Quercus tinctoria , 89; tables (274) 149, (167)
154, (162) 159, (86) 163, (47) 166, (97) 170,
(122) 174.
Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, 82; tables
(255) 149, (63) 153, (62) 158, (269) 165,
(202) 168, (192) 171, (74) 173.
Quercus rirens, 86; tables (267) 149, (25) 153,
(24) 158, (43) 163, (57) 166, (63) 169, (33)
173.
Quercus Wislizeni, 88; tables (271) 149, (96)
154, (95) 159, (156) 164, (123) 167, (78) 170,
(62) 173.
Quercus Wislizeni, var. frutescens, 88.
Quincy, Mass., 12.
Quinte" Bay, 84.
Rafters, 49.
Rails, 29, 65, 66, 69, 71, 94.
Railway-ties, 66, 71, 72, 75, 81, 84, 85, 94,
107, 108, 111-113, 119, 121, 125-127, 129,
131, 134, 135.
Rainy Lake, 97.
Rainy River, 34.
Rattle-box, 60.
Red Ash, 61.
Red Bay, 68.
Red Birch, 97.
Red-bud, 31.
Red Cedar, 107, 111.
Red Cherry, Wild, 35.
Red Cvpress, 112.
Red Elm, 71.
Red Fir, 130, 133, 134.
Red Gum, 45.
Red Haw, 42, 44.
Red Iron-wood, 14.
INDEX.
197
Red Mangrove, 67.
Red Maple, 22.
Red Mulberry, 74.
Red Oak, 88, 90.
Red Pine, 118.
Red River, 55, 74, 86, 98, 111, 125.
Red River Valley, 79, 83.
Red Stopper, 48.
Redwood, 112.
Reef Keys, 14.
Restigouche River, 94.
Reynosia lati folia, 14; tables (42) 145, (11)
153, (12) 158, (81) 163, (120) 167, (3) 169,
(4) 173.
Rhamnaceas, 14-16.
Rhumnus Calif ornica, 16; tables (46) 145,
(248) 155, (218) 160.
Rhamnus Californica, var. tomentella, 16.
Rhamnus Caroliniana, 15; tables (45) 145,
(284) 155, (214) 165, (258) 168, (162) 170,
(195) 175.
Rhamnus Purshiana, 16; tables (47) 145, (273)
155, (273) 160, (135) 164, (159) 167, (31)
169, (138) 174.
Rheumatism, 8, 96, 100.
Rhizophora, 67.
Rhizophoracece, 46.
Rhizophora Mangle, 46; tables (140) 147,
(3) 153, (2) 158,' (2) 163, (11) 166, (2) 169,
(9) 173.
Rhode Island, 62.
Rhododendron maximum, 55; tables (171) 147,
(233) 155, (228) 160, (248) 165, (213) 168,
(165) 170, (140) 174.
Rhus copalhna, 24; tables (71 ) 145, (300) 156,
(302) 161, (216) 165, (212) 168, (229) 175,
(240) 171, (229) 175.
Rhus copallina,vsir. lanceolata,2b; tables (711)
145, (304) 156, (307) 161, (123) 170, (208)
175.
Rhus copallina, var. leucantha, 25.
Rhus cotinoides, 24; tables (69) 145, (217)
155, (214) 160.
Rhus Metopium, 25; tables (73) 145, (92) 154,
(98) 159, (80) 163, (216) 168, (77) 170, (116)
174.
Rhus Toxicodendron, 25.
Rhus typhina, 24; tables (70) 145. (377) 156,
(376) 161.
Rhus venenata, 25; tables (72) 145, (375) 156,
(374) 161.
Rio Concho, 58, 71.
Rio Grande, 8, 9, 26, 32, 33, 57, 58, 60, 64-66,
70, 86, 98, 136. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Rio Pecos, 8.
River Birch, 97.
River Cottonwood, 104.
Robinia Neo-Mexicana, 27; tables (79) 145,
(86) 154, (85) 159, (43) 163, (84) 166, (17)
169, (64) 173.
Robinia Pseudacacia, 26; tables (77) 145,
(138) 154, (137) 159, (19) 163, (3) 166, (13)
169, (70) 173.
