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Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Commissioner of Forestry
in Cooperation With the
Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

Wood-Using Industries

OF PENNSYLVANIA

By ROGER E. SIMMONS.
United States Forest Service,
1912.

HARRISBURG, PA.:
WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER
1914

CoRected set.

Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Commissioner of Forestry
in Cooperation With the

Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

Wood-Using Industries
OF PENNSYLVANIA
ft Hal

By ROGER E. SIMMONS,

United States Forest Service,

1912.

HARRISBURG, PA.
WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER
1914

oF
eens
OR Sete
D. of D.
JAN 16 915

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Fig. 1.—Virgin hemlock mixed with white pine in the Jack’s Mountain Division
of the Seven Mountains’ State Forest. Shows types which Pennsylvania did
and can produce.

P f -= ——_
26. 0: 25]! J

Introduction,
Purpose of ithe Study,
Forest Conditions,
Importiance of Manufacturing,
Future Timber Supply,

Scope of the Study,

Kinds of Wood,
The Woods Grown in Pennsylvania,
. Specific Descriptions,
SOFTWOODS,

Pines,
Hemlocks,
Cypress,
Spruce,
Douglas Fir,
Cedars,
Redwood,

CONTENTS

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THE

INDUSTRIES,

Balsam Fir, .
HARDWOODS,
Oaks,
Yellow Poplar,
Maples,

Chestnut,
Beech,
Red Gum,
Basswood,
Birches,

Hickories,
Ashes,
Hilms,
Cottonwood, .
Gums,
Cherry,
Black Walnut,
Sycamore, ..
Hornbeam, ..
Black Locust,
Cucumber, ..
Buckeye,

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Dogwood,
Persimmon, .
Butternut, ..

Minor Species,
Foreign Woods,
Description of Qualities,

Planing Mill P
Boxes,
Car Constructi

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Furniture,
Chairs,
Vehicles and Vehicle Parts,
Ships and Boats,
Caskets and Coffins,
Mine Equipment,
Mine Rollers,
Sprags,
Fixtures,
Cloth, Hosiery Boards, etc.,
Patterns and Flasks,
Handles,
Laundry Appliances,
Cigar Boxes,
Woodenware and Novelties,
Tanks, Viats, and Silos, ...
Machine Construction,
Agricultural Implements, ..
Toys.
Trunks and Valises,
Brushes,
Shuttles,

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Musical Instruments,

Machinery and Electrical Apparatus,

Water Pipes and Pumps, ...

Baskets and Veneer Packages,

Frames land Mouldings, ...

Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets,

Excelsior,
Playground Equipment, ...
Printing Material,
Ladders,

Elevators,
Canes and Whips,
Plumbers’ Woodwork,

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Insulator Pins and Brackets,
Butchers’ Blocks and Skewers,

Weighing Apparatus,

Professional and Scientific Instruments,

Pulleys and Conveyors,
Boot and Shoe Findings, .
Smoking Pipes,

Sporting land Athletic Goods,

Saddles and Harness,
Gates and Fencing,
Clock Cases,
Rollers and Poles,
Manual Training Practice, .
Miscellaneous,

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Lumber,
Laths,

Shingles,

Cooperage,
Pulpwood,
Hardwood Distillation,
Veneer,

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Spools and Bobbins,
Dairymen’s and Poulterers’ Supplies,

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Fig.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Virgin hemlock mixed with white pine in Jack’s Mountain Di-
vision of Seven Mountains’ State Forest, ....................

Collection of finished boxes, made in Pennsylvania, ..........
Box shooks and nailing machine in a Pennsylvania box factory,

Interior of a small Philadelphia box factory. Boxes when nailed
ARC MUSCUMhORe Chive TRA Cintas cure oarsnal sis: s lalepet eyeve salts) ave lene: Soo ieteneuece

Utilization of mill waste. Rough squares are bolted from slabs
and edgings, and then turned into chair stock, ..............

Chair parts and the squares or dimension stock from which they
UTS ATI Greasy aster act pen, atc reueeter Stale Stetina van ails ceriorisda role ris ie trlanatlais salehatiansuavens

Parts of a farm wagon and the woods used in their manufacture,
Showing parts of delivery wagons and woods used, ............

Body of an old-time Conestoga wagon. This style of wagon is
still being manufactured in Pennsylvania, ..................

Hickory, oak and pine waste of a large Pennsylvania wagon manu-
HACC Oe lS SOlGs OTA MUCH cis Ae eh cis ceneletena. sr ele foley iniic sles) spsveucue sors

NMamUuractumesonehimausimejbOdlesi) co casas cosicielt jie eyarcls rele eae cecal

River scows after being launched, and ready to be taken to market
CO wWMee Ee meANe olarS maya ahlviesiyoim lcs cieheletcctstersiin cleicteiciaiciereiclsusieietecerer chars

Racing shell being built by a Pennsylvania manufacturer for
Lew LEMIVeRSitys cOl Meemmsya veld een eens cee wie sic te eielicy oc) obs) etalie rele serene

Manufacture of mine sprags in Northern Pennsylvania,
Standard dimensions of a mine sprag,
UMIGiO Toling: HOe joo AION THORN, sGeeocedsodecucccooondacccounaG0e
Dimensions of a wrapping board,
HNO MTN CLITA ALAS Grom aaa p weston AN a tas stein) sials laibe 'e eifeileueusiietie iets) elie lenstievaue iecetatrel suas

Sixty different kinds of novelties made by one manufacturer of
GMT Sis iV Tea ae enero tanehe hs Detar aihacauaaits vu aha eaters. gilabiel tga euicerarec alt

Product of a woodenware manufacturer of Philadelphia,
Oil tank staves preparatory to assembling,
AUS SCs mOulle GaN ese etn cere deacon org le caltey niielia 2na\val -acceuavalavornte otopateneve cual «
MamnnihachinerotetOye DIAM OS eisisis sislsisi sie. costes eicre ceieualle ec aueneutieus eres ote
Woodworking department of a toy manufacturer. Making wooden

LO ieee ee ROS Ta On ate Vea Seve Mice a Medley IW Skate coer sirauten ation feuelte (aie fee
Brush blocks,
BTU E RDO C Ke Sree, Jas te teaieicies ayetes yo arose OIE nae ee Wa iguataile lei aitdvedeniveleileiate
Miaminia ctu eno fas UD COMI Sy-iait stetewer ones cctenc nets) ueheus te isieieteucrs isso oruetons
Piano cases and kinds of wood used in their manufacture,
ANGUMOIN,) FOIE Oe UMMA AONNOn Gooeageanodoe soo uooGn ae ooh dod ge

Interior of excelsior factory, showing billéts in place in excelsior
TINACIMTIVSS ence nse srey ese so eatarnane, crass as sda too ye wireuetiage a ce en's ele (are ecoeost ireileve he

Minished) excelsion ready, for sbatling., ~:.. 5005.56.52... 666- ane ees

Whips, canes, and umbrella handles, and rough stock from which
Chieyasanew IMAM UTACTUREMK S aoe cia citans cs stein wield inte lee auc ae eo avers teuere olelcne

Manufacture of shoe lasts. Roughly cut billets and the finished
lasts turned from them,

Evolution of a shoe last,
Evolution of a briar pipe,

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CC Ce aed

Evolution of a gun stock and a number of finished stocks ready
for market, made of black and Circassian walnut,

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100
100
100

100
101
110
110
110

110
111
111
122
122
123

134
134

134

135
135
142

143

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NOTICE

The study upon which this report is based was undertaken by the Depart-
ment of Forestry of Pennsylvania in cooperation with the United States
Forest Service, the work being done under the direction of Robert S. Conklin,
Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, and O. T. Swan, in charge Office
of Industrial Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture. The
statistics were compiled from data collected in the summer of 1912, covering
a period of one year from July 1, 1911 to June 30, 1912, inclusive.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the preparation of the text of the Pennsylvania Wood-Using Industry Re-
port, the Forest Service desires to acknowledge the kind assistance of Hon.
I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,_
and Mr. John L. Strobeck, Forester; also of Foresters James E. McNeal, W.
- Gardiner Conklin, R. Lynn Emerick, and Walter D. Ludwig, of Pennsylvania,
Department of Forestry, who assisted in the actual collection of data.

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WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA

INTRODUCTION.

In the work of practical forestry, Pennsylvania is a leading State and
bears this distinction as a result of the development and operation of an
effective State-wide policy. To this Commonwealth also properly belongs the
credit of being the cradle of American forestry.: When William Penn made
the well known provision in the Charter of Rights, that for every five acres
cleared one should be left in woods, the seed of forestry was first sown. Fol-
lowing this, as early as 1700, the proprietary Government enacted forest
fire laws, and from that time to the present, State Legislatures have de-
bated upon and passed similar enactments. Popular sentiment favoring the
practice of forestry by the State, grew steadily from the beginning, but in
the past 20 years it has developed with remarkable rapidity. Directing. this
educational propaganda were men who have since gained prominence and
who stand high among those recognized as authorities pertaining to forestry
subjects.

Naturally, much has been written and said on all phases of forest con-
servation and improvement in Pennsylvania. In the discussions, the economic
importance of forests, aside from the collateral values they are regarded as
possessing, has been reckoned usually in terms of production of the rougher
forest products, such as lumber, lath, shingles, crossties, cooperage stock,
telegraph poles, fence posts, mine timbers, cordwood for fuel and distillation
purposes. The commercial gain that comes to the State through the millions
of feet of lumber that the forests supply through their conversion into such
finished commodities as vehicles, boxes, handles, novelties, has always been
recognized; but reference thereto has been made only in a casual manner
as the detailed data have not heretofore been available. It is a well es-
tablished fact that the cutting and shipping away of lumber and other
forest materials like pulp wood, cooperage stock, chemical wood, etc., is not
as permanent a commercial and industrial gain as when those materials find
a home market and are held for the manufacture of finished articles within
the State, but to what extent this development has taken place in Pennsyl-
vania, no previous investigation has ever attempted to ascertain. This study
has been projected, therefore, with this special view, and of outlining the
relations of the wood-consuming industries to the growing forests, as well as
of collecting information respecting wood uses and factory waste.

The information presented in this report covers the period of twelve
months, prior to July, 1912. It was gathered in the late summer and fall of
that year by the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania, and by the Forest
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, working under a co-
operative agreement. The information was solicited from the manufacturers,
not only from those producing complete wooden commodities, but from those
making wooden parts of products, axe handles, brush blocks, and piano
cases, for example; those factories that use lumber as a means of manufac-
turing other commodities, like patterns and flasks in foundry work, and fac-
tories of all kinds that require lumber in the marketing of their wares by
manufacturing their own boxes and crates. The names and locations of all
manufacturers were obtained through the assistance of the postmasters in the

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State, and the thoroughness and accuracy of this report were made possible by
the kind co-operation of the wood users in giving detailed information as to
their individual operations. Report blanks were mailed to each, with the
request that they be filled in and returned. After a time, agents represent-
ing Pennsylvania and the Federal Government were sent throughout the State
to visit factories which had failed to report, and more particularly to study
at close range processes of manufacture, waste problems, and industrial
conditions. On completion of the field work, in accordance with agree-
ment, the data were compiled and the report written by the office of Indus-
trial Investigations of the Forest Service, whereupon the manuscript was
turned over to the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry for revision and
publication.

For a number of years the Federal Government has kept a record of the
annual production of rough lumber and other forest products by States, and
for the last seventeen years the State has been gathering similar statistics
for Pennsylvania. These reports should not be confused with the present in-
vestigation, which in no way concerns the output of sawmills, except in a sup-
plemental capacity. This investigation relates to the rough lumber after it
leaves the sawmills and to the bolts and billets after they leave the woods,
tracing them through different channels into commodities of final manufacture.
It is not the purpose of this study to record the total quantity of wood used
annually in the State. Much of it, in the form of rough lumber, goes into
construction, which needs no other change than cutting or trimming the tim-
bers, planks, or boards, to fit them into place in the house, bridge, tunnel,
concrete forms, scaffolding, fences, etc. This material has not been taken
into account and neither have the large quantities of dressed lumber which.
are brought into the State in the form of fiooring, siding and ceiling, finished
and ready for use. In addition there are parts of products made in other
states and sent into Pennsylvania merely to be assembled; vehicle parts
and box shooks are examples; also there are commodities partly manufac-
tured, like club turned handles, spokes, rough bobbins and speeders, chair
stock, ete., that have not been included in Pennsylvania but accredited to
states in which the principal operations that change the forest material into
the finished articles occur.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. }

The Pennsylvania investigation has been conducted under the same plan
as that followed by the Forest Service in 30 other states. Eventually, the
information from all the states will be correlated in a national study and a
series of publications issued by the Federal Government relating to the
wood-using industries and the commercial woods of the United States.

Every factory was asked to state the amount of each species used, the com-
modity into which each was made, the form in which it was received, and
whether these woods came from within Pennsylvania or from outside the State.
Inquiries referred also to tendencies of manufacture, closer utilization, and
methods followed for waste utilization. As stated above, no data were solicited
from sawmills or those producing veneer, laths, shingles, crossties, cooper-
age, stock, posts, telegraph poles, chemical wood, pulp wood, ete. This in-
formation for all the States has been kept and reported annually by the Bu-
reau of the Census, and such of these statistics as relate to Pennsylvania,
appear in the appendix of this report; they were taken from the census
bulletins issued for 1911-1912. Apart from the concerns producing
the above named rough forest products, there are scattered throughout Penn-
sylvania nearly 5,100 factories that take wood and convert it into articles

of final form. These have been separated into classes or industries, and as
much as possible of the data which they represent has been similarly ar-
ranged and is presented in this report in tabular form.

The question of the disposal of that part of the rough lumber cut going into
the various channels of manufacturer is answered by this report and by the
others of this series. For instance, the furniture woods are grouped together
in the order of their importance as to amount consumed and in the same
way is presented the species demanded for the making of other chief commod-
ities, like chairs, vehicles, refrigerators, matches, farm implements, sport-
ing goods, etc.

The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry and the United States Forest
Service are constantly receiving inquiries from points throughout this and
nearby states concerning markets for various kinds of timber and lumber,
and are called on for data on practical uses of wood and for suggestions and
advice on possible solutions of waste problems. This report will answer
many of these questions. The farmer, the timber owner, and the sawmill
man are aided in selling their material by having the information of the
kinds of wood the manufacturers demand and of the forms and prices apply-
ing to their purchase. The manufacturers in turn are benefited in these
added opportunities for buying raw material and in the suggestions offered
for finding in the waste of another factory suitable materials for making
their own wares. The report may also suggest to manufacturers possible
substitutes of cheaper woods for the more costly ones that are being used,
besides pointing out the chief regional sources from which the industries
procure their raw material. Dealers in wooden products throughout the
- country can learn what the Pennsylvania manufacturers have to sell, while
those outside of Pennsylvania who desire to dispose of their lumber or wood
in other forms can find what the manufacturers demand.

To illustrate the use of this bulletin for reference, suppose information is
requested concerning the raw material the handle makers demand. On page
96 appears Table 59, giving the list of handle woods, the prices and amounts
of each, and other pertinent information, while in the directory appended
to this report, grouped also by industries, appear the names and addresses
of the handle manufacturers buying these woods, page 186. Again, sup-
pose information is needed as to what uses are made of ash, with a view of
selling to the best advantage. By first turning to the list of uses on pages
145, 146, one can find all commodities made in the State for which the manu-
facturers demand ash. Should interest be attracted to the use of this wood
in the form of lumber, say for passenger cars, by means of the table of
contents the industry table embracing prices f. o. b. factory and other data
referring to car building material is quickly found. Then by turning to the
names of car builders in the directory, all preliminary information is at
hand relating to the conditions of marketing this material with the factories
engaged in the industry.

FOREST CONDITIONS.

The earliest settlements were naturally in the hardwood regions of ths
eastern part of the State, where were found extensive forests of various
species of oak and hickory. Chestnut, yellow poplar, black walnut,. elm,
white ash, basswood, and other valuable trees were also common and often
attained large size. In the southern tier of counties were magnificent for-
ests, mostly of deciduous growth similar to those in the eastern part of
the State. Probably in no region of the United States were there finer
hardwoods than here, and magnificent specimens still etude confirm this

presumption and make one realize the almost inconceivable wealth Pennsyl-
vania had in her timber lands. West of the Allegheny River the prevailing
timber was largely hardwoods, similar to those in eastern Pennsylvania;
but in the central and northeastern parts of the State, in the mountains,
is the home of the cone bearing trees, the pine and the hemlock. With
these, especially in the northern counties, were associated beech, birches,
sugar maple, ashes, the black cherry, and scattered stands of other hard-
woods. At first there was an exceedingly limited market for timber, and the
gigantic trees that constituted the forests proved a hindrance rather than
an asset. The same destructive method of cutting them and rolling the
logs together to be burned was pursued in Pennsylvania, with the same
zest as in other timbered states. Even the older living citizens recollect the
custom of removing timber by fire from ground which was to be used for
agricultural pursuits. Farm land was needed above all, but the unabated
desire to clear away the timber was not limited to areas suitable for cropping
but was extended into thousands of acres that have since been abandoned,
after being denuded, as unsuitable for profitable farming.

In the days of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, there was practically no
market for hardwoods aside from what was required for local use. In com-
parison with the demand for softwoods to meet the needs for buildings and
other structural purposes, the call for hardwoods was. very limited.
White pine was then regarded as the principal and only desirable lumber,
and was the first in demand when the exploitation of the Pennsylvania for-
ests began. Large rafts of pine logs were floated down the Susquehanna
River and its tributaries as these streams drained a region abounding in the
growth of this wood. About this period, large quantities of timber were
sacrificed for the bark, which was peeled for tanning purposes; the logs being
left in the woods to rot and burn. Not long after eastern woods had begun
to be felled, similar activities were started in the forests of the far western
part of the State. Here the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers afforded
the means of rafting large quantities of timber from that part, which,
after being manufactured into lumber, was taken to market by water through
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The introduction of railroads extended the
lumber industry inland, remote from the rivers, where the finest developed
stands of conifers and hardwoods were abundant. After the great demand for
white pine had considerably increased its price, hemlock began to attract
attention. Though at first considered an inferior lumber, this prejudice
soon faded away and Pennsylvania was destined to meet a constantly in-
creasing demand for this species and has since been among the three States
leading in hemlock products.

The marketing of the stands of magnificent hardwood forests which had to
give way to provide room for agriculture and homes for farmers, was for
many years an important economic problem in this State. There was little
demand for this kind of timber abroad and still less in any of the other
States. This presented the situation that if the hardwoods were to be ex-
ploited at all, it would be necessary to develop a market at home, by the
establishment of factories like those concerned in this report, which would
consume this material for making various manufactured products. These
wood-working industries though prosperous, developed gradually at the out-
set. Later they not only rapidly increased in number, but grew to substan-
tial proportions and contributed largely to the industrial expansion which gave
Pennsylvania probably her early recognition as one of the leading manu-
facturing states. The products turned out by these industries not only

found markets in other states, but were demanded as important articles for
export to European cities.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING.

Besides the forests, the other natural resources of the State—coal, petro-
leum, gas, ore, stone, clay, and rich productive soil—have also influenced the
starting and growth of particular industries. These resources, with the
further advantages Pennsylvania offers through its harbors and waterways,
and a network of railway systems, making raw material accessible and
products easily marketed, have gained for Pennsylvania a commercial prestige
surpassed by only one other state.

In the report of the 13th Census, taken in 1910, the Federal Government
shows the valuable farm products taken from Pennsylvania in 1909 to ap-
proximate nearly 1662 million dollars; the value of mineral products,
including the output of mines, wells, and quarries, amounted to 2264 million
dollars; while for the same period the factories, 27,563 in number, gave an
added value to raw material of nearly 14 billions dollars. Manufacturing
then is preeminently the first of Pennsylvania industries.

The wood-using industries, with which this report deals, constitute one of
the important classes of the State’s manufacturing enterprises. The value
of the commodities turned out by them, together with that of the rough
forest products produced, such as crossties, telegraph poles, etc., annually
approximate $100,000,000. Although this is small compared to the production
of factories using iron and steel, it is next in importance and indicates
clearly the part that forests and their affiliated industries have and are still
taking in the commercial development of the State. The capitalization of
these wood factories amounts to over $63,000,000, and they give employment
to nearly 100,000 wage earners, many of whom are skilled mechanics. It
is known that the continued operation of these industries depends upon the
future timber supply. And equally obvious is the fact that if these factories
have to shut down and move closer to other timber producing regions, the re-
sult will be general industrial depression and loss.

FUTURE TIMBER SUPPLY.

For more than fifty years lumbering has been actively carried on in Penn-
sylvania, and has been especially active for the past twenty-five years.
Valuable scattered tracts of old growth hemlock and hardwood timber are
still to be found in the State, but they represent only a small percentage
of its wooded area and before many years pass they will be consumed. It
is, therefore, recognized that the second-growth forests will have to be de-
pended upon to meet the demands of the manufacturer, and this can only
be made possible by the practice of forestry, according to a definite State-
wide policy similar to that which this State has already inaugurated.

Studies by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry of forest conditions
in the State, have pointed out vast areas like that contained in the State
forests already established, that are better suited to forest growth than for
agriculture. A large portion of these areas has a forest cover of valuable
young trees in situations most conducive to their rapid growth. By the same
practical and systematic management which is now being followed on the
established forests, all of these lands can probably not only maintain the
present lumber output of the State, but increase the production in a com-
paratively short time: In other words, the State, by looking to the future
timber supply, can continue her three fold industry of growing timber, cut-
ting it into lumber, and making it into commodities.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

This report is divided into three parts. Part I relates to the species
of wood used by the wood-working factories in Pennsylvania, independent of
their particular uses and the factories purchasing them. There is a general
discussion of each wood, its range, and importance in the State as a lumber
tree, the proportion of the amount used grown within the State, and a brief
though particular enumeration of the properties of the wood. Uses are re-
ferred to only in a general sense by calling attention to the industries report-
ing the wood in large quantities.

Part II concerns the wood-using factories of Pennsylvania which have
been divided into industries according to products manufactured. Following
this is a discussion of individual industries, referring to the products manu-
factured, processes of manufacturing, woods demanded, and the principal
qualities determining their use. In a majority of cases, the most suitable
wood for each particular purpose is known, but the second best of the avail-
able kinds is pointed out where possible, and in this way, as well as in
others previously mentioned, the report will prove valuable to wood users.

Part III is a summary of wood uses, independent of any industry classifi-
cation or statistical data. In compiling this list, the Forest Service en-
deavored to arrange it to include every wooden commodity manufactured in
Pennsylvania. It constitutes the most nearly complete compendium of uses of
wood that has ever been arranged, and will be of particular value for reference.
Part III further includes the directory of the names and addresses of manu-
facturers, grouped according to industries, who supplied the information con-
tained in this report. The appendix presents data pertaining to Pennsyl-
vania taken from reports of the Bureau of Census, United States Department
of Commerce.

PART I.

KINDS OF WOOD.

A summary of the kinds of wood consumed in Pennsylvania manufacture,
together with the cost, total quantity, and average price are presented in
Table I following. Seventy-two kinds of wood were used within the State
in the year 1911-12. White pine heads the list, representing nearly 143%
of the total, but had longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf pine been grouped
under the term ‘southern yellow pine” it would have stood first in the list,
and in amount equal to more than +} of the total consumption.

It is interesting to know that the consumption of lumber in Pennsylvania
exceeds the production. In 1912 the lumber cut by the State was 992,180,000
feet while the quantity consumed by the wood-using factories was 1,114,000,000
feet. Of the quantity used, 313,683,000 feet or 28% was accredited to the
State, leaving 800,536,000 feet as coming from the forests of other States
and from foreign countries. Cost is the principal consideration with the
manufacturer purchasing raw material and the fact that his own State pro-
duces the same kind of lumber that he uses is of little consideration unless
that material be the cheapest and readily and conveniently procured. That
-only a little more than one-fourth of the State’s lumber production is con-
sumed in factories within the State suggests a probable duplication in distribu-
tion that does not tend to economy. This condition is worthy of considera-
tion by both lumber consumers and lumber producers, and when generally
understood, can, through the medium of the reguiar trade agencies, be con-
siderably improved.

So far as possible in this study, the data were presented by species rather
than by genus in order to enable one more easily to study uses according to in-
herent properties. It is of far greater value to know that a wood is white
oak, yellow poplar, or sugar maple than to have merely the generic name,
oak, poplar, or maple. Owing to the many difficulties encountered this effort
was but partially successful and was followed only to the extent warranted
by the information furnished by the manufacturers and by general information
as the particular uses of woods or the location where they were cut.

The southern states, and next to them the Lake states, contribute more of
the shipped-in material than any other lumber producing region. Shipments
of white pine, sugar maple, beech, birch, ash and elm were reported as
originating in the Lake region. The largest part of the shipped-in supply of
oak, yellow poplar, hickory, chestnut, and sycamore came from the forests
of West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee, included within the
hardwood region. Canada contributed a larger amount of wood but not as
many kinds as the region embracing New York and the New England states,
while the Pacific coast states sent a supply of six woods that aggregated nearly
10,000,000 feet. That such a large amount should have been brought over so
great a distance to meet the demands of the Pennsylvania wood-users: is
significant of the growing scarcity of native eastern soft-woods.

Table 1—Summary of kinds of wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June,

1912.

Kind of Wood.

Common Name.

Quantity Used.

Botanical Name.

White pine,
Shortleaf pine, .
Longleaf. pine,
White oak,
Red oak,

Yellow poplar,
Sugar maple,
Chestnut,
Loblolly pine,
Hemlock,

Beech,

Cypress (bald),
Red gum,
Spruce,
Basswood,

Birch,
Hickory,
PANS heiryteretecrelsterlstetoysietciess
TEMA jobeKY Goododo
White elm,

Cottonwood,
Cotton gum,
Svanish cedar,
Red and silver maple,

Black

FAIINS essseodoous
Southern white cedar,
Mahogany,

Douglas fir,
Western white pine,..
Cherry (black),

Serub pine,

Norway pine,
Sugar pine,
Red cedar,
Western yellow pine,

Black walnut,
Sycamore,
.Cork elm,
Hornbeam,
Locust (black),

Redwood,
Western hemlock,
Cucumber,
Yellow buckeye,
Applewood,

Dogwood,
IMO N/Ge dasauooooeobodaEe
Persimmon, ...........
Cireassian walnut,

Butternut,

French briar,
Meakeperrutscniresisnc rs
Holly (American), ..,
Congo reac sce tees
Westerp red cedar,

Pinus Strobus
Pinus echinata,
Pinus palustris,
Quercus alba,
Quercus rubra,

Liriodendron tulipifera,
Acer saccharum,
Castanea dentata,
Pinus taeda,
Tsuga canadensis,

Fagus atropunicea
folia).
Taxodium distichum,y ......56....
Liquidambar. styraciflua,
PECCARSDECIES waa eiaccicieein eeskitee
Tilia americana,

(F. grandi-

XA NNO, Sacsoetsosacoeccoen
Hicoria species=(Carya species)
Frazinus species,
LWOIS: THYUEKIS- icanasoccbsoundceaabod
Ulmus americana,

Populus deltoides,

Nyssa aquatica,

Cedrela od orga wercsntmenen cao

Acer rubrum and Acer sacchar-
inum.

Nyssa sylvatica,

Chamaecyparis thyoides,
Swietenia mahagoni,
Pseudotsuga tazxifolia,
Pinus monticola,
Prunus serotina,

Pinus virginiana,
PUNE CSINOS OM uiserchiao eens
Pinus lambertiana,

Juniperus virginiana,
Pinus ponderosa,

SOURS (GIGS “poouas ddabdoce sob08e

Platanus occidentalis,

Ulmus racemosa,

OStryG. VITGINIONG, Coo e nes oc ese ee

Robinia pseudacacia=(R. Pseu-
do-Acacia).

Sequoia sempervirens,
Tsuga heterophylla,

Magnolia acuminata,
Aesculus octandra,
Pyrus species,

COnnusalOrid decree eres
DiOSpynOs SPeCieS, ~... 2... 00.ece ene
Diospyros. virginiana,
Juglans regia,

Juglans cinerea,

ETLCUMSPECIES Skene nei cei cence
Tectona grandis,
TVCLMOD ACU Se ysciisiemereiscieic
Diospyros. species,
Thuja plicata,

I 2

4 ~

2 :

= Es

$ By

ce Wes
160,749,759 | 14.43
149,744,213 | 13.44
108,577, 308 9.75
98,190; 060 8.81
88, $37,570 7.52
56,720,991 5.09
54, 955, 805 4.93
51, 326, 097 4.61
51,241,544 4.60
43, 027,872 3.86
40,244, 300 3.61
28,195, 290 2.08
22,865,144 2.05
20,589,028 1.84
18,698, 836 1.68
18, 635,582 1.67
17,853, 255 1.60
14, 304; 627 1.28
10, 630,700 195
9,708, 643 87
6,385, 850 57
5, 957, 687 154
5, $12, 660 52
5,711, 275 51
4,957,160 45
3,787,300 .84
3,680, 254 33
3 364,138 30
3,070,500 128
2,723, 493 24
2, 886, 095 21
2,397,340 il
1,213,700 “ail
878,500 .08
830, 000 .07
782, 615 .07
697, 073 06
672, 200 06
547,184 .05
505, 850 .05
505, 682 £05
500, 000 05
351,400 | 08
324,200 08
172, 435 02
164,137 OL
184,777 01
112,010 01
- 108,140 01
86,810 01
81, $00 01
65,590 01
61,000 01
60, 000 01
01

55, 060 |

Average cost per 1,000 ft. at
factory.

Votal eost f. o. b. factory.

$31 55‘) $5,071, 607
23 34 3, 494, 950
31 71 3, 443, 246
34 00 3,338,005
30° 94 2,593, 836
32 62 1,850,151
22 29} 1,225,049
25, 223 1, 294, 609
19 91 1,020,167
20: 60 886, 201
17 42 701, 244
88 94 908, 285°
2278 520, 842
21 34 438 , 216
29 58 552,118
28 05 522,774
40 59 724, 685
44 02 629,752
18 07 192, 084
27 61 268,014
26 66 168, 938
32 29 192,350
112 98 656, 435
21 66 123, 690
19 35 95, 923
41 74 155,986
122 29 450, 064
4319 145, 296
40 22 123, 496
39 73 108,191
19 10 45,557
28 74 66, 897
50 53 61,323
56 29 49,454
26 06 21,630
72 94 57, 085
28 73 20,080
32 88 22,102
43 88 28, 985
22 93 11,601
50 36 25,464
20 00 10,000
24 73 8, 691
25 19 8,168
48 84 8, 422
22 59 3,708

188 18 25,363
58 92 6,659

840 45 36, 816
33 72 2,927

351 34 28,740

191 95 12,596
99 10 6,045
133 00 8,000
39 09 2,150

Table 1.—Summary of kinds of wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June,
1912—Continued.

Kind of Wood. ; Quantity Used. B PB
s £
= Ll S
= a
Ss te
ol 2
a .
2 6
» cay
Common Name. Botanical Name. g 8 te
eal waa hae
S Ay Em)
3 se —
2 3a &
& fy hal ©
i [gy 4 A
Tamarack, Larix laricina, 40,300 sf 28 81 1,161
Balsam fir, Abies balsamea, 40, 000 Heke 45 50 1,820
Boxwood, ...... Tabebuia pentaphylla and Buzxus
sempervirens 32,416 * 298 90 9,689
Aspen (popple), ......| Populus tremuloides, ........ aaeee 30, 600 * 15 00 450
Willow (black), .:....| Sali nigra, 9... $00.40. 64 Bee 5 25, 000 * 13 00 325
Sitka spruce, .........| Picea sitchensis |..cc60...0cececcd 15,000 EA 35 40 5381
Rosewood, ... Dalbergia species, ..........+.000- 6,185 * 462 89 2,863
Eucalyptus, .| Bucalyptus species, .......... eee 5,000 i 260 00 1,300
Lignum-vitae, .........| Guajacum officinale, ........ SAGE 2,050 * 175 61 360
Mountain laurel, .....| Kalmia latifolia, ............. Bets 1,000: a 40 00 40
Sumach, Rhus hirta (R. typhina), 500 te 80 00 40
Olive wood, Olea europea, ...:......6.. 480 es 81 25 39
Satinwood, Chloroxylon swietenia, .......... 120 mi 200 00 24
Sassafras, Sassafras sassafras (8S varii- 50 * 25 00 1
folium).
Weichsel roots, .......| Prunus mahaled, '.......... sudaods 30 fe 540 00 : 16
SATDOS 2 vie cisiesisievereie ataleterete (a crsicrcialoveiaie ais heete ve ise ltacmaraniaeine efeictelcier 30 x 200 00 6
Doncella, ........c0000.| Byrsonima spicata, .:... Pveterstetetets 10 * 100 00 1
TO Leds shsiarsveisrsicier ste aie | sree cinkeon oie rei a toate oa ernie aot eeoe| 1,114, 219, 650 100.00 $29 15 | $32,483, 227
Reeds ay ii. tens 24,000 Ibs.
Rattans each coeeaee 2,000 lbs

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

Under the heading “Kind of Wood” the above table shows two separate
lists of names. In the first column appear the names of the several woods as
they are known to the trade, called common names. The scientific names
which the botanists use to distinguish species are shown in the second column.
In this and similar State reports, it has been the purpose of the Forest
Service to call woods by their proper name with a view of standardizing
nomenclature. Common names vary considerably according to locality but
botanists as a rule are in agreement as to the scientific names. There are
exceptions to this and among those shown in the above table are hickory,
beech, locust, and sassafras. It will be noted that two botanical names are
given for these woods. The first set is used by the Forest Service as given in
the publication issued by the Federal Government entitled “The Check List cf
the Forest Trees of the United States.” The second set is from the seventh
edition of Gray’s Botany which is used as a standard by the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry.

Thirteen of the species shown in the above table are foreign woods, the
most prominent being Spanish cedar, and mahogany, followed by ebony and
teak. Those accustomed to purchasing foreign woods in the form of ‘logs,
flitches, or lumber may regard the average cost of these woods as excessive.
This is because a part of the supply of these woods is purchased in the form of
thin veneer which, in order to be included in the tables of this report, was
reduced to feet board measure with no allowance for waste or the cost of
production.

THE WOODS GROWN IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Of the seventy-two woods which the manufacturers reported using, the en-
tire amount of only six was home grown.
mountain laurel, sometimes called kalmia, black locust, sassafras, sumach
and willow. The forests in the State also furnished a part of the supply
of thirty-six other woods, making an aggregate of State-grown material used
equal to a little more than 28% of the total consumption.

Instead of arranging the woods in the order of the quantity consumed, as
in Table 1, they are shown in Table 2 alphabetically according to their

generic names.

Thes

e were aspen,

(or popple) ,

This arrangement throws together consecutively the birches,

the cedars, the oaks, the maples, and the pines, and allows an easy compari-
son of amounts of each species used, and if desired, an aggregate of any of
them can be made readily. For a more convenient comparison of the home-
grown woods with those grown out of the State, not only the quantities of
these two classes are given for each species but also the per cent. which

each class represents.

Table 2—Summary of State-grown and shipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania,
year ending June, 1912.

Grown in Pennsyl-

Grown Out of

vania. Pennsylvania.
|
Kind of Wood. A <i |

bs = be #

£3 ° E3 °

5m S Be S

So mq oe oy
Alp DLE WiGO dium ciercisyaeferelatsicicieteteisits aisicisieislelsistsiale 87,435 50.71 85, 000 49.29
PAS Tae Ae aNiniepeyai neu panens eiaja cyeiaie oimielcel crust cclaibsetio s 6,568, 952 45.92 7,735,675 54.08 |
ASDEMA (DOD DIE) he vorcteynteresclotoieteiorsseyateietsteralelcbateieys 3015 OOO! eesiael. 0 Ol (iiss [pee sper eterna, |e eet
LEE VIGEH ny Op bes Saas ha anMcnmEe aoa OUSAO RUB EAR eme aT PorgrG bout mics |eposoune 40,000} 100.00
BASS WOO (series cee tao naluclaatciee conten 7,933,764 42.43 10,765,072 57.57
TEX YeT OAR BUSI 8 Sig ER EEA CMD Rima aE TE Rea 27,556, 900 | 68.47 12, 687, 400 31.53
IanO ASEH nae Abe U MED BS ace Meta Sennen Hae 9,826, 614 | 52.73 8,808, 968 47.27
NSO KSWIOO Ogee paral seievaleuetessevaretntatese/ suai niesees evoletsiers istelsiouil| Gases gre olelsra troerels vats eee aioe 32,416 100.00
Buckeye yellow seciciisciisisisiete syeisreiaisinic sare 184, 000 | 56.76 140, 200 43.24
IBIAS MPP, hen Aosou dagepaoudaKdas sos oe F6uuaG 79,500 $1.58 7,310 8.42
Cedar ered ais eee aa eee tera csigeaivale 17,560 1.99 861, 000 | 98.01
Cedars S southern whites i) -yaceiscieveisie/<iais ajeters :|uiciestie vices aialeieysie Ineveretecterele 3,737,300 100.00
Cedarwewesterme Teds: a.ccyereyaistei a. sportaie cieislatele siete | eninibesalclassieceiesiels IBersrsictetoisrs 55, 000 100.60
@herryPrsblack va eccierisiecie ieesisiccleca seats 1,802, 880 66.20 920, 613 33.80
CHES tibet yen Sra aieyae tn etosiord series ante Ts 22, 479, 333 43.80 28, 846, 764 56.20
(Omit tie daseadsa codons Oba BUC EdocOU acs Hebbel LDoG Cb btS Bo anee PabOS seas 60, 000 100.00
Cobttonwoodsy (recs ner accra secs ce 88, 500 1.46 6, 247, 350 98.60
Gucnumber yea ee Ne een ae 235, 600 67.05 115,800 82.95
@yressia (ald) mistress sete steve csveateietetotecvantetocct || tpolseststelotote rare avert lai erate 23,195, 290 100.00
WOS WOO GY cr etcetera cacti sie aseeeincechics 140,122 85.37 24,015 14.63
OIC NERA Sosen Gen os bocttnod SHO SOR SU OA BO TOAGH HRAB Emre Be Ona a aap 10 100.00
Douglas PUTS ta tose eta fsc ache sloeiasctay oe ys etter aie deep lite slavares Se cri oa Beters Sa aes 3,364,138 100.00
NaN Ai sa bere au ned OO ou ONee COA DOONMOH COBDS OGOC?| DAUORO BRE CU aa etalon iene 134,777 100.00
Elm, cork, HEB OU ODA ADGA TH ORO REG OOTOURL ORG 154, 600 23.00 517,600 77.00
BMW Tt CL ise kcis ici tictoincursoiistiecurcectere 846, 300 8.72 8,862,348 91,28
Hucalyptiseanenee to.trs ik ea ee ey 5,000) 100.00
Bem GI ET Bre; iisnsepseverahicr en atac aera cake eeiel Syetate che aie aha | ee a steser a eran oe ant [inaea a aoe ss 81,800 100.00
Gum, hlack, 5.50 4, 684, 444 94.50
Crutia,* GOIN, MossbaoooceoudsooBdoUsOSono, || Mabuoceneduasetl ameEeere 5, 957, 687 100.00
AT e milo cleat oe are Napetaths cee o/sietenna detaa teens oe 72.55 11,809,930 | 27.45
Me mlO eke se wiesteLn macaotenticrorcisie ei sreiisst cei leintcisliee inci Geral cheeks 500,000 100.00
ENT CRG BY ip aiaattia tractive sot sieinc Ciacinwrmen a oenmacees 8,367,596 46.87 9,485, 659 53.13
Holly, American, ............... asietsleloierccloultelseeiiclelscieiceilineroeiigs 61,000 100.00
FT OT NDE AM fel heperss oie ssyee aici sisi oler es ete Ciaeine 397,184 72.59 150, 000 27.41
Raunelssmountalimvas: ssscsiccictecocceesices 1,000 LOOLOO! eerarereterctsreltnctecienl leas

Total.

172, 485
14, 304, 627
30, 000

40, 000

18, 698, 836

40, 244, 300
18, 635,582
32, 416
324, 200
86, 810

878,500
3,737,300
55, 000
2,723,493
51,326,097

28, 195, 290
164,137

3,364, 138
134,777
672, 200
9,708, 643

5,000
81,800
4,957,160

- 5, 957, 687

43,027,872

500, 000
17,853, 255
61, 000
547,184
1,000

Table 2.—Summary of State-grown and shipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania,
year ending June, 1912—Continued.

Kind of Wood.

Lignum-vitae,
Locust, black,
Mahogany,
Maple, red and silver,
Maple, sugar,

Gyalkes aly Vd gaodeodoodngasaspooduosuOnoOdouDE
Oak, white,
Olivewood,
Persimmon, ....
Pine, loblolly,

Pine,
Pine,
Pine,
Pine,
Pine,

longleat,
Norway,
pitch,

Pine,

SUN ee et talarsee cercteneoleteieioetevctereransiacenetsiere
Pine,

western white,
Pine, western yellow,
Pine, white,
Red gum,

Redwood,
Rosewood,
Sassafras,
Satinwood,
Sarbo,

Spanish cedar,
Spruce,
Spruce,
Sumach,
Sycamore,

ieee Sopoodooodaodhosnapsbodopooot™

MA MAa Claieryse sepsis osialsiestwleloratvalsteeuctee terete: |
Malki tiessrrreietiiwanteist.

Walnut, black,
Walnut, Circassian,
Weichsel roots,

Willow, black,
Yellow poplar,

Total,

Grown in Pennsyl-

Grown Out of

vania. Pennsylvania.
a q
peg Sh
Se 8 Soa ee
(shen aS 3
El 5 St a
oe Ay Ce Ay
Hosa Up Content paoRE nee 2,050 160.00
505,850 TLOAUUM eee perianimcn gene lead nbors
Be reat Besa near I eR Chey 3, 680, 254 100.00
3, 073, 275 53.81 2,638, 000 46.19
35, 482, 200 64.56 19, 478, 605 35.44
25,681, 362 30.63 58, 156, 208 69.37
41,536,349 42.30 56,653, 711 57.70
SEPA TOM Aaa rR Oe 480 100.00
Saas Spe Get asa On 113,010 100.00
EV AP SE D\sien eh atl Ber aia os 51, 241,544 100.00
SUR Scae cereal ecm ateares 108,577,308 100.00
2 OOO a eerste ZeS0AKSA0F |e see
4,432, 200 41.69 6,198,500 58.31
105,500 4,42 2, 280,595 95.58
10, 002 01 149,734, 213 99.99
BeOS Cae R es REGS pee 1, 213, 700 1€0.00
RE OneuaA OMEN aoe OONG 3, 070, 500 100.00
SEO UNORMHEToN SHE One ce 830, 000 100. 00
69, 236, 764 43.07 91,512,995 56.93
5, 506 03 22, 859), 644 99.98
De eva sees ee 565, 682 100.90
Roh aaed siot stats 6,185 100.00
BOE Wereedl USO si Ruenrertepaterevaterclovs ieee Minvoteteketerers
Ssh lene ccatatreis 120 100.00
REUSE SH GaaAaS 30 100.00
PHU Rees ee on a ee 5,812, 660 100.00
1,786,400 8.70 18,752, 628 91.30
SHO RDO OO aT ASE OS 15,000 100.00
500 PL OHO OD? listers eres sevens eiere | raieterecese se
31, 608 4.53 665, 470 95.47
300 74 | 40, 00G 99.2
SHED BONAIRE ON TOR nen 65,590 100.06
443,705 56.70 388, 910 43.30
OBS aE eC SOA AG 108,140 100.00
Us Se Resor teheralainillutste ne estate 30 100.00
25,000 LOOOON Rett Nernst oulia eve yapst
13,013, 636 22.94 43,707,355 77.06
318, 683, 637 28.15 800,536, 018 71.85

Total.

2,050
503, $50
3,680, 254
5, 711, 275
54, 955, 805

83, 837,570
98, 190,060
480
113,010
B1, 241,544

108,577,308
2,327, 340
10, 630, 700
2, 386, 095
149,744, 213

1, 213,700
3,070,500
830, 000
160), 749, 759
22,865,144

505, 682
6, 185
50

120

5, 812, 660
20,539, 028
15,000

500

697, 073

40,300
65,590
782, 615
108,140:
30

25, 000
56,720, 991

1,114, 219, 650

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS.

Notwithstanding the very general. substitution of other materials like con-
crete, metals, stone, and clay for wood there is no clear indication that the

call for lumber and other forest products is decreasing at this time.

With

the opening of the Panama Canal and the changing conditions which are con-
stantly taking place in trade, it is difficult to predict what the future will

bring forth.

As it is there is a large demand for lumber of all kinds and es-

pecially for the better grades of native woods. If there were an inexhaustible

supply of timber now as there appeared to be fifty years or more ago, there
would be less reason for making a study of this kind; but on account of the
growing shortage of commercial timber it is most important that investiga-
tions be made to determine the qualities of woods that best fit them for a

particular use.

With this in view, this section of the report has been de-

voted to a brief account of the several woods used by the manufacturers,

In dealing with the properties of woods in the following paragraphs, a
graded set of terms, such as hard, very hard, fairly hard, soft, very soft,
ete., is used. These terms of course indicate an approximate scale and
apply only to the average run of woods, as many conditions governing the
growth of the tree affect materially the structure of the wood so that the same
kind appears to have slightly different qualities. Generally the scale of terms
used will serve to give a fairly clear idea of the properties of woods. To
prevent confusion in their application, efforts have been made not to use them
too loosely. The schedule setting forth the terms showing the relative grada-
tions to which all descriptions of qualities conform will be found on page 60.
By reference to this schedule the properties of the woods described may read-
ily be studied and compared.

Lumbermen divide woods into two general classes, hardwoods and soft-
woods. This classification is not based so much upon the qualities of hard-
ness and softness as upon distinction which custom has standardized because it
is practical and holds true generally. Hardwoods are trees with broad leaves,
while the softwoods have the needle leaf.

THE SOFTWOODS.

There are nineteen species of conifers going into final manufacture in
Pennsylvania. Ten of them are pines, constituting nearly fifty per cent. of the
total consumption, and of these the supply of seven is obtained entirely from
other states, and of the three home-grown species, scrub and pitch pine are
required in relatively small amounts, leaving white pine the foremost soft-
wood representative of the Pennsylvania forests. Pine lumber is generally ad-
mitted to be the most valuable wood that the earth produces and the species
that are used in Pennsylvania together with the other softwoods are described
in the order of quantity as follows:

PINES.
White Pine (Pinus Strobus).

White pine was the first lumber tree in Pennsylvania that attracted the
attention of the lumbermen. It was not found in this State in thick stands of
vast areas like the white pine in the Lake regions and parts of New
England, but it grew plentifully in various parts of the State. The trees were
generally of large development, and in the early years of lumbering, Pennsyl-
vania trees contributed a large proportion of the total white pine cut of the
country. In 1880 the estimated cut of white pine in Pennsylvania amounted to-
380,000,000 feet, in 1900, 221,000,000 feet, and in 1910 only 92,000,000 feet.
In a few localities the remnants of the original stands are still being cut and
here and there trees are found scattered among the hemlocks and hardwoods,
besides the second growth that helps to make up the supply. White pine
reproduces vigorously and in certain parts of the State under favorable con-
ditions grows with astonishing rapidity. In quantity, it is the most used of
any wood for manufacture in Pennsylvania, and owing to its valuable
qualities of being light, soft, comparatively durable, of whitish color, easily
worked, and holding its shape when in place, it is called for by the factories
comprising thirty-two of the fifty-four industries. The largest quantity was
used for making planing mill products and general mill work, and the
next largest for boxes, these two industries accounting for 71% of the supply
going to the Pennsylvania factories. It is interesting to note that white pine
cut for Pennsylvania was only 2,000,000 feet more than the reported quantity
of home-grown wood used. This gives white pine the distinction of being con-

sumed by manufacturers in the largest proportion of the amount cut in the
State of any home grown tree that is important in the production of lumber.

Table 3.—Consumption of White Pine, year ending June, 1912.

| A .
Par Pe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Ba g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S o vania. sylvania.
S 3 ¢
(ee 2
fe i
& i
Industry. iy =
! ob oe
ay 5
: ql | Ba ) .
fo) do au Q 2
~ % ita, B a) ~
o Hy 5B S ov o
& of 4 a SI S
Planing mill products, .......... 62,556, 492 38.92 | $36 58 $2, 285, 337 29, 261, 299 33, 295,193
Boxes and crates, packing,..... 51,583,373 32.09 | 21 08 | 1,084,714 19,390,373 32, 193: 000
Car constiuction, ...0.2..:85..44. 12, 829, 420 7.98 31 38 402, 637 4,041,869 8,787, 551
Patterns and flasks, ............ 9,141,449 5.69 56 09 512,735 2,276,198 6,865, 251
Caskets and coffins, ............ 4,793,000 2.98 18 90 188, 495 708,500 4,089, 500
Ship and boat building, ........ 4,544, 650 2.83 46 85 212, 928 2,783), 150 1,811,500
JDahihasy=taunooomennoboedagoooMOb OU OD 2,092. 000 1.30 24 59 | 51,485 1,575,000 517,000
sone MS SoaobenebounoocnbssUndcacue: 1, 000', 000 -62 32 00 | BB UUs MignSanva ses 1,000, 000
MANKS sANCESUOS ricactenicte cies ees i 820,000 51 34.84 28,570) 60, 000 760, 000
Machinery and apparatus, elec-

ERIC BILGE oie Ansara ok oneqate siete sis) ctavee des _. 787, 200 49 40) 03 31,504 150, 000 637,260.
MOY Sheie se cis reels aeieleieiste serve alolelerenieteiciere 725, 000 45 24 90 18,050 487,500 237,500
Fixtures, 452), 450 28 45 64 20, 649 100, 450 352, 000:
Trunks and valises, 428,500 220 28 60 12, 255 128,500 300, 000
MurnilULe wesc cr neers 298, 700 .19 44 32 13, 239 281,500 17, 200
Mine equipment, .................. 239, 000 15 23: 70 5, 665 13, 000 226, 000
Baskets, fruit and vegetables, 230,000 14 21 00 4,830 28050003 |e cieifoevleie
Woodenware and novelties, .. 225 , 000 14 11 78 | 2, 650 225, 000: | iis occtrcvere
Butchers’ blocks and skewers,.. 200', 000 12 22, 00 4,400 PADA I ll esse aassodaas
Machine construction, ............ 143, 500 .09 41 34 5, 932 83,500 60, 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 140,550 09 34 62 4,866 118,050 22,500
Agricultural implements, ...... 116, 000 .07 31 71 | 3,678 26,000 90, 000
Instruments, musical, ............ 88, 000 05 34 56 AOA Ee eevsterote ce 88,000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- ;

AHISES SUP DLICS§ iiiisistaic eieieicveiese siclevete 79, 000 05 22°58 1,784 15,000 64, 000:
Laundry appliances, ............ 78, 200 05 35: 92 | 2,809 25, 000 53, 200
IX COLSTOT ALA Seis arcietowistelnaee piers eiciete 63,500 04 15 00 | 953 355007 Estee it
MOV ATOLS es eerscteis elec erssicieis ofotie stoic 62, 200 04 40 45 | 2,516 32, 200 30,000
Manual training practice (sloyd), 21,575 01 12° 35 | 1,561 8,675 12,900 -
Gates and fencing, ............%. 5, 000 * 2200 | 110 SOOO HM serrecse ci
Plumbers’ woodwork, ............ 2,500 i 36. 00 GOR erevavstiseete 2,500
Instruments, professional and

Sclembific yee wo deos meets 1,000 90: 00 EUG Rake eemibee eee 1,000

\ | |
Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- |

TOG Sh eataretersvereralotaltersvel Sosrelaereioleehetereting 500 * 28 00 14 500

Miscellaneous, 7, 002, 000 4.36 26 00 182,070 7,002, 000
TOAD ict isk com canaries deen 160,749, 759 100.00 $31 55 $5, 071, 607 69, 236, 764 91,512,995

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata).