Robinia viscosa, 27; tables (78) 145, (83) 154,
(78) 158.
Rock Chestnut Oak, 84.
Rocky Mountains, 21, 23, 26, 31, 35, 37-39.
41, 43, 62, 71, 73, 82, 96, 99, 100, 102-105,
107, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125-127, 129-
132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Rocky Mountain region, 101, 102, 113.
Rock Elm, 71.
Rogue River, 108, 115, 133.
Romano, Cape, 5, 47, 56, 58, 67-69, 72, 73, 86,
91, 112, 136. (Range and limit of distribu-
tion.)
Roots, large, 32.
Ropes, 136, 137.
Rosacea, 34-44.
Rose Bay, 55.
Rosemary Pine, 122.
Rosin, 126.
Royal Palm, 136.
Rubiacea), 52, 53.
Rum Cherry, 36.
Rumford, Count, 141.
Rutaceai, 8-10.
Sabal Palmetto, 135; tables (404) 152, (373)
156, (395) 161.
Sabine River, 4, 44, 62, 93.
Sable, Cape, 9, 19, 46, 47, 56, 67, 68.
Sacramento River, 16, 18, 23, 75, 77, 81, 100,
103, 106, 108, 109. (Range and limit of
distribution.)
Sacramento Valley, 101.
Saddle-trees, 19, 22, 71.
Saffron Plum, 58.
Saguaro, 48.
Saguenay River, 21, 97.
Saint Augustine, Fla.,*67, 123.
Saint Domingo, 7.
Saint John Lake, 21.
Saint John River, 22.
Saint John's River, 11, 12, 18, 48, 80, 81, 123.
Saint Lawrence, Gulf, 63, 97. 114.
Saint Lawrence River, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 49,
71, 72, 76-80, 83, 95, 106, 118, 129. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Saint Louis, Mo., 41.
Saint Mary's River, 50.
Salem County, N. J., 92.
Salix amygdaloides, 100; tables (307) 150,
(365) 156, (368) 161, (283) 165, (265) 168,
(307) 172, (277) 175.
Salix cordata, 102.
Salix cordata, var. vestita, 102; tables (315)
150, (244) 155, (243) 160.
Salix discolor, 101; tables (312) 150, (382)
156, (380) 161.
198
INDEX.
Salix Jlavescens, 102; tables (313) 150, (321)
156, (321) 161, (72) 163, (130) 167, (201)
171, (251) 175.
Salix flavtscens,\'ax. Scouleriana, 102; tables
(3131) 150, (290) 155, (290) 160, (22) 163,
(86) 166, (132) 170, (210) 175.
Salix Hartwegi, 103.
Salix Hooheriana, 102; tables (314) 150,
(292) 155, (291) 160, (178) 170, (228) 175.
Salix Icevigata, 100; tables (308) 150, (331)
156, (330) 161, (287) 165, (221) 168, (286)
171, (219) 175.
Salix laevigata, var. angustij'olia, 100.
Salix Icevigata, var. congesta, 100.
Salix lasiandra, 100; tables (309) 150, (341)
156, (341) 161.
Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, 100, 101;
tables (3092) 150, (356) 156, (354) 161, (309)
165, (284) 168, (297) 172, (274) 175.
Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia, 101 ; tables
(3091) 150, (361) 156, (372) 161, (147) 164,
(206) 168, (270) 171, (203) 175.
Salix lasiolepis, 103; tables (316) 150, (278)
155, (281) 160, (145) 164,(125) 167, (190) 175.
Salix lasiolepis, var. angustij'olia, 103.
Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia, 103; table (228)
171.
Salix longifolia, 100, 101; tables (310) 150,
(324) 156, (325) 161.
Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla, 101;
table (3102) 150.
Salix longifolia, var. exigua, 101; tables
(3101) 150, (293) 155, (298) 161.
Salix nigra, 99 ; tables (306) 150, (371) 156,
(371) 161, (305) 165, (297) 168, (314) 172,
(258) 175.
Salix nigra, var. angustij'olia, 100.
Salix nigra, var. latifolia, 100.
Salix nigra, var. longifolia, 100.
Salix nigra, var. marginata, 100.
Salix nigra, var. Warclii, 100.