In quantity shortleaf pine is the most important yellow pine used by the
Pennsylvania wood users. It was demanded, next to white pine, in the
largest amount of any wood going into final manufacture in the State.
Twenty-four industries report using this wood, but over ninety-one per cent. of
the total went to three of them: boxes, planing mill products, and car con-
struction. Shortleaf pine grows in Pennsylvania and, to a limited extent, is
sawed into lumber; but the manufacturers report the use of the home cut
wood in very small quantities and purchase almost their entire supply. in
the southern states. Shortleaf pine is a soft, yellow wood with considerable
sap.and has wider rings than the longleaf pine. Its qualities may be indicated

as intermediate or coarse grained, moderately hard, dense, tough and
elastic, strong, stiff, durable, resinous, moderately stable, rather easy to
work, and takes paint well. It is not infrequently bought and sold as longleaf
pine, especially that coming from the Gulf states. The Virginia and Carolina
shortleaf pine is generally handled under the name North Carolina pine,
being a mixture of loblolly and shortleaf in the proportion of about four
to one.

Table 4.—Consumption of Shortleaf Pine, year ending June, 1912.

ey Pe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ses S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3) vania. sylvania.
= &
r=)
a 2
iS 4
Industry. ay .
ee 3
cs U5 +
q s & % q q
é q o S © c
ane 3 am is 2 o
8 » | oe s 3 %
a) > °
= a 4 a od os
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 52, 719, 727 35.21 $18 00 $949, 003 | 52,719, 727
Planing mill products, .......... 51,870,590 34.64 26 68 | ABS Seiooy| Wes | 51,870,590
CareconsStructionas iene -imies 32, 724,334 21.85 26 10 854, 105 | | 32,724,334
Boards, cloth, hosiery, etc.,.... 8, 000, 000 | 4.384 2 00 200, 000 | 8, 000, 000
Machinery and electrical appa- |

LSS | bold db bade anoldnaupO doeenceAS 968, 200 65 21 89 DU OU Sees erates 968, 200
Mine equipment, ................ 567, 000 .38 21 14 TW OSS aeasewtetclel-vefetete 567, 000
Ship and boat building, ......... - 480, 800 82 28 74 MS B20 LER el osioarate 480, 800
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ...... 467, 200 ol 26.67 SPACE | oobecosasoHs 467, 200
Refrigerators and kitchen cabi-

LN SLAS EN CoUIM ENG BE Fend cIsC Eee ricer Hens 453,750 30 20 07 12, 284 453,750
Fixtures, H 256, 0100 7 25 92) 6,635 | 256,000
Patterns and flasks, ............ A2, O12 16 20: 89 BAUHS'laboeadseencn 242, 012
Equipment, playground, ........ 240,000 16 27 00 | (pe WW tennpoodscns 240i, 000
Machine construction, <........... 163, 006 ella 23 99 | 3,910 10, 000 | 153, 000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’, ete.,..| “© 145,000 10 15 69 WACOM ratatekel stelefeje eters 145, 000

edb Sonpeadcoce agcoaadascd00m 141,000 | 10 23 92 | BES TAUl Ey sn aecurtestine 141, 000
Agricultural implements, ....... 95, 000 06 29 74 | 2,825 95, 000
PPAMIKSHaAnNdniSilostecss san eerieesoeee 86, 200 | 06 | 29 47 | 2,540 86, 200:
Milleviaitonsies nc weyecciteevis. chrisaes 50', 000 | .038 22 06 | 1,100 50), 000
Had Mrs ieee ein eae iets weit 25, v00 02 25 06 625 25,000
Instruments, musical, ............ 19,900 01 34 52 687 19, 900
Plumbers’ woodwork, ............ 12,250 | 01 28 00 BEB) Ih céognestdead 12, 250
VAN GES sss sence rnin ser eee een 12,000 01} 30.00 BYRD Poackanobseod 12,000
Frames and moulding, picture, 5,000 fs 30 00 | D5 Obl irercttetelateryers 5, G00
Manual training practice (sloyd), 250 | * 40: 00 Io geccioanoues 250

TOGA es tien cep eich n ttimeneay 149,744, 213 100.00 $23. 34 $8, 494, 950 10,000 | 149,734,213

“Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris).

For strength, stiffness, and durability, longleaf pine is considered superior
to other species of yellow pine. The distinguishing features of the wood are
its narrow rings and its relatively small proportion of sapwood. It is hard,
with fine straight grain, dense, moderately heavy, elastic, tough; splits
rather easily, is fairly hard to work, and does not take paint well. Nearly
three-fourths of all that is used in the State is consumed in car building, al-
though seventeen other industries reported its use in varying small amounts.
The most prominent among these are planing mill products, ship building, and
the manufacture of tanks and silos.

Table 5.—Consumption of Longleaf Pine, year ending June, 1912.

T
= Pe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 8 vania. sylvania.
[—) od
- H
—$<$—$—_—_—_——_. v7 _——.
| Puy 2 !
Ss j
Industry. 2
~ i Ao
f oe sf :
SI ks 1 o S 2 q |
: | DES : :
2 Q a8 s: 2 fe)
a co Ge & ny iy
@ ® BS iS o o
is | Ay | q o —& &
Car construction, quasunnaonoDeaceo 76,932,160 70.85 $32 21 SPACu EROS oossceuusces 76,932,160:
Planing mill products, ........... 19, 612, 698 18.06 29538 DG aod Olimelraeteheteteeerste 19, 612, 698
Ship and boat building, ........ 5, 286, 000: 4.87 37 56 LOSES 208 epetelerepte/sreteters 5, 286, 000
Tanks ANG RSUOS Matern nue 2,565,000} . 2.36 26. 57 (ERIM s | soocadaquanes 2,565, 000:
Machine construction, ............ 1, 481, 600 1.32 | 27 66 ax bai Sacodcadaues 1, 431, 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts,.... 576,550 55} 34 33 Ae Sa Wodeesoseanoo | 576,550
Agricultural implements, ...... 5638, 200! ano lori ESOS lmerrpercvettstepetets 568, 200
Mine) “equipment aoosnee cee a: | 423, 000 139) | 26: 39 11,163 [eee e eee es 423, 000
MTeVatOTsyeae-eyecios aye ckaahe nee | 269, 900 25 36 73 | Patilet | Peeheoooapst 269, £00
Boxes and crates, packing,.... | 241,800 22 | 22 O4 | 95830 |). see ce clniein = | 241,800
Patterns and flasks, ...........- | 234, 000 .22| 20 70 | | | 284,000
Weighing apparatus, ............ 200, 000 18, | 30 00 | 200), 000
MUTMIEULO cere berate eee 138,500 18 31 838 | 188,500
ladders, Dee iayeysiedete either TE: 50, C00 05 28 06 ANON cao spads Sood | 50,000:
TREX GUMS Se ascii s renee arsceievome ie steve eeneye | 39,500 04 32 41 ae Lee aheoooaosac | 39,500!
Equipment, playground, ........ 7,000 01 | 52 00 BOAT | Nene 7,000!
Caskets| and coffins,’ 2.2 7.045.200... 6,000 Br 37 50 DDN |S a orci tote eters 6, 000:
Machinery. and electrical ap-
DETAEUSE hase ailaecte ibe ter eyes Nae 1,000 * 25 00 oil avareeieererete 1,000
Ga ies Nes evedceay escuela pets 108,577, 308 100.00 $31 71 $3, 443,246 |... 0c eee 108 , 577,308

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

Lobloliy Pine (Pinus taeda).

Loblolly pine does not grow in Pennsylvania though it has a wide range
extending from southern Maryland through all the southern states and ex-
tends as far west as Texas. Most of that used in Pennsylvania was re-
ported as coming from Virginia and North Carolina, in which states it con-
stitutes the largest proportion of the lumber production. It is a soft, wide
ringed, thick sapped, yellow pine. It has very coarse straight grain, is
moderately hard, strong and durable, resinous, brittle, easy to season and
work, and takes paint well. It closely resembles shortleaf pine and meets
similar uses, so that no attempt is ever made to distinguish it commercially.
Over 51,000,000 feet is demanded yearly by the Pennsylvania wood users
for a great variety of purposes, but over nine-tenths is reported by the box
makers and the manufacturers of. sash, doors, blinds, and other planing mill
products.

Table 6—Consumption of Loblolly Pine, year ending June, 1912.
3 fs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 3S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S} yania. sylvania.
Ss i]
ay Hw
[ay r=}
5 t
Industry. an 2
g ; 26 + j j
3 : ve zZ a FI
a oO on. 2 a S
cs) Gan = Le
Beeps cal ean ae 3 2
ic Ay | x a i) &
Boxes and crates, packing,...... 36,173,429 70.59 $17 51 | $623, 493 36,173, 429
Planing) mill products, ..e.23-..-: 7,307,090 14.2 27 53 201, 076 | 7,307, 080
Cans CONSELUCTIONS weyartantercrstar-cetiete ere 4,827, 625 9.42 25 98 | 125, 422 | 4,827,625
Boards, cloth, hosiery, ete.,.... 1, 000, 000 ieee 18 13 | 18,125 1,090), 000
Patterns and flasks; 4... .00c..2. 579,000 aa} 20) 27 | 11,738 579, 000
Equipment, playground, ........ 400, 000 7 20) 00 | | 400, 000
ILGG\GK STS Ee Soueeea cece core morro aoen 400, 000 78 20 00 | 400, 000
Trunks and “valises, «........... 160, 000 .oL 24 22, 160, 000
EUUSETIN OS 3 fee st ets cepels ee sajete ators areata ate 153,000 .30 22:17 153, 000
IDI EOE Pep onopouoosoutaeos BESOEnS 96,500 20 2 31 96, 500
OIENT PUN Rah eA ae eset oereteisiee Slelone 58, 000 aula! 22 79 58, 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, 41, 900 08 28 07 41, 900
Machine construction, ........... 25, 000 .05 32 25, 0100,
Instruments, musical,, ......... 3,000 01 40: 00 3, 000
Miscellaneous eee nee: 17,000 03: 30 00 17,000
Mostalaiitaereisem eset UG 51, 241,544 100.00 $19 91 $1,020, 167 | BohMELaan ese 51, 241,544

Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida).

Pitch pine furnishes the largest amount of yellow pine lumber that is
cut in Pennsylvania. The tree has a large proportion of sapwood and is de-
cidedly resinous. It grows scatteringly throughout the State and is more
extensively used than the total in Table 7 would indicate, owing to the
fact that after it is cut into lumber it is difficult for the manufacturer to
identify it. The wood is very brittle, of medium weight, hard, coarse
grained, weak, ctiff, durable, and does not hold paint. Its principal use in
Pennsylvania for manufacturing is for boxes and crates, though it meets a
wider demand for structural work and for other uses where rough timber is

required without further manufacture.

Table 7—Consumption of Pitch Pine, year ending June, 1912.

ar fs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. = | & Pennsyl- of Penn-
S LY vania. sylvania.
‘ S a
— ae = a
n ‘S
F
a °
Industry. aye i
is) si :
q Seas z A el
a g ne a a a
hy Ps ov i a3 to
2 D Bo 5 5 Es
B | a < 5 & &
BOXES aM GW Cravves a reieleceresialesereleieys > | 6,931, 800 65.2] $16 32 $112,519 979, 600 5, 952, 200
Planing mill products, ........ 4,826, 000 26.58 22 37 63, 206 QES2Gs OOO! |<. cixcttersiste ete
Carsaconstruchiontie- ie cciseci- eee 458, 600 4.31 16 10 7,383 214, 800 243, 800
MINE QUAD INEMbeettscstiestases clctae = | 246, 000 2.32 23 O17 5,675 Pa AD lesbo sadondua
Vehicles and vehicle parts,..... | 5b, 200 D2 200 1,257 | BSRCUUM | Baosenoocoo
Machine construction, .......... | 49,100 | 46 16 44 807 | LL EAN Dewan Asoo Good
Patterns mandy asks. 4 -\--mc n-ne 44, 000 | 41 20 84 917 41,500 2,500
HEGULES He ticreecicteiires cieis foie aes 20, 000 oll) 16 00 320 203000) Pie eae
TOGA e etecns iscsi ce oeth erat sheets 10,630,700 100.00 $18 07 $192, 084 4,482, 200 6,198,500

Western White Pine (Pinus monticola).

This is not the species which produces the white pine lumber of Pennsyl-
vania and the Lake states, but in appearance the wood closely resembies
eastern white pine and is suitable for most of the purposes for which the
eastern wood is used. Idaho, western Montana, and Washington supplied
the most of it used in Pennsylvania. The industries demanding it are the
makers of planing mill products and the car builders.

Table 8.—Consumption of Western White Pine, year ending June, 1912.

“5 be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 3 Pennsyl- of Penn-
Ss o vania. sylvania.
S &
MARS FEA MINS SoBe S aoe nr
( i a |
Ss i
Industry. ©
ats .
i oP ap :
A : ~$ % q 8
a S| 2 a rs) o
2 a oS 2 a
(5) iv] 4
* Bees Ee | - *
bos °
e a 4 os | 2 os
Planing mill products, ........... 2,914,500] 94.92] $39 55 S115; 280s cee one 2,914,500
Car construction, 87,500 2.85 54 99 4,812 87,
Patterns and flasks, a 28, 000 al 56 98 1,594 28,000
NIK CULES ear varicilecisirevaietsioc: sooadon 20,500 67 46 78 O59 7s. ado 20,500
Caskets and coffins, 20,000 65 42 56 SHOU tiene ecient 20, 000
Hi oy fT tee AR abi Sn RMD 3, 070, 500 100.00 $40 22 PZB AIOE iorereselaccissclaterers 3, 0701, 500:

Scrub Pine (Pinus virginiana).

This tree occurs most frequently in the coastal plain region from New York
to Virginia, and for that reason is found in New Jersey and Delaware more
extensively than in Pennsylvania. Its range extends from the clay ridges
in the southeastern part of the State westward and northward into the foot-
hills and mountain regions, scattered among the hardwoods. The common
names in different localities are: Jersey pine, nigger pine, and bastard pine.
On cut over areas restocking is heavy and springs up rapidly but the reproduc-
tion is best on old fields where in some localities it forms thick stands. It
grows more slowly than loblolly or shortleaf and only a comparatively small
proportion of the trees reach a size large enough for lumber. It has coarse,
straight grain, wide sapwood, and is very brittle, soft, moderately
strong, stiff, splits rather easily, is fairly durable and resinous. It
can be recognized readily by its short dark green needles, two in a sheath,
and by the fact that cones generally remain on the trees several years after
they have dropped their seed. In Virginia the box makers and excelsior
manufacturers use large quantities of this wood, while in Maryland and
Delaware, it is cut into railroad ties, converted into boxes and crates, and,
to a limited extent, is used for building materials. In Pennsylvania a
quantity equal to the entire cut of yellow pine went to the box makers.

Table 9.—Consumption of Scrub Pine, year ending June, 1912.

Industry.

Boxes and crates, packing,
Planing mill products,
Car construction,

Total,

2 PB Grown in
Quantity. 3 Pennsyl-
= 3) vania.
Ss os
af eS
a
ex ro)
by: a
‘ ok Ky ‘
| A 2) 5 ZR q
oRlAM se ies
. ac 3 i (3) .
a 2 ot i a
| o a e A
S ole | + ®
® ® mS 3° o
ee ewe ee :
2,251, 400 | 94.36 $18 93 | $42,613 30, 000
70, 000 2.93 20 50 | 1,435 25, 00
64, 695 2.71 23. 32 | 1,509 50,500
2, 386,095 100.00} $19 10 | $45,557 105,500

} | {

Norway Pine or Red Pine (Pinus resinosa).

Pennsylvania is the southern limit of the range of Norway or red pine.

Grown Out
of Penn-
sylvania.

Feet b. m.

2,221,400
45, 000
14,195

2, 280,595

occurs in the State infrequently on higher elevations, scattered with hard-

woods.

The reddish color of the bark is the easiest means of identification.

It is most commonly cut into lumber in the New England states and in the

Lake states near the Canadian border.
generally applies to Norway pine.

All that has been said of white pine
The two trees grow mixed together and are

‘marketed in most cases indiscriminately as white pine, the other constituting
only a relatively small per cent. of the consignment. It differs from white pine

in that it is slightly heavier, harder, and more resinous.

Where color is a con-

sideration, red pine is separately specified and this accounts for the dis-
tinction that the manufacturers make who reported it separately for this

investigation.
pine.
the State.

When sold alone as Norway pine it grades lower than white
None of that used in Pennsylvania was reported as growing within
It has fine, straight grain, medium sapwood, is moderately hard,

fairly dense, of medium weight, moderately strong, stiff, non-elastic, fairly
brittle, readily split and easily seasoned, easy to work and keeps its shape.

Table 10.—Consumption of Norway Pine, year ending June, 1912.

5 Fs Grown in
Quantity. se 3 Pennsyl-
= o vania.
S &
nm
H a
oe :
°
Industry. si i
O° ~
q ‘3 ot g |
S 2 eos a
eae Se |S 2
3 | 3 BS 5 3
= | ay < | a ios
CarerCONnStLuctiOny a.m icisesice cee 1,518,300 | 65.24 $28 97 $43, 985 25, 000
Planing mill products, .......... 526,000 | 22.60 29 20 RABE Boonoabendee
PTS vat Ousted cate ciovete etarsiacicle sie ielctevels 100, 000 4,29 28 00 PARI adoasia sae ee
Boxes and crates, packing, 90', 000 | 3.87 20 00 | DLE SOOH Yate amierasiicre
Tanks and silos, ................ 50, 000 | 2.15 35 00 ATE) “Gacenodooes
|
Patterns and flasks, ............ 43,040 | 1.85 28 00 DAO desea eertests
TO CaeGy efopetcmvctetstercisepcretsiclctatetels 2,327,340 100.00 $28 74 $66, S97 25,000

Grown Out
of Penn- -
sylvania.

Feet b. m.

1,493, 300
526, 000
100, 000

90, 000
50, 000

43,040

2,302,340

Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana).

Sugar pine is the largest pine tree in the United States and is cut almost
entirely in California. The name is due to a sugary substance which exudes
from the tree when the wood is bruised. It is a true white pine and the wood,
except for its being slightly more resinous, is quite similar in appearance to
eastern white pine. The uses of the two pines are almost identical, and for
a number of purposes the western wood is substituted forthe eastern. Sugar
pine has a fine straight grain, narrow sapwood, is soft, fairly dense, of very
light weight, moderately strong, stiff, non-elastic, easily split and seasoned,
and very easy to work. Over a million feet are annually demanded by the
Pennsylvania manufacturers. The largest quantity goes to the producers of
sash, doors, and blinds. It is also demanded in considerable quantities for
foundry patterns and for special uses in store and office fixtures.

Table 11.—Consumption of Sugar Pine, year ending June, 1912.

a be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. is a} Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3 vania. sylvania.
—___—_. d te —
| tH a
s cs
Industry. He z
A SH i i
| 3 as g | q
= 2 bos ka a a
% ; Se s > 0
| o @ Face iS ® ®
| cs a < iS cs &
i
Planing mill prducts, .......... 1,122,000 92.45 $48 20 GOA NOUS. iarets ersreacierserete 1,122, 000
Batternsiama) Mal SIs ai. /s+-l-1alelers 50, 000 4.12 85: 00 B20? Noise niet atentele 50), 000
THU LUGE Stee et ae sister re cir eras 25,000 2.06 | 65 00) TG a)¢ HemeraceebinG o 25 , 0010
Instruments, musical)............ 11, 200 92 87 50 | QS Or; oisteervitsys setae 11, 200
Instruments, professional and |
SQLOMEA CH eastereielevetstwnicrsleiettaveicisters 5,000 41 70' 00 530 | we ..e esse ee 5,000
Manual training practice (sloyd), 500: 04 80 00 AOR iter heaaeh 500:
MO Talents h ese GEIS ee coh ee 1, 213,700 100.00 $50) 53 | $61,328 | ..-22-.-2..- 1, 213, 700
|

Western Yellow Pine (Pinus ‘ponderosa).

This species next to Douglas fir is more extensively cut into lumber than any
of the other western woods, and in the western and central states is used
for every purpose for which wood can be employed. Its range includes nearly
all of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast states. On the market it goes toa
large extent as white pine. Sometimes it is called California white pine and in
the eastern states dealers give it assumed names, as in Philadelphia it was
found being sold as maraschino white pine. The wood in a large number of
cases closely resembles white pine and by ocular examination it is difficult
to distinguish. It is, however, a true yellow pine, fine grained, and al-
though somewhat heavier and more resinous than white pine, meets a number
of uses for which white pine has heretofore been used. It is a cheaper wood
and for that reason is a valuable lumber tree and has great possibilities.
Box makers and the planing mills are the industries using it most extensively
in Pennsylvania,

Table 12.—Consumption of Western Yellow Pine, year ending June, 1912.

es Fs Grown in ; Grown Out
Quantity. Ss | Pennsyl- of Penn-
oO 5 . 5
S 9 vania. sylvania.
SB ca
mr
fy, ra)
& z
Industry. 2
DG ay)
a *
q | : <§ a | =|
= 22 S) ;
a o | as | a a
5 xq =
3 Bene 3 g 8
ay 4 a |
Boxes and crates, packing, .... | 500,000 | 60.24 | $20 00 | SLO OOOH Wer-reroyerersyerensieve 500, 000
Planing mill products, .......... | 320, 000 38.56 34 94 11,180 | veeeeeeeeees 320, 000
RUIN ONY etevsytsicpeln speiersterscsilete sirens oe 10,000 | 1.20 45 00 450 | sbdbongegotd | 16, 000
MO tallies Gat race cisthincassersincteloicee $30, 000 | 100.00 | $26 06 | CPG ||| ssagaoucns0d 830, 000
HEMLOCKS.

Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).

Although the cut in Pennsylvania is over 150 times the amount the manu-
facturers use, it is interesting to note than twenty-seven per cent. of the hem-
lock going into further manufacture came from other states. In 1912 Penn-
sylvania ranked third in the production of hemlock lumber, being surpassed by
Michigan and Wisconsin. Of the imported wood, West Virginia and New
York furnished the largest amount. This is the eastern species of the hem-
lock, that grows from Nova Scotia to Georgia and as far west as Minnesota.
It is light, brittle, cross grained, and coarse. It is more difficult to work
than the pines and has more of a tendency to warp and twist. It is, however,
strong and stiff and non-resinous, holds nails well, and is fairly durable.
It is cheaper than similar grades of the principal pines, and in the east
central states it is more largely used than any other wood for framing,
sheathing, and other uses of rough lumber in building construction. Among
the factories of the State, the box industry and that of the planing mills
use the largest amounts of this wood, but ten other industries demand small
quantities for a variety of purposes.

Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).

Another species of hemlock was found being used in Pennsylvania, and it is
interesting to note that it is the kind that grows only in the far western
states commonly known as western hemlock to distinguish it from the eastern
wood. This tree usually attains larger sizes than the eastern hemlock, but,
like the latter, is found in association with other species and seldom in pure
stands. It ranges from two to five feet in diameter and when cut into
lumber, generally classes higher, showing less defects than its eastern relative.
It is used by only one industry in Pennsylvania, the makers of tanks and silos.

Table 13.—Consumption of Hemlock, year ending June, 1912.

| Grown in | Grown Out

= 5
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 | vania. sylvania.
- a
eat ahs baal
He a
Fi
Industry. ~ %
. S& ap 5
| 3 oe 2 | q |
5 5 ares o | _ 3
Q =) chal = Q Q
~~ oO» + »
2 is ea 6 ; $ io
E fy < Buri eM Se ene
Planing mill products, .......... 23, 077,000 58.63 $21 24 $490, 263 15,349, 900 7,727,100
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 9, 269, 633 21.54 16 85 156, 224 | 5,360,055 | 3,904,580
Ship and boat building, ........ 4,343, 000 10.09 25 92 112),551 | 4, 217,000 126, 000
Mine equipment, ............... 2, 260', 750 5.26. 20 82 47, 066 2 DOO SOO! en nisvecin cove ete
Car construction, ................ 2,006, 075 4.66 15 58 31,153 1,975,075 31, 0600
Caskets and coffins, ............ 1,000; 000 2.32 28 00 28,000 TANKS Beneduedooso
Machine construction, .......... 296, 000 .69 18 22 | 5,392 296 000 AN re eee
Patterns Hand faslesiei Mosinee 291,500 68 18 37 | 5, 356 PRADA Benbnanbdds
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and | |

apiarists’ supplies. ............ 215,000 .50 15 49) 3,330 PASH LLG iednbaconcok.
Machinery and apparatus, elec-

Lei Kets) LS aoe ay a Teeter a aa ata ; 148, 600 83 26 85 3,856 143% 6003 eateries
TIKCUNES oie tei lesciion siecle eels 44,300 10 26 64 | 1,180} ~ 301,300 14,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- |

MOES Hoan stateratersletel ctor potete nee onthe 37,100 09 22 18 821 33,100 4,000
Manksand/Sil0s;) 1... sccwcetowae acre 25, 000 | 06 18 00 450 25,000.) 22.5... 0).0 66
ITESVACOLS il aiewencinecclen ieee tanior 3,800 | 01 30 00 114 | Se OUOE Painctelseieictsiars
Instruments, musical, ............ 2,600 01 35 00 91 1,600 1,000
Manual training practice (sloyd), DATA SOs 34 35) 9 DIVES Bea alg
Miscellaneous, ..............0ee00. 12, 250 08 28 16 845 10,000 2, 250

Total nc wc taey csenunr ae 43,027,872| 100.00) $2060) $886,201 31,217,942 | 11,809,930
CYPRESS.

(Taxodium distichum)

In Pennsylvania cypress next to yellow pine is the most widely used of any
lumber coming from the southern states. It is typically a swamp tree of
the southeastern coast and gulf region and up the Mississippi Basin as far
as Missouri. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, and of fine texture.
Though more difficult than some woods to season properly, it holds its shape
when thoroughly dried and is one of the most durable woods for which the
manufacturers call. These qualities make it desirable for many purposes.
The planing mills use the largest quantities, not only for porch, cornice, and
other exterior work, but also for doors, sash, panels, moulding and other
interior finish. The other seventeen industries in the State demanding this
wood and the quantities used are listed in the following table:

Table 14—Consumption of Cypress (Bald), year ending June, 1912.

= ist Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
= Ss) vania. sylvania.
2 a
— al , ee
| 4 a
5 3
Industry. 5 i
mn Bb w
3 iS ‘fs fy 6 5
: | og 3 R }
a2 g an = rs) | a2
» » »
3 5 ba 5 g $
sin & fel <q SI ! Fy &
Planing mill products, ..... . 18,790, 200 81.01 $39 68 $745,612 18, 790, 200
Boxes, and crates, packing, ...... 1,719, 250 7.41 16 62 28,570 1,719, 250:
MamMkshANGMSIIOS iow ciiciscrneslelsclen cle 1,138,000 4.90 56 32 64,090 1,138, 000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’, etc., .. 545,000 23a 37 02 20,175 545, 000
CariTCOnStLUCti Oneal ljcicicre sere 392, 800 1.52 Olaga 13,380 352, 800
Ship and boat building, ........ 287,000 1.24 55 64 IEC: coacedgooades 287,000
PRPSt UGS Mie ee iler fete ntrrcvectser tates 111,800 48 37 38 AULTOM hein clercistelctetalers 111, 800
NUTMITULE Mahe s veireisceceoreerein aie 80,500 5 oe) 43 19 SETA ionrmeniee rine 80,500
DEGLI hese aonondebaongEeaSen cooe 62,500 20 54 64 Scala Wonaoasboopods 62, 5001
Laundry appliances, ............ 39, 000 Tal 39 10 IGP onobooaoodGe 39, 000
Agricultural implements, .. oe 30, 000 13 35 00 ALSO OB |ierersleterebeterstsiave 30,000
Caskets and coffins, ............ 20', G00 09 40 00 SUD acogsebeonus 20,000
HS ViALOLS Hate syrclsievate sv aietetorivercieieteinie.s she 10,000 + 04 55 00 GR BdusaoAooncd 10,000
Gates and fencing, .............. 3,840 02 55 00 PALA baba DNase 3,840
Instruments, musical, .......... 2,500 01 43 60 GS Wesacoccacdos 2,500
Manual training practice (sloyd), 1,750 01 63 43 DLL | Wersleterevefeicisreicte 1,750
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... AUD aecoodeo 50: 00 BOM istetsrcreteteteta este 1,000
Machine construction, .......... SOR eerie 75 00 ALM, | Pehevapeteverevetsrevers 150
To Garbo sites aris ected tec lcaeta 23,195, 296 100.00 $388 94 SINS L2G) | Sogo8doodoas 23,195, 290
SPRUCE.

Two. species of eastern spruce, namely, red and white, and one north-
western species, Sitka spruce, are reported by the Pennsylvania manufactur-
ers. It is impossible from the information obtained to present separate
statistics for the eastern species. The red spruce, the species common in New
York, Maine, and New Hampshire, is the tree appearing on the mountains in
various parts of Pennsylvania. In 1912 spruce was reported cut by 129 saw-
mills of the State. The white spruce came into the State largely by water
through the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota, where
it is the common lumber tree. In appearance, qualities and sizes white
spruce resembles red spruce. Spruce lumber irrespective of species is being
substituted for white pine, especially in constructive work, box making,
tanks and silo manufacture, and many other less important places where white
pine was formerly used. Compared with it, however, spruce is weaker, less
durable, more brittle, harder to work, whiter and of finer grain. It is non-
resinous and therefore valuable for containers of foodstuffs. The western
wood, Sitka spruce, comes from Washington and is used for a few special pur-
poses. The planing mills reported its entire amount.

Table 15.—Consumption of Spruce,

year ending June, 1912.

; ; (araas
i Pa Pe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. sg Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
sci al
| hu a Sh | Secon
as ;
Industry. | a ©
ay cay
Coa hess iy -
| S ot z | A |
ic | 5 as ce : 3
3S eine ae Q do}
ey | a <q a Ee |
. oO | | =_
Boxes and crates, packing, 14, 648, 870 | 71.32 $17 42 $255, 211 975,350 18, 673,520
Planing mill products, 1,999, 734 | 9.74 | 23° 96 59, 904 176, 350 1,823,384
CarwnCONnStrLueionrueceneer cis teroe 1, 367, 636 6.66 26 35 36,082 189,700 1,177,936
Ship and boat building, 1,013, 000 4,93 | 31 06 31, 464 200, 000 813, 000
Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- | | |
ME ESF acne stone a eciae marina ieee 413,800 2.01 | 37 39 15, 474 190, 000 223, 800
Instruments, musical, .......... 325,500 1.58 43 24 VA OTD |i clereisiereletetovaree 325, 500
Patterns and flasks, ............ 223, 988 | 5 1.09 33 63 7,533 | 44,000 179, 988
VAC CELSH al veiteleieiielaies« vette ee tence eee 191,000 | ou} 43 40 CHE) | Paeseenoso nee 191, 000
I'rames and moulding, picture,.. 100, 006 | -49 30: 00! BHC Aegon odads 100, 000!
Paniks sna din Sil OS hiatus stealer slerets | 100, 000 | 49 20 00 SOOOR| Frierersretsteiccets 100), 000:
| |
Machinery and apparatus, elec- | |
ricalledeemaccys: judenucebeenoonacaes 87,700 343) 26 00 | Be OR0i | No eeecaee ae 87,700
Gates and fencing, 36,000 | ‘17| 25 00 SOON eter ee ere | 36,000
LS MALOLS ie enters cis ates aici eneteeiets | 101,000 | 05 30 00 300 | NO COOW eG <nresntercverstevers
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 8,000 | 04 48 88 391 | 1,000 7,000
HERCULES HE Me SET eee nn | 1,500 ‘01 | 42, 00 G3. ee taeda te 13500
TOS sap eA et eas patente gene 1,300 01} 48.00 BON ie ce anes 1,300
Woodenware and novelties, .... | IED SoGonods | 43 00 ASA Ne lsisstiacimerecine 1, 000
Miscellaneous, Wen ieceeeeeen nen 10, 000 05 20: 00 AUN seeonssopsco 10, 000
MRO Ta eee muster batcen eta ae 201, 539), O28 100.00 $21 34 $438 , 216 | 1,786, 400 18,752, 628

DOUGLAS FIR.
(Pseudotsuga taxifolia).

Over three and a third million feet of Douglas fir, often called Oregon pine,
is brought from the far western states to Pennsylvania to meet the demands.
of three industries: Ship building, planing mill products, and the manu-
facture of tanks and silos. It is primarily reported for structural work, be-
cause it possesses superior tensile strength, and, because it grows in large
sizes and timbers of large dimensions are readily obtainable. In this latter
respect it is the chief competitor of longleaf pine in the eastern and middle
states. It is also valuable as a decorative wood, owing to its attractive grain
and figure and the fact that it takes stain readily. This accounts for its
rapid growth in popularity in recent years for doors, moulding, wainscot-
ing, stairwork, and for other interior finish.

Table 16.—Consumption of Douglas Fir, year ending June, 1912.

| | . 3
| a in Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3) vania. sylvania.
So 3S
SSS EN Steet xy z ast
hs 2
S :
é Industry. fi 4
~ .
Ry SH
P ° : :
| F 42 g g |
| » oo =) ‘
a leaes ee | r a a
$ yee | E = S
a o ee sre © ® o
& AY i a fen & &
Ship and boat building, 2,521,000 74.94 $42 41 | S106; 926) osc 2,521,000
Tanks and silos, .......... 450,000 13.387 43 33 19,500 | set eee seen es 450, 000
Machine construction, 200, 0100 5.94 51 25 10, 250 | sudsoasoouse 200,000:
Planing mill products, 108,500 3.23 43 33 ASMOMS NK ecaraya ssa) sysrene 108,500
(OAR COSHOCTON 6655 dodaadoodanc 70, 238 2.09 45 55 SEA OGH cio cyersievcnincieye 70,238
MiSCellameCOus warsdscecerecec ancien: 14, 400 43 50 00 TAA eenoabooapes 14, 400
TO tarde ieee eservelate, cosa leissers 3,364, 188, 100.00 $43 19 D145: 29 Gill Wareveratelelelelelels|« 3,364,138
CEDARS.

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana).

The Pennsylvania wood users report the use of three woods known as ced-

ars.

Two of them grow in Pennsylvania and the other is a western wood.

Red cedar, often called juniper, has a range covering all the states east and
several west of the Mississippi River, but now commercially most abundant
in Tennessee and southward. The Pennsylvania factories consume annually

861,000 feet of this and only about two per cent. was cut in the State.

was called for by nine industries, the most important of which were makers of

professional instruments,

products, furniture and caskets.

including the lead pencil makers,

planing mill

Table 17.—Consumption of Red Cedar, year ending June, 1912.

: ca fs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a 3 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
_ Cay
—_——_ TH —
| a a
4 ,
=)
Industry. 2, :
: ob 2
Oe ~ . :
a o nS a pone
Ss) 3 a 2
» et 3
ey | ay < | =a) & &
Instruments, professional and
Scienbtificwmeacsser ea cee ce ecnenie 240,000 27,32 $521 00 SLZRAR OM eerse is crichetere 240), 000
Planing mill products, .......... 213,000 24.25 49 27 10, 495 10,000 203,000
AUB INUGUT Cs nnrspepstatiateresiasreierelciclsteieisrevers 178,100 20.27 60 81 IBEBW) |p ageequdeodcd 178,100
Caskets and coffins, ........... 169, 000 19.24 66 72 LS AT Dbl lia cere iorevstolere 169,000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and
APIATISES MI SUP DIES Wiayerai-stesisl-/afore's 45, 000 5.12 55 00 LU Ola lictotetetelelofersciete 45, 000
/
IBGUSHES HA tate ail storcrcictchayeeiscre etanelsi es 23,000 2.63 64 57 1,485 5, 000 18,000
Boxes and erates, packing, .... 5,000 57 35 00 175 2,500 2,500
Manual training practice (sloyd), 400 . 04 97 50 Bl inc SMehe en 400
Miscellan couse ye rvclesiclsieicieielalectelsie/s 5, 000 57 40) 00 PD adanopaa dopo 5,000
ARG eae Ge ama ne aeace Ae Sem phe 878,500 100.00 $56 29 — $49, 454 17,500 861, 000

Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata).

The western cedar is the largest cedar that grows and it is the foremost
shingle wood of the country. It is commonly cut into wide boards and plank
and is more abundant than eastern cedar, but the wood is lighter, weaker,
softer, less durable, and more spongy in texture. The red cedars are so named
on account of the color of the heartwood and the white cedar on account
of its lack of color. The planing mills are the only class of factories bring-
ing the western red cedar into Pennsylvania.

Southern White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides).

Southern white cédar grows principally near the Atlantic Coast on lowlands
and is best developed in states from New Jersey southward. The western
limit of its range is in the extreme eastern portion of Pennsylvania, but
none of the wood the manufacturers used was State-grown. The boat builders
and the tank and silo makers accounted for ninety-seven per cent. of all the
nearly four million feet used in the State. White cedar lumber is readily
seasoned, easily worked, splits straight, and is regarded the most durable
of any of the domestic woods. It possesses a remarkably straight, fine grain
and a fine compact structure. It is probable that a small per cent. of this
wood reported as white cedar may have been the northern white cedar often
called arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), but there was nothing in the informa-
tion received to indicate it. Arborvitae is found on high elevations as far
south as North Carolina but south of New York State rarely attains sufficient
size to be of any commercial importance.

Table 18.—Consumption of Cedar, Southern White, year ending June, 1912.

ao b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Be g Pennsyl- of Penn-
= = vania. sylvania.
-~ GS
mW — —
fy a
oa
a }
Industry. a i
Be “
‘5 ° 5
qi i 2 ra # z
: q o 3 ro) A
2 2 ore Wis a iS
~» baal 3 we) ~~
o hu One 2 o ®
pS ©
[eet te Shera a = = &
Mamlesi and) SUOSS= jects cielaistrelete else 2,554,006 | 68.34 $36 31 SODA Olslieme rete erersts 2,554,000
Ship and boat building, ........ 1,081, 000 28.92 56 40 | 60', 970 1,081,000
Gates and fencing, .:........... 100,000 | 2.68 20 00 | 100,000
INDIOMAAUIR bbe edouadbcdankosnaSoous 1,300 | 03 120 00 | 1,300
Planing) mill productsya es. 1,000 03 120 00 | 1,000
| | |
TOG ey Lan Meiae cclecmureen tee 3,737,300 100.00 $41 74 SLED OSGi everejeiene sictetetele 3,737,300
REDWOOD

(Sequoia sempervirens).

This tree is closely related to the famous “Big Trees,” which attain the
largest size of any known tree. Practically all of the redwood lumber
produced in this country comes from California. Redwood, and the sugar
pine, the other California. wood described above, are the highest priced
softwoods that the Pennsylvania manufacturers report. Owing to its fine
texture, great durability, stability in place, and excellent quality, redwood
is more and more entering the eastern markets in spite of its cost. Its name
is due to the red color of its wood, which fades when long exposed to the
weather.

Table 19.—Consumption of Redwood, year ending June, 1912.

eg Be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
= S vania. sylvania.
i Ho
im!
a7 Sie i ras} re
a S
Industry. ~
na. ca
4 e B % ; g
pS , 2
Z 2 28 8 a z
2 5 ae A s =
- ia a ~
3 E ae ie B 3
Planing mill products, .......... 197,132 38.98 | $49 19 SOOO Tesla tercsletnaisrerers 197,132
Patterns and flasks, ............ 136,000 26.89 | 60 74 M2G0M| ertervelelesictss 136, 000
CareerConstruGtiomeiy weytacic ccs 100,000 LO | 36 00 SOOO rsetcalsrardtiene 100,000
Gaskets! and’ ‘coftins;\.).):).))-...../-- 20,000 3.96 | 54 00 THOSOUI I tye teteretercters 20,000
Printing material, .............. 20, 000 3.96 | 63 00 BAPAC a nea aia ee 20,000
Ship and boat building, ........ 20,000 | 3.96 | 52 30 1,046 veeepeenee 20,000
Instruments, musical, .......... 10,000 | 1.98 | 40 00 SOOM Mai yew ceoteteeats 10,000
Rollers and poles, .............. 2,000 oes) | 45 00 QOH Ata ererel se earehare 2,000
MENEUTES ET int tasraciauen eee eatee eee 500 .10 | 55 00 DSi BL ESE Liven 500
Manual training practice | |
(oR a) Hes odggoabndbosondodanonos 50 01 | 60 00 BS eododduasoD 50
| RSL SAO | ge bad tol
TO GaAlisiy ac eeeisrare tieteteteteyetsie essen 505, 682 100.00 | $50 36 CVE Oe Goonsoaods 505, 682
i
TAMARACK.

(Larix laricina).

Pennsylvania marks the southern limit of the eastern species of tamarack.
Of the limited quantity of lumber used by the factories, a small per cent. was
from timbers cut in the extreme northwestern part of the State. It is dis-
tinctly a swamp tree, but the wood in its physical properties is similar to
southern pine, although it is claimed to be more durable. In quality it is
lard, dense, moderately heavy, strong, very stiff, moderately tough, elastic,
hard to split, difficult to work, non-resino@s, and with an intermittent grain.
Qnly two industries in Pennsylvania reported the use of tamarack. It went
for parts in boat building and to the planing mills for finished material used
in house construction.

BALSAM FIR.

(Abies balsamea.)

Balsam fir is found growing in Pennsylvania, but being near the southern

limit of its range the trees are of small size and of little commercial value.
In the Lake states and in New England, as well as throughout the whole
‘of Canada, this tree grows in swamps, usually associated with tamarack,
black spruce, white cedar, etc. It appears also on the uplands, but it is
much less common. The wood is soft, weak, and perishable, but has long,
tough, colorless fibers, which make it valuable in paper manufacture. Like
black spruce, its principal use is for pulp.

In Canada ninety-five per cent. of this wood is said to be cut for this pur-
pose. The lumber serves many of the purposes for which spruce is de-
manded, but in Pennsylvania the planing mills were the only class of manu-
facturers reporting it.

THE HARDWOODS.

In the use of wood for making articles of final form a larger quantity of
softwood is demanded than of hardwood; but the hardwoods meet a greater
number of uses than softwoods and are more important as to distribution
among the various industries. The hardwoods form about forty-five per

cent. of the total lumber cut in the State, and of the thirty-five kinds reported
for manufacture, exclusive of the imported foreign woods, all but five were
cut wholly or in part within the State, while of the twenty-three conifers
or softwoods a portion of the supply of only thirteen were returned as State-
grown.

OAKS.

The oaks are the leading hardwoods consumed by the Pennsylvania wood
users. In trade the wood of the oaks is separated into two general classes,
white oaks and red oaks, but the botanist’s classification, which is based on
difference in flower, fruit, and leaf, divides the oaks into more than fifty
species. The manufacturer bases his distinction upon the qualities of the
wood. The white oaks possess an even grain and fine texture, and are
usually strong, hard, heavy, tough, dense, and durable but difficult to
season; the red oaks are less strong and durable, and not so dense,
but more easily worked because softer, more easily kiln-dried and, on ac-
count of being more porous they take stains and varnish more readily. Oak
is brought into Pennsylvania in greater quantities than any other wood ex-
cept shortleaf pine notwithstanding the fact that the cut of State-grown oak
exceeds the quantity used by the manufacturers by over ninety million feet.
There are many instances in which oak is demanded because it is the best
suited and often the only practical material for the purpose. This accounts
for the wood being first in importance for meeting a greater number of uses
in Pennsylvania than any other American wood. Thirty-five industries de-
mand some one or more of the white oak group and thirty-two industries
one or more of the red oaks. The number of uses reported, as shown in
the summary in the following pages, for the white oak is 738 and for the
red oak 310. The car builders consume over one-half of the former and con-
siderably more than one-third of all the latter that goes into further manu-
facture in the State. The furniture makers, including the chair industry,
use over six and one-half million feet more red than white oak, but on the
other hand, for vehicles, ship building, machine construction and agricul-
tural implements white oak is largely preferred to red oak. For a comparison
of the qualities of the two classes, the white oaks may be said generally to
have intermediate straight grain, and are very hard, porous, very heavy,
very strong, moderately stiff and elastic, and tough. They also split easily,
are durable, rather difficult to season and to work. The red group generally
are relatively coarse, straight grained, very hard. very porous, heavy, strong,
stiff, non-elastic, and tough. This wood splits rather easily, is moderately
durable, and rather difficult to season.

Table 20.—Consumption of Oak, year ending June, 1912.

: |
a is Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ms i Pennsyl- of Penn-
S u vania. sylvania.
aay _
8 2
Industry. NA A
RQ. oa
: 3B us :
= ; S L | I =
Ps 4 os S A 5
3 d co wz a 3
E 3 | 38 = 3 E
a < a es Fy
@ar construction, 2 oss. ss sess eee: 81, 393,363 44.72 | $26 14| $2,127,488 | 30,089,792 | 51,303,571
Planing mill products, ........ 29,806,771 16.88 | 44 05 2,313,133 10,809, 400 18,997,371
IPivimiath Abin “GAdavsonoonronbee osmoohc 26, 224,750 | 14.41 40 26: 1,054, 280 5, 214, 650 21,010,100
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 7,873, 867 4.33 | 35 48 279,372 4,968,100 2,905,767
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 7,604,877 | 4,18 | 16 08 122, 249 1,949, 877 5,655, 000

35
Table 20—Concluded.

Ba me Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 5 i Pennsy1- of Penn-
= S vania. sylvania.
it i
3 —
! o
Industry. . ;
Ho '6 a
‘ Vays arial ea ,
5 3 8 £ | 2
= aS) S iS
5 (3) na be . s
o) a4 = 2 en
- im >| H Y
g s ae 3 3 2
cs aj < a S &
Ship and boat building, 3.46 34 92 220, 206 3,410,900 2,894,500
Chairs and chair stock, * 2.87 37 43 195, 622 1,348,300 3,877, 700
OUR EUROS Hh ssa raters ia side sive san ayers 2.32 50 63 214,086 813,100 3,414,960
Agricultural implements, 1.81 34 12 112,448 1,334,700 | 1,961,000
Machine construction, .......... 1.61 26 59 77,749 2,558,600 | 365,000
IMinew equipment y ers citect-i-i-le[re 1-1 F B55 17 22 48, 697 PUVATEW PAN le dobodaon on
Casketsitand = coffins) a-mencd- ace. | SS .65 50 02 59,452 | 132,500 1,056,000
Equipment, playground, 33 33 6d | 20,437 | 314, 800 292,500
Refrigerators and
CADINETS WW Were ntact telectotclersele caal 32 82 18,571 250,000 315, 900
UNO SH Bouooosesedetcd acts io aosaar cae 200, 15 28 32 7, 852 232,800 44,500
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
PINS Kino, “Ssaceosocecanouc | 241,000 a3 20 26 4,883 | 200, 000 41,000
Plumbers’ woodwork, .......... | 219,500 12 41 90 | 9,197 | 70,000 149,500
Instruments, musical, .......... 190,000 -10 42 28 8, 033 33,000 157,000
Baskets and yeneer packages | |
for fruit and vegetables, .... 125,006 .07 23 0C | 2,875 IPSC) Gosenssesse
Machinery and. epparatus, elec- ;
WAKA Ugo deeonds GodacoouReeo Kons | 123,500 07 33 08 4,085 10, 000 118,500
| |
Frames and moulding, picture, | 119,000 07 54 3 6, 462 29,000 90,000
Insulator pins and brackets, .. | 115,000 -06 12 61 1,450 IDB ON = ee goSodss
Saddles and harness, ...:...... | 78,000 04 6S 21 5,320 60,000 18,000
IFVandles passer chine cba ccirciee | 74,000 -04 25 42 1,881 74, 000 See te
Laundry appliances, ............ 60,000 03 23 50 | 1,410 20,000 40,000
PLE VAGOLS Hah prcrtetoctacie stl eee isis e as 53, 200 -03 48 93 2,555 23, 200 30,000
SAK Sie Cle SULOS Siauetelotenetersiegeleiataleseyere 50, 000 -03 | 43 00 2,150 BURUND I Ss goupbabeos
Sporting and athletic goods,.... 42,000 02 38 21 | 1,605 31,500 10,500
Patterns and’ flasks, 0. -%.....: | 36,000 .02 34 67 1, 248 | SONOOON mmeereeterereererete
Shuttles, spools and bobbins, .. | 35,000 .02 50 00 | 1,750 | 5,000 30,000
|
Woodenware and novelties, | 27, 104) -02 31 $8 864 | 26,600 500
Manual training practice |
(Sian) Ani anateaeeaoneteecadodees | 23,57 01 77 64 1,830 14,020 9,550
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... | 20,500 01 28 05 575 ZONS OOS |W areectetrcens
Rollers and curtain poles, ...... | 19, 000 .01 16 §3 316 | - OF OG eae Sa cetera
CLOCK Se reas cloeierecte sre Nelsbike ateteeiaves 16,500 01 68 97 DTS Sa ed rerevcrelsncrs ny 16,500
Instruments, professional and)
SCLEMtinl Cte rec ceteris. | 10,000 01 55 00 DOOM MMi cece 10,000
IBLUSMES as este saree ee Ne Stee OR 600 37 00 22 GOON Ne cres serials
UNO io boas SoS eeu neta aese | 182,027,630 100.00 $32 59 $5,931, 841 67,217,711 | 114,809,919
|

36.93% in. 63.07% out.
*Less than 1-100 6f one per cent.

+The white and red oak groups have been combined in this table.

In Part II of the Report tlhe information is given separately.

YELLOW POPLAR.
(Liriodendron tulipifera).

Forty-one classes of factories demand yellow poplar, which next to sugar
maple, shows the widest distribution among industries of any wood that
Pennsylvania factories demand. In this particular it excels white oak. The
number of particular uses (see table of uses) reported for yellow poplar,
however, is nearly 50 per cent. less than for white oak, while the total poplar
used in the State was less by forty million feet. Yellow poplar is of
fine texture, more easily worked, takes paint readily, and holds its shape
after drying better than any other domestic wood. In texture it is similar to
basswood. Because it is frequently called whitewood it is often confused
with basswood, but is softer. There is a great difference between the heart-
wood and the sapwood of yellow poplar; the former in a number of in-

stances being sold on the market as yellow poplar because of its yellow
color, and the latter as white poplar or whitewood, and _ therefore
number of instances being sold on the market as yellow poplar because of its
yellow color, and the latter as white poplar or whitewood, and therefore
often regarded by users as separate species. The tree is frequently called
tulip tree and the wood tulip poplar. There is but one species of this genus
in this country. It is interesting to note that of the total amount of yellow
poplar going into manufacture, over thirteen million feet were cut from State-
grown timber. This amount was about two million feet less than the reported
cut of this species in the State.

Table 21—Consumption of Yellow Poplar, year ending June, 1912.

5 > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S 3S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
—— al o
x a
S
Industry. uN t
2. a
‘ S) ge 2 : f
5 = oo S G ‘
= 3 aa eS a =
Be a !
Fy E | ey <=
Boxes and crates, packing, ..... 18,576, 293 32..75 $17 44 $323, 871 4,330,100 14, 246,193
Planing mill products, .......... 17,123,372 30.19 37 38 640, 042 4,127,990 12,995,382
Vehicles and vehicle parts, 3,764,335 6.64 50 49 190,055 755, 285 3,009,050
Car construction, ................ 3572, 113 5.59 57 43 182,175 310,611 2,861,502
ERUIISTUTGUT Oy rairctnye etchevevevayatsrekedsvefale efeiois 2,892, 000 5.10 36 86 106,593 346, 700 2,545, 300
RUKGEUES rairolertots cicteferstersiciereiets! sls nioletsl sve 2,237,000 3.94 37 21 83, 229 167,500 2,069,500
BOAT USHaAce reece ele cic sistecreclutel selsto 1,070, 000 1.89 29 38 BUSAd iliac tbtetrente 1,070,000
RORES CISA icici epeverepatoreteloisinseletes share 1,040,928 1.84). 75 31 78,465 24,500 1,017, 428
Agricultural implements, ...... 757,500 | 133, 34 59 26, 205 | 33,000 724,500
Caskets and coffins, ............ 748,000 1.32 32 10 24,008 | 432,000 | 316, 000
UNOS) SospoaobenasocbaaboosbbconooNDS 702,000 | 1.24 25 48 17,888 659,500 42,500
WN CelSlOMs eatscicie cae cen cleiedeselels 688, 000 1.21 15 00 10,030 CEEBOUD | sc snscedoo
Machine construction, 640,800 1.18 42 86 27,468 29, 800 611,000
Laundry appliances, 610, 000 1.07 16 44 10,030 500, 000 110,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cab
IS; 2 ao opagodbodoobeb os poodoNeDE 566, 200 1.00 28 27 16,009 363,000 208, 200
Woodenware and novelties, . 482,500 .85 29 11 14, 045 27,500 455, 000
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, ... 821, 000 DI 36 50 ral 7ats) 25,000. 296, 000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ATISCtS) ASUPDITES ss i\-ieteierelererslerelevcieiels 220, 000 api) 29 82 G5 608 savers 220,000
IBEUSHESpeae melee ceerecteecienie seisiolsistets 157,500 28 40 68 6,407 32,500 125,000
Instruments, musical, .......... 135,100 24 70 54 9,530 24,000 111,100
Plumbers’ woodwork, ........-. 134, 000 24 | 40: 00 EO Co Nesaadwebns 134,000
PAULIN SEW isiaece csesle a teinleteteienn clocote ele see tite 100,000 18 | 45 00 4S 5 OOM lieve seelelsets 100, 000
Frames and moulding, pictures, 87,000 15 388 51 2) 350 lila sneer 87,000
Ship and boat building, ...... 84,000 sali) 58 07 4,878 2,500 81,500
IHR EGOS! odaodocosaooeeoSpHdcoace $2,600 14 41 88 | 3,459 30, 600 52,000
Pulleys and conveyors, ........ | 80,000 | 14) 28 75 | 2,300 10,000 70,000
Patterns and flasks, ............ 46,500. 08 38 82 1,805 37,500 9,000
Olle" e5aunbboseuseDEooosuecscoT 35,000 06 33 57 UAE rh oogododaos 35,000
Boot and shoe findings, ........ 30,000 05 | 56 67 TAOON eameidtineniostes | 30,000
Equipment, playground, ........ 25,000 | - 04 | 36 00 900 12,500 12,500
Chairs and chair stocks, ...... | 24,600 | 04 | 38 05 OSGi legis uiteecace 24,600
Instruments, professional and |
Sciemtiticyee oer elem scissile | 16,400 | 03 73 78 IL PAL ibe ousorosoo 16, 400
Manual training practical | | |
(Gitch ze arcannanoae santas nbEaTs oo aI 16, 250 -03 | 66 95 1,088 | 9,550 6, 700
Mine equipment, ..............4. | 14, 000 .02 | 22 50 315 ANOS aeGoanos
Machinery and apparatus, elec- | |
ETSI Ceaciis sfetstaterster a ciate otateeksl noes ohepee ere | 10,000 -02 55 €0 BD Glue trelsiarete teers 10,000
Weighing apparatus, ............ | 10,000 | -02 25 00 250 VOMOOON|uarerevsickcterelsiers
Gates and fencing, .............. | 5,000 | 01 26 00 | 130 Be OOOh | lterrctetctevierererere
Printing material, .............. 5,000 | 01 18 00 | G0) Raiders 5,000
Sporting and athletic goods, .... | 5,000 | 01 | 28 00 | 140 BOOOM ie riorcicretsievetete
Dea CRS Perret epeeisiepetersieteleie oie ioe eleleretoiele 4,000 01 | 21 00 945 Ue Ng 4,000
}
Rollers and poles, ......-..+++++ 1,000 */ 6500 (i3|| pgadbouogs 1,000
TO Gall sweat tetetereratletectelsveletslaieieielerele 56,720,991 100.00 $32 62 $1, 850,151 18,018,636 43, 707,355

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

MAPLES.

Three maples are cut for lumber in Pennsylvania, sugar maple, sometimes
called hard maple (Acer Saccharum), the red or soft maple (Acer rubrum),
and the white or silvery maple (Acer saccharinum). Of these the sugar
maple is commercially the most important-and it is probably the most
valuable wood produced in Pennsylvania. This is because of the abundance of
maple sugar it produces, the choice figured woods known as bird’s eye and
curly maple, etc., and the many uses for which this wood alone is the most
adaptable, owing to its combined qualities or strength, hardness, stiffness,
and its ability to hold its shape after being properly seasoned. Forty-two
industries report its use, which is a greater number than for any other wood
named in-this report. It is abundant on well-drained land, particularly in the
northern, western, and middle portions of the State. Next to white oak,
sugar maple was reported as meeting the greatest number of uses, and was the
fourth important hardwood in the total cuantity used. It also bears the
distinction, among the woods that are used in quantities exceeding 5,000,000
feet, of furnishing the largest proportion of State-grown wood.

Table 22—Consumption of Sugar Maple, year ending June, 1912.

oq bs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. eS 3 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. sylvania.
ak onl
2
Industry. ~ 2
Rn. 4H
k 5B A ; .
. ° n i=}
EN Mal gent 32 : :
us) | o 4 = 2 ba
~ EN ins] ay U »
Sys omit ele 5 : g
& a 4 a & fe
|
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 11, 647,000 | 21.19 $16 43 | $191,340 8, 282,500 8,364,500
Planing pmilly sproducts).) Bae ee 9,681,890 | 17.62 23. 75: | 229,963 8,673,090 1,008,800
Laundry appliances, ............ 6,340,500 | 11.54 23 75 150, 613 3,385,500 2,955,000
Chairs and chair stock, ........ 5,348,100 9.3 18 54 99,180 4,746,500 601, 600
IMbbAaMiHbh «| SosqaMEndosenduodsoucHaD 4,748,900 | 8.63 26 72 126, 632 3,640, 100 1,103,800
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. 2,528,000 4.60 24 85 | 62,816 1,870,000 658 , 000
ETA ES ee eye nara etotel cistereters tiaicieicloetele | 2; 307,850 | 4.20 19 02 43,897 1,727,700 580,150
Cariiconstructionwes-caccemsicc ee 1,976,110 | 3.60 18 14] ~ 85,856 1,344, 660 631, 450
JEIAUISNIVETS i -aosaoudaoeppopdsauasandGos 1,066,800 | 1.94 23 22 24,772 TOGGs SO0G Rit raetevcels ste
Woodenware and novelties, .... 1,040,500 1.89 23 34 24, 280 737,500 303, 000
Agricultural implements, ...... 1,032,600 1.88 28 04 28, 952 365,500 667, 100
Mine equipment, 790, 200 1.44 ds 67 14,751 7908200) Wolly eisrele racks zie
MOV Sie Maa weectaccsiiete 762,500 1.39 25 3 19,300 712,500 50,000
Isto RIS ) BaononocauaqdoooUbdoeDEnaen 705,000 | 1.28 46 45 | 32,750 50,000 655, 000
Instruments, musical, .......... 647,800 | 1.18 32 20} 20,857 225,300 422,500
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 625,800 1.14 28 67 17,940 314, 200 » 311,600
Machinery and apparatus, elec-
ered CAME M rere creer lel teatevetelofcinevcleis ras cvstotels 558,500 1.02 34 85 19,465 150,000 408,500
Paskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 549.000 | 1.00! - 18 15 9,963 FAQE OOO iis eicisse see
IEDIN OS) Pouedounonouacodsdednosdaons 400, 000 72 17 00 6,800 AQOZ OOOH iar seereercreiees
GUXGEUTES Gare crn steleyerclowetatsielercteleiers/cleiersraiere 366, 900 67 23 17 8, 482 317,500 48,500
Machine construction, .......... 288,700 | 3 29 69 | 8,572 145,700 148, 000
Butchers’ blocks and skewers, .. | 270,000 -49 20 387 5,500 2TOROOOR Reecrarstserretst ois
Whips, canes, and umbrella |
StICK Sh tmwetrraseirceric etnies cisaraeies 241,100 44 17 57 4,237 DUALS Saanoadoobe
Weighing apparatus, ........... 171,000 31 Bolon| 5, 665 21,000 150, 000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ALIStS a SUDDILES seutecstelceajetelsrveicio 152,950 28 27 96 4,276 23,500 129,450
TS VAOLS tae ee inarctanariesteitesiescicietse 141, 200 B2 49 74 7,023 81, 200 60,000
Boot and shoe findings, ...... 100,500 18 55 86 BGT iia Bieter 100,500
Sporting and athletic goods,.. 97,500 | 17 36 14 | 8,524 47,500 50,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- |
ANCES seeerey mins ciara teisieyapev ata. aetaseeese 89,750 15 28 71 2,318 SOT Ooiarmevercisrsiccnctts
Pulleys and conveyors, ........-. 68, 000 12 43 68 2,970 66, 000 2,000

Table 22—Concluded.

ee Be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ES 3 Pennsyl- of Penn-
oe S S vania. sylvania.
er SH
eG es é 2 odious
Industry. va iS
os a
- oe ~~ a a
fs . 3 L g S
2 1 o> S A a
2 ® os % ne 3
oS Ae) I 2 a
as By) De & ay ®
a vo a ‘S) o a
a i <q a & i
Patterns and flasks, ............ | 50,550 09 47 46 2,399 38,850 11, 700
Ndaddlershwicrry rime rete TORS CRC CEO | 50,000 09 27 00 1,350 | ROOD) Yoocoousads
Caskets and coffins, ............ 35, 000 06 25 00 S05) | Pe oisconacoce 35,000
Rollers and poles, .............. | 27,425 05 16 59 | 455 27,000 | 425
Equipment, playground, ........ 23,000 04 26 96 | 620 3,000 20,000
Frames and moulding, picture, 20, 000 04 22 50 450 FASO er twese noun bn
Ship and boat building, ........ 3,500 | O01 29 14 | 102 2,500 1,000
Manual training practice |
(Slovia) Ae snee nn colieciraack ore 3,350 01 50 45 169 3,050 | 300
Instruments, professional and |
RONG NUTINES Gosnoposedbonouduneoued | OS On teierciio: 40 00 37 500 430
Printing material, .............. DAO amisage 80 00 | 40 Eh Seon eonnen
Plumbers’ woodwork, .......... SOM). Guess: | 30 00} Gi Meera: 300
Miscellaneous, Brat erly att shad diate ravabayogsts ¢ 11,500 02 20 00 | 235 HLS OO errata ereyetersretcts
les |
MO EBT Millenia Malate aera nstnoniies 54,955,805 100.00 $22 29 $1, 225, 049 35,482, 200 19,473, 605

Red and Silver Maple.

Red and silver maple both go in commerce under the name of soft maple.
The former is cut from the hills and mountains of the State,
grows abundantly and is associated with beech, birch, and hemlock, while
the latter thrives best in bottomlands and along streams, in company with

the willows; black ash, and river birch.

where it

The wood of these soft maples is

similar to that of sugar maple except that it is lighter, softer, and slightly

tougher.
only nineteen industries.

Relatively, they meet only a few uses and’ are distributed among

Maple lumber, including all species, ranks next
to oak in the hardwood cut of Pennsylvania.

Table 23.—Consumption of Red and Silver Maple, year ending June, 1912.

i = Fe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. SS | S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S gy vania. sylvania.
= Saal
A : |
Industry. i i
PROS ca
SB = :
¢ 9 iS) L g
z oats ve S a :
2 foo S Bo a = a
a F 3 ' a)
i) an 4 al & 1c
ELURMUCURE Hare rcielete aise steteyeteevtccslsy site 1,478,500 25.89 $25 49 $87, 682 730,500 748, 000
3Zoxes and crates, packing, 1,267,000 22.18 12 38 15, 685 872, 000 | 395,000
Chairs and chair stock, ...... 918,500 16.08 28 17 25,876 155,000 | 768,500
MA DYO NASAL aes ait oar) Ney MI RMR peace 450, 000 7.88 24 00 10,800 CED (NN Il Modeancouc.
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins,.. 375,000 6.57 26 43 9,910 40,000 | 335,000
|
UEUL ES nrcracyhe mets ttclers rose eet vtiece alstaaes 260, 000 4.55 | 15 09 | 3,900 | 2GOKOO0M i aeaser vetcele
Woodenware and novelties, 210.525 3.68 14 43 | 3,088 LORS Di hibsweeretevetetarers
BRUSHES Me sero ecistieciiniers 156, 000 2.73 18 96 | 2,957 136,000 20,000
Baskets, fruit and vegetable, 145,000 2.54 20 06 | ROO ON Wan tetcricreietetsters 145,000
Whips, canes, and umbrella
GinKel Ss dunaoaddoddsecdsHoaddodI00 107,000 1.87 26 45 2,830 2,000 105, 000

Table 23—Concluded.

par is Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
as Cy
5 2
Industry. in 3
R ca
a A I 5
5 ve) at i z q ‘=|
| Me R ap = | < 50 .
= oS) a = a | to)
| = 5 ae £ g =
| ce es < A ce cy
|
Laundry PHO OMEN CES. Ol eas sosolee | 86,000 1.40 25 00 1,990 42,500 37,500
Planing” mill products; 4.2.2... 71,750 1.26 26 19 1,879 OL D0R| 40,000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ..... 47,000 82 26 18 1, 228 COAIKNUN Meboocpasac
Instruments, musical, ......... 44,000 allt 26 82 TIBI os soaodpea | 44,000
IBA! ookeeN MLS Sere Sees oe 25,000 | 44 | 31 60 790 20,000 | 5,000
| | i]
| |
Dairymen's, poulterers’ and api- | |
ALIS CSuMSUP DLL Simmer ae its a aeeter | 15,000 | 26 10 00 150 THOU] = aeooknades
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... | 10,000 | 18 14 00 140 TOON | Jscocooogeb
Patterns and flasks, ........-..- 1,000 | .02 55 00 | 55 | IAAI) |e cg ovasenee
Miscellaneous er Eee erases: eer | 50,000 | -88| 14 00} 700 OAK) | cogogveced
te | |
TWO tele a eit ve such pategseterers aero | 5,711,275 | 100.00} $21 66 $123,690 | 3,073, 275 2,638,000
} | | |
CHESTNUT.

(Castanea dentata).

Over 1,000 sawmills in Pennsylvania report the cut of chestnut, and the
production of this lumber exceeds that of any other hardwood cut in the
State. Manufacturers, classified among twenty-seven industries, report chest-
nut for nearly 200 separate and distinct uses. Though Pennsylvania is second
in importance in the production of chestnut lumber and annually cuts nearly
twice as much as the manufacturers consume, only forty per cent. of the total
quantity purchased was home-grown wood. The wood is coarse straight
grained, light weight, moderately strong and hard, very stiff and brittle, dur-
able when exposed, easily seasoned, and holds nails well. The wood is also
rich in tannin and is therefore largely used in making tannin extracts. Its
other valuable qualities are ease in working, great porosity, stiffness. non-
elasticity, light weight, and brittleness. It has an attractive grain and a beau-
tiful figure, and therefore has lately grown in popularity for inside finish of
houses and buildings. Nearly two-thirds of the reported usage by manufactur-
ers in Pennsylvania is for these and other planing mill products. The largest _
demand for chestnut is for rough forest products, as posts, telegraph poles,
-eross ties, mine props and tanning extract. The growing tree is subject to at-
tacks by boring insects, which make the wood usually defective. Large
quantities of the chestnut lumber used in Pennsylvania, therefore, are of the
low grade known as “sound wormy” which shows the galleries of insect larvae,
but is otherwise sound. It is this grade which the box makers use in amounts
equal to more than twenty-three per cent. of the total, and it is this grade that
the furniture manufacturers and piano builders demand for veneer backing,
being light, holding its shape well, and with a special affinity for glue, and is
especially adapted for this purpose. The casket makers use chestnut ahead
of any other wood as experience has proved that this wood is one of the most
durable underground. The sound wormy grade is most frequently employed
as the injury by the borers does not seem to affect particularly its lasting
qualities.
In recent years, the chestnut bark disease that has killed chestnut trees in
New York and southern New England has made great inroads on the stand

in Pennsylvania. The rapid spread of the infection and its devastation in the
infected areas of the State has produced such an alarming situation that the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted measures looking to the possible con-
trol of the disease. A chestnut tree killed by the blight is killed by the gird-
ling of the trunk. The disease does not injure the wood although it pene-
trates a few annual rings. The problem of utilizing the blight killed wood,
the Federal Government has ascertained, is merely a question of using dead
timber. The wood generally answers for all purposes for which healthy
chestnut is demanded, and recent official strength tests have proved that
sound killed chestnut is fully as strong as live healthy wood. To owners of
blight killed timber, the Forest Service has pointed out the necessity of its use
within two years after death as subsezuent to that period, deterioration, due
to checking, insect injury and decay, is quite rapid.

Table 24—Consumption of Chestnut, year ending June, 1912.

: a BP Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a cS Pennsyl- of Penn-
= e vahia. sylvania.
ay H
u 2
o
= é
Industry. “ss ft
DQ. a
Sk
: § me + 3 O
A = 2 8 A A
a :
$ 5 Ba 5 3 3
s c ® i)
lees Pa “ i i i
Planing mill products, ........ 17,409, 35 33.92 $37 65 | $655 450 5,815, 700 11,593, 650
Boxes and crates, .............. 11,977, 692 23.34 16 04 192,165 6, 275, 328 5, 702,364
IMbige Ns cea BonoesoodoUdbones hoe 11,556,850 22.52 a ay, 225,599 5, 586, 300 5,970,550
Caskets ANAMCOMMN Sacre ieee 5,387,000 10.50 20 57 | 110,807 1,573,500 | 8,818,500
HXSLIIG ES piettcjarcieie wsietoleletatsjaversis eters forencYs 1,808,350 | 3.51 25 16 45,364 1,114, 250 689, 100
Mine equipment, ................ 749,405 1.46 15 42 “11,557 | 749, 405 | sbabboveds
Instruments, musical, .......... 671, 900 1.31 24 81 16,669 | 327,000 | 344,900
TROVIS Mitre cts fetes rapeiste te Ginkocnetetetetaieree evans | 500, 000 | -97 21 00 10,509 ANNI) | |i Ronsceoosne
Chairs and chair stock, ........ | 480, 000 | -94 alee eal 8,499 95,000 | 385, 000
Agricultural implements, ...... 140,000 | 27 19 07 2,670 | 40, 000 | 100,000
Patterns, and flasks, .......... 128, 200 25 19 24 2,466 | 47,500 80,700
Car construction, 22.06.0802... 113, 250 | 22 21 04 2,383 | DAS HA5 ON ius ete aet
Baskets, fruit and vegetable, .. 100,000 | edi) 19 00 1,900 | TOOROO0 ene ee ae
Frames and moulding, picture, 93,000 1S 22 41 2,084 | 25,000 68, 000
Machine construction, .......... 73,000 | 14 85 67 2,604 | 23,000 50,000
Trunks and valises, .......... 37,500 .07 25 00 938 17,500 20, 000:
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 30,200 | -06 19 77 597 18, 200 12,000
MankSyanGagsilOs Since jervsietelsiercereiste 15,000 | -08 20 00 300 IUD OTE RABE Gosia oe
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- | | |
DM CUES ae orharcted=rercheistetevs elveleteneteretohonerelefoKe 11,800 | 02 28 05 | 331 | TSO OM ace tteewies
Gates and fencing, ............ 11,500 | 02 25 89 292 | 6,500 5,000 ©
Sporting and athletic goods, .. 10, 600 02 82 00 330 5,000 5,000
Manual training practice | aiasl|
(ilo 605 su doceddoobuboaDO DUA 7,000 | 01 64 14 448 5,000 2,000
FAX COLSIOI th licieisholetstensto reve) -felein eieinictstafohate 5,000 01 14 00 70 Bi aapedeaake
Blocks Oye aoa ee eae een 5,000 | 01 30 00 150 | BuOOUH a ccemencnetes
I OICnyENKOMS} ~ -debeedogooobousennodcce 4,000 01 70 00 SQN EE Seer aeons 4,000
Ship and boat building, ........ 3,100 01 27 10 84 3; LOO! |itietem hes tees
Laundry appliances, ............ 3,000 01 24 00 | 72 2,000 | 1,000
| ——_—_——__—. SS
TOCA ee Merete elsteterelonion oleterettletey 51,326,097 100.00 $25 22 $1, 294, 609 22,479,333 28,846,764
43.80% in. 56.20% out.
BEECH.

(Fagus atropunicea)=(F. grandifolia).

Considering that thirty-three industries demand beech for more than 230
distinct uses, it can properly be termed one of Pennsylvania’s important hard-
woods, though not many years ago it was considered by manufacturers of
little value, There is but one species in Pennsylvania and its stand is abund-

ant, especially in the northeastern, northern, and western portions of the
State, where are located most of the 800 or more mills that report cutting it.
Pennsylvania produces more beech lumber than any other state east of the
Ohio river, and in this respect stands third in importance in the United
States. It is quite surprising that so large a quantity of low grade beech
lumber, such as is used by the box makers, was shipped in, if one considers
that the cut of this wood in Pennsylvania exceeds the consumption of home-
grown wood by over 22,000,000 feet. The wood of the beech tree is not first
class lumber like its associates, the maples and birches. It is usually cross-
grained, not durable, difficult to season, and frequently warps and checks
when in place, even after it has been thoroughly dried. It is, however,
strong, hard, and moderately stiff, and these qualities combined, together
with the fact that it is cheap, make it desirable for a great number of uses.
It is especially adapted for turning stock and for that reason it is one of the
leading woods appearing in the chair industry and in the making of brooms and
mop handles. The planing mills use it largely for flooring, but for this
purpose it is not in so great demand in this State as in the New England
states, where a large quantity of beech shipped from Pennsylvania is used,
being preferred to the New England wood owing to its better quality. The
brush makers want large quantities of beech for scrubbing and other cheap
brush blocks, while the woodenware and toy makers demand it in large
quantities for many special uses. It is the most important wood for
laundry appliances, especially for clothes pins, for which it is used probably
in larger quantities in the country at large than any other wood.

Table 25.—Consumption of Beech, year ending June, 1912.

a} Pb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. = 3S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
ay i
5 Ko)
=_ .
Industry. 45 i
Be ca
Fi 2) e + 5 ;
; = are nS A 5
2 zy aa ~ a 2
+
3 Bi pa 2 3 3
& om < a & i
Boxes and crates, packing, 12,505, 839 31.08 | $16 17 $202, 272 | 8,735,339 8,770,500
Chairs and chair stocks, ...... 8,420, 000 20.92 17 21 144, 945 7,295, 000 1,125,000
Woodenware and novelties, 3, 639,000 9.04 20 46 74, 446 3,356,000 283,000
Planing mill products, ........ 2,461,750 6.12 16 35 | 40, 250 | 1,972, 250 489,500
IB TUSIVES gin yarcvere cistesicieyiaisevelsiel sioketsr rel 1,931, 000 4.80 18 87 36, 480 DPOB OOOH i ea ecrcbarsiepactets
i}
| |
Fanless seteysteeetaciss oie iaisireetoceies 1,752,300 | 4.35 17 31 30,412 1,302,800 449,500
JabioauliiNe § Beonsesenouanooosoononse 1, 453, 000 3.61 | 16 23 | 23,584 1,397,000 56,000
TLaundry appliances, ............ 1, 432, 000 3.56 | 15979554] 22,842 1,352,000 80,000
Chie \COMRTAAGINS Gopagosdocoaso oe || 1,377,500 | 3.42 17 12 | 23,583 847,500 530, 000
Frames and moulding, picture, 1, 200,000 2.98 20 08 | 24,100 | 600, 000 600,000
Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 1,079,000 2.68 18 62 | 20,093 | 949, 000 130, 000
Mine equipment, 656,525 1.63 17 94 | 11,781 GWG) Ii Sencduen acs
UNDA. NaeooogoNRBaGoboaonaGEacasancuods 627, 400 1.56 | 18 41 11,553 585, 000 42,400
Vehicles and vehicle parts,.... 587, 883 1.46 21-97 12,916 537, 883 50,000
Whips, canes, and umbrella | |
SUICKS eacche siisitaentectiienrectte 266,500 | 66 21 91 5, 838 | 252,000 14,500
Equipment, playground, ........ 180, 000 2, | 29 46 | 3,830 | TS{0E OUD sas onsacce
TXCOLSIOWMaanele scence etinsieenecine 116,500 | 29 | 15 00 1,748 | IEE! esooadoose
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- | |
ATISCS SUPDITES Hla sieerinisteicleste 100,000 | 25 | 16 00 1,600 | TODS OOOH Maree sper tvelets
EU XSCUL ES sraisimasetsloictiste sieioteleractosreisierierss 71,000 .18 | 21 85 1,551 | 60,000 11,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- | | |
ANCES eter coers 55,000 | 14 | 17 36 955 30, 000 25, 000

42.

Table 25—Concluded.

{

he Fa Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S S Pennsy|l- of Penn-
= S vania. sylvania.
=i ae ae
a rc
Industry. ik 2.
D ai
3 Seis
S “| i} N : ;
h a 28 g a A
2 S) aa ie s 3
a An oe is = 5
o wo Aes fo) ay Co)
iss | yy Hikes a Z fy
BUMPS pheasants 50,003 12 15 00 759 ROC -odsoescat
Agricultural implements, ...... 42,000 | -10 22 86 960 82,000 10,000
WAAMELS, Sarr ibase cots a Seo ee eee 22,000 | -05 “18 27 | 402 DOM OOOM eatererscrsperorer ve
instruments, musical, .......... | 20,000 05 22.00 | G4 Olea et eS iar 20,000
Sporting and athletic goods,.... 20,000 | 05 17 25 | 345 AVN MOO | “steacado be
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... 15,000 | 04 20 00 | 300 TIE NO) Se abedosoos
Rollerssvandspoles wen eene ce een 12,000 | 03 14 60 | 168 LZAOOOF aes eee
Machine construction, .......... 11,000 03 14 55 160 TILAODN i= ae eee nacoe
Patternsmand asks; hy. son 10, 000 03 25 00 250 HOMO O OR ie are nsec tet
Ships and boat building, ...... 2,500 01 26 00 | 65 1,500 1,000
Printing emateriaill ayssen-a-roniceirs 2,000 | 01 30 00 | 69 O00 Mer sateen
Manual training practice | | 4
(Ril bcs sbeaan bared Gee ernaoooR ene G00) | etis 28 33 | 7 (KUO abe Shogo aaod
Miscellaneous) Piaiee sete cc escs me 175, 003 43 14 86 2, 600 NG ANUB3 |) poanooones
ayer bye ern Rata a rnk USE as 40, 244, 300 100.00 $17 42 $701, 244 27,556, 900 12, 687, 400
RED GUM.

(Liquidambar styracifiua).

Red gum in late years has grown in commercial importance more than any
other domestic wood. It was formerly considered of little value, owing to
difficulty in seasohing; but with the coming of improved methods of kiln-dry-
ing, both for veneer and lumber, these obstacles have been overcome and the
wood has become available for a great number of uses. It was reported in
Pennsylvania by twenty-three industries. The red gum tree grows in Pennsyl-
vania, especially in the southeastern and middle portions of the State, where
its cut was reported by 130 mills. It is not related, as its common name indi-
cates, to the other gums, the water gum, and black gum, the cotton or tupelo
gum, though often growing with them in the southern extension of its range.
The red gum has a starlike leaf and bears its numerous seeds in spiny, round
balls. The black gum has an oval leaf, and bears a small bluish black drupe
containing a single seed. The wood of the red gum is fairly strong, soft and
tough. It has a slightly interlocked grain, a fine, uniform texture, and takes
a good polish. The color of the wood is not uniform. The sapwood is almost
white and on the market is sold separately as sap gum. The heartwood is
generally a reddish light brown. In some trees it is uniformly dark, while
in others the dark wood runs in irregular streaks mottling the wood and giv-
ing it a figure resembling Circassian walnut. Pennsylvania furniture makers
use this wood in the largest quantities, finishing it often to imitate more ex-
pensive hardwoods, mahogany, walnut, quarter-sawed oak, and cherry.

Table 26.—Consumption of Red Gum, year ending June, 1912.

a bs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. x Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S y vania. sylvania.
eS 4
a S
o
=) 3
Industry. ~
(Dn a)
: Sp :
5 a ot 3 | gE
4 8 ae i s s
15) : or is re) me)
® D ia iS oH &
co ay 4 a Ss oa
Boxes and crates, packing, ... 12,8066, 084 56.01 16 68 Pyaleiill | bsegosuacdbes 12,806,084
Chairs and chair stock, ........ 4,326,000 18.92 Py BYU WA QAS IRE |S eee selerers 4,326,000
ISMN RARY a iGdoN ocMeens adoictabe 2,297,000 10.05 34 25 US GAT Me soadaaseaus 2,297, 000
Planing mill products, .......... 1,610,306 7.04 31 31 HONEA 2a aia sesretverterets 1,610,300
ROR) Gistiey | “Gonsoooocoboos dose 549, 750 2.41 49 79 ASB seacbobas 549,750
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 315,500 1.38 32 37 10, 212 500 315,000
Woodenware and novelties, .... 225, 006 9S 23 50 OORT marcraierste snes 225,000
EVA eS ay ia epee eee eictisae arene eres arsine 195,000 85 29 38 DCO U NE Bes acous bate 195, 000
Mine equipment, ................ 150,000 66 12 00 DP SOON | Remerteretetstrcleners 150, 000
IMSCUBES Sen eke re ctetielc leslie een arate 94,600 41 44 00 Av S Gillterexe eres 94,000
Instruments; Sy musiealy eek... - 50,000 .22 51 20 PRINS Gaddeoasad 50,000
Frames and moulding, picture, 50, 000 122, 30 00 SOO |* pcaeaaoas das 50,000
IBEUSIVESHN Pie sstoeciers ivan conte corti eiaions 37, 000 16 27 00 CE ociiaamam tats’ 37, 000
Cais CONStLUGELON Malte peltseiieicte 35,140 ali 27 02 Citi eaten sapere. 35,140
Caskets and’: coffins, ............ 30,000 13 40. 00 IL PANNU | s ossoosanoe 30,000
Agricultural implements, ........ 24,000 gall 36 00 Eo adsaceeoua 24,000
MPUMKS! VANGIiVALISES sei eciseeies 20,000 09 35 00 OOS Reiter 20,000
Whips, canes, and umbrella '

SGU CHG err Net alolerscisie tie era otter ers | 20,000 09 50 00 MAU. Sogseoseane 20,000
IMCS seeiLOD ACCOM ey \-ieloerciecierclelstersiclere 12,000 05 50 00 GUN |? easecesoss 12,000
(HOYOS, Wiccidcdasoocadosobodsannembebe 10,000 04 60 00 GOON eat eeic cents 10,000
TOVS Sw reloads vitsete Mayanteve eyes serie hearers | 5,000 02 25 00 125 HAWN) Is enedecovae
Refrigerators and kitchen cab-

ATES hse erate ee tate scien eater a eee 2,900 | 01 50 00 aR) Please pice 2,900
Manual training practice

(Gi) GD) Beeman scdcemooscacaonesoogs ATO))| acer clero 72 34 BLH\ adobe cone 370

LTO Ra eon Batons cesses cisiee aie 22,865,144 100.00 | $22 78 $520, 842 5,500 22,859, 644
BASSWOOD.

(Tilia americana).

Probably a larger per cent. of the cut of basswood in Pennsylvania goes to
the manufacturers than that of any other hardwood. Four hundred and thirty
mills in 1912 report cutting over 10,000,000 feet, while the wood-using fac-
tories consumed almest 8,000,000 feet, making more than 200 distinct com-
modities. There is one species of basswood of commercial importance growing
in Pennsylvania, and it is found in all parts of the State, but more abund-
antly on rich, well drained soils. It is a favorite shade tree and for that pur-
pose is extensively planted. Lumbermen often refer to the tree as linden and
call the lumber “linn,” but throughout its range it is probably most commonly
known as basswood. This is due to the “bast” or inner bark, which is of
considerable commercial importance for making cords, ropes, and doormats.
Especially in midsummer is the tree easily identified, when the fragrant yel-
low flowers attract the attention of the passer-by.

Basswood is the softest hardwood and in its qualities is similar to yellow
poplar and aspen. This wood is stiff, light, weak, and non-durable, with an
intermediate grain, wide sapwood scarcely distinguishable, and a lack
of taste and odor. Jt is more easily worked than any of the other hardwoods, .
with the probable exception of yellow poplar, does not warp or check, is
tough, and takes paint well. It is used by thirty-one of the wood-using
factories, besides being preferred by slack coopers over all other woods for
heading, particularly flour and sugar barrels. p

Table 27..-Consumption of Basswood, year ending June, 1912.

ec bs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. = & Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 8 vania. sylvania.
ae onl
H 2
a ‘
Industry. a i
nn. co
oe - , :
E 3 aye g =| q
5 qa mS (5) f ¥
~ a a ~
eee 3 Le s 3 8
co aly <4 is & | ey
JOTI AOREL, el code pouOUdadoood oUddnnbS 3,945, 400 21.10 $35 18 $138,592 1,105, 400 2,840,000
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 2,936, 400 15.70 16 93 49,708 1,324,400 1,612,000
Planing mill products, ........ 2,738,576 14.65 30 97 84,811 1,396, 900 1,341, 676
PROViSeuenetasislelstetlererriekaloleteiststetcletelefetessistaks 1, 404, 000 eo 40 80 57, 286 560,000 844,000
Trunks and valises, ............ 1,374,500 7.35 27 80 388, 209 754,500 620,000
Woodenware and novelties, .... 944,000 5.05 24 26 - 22,905 228,500 715,500
Frames and moulding, picture,.. 902,000 4.82 23 09 20,825 352,000 550, 000
EXC CL SLOT rar tetareieteleteiieleteroinieledcletersieietele 749.000 4.00 138 77 10,315 VASO ODE irieecctemstetelstete
Boxes, cigar, | 495,000 2.65 64 95 Ze OM Mianetatarcroretetelers 495 , 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 477,850 2.55 30 10 14,384 258 , 500 219,350
Laundry appliances, ............ 437,000 2.34 32 52 14, 210 108,500 328,500
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ATIS(tS HH SUP DIVES) s cstelcte eieisietsisterstele | 370,000 | 1.98 18 00 GH6GON hmetecitereteriets 370, 000
Car CONSECUCELON Na scricinicve sis cieieisl st | 366,010 1.96 40 74 14,911 140, 214 225,796
GA GEES Matter ricicietetererelclaneieiarelelelereieolelel- 275,000 1.47 29 18 8,025 150,000 125, 000:
Instruments, musical, .......... 271,500 1.45 42 36 11,500 11,000 260,500
HILUTES Shur creel eles erotics 269,100 1.44 33 92 9,128 176,100 93,000
Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 220,000 | 1.18 20 18 4,440 220 0.003 |fautveterreleetetes
Ship and boat building, | 150, 000 80 16 00 2,400 1503000) eer cciertee
Agricultural implements, ae 80,000 43 31 06 2,485 30,000 50,000
IBGUSHES Mime tseotteioteetstera eieteclernaiotelctars 42,300 22 34 96 1,479 425 300k wines cite
iam dlless (agitate tiers cave eae ter rettee 41,200 22 29 73 1,225 CEPA Co eee aHods
Pulleys and conveyors, ........ 40,000 21 20 00 860 AON OO OF tianereratersrerstetsla
Rollers. and “poles, \fict 585. cae. 37,500 20 20 00 750 S725 008 Neusaeerrere
Boot and shoe findings, ........ 35,500 +19 50 73 1,801 18,000 17,500
Chairs and chair stock, .......... 33, 000 18 22 12 730 25, 000 8,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cab-
TIVE CS aa ole rersy aye Pseee rac rieeoielec lore erates 21, 600 12 31 11 672 1, 600 20,060
Manual training practice
(GlonGal) A even oweewoceeancopaHosonT 14, 406 08 43 06 590 7,650 6,750
Whips, canes, and umbrelia
SULCEIS Mamaia teletelerccleletcisterarcioielielareversieneys 12,500 07 32 48 406 5,000 7,500
Machine construction, ...........5 8,500 04 36 47 310 500 8,000
OlOCKS He Naa ea Goe ee laeeeee ‘ 5,000 03 60 90 | SOO hie eae 5,000
Machinery and apparatus, elec-
eT ean al rape aay es ee tn es nierte 2,000 01 55 60 DD as eka 2,000
PRO Call Maarate cberteiecste eaporveietovepers tenet 18, 698, 836 100.00 $29 53 $552,118 7,933, 764 10, 765,072
BIRCHES.

Three species of birch are of commercial importance in Pennsylvania. They
are sweet or cherry birch, in Pennsylvania often called black birch (Betula
lenta), well distributed throughout the State; yellow birch (Betula lutea),
found mainly on altitudes associated with beech, maple, ash, and elm; and
that called red or river birch (Betula nigra), of little commercial impor-
tance, inhabiting the banks of streams and rivers in all parts of the State.
In 1912, the cut of birch in Pennsylvania exceeded by nearly 8,000,000 feet the
quantity of State-grown lumber reported by the manufacturers, these fac-
tories drawing forty-three per cent. of their requirements from the producing
regions of other States, principally New York and Vermont. Sweet birch
lumber can be identified by the fact that its sapwood is nearly white and its
heartwood red or nearly black. It is a fine wood, hard and strong, easily
worked, takes a high polish, due, it is claimed, to the bright lining of the
wood cells, and takes stains readily, which allows its use in imitation of more

expensive cabinet woods. It has an intermediate grain, is hard, dense, heavy,
moderately stiff, tough and durable, rather difficult to season, hard to split,
and rather easy to work. Curly birch is an accidental structure in the wood,
due to cross grain corresponding to the similarly figured maples and is
highly prized by cabinet makers and manufacturers of high class furniture.
Yellow birch is also an excellent wood. Much of it is marketed with sweet
birch without distinction. In Pennsylvania it was not possible to determine
to what extent the two woods were desired for similar purposes, or for what
uses the manufacturers preferred the one to the other; so accordingly they
have been presented in this report under one name.

In vehicle making birch bolts are used extensively in competition with elm
for hubs, and it is in this industry that the red or river birch finds its chief
market. Birch lumber cut from river birch is usually of low grade and most
of that used in Pennsylvania was reported’ by the box makers, who used
birch of all species in larger amounts than any other industry. The planing
mills and fixture makers demanded birch for interior trim in imitation of
mahogany, and the furniture makers called for it for the same reason be-
cause it is the nearest approach to mahogany of any of the domestic woods.

Table 28—Consumption of Birch, year ending June, 1912.

= Fa Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. = Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3 vania. sylvania.
ie a
PA a
oY A
Industry. » 5
ag +
I ~ B on 5 e
: = 28 8 E A
"3 & a ty s s
5 5 or =) ~
= jan | j l= —& | &
Boxes and crates, packing, .... | 5,999,000 32.19 $16 76 | $100,556 2,488,500 3,510,500
Planing mill products, .......... 4,493,442 24.11 | 39 84 179,033 2,188, 844 2,354,598
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 1,514,500 | 8.13 48 11} 72,864 455, 000 1,059,500
UNEP es etsy are ae tvstsreraisieieiase cil alecicls 1,138,270 | 6.11 | 29 10 | 33,126 525,900 612,370
Laundry appliances, ............ | 1,090,600 5.85 | 12 72 18,860 1,070,000 20,000
| |
Chairs and chair stock, ........ 992, 400 | 5.3 30 05 | 29, 824 583,500 408, 900
IMB HITEC iB Oncan ar SOR BCSa SC RaSUEEe | 832,300 | 4.47 36 60 | 30,461 438,500 393, 800
APO VS Hues ec ae Hon oaaes ase | 617, 000 | 3/31 23 84 | 14,708 G1'7.000)|(aeraeene ee ae
Woodenware and novelties, .... 466,500 | ° 2.50 25 95 12,105 230,000 236,50
Mine) equipmenttts 922 ceca cc cece. | 336,075 1.80 | 24 23 | 8,148 SEA Gyn E hsgoasoetic
Car construction, | 312,845 | 1.68 28 86 9,029 231, 045 81,800
Van dles Wig ose cscosise eee lepoceeeients | 207, 750 | 1.11 18 18 3,766 205, 250 2,500
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ALISLS WSUPDLUESHnarmecvece seen es | 100, 000 ED) 18 00 1,800 LOOK O0ODI Ni tare uae este
Plumbers’ woodwork, ............ | 95,000 51 | 30 95 2,940 75,000 20,000
Instruments, musical, .......... | 90, 000 48 | 23 89 | 2,150 50,000 | ~ 40,000
Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. | 70,000 38 | 22 43 | 1,570 TUSOUUN Megatooooce
Refrigerators and kitchen cab-
inets, | 65,000 85 25) 15 1, 635 80,000 35,000
Brushes, | 51,000 AQTE| 14 02 | 715 51000) | acseciemoes
Pumps, Boies 50, 006 27 17 00 850 BOSOCO) iene ensecrtee
Printing material, 80,000 16 50 00 1,500 10,000 20,000
Agricultural impiements, ...... 20,000 sali 24 90 480 2050008 | er citeisretecis
Rollers and spoles) fis wusee nae ce 12,000 06 14 00 168 12,000 Micreferelsieiayee
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... 10,000 05 20 00 200 LOS OOOH ee ee senate
Trames and moulding, picture, | 7,500 04 75 00 GAG Mamharere tet aceieare 7,500
GIO CKS ie cistoe ete says olcincaminlain ants 4,000 02 45 00 SOR pweetertc cies 4,000
Machine construction, : | 8,000 02 25 00 75 35 OOOF| teenies sag
Pipes, tobacco, ......... ae 2,000 OL 50 00 LOO | Bitesstslstecterie 2,000
Caskets and coffins, ..... Bea 1,000 01 24 00 | 24 OOO! verncpesciee a6
Miscellanecousteeep sector ce mceite: 25,000 13 14 00 850 255000) |) fiiekienscce
TO Laila saree areresisi soi yarclereisieiels 18, 635,582 100.00 $28 05 $522, 774 9,826, 614 8,808, 968

THE HICKORIKS.

Two industries in Pennsylvania, vehicle parts and handles, together use
nearly five-sixths of the 18,000,000 feet of hickory going into products of final
manufacture. The remainder is divided in varying small amounts among eigh-
teen industries, of which car building, making of mine sprags, and machine
construction are the principal ones. On account of the. variety of special
uses for which hickory is demanded, a large amount of waste is occasioned,
both in the preparation of the raw material as well as in the finished commod-
ity. This waste probably exceeds that of any other valuable hardwood.

Six species of hickory grow in Pennsylvania and some of them are found
more or less generally throughout the State. In the tree they can be readily
identified by their botanical characteristics, but when cut into lumber the
species are difficult to distinguish. The information available to guide in
their separation was so meager that they are therefore presented in this re-
port under the generic name hickory. The growing scarcity of hickory, to-
gether with the fact that no suitable substitutes have been found for it in a
number of its special uses, accounts for the high average price the manu-
facturers paid for it. Apart from its scarcity, the wood is a most valuable
one, owing to its combination of qualities of extraordinary hardness,
strength, toughness, and flexibility. No such combination exists in any other
domestic hardwood. Further, it has a straight grain, is moderately elastic,
hard to split, and very perishable; it is a difficult wood to season and to work
and to be made to hold its shape.

Table 29.—Consumption of Hickory, year ending June, 1912.
= G i
oc re Grown in | Grown Out -
Quantity. si g Pennsyl- of Penn-
Ss S vania. sylvania.
ar ay
5 2
Industry. 2 7
Sisea| s
= H ad : 6
i 3 of S E 5
a z ae ae 3 s
S ee Te £ o D
cs or 4 Si cs S
Vehicles and vehicle parts, 10, 819,552 | 60.60 $48 BL 524,895 8, 642, 252 7,177,300
IBIAS) SooboeosspopesaaeoupcucGuS 3,973, 350 | 22.26 31 97 127, 045 |} 2,599,300 1,374,050
CalMcon'structioni anos tbe secs: 1,115,306 |- 6.25 24 50 27,325 | 343, 697 771, 609
Mine equipments yenicc.sstiecis ce cine 816,363 | 4.57 | ile} Gy! 11,031 OLGCSES Pimerwereeretere
Machine construction, .......... 695,000 | 3.91 20 27 19, 063 643, 000 56,000
Agricultural implements, ........ | 124, 460 -70 33 41 4,156 99, 400 25, 000
Planing mill products, .......... | 80, 100 .45 | 27 98 2,165 70,100 10,000
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. 63,000 1359) 46 $8 2,960 | 80, 000 83, 600
Butchers’ blocks and skewers, 50,000 28 | 18 00 900 LUND Sédencocdos
Ship and boat building, ........ 28,000 16 | 65 00 1,820 | 26,500 1,500
Whips, canes, and umbrella | |
MSLICKS it ea ee ke ee | 26,000 | 15] 55 85 AINA Horeca ep Nee 26, 000
Mis aie GET Sitar ie. Mea Fe econ cars ARM | 25, 000 14 1s 00 450 | 2D SCO Gi Sie eeinercictes ers
Chairs and chair stock, ........ | 15,000 08 17 20 258 BECO np sebsecoos
Saddles and harness, ............ 10, 000 06 60: 00 BOON eeu e vane 10,000
Rollers and poles, .............. | 2,500 01 60 00 150 ZOOM niin siclersiete
Woodenware and novelties, .... 2,500 01 60 06 150 | 2,500
ESUXYGU LOS Sey ge tees taal ae Dia 1,000 01 65 00 65 1,000
Manual training practice | :
(RIG GD hobo nShaepemeHy ot ocr OHS | 934 | 01 70: 66 64 234 700
I OhH OWRD. dese aan nooo reatard | MAD -denade 81 33 61 250 500
Printing HmMArerialiy fae )ciis ele BOOM iaeerser =F: 50 00 25 BUD sccosodcase
ERD CA MNaet sce ce sister isorncoe cite 17, 858, 255 100.00 $40 59 $724, 635 8,367,596 9,485, 659

THE ASHES.

Ash is one of the most widely distributed of the North American trees.
It ranges from the Rocky Mountain states eastward through every state but
Maine, and the fact that 606 Pennsylvania sawmills in 1912 reported cutting
this wood, indicates that the tree is also well distributed throughout this
State. Manufacturers do not distinguish the species for particular uses but,
like the oaks, they separate them into classes, white ash and black ash.
In Pennsylvania the white ash (Fraxinus americana) and black ash (Fraxvinus
nigra) are the most important commercial species of ash growing within the
State and they make up the bulk of the material which the Pennsylvania
manufacturers consume. The white ash is one of Pennsylvania’s valuable
hardwoods. It possesses a coarse, straight grain, fine texture, is moderately
hard and strong, besides being rather resilient and tough. However, it lacks
durability. The manufacture of vehicle parts, handles, agricultural imple-
ments, boats, sporting goods, and framework of various kinds where the
cualities of strength and toughness are desired call principally for white ash,
both in Pennsylvania and the country at large.

The uses of black ash are quite different from those of the white ash be-
cause of its different qualities. It is much softer, not as strong or as elastic,
and is more durable. Black ash has a pronounced attractive figure and is
more desirable for decorative work. It is, therefore, called on to meet
large demands for interior finish of houses, railroad and trolley cars. The
lack of taste and odor makes ash valuable for containers of foodstuffs, such
as butter tubs, woodenware, flour barrels, and boxes of various kinds. Only
forty-six per cent. of the ash going into further manufacture was State-
grown, in spite of the fact that the lumber cut exceeded by over 4,000,000
feet the amount of home-grown material used.

Table 30.—Consumption of Ash, year ending June, 1912.

£ is Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a gS Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 3 vania. sylvania.
Industry. Fakes i
Wena un
. Ons ~
fe g fe) vA d a
\ = ¥ ® tw 3 i= i=}
< g as 2 s a
S A P ® o
<a jan <q ia) & fy
Gare GCONStEUGHONSaipese et aes 4,396,915 ; 30.74 $56 70 $249, 311 933, 908 8,46 7
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .. 3,590,472 | 25.10| 44 16 | 158,564 | 2,096" 204 1 494° 268
EVAn Ole SM eee a A lias | 1,969,750 3.77| 28 45 | 56,082} 1,130,750 ” $39,000
Flaning mill products, .......... | 791, 315 5.53 51 89 | 41,062 588,165 258,150
Woodenware and novelties, .... 634,500 4.43 30 67 | 19, 462 259,500 375,000
Agricultural implements, ...... 599,100 4.19 | 38 73 | 28, 202 | 103,100 496,000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- | : ;
arists’ SUpPDITES ease chis wanes 400, 000 2.80 | 15 00 6,000 | 395,000 5.000
Ship and boat building, ........ 388, 700 2.12 41 47 16,118 | 262,700 126,000
TOUS MnO etic erste en aaa scans 320, 000 2.24 42 08 13, 450 182,500 137,500
IMpLMAN HIBS, Poo adauooocoopuoonoudaors 175,500 1.23 28 48 4,989 | 82,500 93,000
Plumbers’ woodwork. .......... 110,000 ait 34 00 3,740 | Tease asst 110,000
Chairs and chair stock, ........ 104,300 73 24 54 2,559 | 37,300 67,000
Saddles and harness, .......... 100, 000 -70| 44 80 4, 480 | 76,000 24/000
Elevators, ..... SOR Deeooennnrnnon 93,000 65 71 17 | 6,619 43,600 49, 400
Trunks and valises, ..%......... 87,500 61 86 42 3,187 SUSU seated ci
Machine construction, .......... 83,000 .58 44 88 Be Yi4i) 5,000 78,000
Equipment, playground, ....... 75,000 53 33 00 2,475 37,500 37,500
Boxes and crates, packing, .. 54, 200 38 23 51 1,274 538,500 "700
IMBSUTDHES, “odosoasdadouedaousccdn sacs 49,906 fats) 58 62 2,925 41,000 8,900
Mine equipments a iiccreudcens csc 43,425 .30 22,01 | 956 “BY ly Beek a zat

Table 80—Concluded.

ThE aa SS CASA BACH WRB ON EA aR Gao aeG 32,000 22 88 19 1,222 4,000 28,000
Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 30,000 21 21 00 630 BONOOO Zeek emrictreeieret=
Sporting and athletic goods, .. | 30,000 21 | 66 83 2,005 SOROCO |Pemtreverssricietetcrs
Machinery and apparatus, elec-

ETT CADE Oa aiais c aitecte misreicrouaever ne neraile | 25,000 ea Er 60 00 AAR Nal encanemerane 25,000
Instruments, professional. and

SCIEN NC aaa cep siatecr sen alsis 15,000 -10 58 67 880 5,000 10,000
Pulleys and conveyors, ......... | 15,600 10 30 00 | 450 7,000 8, 000
IBBUSNES Hy accross ile oun a elasis ele oes | 12,600 | 09 34 29 432 AAG OOH Paste reeves
Frames and moulding, picture, | 10,000 | 07 35 00 | 350 ON O0 0} | eeiaeyeoeeia frets
Rollers and poles, .............. | 6,150 | 04 32 68 201 5,000 1,150
Instruments, musical, .......... | 5,300 -04 44 34 235 5, 000 300
WA DAELS Har ineeeric MecachiNaccisclosantie 4,000 08 70 00 280 ASO00N Stans caeisieccets
Manual training practice (sloyd), 1,100 01 70 91 78 300 800:
Laundry appliances, ............. 1,000 | 01 25 00 25 raped OOO |nuetrstersBtaleren: ap
Weighing apparatus, ............ 900 | 01 93 06 84 CIOS eieoancaant
Miscellaneous, Bieta aa Dae ate E eee | 50,006 apt) 25 00 1, 250 HOSO00S ieee asnis incre

MO Lae hema isteasi cissuia ence | 14,304,627 100.00 $44 02 | $629, 752 6,568, 952 7,735, 675
\ | ; {
45.92% in. 54.08% out.
THE ELMS.

Only two species of elm were reported by the Pennsylvania wood users, white
elm (Ulmus americana) and cork elm (Ulmus racemosa); but it is possible
that small quantities of slippery elm (Ulmus pubescens)=(U. fulva) were used,
but because it is cut in this State in only small quantities it is usually mar-
keted mixed with white elm and, therefore, was not identified and reported
separately. Cork elm is the most valuable of the three elms because the
wood is most durable, but white elm in Pennsylvania is the most abundant

species and composes the largest proportion of the 3,000,000 feet of elm that
the Pennsylvania sawmills cut in 1912. Elm, irrespective of species, is’ one
of the strongest and most elastic hardwoods growing in Pennsylvania. In
addition to being heavy, tough, hard, and dense, it is hard to work and
difficult to season. The two species reported are together demanded by 16
industries. The largest amount of the cork elm went to the vehicle maker,
while the chair industry was foremost in demanding the white elm. The
trunk makers also bid for a large amount of this wood for slat material.