Salix nigra, var Wrightii, 100.
Salix sessilifolia, 101 ; tables (311) 150, (374)
156.
Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana, 101; tables
(3111) 150, (373) 161.
Salix Sitchensis, 103; tables (317) 150, (311)
156, (311) 161.
Salix Sitchensis, var. angustifolia, 103.
Salmon Eiver Mountains, 107.
Saltillo, Mex., 57, 109.
Sambucus glauca, 51 ; tables (156) 147, (310)
156, (316) 161, (308) 165, (304) 168, (302)
172, (192) 175.
Sambucus Mexicana, 51; tables (157) 147,
(353) 156, (361) 161.
Sand-bar Willow, 101.
Sand Jack, 92.
Sand Pine, 123.
San Antonio River, 6, 24, 28, 36, 42, 71, 76.
San Bernardino County, Cal., 106.
San Bernardino Mount, 110.
San Bernardino Range, 6, 20, 23, 31, 38, 39,
44, 49, 63, 73, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 106, 110,
115, 116, 120, 122, 131, 132, 136. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
San Diego Countv, Cal., 20, 33, 44, 85, 116,
118.
San Francisco Bay, 18, 36, 38, 54, 63, 77, 81, 88.
San Francisco Mountains, 37, 82, 86, 87, 109,
110, 117, 127. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
San Gabriel Range, 6, 85.
San Jacinto, Mount, 120.
San Jacinto Mountains, 6, 38, 39, 93, 120-
122, 132. (Range and limit of distribution.)
San Joaquin River, 130.
San Luis Obispo, Cal., 18.
San Luis Obispo County, Cal., 124.
San Luis Rey River, 16.
San Pedro River, 48, 60, 75.
San Saba, Texas, 32.
San Simeon Bay. 121.
Santa Barbara, Cal., 16, 98, 103.
Santa Catalina Mountains. 26, 27, 38, 57, 82,
87, 109, 116, 117, 119. (Range and limit of
distribution.)
Santa Cruz Bay, 16.
Santa Cruz Mountains, 16, 122.
Santa Cruz River, 32.
Santa Lucia Mountains, 6, 36, 54, 88, 103,
115, 133. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Santa Rita Mountains, 27, 54, 86, 92, 109,
116, 119, 120. (Range, and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Santian River, 108.
Sapindacece, 17-23.
Sapindus mnrgiwitus, 18; tables (54) 145,
(80) 153, (82) 159, (173) 164, (116) 167,
(129) 170, (60) 173.
Sapindus Saponaria, 19; tables (55) 145, (65)
153, (83) 159.
Saponin, 19.
Sapotacece, 56-58.
Sarsaparilla, 8.
Sasbes, 115.
Saskatchewan River, 20, 23, 42, 45, 62, 99,
100, 102. (Range and limit of distribution.)
Sassafras, 69.
Sassafras officinale, 69; tables (217) 148,
(314) 156, (312) 161, (281) 165, (212) 168,
' (232) 171, (196) 175.
Satin-wood, 9.
Savannah River, 13, 18, 41, 123.
Savin, 111, 114.
Savine cerete, 111.
Scarlet Haw, 42.
Scarlet Oak, 88.
Schceferia frutescens, 14; tables (41) 145, (99)
154, (111) 159.
Scott Mountains, 116, 118, 120.
Screw Bean, 32.
INDEX.
199
Screw-pod Mesquit, 32.
Scrub Oak, 82, 90.
Scrub Pine, 120, 123, 125.
Sea Ash, 8.
Sea Grape, 68.
Seaside Alder, 98.
Sebastiania lucida, 70; tables (220) 148, (8)
153, (9) 158.
Sedatives, 36.
Seeds: manufacturing uses, 19; edible, 117.
118, 121.
Selkirk Range, 129, 134.
Sequoia forests, 16.
Sequoia giqantea, 112; tables (341) 151, (£27)
157, (428) 162, (295) 165, (288) 168, (224)
171, (300) 176.
Sequoia sempei-virens, 112; tables (342) 151,
(387) 156, (386) 161, (241) 165, (246) 168,
(196) 171, (287) 175.
Service Tree, 45.
Seven-year Apple, 52.