Table 31.—Consumption of Elm*, year ending June, 1912.

2 2 Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. fi Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 2 vania. sylvyania.
i=) Oo
= g
3 2
Industry. 3
a= . .
é 2s 4 :
Ei af ° 8 7 F Fi
a a cated 3 a a
fe ° ae = i
3 Se aiers 3 3 é
cs a ~ a | cs iS
Chairs and chair stock, ........ 6, 213,500 59.85 $26 76 | $166, 248 62,000 6,151,500
Trunks and valises, ............- Jone TSB 7e500i |e te70 30 82 56, 625 250,000 1,587,500
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ALISUSLAUSUP PILES semsieciveisisecieeteie nie 600,000 | 5.78 25 00 15,000 250,000 | 350, 000
Woodenware and novelties, ... | 500, 000 4.83 28 00 VAS OO OW ans trsctsiecreiete 500,000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ... 484, 400 4.67 35 92 | 17,398 95, 800 388, 600
Boxes and crates, packing, .... 429, 800 4.14 24 20 10, 400 132,300 297,500
Baskets and veneer packages
for fruit and vegetables, .... 115, 000 1.11 21 87 2,515 115,000
Carmconstrugtionm suse acceler: 6 63,343 61 49 43 SBT] Meters svotetarccleists
Agricultural implements, ...... 50,000 .48 25 00 1,250 50,000
IIGVA TORS swinccisrcerertecr oieeine se eile ° 32,500 wok 64 98 | 2,112 20,500
| |
UIRON Si iia dae oR SORE Re CRe USS DE EOS 25,000 24 21 00 | 525 12,500
Patterns and flasks, ............ 15,000 14 33 00 | L1G} || vopoboouase
Mine equipment, ....... 8, 800 08 26 14 | 280 8,800
Planing mill products, 4,000 .04 23 00 | 92 4,000
Machine construction, 2,000 02 50 00 aI) a ats melee
HI NCG 2 Ps Ra Cr 10,880,843 | 100.00 $27 95 | $290,116 1,000, 900 9,379, 948
| |

9.64% in. 90.36% out.

*The white and cork elm groups have been combined in this table.
In Part II of this report the information is given separately.

COTTONWOOD. a
(Populus deltoides).

Cottonwood belongs to a widely distributed tree family, which includes the
willows, aspen, balm of gilead, and other poplars (not yellow poplar). The
cottonwood referred to in this report is the Populus deltoides, the tree found
in large sizes and most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. It grows
in moist soil in almost all the states east of the Rocky Mountains. Owing
to the difficulty in seasoning cottonwood, it is better adapted for veneer than
lumber. Yellow and white cottonwood are often distinguished in trade. The
former refers to the heartwood, the latter to the light colored sapwood of
the tree. However, the amount consumed for veneer production in the United
States is only about 10 per cent. of the lumber cut. The manufacturers of
built up lumber used this wood in large amounts as veneer. On account of
its qualities of toughness, flexibility, and its capacity for being easily worked,
it is especially adapted for bent work as in vehicle bodies and auditorium
chairs. It is also popular with trunk makers for trunk boxes and tops. The
lumber serves many uses as a substitute for basswood and yellow poplar, and,
like these woods, is light, weak, and non-durable; but of fine even texture and
a lack of taste and odor. The last two named qualities commend it as a
material for food containers, while for packing cases and crates its other excel-
lent qualities, combined with its whitish color, make it especially desirable as
a background for printing and stenciling. This tree is not commonly cut
in Pennsylvania, which accounts for the fact that only about one and one-
half per cent. of the total amount used was State-grown. JHleven industries

together demand over six and one-third million feet of cottonwood, of which
74 per cent. is used by the box industry, nearly 8 per cent. for laundry ap-
pliances, and 6 per cent. by the furniture makers.

Table 32.—Consumption of Cottonwood, year ending June, 1912.

‘ £ | Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. fe G Pennsyl- of Penn-
| S £ | vania. sylvania.
o ~
: a &
s a
Industry. oe cS)
~
: ob a :
i a hie % : 4
a B Bes w a F
3 B Ee 8 g g
&, rely <q = = i
8 = pee ,
Boxes and crates, packing, | 4,680,000 | 73.86 $24 60 | $115,135 40,000 4,640, 000
Laundry appliances, ............ | 500, 000 7.89 82 90 UGE) I) poaodenads | 500,000
IN WTA AVROponddooesonocossagoueeoe 380,000 6.00 34 87 | DS OOM Mereaapersetere ttre | 380,000
Planing mill products, ......... | 330,000 bed 25 3 BAU HWen Wa vas Bisco | 330), 000
Trunks and valises, ...-:.:.-.-- 177,350 2.80 37 95 | CR fGib i Gpecdodat | 177,350
| |
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- | |
THES Kush ood pod anodduedobeccepeEooD 150,000 2.37 | 32 00 | 4° S00 Merrett | 150', 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 64,000 1.01 | 34 28 2,200 24,000 | 40,000
INDIR Sopgnasasupesoconboaudddoe 40,000 63 38 50 1,540 20,000 | 20,000
Sporting and athletic goods, .. 10,000 16 382 00 | B20) |e eb tateer ects ' 10,000
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and api- |
ALISUS AeRSUD DIMES taser meters sts terial = | 2,500 | 04 40 00 100 | 25500) |Win te eee
Pulleys and. conveyors, ......... | 2,600 | 03 | 21 00 | 42 2,000 [rs cetae Seat elt
i} i} | = | —E———
TNO ANNS nck ep Sreeenslevererectetelreey Lenco 6,335, 850 100.00 | $26 6€ $168, 938 88,500 | 6, 247,350
% | ! i}
THE GUMS.

Black gum is the common name given in various states to three trees,
black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica), cotton gum or tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) ,
and water gum (Nyssa biflora), all belonging to the dogwood family. Red
“gum, though it bears the name of “gum” does not belong to the same family
and, therefore, has been discussed under a separate heading. One of the
above named species, the black or sour gum, grows within the State. It is
found in wet lowlands and along the slopes of the foothills and mountains.
It is not abundant and only a little over 5 per cent. of the total of nearly
‘5,000,000 feet used by 11 industries is State-grown wood. It attracts atten-
tion by its bright green summer foliage, which in the autumn turns to brilliant
yellow and red, and also by its clusters of two or three oblong berries of
‘hluish black color and sour taste. The woced of this tree has an interlaced
‘fiber and is difficult to split and work; hence it is valuable for certain special
uses, such as vehicle hubs, pulleys, mine rollers, mauls, mallets, and cogs.
In the South it is cut into veneer and goes into wooden dishes, berry cups,
fruit baskets, and veneer boxes,

Table 33.—Consumption of Black Gum, year ending June, 1912.
a 2 Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. EP Pennsyl- of Penn-
S £ vania. sylvania.
S 2)
a) is ae pea
5 a
Industry. ts 3
+ . .
ge oa j
| : S 7 =|
; = 2 3 : ie
a g$ | #6 = 2 =
a ; B43 £ 2 a
Poxes and crates, packing,.... | 3,089, 800 62.3 $15 36 SATRAG Si cesta stecctessis 8,089, 800
MinemvequipmentsiiKee ses seeR nee nee 1,628, 460 32.85 24 37 39,678 219 , 216 1,409, 244
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... | 181,800 3.67 BE By 6,831 31,500 150, 300
Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. | 20,006 -41 22 00 440 | ZO OCOR ae a ccroreict Nevers:
Pulleys and conveyors, ........ 14,000 28 3 yh AT Dull eae ievire tector ae 14,000
Instruments, professional and | |
oneiabilos Goocaboodooannuan partell 12,000 24 52 838 | 634 2,000 10,000
Rollers) and, poles;s ests... | 6,000 12 20 00 | TADS Poeiets donc 6, 000
Ship and boat building, 3,000 .06 70 00 | QOH Legasicracretas 3,000
RUSGEUTO SP o ha eo ctcyennie steiasiehsleves s 1,000 -02 28 00 | Se] Paltyarertyarete ct cts 1,000
(Opie Coa aenOuloya, 5555G5q0d0de0000 600 01 58 00 | GH Il Goonemdnee 600
Patterns and flasks, ............ | 500 01 24 00 2})|) pees 500
ATO GEN ecto hs tyslsis acinus, senate eke 4,957,160 100.00 $19 34 $95, 923 272,716 4,684, 444

linas.

Cotton Gum (Nyssa aquatica).

Most of the cotton gum or tupelo lumber came from Virginia and the Caro-

It grows only on the swamps and lowlands and in lumber can be dis-

tinguished from the black (sour) gum by its darker yellowish hue, its ten-

dency to split straight, besides being soft and more easily worked.
6,000,000 feet of this wood is demanded by eight industries.

use most of it. Cigar box material also claims a fairly large amount.

two industries together consume 92 per cent. of the total.

Nearly

The box makers

The

Table 34—Consumption of Cotton Gum, year ending June, 1912.

fe | £ srown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 2 vania. sylvania.
2 ESSER [OR erat &
Industry. seni C
lon] ' (S) ta q
: BO een (iene ; j
a g an a 2 z
; as ne}
3 gi ee 3 z 3
cs om ny A cs =
BOXES aN Can Cr awe Sie tastteereieistscn ies 3,458, 722 58.05 $14 13 SAS SSH tease citelesyystels 3,458,722
lator, Giehe, | Goaduooudoausnaadacs 2,043,917 34.31 63 387 IPL IK)" Seodabooas 2,043, 917
FUNCT OOF beers oeveheterastzeiceteieita selene 286,500. 3.97 3 54 (ACBPi ile, Uapsooaoues 236,500
Planing mill products, ........ 151,648 2.54 26 55 AM OA erscshetefstsr ysis 151, 648
Agricultural implements, ....... 35,000 59 36 00 MPP 2G OM Mioee store tercevere 35,000
Instruments, musical, .......... 20,000 .34 25 00 SOG eee sieve att 20,000:
Woodenware and novelties, 6,900 sale) 20 00 BSNS lass cictesi sere 6,900
TOY.S3y, cetera eho cee tase ah etelapam ones lees 5,000 08 20 00 TOO Gobooeanos 5,000
TOCA eek NEN ea eek 5,957, 687 100.00 $32 29 PARP BEI) IIE Seubaccdoo 5,957, 687

CHERRY.
(Prunus serotina).

In the lumber cut of cherry, Pennsylvania is second only to West Virginia.
Notwithstanding the fact that the production of cherry in Pennsylvania is
nearly 5,000,000 feet more than the consumption, one-third of the require-
ments of the manufacturers was supplied by the forests of other states.
Black cherry is the only cherry species used commercially. Its technical
quality is high in that it combines strength and hardness, a fine straight
grain, compact structure, and stability. It also takes a fine polish and excels
most other hardwoods in its capacity to hold its shape. It is this quality
which commends it for electrotype backing. In Pennsylvania this is its chief
use. The car manufacturers give it preference over any other domestic wood
for the best grade interior finish of passenger coaches. It is a favorite with
the fixture and furniture manufacturers. The qualities, in addition to those

mentioned above, are durability, stiffness, density, and ease in splitting. It
is somewhat brittle, with a fine, straight grain.
Table 35.—Consumption of Black Cherry, year ending June, 1912.
eet
i & S Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 5 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = yania. sylvania.
o =)
a &
8 a
Industry. m ic)
a . .
: 3 4 : :
q ne g u q q
4 | eS iS : 9
annie g as os 2 =
a 3 ~
H ey 1 Ay | sy SH =) | le
| |
Printing material, .............. 1,166,800 42.84 $29 14 $34,003 634, 000 532,800
Brishesse ey ei sia ne eee new arocoe ls 482,900} 17.73] 25 43 12, 282 4SO8900H| ae eee
Car iCconstnuCtiOnyy jliesictecieieelciele's 431,414 | 15.84 60 5 26.140 216,951 | 214, 463
Pianing mill products, ......... 177, 385 | 6.51 64 48 11, 43) 110, 085 67,300
UTD AUBRESH O dhbaowaudddugudguosadoune 128,700 | 4.73 66 14 8,512 83,250 | 45,450
WTI TUT © see y steve oloforelonsietersveteleve aleiciapareiels 113,900 | 4.18 84.74 3,957 105,600 | 8,300
Patterns cand fasksy ec veil 86,894 | Sod lt) 71 58 6, 22 54,644 | 32, 250
Foxes and crates, packing, .... 70,000 2.57 19 00 1,330 (OO OO eeneyetsroreccterait
Caskets and! “Comingy itis. cites 20,000 083 60 00 1, 200 “P2000 Oleicrretctersreraete
Instruments, professional and
SCL Capee cereerepeteiete Linteeicieieertetisre 10,060 Beit 100 00 TAOS Pee Gpoasdboo:| 10, 000
|
JSON Ka) YasenedenpoonoccdsoducHedG 7,500 28 | 50 00 3795 2,500 | 5,000
Refrigerators and kitchen cab. | |
ATE ES ee eee epee ane nt eevee 7,500 | .28 62 50 469 | TSO Pee eee
Weighing apparatus, ............ 7,500 28 27 90 202 | USED W Obosdcodse
Instruments, musical, .......... 4,400 .16 75 68 333 3, 600 800
Plumbers’ woodwork, ............ 4,400 16 94 55 416 400 4,000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, A 2,250 08 91 56 206 2,000 250
Manual training practice
(Sieh abla BesovedocdonsyepoeodaonD. 1,850 07 55 68 103 P5850) Sree.
Sporting and athletic goods, OU aee teers 46 00 5 TOO Mak ee seen
leone he Sou ayeouboubooddodobod 2,728,493 100.00 $39 73 $108,191 1,802,880 920,613

BLACK WALNUT.
(Juglans nigra).

The cut of black walnut in Pennsylvania is.equal to three times the total
consumed by the factories and five times the quantity of the home grown wood
that they report. Black walnut is the most expensive hardweod native to
Pennsylvania and was demanded by 17 industries. It is very durable, easy
to work, hard, porous, strong, stiff, heavy, stable in place, non-elastic, and
with an intermediate straight grain. The makers of caskets and coffins used

the most, followed by the manufacturers of organs and furniture, using

nearly equal quantities,
smaller amounts.

and by 14 other

industries demanding varying

Table 36—Consumption of Black Walnut, year ending June, 1912.

¢ |
= | Ss Grown in
Quantity. | if Pennsyl-
= = vania.
o
Sy s
5 2
a ! r
Industry. °
Setiid :
; ob oo :
)
| 3 oe z |
o I toe 2) .
2 2 ae = 2
eed tv pas] +
o il ba O° oa
Oo
| gS AY 4 a &
Caskets and coffins, 214,000 27.35 $59 50 $12, 732 182, 000
Instruments, musical, ond 181, 200 16.77 44 05 5,779 67,760
SRV UETN TE TIRO Sees ererstereeelase cictetoysrchoesioteyeietelsie 130,000 16.61 95 04 12,365 21,000
Planing mill products, ........... 77, 265 9.87 111 31 8,600 52,365
CATA CONSELUCELOMIN steiclelsieierelalotcierclelels 56,890 Meet 101 13 5, 753 980
Cliairs and chair stock, ........ 50, 000 6.3 66 08 3,304 44,000
MEER HUES HE ies ala aretdeye diols sierciegetarsie Sieistele 35,860 4.58 82 91 2,978 | 28,860
(OlGyel hide Banc enOrseCS URC STE Ea Unesen 21, 000 2.68 50 95 1,070 21,000
Patterns) and) flasks; ij. : - .: dee sisie 14,500 1.85 50 60 125 4,506
Frames and mouldings, picture, 10,500 1.34 80 67 847 4,500
Machinery and apparatus, elec- | |
HEGEMISS Bonebasoosomaaoboosuso0ooRdoD 2,500 702 | 40 09 100 | 2,500
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ...... | 1,400 18 | 91 42 128 1,100
Eandlestajmeris: sec noses cent | 1,050 14 | 81 90 86 1,050
Brushes past tcosu toon sortase seysiaiste 1,000 13 | 8000 80 1,000
Manual training practice (slord), 850 11 87 06 itt 650
Plumbers’ woodwork, ......--.... 300 04 35 00 10 300
Miscellaneousnsscmecnccen actiecee ee 34, 200 4.37 | 71 81 2, 456 10, 200
TOTALS hee toaions en oaeciieaere er 782,615 100.00 | $72 94 $57, 085 443,705
SYCAMORE.

(Platanus occidentalis).

Grown Out
of Penn-
sylvania.

24,000
338, 910

Not more than 44 per cent. of the requirements of the Pennsylvania wood-

users was drawn from the State-grown sycamore.
this species is not an important lumber tree in this State.

work. It has a coarse, distinct grain,

This is not surprising, as

Sycamore’s fine
grain revealed by rift sawing and its rich color commend its use for cabinet

somewhat contorted, and is hard,

heavy, stiff, hard to split, moderately strong and durable, difficult to season

and to work, and unstable in holding its shape.
but only in small quantities.

the manufacturers report using it for that purpose.

Forty-two mills report it,

Probably the most exacting use of this wood
in the country at large is for butcher blocks, but in Pennsylvania none of
The chair makers de-
manded the most that was used, almost 72 per cent. of the total, while
the rest was about equally distributed among five other industries, the brush
makers being the most important.

‘

Table 37.—Consumption of Sycamore, year ending June, 1912.

:
| a BS Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Ss 5 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 5) vania. sylvania.
o
I a Le hel SO
EI za)
; = %
Industry. ee 3
si Se ie : | a
A Nie es Wess % A A
E 2g g is
Chairs and chair stock, .......... 500, 000 71.78 $25 00 CHAO Boganodadude 500), 000.
Brislresi avery sete setae cae ae itowise ieters 71, 600 10.19 26 00 S846 (eure aretrrerlare | 71, 000
IMMA, cposucdbosdovaboucoou coupe 66,170 9.49 43°89 2,904 3,000 | 63,170:
Planing mill products, ........... 28,300 4.06 45 72 1,294 17,000 | 11,300
Ship and boat building, ........ 20, 000 2.87 65 00 TAS OON Penrice 20, 000
Boxes and erates, packing, ...... 11,603 1 66 16 00 186 TERRI anos aeonoe a
“No ely. sogooossasnoodHoeadonDan 697,073 100.00 $28 73 $20, 030 ~ 31,608 665,470
HORNBEAM.

(Ostrya virginiana). :
Hornbeam is frequently called ironwood because of its great weight and
strength. It has an intermediate grain, is somewhat contorted, is very
hard and dense, tough, stiff, durable, and difficult to split, besides being
heavy, difficult to season and hard to work, but capable of wearing smooth
by use. The wood being heavy, tough, and resilient, is used extensively by
the handle makers and the manufacturers of vehicle parts. Its other uses
in this State are for mine sprags and for sides of cheese boxes. It is possible
that the material reperted for the last named use may have been blue beech
(Carpinus caroliniana), which is also called ironwood and closely resembles
hornbeam. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of the material that is
used was supplied by the State, while of that coming from a distance a part
was supplied by Canadian forests.

Table 38.—Consumption of Hornbeam, year ending June, 1912.

: On S Grown in Grown Out
Quantity. aS 3 Pennsy]- of Penn-
= = vania. Sylvania.
= z
| 5 s
Industry. a 2 |
; ore 4
f=} < in co
a 4 £ % A 5
: Be oe e
~ 2 a a oa
e & ee ic Svein eee
fa | io Bt = & =
i m | | | |
Tian (CS ambaererere ckeieccievelorerratevolereleletnsiercters 415,500 | 75.93 $49. 53 $20,580 315,500 100, 000
Vehicles and vehicle parts, .... 100, 000 | 18.28 | 30 00 | 3,000 | 50,000 | 50,000
Mine equipment (sprags), ..... a | 21, 684 3.96 13 14 | 285 | ZUG SAM icserctoyetoieteee tates
Dairymen’s, poulterers’, and | | | |
apiarists’- supplies, ............. 10, 000 1.83 | 12 00 | 120 | 10,000) .........5..
TVOCE a Gane eS AN Ry RRM Se 547,184 | 100.00] $43 82 $23,985 | 397,184) 150,000
| \ |

BLACK LOCUST.
(Robinia pseudacacia—R. Pseuco-Acacia).

All the black locust used by the Pennsylvania manufacturers was grown
in the State, and in quantity was equal to more than one-tenth of the total
lumber cut of locust in the United States. This was because the wood is
demanded for uses which usually require raw material in the forms of billets
and bolts, and it is an exception that it leaves the sawmills in the form of.
planks or boards. Only three industries use this wood in Pennsylvania and
two of them cut it into billet form. They are the makers of insulator pins,
brackets, and mine sprags. The third industry, vehicle part manufacture,
purchases locust in bolt form and uses it for wagon hubs. This species has
the distinction of being the most durable native hardwood both in the open
when exposed and in contact with the ground, thus accounting for its exten-
sive demand for fence posts. It has a coarse, straight grain, is hard, porous,
heavy, and tough, splits easily, holds its shape well, and easily turned.

Table 39.—Consumption of Black Locust, year ending June, 1912.

i ae) | oS Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. | S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 | -vania. sylvania.
So —
| S 8 BiH a
EN a
Industry. a )
ie : I
nol fA
=| : “3s = g j
i | = oo $ B A
S Y ons os 2 ia)
o a =
> Ry oe & ay ny
D o an iS o ®
= one 4 a iS
i 28 3 :
Insulator pins and brackets, .... 463,506 | 91.68 | $238 90 $11, 076 EEE ll noasoobadeds
Mine equipment (sprags)}, ...... 31,350 §.20 | 10 18 | 319 | SUES Ohlia ce derepetereceuceore
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ..... 11, 000 Zeit y| 18 73 206 HL OOOR etercteteeeicctst
TOE saeco cinceee 505,850 100.00 | $22 93 $11, 609 Ess 850)) | GS oanosdaHod
|
CUCUMBER.

(Magnolia acuminata).

This tree frequents the mountain slopes and grows to large and symmetrical
dimensions. It is a member of the magnolia family, which includes the yellow
poplar. It derives its name from the similarity in form and appearance of
its fruit cone to the cucumber. The appearance and technical quality of the
wood so resemble yellow poplar and the uses of the two are so nearly identical
that as a rule they are marketed together without distinction. Owing to this
fact it is probable that the manufacturers use more cucumber than the table
shows, and it also accounts for Pennsylvania’s not being included with West
Virginia and Virginia in the production of this kind of lumber. The prin-
cipal industries using this wood are planing mill products and boxes.

Table 40—Consumption of Cucumber, year ending June, 1912.

e |
a ng Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. rat Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
sf &
| B a
2, a
Industry. | °
~ 4 o
Bee
if z es 5 9
3 © So i S a
LS) Ss cc
Sra ete Se g 3 ro
> °
Sree heron linet Sey ene
Planing mill products, ........... | 267,300 76.07 $27 00 $7, 217 255,300 42,000
BoOxesman de Craespeucenercienicenc | 70, 000 19.92 17 00 1,190 | ............ 70,009
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... | 10,000 2.85 18 00 180 10,000 |..........-.- '
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ...... | 3,800 | 1.08 25 00 Goi Mwaroisterennetare 3,800
Agricultural implements, ........ | 300 08 30 00 9 BOs beletsletelorteteteteye
PRO teal PN aiay cesteeiejateeterarsiateacroeeeercnsts | 351, 400 | 100.00 $24 73 $8, 699 235, 600 115, 800
BUCKEYE.

Buckeye, like cucumber, often loses its identity and goes to market mixed
with yellow poplar. It is called for separately by the manufacturers of arti-
ficial limbs to meet what may probably be termed its most exacting use, but
for this purpose was not reported in Pennsylvania. The wood is light,
soft, cross grained, compact, and difficult to split. The color is creamy
white and so uniform that the sapwood can hardly be distinguished from the
heartwood. Two species of buckeye are native to Pennsylvania, the fetid
buckeye (Aesculus glabra) and the yellow or sweet buckeye (Aesculus
octandra). The western part of this State is the eastern limit of both species
and it is impossible to ascertain the quantity of each that the manufacturers
use. This wood is more evenly distributed among the various classes of manu-
facture calling for it than any other shown in this report.

Table 41.—Consumption of Buckeye, year ending June, 1912.

e RR Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ia Pennsyl- ot Penn-
= 2 vania. sylvania.
o
Bes §
5 a
a A
Industry. °
~ ; “
oP fe
4 55 % a
| 3 aes 2 g =|
a ® og = a Ra
oO x Cael
8 Bl 25) ies g g 3
® ® cs S ® ®
& iam < a & i
Laundry appliances, .............. _ 125,000 38.56 $28 00 $3,500 WEAN Gaoosodseous
Woodenware and novelties, ...... 83,700 | 25.82 25 00 PEt eb daapasseudes 83, 700
Boxes and crates, packing, ...... 80,500 | 24.83 | 22 99 1,851 | 40,000 | 40,500
Planing mill products, ........... | 35,090 10.79 20 71 | 725 19,000 16,000
OCA eterctepsielelsherytayetarsiareielsveierstetote | 324, 200 100.00; $25 19 $8,168 184, 000 | 140, 200
i} i} '

APPLEWOOD.
(Pyrus species).

This wood may be of many species and is consumed in larger quantities
in Pennsylvania than in any other state in which reports similar to this
have been made. It is demanded for a few special purposes, the manufac-
ture of smoking pipes being the most important, while under the heading
of printing material, it is used for wood type. As in other states, it is used
for making carpenters’ tools, particularly handsaw handles.

Table 42—Consumption of Applewood, year ending June, 1912.

= ss Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. et Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
a 3
eM mr +
H a
=) i
Industry. o
~ 6 O
ob ca
A ake % A d
¢ [=| bp a 5 . |
Q S ah a 2 2
& Ay <q oa | & &
a | |
IBID ESeae SIO KAN Saw ii sfersrveisey slerlecreciele | 121, 435 | 70.42 $52 42 $6,372 61,435 60, 000
Jelemalless> “ocedooaokacoosoodedsudEeeod | 50,000 | 29.00 40: 00 2,00! 25,000 25, 000
ISL VEOUSIS MgadagdoosabosoucucuodaGnnas | 1, 000: | -d8 50. 00 50 US OO OR rare tereretclererstete
IMO Eallicge esi sieyaictaterctoyniert a arercle ol agerave 0 | 172,485 | 100.00 |} $48 84 $8, 422 | 87,485 85,000
| |
DOGWOOD.

(Cornus florida).

Nearly all of the dogwood going into final manufacture in Pennsylvania
was grown in the State. It is exceedingly hard, strong, of compact structure,
and tough, and these qualities together with its ability to wear smooth give
it preference over any other wood in the manufacture of shuttles, and com-
mend it for mine sprags. These two industries use 95 per cent. of the total
amount reported. Three other industries use the remainder.

Table 43——Consumption of Dogwood, year ending June, 1912.

ec) ss Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a BS Pennsyl- of Penn-
= = yania. sylvania.
ay a :
[ 5 s
: 2 i
Industry. Sey | 4
Sm ol
. (5) oS ~ . .
q = oy) iS q 8
Ss ® 00.8 os a a
oO S Lond
~ an a »~ »
5) H aes oa o _ ®
Mine equipment (sprags), ....... 139, 088 | 84.74 $15 73 $2,188 IEE RER! booanodocéod
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. 17,585 | 10.71 69 60 | APA | deeododoobes 17,585
Instruments, scientific and pro-

FESSION A pr emenciielscicciee eieccccs 7, 200 | 4.3 38 47 | 277 1,000 6, 200
Var des ieee eevee rateaisvste ators lel ere rlsiaiaresnisie 230 14 67 57 Gi ligeyctase ysis atolore 230
Manual training practice (slord), 34 03 90 00 3 byl escenbedrone

ARO TAN tyecineye ako stateless czavatins 164,187 100.00 $22 59 $3,708 140,122 24, 015

PERSIMMON.
(Diospyros virginiana).

The persimmon tree belongs to the ebony family which is confined largely
to tropical regions. The wood has all the good qualities of ash, works more
smoothly, and retains a friction polish. Besides it has a very fine, rather
straight grain, and is hard, strong, tough, porous, very heavy, and
splits easily. Persimmon has two important uses for which there is extensive
demand, last-blocks for children’s shoes, and shuttles used in textile mills.
In the country at large, the greatest quantity probably goes to the latter in-
dustry, but in Pennsylvania:the makers of boot and shoe findings used all
but 124 per cent. of the quantity consumed.

Table 44.—Consumption of Persimmon, year ending June, 1912.

ne is Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a Pennsy1- of Penn-
8 £ vania. sylvania.
S
a & |
Industry. «i ©
sion .
aes Sn
. J) 5 ~~ . .
< § ie x a a
Str eipen es a a Seer heat
t | |
Boot and shee findings, ......... 99,000 87.60 | $59 19 SOMO OC ester tee srarsrcts 99,000
Shuttles, spools and bobbins, .. 7,510 6.20 | 60: 06 | ADIT Mesto e tet stare | 7,010
IBEAUES | vaoooontsuab aspen peso SD 7,000 6.20 | 54 00: MUG neponsobodde | 7,000
HMO Gel hme nterrtrevarceareretencorce erenet thers 118, 016 106'.00 $58 92 DONGHOMieleiecrersreroists 118,010
|
BUTTERNUT.

(Juglans cinerea).

Butternut is relatively common on good soil in Pennsylvania. It is used
by a greater number of industries in this State than in any other. Nearly 92
per cent. of the total quantity used in Pennsylvania is grown in the State.
The most surprising fact in connection with the use of this wood is the con-
sumption of butternut for excelsior at the low price of $15 per thousand feet.
The excelsior makers used more than one-third of all reported, while the
fixture manufacturers, the ship builders, and the manufacturers of pulleys
were the next in importance, these four industries together consuming 74 per
cent. of the total. The rest went to four other industries in varying small
amounts. Butternut is often called white walnut. Its qualities include
porousness, brittleness, stiffness, lack of resiliency, capacity to split, easy
to work, and it is considerably lighter, weaker, and less durable than black
walnut.

Table 45.—Consumption of Butternut, year ending June, 1912.

par Ss Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. m Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.

A w

teal aH |
: 2 es |

Industry. iS)

= .

Bis 4H

| He Z | A
r= ov S
? a a O08 a 2 2

TORRE SISO UUs Sect cme ne auO BO Oeo 30', 000 | $15. 00 $450 30,000 | ............
IMIDE 5) SaoaeovovdnsoooaubeccuouGD 13,500 44 30 598 13,500 | ......+-....
Ship and boat building, ........ 10, 000 80 00 800 7,000 3,000
Pulleys and conveyors, .......... 10, 000 20 00 200 NOLO SSodioeeano00
Planing mill products; |<. .5.. 4. 9, 600 30 21 290 | 6,600 3,000
Patterns wandienlasksee ey. se cts 5,210 79 85 416 | 3,900 1,310
Boxes and crates, packing, ..... 5, 000: 16 00 80 5,000 | .....-.. 005.
IMO A Re; Conn ocen sdinocsueaaonpea 8,500 | 26 61 93 BY BIN Sucuseacoope
MOEA cf FIA Conant e eee eiae 86, 810 100.00 $33 72 $2,927 79,500 7,310

MINOR SPECIES.

Domestic woods used in only small amounts, and not of sufficient im-
portance to discuss separately, are as follows: Holly (American), used by
the novelty makers, brought in from the southern Mississippi Valley; State-
grown aspen (popple), used for excelsior; willow for woodenware, likewise
produced in the State; home-grown mountain laurel used by the furniture
makers; and sassafras cut in Maryland and purchased by the ship builders.

FOREIGN WOODS.

This term is employed to cover all woods brought into Pennsylvania from
foreign countries other than Canada. There are ten of them and Spanish
cedar in quantity is the most important.

Only two states have shown so large a consumption of Spanish cedar as
Pennsylvania. Nearly 6,000,000 feet is consumed annually and comes prin-
cipally from the West Indies and Mexico. This tree is not a softwood like the
native cedars, nor is it related. It has broad leaves, confining its range to
the tropical countries. Its aromatic odor, pleasing color, and lightness, to-
gether with the fact that it holds its shape and is easily worked, make it~
-the favorite cigar box wood. Boat builders and furniture makers in Pennsyl-
vania also report this wood in small quantities.

Over 3,500,000 feet of mahogany is brought into the State each year. The
furniture makers use the largest amount, although 17 other classes of manu-
facturers demand it for raw material, and seven of them in quantities ex-
ceeding 100,000 feet. The supply of true mahogany comes from Mexico,
the West Indies, Central America, and a few states in South America,. but
it was not possible in any way to ascertain which of these countries sup-
‘plied the Pennsylvania factories, as mahogany lumber is purchased from
American dealers who import the logs and cut them in this country.

Ebony comes next as to quantity among the imported woods and surpasses
the consumption of this wood in any other state. The most is used for um-
brella handles although the demand for smoking pipe material is also con-
siderable. There are many species of ebony and they are found in various
countries. Probably the kind coming from Madagascar and India is used
most commonly in this country.

Boxwood comes to this country from Turkey and the West Indies. From
the high average price paid for that used in Pennsylvania, it is safe to con-
clude that most of it was Turkish wood which is much more costly. Box-
wood was imported into this State to make shuttles for silk weaving and to
furnish material for wood engravings.

Teakwood, strong and very hard, and with a smooth oily texture, is im-
ported from Ceylon, Siam, and India, and in Pennsylvania the entire supply
went to two industries, ship building and patterns.

Circassian walnut grows in the mountains in southern Russia near the
Black Sea. While very expensive. it is held in high favor in this country for
furniture, store, office, and bar fixtures, and cabinet work. It is nearly
always used as veneer with a backing or core of an inexpensive native wood.

The olive wood went to the smoking pipe manufacturers. It was brought
from France in the form of billets.

Rosewood was the highest priced wood that was purchased in the form of
lumber by the Pennsylvania manufacturers. -It is a native of Central America
and the northern states of South America.

Lignum-vitae was imported in log or in bolt form from practically the same
region as rosewood. It is a wood of special value on account of its extra-
ordinary weight and strength. Bowling balls are turned from this wood after
long and careful seasoning.

The eucalyptus used in Pennsylvania comes from Australia. and goes to
the furniture makers. The eucalyptus grown in the United States is not
valued for so many uses as is the imported wood.

Description of Qualities.

Grain: Very coarse. coarse, intermediate, fine, very fine.

Width of sapwood: Very narrow. narrow, medium, wide.

Hardness: Very hard. hard. fairly* hard, soft, very soft.

Density: Dense, fairly dense, slightly porous, porous, very porous.

Weight: Very light, light. medium. moderately* heavy, heavy, very heavy.

Strength: Very strong. strong, moderately strong, weak.

Flexibility and stiffness: Very stiff, stiff, moderately stiff, fairly flexible,
flexible, very flexible. asi

Elasticity: Very elastic, elastic, moderately elastic, non-elastic.

Toughness and Brittleness: Very tough, tough, moderately tough, slightly
brittle, brittle, very brittle.

Tendency to Split: Splits easily, splits rather easily, hard to split, very
hard to split.

Durability: Very durable, durable, moderately durable, perishable, very
perishable.

Stability in Holding Shape: Stable, moderately stable, unstable, very un-
stable.

Working Quality: Very easy to work, easy to work, fairly hard to work,
hard to work.

*Wairly and moderately have the same value in the scale of terms.

processes of manufacture that they employ;

PART II.

INDUSTRIBS.

The kinds of wood the Pennsylvania manufacturers demand, their botanical
relations, their sources, and their qualities, have been discussed in Part I.
tn Part II are considered the factories using the different woods, and the

the extent to which they call

for them, and the uses to which they put them according to inherent qualities.
For convenience the discussions are divided into classes called industries and
thase making similar or closely related commodities are grouped together.
In Pennsylvania there are 51, and Table 46 following shows how the more
than 1,100,000,000 feet of lumber yearly manufactured in the State is ap-
portioned among them. The largest industry requires nearly 280,000,000 feet
of raw material, 14 others more than 10,000,000 each, and the smallest less

than 100,000.

A few other industries which could not be separated because

the factories composing them numbered fewer than three, have been grouped
To maintain uniformity the same order

in one industry under miscellaneous.

in classification as has been adopted to other states has been followed in

Pennsylvania.
used and is as follows:

Their order has been arranged according to the total quantity

Table 46—Summary by Industries of Woods used in Pennsylvania, year
ending June, 1912.
e ; |
ec; aS Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. A Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
ie valk Ley Ss &
A a
a :
Industry. ak : |
b> =
j 29 » ; ;
: =) ee ae ee
= d ws 2 | 2
ov sy al
o 4 Qe = o $
& x < a Se (Reivers
Planing mill products, ....... 281,717,600} 25.28] $833 46| $9,427,936 | 83,652,088 | 198,065,512
Boxes and crates, packing, 278, 904, 094 24.58 18 00 4,928,991 51,358,325 | 222,550, 769
Gar construction, %./ 50003-06054 228,380,900! 20.50 2953| 6,743,700] 41,069,552 | 187,311,348
RUUD UT Oe meas apeter vee teretciciai-pelersie stevevel-es 58,295,170 | 5.29 35. 24 | 2,078,971 19, 045, 400 39,949,770
‘Chairs and chair stock, ...... 33,117, 000 2.97 25. 80 854, 412 14, 406, 600 18,710, 400
Vehicles and vehicle parts, 31,801,509 | 2.85 42 68 | 1, 355, 655 18, 482,774 18,318,735
Ship and boat building, ...... 26,716,000 | 2.40 38 44 1,026,722 11, 017, 260 15, 698, 800
Caskets and coffins, .......... 13,982,500 | 1.26 29 77 416,278 4,044,500 9,938, 000
Mine equipment, ................- 11,948,897 1.07 19 52 238, 283 9,173, 653 2,775, 244
VEX GUESS) sfeleletlerese eteleleisvee/elereievese}t ike 11,888, 220 1.07 42 25 502,323 3, 685,310 8,202, 910
Boards—cloth, hosiery, etc., 11,775,000 | 1.06 26 69 314,315 50, 000 11,725, 000
Patterns and flasks, .......... 11, 495, 011 1.08 51 39: 590,706 2,887, 092 8,607,919
lsh yale = sodbenodopoopecnoasduocdDG 11,014,907 | nog) 26 68 293,919 7,425,050 8,589, 857
Laundry appliances, ........... 10,795,700 | 97 22.17 239, 336 6,631,500 4,164, 200
IBOKES Has CLS aes se reyeleiclelsicielnlcieiedsielel= 9,930,759 89 92.77 921, 242 24,500 9,906, 255
Woodenware and novelties, 8,574,780 | Stitt 23 57 202,141 5,328, 625 3, 246, 155
Mamks amd SUOS ee celeretsieto stele! 7,853, 200 ata 36.07 283, 240 150, 000 7,703, 200
Machine construction, ......... 7,040,350 | -63 29 33 | 206,508 3,858, 200 8,182,150
Agricultural implements, ...... | 7,004,800 | 63 32 89 | 230, 387 2,134,000 4,870, 800
EROW See RETA ; 6,421,500 .58 28 37 182,193 5, 004, 300 1, 417, 200
Trunks and valises, ........... 4,122,850 387 29 72 122,520 1, 288, 000 2,884, 850
LESWUINESAY Gab bbooossndoubonooDuodEE 4,037,090 36 22 34 90,189 3,761,700 275, 390)
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, 3,347,985 30 27 14 90, 888 1,970, 000 1,377,985
Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and
apiarists’ supplies, .........5 8, 240, 450 29 23 82 77,188 1,326, 000 1,914, 450
Instruments, musical, ........: 2,945, 000 26 39 38 115, 982 748 , 200 2,196,800

Table 46—Concluded.

|
a Re Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. B Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 2 vania. sylvania.
o
bets aS &
3S
Industry. 2
ae) . .
LS) > g 3
: S| gs : : :
a} ¢ at Bus 2 2
2 a BS 3 3 3
ics) av <q = <) &
Machinery and apparatus, elec-

tricals ic seenpetee hs A re 2,715, 200 24 31 54 85, 633 456,100: 2,259,100
2M SHE Wir Me ee tna ecteysssie seemtes 2,692, 000 24 23 90 64,335 2,975,000 617,000
Baskets and veneer packages for

fruit and vegetables, ........ 2,683, 000 .24 19 44 52,156 2,408, 000: 275, 000
Frames and moulding, picture, 2,619, 000 24 25 00 65,480 1, 040), 500: 1,578,500
Retrigerators and kitchen cab-

ATE TSE CRS Ree Te Ne Bn FL ar 2,463, 800 22 30 73 75,720 1, 002, 250 1,461,550
JOGA OPM IgaooaugabruSpduoseEb oon 1,682, 000 15 14 28 24,016 AGS2"O00M Eiieeyrelinse-
Equipment, playground, ....... 1,507,300 14 28 60 43,106 497,800 1,009,500
Prin tingwematerd aleve rites) -lel-icle 1, 274,326 11 31 27 39,853 668, 000 606, 326
LURKS (AH Soe da soonUobus sadoeooEdS 1,108,500 -10 29 16 32,321 251,000 857,500
Hillewatons) on ecclissi ae eaalle 1, 008 , 900 09 42 08 42,459 245, 100 763, 800
Whips, canes, and umbrella

StICKSNAA Risen cesn ser cece er 882, 886 | 08 63 90 56, 412 500, 100 382, 780
Plumbers’ woodwork, ......... 584, 250 | 05 39 43 23,035 145, 700 438 , 550!
Insulator pins and brackets, 578,500 -05 21 65 12,526 BAN) Goduasooones
Butchers’ blocks and skewers, 920, 000 05 20°77 10, 800 GER OO h Seendaauss
Weighing apparatus, .......... 393,400 04 31 93 12,561 39,400 354, 000:
Instruments, professional and

XeKMBNTKOS “abosoodssdoanc0cGudce 326,448 08 57 44 18,750 8,500 317,948
Pulleys and conveyors, ........ | 294,500 03 29 30 8, 629 200,500 94,000
Boot and shoe findings, ....... 265, 000 02 56 51 14,975 18,000 247,000
Tes AS IKNSEKXE)) “Soaveacoudosocooc 227,515 02 165 49 37,651 61,435 166, 080
Sporting and athletic goods, 215,150 02 38 76 8,339 139,100 76,050
Saddles and harness, .......... 188 , 060 -02 55 32 10, 400 136, 000 52,000
Gates and fencing, ............. 161,340 01 22 58 3,643 16, 500 144,840
WTOC See ee ea ay eustate tayo sicrass 139,500 01 65. 0S 9,078 26,000 113,500
Rollers and curtain poles, . 125,575 01 19 77 2,483 115,000 10,575
Manual Training practice

(SIO YAIR eee OR ee Rosie eee : 95,945 01 66 44 6,375 51,875 44,070
MGS celilam COUSH yy ae eleteletevehelstersltietsts 7,416, 353 67 26 09 193,466 U5BS8). 1033 82, 650

ARO Galle lecstsercisiatelactreteachemslaloe 1,114, 219, 650 100.00 $29 15 | $32,483,227 | 313,683,632 | 800,536,018

In the consumption of wood four classes of factories in Pennsylvania lead
all other states: brushes, patterns and flasks,

toys,

and mine equipment;

in seven others the State stood second; car construction, printing material,
caskets and coffins, laundry appliances, playground equipment, machine
construction, and tobacco pipes. The State was third in box making and
the manufacture of wooden clock cases. Excelsior factories, manufacturers
of insulator pins and brackets, and the makers of butcher blocks and skewers
were the only industries procuring all of their wood from the forests of
the State. Nineteen others use a larger amount of State-grown than shipped-
in material, leaving 29 that find the major portion of their wood supply out
of the State, every industry reported the purchase of some Pennsylvania
wood. It is surprising that the box makers, who use only low grades, used
more shipped-in material than any other industry, while on the other hand,
the handle makers, who usually seek their raw material over a wide extent
of territory, procured considerably over two-thirds of their needs within
the State.

Nearly $32,500,000 are annually expended by the Pennsylvania wood users
for raw material. Not over 20 per cent. of this is paid for home-grown woods,

leaving not less than $25,000,000, a large portion of which each year goes to
other states. In a. great many cases this purchase money could be expended
at home, since it is quite evident that the State is not manufacturing as much
of its annual cut as is possible. On the succeeding pages the several industries
are considered separately in the order of the quantity of wood consumed.

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS.

The extent to which lumber is used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of
building materials is shown statistically in Table 47. This does not, of course,
include large quantities of rough lumber used for construction which needs
no further change than the hatchet, chisel, and saw to fit it to place on
the building. The factories grouped into this industry include four classes. ,
(1) Factories specializing in the manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds or
any one of these commodities. Formerly these products were made by small
mills operating in nearly every town and city in Pennsylvania doing a general
planing mill business but within recent years specialty manufacturing in
enormous quantities has demonstrated that these commodities can be manu-
factured, distributed, and sold cheaper than they can be made at home in
small quantities. (2) Factories producing only planing mill products or the
more universal commodities kept in stock like flooring, ceiling, siding, stock
finish, ete. Planing mills operated in connection with large sawmills are
the principal source of these commodities but portable mills having planers
and local sash and door factories also produce large quantities. In this class
are included mills specializing in the manufacture of hardwood flooring which
in Pennsylvania is an important industry, also parquetry flooring. (38) There
are planing mills and builders’ factories engaged in the general planing mill
business. This class is the most numerous and widely distributed over the
State. They manufacture chiefly according to special design and usually for
local consumption. Included in their production are special size sash, doors,
blinds, and in small quantities floorings, ceiling, ete., besides material for
window and door frames, stair work, cupboards, mantels, panel work, colon-
nades, grills, and all exterior and interior house finish. A number of fac-
tories belonging to this class are formidable industries, especially those located
in cities. (4) Industries other than wood-using that maintain a woodworking
shop equipped to manufacture various commodities like those mentioned above
for their own needs and mainly for the repair and upkeep of their own plant.
Steel mills, collieries, railroad companies, textile mills, and various other
large manufacturing enterprises are examples. ;

Qver 25 per cent. of the lumber cut of the United States is demanded for
manufacturing products belonging to this industry and more wood and a
greater number of kinds goes into this line of manufacture than into any other.
It is not surprising, therefore, that these same facts apply to Pennsylvania
and that in this report the planing mill industry as to quantity leads all
others. The table following lists the kinds and amounts of woods used but in
no manner does it represent all the lumber required in the State in this line.

Forty-four kinds of wood were reported by the factories grouped under this
industry which is the largest number making up any of the forty-eight indus-
tries comprising this report. This can probably be explained by the many
and varied uses of lumber for building purposes in which operations range
as in Pennsylvania from the construction of a rude shanty to expensive
palatial residences.

An examination of the list of woods in the table shows that a number of
the species used in large amounts do not grow plentifully in the State. The
Pacific coast states furnished a considerable quantity, including western white

pine, western yellow pine, redwood, Douglas fir, western red cedar, Sitka
spruce, and sugar pine. The region of the southern states contributed large
amounts, equivalent to 34 per cent. of all, including more particularly the
several species of southern yellow pine lumber and cypress. The Ohio valley,
the Lake states, and New England, sent in varying amounts, which explains
the comparatively small quantity of home-grown woods used by the planing
mills. It must be remembered, however, a large number of these species are
not common lumber trees in Pennsylvania.

Only 28 per cent. of the total amount of lumber used was produced in the
State. But of the species consumed that are plentifully cut in Pennsylvania,
the reports show the demand for a high per cent. of home-grown woods. For
instance, over 45 per cent. of the white pine, 67 per cent. of the hemlock, one-
third of the chestnut, 80 per cent. of the sugar maple and beech, 60 per cent.
of the birch, and half of the basswood reported by the planing mills, were
cut from State timber, indicating the importance the forests bear to the de-
velopment of the State. The planing mill industry is not only the most promi-
nent wood consuming industry in the State but it appeals more widely to the
interest of every class of citizens than any other. In order that the supply of
lumber the State contributes for building material may be maintained and
probably increased in the future, it is necessary to protect and improve the
forests as far as possible. With this in view the Commonwealth has put into
effect and has in operation a progressive forest policy which if given popular
support will help to solve the problem of future lumber supply.

Table 47.—Wood for Planing Mill Products, year ending June, 1912.

ange
oe Ke Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. aX B Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3 vania. sylvania.
o
i of s
By a
a :
Kind of Wood. = oS
ob H
d ae 3 d d
+ ao g
i 5 op. rs) Q | 4
Ss ai as co) p=)
$ HH OL s 3 $
o @ a, iS)
I Gi ecitea a Ss | &
WAGES DIME Sie aye reisiale/sleleie wiesslesotsl ler sistetele 62,556, 492 22.21 $36 53 $2, 285,337 29, 261, 299 88, 295, 193
Shortleat pines yocctict-iicictrsicsieiclsiels 51,870,590 18.41 26 68 | TEER IER Il Gogscbuoobo 51,870,590
Isa Gyelis, TapausosccngubosondodsabG 28,077,000 8.19 21 24 490, 2638 15,349, 900 7,727,100
WMongleaf Spine y..: vewijiewielen cies cies: 19,612, 698 | 6.96 29 39 | DIGGS CON | Mapareteteverersisraere 19,612, 698
@ypress) (Wala) yee cee ererclsis cscs cers 18,790, 200 6.67 39 68 | HADAGIO ESNet tolerate 18,790,200
WHestmub se ee ise cross eieiele ele 17,409, 350 6.18 37 65 655, 450 5,815,700 11,593, 650
Yellow poplar, 5 17,128,372 6.08 87 38 640, 042 4,127,990 12,995,382
IRGC OGM ieNeGadnosonKdanoods obs Als 16,092, 048 Bill 41 73 671,551 6,483, 450 9,608 598
White o stkiwicreciicialeraisersteletrreielemiclerters 13,714,723 4.87 46 78 641,582 | 4,325,950 | 9,388, 773
Sugar maple, 9, 681, 890 3.44 23 75 229, 963 8, 673,090 1,008, 800
|
MODI Oy BpINe ih. aertetela/eterareteroeieiterens 7,807,090 2.59 27 52 ZOU OO clever atretetehe(ore 7,307, 090
Layo: A GodabasdooddMdcUoboDoeesanUMOD 4,493, 442 1.60 39 84 179, 083 2,188,844 2,354,598
Western white pine, ............ 2,914,500 | 1.08 39 55 LB Bilal rclerstoretetetegeiets 2,914,500
PIT CHAPIN EG Haerelsiere sleiereisrelelerelsisisisretelsielels 2,826,000 1.00 22 37 63, 206 | 2 O20 000H| euctelecterleleicrete
BASS WiOOGN iueseirsriclecietsieieecsioursteretelstetels 2,738,576 597 30 97 84, 811 1,396,900 1,341, 676
IB ee chisiaacrteetteeerkeuttciocleisis Cretelstatoketsts 2,461,750 87 16 35 | 40, 250 1,972, 250 489,500
Spruce, 1,999, 734 | stall 29 96 59, 904 176,350 1,823,384
Red gum, 1,610,300 | 57 81 31} BO aI cereterera lsteleiere 1,610,300
Sugar pine, 4 1,122,000 .40 48 20 BAKOTSH Mee eee cece 1,122,000
PAS aiiae teretelshelatstcdetebateicieistelolescieieseleroloysfecsiehs 791,315 28 51 89 | 41,062 533,165 258,150
MOS Any wircteyelesstshersveletelotelevetsleiereteloveroyere 716,050 | 225 159 92 | BLT UA ierotetsteteteroteverers 716,050
INDAVENA Hobie» Soaqnuoddododsdaosdd0S 526.000 | .19 29 20 IREHIonaooaosood 526,000
COLTON WOO ere icrcciratelaiclelsjeieseicjel> ierelelere 330, 000 12 25 36 | TSI Piggaadooounde 830, 000
Western yellow pine, ..........++ 320,000 1 34 94 ATSC iatevstsveeichstetote 320, 000
Cucumber, ..... RNa alavertalafereicrelsie 267,300 -10 27 00 7,217 225,300 42,000

Fig. 2.—A collection of finished boxes, made in Pennsylvania.

‘apeay AY aoF posn o1B poyiVua wy “£IOPRJ XOq
soxoqg ‘AioOJORZ Xoq VIYd]opL[lIyd T[VUIS Vv jo 1OLleJU,—'F ‘sly riuvaATAsuued UG UL oUIyOVU ZUTTIVU puR syooys xoq—'¢e ~ 31

ei >

Table 47—Concluded.

= SS Grown in | Grown Om
Quantity. rs B Pennsyl- of Penn-
= os vania. sylvania.
a sg
Fi a
a 5
Kind of Wood. as ©
35 x
s Ok e | :
5 = iS 7 g g
5 A oo o ‘ 4
2 3 ao ji a a
os »
3 a 23 is 3 e
ico Ay < = = J
Red cedar, 213,000 08 49 27 10, 495 10, 000 203, 000
Redwood, ...... 197,132 07 49 19 DH GOT | Mearelelerereysicterers 197,132
Cherry (black), 177, 885 06 64 48 11, 438 110, 085 67,300
Cotton gum, ... Ab 151, 648 05 26 55 CUO Wongdoaaasedoe 151, 648
Mouelasienr wy eee cee 108,500 .04 43 33 CVir(iakilenebacosanes 108,500
later BGndogovadoanodcdousosadeus 80,100 -08 27 08 2,165 70,100 10,000
Blackwiwalnubauiacscciseeece ce cece 77, 265 03 111 31 8,600 52,365 24,900
Red and silyer maple, ........... 71,750 08 26 19 1,879 31,750 40,000
S CLUB PINE Mw yclicsecmeuteecaeels 70,000 08 20 50 1,435 25, 000 | 45,000
Western red cedar, ............... 55,000 -02 39 09 Pes{N Soonooueoond 55, 000
lah sibeY" ongodadgousuccocudGeGH 40, 000 01 45 50 EAU Goaadaaaboes 40,000
Yellow buckeye, .............-.... 35,000 01 20 71 725 19, 000 16,000
MNT AA Chane setereclaetoricialaVetoleve avelereieys 36, 000 -01 23 00 GSOE irarsereteleteletoracys 30, 000
SViGAMOLE eyes clasieele eters seiaseinereicieeiiae 28,300 -01 45 72 1,294 17,000 11,300
SitkapispLluce ye se acelsicisicicieleisiclsiereieres 15,000 04 35 40 BSUS Hitercleleraterstereterers 15,000
IButtennuitrmrntaeanscteriiceetecceiceice 9,600 v 80 21 296 6, 600 3,000
White reli: piaccahetectsedacsestncaee 4,000 * 23 00 93 CRU! < Gaadoosades
Southern white cedar, .......... 1,000 M4 120 00 TL ZOM|lecrsvelctelsieteiaieleie 1,000
Circassian walnut, y= aecccli clic -/\)- 500 = 250 00 HZ Belelafeleteleleteisiore
Mortal eRe Wes se eeseckrewcee sc 281,717, 600 100.00 $33 46 $9, 427, 936 83,652,088 | 198,065,512
*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.
BOXES.

Next to building material, more wood goes for making boxes and crates
in Pennsylvania than for any other use. Over six hundred factories reported
the information collated in Table 48. Not more than half of these were regular
box manufacturers, as is shown by the list of names in the appendix. There
are included glass factories, steel mills, refractories, machinery manufactur-
ers, makers of electrical apparatus, foundries, furniture makers, silk and
textile mills,- paper factories, large jobbing and department stores, etc.,
which maintain box departments for making packages and shipping contain-
ers to meet their own requirements. The uses of boxes are so numerous in
Pennsylvania that it is not practical to attempt to mention or list them.
Generally it can be said they are of two kinds, set-up boxes and box shooks.
The former includes the nailed, the reinforced, the veneer, the locked corner,
and dovetailed, or boxes that are sold ready to use. The nailed box is
usually sold in the locality in which it is made. It is rarely shipped put
together. The large number of this kind accounted for in Pennsylvania was
principally in the large cities where there is an extensive demand or else near
to factories and mills using the wooden packages. The reinforced box is a
nailed box, the nailed joints and often the body of the box being reinforced
with cleats, wire, or steel bands. These are used for shipping ponderous ma-
terials where the package is subjected to great strain. Of late this method has
also become popular for containers for light materials, including large boxes
for millinery, etc., when only very thin resawed material about three-eighths
to one-fourth inch is used and the necessary strength supplied by the cleats. Re-
shippers belong to this class, most frequently reinforced with steel bands.

They are box crates for carrying back and forth bottled goods and are made
of strong material. All that are used in Pennsylvania are not made in the
State. Many are shipped in from Maryland, Delaware and Virginia.

The veneer box has recently made remarkable progress. The question of
saving in weight and the revenue from the sale of second hand boxes, which
lately is being given considerable attention by shippers, has helped the veneer
package. The single ply box, wire bound, competes actively with the fiber
shipping box but the progress these have made is not so surprising as that
of the three ply veneer box. In these the sides, top, and bottom are panels
built of three sheets of veneer with the grain transversing and well supported
with cleats of thick material. The panels are not only strong and light in
weight but the appearance of the single piece sides makes an attractive pack-
age. The glue pot enters as an important factor in their manufacture as a
good glue joint is the most essential requirement, and, if assured, panel
making is simple and makes both for economy and efficiency. Many more
of these boxes are shipped into Pennsylvania knocked down than are made in
the State. The panel makers are largely in the south where the stands of
cheap veneer woods, principally the gums, are easily accessible.

White pine and basswood are the woods for dovetailed and locked corner
boxes and large quantities are annually demanded for their making. These
are small size containers but probably present the most attractive appearance
of any form of wooden packages. They are used for articles of food, pow-
dered substances, jewelry, etc., as the close joints make them more dust
and moisture proof. The dovetailed box requires no gluing but the locked
corner does. Both kinds are made in Pennsylvania, the latter in the largest
quantities. Boxes with the bevel joint corner are not made any more in large
quantities. Only a few manufacturers in Pennsylvania reported them.

Shooks are knocked down boxes sold conveniently bundled to facilitate their
being assembled and nailed. Different from nailed boxes made and sold in the
same region, shooks are manufactured close to the source of the raw material
and sent over long distances to consuming centers. A large part of the boxes
used in Pennsylvania, but not made there, are brought in in shook form.
Shook making includes both shooks for boxes and knock-down crates. Rough
lumber of any thickness or kind used to do for crating, and the lumber yard
rather than the box factory was the source of the supply. Today the manu-
facturer shipping his wares in crates desires to express as much character in
his package as do those using box containers. In consequence, the shook
makers are called on for neat and attractively designed crates and like shooks
they are sold with the several parts bundled together, due attention having
been given to the size, kind, and thickness of the material in accordance
with the weight and character of the goods to be shipped in them.

Another increasing use for crating is the growing tendency to crate articles
of steel, iron, and other infrangible metals which heretofore were shipped un-
boxed. This more especially applies to Pennsylvania than any other state
because of the number of industries manufacturing steel and iron products.
Massive parts of machinery and electrical apparatus, sheet steel, engines
and motors, parts of steel bridges, farm machinery, steam and hot water
radiators, stoves and ranges, galvanized iron goods, steel frames for street
cars, etc., are examples, and crating is intended more to prevent scarring
the finish than to protect from breakage.

As Table 48 shows, the Pennsylvania box makers do not demand a few
kinds of wood greatly in excess of others. Nor do they use State-grown woods
in preference to lumber that comes from other timbered regions. There were
34 kinds of wood and the total of 11 were shipped in from other states. Of

these the principal were several species of southern pine, and the gums that
come chiefly from Virginia and the Carolinas. The total quantity is equiva-
lent to 65 per cent. of the total box material used. White pine, chestnut, hem-
lock, yellow poplar, and beech were in quantity the principal Pennsylvania
woods reported, and cherry, sycamore, and butternut the only kinds re-
ported as entirely home grown. Considering the cut of hemlock in the State,
the amount used for boxes and crates was disappointing. But in this par-
ticular, this report should prove most useful as with the names and addresses
of the box makers and of those using lumber for crating the opportunity is
given for increasing the home market for the low grades of lumber cut in
the State.

Woods are listed in the table that are rarely used for packing boxes. Their
appearance can be accounted for by the fact that they are for novelties which
are more or less fancy boxes like sewing cases, for toilet articles, utility
boxes, shoe polishing outfits, and those more or less ornamental used in stores
for keeping cutlery, jewelry, drugs, ete.

Table 48.—Wood for Packing Boxes and Crates, year ending June, 1912.

| [Pane |
| a 2 Grown in | Grown Out
| Quantity. e 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 1s vania. Sylvania.
——— > ca Sas eee
: | 2
Kind of Wood. a 3
P a H
= o a ~~ a ' les}
A aay 2 a =| A
Ee am 4 S| 5 i
Showtl catenin Csmearerrieettdsctetter crete 52,719,727 19.25 $18 00 SOAS O08 HIN cco: o-stereysitlete 52,719, 727
Wihitepin@tergtcer <ciostece ccicnecgereets 51,583,373 18.83 21 08 1,084,714 19,390,373 32,193, 000
Loblolly pine, 36,173,429 13.21 ig ea = GEE CES ll Goooopodoues 36,178,429
Yellow poplar, 18,576, 293 6.78 17 44 823, 971 4,330, 100 14, 246,193
SIDTEGAS T/Gaategaabousooowadnomodasaue 14,648, 870 5.35 17 42 255, 211 975,350 18, 673,520
INGGL IT Ns hiedaeguadocoddudasuadsbo 12,806, G84 4.68 16 6S Ss Glelty | eee eerecdal ered 12,806, 084
CS CHR eeereeeei re seascrainterotonth chelererevere 12,505,889 4.57 16 17 202, 272 3,735, 339 8,770, 500
COM Hoi: ecovouonbooddbbododeOuaaEE 11,977,692 4.37 16 04 192,165 6, 275, 328 5,702,364
SUL ATR SIMA LO Merny ticteterclereteteistsereicls 11,647,000 4.25 16 43 191,340 3,282,500 8,364, 500
BKM “Ggoaoons QbooddHoboGd GD OOUE 9, 269, 685 3.39 16 85 156, 224 5,360,055 3,904,580
RedmOdlcer escrito oacenues 7,224,377 2.64 15 67 113,179 1,801,877 5, 422,500
lente joey boasubooboasadoDéadcooss 6,931,800 2258, 16 32 112,519 979, 600 5,952, 200
ISTHE ty Sanidd BoOUC ea aca Oa aantd 5,999, 000 2.19 16 76 100, 556 2,488,500 3,510,500
COETONMOOCE ec eilelelelelsretleiers 4, 680, 000 ibsfal 24 60 iblsysaless) 40), 000 4, 640', 000
Cottons umes eee rre= 3,458, 722 1.26 14 13 ARSE) Ib: Seaooooneney 8,458, 722
BBL ahkspe rue sectavic teins erates Saeco one ote 3,689, 800 1.18 15 36 ATBAGSH areeiciersisetelete 3, 089, 806
IBASSW.O OU steamed naicietisieticise cierto ee 2,936, 400 1.07 16 93 49,708 1,324,400 1,612,000
Scrubepimewierrececneeeecc cee. 2,251,400 82 18 93 42,613 30', 000 2,221,400
@ypress, (bald) ipaisvoces. secretes ee 1,719, 250 63 16 62 2) Goondooneaas 1,719, 250
Silver and red maple, ........... 1,267, 000 46 12 38 15, 685 872, 000 * 395,000
NVestenminbeml Gclkeaiiycentlsvercte/-teretciereis 500, 000 18 20' 00 KORO Ye ook watcods 500'. 000
Western yellow pine, ............. 500', 000 18 20: 00 TOR OOOR PAR etsa rs eyes 500, 000
Wihitemoaleere sr reac hie acctsclremcmetes 380,500 14 23 84 9, 070 148, 000 282,500
IboyaeeMe aN asbaossopouooddacoco 241,800 09 22 04 Bees | Gbosososouse 241, S00
White Relmy each eters ceteeer: | 229,800 08 23 50 5,400 82,300 147,500
Gorkiyeloniy pe eee ete einlosiisieles 200,000 07 25 00 5, 000 50,000 150,000
INGE Laba’as Noosoecwooedecoosorooe 90,000 08 20: 00 DS S00N| Waser tater
Yellow buckeye, ©...:....06.....0.- 86',500 03 22 99 1,851 40', 000
@lngiany (levels), Sguooosnusoeoecnas 70,000 03 19 00 1,330 70,000
(OliaT MN YARN SAY aboosdeunosaconmacas 70,000 03 17 00 UE MGUWagesnanoboons
BASS UM Mpars Biase sfetatetcie recta ote leeks ereietate wie ete 54, 200 02 23 51 1,274 53, 500
Sycamore, 11, 603 = 16 00 186 11,603
Butternut, 5,000 * 16 00 80 5,000
Red cedar, 5,000 a 35 00 +175 2,500
OCALA very tetas yest ations 273, 904, 094 100.00 $18 00 $4,928,991 51,353,325 | 222,550,769

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per

CAR CONSTRUCTION.

Formerly all rolling stock except locomotive engines were built of wood
but in recent years cars made entirely of metal or of wood with steel under-
frame equipment have begun to be substituted both for freight and passenger
cars; and in the increasing extent in which they are meeting the demand
each year, it is safe to predict that the amount of wood used in this industry
will show a rapid decline. In this connection it is interesting to note that the
last session of Congress in the interest of public safety had four bills pend-
ing requiring replacement of wooden passenger cars with steel equipment on
all railroads. This movement is largely in accord with the present policy of
the railroads as recent statistics show that approximately 90 per cent. of the
passenger cars ordered for future delivery were specified to be of steel con-
struction.

Notwithstanding the increasing substitution of metal for wood in car build-
ing, lumber in large amounts is still in demand. In Pennsylvania 228,000,000
feet or more reported for building or repair of cars for 1911 made that in-
dustry as to consumption third in the State. The building of cars of all kinds
is represented by Table 49. Electric cars for city and interurban transporta-
tion is a division of the industry which requires special mention as more wood
is used for passenger vehicle equipment in this line than in any other. Vast
amounts of lumber are required each year for building mine cars. The num-
ber of mining establishments appearing in the directory appended to this
report indicates to what extent work of this kind is done by wood-using de-
partments maintained in connection with mining operations. Only one other
state exceeds Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood used for car construction.
The order of the principal states and the amount consumed is as follows:

TNinoise sy... ssa 407,000,000 feet
Pennsylvania, ..... 228,000,000 feet
New York, ........ 77,000,000 feet
nei may vac ewede eke 59,000,000 feet
QHIO Le eS Sains 56,000,000 feet
Missouri, i202... 51,000,000 feet
Win einiays cin sects 51,000,000 feet

Twenty-nine woods were used by the car builders in Pennsylvania and long-
leaf pine heads the list, contributing a little over one-third of the total. The
superior tensile strength of this wood, its durable properties, and being
easy to fit brings it first in demand by the car builder. If all the species of
southern yellow pine were combined the amount would represent over one-
half the car material reported and taking into consideration the needs of this
industry in other states this wood is pre-eminently the principal wood for
car construction. Lumber brought from the western states is not used so ex-
tensively in Pennsylvania as in other eastern states. Douglas fir and west-
ern white pine appear in the table but they were demanded in very limited
quantities. The progress made of late in the use of steel underframes for cars
of all kinds and especially gondolas and box cars has perhaps affected the
use of oak more than any other wood as when these basal parts are made of
wood, oak, preferably white and chestnut oak, are the kinds most extensively
called for. The great strength of oak and its shock resisting capacity still
brings it into wide use for car framing and such purposes, like draft timbers,
tie beams, engine beams, platforms, truck parts, etc., and on account of its
conspicuous figure, for interior finish of passenger and trolley cars. In this
latter capacity it served with ash, birch, yellow poplar, cherry, mahogany,
walnut, and red gum. Ash, poplar, and Douglas fir are the woods used in

building the principal parts of locomotive cabs. The floors of the cabs are
of sugar maple, the bumpers, pilots, and other parts of the engines are
made of white oak.

The annual drain on the forests of the State by the car builders amounts to
over 41,000,000 feet. This is less than one-fourth of the total but compared
with requirements of other states where the industry is important the quantity
of home-grown car material used in Pennsylvania is the largest. Some part
of the supply of 20 of the 29 woods were cut in the State. Oak, white pine,
hemlock, maple, ash, and beech in the order named as to quantity being the
most prominent while the statistics for other woods are as follows:

Table 49—Wood for Car Construction, year ending June, 1912.

3 Bb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a =) Pennsyl- of Penn:
S 1S vania. sylvania.
eae =i & Sogiu
H si
roy :
Kind of Wood. Ns ©
3 ob 4 : :
=| ab =e ‘A q =|
: q oy < : ,
Q 2 aa a a a
~ oS
2 gy | ee 5 3 3
is Ay < <a fe &
onleat epimers -iseescreecncecas 76,932,160 33.69 $32. 21 SAT MOSM llelacretsioste ners 76,932,160
Wihite coals ai ieie va tnek aemeeles oat 50,383, 833 22.04 26 63 1,340,166 20,627,572 29,706, 261
Shortleatii pines ene eine eee 32,724,334 14.33 | 26 10 SEA STOO Mipelee se crete 32,724, 334
Redo reo cateraclits nee 31, 059, 530 13.60 25 35 787,322 9, 462, 220 21,597,310
\iiilicreiobehircaeapooodsoduesbneanonD 12,829, 420 5.62 | 31 38 402, 637 4,041,869 8,787,551
TW obLoMlys spe ys were vloirss)-telowrsceloeese 4,827,625 2.11 | 25 98 | ACME oO obent nba 4,827,625
AIST ita verra taeda wrouisse basin oeieistows 4,396, 915 1.92 | 56 70 | 249,311 933, 908 3, 463, 007
Mellow ponlatswentinscciemecsanesns 3,172,118 1.39 | aT 48 | 182,175 310, 611 2,861,502
EVEMLO CISPR RSA heels caer minienine | 2,006,075 88 | I 5H} 31,153 1,975,075 31,000
Sugaremla plese cterea sieves oie 1,976,110 87 18 14 35,856 1,344, 660 681, 450
INOLWilyAe DIM Claire yaieaiecee went 1,518, 300 66 28 97 43, 985. 25,000 1, 493, 300
Beaches naccatc isis kino ere eiace 1,377,500 -60 | 17 12 | 23,583 847,500 530, 000
SEU CORE chise denne lca len coe eda 1,367, 636 -60 | 26 35 36,032 189,700 1,177,936
FAL GR ORY onesie stie sei tatlave es erey ete aie eee 1,115, 306 49 | 24 50 27,325 343, 697 771,609
PAtchwpine si sctviaaclrctoaee soealle tee 458, 600 -20 16 10 7,383 214,800 243,800
Cherry sa(blacls) Giese acisctceiecin es 431, 414 19 | 60 59 26,140 216,951 214, 463
Basswood iy jciasiseniestacisinieiste ceive cae 366, 010 16 | 40: 74 14,911 140, 214 225, 796
@ypressia (bald) ieasermentecienecne 352,800 15 | 87 93 TS ESRONN A teers ate 352, 800
BIB Cliksuesir sere ees ene aie meee 312,845 14 28 86 | 9,029 231, 04! 81,800
Mahowanyra teats comics cee 230,718 .10 131 88 | BOTAZRH Pararereieleiersisiclens 230,718
Chestnut ais tien vscchacajssioeucce 118, 250 05 21 04 2,383 bP PRI o6codgodeane
VED WOOG a ictecrwereleiistsleriersiele ciate 100, 000 04 36 00 ONGOOMsetelsyericetcens 100, 000
Western white pine, ............. 87,500 04 | 54 99 Ae S12) aisicieeiciclete nee 87,500
Mouslass Arye we eae seleaee eels 70, 238 08 45 55 SOOM Meteleretereieleteiate 70, 238
Scrubmpine wee erceee ee cco 64, 695 03 23 32 1,509 50,500 14,195
Wihiterelm ise es iaeissetcnesnicn 63, 343 08 49 43 3,131 63,343
Black walnut, %..........2..0.6.06 56,890 62 101 13 5,753 55, 910
REG SUM, iiscissiosccies stilts eens 35,140 -02 27 02 950 35,140
BIA CKMoUMBeR aelsceccis nldisicusieteninn 600 58 00 35 600
MO CAV Morse cntuls stafaie cere ae elyh ans 228,380,900 100.00 $29 53 $6, 743, 700 41,069,552 | 187,311,348
*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.
FURNITURE.

Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood consumed does not compare with a
number of other states in the manufacture of furniture, but this industry is
one of the oldest in the State and includes in its production the highest
grades of furniture and therefore is of considerable economic importance.
Furntiure can be divided into two general classes: (1) Articles of utility like
refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, provision safes, cupboards, etc. These are
not a part of the industry here considered, but like chairs have been pre-
sented under a separate classification. (2) Commodities where the appear-
ance is as important as durability. In a large number of instances a piece

of furniture is not only pleasing to the eye in its ornamental appointments
but from a practical point of view is made of the most suitable material for
the purpose.. Wood, on account of its natural, attractive grain will be the
regular furniture material as long as hardwood timber lasts, and at present
there is almost as wide a choice of material in this line as there is lumber
available for more common uses. Of the 85 woods listed in Table 50 some
part of 22 are wholly or in part decorative woods. Painted or enameled fur-
niture is again coming into favor and in Pennsylvania a considerable quantity
of the softer hardwoods was reported for this line of work.

Among the products included in this industry are bedroom furnitures,
chiffoniers and bureaus, dining tables and buffets, parlor outfits including up-
holstered furniture, hall appointments, desks, china closets, and book cases.
Many of the woods reported went only into parts of furniture not visible,
such as coring, frames, brackets, reinforcements, drawer slides, bottoms, and
table slides.

Of the exterior woods for the cheaper grades of furniture, solid woods with
pronounced grain are most available like red and white oak, ash, chestnut, red
gum, butternut, etc. The more expensive work is usually backed with a
fairly strong wood adaptable to glue, stable when in place and finished with
veneer. This method produces the most pleasing and attractive effects and
a permanence rarely to be achieved by the use of solid woods. Indeed it is a
rare occasion when the expensive woods such as mahogany, Circassian wal-
nut, rosewood, bird’s eye maple, black walnut, etc., are used in Solid pieces.
Veneer is purchased from the veneer mills according to surface measure, the
sheets ranging from 1/24 to ? inch in thickness. The foreign woods are import-
ed in the form of logs and flitches and are cut to veneer by mills in this coun-
try. Cores or backing for veneer are made of solid and built-up lumber pur-
chased ready-made with several layers of cheap domestic woods glued with
grains transversing. This material has the advantage of being freer from warp-
ing tendencies than lumber, besides being lighter, having exceptional strength,
and not liable to split. A number of the most particular uses of the several
woods shown in the table for furniture have been arranged in the following
order:

BEDROOM FURNITURE.

Rails. Panels.
White oak. White oak.
Red oak. ; Sweet birch.
Circassian walnut. Black walnut.
Mahogany. Red oak.
Sweet birch. Sycamore.
Sugar maple. Circassian walnut.
Black walnut. Sugar maple.
Sycamore. Mahogany.
Yellow poplar. Yellow poplar.
Cherry. Cherry.
Red gum. Red gum. °

Posts. Drawer fronts.
Black walnut. White oak.
Red oak. Sweet birch.
Sycamore. Black, walnut.
Mahogany. Sycamore.
Sugar maple. Cireassian walnut.
Sweet birch. Sugar maple.
Red gum. Red oak.
White oak. Mahogany.
Circassian walnut. Yellow poplar.
Cherry. Cherry.

Red gum.

71.

BED ROOM FURNITURE—Concluded.

Drawer sides and ends. Mirror frames.

Yellow poplar.
Chestnut.
Beech.
Cherry.
White pine.
Red gum.
Sweet birch.
Basswood.

Drawer bottoms.
Yellow poplar.
Sycamore.
Basswood.
Cotton gum.
Beech.

Red gum.
Cottonwood.

Drawer slides.

Sugar maple.
Hickory.

Frames (hidden work).

Basswood.
Soft maple.
Longleaf pine.
White oak.
Chestnut.
Shortleaf pine.

Frames (exterior).
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.

BUFFETS, CHINA CLOSETS, CRYSTAL CABINETS, AND SIDEBOARDS.

Tops.
Black walnut.
White oak.
Red oak.
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.

Rails.
White oak.
Red oak.
Black walnut.
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.

Backing.
Chestnut.
Basswood.
Yellow poplar.
Red gum.
Soft maple.
White pine.

Posts.

White oak.
Red oak.
Mahogany.

Sycamore.
Sugar maple.
White oak.
Mahogany.
Black walnut.

Circassian walnut.

Yellow poplar.
Cherry.
Red gum.

Backing.
Yellow poplar.
Chestnut.
White pine.
Red gum.
Soft maple.

Bed slats.
Loblolly pine.
Sweet birch.
Sugar maple.
White ash.
Shortleaf pine.

UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE.

White oak.
Red oak.
Black walnut.
Red gum.

Special furniture.
Hucalyptus.
Rosewood.
Red cedar.
Spanish cedar.

Sweet birch.
Black walnut.

Doors and door frames.

Black walnut.
Mahogany.
White oak.
Red oak.
Sweet birch.

Bottoms.

Basswood.
White oak.
Red oak.
Sugar maple.

Inlaid work.

Mountain laurel.

Sumach.

Shelves.

Sweet birch.
White pine.
Yellow poplar.

BOOKCASES, DESKS AND MAGAZINE RACKS.

Tops.

Black walnut.
White oak.

Red oak.
Mahogany.

Sweet birch.

Red gum.
Circassian walnut.
Yellow poplar.

Panels.

Red gum.

Red oak.
Mahogany.
Circassian walnut.
Sweet birch.
White oak.

Black walnut.

Posts.

Mahogany.

Red oak.

White oak.

Black walnut.

Red gum.

Sweet birch.
Circassian walnut.

Doors and drop lids.

Sweet birch.
Circassian walnut.
Mahogany.

Black walnut.
White oak.

Red oak.

Backing.

Chestnut.
Basswood.
Yellow poplar.
Red gum.
Soft maple.
White -pine.

Bottoms.

Basswood.
White oak.
Red oak.
Sugar maple.
Yellow poplar.

Shelves.

Sweet birch.
White pine.
Basswood.
Yellow poplar.

LIBRARY AND DINING ROOM TABLES.

Tops.

White oak.
Chestnut.
Sweet birch.
Red gum.
Butternut.

Legs.

White oak.
Sweet birch.
Red gum.

Mexican mahogany.

Sugar maple.

Pedestals.

White oak.
Red oak.
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.
Yellow poplar.

Slides.

Sugar maple.
Beech.

Table leaves.

White oak.
Red oak.
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.
Butternut.

Rails.

White oak.
Red oak.
Mahogany.
Sweet birch.
Red gum.
Butternut.

Table 50.—Wood for Furniture, year ending June, 1912.

me b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 5 Pennsyl- | of Penn-
Ss 2 vania. sylvania.
o
a s
% a
ry ‘
Kind of Wood. ne g
5; 36 “
q Pe s a =| | I
‘ a oV 3 f re
w 3 ~
3 2 $s S 3 8
i] av) < iat E, &
CGIROR IC ike ticisiocterewareinelsioteietelete sisle | 16,091,700 | 27.28 | $35 73 | $574,997 2,443,600 18, 648, 100
(OMY HME, ToddoduonodapgnouaeuUoDSOro 11,556, 850 | 19.59 19 52 | 225,599 5,586,300 5,970,550
IWiAHI CeO alley recccisisleieleisisisetarcreeisicisieteieis 10,133,050 | 17.18 47 30 | 479, 283 2,771,050 7,362,000
SUSAT Se MAPles ac ireietareereieie.e chelsivieleyeiere 4,743,900 , 8.04 26 72 | 126, 632 3,640,100 1,103, 800
BASS WOOG Maes tieclcleise areleloteisleetalere ters 3,945, 400 | 6.69 35 13 | 138,592 1,105, 400 2,840, 000
Wellowspoplaty, jr... citceanse aceite 2,892,000, 4.90) 36.86 | 106,593 | 346,700 | 2,545,300
CG PUM acre cette cise eleleiete siete stone | 2,297,000 3.89 | 34 25 | 78, 666 | Abbacobbaue 2,297,000
Red and silyer maple, ........... | 1,478,500 | 2.51 | 25) 49 | 37, 682 730, 500 748, 000
IB COCHYM eeectelstsce totes pole fetelsvel cloiere iste lorelere | 1,453,000 2.46 | 16 23 23,582 1,397,000 56,000
Mig hog amy ose siicrisieicinccietvisicrecipioicisie te | 1,145, 650 1.94; 116 42 | 133,378 | veer eeeeeeee 1,145,650
Birches ons misitek lotrstensiee hetsisteiciele acer | 1,138, 270 1.93) 29 10 | 33,126 | 525, 900 612, 370
Cottonwood, | 380, 000 64 | 34 87 | IPA BuidbadosooDS | 380, 000
White pine, 298,700 | 51 | 44 32 | 13, 239 281,500 | 17,200
Cotton gum, .. 236,500 | 40 | 38 54 T1988) libra teaioneees | 236,500
Red cedar, | 178,100 -30 | 60 81 HOEERW | Qeoasodscdao 178,100
JAGINy gocbiodadhasseachoodenopanaadead | 175,500 80} 28 48 | 4,989 | | 93, 000
Shortleafepiney ya. ascicicicine cles ise | 141,000 24 | 23 92 3,374 co 141, 000
Mongleafpiners teeeieces veces 138,500 -23{ 31 83 4,408 | 138, 500
Ba Ce Walmutieparereroteel-tesevetelclesersicielavelsn | 130, 100 22 | 95 04 | 12, 365 | 109,100
Cherry, (DIGek) Ge cercnic ec ieleslesiere ests 113, 900 alley 34 74 | 3,997 | 8,300
| | \
Circassian walnut, ..............- | 92,840 | 16 364 08 | 33,801 Neeages coe 92,840
Cypress (bald), ..... SERRA OSCE 80,500 14 43 19 | BRAT dcttexalerctelortate | 80,500
SYCAMONE ie aeperscisveleielelelelel-fevajeleieleteieielre } 66,170 | 11 | 43 89 2,904 | 3,000 | 63,170
Tioblolly pine, ...........ceeeeeeees 58, 006 | 10 22 79 ISP Gobndasoaoed 58,000
Western yellow pine, ............ 10, 000 02 45 00 | 450 | ...eeeeee eee 10, 000
ROSE WOOG Fee re cerele isle seeiciersiais slelelefersraisis 5,180 | .01| 500 00 | 2,090)! ‘aije ies efelce oe 5,180
OIE KAD AIR Gscsoaeaoeaoneeonoposcn 5,000 | 01 260 00 | ETH abiouob oases | 5,000
Butternut ese wee eeenien 3,500 | 0 26 61 | 93 | SeBOOs Festina.
Spanishiiced argues cite sieiciisslesice | 2,500 | * 80 00 | PU eoisoscesaces 2,500
Southern white cedar, .......... 1,300 | * 120 00 | T5G eh ieee cena 1,300
1,000, * 40 00 40 | A OOO Recon
750 | id 81 33 61 250 500
500 | “3 80 00 | 40 | OVE | Nexeleleveraletevetelers
ANGE SS. Goo gasbddpanadouuoaandoddudonuG | 190 | 2 200 00 | OO | Peeverstaroisieterereiere 190
Satinwood saec cies crcterercisicletotere vietelcrse 120 | = 200 00 | CA eerorsiajelsicicsisicie 120
MO tA See ie ocrysrale ee lctatstas/ocee eves 58,995,170 | 100.00 $35 24 $2,078, 971 19, 045, 400 39, 949,770
*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.
CHAIRS. i

Pennsylvania is one of the three leading states in the manufacture of chairs.
Over 30,000,000 feet of wood is annually required for their manufacture and
of this amount considerably over half is furnished by the forests of the State.
The order of the first six states in quantity of wood consumed for chairs is
as follows: Wisconsin, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New
York, and Vermont. It may occur to some that chairs should be grouped with
furniture but in Pennsylvania as in other states their manufacture is essen-
tially a distinct industry, generally the form of the raw material is different,
the processes of manufacture are in nowise similar, and the products are
marketed separately.

Dimension stock is the form of raw material that is utilized in the chair
industry perhaps to a greater extent than any other. Sawmills cutting hard-
woods and factories using them, principally beech, birch, and maple, often
operate as a side line the bolting of low grades and waste into these squares.

Many go as far as to turn the dimensions on lathes after bolting and sell them
in that form to chair factories ready to assemble. In the case of the lumber-
men, frequently small crooked logs, tops, wind shakes, cut offs, which can be
worked for sale in no other way, are thus disposed of. The chair makers,
therefore, play an important part not only in lending to the industrial de-
velopment of the State but also to the movement of conservation in their ef-
forts to encourlage utilization or waste. One manufacturer purchases hardwood
slabs and edgings from a nearby sawmill and transports this material to his
factory for turning handles and chair stock. Another purchases part of the
refuse of hardwood stave manufacturers, selects the core and other large
pieces, and converts them into chair dowels and rungs.

Chair dimensions include stock of various sizes and kinds for the large
number of different designs the chair manufacturers turn out. Table 51 shows
the number and kinds of woods that were used in Pennsylvania. Not all
chair material is in dimensions by any means. Because seats and backs are
altogether cut out of plank ranging from 14 inches to 24 inches thick and be-
cause the factories are not able to secure enough dimension and turned ma-
terial to meet their requirements, they are compelled to buy large quanti-
ties of plank and rip them up into squares for posts, pillars, spindles,
rounds, dowels, etc. The chair stock is always seasoned before used, but
those producing squares and turned stock often use unseasoned wood allow-
ing it to air-dry under cover: after being manufactured. To prevent loss
caution is taken to make allowance for shrinkage and the producer is particu-
lar to see to it that the chair stock is straight grained, practically free from
defects, and accurately manufactured to conform to specifications.

Perhaps the largest part of the wood used in Pennsylvania is required for
turned chairs but quantities are also demanded for straight line designs where
the parts are cut considerably wider than they are thick. The demand for
these in late years has been on the increase and has led up to the mission
patterns in which the stock is still wider and heavier.

Unlike the parts of turned chairs, the manufacturers do not buy their
material for the square designs to any extent in the form of dimensions
but usually cut them from plank. This is unfortunate because the sawmills
have a considerable amount of waste which it is practical to cut into dimen-
sion stuff suitable for this line of manufacture. Millmen should note this
opportunity and consider negotiations for furnishing this material from
waste; and, on the other hand, the economy to ,the manufacturers should
induce the latter to consider the advisability of making overtures to the mill-
men. Oak, both red and white, ash, and chestnut are the principal woods
for chairs of square and mission designs. Other woods like red gum, birch,
and elm are used and a figure is stamped on them resembling oak, mahogany,
and other woods. That the better grades of chairs are made in Pennsylvania
as well as cheaper ones, is evident by the quantity of mahogany brought into
the State each year to meet the demand. Birch is most used for imitating
mahogany. Woods used for various parts of chairs are as follows:

CHAIRS.
Arms. MeBacks.
Mahogany. py Birch.
Red gum. jot Elm.
Soft maple. ‘ Mahogany.
White oak. Red gum.
Red oak.
Soft maple.
Beni arms. White oak.

Elm, Yellow poplar.

CHAIRS—Continued.

Camp chairs and stools. Seats.

' Beech. Elm.
Birch. Mahogany.
Sugar maple. Red gum.

Red oak.

Chair frames, upholstered. Soft maple.
Chestnut. White oak.
Red oak. Yellow poplar.
Soft maple
Sugar maple. Split seats.
White oak. Hickory.

Dowels. Split backs.
Beech. Hickory.
Birch.

Soft maple. Legs.
Sugar maple. Beech.

Birch.

Fancy chairs. Mahogany.
Mahogany. Sugar maple.
Sycamore. Red oak.
Walnut, black. White oak.

Pillans. ce ce

ed oak.
ee White oak.
Sugar maple. Panels.
White oak. Mahogany.

Posts. Piano stools and benches.
Beech. Birch.

Birch. Mahogany.

Mahogany. Sugar maple.

Sugar maple. White oak.

Red oak.

White ash. Spindles.

White oak. Beech.
Birch.

Rockers. Sugar maple.
Elm. White ash.
Sugar maple.

White ash. Stretchers.
White oak. Beech.
Birch.

Rolling chair parts. Sugar maple.
Hickory. White ash.
Red oak.

Sugar maple. Built-wp chair stock, veneer.
White oak. Basswood.
Birch.

Rounds. Chestnut.
Beech. Mahogany.
Birch. Red gum.

Hickory. Red oak.

White oak. Soft maple.
White ash. Sugar maple.
Walnut, Circassian.
Seat frames. White ash.

Red oak. White oak.

Table 51—Wood for Chairs, year ending June, 1912.

Grown in | Grown Out

aa 6
a be
Quantity. mB Pennsyl- of Penn-
=) = vania. sylvania.
oOo
ys &
B a
a a
Kind of Wood. i ©
ae
A ns <8 z A a
: a os S 5
i S o08 te za a
~~ Lat 3 ~
3 So | Es ® 3 3
Fy Ay x <I ey i)
IBEOCH ae een eine ole tole seeTasieieeeaoe 8,420, 000 25.43 $17 21 $144, 945 7,295,000 1,125,000:
Wihites elim ere Se sentences 6, 213,500: 18.76 26 76 166, 248 62, 000 6,151,500
SUA sma ple eeeevcteiseileicicisiseiaieteietisine 5,348,100 16.15 18 54 99,180 4,746,500 601, 600
Red Vaum on se cacpccaiessesceeoodecces 4,326,000 18.06 25 97 A ZESZSH [Rie relaterstrce ele 4,326, 000
RC CHHOMKieereiaveteie cies AAdwonoonsHboaaa 2,997, 200 9°05: 33 96 101,785 1,066,500 1,930, 700
IWihite oaks: Yh. s (ies ceesing cetee loose 2, 228,800 6.73 42 10 93, 887 281,800 1,947,000
Bin ech esis cease a ea eee cee 992,400 3.00 30 05 29,824 583, 500 408, 900:
Red and silver maple, ............ 918,500 2.77 28.17 25,876 155, 000 763,500
SyCAMOLe sy eestor e ieee coe 500, 000 abaeal 25 00 IAB | Sagodusuowan 500, 000:
Chestnut kre csccwistein teceatnes 480,000 1.45 aly trat 8,499 95, 000 385,000
MAhOSAN yur eciantiek ness canon 461,800 1.39 110 11 50,848 | ..........-5 461,800
WATS HAE ota aielatceaisl aeaececorctolaysisbaveloteldtor siaches us 104,300 32 24 54 2,509 37, 30\) 67, 000
Blacks walnut; es ceclasiscceciienl-t 50, 000 calls) 66 08 3,304 44,000) 6,000
BASS WwOOd es aims ages ae lanes 33,000 01 22 12 730 "25, 000 8, 000
Vellow! poplar, \-. 0.0. sssccccecs ses 24,600 07 38 05 OB GNlliveicisisiereietelelete 24,600
ELL CK OLY resets eiclinenisetise ee nese 15,000 05 17 20 258 ED OU0 So vie iererstersleleioiers
Circassian walnut, ............... 3,800 01 200 00 UE) ESaadanchodan 3,800
Poca sarctr siemens oes 33,117, 000: 100.00 $25 80 $854, 412 14, 406, 600 18,710,400

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS.

The statistics presented in Table 52 represent the wood used both for motor
and horse drawn vehicles. Though there is considerable material used in
the manufacture of motor cars including both pleasure cars and commercial
trucks, fully 90 per cent. of the material reported went into the latter. The
rapid growth of the automobile industry has greatly increased the demand
for the vehicle woods, but, according to reports, has not made a correspond-
ing reduction in the demand for horse drawn vehicles. In fact a number of
Pennsylvania manufacturers, especially wagon makers, remarked upon the
increased production of horse drawn vehicles in the last five years; and
those that formerly specialized in building buggies and wagons and now are
engaged in making autos have in most cases not relinquished the manufacture
of the horse vehicle but have increased their facilities and manufacture
both kinds.

Often carriage manufacturers are practically nothing more than assemblers
of parts. They buy the wheels and other portions of the running gears and
the bodies and tops already manufactured and enter into production only as
finishers. In the same way wheelwrights and repair shops that are dis-
tributed in nearly every village and town throughout Pennsylvania purchase
much of their material like spokes, rims, hubs, hounds, and felloes ready to
use. Information was not solicited from these classes of establishments as
the scope of the investigation excludes them.

The number of manufacturers making vehicle parts is large in Pennsylvania
and the quantity of wood they consumed represents the largest proportion of
that shown in the table. Most of this class report making only one commodity
as hubs, spokes, rims, poles or shafts. A few, however, specialize in manu-
facturing two, but in no instance were there reported as many as three.

Fig. 5.—Utilization of mill waste. Rough squares are bolted from slabs and edgings,
and turned into chair stock.

Fig. 6.—Chair parts and the squares or dimension stock from which they are made.

and the woods used.

Parts of a farm wagon,

Fig.

. Stakes,
. Bolsters.

. Brake block,

ADT core

. Hound bar,
. Brake bar,

Chr

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 7.

FARM WAGON.

Wagon Body.

. Wagon box: Longleaf Pine, Yellow Poplar,
Cottonwood, Red Gum, White Pine.

. Sills: White Oak, Red Oak, Sugar Maple,
White Ash.

. Braces: Red Oak, White Oak, Longleaf
Pine, Shortleaf Pine, White Ash.

. Wagon bed: Longleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine,
White Oak, Red Oak, Pitch Pine,
Spruce, Sugar Maple, White Ash.

. Cross sill: White Oak, Red Oak, Sugar

Maple, White Ash.
Foot rest: Longleaf Pine, Shortleaf Pine
Loblolly Pine, White Oak, Red Oak.

2. Rear Gear.

White Oak.
Red Oak.
Axle bed or axle cap, | Sugar Maple.
4 Black Birch.
Rear hounds, Hickory.
Hornbeam.

White Ash.

Front Gear.

Oe
{ White Oak.

. Yoke, Red Oak.

. Hound bar, Sugar Maple.
Bolster, Black Birch.
Axle, Hickory.

. Front hounds, | Hornbeam.

White Ash.
4, Seat.
{ White Oak.

. Back board, Red Oak.

Side boards,
Bottom boards,

White Pine.
Yellow Pine.
| Shortleaf Pine.

4, Riser:

Vig.

He OD

Vig.

. Tongue

. Drop tongue, ,
. Coach tongue, [

. Neck Yoke:

White Oak,
Maple.

ved Oak, White Ash,
Sugar

. Reach: White Oak, Red Oak, White Ash,

Hickory.
hounds:
White Ash.

Hickory, White Oak,
{ White Oak.

White Ash.

Hickory.

Longleaf Pine.

White Oak, White Ash, Red

Oak, Hornbeam, Hickory.

6.
{ White Oak.

1. Singletree, | Red Oak.
2. Doubletree, 4 White Ash.
Hornbeam,
| Hickory.
7. Axle and Hub.
1. Skein
2. Spoke
3. Hub
4. Hub boxing
d. Axle
8. Wheel.

Fig.

1. Spoke: White Ash, White Oak, Red Oak,

Hickory.

2. Felloe or rim: White Oak, Red Oak, White

Ash.

8. Hub: White Oak, Red Oak, White Elm,

Rock Elm, Locust,
Maple, Osage Orange.

Black Gum, Sugar

1. Top strips or slats:

“1

Fig. 8.

Showing parts of delivery wagon, and woods used.

PLATFORM DELIVERY WAGON.

. Lower panel or lower side board: White Oak,
White Ash.

. Stay bar or rear end crossbar: White Oak,
Red Oak, White Ash.

. Hind spring bar or rear spring ~ crossbar:

Hickory, White Ash.

9. Felloe or rim: Hickory, White Ash.

. Spoke: Hickory, White Ash.
. Shackle bar or front spring
Hickory, White Ash.

12. Fifth wheel circles: Hickory, White Ash.
13. Spring yoke or spring head block: Hickory,

White Ash.

. Hub: Black Gum, Rock Elm, Black Locust.
5. Lower head block: Hickory, White Ash.
}. Side futchel: Hickory, White Ash.

. Fifth wheel spools: Hickory, White Ash.

White Ash, Basswood,
White Pine, Yellow Poplar, Sweet Birch.
2. Top rail: White Ash, White Oak.

3. Upper panel: Yellow Poplar.

3elt or belt panel: White Ash, White Oak.
. Drop gate: White Ash, White Oak, Red Oak.

erossbar:

8. Singletree:Hickory, White Ash.

. Hounds or pole futchels: Hickory, White Ash.
. Splinter or drawbar: Hickory, White Ash.

- Upper head block or fifth wheel futchel:

Hickory, White Ash.

. Fifth wheel bars or transom bars: Hickory,

White Ash.

23. Footboard or heel board: White Oak, White

Ash.

24. Wagon bed: White Pine, Longleaf Pine,

White Ash, Yellow Poplar, White Oak.

5. Front panel or cross board: Yellow Poplar,

White Oak, Red Oak, White Ash.

5. Seat board: White Pine, White Ash, Long-

leaf Pine, White Oak.

. Sill: White Oak, White Ash.
8. Lining: Yellow Poplar, White Pine, Long-

leaf Pine, Red Oak.

29. Corner posts or pillars: White Oak, White

Ash.

30. Side pillars: White Oak, White Ash.
. Side slats or rails: White Oak, White Ash.
32. Rear end posts: White Oak, White Ash,

Fig. 9.—Body of an old-time Conestoga wagon. This style of wagon is still being
manufactured in Pennsylvania.

Fig. 10.—Hickory, oak and pine waste of a large Pennsylvania wagon manufacturer
being sold for fuel. Much of this is suitable for small commodities made from
this wood.

“rejdod Moos JO YAOM JouUr_ “SeTpoqd ouIsnowly Jo atujorynuryy— TL Sh]

G7 3

Thirty-two kinds of wood are used by the vehicle industry. That so many
kinds are required is surprising, but this can probably be accounted for
by the search being made for substitutes which has brought species heretofore
little used into this industry for experimentation. For instance, elm was
formerly the chief hub wood, but now birch has proved practical and large
quantities are consumed by the hub makers. Yellow locust and black gum
are also extensively used. Hickory was the principal spoke wood but now
vast amounts of white and red oak are demanded; while yellow poplar does
better than any other wood for bodies, large quantities of cottonwood and red
gum are taking its place and some manufacturers prefer these because they
do not split so easily and are susceptible of taking a higher polish. White
ash is chiefly used at the present time for vehicle bows but it is not so wall
adapted to this use as hickory, white oak, or cork elm.

Hickory is the premier wood in vehicle making and white oak the next. The
use of both of these is confined mainly to the production of gear parts. In
the manufacture of heavy wagons, which is one of the most important divisions
of this industry in Pennsylvania, white oak and red oak, the latter to a
much less extent, are in the greatest demand. Yellow poplar, which comes
third in the list, indicates the high grades of vehicle made in the State, as
only the high priced carriages, delivery wagons, and automobiles can af-
ford this wood on account of its cost. In the manufacture of automobile
bodies and to a small extent for horse drawn vehicles metal has proved a
formidable competitor of wood, but the fact that it is used for cheaper grades
indicates that the use of wood gives better results. Next-to yellow poplar,
ash entered into body construction more than any other wood and in some
states in which studies similar to this have been made the quantity used in
this line exceeds that of yellow poplar. In Pennsylvania ash stands fourth.
All of the rich cabinet woods reported were employed by the automobile
body makers. ‘

Table 52.—Wood for Vehicles and Vehicle Parts, year ending June, 1912.

2 = ne Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. at im Pennsyl- of Penn-
= S vania. sylvania.
a g
i a
Kind of Wood. as °
oe 4
rl Ou : H ;
A 3 g a q |
i q OS i z %
= 5) Os ne a 2
~~ mH a
3 a Ba 3 3 3
em 4 4 a g &
ELT GISOL Yep ttre tecsicttes ciate icin lareotereiolek evar 10,819, 552 34.02 | $48 51 $524, 895 3, 642, 252 7,177,300
NVibT bes Oak Weak chs oantisiee aereen care 10,819,552 34.02 $48 51 $524, 895 4,378,300 2,500, 667°
Nello wAwOpl Ansa cere ci cisiete varies ciievel- | 3,764,335 11.84 50.49 190, 055 755, 285 3,009, 050
Les yedeaisepatotolance abate nahevarcvelereishat arse reterere ei | 3,590, 472 11.29 44 16 158,564 2,096, 204 1, 494, 268
Beaune cite tale eins acceler tavedsvar diate 1,514, 500: 4.76 | 48 11 72,864 455, 000 1,059,500
|
WRede hile ype aeatcroiemaea e datehehoind vests 994, 900 | 3.18 | 28 43 28, 285 589, 800! 405,100
SUSAN APL sate eebrs em sieactceeees 625, 800 | 1.97 28 67 17,940 314, 200 311, 600
Beecher sirens oe aS oe tence celeste 587, 883 | 1.85 21 97 12,916 587,883 50,000
Longles EpUUM cap ooat cteie eres ese oo Solero 576,550 | 1.81 34 33 LOOM icicles 576,550
Bassw COU Gs som BAM Sa GOO EE Rtn 477,850 1.50 30: 10 14,384 258 , 500 219, 350
Shortleat piney 25. se ssc8 cbse ce ees 467, 200 | 1.47 | 26 67 ZAG La ese ee atatsty che 467, 200
Copksielinigesccgactnicits cinreiclaccciesncisie 390, 900 1.23 86 30 14,190 25, 300 365,600
Reds SUM sien eis nee ok oiisiee 315,500 | 299) O2NOu 10, 212 500! 315,000
Black UTI fe rcsstavel aft aie ein ehnieholnsecerniel~)siare 181, 800 BD 387 57 6,831 31,500 150, 306
Wihite piney ee ee ie sek cals ieeicas 140, 550 «44 34 62 4,866 118, 050 22,500

Table 52—Continued.

| 2 rd Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. iy 5 Pennsyl- of Penn-
| Ss 3 vania. sylvania.
Oo
ai §
a
2 3
Kind of Wood. | i ©)
=| a “eS i q | zl
ef S| oS) S = 6
a y ws ms ral 2
BH 3
3 B ae 5 8 E
Ey al 4 es es, fa
Hornbeam, ......... Dayne ioretekeieiote 100, 600 32 30 00 3, 000 50,000 50, 000
SWilniitey selina ace sierveretemiateicictetenerietstars ye 93,500! +29 34 31 3,208 70, 500: 23,000
Cotetonwoodiarcrincctission acienl serene 64,000 20 34 38 2,200 24,000 40, 000
Pitchyepinew cence eerie 55, 200! oaly/ 22 77 1,257 EBSAND | Gogsecdabods
STlver Mma ples cep ism isieicinlepelrecesietete ste 47, 000: 15 26 18 1, 228 Al COOM Me eveveveloreet-Corie
Loblolly pine, 41,900 13 28 07 sal Godedbaoaedo 41,900
OMS MES Gg onsopboucadosods as 30, 200 10 19 77 597 18,200 12,000
Mahoganyrts. sacra en osinae 14, 900 .05 159 13 PS Tle nese es ao 14, 900
POCUSt a (OValck.) heat yereyeetelatercleleirantecre 11, 000 04 18 73 206 HET Piodgenonetoss
STUCCO Stare abl aeisieidacla seisttecusiels 8, 000 03 48 88 391 1, 000 7,000
CUCUMPER Art eiacreacte las sciateseuere 3, 800 O01 25 00 QB leseherserersvapets tate 3,800
Cherry bl acls)Panscmccresciccltvericcclore 2,250: 01 91 96. 206 2, 000 250.
Walnut (black), .................. ILO eS So008ba 91 42 128 1,100 300:
@ymressee(bald))i si virccee sine sects eee OOOH ctereretonete 50 00 RU aobeccaapan 1,000
IWalniutee(CincaSsiam)) eleven ices BOOIE Rieeetereiete 350! 00 I itheacoosboeG 500
HVOSC WOO Gere VER urine nesta ave spuiohs KOH eocaookos 260: 00: PAN abeadcad reat 100
TSO Ged VaR ra Ene ore ab eieic feral 81,801,509 100.00 $42. 63 $1,355, 655 18,482,774 18,318,735

SHIPS AND BOATS.