Shad-bush, 45.
Shag-bark, 77.
Sharpies, S. P., viii, 141-143.
Shasta County, Cal , 108, 121.
Shasta, Mount, 21, 88, 116, 122, 134.
She Balsam, 131.
Sheep-berry, 51.
Shell-bark," Big, 78.
Shell-bark, Bottom, 78.
Shell-bark, Hickory, 77.
Shingle Oak, 92.
Shingles, 3, 91, 93, 106, 107, 112, 113.
Ship-building, 11, 19, 22, 34, 57, 68, 69, 71,
74, 81, 87, 97, 108, 126, 127, 134. (See
Boat-building, Skiffs.)
Shittim-wood, 16, 57.
Shoes: soles, 6; lasts, 22, 59, 95, 96; pegs,
22; wooden, 97.
Short-leaved Pine, 124.
Shoshone Mountains, 105.
Shovel-handles, 21.
Shrubby Trefoil, 9.
Shucks]! Honey, 29.
Shuttles, 59.
Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, 56; tables
(176) 147, (15) 153, (20) 158, (63) 163, (70)
166, (26) 169, (23) 173.
Sierra Blanco, 127.
Sierra County, Cal., 100,
Sierra Madre, 109.
Sierra Nevada, 6, 16, 18, 20, 21, 36-38, 44, 49,
50, 63, 69, 81, 85, 87-89, 99, 102, 103, 110,
112-116, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Silk-top Palmetto, 136.
Silky Willow, 103.
Silliman, Mount, 116.
Sills, 71, 72, 111.
Silver-bell Tree, 60.
Silver Maple, 22.
Silver-top Palmetto, 136.
Simarubeai, 10.
Simaruba qlauca, 10 ; tables (28) 144, (392)
156, (393) 161, (127) 164, (259) 168, (180)
170, (264) 175.
Simaruba officinalis, 10.
Siskiyou Mountains, 128, 132.
Sitka, 127.
Sitka Cypress, 108.
Skiffs, 69. (See Boat-building, Ship-building.)
Skin-diseases, 96.
Slash Pine, 126.
Slippery Elm, 6, 71.
Sloe, 35.
Sloe, Black, 35.
Small-fruited Haw, 43.
Smooth Alder, 101.
Snaths, 74.
Snowdrop Tree, 60.
Snow-shoes, 20.
Soap, 19, 56, 137.
Soapberry, 18, 19.
Soda Lake, 108.
Soft Maple, 22.
Soledad River, 118.
Sonora, Cal., 27, 37, 38, 48, 92.
Sophora affinis, 28; tables (84) 145, (60) 153,
(58) 158, (107) 164, (127) 167, (51) 169,
(30) 173.
Sophora secundifiora, 28; tables (83) 145,
(19) 153, (19) 158.
Sophoria, 28.
Sore throat, 59. (See Throat.)
Sorrel Tree, 54.
Sour Gum, 50.
Sour Tupelo, 50.
Sour-wood, 54.
South Atlantic States, 39, 90, 112.
South Carolina, 30, 35, 41, 44, 52, 53, 60, 79,
123, 125, 129. (Range and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Southern Buckthorn, 58.
Southern Crab Apple, 39.
Southern Pine, 125.
Southern States, 42, 80, 90.
South, the, 78, 94.
Southwest, the, 82.
Spanish Bayonet, 136, 137.
Spanish Buckeye, 18.
Spanish Oak, 90.
Spanish Oak, Swamp, 91.
Spanish Stopper, 47.
Spear-handles, 113.
Specific gravity, tables, 153-157.
Speckled Alder, 99.
Spicket River, 97.
Spice Tree, 69.
Spindle Tree, 14.
Spirits of Turpentine, 126. (See Turpentine.)
Sponge-crawls, 136.
Spools, 96.
200
INDEX.
Spoonwood, 55.
Spruce, Black, 126.
Spruce, Blue, 128.
Spruce Pine, 120, 123-125.
Spruce, Tide-land, 128.
Spruce, White, 127, 128.
Stag-bush, 52.
Staghorn Sumach, 24.
Starving Rock, 114.
Staten Island, 93, 123, 124.
Staves, 105.