The Delaware River’s close and direct connection with the Atlantic Ocean
as far up as Philadelphia affords sufficient depth and natural advantages to
make that city one of the principal harbors of the Atlantic coast. All kinds
of seafaring vessels land at its ports, including men-of-war and ocean liners,
and railroads have located their terminal docks along its banks on the Pennsyl-
vania side providing conveniences for the loading of coal, grain, and other
commodities for export. In the western part of the State the Ohio River
and its navigable tributaries afford excellent advantages for river navigation
and accordingly the transportation of coal, sand, ore, lumber, steel, and
other heavy freight for short hauls has become an important industry. Flat
bottom boats are the kind used, such as packets, river tugs, barges, scows,
flats, ete. A number of rivers in Pennsylvania, navigable only for small
crafts, traverse parts widely known for their picturesque scenery. These
are rarely used in commerce, but are inviting to the pleasure seekers for
sailing, rowing, and canoeing. It is evident that in order to meet the local
demand, the industry of ship and boat building in Pennsylvania must neces-
sarily be varied. Crafts of all kinds are built in the State, from dreadnaughts
and ocean steamers down to the shell used by the professional oarsmen.

In building large vessels, steel construction has, to a large extent taken
the place of wood. Probably in no other industry has substitution been carried
so far as in shipbuilding. It has been less than a century when wood for
this kind of boat was the most important and valuable material used, and
though still required, its use is only incidental and answers principally for
decking, interior finish, furniture, masts, spars and booms, armor backing,
templates, joinery work, etc. Smaller boats like steamers for inland water
transportation, ferry boats, tugs, etc., use wood more extensively. Their
hulls are of metal but their superstructure is mainly of wood while river crafts,

scows, and barges are entirely of wood, and the same is true of small sail
boats, canoes, launches, and other pleasure craft.

This industry not only supplies a large part of the local demand but boats
built in Pennsylvania are sold world wide. Other states have more extensive
harbor facilities, water fronts, and inland waterways than Pennsylvania,
but are not comparable in the size and importance of their shipbuilding in-
dustry. In fact only one state surpasses Pennsylvania in the quantity of
lumber consumed for boat building. New York in 1912 used 37,700,500 feet
while other states in order for quantity are as follows:

iRennisylvamioegeeew ees cer 27,635,000
INEM DGIENeN5 > 6 adlao coo oooL 13,341,000
VEIT: Oa TNT RS recap toe rch creer Ale te 11,138,000
MEST AWTS Ry arate Beas Uy 7,679,000
Connecticuth ..0 cee ee 7,084,354

The uses of wood in boat building are multitudinous. In an ordinary
schooner made of wood there are 500 different parts separately named. A large
number of them require lumber with special qualities, which probably ac-
counts for ithe long list of woods shown in Table 53. It is impossible to under-
take to specify here the different woods for all parts of the many kinds of
boats produced in the State but a few of the principal uses of lumber were
mentioned by the boat builders and from their reports the following list has

been arranged:
SHIPS, YACHTS, AND RIVER CRAFT.

Frames. Decking.
White oak. Cypress.
Red oak. White pine.
Hemlock. Hemlock.
Douglas fir.
Keels.
White pine. Rails.
White oak. Teakwood.
Cypress. Mahogany.
Hemlock. White ash.
Red oak. White oak.
os Longleaf pine.
Knees. bee Hickory.
White oak.
White ash. Masts.
Sassafras. Spruce.
Tamarack. Hemlock.

. Douglas fir.
Paddle Wheels.

White oak. Booms.
Yellow poplar. Spruce.
Hemlock.
Stern Posts. Douglas fir.
White oak. Shortleaf pine.
Tamarack. Longleaf pine.
Tey
Rudders. : “1 Cabins (Interior).
White oak. Chestnut.
White pine. Mahogany
Cypress. Teakwood.
‘ White ash.
Planking. Sweet birch.
Cypress. Sycamore.
White pine. Cypress.

Shortleaf pine.

Douglas fir.
Spruce.

*Black walnut.
*Circassian walnut.
Butternut,

SHIPS,
Cabins (Haterior).
White pine.
Yellow poplar.
Hemlock.
Douglas fir.
Cypress.
Longleaf pine.

Cabins.
White pine.
Yellow poplar.
Hemlock.
Longleaf pine.

Frames.
White oak.
Red oak.
Hemlock.

Decking.
Longleaf pine.
Hemlock.

Stern Posts.
White oak.

Frames.
White oak.
Red oak.
Longleaf pine.

Bottom Boards.

White pine.
Spruce.

Stems.
White oak.
White ash.

Keels.

White oak.
White ash.

Stern Posts.

White oak.
White ash.

Decking.
Mahogany.
White cedar.
Spanish cedar.
Cypress.
White oak.

*Not reported.

YACHTS, AND RIVER CRAFT—Concluded.

Spars.

Spruce.
Hemlock.
. Douglas fir.

CANAL BOATS.

Keels.
White pine.
White oak.
Cypress.
Douglas fir.
Red oak.

Knees.

White oak.
White ash.
Red oak.

Planking.
Hemlock.
Longleaf pine.
Douglas fir.

BARGES, SCOWS, AND FLATS.

Douglas fir.
Red oak.

Planking.
White pine.
Spruce.
Douglas fir.
Red oak.

MOTOR BOATS.

Deck Beams.

White oak.
Red oak.

Ribs.

White oak.
Red oak.
White ash.

f
Coaming.

White ash.
White oak.

Planking.

Cypress.
White cedar.

Gunwales. Ribs.
Spruce. White cedar.
Mahogany. Spanish cedar.
White ash.
Paddles.
Spruce. Weeks
Sugar maple. White ash.

Planking. Sweet birch.
White cedar. Sugar maple.
Spruce. Mahogany.
Spanish cedar.

ROW BOATS.

Bottom Boards. Stern Posts.
Shortleaf pine. White oak.
Douglas fir. Red oak.
Spruce. Longleaf pine.
White pine.

Cypress. Transoms .
: Shortleaf pine.

Sides. Spruce.

White pine. Hemlock.
Douglas fir. White pine.
Hemlock.
Spruce. Seats.

White pine.

Oars. Longleaf pine.
Spruce. Shortleaf pine.
White ash. Hemlock.

CANOES AND(SKIFFS.

Longleaf pine is the principal species for shipbuilding.

It is listed ahead

of all other woods, not only in Pennsylvania but in all the important boat
building states. Douglas fir is brought from the Pacific coast states especially
for parts, as is seen above, requiring timbers of large dimensions and long
lengths. It is easily worked, holds its shape, and, similar to longleaf pine,
possesses great tensile strength and elasticity. The Pennsylvania ship build-
ers demand more of this wood than is shown by the same industry in any
other state. The same is true of hemlock and this is quite significant in that
it serves principally for bottoms, planking, and other parts of river crafts
for which white pine heretofore has been most extensively used. White pine
still meets a portion of the ship builders’ demands, irrespective of its grow-
ing price. Of the total amount used, 65 per cent. was reported as home
grown. Mahogany, teak and Spanish cedar were the only foreign woods re-
ported.

Table 53.—Wood for Ship and Boat Building, year ending June, 1912.

5 Bb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. re Pennsyl- of Penn-
= vania. sylvania.
oN Niece ae §
i a
roy
Kind of Wood. =) o
bb o
. oO 3 me) .
; Slee g 5 :
a 2 SEs si S S
~ a ns] » »
Ea St louis 6 3 3
& jal <q A i I
|
Uaos ENE jarbo\e Gadsoseaoadacudccoo ne 5, 286, 000 19.79 $37 56 STIS DADE etre ciecisis iuete 5, 286, 000
Vibes obi Sa Goeonoeopodondoasbondo 4,544, 650 17.01 46 85 212, 928 2,783,150 1,811,500
MERE ri OCA ereisierevetsievetoleis olekeiciclershsielsteleter= 4,343, 000 16.26 25° 92 112,551 4,217,000 126, 000
Wis ORUKH ddGoouteudsopodooo cud) 3,871, 400 14.49 34 73 184, 436 2,280, 900) 1,640, 500
IOOUWEMP sie. GunaaosoanosudasodosdnNG 2,521, 000 9.44 42. 41 LOGY 926K | Pvercceicretsis eis 2,521,000
TVEANKO BIE Leys eearerclieg sheiatorelauatetenater ere ‘ 2,484, 000 9.11 35 24 85,770 1,180,000 1, 254,000
Southern white cedar, .......... 00 1, 081, 000 4.05 56 46 (USED | Gasococodcau 1,081, 000
SoU KE Hy esdoboudadonesegdaaaoddudupsoe 1,013, 000 3.79 31 06 31,464 200, 000 813,000
SHontleail piney Mercicileisiereieisiewleleicleleione 480), S00 1.80 28 74 Tie Ryall eee radiaaen 5 480,800
DXA G \ Besa gooouoossoquoDoobooDUOONG ke 388,700 1.45 | 41 47 16,118 262,700 126,000
Cypress (bald), 287, 000 1.07 55 64 ABE Saorenoceaed 287, 000
IB ASSIWiOO Ce pmeteeteltet lolarenoeietstelatsveleleloresx 150, 000: -56 16 00 2,400 A 5 OH OOORE Se cieye crete renter
Yellow poplar, 84, 000 spit 58 07 4,878 * 2,500 81,500
RG cpr es catereretctdavelcreictetetelelereressierer tet atens 64, 000 | 24 190: 66 IOLA grcadeopGacE 64,000
Math Ogamiysregcpctstesniclevele store nterrsttessrote 57, 000 | 21 164 39 QSSMOUlactante stopstetastels 57,000
JET AM BasodecudaussodobocondonteS 28, 000: 10 65 00 1,820 26,500 1,500
Siam Onere warrreeteatictekelelelteleriererteieters 20, 000' 08 65 00 WES OON (Reretereteretveteverers 20,000
VEC OO Cee korehevolereveleletereystetsietraccrarevelate 20', 000 08 52 30 IS O46 ci) eretsrteeisitcters 20,000
LEBEN ss “GonboncnoooKd Gadagdabionas 10, 300 04 45 73 471 300 10,000
Sempoulsinl Gewbhes) Gooosaugounoocasonc 10,000 . 04 250 00 2 OOOH iscietstereisietcstete 10,000
Butternut, 10, 000 04 80 00 800 7,000 e 3,000
Sugar maple, 3,500 OL 29 14 102. 2,500 1, 000
COMETH BebooaocosgooodaundonupooG 3,100 OL 27 10 84 By PSousoacose oo
Black gum, : 3, 000! 01 70 00 LO Brice St epstelerolsks 3,000
BON. | hidsdanveoulnobouseod douedcope 2,500 01 26 00 65 1,500 1,000
SASS Abr AS ecm asics ers leeletecicreletele 50 ce 25 00 1 Ethiaadaapsodods
Mo tal en taee cette) siciteet cee 26,716, 000 100.00 $38 44 $1, 026, 722 11, 017, 200 15,698,800

“*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

CASKETS AND COFFINS.

This industry includes, in addition to caskets and coffins, outer or rough
boxes and shipping cases. Caskets are the burial cases more universally used.
Coffins, at one time in greater demand, are now but relatively seldom em-
ployed. They are irregular in form, widest at the part corresponding to the
shoulders, narrowing slightly towards the head, and considerably at the feet.
The statistics for Pennsylvania show not over 5 per cent. of the wood de-
manded by the manufacturers was for coffins. More than this amount is used,
however, since many coffins are handmade. They are manufactured by cabi-
netmakers who cater for local trade in all small towns throughout the State.
The quantity of wood used by one is small, but for a thickly populated state
like Pennsylvania the aggregate consumption would amount to considerable,,
although it was found impracticable to collect statistics so widely scattered.
Black walnut for many years has been the principal coffin wood and it is
still called on for the better grades. Cheap coffins are of woods that are soft,
easily worked, and at the same time adaptable to stain and polish. Yellow pop-
lar is more used than any other kind for both factory and hand made coffins.
in the southern states cypress is the leading coffin material, on the Pacific
coast western red cedar, and in the Lake states basswood.

Twelve woods were reported by casket makers. They range from high
priced mahogany down to low grades of chestnut and white pine. These burial
cases are varied in design, some have an octagonal appearance—the cor-
ners instead of being rectangular are cut off and squared. Some have rounded
corners, and others are uniformly rectangular. Nearly all are cloth covered
and though this permits the use of the lower grades, the lumber selected is
free from the defects which would likely affect the strength and durability
of the casket. Chestnut is the most used casket wood in all states because it
has proved especially durable under ground, and it possesses the combined
qualities of lightness and strength, cheapness, and an affinity for glue that
holds the cloth. Some of the chestnut used in casket manufacture is of the
best, but the largest part is the “sound wormy” grade. As far as durability is
concerned this grade is sufficient and the fact that it is perforated with the
small worm holes averaging the size of a pin head is an advantage rather than
a detriment, as in covering the casket these holes afford an additional hold
for the glue. Other woods generally competing as casket material are yellow
poplar, red oak, white cedar, cypress, red cedar, white pine, walnut, red
gum, white oak, sugar maple, and mahogany. All of them go for cloth
covered caskets and some answer for burial cases finished with natural ap-
pearance where the wood selected has a handsome grain and is susceptible to
the highest polish, similar to that on piano cases. High priced caskets are
of this kind and in addition the most expensive are richly carved. The Penn-
sylvania manufacturers use quartered red oak and white oak, mahogany, and
walnut for making these and also to a limited extent red gum, which, from
the price paid, must have been selected to imitate Circassian walnut.

The lumber used for outer cases, sometimes called rough boxes, and for
shipping cases to protect the coffin or casket in transit, is made of similar
woods, but the latter are more carefully manufactured, stronger and neater
in appearance. At their destination they serve as rough boxes to receive the
casket when put into the ground. White pine in Pennsylvania meets most
of the demand and yellow poplar next. Other species reported were western
white pine, red cedar, hemlock, chestnut, red oak, and mahogany.

Table 54-—Wood for Caskets and Coffins, year ending June, 1912.

lee TRE
Par ne Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. iy i Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
| Sra 3
AES SS USN Ee m oH fle
a
Kind of Wood. ae ° i
ab 4
. (5) 5 an) . .
: Ho oe ae : :
=) 2 2s ms ra) a)
S H or £ 2) >
® ® eS tS) ® | @
is} AY < su & | &
COhestmut se ees eek eiaateeen ee | 5,387,000 38.53 $20 57 $110, 807 1,573,500 3,813,500
Wihiteispimetia yee ote cseioe selene nes | 4,793, 000 34.28 28. 90 | 138, 495 708,530 4,089,500
bemlock aneaekfawiceiiniceene eons | 1, 000, 000 (eis) 28 00 28, 000: LODO SOO S|) te crotevererececereds
Mellow WOM ayy vactaecececise cic mieikeve sta) | 748, 000 5.39 32 10 24,008 432,009 316, 000
REAM O BS Sea artist cco urs ciastteloieicielotey cleis | 665, 000 4.76 40 44 26, 890 55, 00v 610, 000
WED TTEMO BAHU isicitinvslohstem cteletersitaeisies | 523,500 3.74 62 20 | 32,562 77,50 446,000
Ma HOSA Yin ateisiieltcdas een seals eles | 331, 000 | 2.37 76 30 PAP) GoobdobooDEe 331,000
Blacks walnut madecniieiat eae cite | 214,006 1.53 59 50 | 12,732 182, 000 2,000
IeEGHCeG aT weer fatale ce -oissoniet 169, 000 | 1.21) 66 72 | IL AU | opabeucguecd | 169,000
Sugarrmaple stasis saseccccecloclercesrcis | 35, 060 20) 25 00 | SIDE) otra secsrstone 35, 000

Table 54—Concluded.

eo) | Bb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a Pennsyl- of Penn-
S ss vania. sylvania.
_| = S fue
5 |
Kind of Wood. 3
aie d
; Sie A
| a g Beals hale |
5 q wie ro 5
2 % he me a 2
E 5 oe $ 3 E
oD
& Ay j <q A & <>)
REGIME UI ita eisyteicioin a gefeieleleiejeleieieleisiesels 30, 000 | 322) 40 00 US 2COH iclereleloterevelere aie 30,000
Western white pine, .............. 20, 600 14 42 50 SHOU Weletierstarnietele ree. 20', 000
VEC WOO penises iiss oivalelnaererersiceiciors 20,000 14 54 00 OS Ou liercrsrtetarerepstetels 20,000
Cherry (black), ...../..........0.. 20,000 14 60 00 1, 200 20,000 | .........0--
Cypress (bald), ....:.002.eececcees 20, 000 .14 40: 00 NU icdbogodcocdD 20, 000
Longleaf pine, ......... eaanaties 6, 000 04 37 50 2 ZD Ul trereterarclotoleteteteys 6, 000
DB Tie GH ra retevccet cue tote ease atataisearsveie tetstidehs foiokers 1,000 OL 24 00 24 1,000'| ...... odbape
To taletenlancisicbieneec atest sen 13,982,500 100.00 $29 77 $416, 278 4,044,500 9,938,

MINE EQUIPMENT.

In conjunction with the operation of coal mining, there is usually main-
tained a wood-working department for the manufacture and repair of all
wooden equipment required in connection with the work. Table 55 includes
all the kinds of material used for these various purposes except that used in
the rough, as props, lagging, caps, segments, sills, etc. In the interior of
the mines lumber goes for uses in connection with ventilation schemes; brat-
tices, doors, airways, manways, and for pit railing, etc. On the breakers
in collieries it is used for tipple parts, drum bands, chutes, screens, scraper
lines, flights, ete., besides it answers for parts of haulage systems, slope
rollers for example, and for sprags and various other less important com-
modities. The lumber used for mine cars and their repair has been included
as shown above, under car construction, while that going into manufactured
parts for houses, buildings, and other building operations was listed with
similar material under the planing mill industry. The available statistics
reported by both anthracite and bituminous operations in Pennsylvania are

as follows:

Table 55.—Wood for Mine Equipment, year ending June, 1912.

a He Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. iB Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
ed a 4 fe
5 a
2 i
Kind of Wood. i S
ob a
i 58 Ms 2

: | 98 3 ; i

a 2 ao ms a 2

» bal a ~ ~

o u oe 2 o ®

eS i)

S a < a =) =
sisal ee USA Ree asapaouonbeuedondodca | 2,260,750 | 18.92 $20 82 | $47, 066 | Ze 2B D0 A iereisteisisteislsielels
WATT CHOIR ieritetele sie cloinieiolcletelseeis)erste 2,019,927 | 16.91 18 22 36,805 | ZOLO ODT Pictetsiatsiercteleieters
BBV ake Sumer etarctevotsterers slelehetaleteiosete sie lere | 1, 628, 460 138.63 24 37 | 39, 678 | 219, 216 1,409, 244
Hickory, 816,363 6.83 | 13 51 | 11,031 | 816,363 | ....... dagou

807,845 6.76 | 14 73 | 11,892 | 807,845 | .........006

Red oak,

Table 55—Concluded.

en) py Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a Pennsyl- of Penn-
= + vania. sylyania.
o
a a | ue
5 a |
2 3
Kind of Wood. se © |
eee <i
& (3) 5 7 : 9
8 3 Bus} w | 7 |
: = IS 3 i | E
a | 2 Os ne a 1 a
Deal ns oe § 3 3
b ° o o
el cae < a es S
Sugar maple, .. 380 790, 200 6.61 18 67 us| 790,200 | cudoouoboddG
Chestnut, ...... Bat 749, 405 6.27 15 42 11,557 TAQ ADD! |ssieietsisle le
Isle ee AconuneeaooUdES 656, 525 5.50 17 49 11,781 G5 GES 25 ul en rcisissmierisietets
Shortleaf pine, 567, 000 4.75 21 14 IbIECERY | iooabeooaeedT 567, 000
Longleaf pine, 423, 000 3.54 26 39 SSG ST ers eretatetlereteveus 423,000
Baines acl agrees Beene BORG 336,075 2.81 24 28 8,148 BBENOMSM rion eh levaiclepeieis
Bitches eke iecttsicleteieleleneboscietetsienciel «ile 246, 000 2.06 23 07 | 5,675 ZPAGLOOO | Saw etnesieielare
Wihite pine ice rites selec esis 239, 000 2.00 23 70 |: 5, 665: 13. 000 226,000
ede umly reste tcc cesses ene 150, 000 1.26 12 00 TL SSOO) | ataeicc sake 150, 000
MOS WOOO ctiiiinclieincrcelren ccs 139, 088 1.16 15 73 2,188 STs OS8alineerctetetevaserints
J AGREE BA BAS UO HOMEE MCE SDR epee Ar 43,425 36 22 O1 956 AQUA DS illsetatstotavatses siete
TOCusity jactte setricie Nabadpobod>odboddsod 31,350 | -26 10 18 319 | GLEBE ogapesdoaobd
lsppnlaerhoady | Bo sodaooodeodoesJasodded 21, 684 | .18 13 14 285 | PALTV OER Gua aoedons
Wellowepoplarianct cateisieis <leisietsieicielsie 14, 000 12 22 50 315 | TE OOO oe eels
Oorlerelmy Aone yee Hees ee 8, 800 07 26.14 230 | SEBO setters cislive
TO tai atase riciscieeciuelsrausecists 11,948,897 100.00 $19 52 $233, 283 9,178, 653 2,775, 244

Two commodities included in the above table deserve special mention and
to show the kinds of wood used in making them, separate statistics have been
arranged and are presented in the supplemental tables, 55a, mine rollers,
and 55b, sprags.

MINE ROLLERS.

Table 55a shows seven woods going into slope rollers. They aggregate
nearly 2,500,000 feet of material used annually, but this does not represent
wood for rollers that are manufactured elsewhere and brought to the State
ready for use. Slope mining in recent years is being superseded by the shaft
method and with the change is a corresponding decline in the demand for
rollers or pulleys used on the slope to prevent abrasion of the cable against
the ground. Two-thirds of the roller material is black gum. That obtained
from timber cut in the State is mostly the species, Nyssa sylvatica, but that
coming from a distance, usually in the form of bolts, is a mixture of the
above named species with water gum (Nyssa biflora), and a small amount
probably of tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Black gum is frequently the common
name for all three. The first two species are the most desirable for rollers
because of their interlaced fiber that will not splinter nor roughen but wears
smooth to a polish by use. Further than this, the woods possess the superior
qualities of hardness and toughness, and on account of their abundance,
especially in the southern states, are the lowest priced hardwoods. Maple is
especially adapted for slope rollers, but owing to its growing scarcity and
high price black gum has largely superseded it. Formerly maple was the
most used wood for the purpose, but the table shows that the demand for it
at present is only one-sixth of that of black gum.

Veneer cores, the symmetrically round pieces left after the veneer has been
removed by the rotary cut process, are now being used for making mine
rollers, when the species is one of the black gums. These cores are an off-

fall that represents to a large degree a complete waste and the fact that they
are suitable for this line of manufacture should certainly be a means of utiliz-
ing a large quantity of this discarded material.

Table 55a.—Wood for Mine Rollers, year ending June, 1912.

°o) Bb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. i Pennsyl- of Penn-
= 2 vania. sylvania.
o
a & eA
B a |
a a
Kind of Wood. a ° :
ae 2 4 |
\ i ose ie 3
: flee | 8 Ei les
s g as x e | Ka)
»~ en _
: eee 0 eda
& Ben eteee toy aes a es | cs
allie sabi Sop owEooocebo obo coKo ede | 1,628, 960 66.54 $24 388 $39, 588 219, 216 1, 404,744
SuSarsim apl ery msencricie sical eer 277, 200 11.36 26 99 7,482 UTR 2007 actemtetreisleteiets
Wari CORUM sigumapnooonag Ses pooOddon 212,080) 8.69 | 30 57 6, 483 ZADEOSOH ais wi atoisieleiielars
Jaw Aaa eLepupoosdkoadosoaudbe Ode 183, 200 Tob 30 70 5, 624 ASS s Z00E ectecslateiisterareiers
18x YON Anapeigaanooone oaUH dbo DoUUendGe | 123, 200 5.05 30 84 | 3,799 APAEPAN I esGcncHGDneS
Mellonvnnpoplarsessererscteriscsi eines 12,000 49 18 75 225 SPAIN I Gocobosonbod
(Opel eaheltn Be Andbasdeecoosonesobabo nS | 8,800 -36 26 14 230 WES. S003! Datcrtervelawietarcle
RO taliinaeanitrrrceaisreretiseriaiiseiicte | 2, 440, 440 100.00 $25. 99 $63, 481 1,035, 696 1,404,744
a
SPRAGS.

This is a second division of this industry which deserves special attention,
not that it represents a commodity that is important in the amount of wood
consumed nor economically prominent in the operation of large factories and
the use of skilled labor, but because it serves to illustrate the tendency in
Pennsylvania towards waste utilization.

A sprag is a cylindrical wooden commodity pointed at each end, about 21
inches long, ranging in thickness from 2} to 3} inches and is used in coal
mining operations for checking and regulating the speed of a mine car as it
runs in and out of the laterals leading to the shafts. The speed of the car
is checked by locking one of its wheels. This occurs when the sprag, having
been cast. between the spokes of the rotating wheel, strikes against the car
still.

Mine cars are not equipped with brakes like freight cars and upon the
sprag often depends the safety of the car and more often a train when run-
ning downgrade. Sprags must therefore necessarily be very strong and many
companies are particular in the specifications of their orders for manufactur-
ing them. Small sprags of not proper thickness are a slight economy, if any,
‘as the frevuent breakages entail considerable waste. Also the species of
wood used for making them, if not of the requisite strength, hardness, and
durability, would in nowise pay in service the expenses of making the sprags.

This industry excludes the softwoods and a number of soft hardwoods, like
aspen, yellow poplar, basswood, etc. Chestnut is not suitable owing to lack of
‘sufficient strength, though if easily available and very cheap, it is used to a
limited extent. The most practical sprag woods, listed according to amounts,
are given in Table 55b following:

Fig. 12.—River scows after being launched, and ready to be taken to market down
the Allegheny River.

Fig. 13.—Racing shell being built by a Pennsylvania manufacturer for the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania.

Fig. 14.—Manufacture of mine sprags in Northern Pennsylvania.

Fig. 15.—Drawing showing standard dimensions of a mine sprag.

Table 55b.—Wood for Sprags, year ending June, 1912.

SF bs Grown in | Grown Out
| Quantity. Wes hs 3 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
_ al ni ——
4 =)
o
i 3
Kind of Wood. b, s
n Ss SH
A 8 a aod é
q a 2 Sg | 8
EF fp 8 2 :
S & aH ay 2 2
oS oe) ~
a) H eats oad 7) ®
é Bil eas é Q é
SWihitey soaleyses 2).1-) elo necewiais cas 1,091,847 34.27 $14 00 | $15, 286 pL OTSA Till pene vayece lores retars
ELT CK OLY AWA Eee oa cee nae aio 816, 363 25.62 13 51 11, 081 SIGS363) ieeecieoert
ING ORNS boleudeabelbEGucs ES ae 612,845 19.23 14 18 8,701 G12, S45 Mas areca.
Sucammanlevweaaaascee cacy hte sissies 304, 200 9.55 } 13 55 4,121 8045200) | 25. - ics j=2
TOE WOCU WATE TERE Te LE Oe 139, 08S ANSTAleee Lane 2,188 1390888) rains
1BYaGYelh. lo nb ORE SARE a SEU HE SBS BER Te eene 92, 325 2.90) 10 71 989 | OF: 325u | ate cee
ANSE Gey rem neta ct eieh Vyelog shes Bich welt Soles | 37,425 italy 21 54 806 | Ol AZO ASE AEP ce
MBO CUS Lacie eae Scola ias eae rela 31,350 98 10:18 | 319 GHIPEEIUI | ooooosogaGon
(OlVaS TMG) BRS Acia 5 bodies nebroticets 23, 205 S16) | 16 42 381 DBO 20G 4|'5s cles cs eh ide eee
Hornbeam (ironwood), ......... | 21, 684 -68 13 14 285 G8 ae es creas Ue sicerere
TB CHE eee nce, Aue atch Ave lar « 10,875 34 14 62 | 159 NOES alleee.s cee sayels
VAC KaM oUt crsisrseiereieveloreie ele elelerate 4,500 14 20 00 | Tl Wasser sonGee 4,500
Lem O Gls Mons terbictera rattle seats eickesierersiste 750 02 13 33 | 10 OO} Frere tesseieetaysiors
————— | oo eee ee
Motalyey Meee Meet) set de tees 3,186, 457 100.00 $13 92 | $44, 366 3,181, 957 4,500

Over 38,000,000 feet of wood is required annually for making sprags in
Pennsylvania. This is not representative of all the material that is used as
many of these commodities are made by hand and concerning which it is im-
possible to get information; others are made elsewhere and shipped in for
use in Pennsylvania collieries.

Sprags at present are almost entirely made from young timber, pole size;
coppice oak and maple being cut for this purpose. This is often a sacrifice
of valuable second growth timber since it is practicable to make this com-
modity from. material considered as waste. In that connection the present
report may aid in bringing about the utilization of woods waste, like tops,
limbs, cut offs, fire killed poles, etc., the most difficult to market of all the
off-fall from lumber operations.

In this connection the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania recently
made a valuable experiment, an outline of the results of which will prove of
considerable importance not only to mining companies and others owning
their own timber, but to all interested in forest conservation. S

During the winters of 1911-12 fire killed a stand of oak and chestnut cop-
pice 14 years old on 75 acres-in one of the State Forests in the northeastern
part. of Pennsylvania. This timber was not merchantable because of the
size and distance from market. The Department of Forestry conceived the
idea of its sale in the form of sprags and accordingly arrangements were made
with an owner of a sprag machine to move onto the tract and use all suit-
able:-timber for making this commodity. A contract was made for manu-
facturing and delivering the finished product to the nearest shipping point
for $9.30 which included, owing to distance, a cost of $4 for wagon transporta-
tion. Eleven dollars was the price received for the finished sprags at the sid-
ing, leaving a balance of $1.70 a thousand pieces for stumpage. The De-
partment of. Forestry scored a success in the undertaking partly because of
the revenue received from the fire killed timber, otherwise a waste; also by

88.

this operation a vast amount of what would otherwise have been debris was
removed from the woods, assuring less of a tangle when the trees fell and
thus allowing a closer fall to the ground and quicker decomposition.

Ten years ago sprags were made with ax and knife, 200 per day being the
most one man could produce. Repeated efforts were made to eliminate the
manual work by the invention of machinery, but it was not until four years
ago that a manufacturer made a successful device which, with the work of
two men, enables a possible daily output of from eight to nine thousand
sprags. In ordinary commercial runs, however, the average production with
this machine is probably not over half the capacity.

FIXTURES.

The fixture manufacturers make certain lines of commodities so closely
related to similar ones grouped under the furniture and planing mili indus-
tries, that it is difficult at times to determine under which classification they
properly belong.

Generally fixtures include furnishings for offices, stores, lodge rooms, sa-
loons, banks, hotel lobbies, lunch rooms, courthouses, churches, dentists’
and surgeons’ cabinets, account registers, cash registers, index files, and
other similar commodities. The materials for making these are distinguished
from that going into high class inside house finish such as mantels, colon-
nades, cabinet work, and general mill work. The latter are stationary, while
fixtures are readily portable. From furniture woods they are separated ac-
cording to the uses of the finished products. Office desks, book cases, store
tables, etc., belong to furnishings of business headquarters while commodi-
ties of the same name for residences go in the furniture class. Large manu-
facturers specialize in one or the other lines but in small cities and towns
where the local demand does not justify specialization the fixture makers and
the planing mills manufacture products belonging to both industries.

Nearly the same woods are employed for fixtures as for furniture but a
larger part of the fixture material is of the higher grades. In both indus-
tries the woods can be put into two classes, for outside finish and for interior
or hidden work. Veneers enter largely into the former class and are growing
in favor, chestnut being the favorite backing or core material. For painted
work or store counters, bar tops, display racks, show window platforms, and
other fixture parts, it is necessary to use solid wood instead of cheaper woods
overlaid with veneer. This accounts for the average prices of the woods listed
in Table 56 being higher than in the furniture industry.

Yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, and chestnut supply the largest portion
of the fixture material in Pennsylvania. Seventy-five per cent. of the quantity
used is of these four kinds. Yellow poplar serves both for exterior and in-
terior work. Its adaptability to hold paint and stains, its soft texture and even
straight grain make it an easy material to smooth and commend it probably
above any other wood for both exterior enameled work and for drawer bot-
toms, reinforcements, hidden parts of show cases, shelving, interior of wall
cases, partitions, etc.

Oak with its ornamental figure is universally the premier fixture wood as
it is the foremost furniture wood. Both classes of oaks, red and white, are
in demand, and together the amount is greater than that of any other of
the woods the Pennsylvania fixture makers purchase. A large part of oak is
quartered stock which merely designates the method of sawing. It is the same
as rift sawed and arises from first cutting the log into quarters and the
quarters into boards, the saw crossing the circles of growth at or nearly at
right angles. Oak shows more figure when the log is sliced ordinarily into

boards but the pleasing effect of rift sawing is more in favor and besides being
desired by the fixture makers on account of minimum shrinkage and warp.
Birch is ahead of any other domestic wood for imitating mahogany. The
heartwood of the tree is used for this work. The sapwood has a much lighter
color but like the heartwood is specially adapted to take stain and receive
and hold a soft brilliant polish. Besides mahogany, birch can readily be
stained to imitate cherry, Circassian walnut, fumed oak, bog oak, black
walnut, and other pleasing effects. The figure of curly birch is especially at-
tractive and it brings high prices, going into the highest grades of fixtures.
Other finishing woods are mahogany, sugar maple, including large quantities
of bird’s eye maple, cherry, red gum, black walnut, butternut, and Circas-
sian walnut. The last named is the most expensive wood and goes only into the
most expensive work. Red gum and butternut are frequently found richly
mottled and in some respects resembling Circassian walnut. For that reason
they are most frequently used of any domestic wood to be finished in imita-
tion of this foreign wood.

This industry calls on the State for only a limited portion of its raw ma-
terial. Only a little more than one-third of the total was reported as home cut
and of the entire amount of eleven of the woods shipped in from other states,
two-thirds were oak and yellow poplar which being demanded in high grades
made it necessary to obtain a large portion in regions where the virgin stands
of these species are the most abundant. States in the southern Appalachians
furnished most of this material. Of the woods listed in the fixture table that
are abundantly cut in Pennsylvania the chestnut, birch, sugar maple, bass-
wood, cherry, beech, ash, black walnut, and butternut, most of the supply
‘used was State-grown. The fixture manufacturers, therefore, like the other
class of manufacturers using home-grown material should be vitally inter-
ested in conservation and the movement looking to the State’s future timber

supply.

Table 56—Wood for Fixtures, year ending June, 1912.
f a b> Grown in | Grown Out
' Quantity. HON ees 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. sylvania.
aes oe
a a
2) :
Kind of Wood. ie :
n° eq
Se ~
| a we $ =| |
s 5 xs 5 ; :
2 3 go a 2 | 2
3 Hs a2 & * | eae
g fea é Bey ive
ee ee
Yellow poplar, ................04. 2,237,000} 18.82] $37 21 | $88, 229 | 167,500 2,069,500
White 08k, .....-..0.e-eeeeeeeeeeee, 2,127,110 | 17.89 59 79 | 127,184 303, 600 1,828,510
Redbone ohare. SE Nata 2s 2,100,950 | 17.67 41 36 86, 902 509, 500 1,591,450
Chestnuts eres aa eee ne 1,803,350! 15.17 25 16 45,364 | 1,114,250 689,100
Binchitensesthe EEN Seti ear Atal 882,300 | 7.00 36 60 | 30, 461 438,500 393, 800
White piney inode thar ane atee e 452, 450 | 3.81 45 64 | 20,649 | 100, 450 352,000
Sugar, maplese<ssesacn ssc cssaemine 366, 000 | 3.08 23 17 | 8, 482 | 317,500 48,500
Mahoranyit cancdecon si cese eee 332,400 | 2.80} 135 11 | ALOT Shonsonaouas 332, 400
LEAS, X00 15) bognonbooa bane asgoson pode 269,100 | 2.27 33 92 9,128 | 176,100 93, 000
Red and silver maple, .......... 260, 000 | 2.19 15 060 | 3, 900 ZCOROOO ines exces coats
Shortleaf pine, 256,000) 2.15 | 25 92 GEOBEM| Gonecoopasee | 256,000
Boblollys nines .ceeecctecss een 153,000 | 1.29 22:17 | ERA i aneen aga 153, 000
Cherry (black), 128,700 | 1.08 66 14 8.512 83, 250 45,450
Cynress (bald), 111,800 | .94 37 38 ASAT G tes sree Gather 111,800
Rede eumeser arcs acct sesice ies 94, 000 ath) 44 00 ATR Gu Bcictetc crectatelstets $4, 000
Beech ec seen ene Nieatoar tase 71,000 .60 21 85 1,551 60,000 11,000
TAS ee Rae ees NUE Ut 49,900 | 42 58 62 2,925 41,000 8,900
Hemlock tuasnes saan coeeh cones 44,300 .87 26 64 1,180 30, 300 14, 000
Cottonwood jc eccsccss oss cc cae cece 40,000 | .34 38 50 1,540 20, 000 20, 000
Longleaf pine, .,......,,..-.. Bienes 39,500 .38 32 41 W280i) wsecee eetee| 39,500

Table 56—Concluded.

& BP Grown in | Grown Out
| Quantity. rachis | g _ Pennsyl- |, of Penn-
= = | Vania. | sylvania.
- Ll
hn |
: s
o
=) 3
Kind of Wood. es s
Ze 5
P O18 oe : :
8 ~~
: ae ip Be s A :
2 rs) SH = 2 2
3 + oe Se safer et) 3
® o © ®
cs ay 4 A es e
IDESle \yebanes bbs cbenoogacussscouude 33,860 80 82 91 2,978 | 28,860 7,000
Sucark pines? eeil.wiics-eecite Sodocoor 25,000 21 65 00 DF G25 5 i sto -scteie efalo ier 25,000
Western white pine, .............. 20, 500: 17 46 78 Se esate Gain abi 20, 500
IDS N Japa, BAgeooonsogunauoKOo dso 20,000 17 16 00 320 20,000 | ............
Butternut says ceesoeechonsase ae 13,500 elit 44 30 598 al SMOOOMerterelsreleeteia
SoS, SooasosousognuHoonudoKS is 3 vane 1,500: OL 42 00 63 1,500
Black GuM, } ci... cc sive e ie sopotoges 1,000 OL 28 00 28 1,000
LEGO Sea HOCUBbedbOUREoboObGdobe 1,000 01 65 00 paige mabe ECU Anas 6 SGN ae
Redwoods sspints sscisitemncrem eieieielaeieieat 500 a 55 00 28 500
Circassian ‘walnut,: ..luie. cles ccae ss 500 EA 250: 00 125 500:
IMO talents niece steelereijeteieare stains 11, 888, 220 100.00 $42 25 $502, 323 3,685,310 8, 202, 910

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

CLOTH, HOSIERY BOARDS, ETC.

Cloth boards, commonly called wrapping boards, upon which to wind woolen
and other textile goods, hosiery boards used in stocking factories and stores,
hammer boards for beating brass and other sheet metals, and lap boards used
by the seamstress, are the commodities which have been classed under Table
57. The largest part of the total was for cloth boards and the species used
were loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, yellow poplar, and white pine. The size
of cloth boards varies from 6 to 8 inches wide and from 16 to 20 inches long
and one-fourth to five-eights of an inch thick.

Sugar maple supplies the entire demand for hosiery boards or driers. They
are made of + inch material which is strong, dense and not liable to
roughen up or splinter. Yellow poplar sufficed for sewing or lap boards and
for stocking forms. Because maple does not split easily and is strong and
hard, it is preferred of all woods for hammer boards. Considerable ma-
terial is used in Pennsylvania for the manufacture of ironing and sleeve
boards, meat, pastry, and steak boards or planks, but these have been listed
and referred to under the industry entitled “Woodenware.”

Table 57—-Wood for Boards, Cloth, Hosiery, ete., year ending June, 1912.

: Par ba Grown in | Grown Out
1 Quantity. fe S Pennsyl- | ; of Penn-
S 8 vania. | Sylvania.
se H
i is ie
3
: me )
Kind of Wood. ne
n° a
SP aly .
=| me; Saye 3 | =|
5 a oD s ° .
2 g aH ue a Ko}
os) 5 a) xs H » »
o u Som am | 0) ®
o {<5 Vaan © a
i a Scvn Niaec ste ais eye t= cf
Shontleatepinem yout nue | 8,000, 000 | 67.94 | $25 00 | ~- $200,000] ....2s..5... | 8,000, 000
Yellow poplar, ..s-ccecc.ee eee eee 1,070, 000 | 9.09 29 38 SL 4d Osler crotcheeratarche | 1,070, 000
AWAD THEM DTINE Aaiuctere coietedsirefalsleresretesieheletatete 1, 000; 000 | 8.49 32 00 82, 000 Riokeicieteleletetesete | 1, 000, 000
Moblollympinel eke mac dee eA | 1,000,000! 8.49] § 18 13 Ta I eeuSRGSSRS ES “4,000, 000
Stigar maples jihscccoseoe keen wou. 705,000) 5.99| 46 45 any 50, 600 655, 000
ANS TG LAL Hane iene aaitiad Magee lseat 11,775,000| 100.00) «$26 69 $314,315 | 50,000} 11,725, 000

PATTERNS AND FLASKS.

Table 58 shows that nearly eleven and a half million feet of lumber are re-
quired annually in Pennsylvania for making patterns, flasks, and for other
needs of the moulders and foundrymen. Of this amount nearly 80 per cent. is
white pine. All of this did not go for patterns, since white pine was demanded
for flasks in greater amounts than was any other wood. It is, however, the
predominant pattern wood not alone in Pennsylvania, but throughout the
country at large. Its suitability is due above all to its susceptibility to hold
shape under atmospheric changes, to its grain being close, straight, and
even, with obscure figure, to its being easily worked, and at the same time
not so soft as to be injured by rough usage, and to its being light in weight
and easily portable. Since the pattern must be designed in the exact shape
and dimensions of the article to be moulded, the highest grades of lumber are
required, and, in many cases, material of considerable width is required
and is usually often quarter-sawed, which will not warp as easily as straight
sawn lumber cut without regard to grain. These are the factors which have
increased the cost of this species to the point of creating a demand for a sub-
stitute wood. Thus far no kind of wood experimented upon has been equal
to white pine. It will be noticed that the western white pine cut in the Rocky
Mountains appears in the table and also the sugar pine of California. Neither
of these woods can be distinguished at sight from the eastern white pine. The
western white pine is heavier than the eastern, and the sugar pine more
resinous. The kinds of wood used for patterns in Pennsylvania are as follows:

White pine. Yellow poplar.
Cherry. White oak.
Mahogany. Black walnut.
Sugar maple. Butternut.
Sugar pine. Teak.
Western white pine. Silver maple.
Redwood.

Standard patterns, or patterns used often and therefore submitted to con-
siderable wear, are made as durable as possible. For these very hard dense
wood is required and mahogany, cherry, butternut, sugar maple, black wal-
nut, and teak wood—the latter a foreign wood—are the ones used in Penn-
sylvania. Large patterns, like those for moulding massive machine parts
can not with economy be used entirely of these woods. Only the parts that
come in direct contact with the sand, where the greatest wear is, are made
of hardwoods, the inside or filler being of a softer, cheaper wood, and one
more easily worked, such as white pine, sugar pine, yellow poplar, or red-
wood. Mahogany is the best of the hardwoods for patterns, though cherry is
the favorite of the domestic woods. These are of even straight grain and less
liable to shrink and swell when enclosed in the matrices of damp sand. In
addition they stand well the ramming, knocking, and rough usage a standard
pattern receives. Sugar maple would be more used than it is were it not for
its tendency to warp. Being hard, of straight, compact structure, with a
capacity to wear smooth, and easily worked, it otherwise possesses excellent
qualities for pattern material.

For flasks lower grades of lumber are required than for patterns. Flasks
serve as the frame or box, holding the sand in which to make the mould.
A two-part flask is used when the pattern is in two pieces, one resting upon
the other, the upper part is the cope, the lower the nowel. Flask material
does not last long, its destruction being due more to frequent burning than to
the general rough wear. The firing results from intense heat of the sand after
the molten metal is poured into the mould. Buckets of water are conveniently

92:

at hand to extinguish a blaze as soon as it is discovered. Wood slow to take
fire is the best flask material, though choice is usually limited to kinds near
at hand or that are cheap. Redwood, when not too costly is preferred, because
it is generally conceded to be more fireproof than any other domestic wood.
Coating the inside of flasks with a fireproof chemical has been tried recently

as an experiment. Flask woods in order of their importance in Pennsylva-
nia are as follows:

White pine. White oak.
Loblolly pine. Pitch pine.
Hemlock. Norway pine.
Shortleaf pine. Sugar maple.
Longleaf pine. White elm.
Yellow poplar. Red oak.
Spruce. Beech.
Chestnut.

The Pennsylvania forests furnished only one-fourth of the total pattern
material used. This was probably due to the diminishing stand of white
pine timber in the State of the size demanded by the high grade lumber
pattern makers. Nearly seven-ninths of all that was used was shipped in from
West Virginia, the Great Lakes region, and western states.

Table 58.—Wood for Patterns and Flasks, year ending June, 1912.

Par =) Grown in | Grown Out
| Quantity. g Pennsyl- of Penn-
| S 2 ; vania. |) sylvania.

a a Aiki

= a

Pr iS)

Kind of Wood. A i
a A |

‘ 5 a + ! :

S| nf Lie } | =|

: 5 op. = -

2 o oH = 2 2

a) fa & =) s \ o a)

® o Y 2 ® i)

cy om < } a co ce
HWA CeO IM OF paicveisiela.scovesersioelstotesstete vette 9,141, 449 19.58 $56 09 $512,785 2,276,198 6,865, 251
MGODLOM ye PIN Cy iiteisrerescietel ciel leievotesaterstercret | 579, 000 5.04 20 27 GbE hiShookoouoons 579, 000:
Hemlock, ....... oiarsteleleloternineie oles eiats 291,500 | 2.54 | 18 37 5,356 2915 SOO: | ye iceisis <teietesele
Shortleat piney a scystl-\ieeerteistsiieiceie 242,012 | 2.11 20 89 By LG'paoodssnobdes 242,012
Wongleaf pines pecs scoese ee nsees 284, 000 | 2.04 | 20:70 4,844 | 10... ee ete 234, 000
Spruce, ......... SARE isa Halter tase 228,988 1.95 33 63 7,583 44, 000: 179, 988
FEA WOO ose asauetiarsersieaisis create alate 186,000 1.18 60.74 SEDO arte cerciersios 136, 000
(OMYAST eS Gos haweraquoedHoosbEpeabOO 128, 200: aba 19 24 2,466. 47,500: 80,700:
@herry,) (lack) jasc cates. ce eyeintsiete sapere 86,894 76 71 58 6,22 54,644 82, 250
IMP ANOS ANY siieieeceiestecestiscien cr 86, 268 15 124 92 SM HA eoeeananause 86, 268
SuUSATHMaA ples) Wee csi cteriemlecie weit riehie 50,550 44 47 46 2,399 388,850 11,700
Sugarapine lng scence cece cece. 50, 000 48 85 00 AS2Q5 al qaetieire cena: 50, 000
Vellowspoplats esc. sckinciedescis 46,500 40 388 82 1,805 87,500 9,000
Pitch pines aac season eee ons | 44,000 .388 20 84 917 41,500 2,500
NOrwaye DING) fees sec nereinenciiits 43,040 | 387 28 00 TPA SS) Panes sicicesinei ce 43, 040
Western white pine, .............- | 28,000 .24 56 93 DOGG emieiets breleteure 28, 000
White Oak ie ene jeeps cutee lari BB 24,000 o2L 39:50 948 24,000 N Seiclec comets
Wihitevelmgsicheacce scesesccithe 15,000 13} - 33 00 495s livesets aatets 15,000
THIER \Gilbrhey gavosoooupeceoldenaueN 14,500 nate} 50 00 125 4,500 10, 000
TRC CO AKS Wilicitiavetoteteieratdievstachialeialstslelatatsiciere | 12,000 | 10 25 00 300: 12,000 | ...... aivisteicte

| |

Beech hissed reise fami erers aie ee eats | 10, 000 09 25 00 250 10,000 | ............
BuUttenniwtsiy piece sieamieveinisicbiecin | 5, 210 05 79 85 416 Gh} 1,310
IM @ailsamererisicteronsterersetcisveletovelaieverercketerssieceye 1,400 | 01 250 00 BOC Mereieherststeloleieters 1,400
Red and silver maple, ........... | 1,000 | 01 55 00 55 MAL inpoGosoccnad
Bla eke SUM wey crcusisecsirercrrtetere esas 500 | *), 24 00 LOU Reve cvcreteial 500
Mo tale ene A yaratetetlafertetettetsiclslet fale 11,495, 019 100.00 $51 39 $590, 706 2,887,092 8,607,919

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent,

HANDLES.

Other states take precedence over Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood
annually consumed in the manufacture of handles, but it is probable that none
surpasses it in the different kinds of handles made. The principal ones re-
ported have been listed and the woods from which they are made arranged in
order of quantity as follows:

Axe Handles.
White ash.
Hickory.
White oak.

Brick Trowel Handles.

Dogwood.
Persimmon.

Broom Handles.

Basswood.
Beech.

Sugar maple.
Birch.

Butcher Knife Handles.

Birch.
Beech.
Sugar maple.

Cant Hook Handles.
Sugar maple.
Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Carrying Poles.
Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Chisel Handles.
Hickory.

Coal Pick Handles.

White oak.
Sugar maple.
White ash.
Sweet birch.
Hickory.

Concrete Rammer Handles
Hickory.
Hornbeam.

Crosscut Saw Handles.

Beech.
Sugar maple.
Hickory.

Door Knobs.
Sugar maple.

D-Fork Hanéles.
White ash.

D-Shovel Handles.

White ash.
Sugar maple.

Fork Handles.

White ash.
Cherry.

Grab Maul Handles.

Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Hammer Handles.

White ash.
Hickory.

Haichet Handles.
Hickory.
White ash.

Hay Knife Handles.

White ash.

Hoe Handles.
White ash.
Sugar maple.
Beech.

Birch.

Instrument Handles.

Rosewood.
Ebony.

Jack Handles.
Hickory.
Sugar maple.

Mallet Handles.

Dogwood.
Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Maul Handles.
Hickory.

Mop Handles.
Beech.
Sugar maple.
Birch.
Basswood.

Peavey Handles.
Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Pick Handles.

Hickory.
White oak.
Hornbeam.

Pipe Wrench Handles. Saw Handles.

Basswood. Red gum.
Sweet birch.

Plastering Trowel Handles. Applewood.
Basswood. Beech.

Pole Brush Handles. Spade Handles.
Basswood. White ash.
White ash. Black ash.

Shortleaf pine.
Spud Handles.

Rake Handles.
Hickory.

ae maple. Hornbeam.
Bicen i Sugar maple.
: Beech.
Ash.
Saddler’s Tool Handles. Stomper Handles.
Black walnut. Hornbeam.
Hickory.

Sad Iron Handles.

Red gum. Street Brooms.
Beech.

Sand Rammer Handles. Sugar maple.
Hickory. Hickory.
Hornbeam.

' Track Tool Handles.

Saw Frames. White oak.
Red Oak. Hickory.
Birch. Sugar maple.
Sugar maple. White ash.

Hickory is unquestionably the best wood used for long-handle tools, includ-
ing the maul, axe, striking hammer, sledge, and track tools used on rail-
roads for construction work and for maintenance of way. Besides exceptional
strength, this wood possesses other important qualities for handle material ,—
weight, stiffness, shock-resisting ability, and susceptibility to wear smooth
by use. Manufacturers of this class of handles usually specialize in this line,
since the processes of manufacture and the machinery required are distinct
from those employed in making other classes. Hickory is becoming scarcer
each year, and this fact has induced a number of northern handle makers
to move southward nearer to the source of the largest supply. Not a few
firms, however, continue to maintain factories in the north and to ship
billets, bolts, and rough-turned handle stock from the south to the north as
far as Connecticut and New Hampshire.