Steam, 32.
Sterculiaceee, 6.
Stinking Cedar, 114.
Stopper, 48.
Stopper, Gurgeon, 47.
Stopper, Red, 48.
Stopper, Spanish, 47.
Stopper, White, 48.
Storax, 46.
Strength, tables, 166-168.
Striped Dogwood, 20.
Striped Maple, 20.
Strong Back, 65.
Styracacece, 59, 60,
Sugar-barrels, 105.
Sugar-berry, 72.
Sugar, Horse, 59.
Sugar Maple, 21.
Sugar Pine, 115.
Sugar Tree, 21.
Sumach, Coral, 25.
Sumach, Dwarf, 24.
Sumach, Poison, 25.
Sumach, Staghorn, 24.
Summer Haw, 44.
Superior, Lake, 40, 49, 71, 97, 99, 125.
Suwarrow, 48.
Swamp Cottonwood, 104.
Swamp Hickory, 79.
Swamp Laurel, 1.
Swamp Maple, 22.
Swamp Pine, 126.
Swamp Post Oak, 83.
Swamp Spanish Oak, 101.
Swamp White Oak, 83.
Sweet Bay, 1.
Sweet Birch, 97.
Sweet Buckeye, 17.
Sweet Gum, 45.
Sweet-leaf, 59.
Sweet Locust, 29.
Sweet-scented Crab, 39.
Swietenia Mahogoni, 11 ; tables (31) 144,
(146) 154, (149) 159, (76) 163, (59) 166, (22)
169, (39) 173.
Switch-bud Hickory, 79.
Sycamore, 75.
Symplocos tinctoria, 59; tables (186) 147,
(295) 155, (297) 161, (256) 165, (237) 168,
(229) 171, (173) 174.
Syphilis, 7, 8.
Syrups, 36, 46.
Table-mountain Pine, 124.
Tacamahac, 104.
Tallow Berry, 7.
Tallow Nut,"ll.
Tamarack, 120, 134.
Tamarind, Wild, 34.
Tampa B;iy, 1, 8, 12, 29-31, 35, 36, 44-46, 50,
64, 68, 78, 81, 90, 91, 95, 122, 125. (Range
and limit of distribution.)
Tan-bark Oak, 93.
Tan Bav, 5.
Tannin," 24. 25, 45, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131.
Tanning, 54, 82, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131.
Tar, 126.
Tassel-moulds, 97.
Taxodium distichum. 112; tables (340) 150,
(362) 156, (360) 161, (90) 163, (201) 168,
(184) 170, (278) 175.
Taxus brevifolia, 113; tables (343) 151, (222)
155, (216) 160, (208) 165, (35) 166, (117)
170, (67) 173.
Taxus Floridana, 113; tables (344) 151, (229)
155, (222) 160.
Tejon, Fort, 16.
Telegraph-poles, 107, 111, 113, 134.
Temiscaming, Lake, 129.
Tennessee, 2, 3, 7, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28-30, 35,
42, 43, 54, 66, 84, 89-94, 97, 104, 112, 124,
129, 131.
Tennessee River, 24.
Tents, 96.
Teredo, attacks of, 19, 135.
TernstrcemiacecB, 5.
Texas, 1, 4. 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17-19, 22-26,
28, 30-37, 41-46, 49-54, 57-66, 68-95, 97,
99-101, 105, 106, 110-112, 116, 117, 119, 122,
124, 126, 130, 136, 137. (Range and limit
of distribution.)
Thatch, Brickley, 136.
Thatch, Brittle, "136.
Thatch, house, 136.
The Joshua, 137.
Thorn, Black, 42.
Thorn, Cockspur, 42.
Thorn, Washington, 43.
Thorn, White, 42.
Thousand Islands, 19.
Three-thorned Acacia, 29.
Thrinax argentea, 136; tables (407) 152,
(156) 154, (168) 159.
Thrinax parvijlora, 136; tables (406) 152,
(249) 155, (263) 160.
Throat ailments, 16. (See Sore throat.)
Thuya, 107.
Thuya gigantea, 107; tables (328) 150, (411)
157, (411) 162, (87) 103, (161) 167, (152)
170, (297) 176.
INDEX.
201
Thuya occidentalis, 106; tables (327) 150,
(425) 157, (425) 102, (278) 165, (275) 168,
(289) 171, (311) 176.
Tide-land Spruce, 128.
TiliacecB, 6, 7.
Tilia Americana, 6, 7; tables (17) 144, (364)
156, (364) 161, (169) 164, (249) 168, (307)
176.
Tilia Americana, var. pubescens, 6; tables
(17i) 144, (398) 156, (399) 161, (189) 164,
(263) 168, (205) 171, (266) 171, (312)
170.
Tilia heterophylla, 7; tables (18) 144, (383)
156, (382) 161, (166) 164, (255) 168, (214)
171, (299) 176.
Tinctures, 28, 107.
Titi, 13.
Tobacco-boxes, 75.
Tollon, 44.
Tonics, 2, 10, 27, 36, 49, 64, 104.
Tool-handles, 19, 39, 54, 55, 59, 95.
Toothache Tree, 8.
Torch-wood, 11.
Tornilla, 32.
Torreya Calif ornica, 114; tables (346) 151,
(340) 156, (343) 161, (303) 165, (251) 168,
(262) 171, (213) 175.
Torreya taxifolia, 114; tables (345) 151, (309)
156, (309) 161, (176) 164, (98) 167, (142)
170, (174) 174.
Toxicodendric acid, 25.
Toyon, 44.
Travis County, 54.
Tree, Bean, 65.
Tree, Beaver, 1.
Tree, Bee, 6.
Tree, Black, 67.
Tree, Big, 112.
Tree, Buckwheat, 13.
Tree, Cabbage, 135.
Tree, Cigar, 65.
Tree, Cucumber, 2, 3.
Tree, Fringe, 64.
Tree, Geiger, 64.
Tree, Hop, 9.
Tree, India-rubber, 73.
Tree, Joshua, 137.
Tree, Judas, 31.
Tree, Lime, 6.
Tree, Paradise, 10.
Tree, Service, 45.
Tree, Silver-bell, 60.
Tree, Snowdrop, 60.
Tree, Sorrel, 54.
Tree, Spice, 69.
Tree, Spindle, 14.
Tree, Sugar, 21.
Tree, Toothache, 8.
Tree, Tulip, 3.
Tree, Umbrella, 2, 3.
Treenails, 26.
Trefoil, Shrubbv, 9.
Trinity River, 1, 18, 22, 31, 43, 45, 68, 71, 72,
79, 83, 84, 94, 95, 97, 99, 126. (Course and
limit of distribution.)
Tsuga Canadensis, 129; tables (387) 151,
(384) 156, (384) 161, (142) 164, (171) 167,
(230) 171, (276) 175.
Tsuga Caroliniana, 129; tables (388) 151,
(380) 156, (379) 161, (230) 165, (287) 168,
(207) 171, (211) 175.
Tsuga Mertensiana, 129; tables (389) 151,
(305) 156, (304) 161, (14) 163, (87) 166, (64)
169, (249) 175.
Tsuga Pattoniana, 130, 135; tables (390)151,
(372) 156, (370) 161, (201) 164, (181) 167,
(238) 171, (244) 175.
Tulare County, Cal., 88, 112, 114.
Tulip Tree, 3.
Tupelo, 50.
Tupelo-gum, 50.
Tupelo, Large, 50.
Tupelo, Sour, 50.
Turkey Oak, 90.
Turnery, 6, 7, 12, 22, 23, 26, 39, 49, 51, 53-55,
59, 96, 103, 104.
Turpentine, 105, 126. (See Spirits.)
Turtle-crawl, 136.
Typhoid fever, 100.
Uintah Mountains, 130.
Ulmus alata, 72; tables (226) 148, (121)
154, (127) 159, (280) 165, (155) 170, (73)
173.
Ulmus Americana, 71; tables (224) 148, (212)
155, (211) 160, (211) 165, (114) 167, (158)
170, (162) 174.
Ulmus crassifolia, 70; tables (222) 148, (150)
154, (153) 159, (232) 165, (148) 167, (148)
170, (72) 173.
Ulmus fulva, 71; tables (223) 148, (170) 154,
(172) 159, (117) 164, (106) 167, (69) 169,
(179) 174.