It is interesting to note from the following table that the Pennsylvania
hickory handle manufacturers procure 66 per cent. of their raw material from
the State. It would be well for farmers and timber owners in Pennsylvania
who own stands of hickory to understand the increasing demand for the wood
for handles and that second-growth hickory: is preferred. This tree is not a
rapid grower but it is not so slow as many other trees and it will soon prove
a good investment to preserve stands of second-growth hickory to aid their
development, and to cut the timber only as it becomes large enough for handle
bolts. The list given below shows the kinds of wood which are being tried as
substitutes for hickory in handle making, white oak, cow oak, swamp oak,
sugar maple, hornbeam, and ash being the principal ones. For coal-pick
handles these woods are suitable and most largely used, there being less
strain as to strength and shock-resisting than if used for the more strenuous
work of the pick, axe, and maul.

The manufacture of fork and garden tool handles is another distinct class
of this industry. What hickory is for the axe, pick, and sledge, white ash
is to this class, namely, the pitch-fork and hay-fork, the long handle and D-
shovel, and the hoe, rake, etc. Stiffness, toughness, and strength without
excessive weight are the properties which commend ash for this use. It is
surprising that the handle manufacturers demanding this wood procure only
58 per cent. of their requirements from State-grown woods. This condition
offers another opportunity to timber owners to encourage the growing of ash
for handle stock, to meet the demand of the increasing home market. In
forest management ash is an important tree. It is a fairly rapid grower
and is not particular as to situation, as are many other trees.

Other woods serve with ash for meeting the demand for this class of handles,
but they are used in considerably smaller quantities. In the order of their
importance, they are sugar maple, beech, birch, and cherry. In other states
elm, sycamore, and soft maple are included.

More wood in Pennsylvania is required for broom and mop handles than
for any other class, and like hickory handles, the manufacturer makes no
other kinds. The maples, chiefly sugar maple, the birches and beech be-
cause they turn well and wear smooth in use, and to a less extent, bass-
wood, red gum, ash, and sycamore, are the broom and mop handle woods;
and all of them are reported being used in Pennsylvania. Sugar maple is
preferred and only a few years ago was most used. Its demand for other uses
at higher prices is probably the chief cause for bringing birch into first place.
High grade material is required for broom handles and squares are usually
cut direct from the log, the less desirable being put into mop handles. Mop
handle squares were found being bolted in Pennsylvania from slabs and
edgings of sawmills cutting beech, birch, and maple.

For handles where weight is not an objection and strength is the foremost
consideration, hornbeam or ironwood has been found very satisfactory. Cant
hook and peavey handles, stomper and rammer handles are examples.

Applewood is very well adapted for handsaw handles, being hard, suf-
ficiently strong, of uniform texture, and susceptible of high polish. The
attractive uniform color has caused it to become the principal wood for bet-
ter grades of handles. Red gum, cherry, and sweet birch have proved satis-
factory for saw handles, but more because they can be finished to resemble
applewood closely than because of any other special quality which they pos-
sess. Beech furnishes the material for cheaper grades. Its color is against
it and also the fact that it is not capable of high polish, but its toughness
and greater strength and ability to wear smooth probably make it nearly equal
to applewood. Other woods used for saw handles but not reported in Penn-
sylvania are mahogany and black walnut. Saw frames for buck saws are of
red oak, birch, and maple and handles of crosscut saws are of sugar maple,
hickory, and beech.

The bricklayers’ trowels have handles of dogwood and persimmon. These
woods are dense in structure and among the hardest domestic woods and
therefore best stand the wear for use as a hammer for imbedding the brick
into mortar after placing it. The plaster trowels are made of basswood. Be-
ing porous this wood absorbs the moisture from the wet hand of the mechanic
and it is claimed does not slime. In the New England states popple or aspen
is used for the same reason.

Table 59.—Wood for Handles, year ending June, 1912.

Pan Be Grown in | Grown Out
i Quantity. s _ Pennsyl- of Penn-
S de ) vania. |, sylvania.
= eH
- zal ——
a
ov
toad °
Kind of Wood.
/ he om
oh
6 o8 2 : .
p eee) | ae : :
2 is oH = Q 2
> ha 23 = a) a)
) iS) a) o
es a 4 SS cs os
Ebi ekoryai:, Nelsen cose oecieie eeee 38,978,350 36.07 $31 97 $127,045 2,599,300 1,374,050
SUSE MAE ryerjeisrereiejeicteieieiere Eadie 2,307,850 20.95 19 02 43,897 1,727,700 580, 150
TANS Ln ees ae ere ese e eet aepa steer Ee 1,969,750 17.88 28 45 56,082 1,180,750 839, 000
1 EXEL YOl onc uete ete dota pete arcane Ee ply ae 1,752,300 15.91 17 31 36, 412 1,302,800 449,500
Eornbeama yee asain arin cae 415, 500 3.77 49 53 20,580 315,500 100, 000
BIRCH ae Ge ea URI ita Gia 207,750 1.89 18 13 3,766 205, 250 2,500
1EeXo area bp cates OM Ae WSHe SAAD sms Ss ie ae 195,000 ary 29 38 BiNEBOIs |aate sore letare arete 195,000
Wihi tenor ee eee ee tone 59,000 54 27 42 1,618 59,000 | ....eccereee
AD DLE WOO Cy Rathi an seta neni micrerntonrs 50, 000: 45 40 00 2, 000 25,000 25,000
IBASSIW.OOG Mi aemiseieitecicleteisc ieee eters 41,200 +38 29 73 1,225 ATS 2005|Nisieieicictelereisiets 5
Reeder O ak, Wt tereiesie cirelcinierinise seieistetaeieters 15,000 14 17 50 263 15, OOO ive scrcvcinisicielers
Shortleatiepimeys elvis cies 12,000 11 30 00 SOON teetersreictleciets 12,000
Cherry (blacker mapeenien cae 7,500 07 50 00 375 : 2,500 5,000
Persimmonsy) aces occ nee eee 7,000 -06 54 00 SU Sulineirercietsereete 7,000
Black walnuts? s..j secnc- rescues 1,050 01 81 90 86 T3050) |e ve cjorcisiee a vies
IM DON Ya acerciciuise tenia eects 327 * 305. 81 SK ilkegebocadsnace 327
DOS WOO prep sccveatetaie erelenicte ee cise aise 230 * 67 57 163 ao ties eee 230
WROSE WOO: iiish cies cise nicer eisheecn 100 * 360 00 BGR WN cet isaiers 100
Mo talllan cia taceeis tlvcrahice nai aiol 11,014, 907 100.00 $26 68 $293,919 7,425,050 3,589, 857

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

LAUNDRY APPLIANCES.

The fourteen woods demanded by the Pennsylvania manufacturers for mak-
ing laundry accessories are listed in Table 60 following and they aggregate
a cut of over nine million feet. Four woods, sugar maple, beech, birch, and
yellow poplar, contributed nearly 70 per cent. of the total. Of these sugar
maple is the most important, in quantity furnishing more than one-half of
the entire demand. Four woods were cut entirely outside of the State but
nearly three-fourths of the aggregate employed grew in Pennsylvania, show-
ing to what extent this industry, is dependent upon the forest resources of
the State and why manufacturers should be interested in ‘the movement to
protect and improve the forests.

Clothespins are the smallest commodity grouped under this heading but
they are not the least important as more wood is used for their manufacture
than for any other laundry product. Over four million feet is the amount
annually required. Fine grained beech and sugar maple in nearly equal quan-
tities were the principal woods used. The other kinds include birch and
yellow poplar. The last named and maple also are used for making clip
pins, which are two wooden scales held together by a wire spring. The woods
used in Pennsylvania as clothespin material are the same as those used in
other states except in Virginia where the manufacturers report black gum,
both the water gum and cotton gum varieties, which in those parts are in-
discriminately called black gum. Three processes are necessary in the manu-
facture of clothespins, (1) the rough billets are turned to proper form, (2)
they are put through another machine which slits them, (3) they are finally
consigned into revolving cylinders to be tumbled or smoothed by abrasion.

Ironing boards and stands are an important part of this industry and the
woods used are selected according to their fitness for the several parts. The
frames or the collapsible stand upon which the boards rest require a strong
wood and one that turns readily. Sugar maple and beech are reported in
Pennsylvania while in Michigan elm and yellow birch joined with these in
furnishing this material. Ironing boards are preferably of a wood that is
soft and easily smoothed and one that in the presence of high temperature
holds its shape well. It should be made of light weight wood so as to be
easily portable. Cottonwood answers well but buckeye, basswood, yellow
poplar, and white pine are probably the favorites. Besides regular-size iron-
ing boards, these woods were also reported for skirt and sleeve boards used for
specialty work.

Beech, birch, and maple, because they are strong, tough, and not easily
split, were reported for making clothes racks, sometimes called horses, and
for clothes driers. Light weight wood like basswood or aspen were used for
the stringers. The racks are made of turned stock and fold together like a
screen. The driers are revolving reels through the arms of which wire is
strung for hanging clothes. These include the ones that are temporarily
attachable to back porches of apartment buildings and also the kinds that
are placed in back yards. Adjustable curtain stretchers used in laundering
lace and other thin fabric window curtains are included in this industry.
Basswood was the only wood used while a large amount of loblolly pine was
called on for clothes props.

Mangles are ironing machines used for domestic purposes in ironing flat
work such as table and bed linen, towels, handkerchiefs, etc. In appear-
ance they resemble clothes wringers, having their rolls operating at a tangent.
Some of them are intended only for cold ironing or smoothing. In these the
rolls are of wood and the pressure of the rolls alone does the work giving
the clothes the same smooth appearance as if hot ironed. In Pennsylvania
they are made alone of sugar maple but the Michigan report also shows
beech and elm though in much smaller quantities. Machines are also made
for hot ironing and in these the upper roll is hollow metal heated while
the lower one is wood covered with padding and a top dress of muslin. Mangle
rollers vary in size from. 34 inches in diameter and 20 inches long to 6 inches
diameter and 24 inches long.

Washing machines are of various designs and shapes, some in box form,
some conical shape similar to a wash tub, and others are cylindrical. The
last named is the design used in steam laundries. Cypress is more suitable
than any other wood for washing machine bodies because it is less liable to
warp and more durable in situations of alternating moisture and dryness.
Ash and to a small extent white pine were also reported. Of the Pacific coast
woods, redwood seems to give the best result. On account of the strength
of sugar maple it was called on for the legs of washing machines; and
beaters or agitators which work inside of the machine to turn the clothes
in washing are made of beech or maple.

The reasons which commend cypress for washing machines make it the
principal wood for wash tubs. In Michigan spruce was the favorite wood
while the Illinois manufacturers used cypress, cotton gum, and red gum in
the order named. The increasing use of these woods, especially cotton gum,
which is tupelo, is worthy of note.

For washboards, the manufacturers require woods that are light in color,
especially for the print board, which is stenciled. Yellow poplar alone is
called on in this State but in Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan, basswood, cot-
tonwood, and cotton gum were demanded. Washboard sides or posts are

made from beech and sugar maple. The former is more extensively used.
The rubbing surface at one time was made of maple and beech, but now
metal or glass rubs have been substituted.

Table 60.—Wood for Laundry Appliances, year ending June, 1912.

7 7
a | > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ie 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. | Sylvania.
~ te}
———EE x 5
As Q
o
taal re)
Kind of Wood. ie
2s e
E o8 2 .
q e ane ro) A A
. 8 to. © .
(Q oO se 4 2 2
a) Hi ary 2 ar) 3S
& & < & Ei es
Suse’ wHEVMI Gocoonobansondouvopdde 6,340,500 58.73 $28 75 $150, 613 3,380, 500 2,955,000
IBCOCHE Rael teysicle letotcicieelelelelelsteie\eloreners sist 1, 432, 000 13.26 15 95 22,842 1, 352, 000: 80, 000
ISHED: coadedoenndasuoodeanGouOOGeODS 1,090, 060 10.10 12 72 13,860 1,070, 000 20', 000
Mellow: POPVAL Whi ccsmiercieicleloleses ee 610, 000 5.65 16 44 10, 030 500, 000 110', 000
COELOM WOOD) y Grceieiilnrlicieleiejeieleisieiclsiee 500, 000 4.63 32 90 TG SAS ON Rericteiaiereloieteyere 500, 000
BASS. OO Ciineterereetee re cteletololclalcekeltrsioierctele 437,000 4.05 32 52 14, 210 108,500 328, 500
WEL OWT HOW CKEY.Cy titemicleiejelslele)slelelersats 125, 000 1.16 28 00 3, 500 a ASANO AoA a aosodds
Red and silver maple, ............ 80, 000 «14 25 00 1,990 42,500 387,500
Shite PINE shee Cees a ne ae 78, 200 72 35 92 2,809 25,000 53,200
Cypress, “(Dali vie a. creceisleicsecivie 39, 000 -36 39 10 1,525 | ...... Mobiciere 39,000
AAS CrNliey MAREK Gp ooecabduodoppecaue 30, 000 28 23 50 705, 10,000 20,000
UC AMO AKA ee lereyetsstcotolslerohoislojareretetelessicisyexs 30, 000 28 23 50 705 10,000 20, 000
WINESEMUEAM ey evstercts elcioreleictolelelolsiciuietereieraiet 3, 000 08 24 00: 72 2,000 1,000
INANE osagepeed epeaoaDoue bu bbopadoGd 1,000 01 25 00 25 HUES QHD) ie eeetsroperteleretels
Motels gers onasaershitee erases 10,795,700 100.00 $22 17 $239, 336 6, 631,500 4,164, 200

CIGAR BOXES.

Cigar boxes are the only wooden tobacco containers made in Pennsylvania
and the woods required solely for this purpose are listed in Table 61. In a
number of southern states, plug and twist tobacco boxes were included with
cigar box lumber and the factories known as the tobacco box industry.
Cigar box material is bought as thin lumber and veneer, the former usually
5-32 of an inch in thickness. This material, as is customary in commerce,
was reported in terms of superficial feet. To make it comparable with the
other tables of this report, however, it was reduced to board measure and
valued on that basis. For this reason the cost of the material may appear
somewhat high, especially since the cost of manufacture has not been elimi-
nated nor has any allowance been made for waste. The prices range from
$20 to $30 per thousand feet surface measure for Spanish cedar, $12.50 to
$16.50 for yellow poplar and basswood and $14 to $17.50 for cotton gum
and red gum.

Though the eastern part of Pennsylvania raises the best grades of leaf to-
bacco, the center of the cigar box industry is not located there but in the
Pittsburgh region where the manufacture of stogies and cigars has gained
a reputation.

Spanish cedar, it is claimed, gives a delicate odor to the cigars which is
attributed to no other wood. This accounts for the fact that it is the principal
cigar box wood not only in Pennsylvania but in the country at large. Spanish
eedar is native to the West Indies and Central America and is brought to
this country in log form to be manufactured. It is a broad leafed tree and
not a relative of the domestic cedars or junipers which are conifers.

Not all of the Spanish cedar goes into cigar boxes as thin lumber. Much
of it is veneer glued to a native wood that is thicker and this two-ply stock
supplies a large part of the demand of the cigar box material and at a price
considerably below that asked for Spanish cedar lumber. Yellow pop-
lar, cotton gum, basswood, and red gum are the domestic woods which
furnish most of the veneer backing. Yellow poplar is used in larger quan-
tities in Pennsylvania than the combined amounts of the three other woods,
probably because western Pennsylvania is near to the center of the yellow
poplar lumber producing region. This region, together with a part of Penn-
sylvania, includes mainly West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and
southern Ohio. Tupelo or cotton gum and red gum are equally well suited
for built-up material. They work easily and with the recent improvement
in kiln drying veneer the objection formerly made to their tendency to twist
and warp has been largely overcome. The decreasing supply of yellow poplar
and its large demand for many other uses are bringing cotton and red gum
rapidly to the front for this line of manufacture.

The domestic woods used are not all overlaid with Spanish cedar veneer.
They are extensively cut to full thickness for boxes of solid lumber. To give
these woods a cigar box appearance, which means to make it resemble Spanish
cedar, the process of stamping is resorted to and improvements in this line
give it an effect which makes it difficult without close inspection to dis-
tinguish the imitations from the cedar. Where domestic woods are inde-
pendently used, most often the inside of the box is covered with litho paper,
advertising the name of the cigar and maker. Waste in cigar box manu-
facture is largely utilized; the ends and sides can be made from what is
left after cutting the tops and bottoms.

Table 61—Wood for Cigar Boxes, year ending June, 1912.

: Pa be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
a GH
Ah a
o
: oe °
Kind of Wood.
Bp z
. oR 2 G
=| oa 28 8 | g
ra g a a s r=
on Vr S + »
o u Sa i) ® @
gi ma |S | Sea ida bees Fa
Spanisheiced arte seatecs cee chionieece | 5, 800, 160 58.41 | $112 71 | CERES Il Seooceasoas6 5,800,160
Cottons sume caecnecclee 2,043,917 20.58 63 37 | PALE) Gaosasopoese 2,043,917
Yellow poplar, 0.00520) 1, 041,928 10.49| 75 31 | 78, 465 24,500| 1,017,428
La =1o Fired b boo ES ORR Ee Be ce GO aReIcEe 549, 750 5.54 49 79 PALERL BN (Saab agganaas 549,750
Basswood ss ese eee Cau 495, 000 4.98) 64.95 | SIE eee ae OMNES 495,000
TRO TA rel veeccerstcletcisiate a yeisisteleistoieters 9,930, 755 100.00 $92 77 | $921, 242 24,500 9,906, 255
{

WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES.

The commodities produced by the factories grouped under this industry
are many and varied. This accounts for the twenty different woods listed
in Table 62, including small quantities of two foreign woods, rosewood and
lignum-vitae. The total consumption of wood in this industry was over eight
and one-half million feet annually and beech, mostly home-grown, was used
in quantities greater than the total of any other five woods listed. Basswood
represented the greatest amount of shipped-in material, a little over three-
fourths of it coming from New York and West Virginia.

100

Woodenware refers to useful household articles, such as pails, buckets,
freezers, hose reels, snow shovels, rat and mouse traps, comb boxes, broom
holders, and towel racks, and also to utensils important in the equipment of
kitchens, such as pastry and pie boards, meat boards, rolling pins, slaw
cutters, fish and steak planks, lemon squeezers, potato mashers, ete. A
portion of the pails made by this industry in Pennsylvania is for candy
packages. Though these may more properly belong to the box industry,
they have been included here with other pails and buckets, the method of
manufacture being identical and the same factories making both styles.
While white pine is the favorite wood for pail staves in Pennsylvania, as
it is in nearly all other states where this industry is important, a few of the
softer hardwoods like basswood, yellow poplar, buckeye, and willow are also
employed. Bales or handles of buckets are rarely made by the pail manu-
facturer. The variety wood-workers or manufacturers specializing in all
kinds of turnings furnish them. Beech, birch, and maple are used in the
largest quantities.

Mouse traps belong to this industry. They are made of beech, yellow
poplar, red gum, sugar maple, and white elm in the order named, and over
1,500,000 feet of these woods are annually required for their making. Sugar
maple and holly were used for rolling pins, the latter being shipped from
Arkansas and being desired because of its density, toughness, whitish color,
and its capacity to turn well. Beech being strong and not imparting a taste
went for lemon squeezers except for the bowls which required a harder,
denser wood. Lignum-vitae, sent in from the West Indies, was found most
suitable and is used for expensive squeezers while glass bowls answered for
cheaper ones.

Planks for cooking planked fish and steaks have been made for years from
one wood, principally white oak. Originally a common surfaced oak board met
the demand but now they are manufactured in various shapes and sizes to fit
the holders into which they are placed for service. To keep the essences
from running off the plank they are frequently grooved which adds also to their
appearance when not in use. Rosewood was the only foreign wood reported
for toddy sticks but sugar maple and beech are most commonly used.

Novelties are of so many different kinds that space here will not allow an
attempt to name them. Novelty makers themselves can hardly list all the
different articles they make because they produce specialties of all kinds,
mostly to order, and usually have no standard lines. Those marked with
an * in the legend of the accompanying illustration will give an idea of the
class of commodities included as novelties.

Table 62.—Wood for Woodenware and Novelties, year ending June, 1912.

co be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 8 vania. sylvania.
tity we
ry a
ovo
eB 3
Kind of Wood. 3 f
Zp %
B O8 3 “3
| 3 aS S g =|
: 5 6.8 :
Q ra) Shi I a2 a
a) 4 2a 3 ary 3
ov jo) DL 2)
B am 4 ey Seat Fe cs
Beech ieeseinceanctcreicececiinierier | 3,689, 000 42.44 $20 46 $74, 446 3,356, 000 283,000
Sugar MAP], wie ceitlew ccs vewimeisisiriele 1,040, 500 12.13 23 34 24,280 737,500 303, 000
Basswood, 944, 000! 11.01 24 26 22,905 228,500 715,500
VAIS Hale ears late ates 565 634,500 7.40 30 67 19,462 259, 500 375, 000
Vine Gb, soscoooqsascasbonesodcde | 500, 000 5.83 28 00 14,000 | ............ 500, 000

Fig. 16.—Tier bins for a provision store, just completed by a fixture manufacturer of Pittsburgh.

‘prroqg surddvim v8 JO SUOTSUVTIIP PIVPULIS SULMOYS SUIMvIC— JT ‘STL

i a == ~ - = - S9YIL/ OZ —— - — - —— - — _ - —— - — J

WOIZDIAS JOWIPN,IEUO?

! Ae ee ee |
4b -§ —_ - soyous { ——-——-—4 as

: eis tee Sooo Los

STHVOG IN/ASAVYM

IT Cormpletre Flas.

ll Cope

LE:
iil Hi

fig IZ-

4.COpe Lars
5. Maries

41g ID- 3 Bo0ftor7 Loard

3. Sottorr Loara
4.Cope Lars

5. Haric//es

Fig. 19.—Sixty different kinds of novelties made by one
manufacturer of Pennsylvania.

‘Al

15),
*6.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 19.
Plumber’s turnpin-—dogwood.
File haundle—black walnut.

. Candlestick—soft maple.
. Drift plug (plumber’s)—dogwood.

Banner pole emblem—yellow poplar.
Banner pole emblem—yellow poplar.
Turned handles, bench tools—sugar maple.

. Rolling pin—sugar maple.

Bench rammer, foundry too], made from 10.

. Rough square—sugar maple.

. Ten pin, made from 10.

. Duck pin, made from 12.

5. Indian club made from 14 (rough square)—yellow poplar.
. Gavel—rosewood.

. Tinner’s mallet—lignum-vitae.

. Carpenter’s mallet—dogwood, maple handle.

. Dental mallet—dogwood.

. Flag pole top—sugar maple.

. Foundry mallet—dogwood, maple handle.

. Spoons—soft maple.

. Baseboard, mounting used by taxidermist—red oak.

. Wateh case frame—yellow poplar.

5. Plasterer’s houck—sugar maple.

. Bung starter, made from rough square 27—dogwood.

. Candle pedestal—yellow poplar.

. Policeman’s club—rosswood, made from rough square 30.
. Watchman’s billy—mahogany, made from rough square 32
4. Spigots—red cedar.

5. Spigot, oil barrels—red cedar, two unfinished parts.

. Kid (rope slicer)—hickory.

7. Air pump handle—hickory.

. Large and small plumber’s dressers—lignum-vitae.

. Bottle corker—sugar maple.

Lemon squeezer—sugar maple with cup and filler—lignum vitae.

. Bolt—lignum-vitae.

. Ten pin ball made from 42.

. Bull’s eye used as a rope tie on ships—lignum vitae.
. Electrical apparatus part, 9 layers glued—mahogany.
. Gavel—ebony.

. Alms plate—black walnut.

51 and 52. Coopersmith’s mallet—dogwood and water gum, hickory handle.

. Bolt—water gum.

. Maul—kickory, handle made from 57.

. Maul—hickory, handle made from 62.

. Bolt—water gum.

. Maul—hickory, handle with bark made from 62.

Kraut stamper—sugar maple, haudle made from 70.

. Bolt—water gun.
. Pedestal for loving cup—red gum.
. Candlestick—mahogany.

BIqd pep JO LoadnJoRjNuvul dIVMMOpOOM VB Jo JONPOL|— "VG SLT

101

Table 62—Concluded.

cS Pe Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Q , Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
a Ll
ws a
ovo
Pe re)
Kind of Wood. a5 ¢
n ss SH
9 8 5 on : :
| ~ ane ° a q
a 2 ao “ a | ra
: a) 2
8 s | 5 ic 3 8
< Ay is } & &
MWellowapOplar yy eriercieteleties -eicleele 482,500 | 5.63 29 11 14,045 | 27,500 455, 000
JEON Gaddaandon deonedmodasoaancoods 466,500 5.44 25 95 12,105 230,000 236,500
FROGS SUI st laiccitetice cee ee icieistele scale 225,000 | 2.62 23 50 5,287 | 1... eee eee 225,000
Aine joboAWinegy soneaobaaadaattoden 225,000 | 2.62 11 78 2,650 | ZZ OO0R Blsrcceleisisielee
Red and silver maple, .......... 210, 525 | 2.45 14 43 3, 038 | PAV PAD. | ond bdGaouenaS
Welllowabuckeyiey mecca. 83,700 | 98 | 25 00 DNOO BHT cretereoreretartrercte 83,700
folliys American) eos ccictts cles =e 60, 000, -70 | 100 00 GA Ue aaa pe oesaon 60, 000
Vids One e aco soaadop capo er onan 26,300 | seule |} 31 64 832 | 25,800 500
“RALOWE Meee ee a eee 25, 000 | 29 13 00) 325 | DHAUCO |lssooobascose
(Cauigm faut. ‘Soucesconsacosnds abebe 6,900 | .08 20: 00 TSS.y waa aes 6,900
IEHOMOIAA Miva b ooh odaoacn Habe OAM oC oO NEO 2,500: 03 60 00 150 | PALE lS ogdonodbeae
SiGHMESS “Gooococdbs 1,000 01 43 00 CRN) istiecoeceer 1,000
Red oak, ....-. | 800! | -O1 40 00 | 32 | SO Om ieetcvetsrorsiesice
Rosewood, ........ | 555 01 245 05 TIER h Seocodauenos 555
Lignum-vitae, 500 | 01 | - 850 00 UGG) || Sodostaousco 500
OGLE RENAN NG Seey: (able crave nieve core 8,574, 780 | 100.00) $23 57 $202,141 5,328, 625 3,246,155
| |

TANKS, VATS, AND SILOS.

The market for wooden tanks is broadening in spite of the fact that metal
tanks are used to a considerable extent. In no other line is there a greater
increase in demand for this commodity than by factories where tanks are
needed to furnish water for manufacturing and engineering purposes. They
are usually elevated to the top of the factory buildings, but most frequently
on towers varying in height according to the pressure desired. Water tanks
along railroads are in this class and southern white cedar, cypress, white
pine, and longleaf pine, in the order of quantity, are the woods used for
the staves. Shortleaf pine and hemlock went for tank covers. Tank staves
are made of heavy material, the thickness varying according to the size and
use of the tanks. Often the staves are as much as three inches thick and
they must of necessity be made of the best grade of lumber since tanks are
subject to strong pressure besides continued atmospheric changes, and the
influence of water and other liquids has a deteriorating effect. z

In selecting material for tank and vat staves the manufacturer is guided
mainly by the use to which the finished commodity is to be put, as there
are qualities in the several woods which commend them for certain kinds.
The distillers and vinegar makers prefer yellow poplar for keeping-vats,
but yellow poplar in some localities is too costly and its place has been taken
by cypress and white pine. Brewery vats are usually of cypress and white
oak. These woods are durable and strong and have no effects upon the
taste and odor of the contents. Where a tank is closed and fermentation
active or where one of extra resisting power is needed, white oak is preferred
because close grained, heavy, and strong. Southern white cedar is also
a favorite and though not so strong as white oak, when used it is strongly
reinforced.

Vats for the manufacture of oleomargarine are of white pine, cypress, and
Douglas fir, while those in pickle factories are generally cypress, Douglas
fir, and longleaf pine. Individual oil tanks call for white pine, white oak,

102

and chestnut. The use of the last named wood is interesting since Pennsyl-
vania is the only state in which this wood has been reported for tank staves.
It may be in the future that it will be called on more generally for this use
owing to its being cheaper than most other tank woods and being sufficiently
strong and durable. The tanners are not particular as to the kinds of woods
used for their tanks, durability and strength being the principal considera-
tions. Cypress and southern white cedar were the most prominent, the latter
because of durability being the best qualified.

The silo is given a place in this industry because generally it resembles a
tank both when built and in its component parts and occasionally makers of
tank stock also manufacture silos. The processes of manufacture of both,
though not identical, are similar. The up-to-date farmer regards the silo
as an almost indispensable part of his equipment as it furnishes a means of
having succulent forage during the winter season. The demand for silos
is growing rapidly and large quantities of high grade lumber go for their
making. Longleaf pine, Douglas fir, cypress, red or Norway pine, and white
pine are the silo woods the Pennsylvania manufacturers report. White pine
is probably the best known, as it has been used longer than any other and is
the only home grown pine reported. Its high price probably accounts for its
use only in small quantities. Because cypress is durable in damp situations,
it is regarded one of the best silo materials and in some localities is pre-
ferred even above white pine. Next to southern white cedar it will outlast
any other wood for silos. Longleaf pine from the South and Douglas fir
from Idaho and Oregon are extensively used and are favored because staves
can be made from them in sufficient lengths for one piece staves. Silos of
this character are more easily erected than when the staves are in two or
three pieces. These woods do not twist or warp; they are close-grained,
strong, unaffected by acids or juices of the plants and are cheaper. Redwood
is meeting a growing demand for staves according to silo makers in other
states but none was used in Pennsylvania. It is claimed that redwood, next
to cypress, is the most durable wood, can be gotten in long lengths, is free
from sap and knots, is not given to check and warp, and will answer both
for silos in exposed situations as well as for those built into barns.

Table 63—Wood for Tanks and Silos, year ending June, 1912.

q PB Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S g vania. sylvania.
ah GH
Ay a
o
A =) ro)
Kind of Wood. a
De qe
; SB 2
. QD ;
ae LE g i a
2 3) hel = a a
Sas Cy » ~
o u be om oa o
Honeleat) pine, wij... ..ecene cies es 2,565, 000 32.66 $26 57 $68, 150 [Rseadics stant 2,565,000
Southern white cedar, .... 2,554,000 32.52 36 31 CPU Saacagueoane 2,554, 000
Cypress (bald), ..... 60 1,188, 000 14.49 56 32 yA dannposoades 1,188,000
IWIHITER DINGS Aerie ceteicieine Sve 820, 000 10.44 34 84 28,570 60, 000 760, 000
USL AS Hl ecatiem erie tte veettion q 450,000 5.73 43 33 YEE): Goasadooogee 450, 000
SPIUCC, oeeeeeeeeeeeeee cesses ee enes 100, 000: E27, 30 00: SEND egoocdondeon 100, 000
Shortleaf pine, 9... ......2. sce. , 204 1.10 29 47 PE Gy I Saad sauoaes 86, 200
stuthes) (CENS “Goubdacnagosvoqouedbouat 50,000 64 43 00: 2,156 50,000 | ......ee seen
INOLWAVe DIM Che ineceineininoeitonhnes 50, 000: 64 35 00 ALT IM Weqdaobaponad 50, 000
reWaleyel iss = GooaooqracdoaaooobNb Oo bneO 25, 000 32 18 00 450 255000 fi iciciseicceces
Ohestmut Aer wsccisicsclre cee eevclaliereee 15,000 19 20 00 300 15,000 | ............
TO LAWS irae aloletefeleie evereiedsinereieveiats 7,853, 200 100.00 | $36 07 $283, 240 150, 000 é 7,703, 200

—_—_—

103

MACHINE CONSTRUCTION.

Most parts of the machinery equipment of paper mills, flour mills, ice
factories, sawmills, cotton gins, etc., are made of iron and steel, but for
others wood is required and it is the different kinds of lumber for making
these parts that are listed in Table 64. Electrical machinery parts and other
electrical apparatus are not included in this class. This information will be
presented subsequently as a separate industry. It is natural to infer that
wooden parts of machinery must, in a great number of cases, call for lumber
of great strength. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that white oak is
the preponderant wood, comprising over one-third of the total and that long-
leaf pine and hickory follow it in quantity. The largest amount of hickory
in the form of plank is shown in this industry. The vehicle and handle
makers report using more but their raw material is in billet form, in squares,
and in bolts. Douglas fir is the only Pacific coast’ wood listed. Like long-
leaf pine it possesses considerable strength and because the trees grow large
and of great height, timber of large dimensions and length can readily be ob-
tained. This probably accounts for its appearance in this industry, far from
where it is cut. The average price is nearly twice that of longleaf pine.

Machine parts must necessarily be made from high grade lumber and in
this connection it is interesting to note that nearly 55 per cent. of all that
was reported was grown in the State. The factories included in this indus-
iry are numerous, though compared with other industries they use small
amounts of wood. The fact that the requirements of these manufacturers
are met so largely by the forests of the State should elicit their interest in
the movement to protect forests and thereby perpetuate the State’s timber
supply. Some parts of 14 of the 19 woods listed in the table were cut in
Pennsylvania, and their principal uses have been arranged in the order of
their importance as follows:

Bins (Road Equipment). Blevators.
Shortleaf pine. Red oak.
Chestnut.
Breaker. Longleaf pine.
Yellow poplar. Yellow poplar, (feed mills).
: : Basswood.
Cider Mills. White oak.

Yellow poplar.

Clay Working Machinery. Engine and Machinery Skids.

Hemlock. Beech.
Sugar maple.
Cranes. Hemlock.
Yellow poplar. Hickory. :

OG LIDAR AIA Flour and Feed Mill Machinery. —

White oak.
Hickory. Red oak,
White ash. Yellow poplar.
Shortleaf pine. Longleaf pine.
Maple. Sugar maple.
Birch. Hickory.
Basswood. Chestnut.
Yellow poplar. White ash.
Chestnut. White pine.
Hemlock.
General Mill Machinery.
Derricks. White pine.
White oak. Longleaf pine.
Cork elm. Sugar maple,
Sugar maple. White oak,
Douglas fir. Cypress.

Hoists.
Yellow poplar.
Sugar maple.
Hickory.

Horse Power Machinery.

Sugar maple.
Yellow poplar.

Ice Machines.
White oak.
Red oak.
Longleaf pine.
White ash.

Oil Well Machinery.
White oak.
Red oak.
White pine.
Shortleaf pine.
Hemlock.
Sugar maple.
Beech.
Douglas fir.
Longleaf pine.

Ore Machinery.

Red oak.
Chestnut.

Paper Mill Machinery.
White oak.
Yellow poplar.
Longleaf pine.
Sugar maple.

104

Push Poles.

Hickory.
Ash.

Road Scrapers.

Longleaf pine.
White pine.

Road Engine Parts.
Yellow poplar.
Red oak.
White oak.
White pine.

Rock and Stone Crushers.
Red oak.
Chestnut.
White oak.
White pine.

Sawmill Parts.
Longleaf pine.
Hickory.

Red oak.
White oak.
Shortleaf pine.

Mining Screens.

Red oak.
Chestnut.

Water Wheels.
White oak.
White pine.
Shortleaf pine.
Poplar.

Table 64—Wood for Machine Construction Parts, year ending June, 1912.

Kind of Wood.

White vod yes ies ais aehee cn alee
On Sleahi pin ey aie iarsic <iele\siate slevsieleieieveets |
ELV CKOLY 4 aie Uachaeren ona ori deracion
EM OW POPLAT raves arciomielsefereis\eleys
RCO BIE i hid laie oichspain sis Sinitatesiterele sree nate |

Efemilo cle teitacnincscisien en tisteas siete |
Sugaremal plese yo nsiessisieteriele oreisseletetetere
ID OUSTAS AT Merce sacl rotevocsiereins selotrerete
STOTGI CAE INS y i ieverarei clelcisters etelefeleteteiers
Wihitepine maptevecn ane sme en. |

PAS Detail stelatetcteletcrstetetie clelsisiers |
Chestnut,

Pitch pine,
MO DLOM VAIN ewe aiers csereielereyoisterers/s\risleve |

| Par =) Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ss s Pennsyl- of Penn-
| = vania. sylvania.
= a
— nd “ ——
| : >
' = 3
. 5 a od ‘ 9
| 4 on S =| |
é q t.3 9
2 3 au = Q 2
~ ) ~ ~
3 Es BS 3 8 8
cs ou mee ai Ss | &
2,366,100 33.61 $26 31 | $62, 258 2,311,100 55, 000
1, 481, 000 20.33 27 66 SEbEe Ih poboobDUDOdES 1,431,000
699, 000 9.93 27 27 | 19,063 643 , 000 56, 000
640, 800 9.10 | 42 86 | 27,463 29,800 611,000
557,500 UZ 27 79 | 15,491 247,500 310, 000:
| |
296, 000: 4,20 | 18 22 5, 392 PAT SUR Saeeoouoonds
288, 700 4.10 29 69 | 8,572 145, 700 143, 000
200, 000: | 2.84 51 25 | IUEPELI) || Sp oodoonaees 200,000
168, 000 2.3 23 99 | 3,910 10, 000 153, 000:
143, 500 2.04 41 34 5, 932 83, 500: 60, 000
83, 000: 1.18 44 88 | 3,725 5, 000 78, 000
73,000 1.04 35 67 | 2,604 23, 000 50,000
49,100 70: | 16 44 | 807 AQNTOON Peicvtsatereslerclels
25,000 35 32 00 SOM asics enpaarre 25,000
11,000 16 14 55 160 DST OOO ie teres crate letalatsyy

BS COGHMMtelrletererieisict racic ecoreisisvekeaseleiets

105 ©

Table 64—Concluded.

ea Pb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Be s Pennsyl- of Penn-
Ss | vania. sylvania.
- oH
a i s
o
; es re)
Kind of Wood. a
a
6 ONS 17 : °
: Boa llate g 8
a $ aH Ay 2 2
le ino}
» or ~ ~ 7
o um a} o o o
2 ae . Z Q
ASS OO Cain sareversictey vatetstai er eadieteroretalavcte 8,500 12 | 36 47 310 500
ISON: edonnduodcooc00Ku0 | 3,000 04 2. 00 75 SHUG | Goocoanousds
Cork elm, 2,600 03 50: 00 UG) | padogsasaobe
Cypress (bald), * 75 00 BLAM | eteveteretevereee/ siete
MRO ball aarstepuerevste ctpetsielsCyveststorevenst 7,040,350} 100.00 | $29 33 $206, 508 8, 858, 200 3,182,150

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

All commodities used by farmers in the preparation of the soil and in
gathering and garnering crops are grouped under this industry. The prin-

cipal uses of the eighteen woods called for are as follows:

Cider Mill Presses.

Sugar maple.
White pine.

Cultivator Parts.
Ash (handles, pole).
Shortleaf pine.
White oak (handles).

Corn Planter Parts.

Basswood.
Yellow poplar.

Corn Sheller Parts.

Beech (frames).

Birch (frames).

Chestnut.

Shortleaf pine (sides).
Sugar maple (boxes, posts).

Hveners.
Hickory.
Red oak.
White oak.

Feed and Ensilage Cutter Parts.

Beech (frame work).
Cypress (boxes).

Shortleaf pine (box sides).
Yellow poplar (sides).

Fertilizer and Lime Distributors.

Cotton gum (boxes).
Longleaf pine (poles).
Red gum.

Hand Rakes.
Hickory (teeth).

Harrows, Spike Tooth.
Red oak. ~
White oak.

Hay Ladders.

Ash.
White oak.

Hay Presses.

Sugar maple.
White oak.

Horse Pokes.
White elm.

Horse Rake Parts.
White ash.

Fand Roller Parts.
Longleaf pine (poles, tops).
Shortleaf pine (tops).

Sugar maple (blocks, tongues,

tops).
White oak (frames).

Laon Mower Handles.

Black ash.
White ash.

Levers, Various Implements.
White ash.

Fertilizer Distributor Parts.
Red gum.

106

Litter and Siraw Carrier Parts. Neck Yokes.

Sugar maple. Hickory.
White oak. White oak.
Yellow poplar. Beech.

Threshing machines, including grain threshers and clover hullers, are
the most important commodities of-this industry, and in this particular line
of manufacture Pennsylvania leads all other states. There are many interior
parts of these machines that require woods of different qualities. “The
general tendency to substitute metal for wood has not proved practical and
consequently a majority of these parts like grain registers, dust conveyors,
and screen frames are still made largely of wood. Likely for the same rea-
son, frames and siding or exterior panels of threshers call for wood and
white pine and yellow poplar are the principal panel woods because these
woods are light, easily worked, take paint readily, and are not given to
twist and check.

Straw-carriers, closely allied to threshers, are another product important
in this industry in Pennsylvania. Woods similar to those for threshers
are demanded; white oak, yellow poplar, and sugar maple in the order named
being most frequently called for.

Corn shellers and land rollers demand a considerable amount of lumber
each year. Beech for framing, shortieaf pine, and yellow poplar for panels
play an important part in making the former, and sugar maple and oak
for the latter. The rollers of land rollers were formerly made of wood. A
cross-section from a sycamore or yellow poplar log was usually selected and
the rollers were usually made on the farm or at nearby blacksmith shops.
Today these implements are in universal use and have been found indis-
pensable, as a labor saver. The factories sometime ago began making them
and now use metal almost entirely, but a small amount of wood is still in
use and hard maple meets the demand in the State. The bottoms of the roller
platforms are of shortleaf pine but any strong wood will answer for this
purpose. The roller blocks or bearing frames are of hard maple. The hay
baler manufacturers also use sugar maple ahead of other woods; but oak,
both white and red, is indispensable for certain parts.

Table 65.—Wood for Agricultural Implements, year ending June, 1912.
< : Grown in | Grown Out
A oa u
Quantity. bap Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania
me = .
a &
a i
Kind of Wood. ae 3
: ' is) a : :
A rs pes 2 q 5
: a aS Ss 5 :
a g pur ny s a
8 7 os $ 3 8
o o as i) o ®
| cs ay 4 qo Ey &
ect Wile 7 2A Re aE a eee oe Leer Ne SAAS Cee ABUL
i}
Whiter “oaks cae sass stiasie 1,678,700 | 28.97 | $35 60 $59, 768 887, 700 791,000
Red onk ymeeiene hoe ususnset sashes 1,617,000] 23.08) 32.58 52, 680 447,000 | — 1,170,000:
SUSATEIMA ICN Pececicstcieleteraciersieisieleteoiec 032, 600 14.74 28 04 28, 952 365, 500! 667,100
DY CLLOW DOD AI crersisjoicleieistelelelsisieieieisioi6 757,500 10.81 34 59 26, 205 33,000 724, 560
AISI eC oe abe apenas awed 599,100 8.55 | 38 73) 28, 202 103,100 496,000
one leatepin cysts eee eiies 568, 200 8.04 31 77 | LTASOSH Ns ees ease 563, 200
Ghestnutygcvs ceo eects 140, 000 2.00} 19 07 2,670 40, 000 100, 000
HUICKOryensaecuesien sce aeencseeen 124, 400 1.78 | 38 41 4,156 99, 400 25,000
NV Hews DIN CMe lei ciejcieceleleisieinccieuvereles 116, 000 | 1.66 sale 3,678 26, 000 90, 000
Shortleaf pine; oc 0vsi ces ee 95,000 1.36 29 74 aS LOM |e Sau see 95, 000

107

Table 65—Concluded.

& Fs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a © Pennsyl- of Penn-
2 3 vania. sylvania.
an Hw
ha 2
o
eB ro)
Kind of Wood. a5 f
S| or
5 ©) bo ~ i 9
E of g | A
& om) ° 6
a 3 as = 3 2
mh a eo. iS oo a
yt aaa agh Fes! = 2 g
Rasswood, aes 80, 000 1.14 | 31 06 2,485 30, 000
Cork elm, Aa 50,000 | aval 25. 00 1, 250 50,000
IGN, bHedoa0d ah 42,000 | .60 22 86 | 960 32,000
(CKoyeeOial| AAT,” oghbonuoduangoaounodaS | 35, 000 50 36 00 | Ret) eaabdo
(Chores T (oe), Gocouaudoodsucodn 30,000 | 43 35. 00 1, 050 Nae
| | |
Red SUM, ....... se eee eee esse eee | 24,000 34 36 00 SGAS | Vince:
EWR, Gaoongoavonbo0abd CobOGHORdOUDD | 20, 000! | 729 24 00 | 480 20,000
GucumMber were oeeie nec eee eee | 300; * 30 00 9 300
ANGI “SoononsopodoeaopagGaodd 7,004, S00 100.00 $32 89 $230, 887 2,134, 000 4,870,800
*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.
TOYS.
The commodities included in this industry and the woods that supplied

the material for making them are as follows:

Animals. Chestnut.
Basswood. Birch.
Soft maple.
Blocks (Toy Wagon). a aes
0 ° nite Oak.
White pine. Redon
Boats. ° Elm.
Basswood. Games.

White pine.

Cannon and Fort Sets.

Basswood.
Sweet birch.
Beech.

Chairs (Children’s).
Hard maple.
Beech.

Chairs.
Birch.

Circus Sets.
Basswood.
White pine.
Yellow poplar.
Sweet birch.
Beech.

Dolls.
Basswood.

Furniture.
White pine.
Beech.
Yellow poplar,

White ash.
White oak.
Yellow poplar.
Basswood.

Holders (Christmas Tree).

Yellow poplar.

Jumpers (Swing).
Red gum.

Pianos (Childrew’s).
Basswood.

Pastry Sets.
White elm.
Red oak.
White oak.

Play Yards (Baby).
White oak.
Red oak.

Shooting Galleries.
White pine.
Beech.

Sweet birch.
Basswood.

Rockers.

White oak.
Red oak.

Tricycle Seats.

Yellow poplar.

Basswood.

Stick Horses.
Heads.

White pine.

Yellow poplar.

Sticks.

Basswood.
White pine.

Wheels.

Beech.
Sweet birch.

Stocks, Pop Gun.

Basswood.
Beech,
Sugar maple.

Swings.
Red oak.
Sugar maple.

Walkers.
Hard maple.

Yellow poplar.

Red gum.
Beech.

108

Rocking Horses.
White ash.

Toy Parts.

Basswood.
Beech.

Cotton gum.
Spruce.
Yellow poplar.
Hard maple.
Red oak.
White oak.

Wagons and Autos.
White pine.
Basswood.
Yollow poplar.

Tops.
Birch.
Beech.
Yellow poplar.
Chestnut.
Soft maple.
Sugar maple.
White oak.
Red oak.

Wheelbarrows.
White pine.
Basswood.
Yellow poplar.

Xylophones.

Sugar maple.
Rosewood.

Basswood is the principal material for wooden toys and | for the wooden
parts of metal toys. It is not only demanded in the greatest amount but
it enters into the manufacture of more kinds than any other species. It
alone supplied the material for the all-wood doll which is made in no other
state. This doll is unique, ingenious, and wonderfully useful, in that
nearly all parts,—body, arms, legs, hands, feet,—even the head—are
made of solid wood. The face is artistically carved and when enameled in
lifelike colors and the doll dressed, it is difficult to tell that it is made of
wood. The parts of the body are jointed with steel bands having swivel
connection, which gives flexibility and freedom of movement. The all-
wood doll is made with facial characteristics representative of different
nations and of comical characters.

The making of toy pianos is another important division of this industry.
Basswood is the prevailing wood again and it goes into all the various
parts except the base of large size pianos where a stronger wood is needed,
and ash and oak meet this demand. Because it is easily bored and turned
to shape, this wood answers first for toy cannons. It is also principally used
for wooden animals in menageries and for horse heads and bodies for stick
horses.

Though Pennsylvania was sixth in the list of states in the production of
basswood lumber, the toy manufacturers reported purchasing 60 per cent.
of their requirements from other states. Sugar maple, white pine, and
yellow poplar were used not only in almost equal amounts but the average
price paid for these woods was also nearly equal. That so much yellow pop-

109

lar was State-grown is somewhat surprising. In no other industry of this
report does wood, State-grown, e {ual so large a per cent. of the total.
Nearly six and a half million feet was required and of this over 85 per cent.
is cut in Pennsylvania.

Table 66—Wood for Toys, year ending June, 1912.

ea bo Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. i} Pennsy!- of Penn-
S = yania. sylvania.
pa tH
my a
ovo
a 3
Kind of Wood. fA i
n > 4
; 3b .
5 4 os g 8 f=}
: I w¥ eS ;
2 5 Ba} a a a
» o s ~ ~
g He hes pa) ° % Es
| ica oy < SI Sg xy
PAGETO@OE sacdpapdcodddsbussaudpens | 1, 404, 000 21.86 $40 80 $57, 286 560,000 844, 000
Susaramap lesen cis eitaccetelercte 762,500) 11.87 | 25 31 19,300 712,500 50,000
Wvanltza jon; SedoooucocccacsonocoooD 725,000 11.29 | 24 90 18,050! 487,500 237,500
WTO ODI © ye srereierslelais\eieleieisi=)=/el= | 702, 000 10.93 | 25 48 | 17,888 659, 500 42:,500
IBGNOIS. Isaboadoasaconecdbuonsdoossac | 627,400 | 9.77 18 41 | 11,553 585, 000 42, 400
| |
IBWRAN,| | cobusousas paooobodoHbedooounS 617,000 | 9.61) 23 84 | 14,708 CHRO} oe Ss edadeo
Ghestnutpaeneecer ree ol 500, 000 TS 21 00 | 10,500 SOO} OOOH tamanee terres
Red and silver maple, ... “ereil| 450, 000 7.01 24 00 10, 800 4500003 Mieuumeeetcie
NGI. i Saodoausonbobo boo SoUodenaDDO oS 320,000 4, 98 42) 03 18, 450 182,500 187,500
WTO MO alle actayerasiniesetcleslesesietetereials | 152,000 | 2.37 29 26 | 4,448 182, 000 20,000
| |
IRGUL.CrIK CoS aonameosomanonoseoouKde 125,300 | 1.95 | 27 17 | 3,404 100,800 24,500
AWahikemmel ment rsrentiscinctncies eels ete 25,000 | 39 | 21 00) 525 12,500 12,500
Cotton sumisperetetacee secrete: 5, 000 | 08 20 00 LOOK Seen 5,000
IRUl Hh Goossagoouoodeosadacsoode 5,000. .08 25 00 | 125: SOOO emer sacente
SP RUCe MM essa te ae ae aioe 1,300 | .02| 43 00 BOE ieee 1,300
MO tae racne dosisccie eT seers 6,421,500 100.00 $28 37 | $182,193 5,004, 300 1, 417, 200
| |

TRUNKS AND VALISES.

Nine woods make up the four million feet of lumber required yearly
in Pennsylvania for making trunks. A number of manufacturers do all
the work from the arrival of the rough lumber to the covering, lining, and
varnishing of the finished commodity, but others make only the rough
boxes in the white, others slats, and others purchase the different parts
already manufactured and merely put them together and finish them. The
last named class of manufacturers did not make reports for this study be-
cause they do not operate wood-working machinery and are merely as-
semblers. The fact that white elm leads in quantity all other woods listed
in the table indicates that in Pennsylvania the slat makers form the most
important division of this industry. The quantity demanded, though’ fairly
large, does not equal the amount of ash, which, next to elm, is generally
the principal slat wood. Hickory is a frequently used slat wood on sample
cases because of its strength but none of the trunk makers reported its use
in Pennsylvania; its weight and its high price being against it.

Basswood is the favorite wood for trunk boxes and in Pennsylvania fur-
nished about three-quarters of the material which the manufacturers used.
It works easily and holds its shape. The fact that it is fairly strong for its
weight qualifies it more than any other factor for this use. Cottonwood
is its principal commetitor and in the country at large is used in larger
cuantities. Like basswood it enters largely into veneer and then into built-
up lumber from which the better grades of trunk boxes are largely made.
Three and four-ply are the thicknesses principally used. Besides being of

110

lighter weight than ordinary solid trunk box material it is also more sub-
stantial and, therefore, in most cases, does not require slat reinforcement.
The trunk maker does not buy veneer and make panels. He buys panels
already glued together in various thicknesses according to his varied needs.
Red gum appears in the table in only small quantities. In other states the
demand for it for trunks seems to be increasing and, like cottonwood, is
purchased mostly in the form of built-up lumber.