Ulmus racemosa, 71; tables (225) 148, (149)
154, (145) 159, (64) 163, (37) 166, (41) 169,
(118) 174.
Umbellularia Calif ornica, 69; tables (218)
148, (210) 155, (206) 160, (75) 163, (132)
167, (52) 169, (128) 174.
Umbrella Keys, 4, 48.
Umbrella Tree, 2, 3, 17.
Umpqua River, 132.
Underpinning, of houses, 32.
Ungava Bay, 126, 127.
Ungnadia speciosa, 18; tables (53) 145, (230)
155, (231) 160, (215) 171, (180) 174.
United States, 4-8, 10, 17, 19, 23, 25-27, 32,
34, 37, 46-48, 51, 67, 71, 108, 117, 125-127,
134, 135. (Special references.)
Upland Willow Oak, 92.
Urticacece, 70-75.
202
INDEX.
Utah, 21, 23, 27, 31, 32, 38, 41, 51, 60, 62,
82, 96, 100, 106, 110, 111, 116-118, 121,
128, 132, 133, 137. (Course and limit of
distribution.)
Uterine complaints, 107.
Vaccixium Arboreum, 53 ; tables (164) 147,
(111) 154, (110) 159, (212) 171, (53) 173.
Valparaiso Oak, 87.
Vancouver's Island, 36, 37, 49, 51, 81, 111,
115, 132.
Vauquelinia Torreyi,3$; tables (114) 146, (5)
153, (4) 158.
Veneering, 46.
Verbenacece, 66, 67.
Verde Paolo, 30.
Vermont, 3, 22, 23, 34, 50, 69, 71, 89, 94, 105,
125, 127. (Course and limit of distribution.)
Viburnum Lentago, 51; tables (158) 147,
(1.40) 154, (139) 159, (56) 169.
Viburnum prunifolium, 52 ; tables (159) 147,
(69) 153, (66) 158, (137) 164, (73) 166, (40)
169, (38) 173.
Vicksburg, Miss., 1.
Vine Maple, 21.
Virginia, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 25, 40, 43, 44, 50, 58,
62-64, 68, 72, 86, 131. (Course and limit
of distribution.)
Wabash Eiver, 3, 4, 23, 39, 62, 66, 94 .
Wabash Valley, 4.
Wafer Ash, 9.
Wagon-hubs, 29. (See Hubs, Wheels.)
Wagons, 61, 63, 87.
Wahoo, 7, 14, 72.
Wahsatch Mountains, 21, 23, 38, 51, 62, 82,
110, 117, 127, 130, 133. (Course and limit
of distribution.)
Walnut, 77.
Walnut, Black, 46, 76.
Walnut, White, 76.
Ware River, 82.
Washingtonia filifera, 135; tables (405) 152,
(306) 156, (310) 161, (270) 165, (293) 168,
(313) 172, (303) 176.
Washington Territory, 16, 20, 21, 36, 38, 41,
42, 49, 54, 63, 81, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105,
107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 119-121, 127,
128, 130-135. (Course and limit of dis-
tribution.)
Washington Thorn, 43.
Washita River, 18, 43, 62.
Water Ash, 62.
Water Beech, 75, 95.
Water Elm, 71.
Water-flumes, 106.
Water Hickory, 79.
Water Locust, 30.
Water Maple, 22.
Water Oak, 91.
Water White Oak, 83.
Water-pipes, 123. (See Pumps.)
Water-tanks, 113.
Wax Myrtle, 80.
Wedges, 41.
Weeping Oak, 81.
Western Catalpa, 66.
West Indian Birch, 10.
West Indies, 4, 5, 7, 9-11, 14, 15, 17-19, 25,
28, 32, 34, 37, 46-48, 52, 53, 55-58, 62, 60-
68, 70, 73, 126, 136. (Trees.)
Western States, 74.
West, the, 62.
West Virginia, 25, 26, 36, 60, 122.
Weymouth Pine, 114.
Wharf-piles, 19, 46, 50, 135. (See Piles.)
Wheel-hubs, 97. (See Wagons.)
Wheels, 32, 49, 50, 93.
Wheel-stock, 71, 72, 75, 84, 85.
Whistle-wood, 20.
White Ash, 61.
White Bass-wood, 7.
White Bay, 1.
White Birch, 95, 96.
White Buttonwood, 47.
White Cedar, 106-108.
White Cypress, 112.
White Elm, 71.
White Fir, 132.
White-heart Hickory, 78.
White Iron-wood, 19.
White Laurel, 1.
White Mangrove, 47.
White Maple, 22.
White Mountain region, Arizona, 10.
White Oak, 80, 81, 83-86.
White Oak, Mountain, 85.
White Oak, Swamp, 83.
WThite Oak, Water, 83.
Wrhite Pine, 114-116, 125.
White River, 4.
White Spruce, 127, 128.
White Stopper, 48.
White Thorn, 42.
White Walnut, 76.
White-wood, 3, 5, 70.
Whitnev, Mount, 118.
Willow,* 100, 102, 103.
Willow, Black, 99.
Willow, Desert, 66.
Willow, Diamond, 102.
Willow, Glaucous, 101.
Willow Oak, 93.
Willow Oak, Upland, 92.
Willow, Sand-bar, 101.
Willow, Silkv, 103.
Wild Black Cherry, 36.
Wild Cherry, 37.
Wild China, 18.
Wild Cinnamon, 5.
INDEX.
203
Wild Dillv, 58.
Wild Fig, 73.
Wild Lime, 9, 11.
Wild Orange, 8, 37.
Wild Peach, 37.
Wild Plum, 34.
Wild Red Cherry, 35.
Wild Tamarind, 34.
Wind River, 128.
Wine-butts, 113.
Winged Elm, 72.
Winnipeg, Lake, 23, 63, 82, 106.
Winnipeg River, 114, 118.
Winooski River, 23.
Wisconsin, 40, 45, 89, 91, 92, 94, 99, 118, 129.
(Course and limit of distribution.)
Witch-hazel, 45.
Wood: properties, 141-143; (tables) qualities,
144-152; specific gravity, 153-157; fuel
value, 158-162; elasticity, 163-168; longi-
tudinal compression, 169-172; resistance of
indentation, 173-176.
Wood-engraving, 49, 59. (See Engraving.)
Wooden shoes, 97. (See Shoes.)
Wooden ware, 3, 6, 17, 23, 51, 97, 104, 105,
107, 114, 115, 128.
Woods, Lake of the, 22.
Wood, Naked, 17, 47.
Wood-pulp, 96, 103, 104. (See Paper-pulp.)
Wyoming, 38, 39, 121, 128, 130, 132. (Course
and limit of distribution.)
Xanthoxylum Americana, 8; tables (22)
144, (275) 155, (274) 160.
Xanthoxylum Caribceum, 9; tables (24) 144,
(47) 153, (47) 158, (151) 164, (157) 167, (16)
169, (21) 173.
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 8; tables (23)
144, (312) 156, (314) 101, (223) 165, (226)
168, (153) 170, (172) 174.
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. frutico-
sum, 9; tables (231) 144, (250) 155, (250)
100.
Xanthoxylum Pterota, 9; tables (25) 144,
(131) 154, (133) 159.
Ximenia Americana, 11; tables (32) 144, (40)
153, (36) 158.
Yaupon, 12.
Yazoo River, 23, 80.
Yellow Ash, 28.
Yellow-bark Oak, 89.
Yellow Birch, 97.
Yellow Cypress, 108.
Yellow Fir, 130, 131.
Yellow Haw, 44.
Yellow Locust, 26.
Yellow Oak, 84, 89.
Yellow Pine, 119, 125.
Yellow Poplar, 3.
Yellow- wood, 14, 28.
Yew, 113.
Yopon, 12.
Yosemite Valley, 21.
Yucca baccate] 137; tables (412) 152, (428)
157, (430) 162.
Yucca brevi/olia, 137; tables (410) 152, (413)
157.
Yucca canaliculate, 136; tables (409) 152,
(197) 155, (232) 160.
Yucca elata, 137; tables (411) 152, (370) 156,
(398) 161.
Yukon River, 96, 103, 104, 127.
Zygophyllaceai, 7, 8.
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