White pine is a favorite wood for trunks made of solid lumber. It is
purchased surfaced two sides and edged in thicknesses ranging from % inches
to = inches according to the size and purpose for which the trunk is designed.
In quantity the Pennsylvania trunk makers demanded white pine next to
basswood. In the country at large loblolly pine is probably called on for
solid trunk boxes ahead of any other wood. Lumber from second growth
trees is preferred because of the large proportion of sapwood, its freedom
from pitch, its light color and light weight. It goes for making the cheaper
grades. As little of the wood is visible in the finished product, being covered
with leather, cloth, and metal, the figure or color of the wood is not
essential.

To save weight, a light wood, cut as thin as the maximum stress will
allow, is demanded for trays and inside compartments. Basswood met the
largest part of the demand in Pennsylvania while in other states yellow
poplar, cotton gum, buckeye, and cottonwood were the species principally
employed.

Table 67—Wood for Trunks and Valises, year ending June, 1912.

—

a fa Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. s © Pennsy1- of Penn-
= = vania. sylvania.
a tH
ba a
o
et cS)
Kind of Wood. His
ae =
‘: ° > r=) x
g 3 ine S q E
: a Pra) oS)
2 3 eg a a 2
ae) oy 3 & ins)
ov ! a > 3 5 ay o
= a < = 2 z
SWihite ry Clim feicisieliceincisie\sclefeleleleielslsrs 1,837,500 44.57 $30 82 $56, 625 250, 000 1,587,500
BaSSWOOG, oe eccc ce ese cc cccceceeeees 1,374, 500 33.34 27 80 38, 209 | 754,500 620, 000
Whey. SOW ahs odugdooosoDEpoodS 428,500 10.3 28 60 12, 255 | 128,500 300, 000
WOtELOMIWOOdRieericicsscierecieriisis let 177, 350 4.30 37 95 GRTo Le ni mammertercetetay 177,350
GODIOMY mDIN es isreceteerriclereielersieisielsieis)ate | 160, 000 3.88 24 22 SOLON Pon cee otek 160,000
ZENS) GabodedbobondebodouuooséooDUGdD | 87,500 2.12 | 36 42 3,187 | Si 500) err mitretesreyste
WHES EMU eisiarcisicds sicterstetefoneterelerensysisiele | 87,500 91 25. 00 938 17,500 20,000
EVO CU SUM iarerctereveteis;vorelsrelorstelcetcieralotetehere 20,000 49 35 06 700 | eee eee 20,000
MO tallitaapcisicstsistersieteroreueielcteteeteretele 4,122, 850 100.00 $29. 72 $122, 5201 1, 238, 000 2,884, 850
BRUSHES.

Pennsylvania surpasses all other states in the production of brush blocks
and for their manufacture the factories consume over four million feet of
wood annually. Of this material the forests of the state furnished over 93
per cent. of the total, a fact which should appeal to this class of manufac-
turers when giving consideration to the source of future supply of raw ma-
terial and what measures are to be taken when the present timber stand is
gone. Each kind of the almost multitudinous variety of brushes that are
manufactured requires a block of special size and shape, and a wood pos-

Fig. 22.—Finished oil tank.

‘souvtd 40} JO oinjovjnuLPW—' ez Sh

Tig. 24.—Woodworking department of a toy manufacturer. Making wooden dolls.

e PRE
ou RE Ke Ky

CR RERSER HE Hy RS

SLER EA TRA Ke B®
en ten ek, a)

h Blocks

—Br

26.

111

sessing qualities adaptable to the special use of the brush. This accounts
for the long list shown in the table. There are sixteen woods, and beech
constitutes much the largest amount, being equal to almost half of the
total. This wood is one of the most plentiful hardwoods growing in Penn-
sylvania, having properties admirably suited for cheap brushes, and is
one of the factors making the industry important in the state. Maple fur-
nishes material for brush blocks considerably more desirable than beech,
and, therefore, is in demand for a better grade of brushes. It follows
beech in importance as to quantity but of course is higher priced. In no
other industry is cherry reported in so large amounts as for brushes. Its
low average price as compared to that paid for the same wood by other
classes of factories in the State is quite surprising. This industry does
not include altogether the production of cheap brush blocks such as are
used for making scrubbing, creamery, and brewery, sinks, dust pan, horse,
feather dusters, window, stove, carpet, paint, whitewash, and frescoing
brushes, and stable and street brooms, but it includes blocks for better
erades recuiring higher priced woods,—such as red cedar, ash, sycamore,
holly, red oak, black walnut, rosewood, boxwood, and other foreign woods.
The latter kinds are used for hair brushes, hat, jewelry, clothes, hand,
nail, and flesh brushes. The absence of mahogany and ebony from the
list of high grade brush woods is hard to explain but none of the manufac-
turers reported them in this State.

Table 68—Wood for Brushes, year ending June, 1912.

: | = b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ue i Pennsyl- of Penn-
2 2 vania. sylvania.
ate GH
he Hoy
o
i 3
Kind of Wood. we i
RQ w
Sm i. :
: flied cde : A :
< 3) ef 2 a 2
o ae Dao S 2 %
i o -s} °
alae aerate é é Ss
TRON,” coosdosuesbosdear ! 1,931, 000 47.83) $18 87 $36, 430 SSIS OOOH Eau Uiesiasroe
Bee eee ange An | 1,066, 800 26.43 23. 22 | 24,772 TCA STC DIE heal pitas
Cherry (black), ..... | 482,900} 11.96) 2 43] 12, 282 US2-900F ean nines
Yellow poplar, .......-- i 157,500 | 3.90 40 68 6,407 32,500 125,000
Red and silver maple, | 156,000 | 3.86 18 96 2,957 186, 000 20,000
S OU a cen eM 71,000) 1.76] 26 60 | TISASH Ce Wee, 71, 000
Pee ea ee eet ee ae 51,000/ 1.26] | 14 02 "715 BACON: cunhseas
Basswood ele ee ie 49°300| 1.05| 34 96 1,479 4223004 usu ities
TRGGl UNG ‘Sooscdaosononoooe ie 37,000 1.92 27 00 GOO! A aA aN 37,000
Taal (aeble, “ehabpoocdoogodosusbEcesd 23,000 | 257 64 57 1,485 5, 000 _ 18,000
arpa Bias, Bela neal aac ane, | 12,600 | 31] . 34 29] 432 12:60; vw ee
Boxwood (West Indian), ....... | 3,140 | .08 51 91 TGSo | eeaunicretcrers 8,140
Holly (American), .........-...-- | 1,000 | -02 45 00 {hee Booake 1,000
lelkelie SyAbowhe, GouonooubocpaccouDGG 1,000 | 02 80 00 80 | TOON Mean aes
[aXAH Glen nageosodoouse cousnaEdoneas 600 | .02 37 00 | 22 GOO eileen Veer!
|
TOTO, O'cuppdsocdoodabeosededscy 250 | 01] 306 00 | AUB ir ha les err a 250
Motaleanecemaccsecece sees 4,087,090 | 100.00) $22 34 $90,189 3,761,700 275, 390

SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS.

The industry making bobbins, spools, shuttles and other loom appliances
is in quantity not so large and important in Pennsylvania as in Maine,
New York, and New Hampshire; but the fact that these commodities manu-
factured in Pennsylvania go almost entirely for use in silk mills, and only

112

a few for woolen and cotton mills, is quite significant. Sugar and soft
maple furnished the bobbin and speeder material, and for quills sugar maple
and dogwood met the demand, the latter to only a limited extent on account
of its higher price. Bobbin material must be hard, tough, close grained,
with a texture that smooths easily, and must not rough up in turning.

Paper birch is the species from which small thread spools are manu-
factured and Maine is the state where most of them are produced. Small
spools are turned from a single piece of wood but no factories in Pennsyl-
vania were found making them. The manufacture of large spools, the three-
pieced product, used in loom weaving, called for a considerable quantity
of lumber. The barrels, sometimes called middles, are made by a process
similar to that used in making bobbins and speeders and when in the
rough-turned form resemble them except the barrels are uniformly cylindrical.
Sugar and soft maple supplied the material for their making in Pennsyl-
vania, but in New England beech and the birches were also used. The
heads of these spools, which are cut circular, were entirely of yellow poplar
and are screwed on and glued to the barrel, which is threaded at each end.

The most exacting demand for both dogwood and persimmon is for shuttle
manufacture. These woods possess a hard dense fiber, wear smooth by use,
do not rough up, and besides are heavy and strong. They are the favorite
domestic woods for this purpose. Shuttles for silk weaving are made to
only a limited extent of these woods. Foreign woods are also called on.
Boxwood, both the kind that comes from the Caspian Sea countries and
that shipped from the West Indies, was reported, and also small amounts
of sarbo and doncella. They are the highest priced woods that are shown
in the table. Formerly boxwood furnished nearly all the shuttle material
but when its price became prohibitive dogwood took its place and proved a
practical and satisfactory substitute. Persimmon has in comparatively re-
cent years become prominent for shuttles, chiefly owing to the insufficient
supply of dogwood to meet the entire demand. Shuttles are made from
squares cut to the desired size called shuttle blocks and it is in this form
that the manufacturers in Pennsylvania purchase their raw material. From
the rough block to the finished shuttle there are twenty-two distinct opera-
tions.

White oak appears in this industry for making picker sticks and in no other
state in which this article was reported was this wood used to any consider-
able extent. Hickory is the principal picker stick material and in Penn-
sylvania it supplied almost two-thirds of all wood demanded for this use.
Quill boards are made entirely of yellow poplar and loom frames of sugar
maple.

Table 69.—Shuttles, Spools, and Bobbins, year ending June, 1912.

SEAR ]

: = | > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ° Pennsyl- | of Penn-
S 8 vania. sylvania.
i be ays
B He}
o 3
Kind of Wood. as f
S HH
: ° Pe aa) A
5 s os 3 =| A
5 q ap 2 Ss)
s 3 at — a S
ome o ios} ~» ~
o | [a 5 Sind Y o o
Se Pe & 2 g
Sugarsmaplewec senna ee ecneee aes 2,528, 000 75.51 | $24 85 | $62,816 1,870,000 658,000
Red and silver maple, ......... 375, 600 11.20 26 43 9,910 , 000 335, 000
MEllOWay DODIAT AY Merromieclclssleferecrlsiete 321, 000 9.59 26. 50 11,715 25,000 296, 000
EDU CKO Me eerstetelciciciejereletercrelelelerslere) eters. te 63, 000 1.88 46 98 2,960 30, 000 33, 006
MifahiG: CHINE /odandadoanoooocsoobbodoo 35, 000 1.05 50 00 1,750 5, 000 30, 000

Fig. 27.—The manufacture of pipe organs.

Fi S as

S\ea- 4

VENA

ATI

Ee LIL
c2> |\Ppgae i imnhihsmaginmanar a
\\ ¥ ae ep

I]
li
Si Vy
iF —J
Ser) Nal
oN
e q N
t IN
i
ll INS-
f N
nN
IN
IN
{] IN
I IN
fl IN
1 INS
C3 1 ING
t] INA
q Na
i ©
Cyt N i =
2 i ~! naa
\
a

Pisnno cases and kinds of wood used in their manufacture.

28.

Fig.

. Top panel,

Top,
Pilaster,
Moulding,
Side,
Shelf,
Cheek,

. Moulding,

. Pilaster,

. Key slip,

. Key bottom,
. Moulding,

. Pedal board,
. Bottom panel,
. Feet,

. Key block,

. Fall board,

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 28.

UPRIGHT PIANO.

Figure I.

The cases of the cheaper
pianos, as a rule, are made of
solid wood, generally sweet
bireh, beech, or basswood,
which is stained to imitate
some higher priced wood. The
eases of the more expensive
instruments, with the excep-
tion of the smaller parts, as
the moulding, fall boards,
pilasters, and key blocks, are
always veneered, the veneer
being of a fine-finish wood

such as mahogany, birds-eye
maple, black and Circassian
walnut, and rosewood, and

from one to three-ply in thick-
ness on a core of some good
body wood such as sound
wormy chestnut, red oak, yel-
low poplar, and white pine.

TID OTHE Co bo rt

Ol Co DOR

¥igure II.

Pin blocks: Sugar Maple.

Posts: Sugar Maple, White Ash.

Back boards: White Ash, Sugar Maple.
Diagonal sweep: Spruce.

. Sounding board ribs: Spruce.

Sounding board: Spruce.

. Bridge: Spruce.

Figure III.

. Diagonal sweep: Spruce.
. Sounding board ribs: Spruce.

Back board: White Ash, Sugar Maple.
Posts: Sugar Maple, White Ash.

. Handles: Sugar Maple, White Ash.
Figure IV.
. Key bottom: White Ash, Sugar Maple,

low Poplar, White Pine, Mahogany.

Yel-

Hig 37295

A—Damper felt.
B—Damper head lining felt.
C—Brushing cloth.
D—Action cloth.
r—Action leather.
F—Catcher felt.
G—Hammer top felt.
H—Hammer under felt.
J—Butt felt.
T—Regulating punchings.
T—Hammer rail cloth.
V—Back check felt.
X—Spring rail felt.
Y—Damper lever felt.
Z—Action cloth.

No.

5—Action screw.
29—Regulating button
41—Action screw.
42—Center pins.
100—Lower flange rail (Sugar Maple).

(Sugar Maple).

101—Hammer moulding (Sugar Maple, Red Ce-
dar, Mahogany).
102—Hammer rail (Sugar Maple, Mahogany,

sirch).
103—Hammer shanks (Sugar Maple,
104A—Hammer butt (Sugar Maple).
105—Back stop (Sugar Maple).
106—Regulating rail bracket.

Red Cedar).

Action parts of upright piano.

No.
107—Jack (Sugar Maple).

108—Fly flange (Sugar Maple).
109—Wippen (Sugar Maple).

110—Bridle wire.

111—Regulating rail (Sugar Maple, Bireh).
112—Regulating rail screw.

114—Back check wire.

115—Jack Spring.

116—Damper spoon.

117—Center rail (Sugar Maple).

118S—Flange (Sugar Maple).

119—Damper lever flange (Sugar Maple).
120—Action screw.

121—Butt plate.

122—Damper Spring.

23—Damper lever (Sugar Maple).
124—Damper wire.

125—Hammer butt spring.

126—Spring rail (Sugar Maple).
127—Action screw.

128—Damper block (Sugar Maple).
129—Damper head (Sugar Maple).
180—Abstract (Sugar Maple).

131—Tongue (Sugar Maple).

182—Jack serew, piano head.

133—Key rocker (Sugar Maple).
137—Bridle strap.
154—Back check
155—Key

(Sugar Maple).
(Sugar Maple).

113

Table 69—Concluded.

= | rs Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S Pennsyl- of Penn-
= S vania. sylvania.
as, pe
he a
o
em rs)
Kind of Wood. »
Bo “
é om » 4
5 4 oS S | 5
2 a PR) cS) ;
2 o es = 2 2
» [--} ~
B 5 ce S 3 B
& Ay J iS & i
DY OD WOO isterersietelontete covet oielalefaloiel e(evare 17,585 52 69 60 1, 224 | poaddG 17,585
IRELSiMMON eee o reise ieeide seis 7,010 21 60 06 COAT) - GGo0G0 » 010
Boxwood (West Indian), ...... 1,350 | 04 62 96 SBI a ensetans 1,350
SETI ease a a Ae RL OL 30| * 200 60 Gilead Van 30
DMCA oe onbonoodeasacdooncoosods 10 | * 100 00 1 | o50008 10
TRO LEE S irarcot tec cterere vey siciare etetalel ais 3,347, 985 100.00 | $27 14 $90, 888 | 1,970,000 1,377,985

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

DAIRYMEN’S AND POULTERERS’ SUPPLIES.

The new methods in vogue for carrying on the dairy and creamery as well
as the poultry business along scientific lines has brought about the use and
manufacture of special equipment among which are included important
articles made of wood. The factories manufacturing these articles are the
ones that have supplied the data which has been compiled in the table fol-
lowing. They are in no way related and have been combined only for con-
venience in presenting the statistics since it is considered in this way the uses
of the various woods may be more readily discussed. No one factory was
found making the entire equipment for all of these above lines of business.
They usually specialize either in one particular line or in the manufacture
of a single commodity as incubators, butter tubs, egg crates, etc.

Under dairymen’s supplies for Pennsylvania are grouped the making
of churns, butter tubs, cheese boxes, churn vats, milk bottle washers, and
curd grinders. Ash is the principal wood for churns, both for the staves
and for the paddles because it retains its shape and is less liable than any
other wood to impart taste. This wood is used for making all kinds from
the small domestic churns propelled by hand to the large cylindrical churn
used in creameries. For the same reason that ash is used for churns it is
called for ahead of any other wood for making butter tubs and butter pails.
Maple is used with it for bottoms and covers of butter tubs but the quantity
is relatively small. In some states experiments have been made with cypress
for butter tubs but it was not in use in Pennsylvania although it was re-
ported with ash for churn vats. Over a million and a half feet of wood is
required for making cheese boxes. Because white elm has the property of
bending it is used for these commodities ahead of any other wood, not only
in Pennsylvania, but elsewkere. Other woods are used in fairly large
amounts probably more for the reason that they could be purchased cheaper
than for any special adaptability. These woods include beech, yellow birch,
oak, hemlock, and ash. Wooden parts of the curd grinding machines in
cheese factories account for the appearance in the table of cottonwood, iron-
wood, and a large part of the sugar maple.

The manufacturers of poulterers’ supplies required almost as much lumber
as the factories making dairymen’s equipment. Incubators and brooders were
the commodities manufactured. Cypress in the largest amounts answered

114

with yellow poplar and white pine for incubator cases and also for trays and
other inside work. Its stability, affinity for paint and durability are the
qualities desired for these uses. The bases and legs of incubators are of red
oak and sugar maple, probably selected for strength. Brooder case woods
are the same as for incubators except red oak instead of cypress went for
frames.

Table 70.--Wood for Dairymen’s, Poulterers’, and Apiarists’ Supplies, year
ending June, 1912.

i b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 2 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
———_— —-—-- —_—__- tal os —
ha a
o
=) rs)
Kind of Wood. 0
Z . a
: Sia » : 2
F 3 oo $ q 8
. 8 we © : ,
2 5 2S = 2 2
1 Cv) of ~ on)
oO [aI > my ~ oO oO
e a, 4° a & es
Witte elimi (iii Serjeeey tials sca 600, 000 18.51 $25: OU $15, 0001 ' 250, 000: 350, 000
@ypressh (bald) s-ceeceeneclecnisesce 545,000 16.82 387 02 OSLO iE |) semenoneeieee 545, 000
BASS TN gonads retour ch tctote asofetopoteibeatsveia sit fafotal sFazeye 400, 000 12.34 15 00 6,000 395,000 5,000
Basswood, .......- Pan feivass ies cates 3701, 000 11.42 18 00 6,660 Sisone 370, 000
WEEN? | INO OENYS |S Hors oconeudboonooKe 2201, 000 6.79) 29 82 G45 600m timers cite 220, 000
Lem Och ier ine: cltete ieeiciedastere aes 215,000 | 6.63 15 49 3,330 215 50005) eevee
IWIDTLe RO alk iaarsciyere 205, 000 6.33: 18 90 3,875 200, 000 5,000
Sugar maple, 152, 950 4.72 27 96 4,276 23,500 129, 450
Shortleaf pine, 145,000 4.48 15 69 PD PLy |! 9 8 Ss hoaan 145, 000
Beech wi ee Maen ene caieat eee ae 106, 000 3.09 16 00 1,600 NDS U NE 9 Goeedo
BIRCH pi cle tisrcreftsotecieialaisteinielotsso nee 100, 0001 3.08 18 00 1,800 100000) eummumarsteterorere
WihiteyN piney cic -cticeenc stich 79, 000 2.44 22 58 1,784 15, 000 64, 000:
Red wicedairy 4 satis aa wicienieaccens 45,000 139: 55 00 PRET Ve usbeoods 45,000
BSfEY0 NGOS iG AAT Cit As Nesta er Relat 36, 000 abet 28 00 ODS WOES sande 36,000
Red and silver maple, ......... 15, 000 46 10 00 150 150008 | eam iacerrat-iac0
EVORDC AM Epi aeacticissicel eciee reeee 10,000 seal 12 00 120 UEC ||. ab o000
CoLtonWood ye eee seme ce cee 2,500 .08 40 00 100 2,000) - sie - ere
Ota’, acres pats te ates stare aie eas 3, 240, 450 100.00 $23. 82 $77,188 1,326,000 1,914, 450

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

A few manufacturers of this class specialize in building finished piano cases,
and in the rough, which are called shells. Others make only the
actions and keys. Others not included in this study buy their cases of one
manufacturer, their actions of another, their sounding boards of a third, and
their hardware from those specializing in that line, and operate merely in
assembling the instrument and varnishing and finishing the exterior.

Chestnut which combines sufficient strength with light weight and has a
special adaptability for holding glue is favored above all woods for backing
veneered cases, and in the quantity consumed leads all other woods reported
by the Pennsylvania piano makers and organ builders. It is entirely a
case wood for piano cases. That so much of the chestnut reported should
have been shiped from other states to the Pennsylvania piano makers is sur-
prising because the chestnut tree is common throughout Pennsylvania, and
in the production of chestnut lumber in 1912 Pennsylvania is among the
three leading states. Other woods used for veneer backing were red oak,
white pine, yellow poplar, and soft maple, because they possess qualities
of sufficient strength, are stable in holding their shape, are easily worked,
and have a special affinity for glue. The woods used for exterior finish
include red oak, white oak, and red gum, Circassian walnut, sweet birch,

115

mahogany, black walnut, and sugar maple. They are bought to a large
extent as veneer because in that form the selection of the most attractive
figures is possible. For the backs, posts, and diagonal sweeps, several
species—sugar maple, beech, soft maple, yellow birch, and white ash con-
tribute the material because hardness and strength are the properties de-
manded. The bridges are of spruce, maple, and white ash, because they
hold their shape well and are strong. The bottom boards are made of maple,
oak, and hemlock, and the pedal boards of sugar and soft maple.

Spruce is the most vibrant wood and therefore foremost for piano sound-
ing boards and sounding board ribs. The red spruce native of the Ap-
palachian and New England regions, and white spruce of the Lake states,
have probably been preferred; but since sounding boards are made from
wide stock of uniform structure, trees suitable for this purpose are sought
over great distances. At present, therefore, sounding board material is
shipped from the Northern Pacific Coast states and British Columbia, where
Sitka spruce supplies the demand. Sounding board material which shows
a number of small annual rings indicating a slow rate of growth is preferred
and purchased for high priced pianos. It is usually cut from trees on high
altitudes where the development is fairly restricted.

Sugar maple, because it is a hardwood and easy to shape, is most used for
actions, although some manufacturers use mahogany and sweet birch for
action rails and red cedar and mahogany for hammer moulding and hammer
shanks. Sugar maple, owing mostly to its hardness, is used to the exclusion
of other woods for pin blocks. Red gum comes in for action parts, and
the fact that it has been reported for this use in several other states besides
Pennsylvania shows that its qualities have proved it practical for this
kind of work.

Piano and organ keys are usually from the upper grades of white pine
and sugar maple, but in Pennsylvania basswood also served except for sharps
or flats which, like the organ stops, are made of ebony. Ebony was not
reported in Pennsylvania nor was any mention made of the manufacture of
keys and stops indicating that these commodities are brought into the State
ready manufactured. White ash, white pine, sugar maple, yellow poplar,
and mahogany furnished the material for the key bottoms because they have
little tendency to warp.

Black walnut which is used in larger quantities in this industry than in
any other is demanded almost entirely for the outside finish or cases of both
pipe and reed organs. White oak, red oak, red gum, cherry, cotton gum,
and mahogany also served with it for this use and for consoles and pilasters
added only ornamentation. The frames and sills of organ cases were of
shortleaf pine, chestnut, hemlock, and red oak, the wind chests and bellows
of yellow poplar, basswood, white pine, sugar pine from California, and
redwood, while white pine, shortleaf pine and yellow poplar answered for
swell boxes. White pine is the principal wood for organ pipes but cherry,
sugar pine, and redwood were also reported. Action chests are of a strong
wood and red oak supplied most of the material. It is interesting to note
that redwood has begun to be used by the eastern ‘manufacturers for interior
organ parts. Being fairly strong compared to its light weight, easily worked,
free from pitch, and possessing the property of holding its shape well are
the reasons why it is held in high favor with the manufacturers and will
probably be used more extensively in the future.

116

Table 71.—Wood for Musical Instruments, year ending June, 1912.

45
ts SH
Quantity. a
Ss
=
iy
o
2
Kind of Wood. as
n
Bc
b
. 12)
q ra) ise
i q 3)
2 iS a3
on o
o aT Sam
& a <4
Chestnut ees sea sass cae eeiseoinee 671,900 22.81 $24 81
Sugar maple, 647, 800 22.00 32 20
DDDUIC Cyto petecersteseverslele isin ictetetstetenesestenits-ue 325, 5000! 11.05 43 24
Basswood, 271,500 9.22 42 36
Mahogamysgaceccececenccniostie 201, 100 6.88 83 11
Wellowapoplansimecieiseckiceiessrele 135, 100! 4.59 70 54
BST aCe welts veifers cteveteteroisierestey<tere 1381, 200 4.46 44 05
FROM SOB oiler fueiciaiczevcisietelotetetete nace ureie sere 102, 000 3.46 32,25
[BIRO Vi Gs eneuacodgaadudcsuocadsouduE 90, 000 3.06 23 89
WTECH OAK eecrtetiice yemieiisircents 88, 000 2:99 53 90
WWilvitie ees aM Ca opey. ies chal cterasetayerefaters icv leis 88, 000 2.99 34 56
US SUITE assy s eletshyiroreresiereisieisierersicleisle 501, 000 1.70 51 20
Red and silver maple, ......... 44, 000 1.49 26. 82
IB BE CIR Ress elepacisrels(aanielaciou eiheteve dain 20, 000 68 22, 00
CWOtTOMRS CUI ey rei acioeeiosiiciee ee 20,000 68 25 00
ShorGleatia;DUMe yy ws iraspeevejer sie cites 19,900 67 34 52
SUSATH PIM Sue venirpecisetaciet en senisis 11, 200: .38 87 50
ROU WOO Ges fase ccdneaes level saree cress iies 10, 000 384 40.00
PANS aaa ices aicleiertsheistsietleioicite etciers 5,300 18 44 34
Ghemrysn (bDlackia rons. 4,400 15 75. 68
IEG) ako Bho onbaKen Souuouosodbooobonodd 38, 000 10 40 00
EVO MT O Ch, Aon sites cacete eionraleieisre oivareisie ne 2,600 09 35. 00
Cypress (bald) eeepc 2,500 O08 43 60
HRY se ees canon ma Bramnn cee ae 2,945, 000 160.00 $39 38

MACHINERY AND ELECTRICAL

The wood used in Pennsylvania for making parts of electrical equipment
is represented by Table 72. There are fourteen species required, their prin-

cipal uses being:

Cable Reels.
White pine.
Shortleaf pine.
Hemlock.

Red oak.
Spruce.

Wire Spools.
Sugar maple.
Yellow poplar.
Basswood.
Red oak.

Insulating Pieces.
Sugar maple.

Relay Boxes.
White pine.
Red oak.

Sictech Boards.
Mahogany.

be Grown in | Grown Out
S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S vania. sylvania.
a)
a
)
a
- 9 ¢
3 A q
= a a
aa} ~~ »
5 o o
é & Ss
$16, 669 327, 000 344, 900
20, 857 225,300 422,500
TESOL > Sood bo 325,500
11,500 11, 000 260, 500
TE SOI} 892 ogoadn 201, 100
9,530 24, 000 111,100
5,779 67,700 63,500
32000 any nce slere 102, 000
2,150 50, 000: 40,000
4,743 33, 000 55, 000
aE inn Goose 88, 000
PED |) oe onde 501,000
TUES scopeoe 44,000
OM 8 eooass 20,000
BD i ocoees 20, 000
BSN Babee 19,900
BS So obo 6 11, 200
400 srtdetere 16,000
235 5,000 300
233 3,600 800
S120) eamnnianeysteretsts 3,000
91 1, 600 1,000
OOS neamemarcstrerts 2,500:
$115, 982 748, 200 2,196, 800
APPARATUS.

Wire Reels.
Hemlock.
White pine.
Red oak.
Yellow poplar.
Spruce.

Hlectrical
White ash.
Walnut.

Ped oak.
Sugar maple.
Mahogany.
Longleaf pine?

Trunking.

Cabinets and Cases.

Shortleaf pine.
White pine.

Siwitch Signal Blades.
White pine.
White ash.

Sugar maple,

117

The largest amount and greatest number of woods of this industry go
into cable and wire reels and spools for small size insulated wire. It will be
noted that the softwood or conifers not plentiful in Pennsylvania are pre-
terred in their manufacture which probably accounts for so great a per-
centage of the material being shipped in from other states. Hemlock and
black walnut were the only woods listed as wholly home-grown. Penn-
sylvania wire manufacturers use a much larger number of wood reels than
is indicated in this table but because they are manufactured elsewhere and
brought to the State ready for use after being assembled merely, informa-
tion concerning this material was not asked for. It had previously been
accredited to the state where the reels were actually manufactured.

Table 72.—Wood for Machinery and Electrical Apparatus, year ending June,

Ia Py,
& a Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
5 al
a a
o
eB io)
Kind of Wood. ey Z
mM 2 Ho
; Sh | S
q ; ° 2 ; +
I = opr =) =| i=}
5 i= ras) 2
2 | 5 3S eS, Ss a
=) u es) | $ - om
o a) 438 iS a eo
es | Ay < a | g &
| 3
Shortleatie pinewepenekecs cnet 968, 200 35.66 $21 89 Cao aL Viti ert obo ge 968, 200
Wihite pines Were ricestdeleicit spent 787, 200 28.99) 40° 02 | 31,504 | 150,000 637, 200
SUSAr pd apples me cieeiycticerievetes cine 558 , 500 20.57 34 85 | 19, 465 150, 000 408, 500
ISU Aguoo banosodSoobdunuacoueG 143,690 5.29 26 85 | 3,856 TEEN) |) She osoadooed
IS DEM COs mmmieretatiertereteiaietreretetem erica ctetstets 87,700 3.23 26 60 | PE PASD I gS auoes 87,700
WIECH OM Keele arse synicrtstelecis cretercrerermiels 80,000 2.95 28 38 2,270 10, 000 70,000
RISCAO RAS Coernct-velseeneielomecten toate 43,500 1.60 41 72 UCTS Beoode 43,500
PAIS Tittus ot sbrcreicrevet ne ictatatetalatelavsiene fersietet stove 25, 000 92 60 00 | IS OO ieamiiremerare tet 25, 000
MellOwsspoOplann ieeicctleceisicctsclssiels 10,000 AS 55 60 55 Oil ie wmpesterevlere 10,000
Mahorantyagr elias cect cekeien ee 6,000 22 160 00 | ERIS as 4 tahenao 6, 000
BTA CG eawielluiten eva ticrelelereicisisiesieieiee 2,500 09 40: 00 100 PANU Eo i agg Aa
IBASSWOOC aria. meneiict cists vane eacee 2,000 07 55 60 IST es oye roe 2,000
IL GVEA YE Gob Keeagodnodecbeouden 1,000 04 25 00 | PAF PR Se ba00 1,000
MO LAVE Hi ranae scissors sleeaere sees 2,775, 200 100.00 $31 54 | $85, 633 456,100 2,259,100

WATER PIPES AND PUMPS.

Over two and one-half million feet of lumber is demanded annually. in
Pennsylvania for making wooden water pipes and wood linings for iron
water pipes. In coal mining operations the chemical action of the water
that collects there holds in solution various minerals, chiefly sulphur, that
have a deleterious effect upon iron. Pipes employed for conducting this
water away, when of iron, are usually lined with wood to prevent corrosion
or, aS in many cases, are made entirely of wood. White pine is demanded
in the largest quantities for both of these purposes. The average price
indicates that the lower grades were employed, as were the sugar maple,
beech, and sweet birch and other species were used. Most of the white
pine reported was State-grown, which is another instance of an industry
at present depending on the forest resources of the State. Yellow poplar,
the most expensive wood, came from a distance and went entirely into liquor
logs, both for well and boat pumps, the latter used principally on boats for
transporting ore coal and other heavy freight. In other states, according -

118

to quantity, cucumber is preferred for liquor logs but unless it was mixed
with yellow poplar, as is frequently done in marketing this wood, none was
used in Pennsylvania.

Table 73.—Wood for Pumps, year ending June, 1912.

# Be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. = 2 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S SI vania. sylvania.
ae Cay
a é aly
a °
Kind of Wood. ~ :
Z S
9 ob r 5 9
& 2 o8 g | |
: a Ps) )
2 3 ss es s s
=) o x » =)
® Pl Sao S @ a)
& Bae ote Eig tenia Re ies
WADE TER DIME LY) Pei ferntetctoie’ei+jeieleseusivicinie'elele 2,092), 000 Uo tal $24 59 $51, 435 1,575, 000 517, 000
SUS ATI ALS ea errctlererete seteieletetoieieistevers 400, 000 14.86 17 00 6,800 AOD OOD hii iPass
SYASTLOW ADDO DAT iiclercleleloiscetetsioteleiersiarelers 100, 000 3.01 | 45 00 4,500 ere 100, 000
Be CH We 0 des eater eA Ae 50,000; 1.86| 17 00| 850 B0(000)) 60 eo eats
IB Ge Chapacisacstseridetievercletsieteieeniikettele 50,000 1.86 15 00 750 GET Booona
Ota fa evseysecrecterertstierterten tects 2,692, 600 100.00 $23 90 $64, 335 2,075, 000 617, 000

BASKETS AND VENEER PACKAGHS.

The products of this industry are made exclusively of veneer cut from close
grained non-resinous woods with the tops and bottoms of thicker material—
thin lumber,—which is often sawed from the cores (that part of the log
after the veneer has been removed), or from low grades of lumber. Formerly
splint baskets were the kinds used. There is a wide difference between split
wood and woods suitable for veneers. The former require straight grained
woods, easily rived. The sapwood of white oak, basket oak, cow oak, ash,
and hickory were among those frequently used. After the introduction of
rotary veneer machines they began to make them, as they are doing in
Pennsylvania, from veneer cut into wide strips and woven; and cheaper
woods, usually with close compact cross grain without much resin, have
taken the place of the splint woods. For stave baskets a great deal of the
veneer is cut into staves varying in length from 12 inches to 18 inches. The
bottom is of solid edged lumber, to which the narrow ends of the staves are
tacked. The staves are held in place at the top and added strength is given
at the bottom by the use of thin cut rims of white elm, beech, and soft
maple. These baskets are made in many sizes and have a bent handle which
is often of beech, hard maple, and white elm. Various woods answer for
the veneer part of the stave baskets; the principal ones reported by Pennsyl-
vania manufacturers are beech, soft maple, elm, ash, birch, and black gum.

Other commodities made by this industry include packages used in mar-
keting fruits and vegetables such as tills, hoppers, vendors’ trays, and the
like. This industry in Pennsylvania used a comparatively small amount
of wood compared with the amounts used in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
and North Carolina. The number of firms specializing in this line as well
as in basket making justifies the grouping of the information concerning
this line of manufacture into a separate industry instead of including it with
the material going into boxes and crates, as has been the case in a number
of other state reports where the veneer package industry is relatively un-
important.

119

Table 74.—Wood for Baskets and Veneer Packages, year ending June, 1912.

| aos yal > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S Pennsyl- of Penn-
= S} vania. sylvania.
S &
nm
he 2
oO
ms °
Kind of Wood. GS j
Z s
FS oR & ;
5 = o£ $ A q
a | & :
2 oO es = 2 2
a bis Os 8 ~» t ~
oO o 4 a aS) 3 SR
1sXARONS | GaeweqndaoboosooduosauecncsS 1,079, 000 40. 22 $18 62 $20, 093 949, 000 130, 000
Sierie MeO. sebcrcoooaeepodoseUuKod 349, 000 20.46 18 15 | 9,963 B49R O00) | tian prereset
Waites | jeri, Baokoogoonboocosneec 230', 000 8.57 21 00 4,830 23030003) =) Saari
ISSA, © sco ndathoguaaaconnoodeE | 220,000 8.20 20 18 4,440 2205000) |e 2 as. eieire
Red and silver maple, ......... | 145,000 5.40 20 00 BLEU | Geedeo 145,000
FROM VOM Fy sent hcitcinetccminateetentes woe | 125, 0100 | 4.66 | 23 00 2,875 1255000) |i wekeice fies
Wier lime Vac stsirerctrge: siren celal: 115,000 4.29 21 87 2,515 1158000) | aie cites
(COMMAS ONRESY Ganogonadcndancooccopndod 100, 600 3.0 19 00 1,900 O00 000 Srienttereteistcre :
TERE RO NS RI taE WS EUR R CREB A SUR REE 70, 000 2.61) 22 48 1,570 704000) enero
CATS TVSME re ates cra mee NIM Ta ret tao «aa fayereate le: nye 30,000 1.12 21 00 630 05000) aurea
InileVvelich Fabiola) Seo ogous eoosaoooO Nhe 20,000 -74 22, 00 440 PDO}, 9 Sadedus
MRO ta Vey ieee bea sce atorcis Malesia Sete bis 2,683, 000 100.00 $19 44 $52,156 2,408 , 000 275, 000

FRAMES AND MOULDINGS.

Woods used in Pennsylvania for picture frame mouldings—plain, enameled,
embossed, and carved,—electric wire moulding, and frames for school slates
and blackboards, are listed in Table 75. This industry excludes all mould-
ings employed in the interior finish of houses except those which are put
in place by the paper hangers for drop ceiling work and for picture hanging.
Furniture, casket, and fixture moulding are grouped with the material
respectively for the industries making these commodities.

Twenty-one woods are called on for the manufacture of the commodities
mentioned above and scarcely one-fourth of the total quantity was cut from
trees that grow within the State. Basswood is the principal material used,
exceeding threé times the total of all others. It went principally for fancy
finish such as gilt, enamel, and embossed mouldings. Basswood not only
holds paint well but keeps its shape and is easy to work and to cut, nail,
and fit to place. Yellow poplar met part of the demand but was consumed
in relatively small quantities. Frames displaying the figure of the wood
are usually the highest priced moulding. Mahogany, white oak, black wal-
nut, ash, and chestnut are called on by the Pennsylvania manufacturers
for these lines of work if they are finished in oil or wax to bring out the
natural beauty of the wood or else are darkened by stains or ammonia
fumes for mission effects. Red gum is an important wood in this industry.
It stood third in a similar table in Illinois, second in Michigan, and fourth
in New York. It answers with sweet birch for the imitation of expensive
woods.

Considerably over half a million feet of lumber each year is demanded in
Pennsylvania for mouldings to conceal and protect electric wiring on walls
and ceilings. Shortleaf pine and red oak were used in small quantities, but
basswood met practically all the demand. Slate frames, except those covered
with cloth, were entirely of beech. Basswood answered for the felt-bound
ones and together with spruce supplied the material for blackboard frames.

120

Table 75—Wood for Frames and Mouldings, year ending June, 1912.

£ > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 2 vania. sylvania.
- al
es in —_——
he s
o
a rs)
Kind of Wood. ae
nD, a
f Sb ~ :
Bg s ve g q q
3 A nS) © 4
2 5 ss ie rf) 2
o ha pe iS 2 >
o o os} ) oO D
IBOGehis aitesciaie ek disc slots cneioe dersterete 1, 200, 000 45.82 $20 08 $24, 100 | 600, 000 600, 000
BASS WOO | ytasi siisteictelslel-leletete sieteleloisie 902, 000 34.44 23. 09 20,825 | 352,060 550, 000
SWiTES nOB ie atieen cress clerete nvotelolereiesers 107,600 4.09 55 46 5, 934 27,000 80,000
SPRUCE hota eceraeteeis ela feron ne slereis 100,000 3.82 30 00 SSW 5) Bodeon 100,000
OHS Emu esses cietetvers aleve azar 93, 000 3.55 22 41 2, 084 25, 000 68, 000
Wellow poplar iid. ccc -isclecteeisias 87,000 3.32 88 51 3285 0h hime seer 87,000
FRG SUNS Meta mteveraitstevereteveyecors foie! eto] dyeteres ele 50,000 alatal 30 00 ESO Ou Cratenesntay cs 50,000
Sugaremapley nem ssccsctcttecisec ss 20, 000 16 22 50 | 450 PALAU tee Son aa
Mahogany: (sees ioc cies ate 15,000 57 120 00 aL SOON ane Wier erence 15,000
FREE ORK ae rial see rasse eisjekers ciersietoisieie sleyore 12,000 46 | 44 06 528 2,000 10,000
Black) swalnuts-csieciecemc sce 10,500 40 80 67 847 4,500 6,000
INS Ram aoe BA MEn ARR GabRbE OaHOpnHGods 10, 000: 38 35 00 350 LOO00N je arierenee
Bir Glia ini ceettstole erate sisiove aiia aiotersinte sore 7,500 29 75 00 DE QEttenconaweddaricc: 7,500
Shortleaf pine, ................... 5,000 alt) 30 00 150 pretences 5, 000
TO TAM Rsleriaale relates ioteresorciererecctess 2, 619, 060 100.00 $25 60 $65, 480 1,040,500 1,578,500
REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS.

Table 76 lists the woods used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of re-
frigerators, kitchen cabinets, and cupboards. The combination cabinets and
cupboards have become almost indispensable to housekeepers in that they
provide a convenient place for all the accessories to cooking that are neces-
sary to be kept at hand. In late years they have become popular and fac-
tories making them specialize in this line. Because they are sold at low prices
they are not usually made of the upper grades of lumber that are employed
in the manufacture of furniture. Yellow poplar and oak, both red and
white, and to a limited extent birch, are the woods mainly used in Penn-
sylvania for the case or outside work. The interior parts, such as shelving,
compartment partitions, drawer sides and bottoms, etc., are made of yellow
poplar, spruce, cottonwood, maple and beech. The backs of these cases are
also made of low grade material and none of special quality or kind was de-
manded. Almost any cheap species, easily worked, will answer. In conse-
quence, a proportion of nearly all listed in the table served for this use.
Shortleaf pine, spruce, and white oak were reported for framing.

Refrigerators run from what are practically small ice boxes to large sec-
tional cases the size of a room used by butchers and others doing business
requiring cold storage equipment. Refrigerators and chests for domestic
purposes call for soft woods of conifers for linings. 'The reason for this is
that many hardwoods have an odor and therefore are unfit for a storage
compartment of perishable foodstuffs. Spruce is the principal lining ma-
terial in Pennsylvania, and was also employed for ice pan supports. Cypress
in some states is used for this purpose and in others white and yellow pine
is used. The siding or outer case is usually hardwood,—white oak, white
ash, red oak, birch, cherry, and red gum. They are selected as being
not only best for the work intended, but the exterior properly finished gives
the chest the appearance of an article of furniture, The case is not attached

121

to the lining, since between the lining and the case there is provided an in-
sulation space, which in some refrigerators is filled with materials like
sawdust, cork, and charcoal, and in other refrigerators the space is left
unfilled, the dead air being regarded the most effective insulation. Lum-
ber for refrigerators must be well dried as otherwise the extreme variations
of temperature are apt to cause it to buckle and check. The large refrigera-
tors or cooling rooms are built to order in the place in which they are
used. Though hardwoods are called on for the exterior or case work of the
higher priced work, softwoods answer to a considerable extent both for the
linings and cases. The materials for both of these parts are usually rather
thick and are preferred to guard more effectively against the penetration
of heat. It is possible, so the Pennsylvania manufacturers claim, to secure
a temperature of 38 degrees from ice alone in these large refrigerators.

Table 76.—Wood for Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets, year ending June,

1912.
és | B Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. a S Pennsyl- of Penn-
= Sg vania. sylvania.
oF HS
ha a
o
i) ro)
Kind of Wood. ~»
na. 44
: oP ae é
A a 22 $ q |
5 a o\
~ ~
3 s | 5s 5 3 3
am <4 a iF of
)
WiellOw, sPOPIANS 7c faicisscriee rec se oe 566, 200 22.98 $28 27 $16,009 363,000 203, 200
Shortleatieipimiesy | citereleciisleieiclelste sieves 453,750 18.42 | 27 07 nA >.y: al Ce ae aye cite 453, 750
Andalite) WORN “aobodoneecoouvodpUDOEUd | 448, 450 18.20 | 30 44 13, 649 | 250, 000 198, 450
SOKO, “adscbtdsoubcosadoboau00u00dE 413, 500 16.79 31 39 15,474 | 190, 000 223, 800
COGEON WOOG Raa easicteieistsiolslelerelsfefoloi7 150, 000 | 6.09 32 00 42S O08 eran irosisisrete 150, 000
| | | |
IRGGL GH Ganesosaddoonnaodesagundae | 117, 450 4.77 | 41 91 46920 enumerates 117, 450
SUSATE MADE yates sieielecistoretelais (tele eiele | 80,750 | 3.28 28 71 2,318 | CED i sooane
BURCH ythaneteleisieleteleseielseisierteieleleserelatela\eleleiele 65, 000 | 2.64 25 15 1,635 30, 000 35,000
IBAA, “Ecdcooataunaousopocudacotouco 55, 000 | 2.23 | 17 36 955 | 30,000 | 25,000
Te oMGYOliGs SocéeooosodasoKddadoeuORD 37,100 1.50 22, 18 821 33, 100 4,000
) |
ASN,” aGocddoedséuosdoocatddcdonddoob | 32,000 | 1.30 | 38 19 1, 222 4,000 28,000
ISHIREM OOO, Uhoadosoopboodsounapdonddd 21, 600 | 88 31 11 672 1, 600 | 20, 000
(las anibteol sovaguocodccogounoGUUOODOS 11,800 48 28 05 331 LT SCO i occclestersie
@hlerinyan (Vales) irae cietceyetovslaeitleiselsiote 7,500 | 30 62 50 469 DOOR MMe ist stercverers
IROL hI, GoasodopoopoaooadpapEDNSD 2,900 | 12 | 50 60 ae ce sieretetsteteys 2,900
\Widonkis) ont, agdopdoouucooddo0OKdGNG 500 | 02 28 00 14 500 oeccce
ANG EN ee soupsdaqugaoGsoudoeooD 2,463,800 100.00 $30 73 $75,720 1,002, 250 1,461,550
EXCELSIOR.

Formerly excelsior was called wood fiber but later it received its present
name given it by an upholstery firm in its advertisement. In 1860 this
commodity was first placed on the market by a Maine manufacturer, but
it was not called on to meet much of a demand for a decade; then with
the improved machinery invented by Europeans the manufacture of excelsior
was greatly facilitated. Since that time it has become a staple product.
According to a recent report by the Forest Service and the Bureau of the
Census, it was ascertained that 85,000,000 feet of forest material is yearly
demanded for its manufacture. Pennsylvania is not so important an excelsior
state as either Virginia or New York, the former being second and the
latter third. Pennsylvania is the tenth, consuming each year over one and
a half million feet of wood all cut within the State, In the New Hngland

122

and Lake states, aspen or popple, basswood and willow are used; in Vir-
ginia and North Carolina, scrub and loblolly pine, yellow poplar, and white
pine meet the demand. In the Mississippi Valley states excelsior makers
report the use of cottonwood, yellow poplar and yellow pine, and in the
Pacific coast states black cottonwood alone furnishes all of the demand. For
the United States, in quantity, aspen is the favorite excelsior wood, yellow
pine next.. Pennsylvania manufacturers prefer basswood and yellow poplar
next. These woods with aspen make the best grades of excelsior. The con-
sumption of yellow poplar in this line of manufacture is greater in Pennsyl-
vania than in any other state, though it is used in eight others. Butter-
nut appears in only one other state, New Jersey, and, next to Michigan,
beech finds its greatest demand in Pennsylvania for excelsior. Chestnut
excelsior is solely a product of Pennsylvania and until this investigation,
the Forest Service had received no record of the use of this wood for this
purpose. Excelsior wood should be straight grained, soft, dense, light in
weight and color, moderately non-brittle, stiff when dry, and odorless.

The raw material used for making excelsior comes in the form of bolts and
split billets, usually in lengths the multiples of 18 inches. The wood is
thoroughly seasoned before manufacturing but if seasoned too long it be-
comes brittle and often is injured by certain forms of incipient decay. The
billets are set in the excelsior machines and without further handling are
shaved into the finished product. The output of an eight block machine
varies from 6,000 to 10,000 pounds per day according to the fineness of
the product. From the cutting machines the excelsior is taken to the bal-
ing room where presses, similar in operation to hay balers, put it into
marketable form.

The first use of excelsior was for packing wares liable to injury in trans-
portation, but later it proved valuable for filling cheap mattresses and up-
holstered furniture. In France not only does excelsior answer for this pur-
pose, but highly improved machinery has made it possible to manufacture
a product of such fine grade as to be a fit substitute for the absorbent lint
used in hospital, or filtration purposes, and for weaving into floor coverings.
Various grades of excelsior are frequently dyed without losing their elasticity.
They serve as an ornamental packing material, and for color schemes in dis-
playing goods in show cases, but none was reported in Pennsylvania. Table
77 gives the available statistics.

Table 77.—Wood for Excelsior, year ending June, 1912.

ae B Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. S Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. | sylvania.
Te cat
x a
mt 3
Kind of Wood. a5
2. ei
: © b> »
: ao) ee g A A
2 3 se iF S s
~» o s ~ ze)
o WW Neti nd ats)
3 o o
Es x ils = g S
BASS WOO ua wialeieerctetelelclete leCciare slozels\s 749, G00 44.53) $13 77 $10,315 749,000) ee iecie
Yellow? poplars ® (i+ l).luek feecee cee: 688,000] 40.90} 15 00| 10, 080 688,000 lie ween
Tey ratty Dea GRIN alent aaa dan 116,500 6.98| 15 00| 1,748 176; 500)[s her Sees
White: pile ncke ee Meiees cae 63,500 3.78| 15 00 953 GS Y500 It ie me Giatee
Butternut, .....cceeeeeeesceeeecees | 30, 000 1.78 15 00 450 30000) Ken linet verereieiete
Nenana (DOODIO) SE rea eae ce cee | 30,000 1.78} 15 06| 450 SONOOD ed eee
Caeaiue BEE ea me Me atti 5,000 ‘30| 14 00 | 70 B A000 lice pene aeeee
Ota ee Coes | 1,682,000] - 100.00] $14 28 | g24,016| 1,682,000). :2> ...24.

123

PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT.

Under this industry are listed the woods used for making apparatus or
wooden parts thereof that contribute equipment for public parks and play-
grounds. Swings, merry-go-rounds, coasting boards, ferris wheels, croquet
sets, see-saws, shoot-the-chutes, etc., are examples of the principal ones.
Swings, however, were the only commodities manufactured in Pennsylvania.
The total of the following table, 1,507,300 feet, represents the amount of
material that is required each year for their manufacture. Not all of this
material went into playground swings since swings of every description are
included and some required more lumber for making than others. Accord-
ing to quantity consumed, lawn and porch swings are the most important.
The latter answer not only for amusement but are also useful as furniture ,—
a suspended settee for porch appointments. Of late this commodity has
grown rapidly in favor.

Nine woods are listed in Table 78, and those species best suited for swing
material, i. e., those possessing the necessary inherent qualities of strength,
hardness, and durability when exposed are the ones included. The oaks,
beech, and ashes in the order named, were the most prominent hardwoods.
The chief conifers used were longleaf, shortleaf, and loblolly pine, the last
named being used in the largest quantities. The pines answered mostly for
lawn swings and principally for the staffs and the frame work or super-
structure.

Table 78.—Wood for Playground Equipment, year ending June, 1912.

a T Be Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S © vania. sylvania.
= 2
h 2
o
a 6
Kind of Wood. BS
UL a
Sears e S
| > os g | §
a ep SO Co
a 5 ef = 2 Ss
3 w me x eS 7) or
Be acl <a = & 2
| |
INGIl “OFM, oadéusopasoodsoaaoBaooNed 456,300 | 30'.27 $32 23 $14, 707 216,300 240, 000
ILO Kolhy \jorhaYes GocacoenGucdoonaueD 400, 000 | 26.54 20: 06 AMUN) | oo 6 hoade fh
Shortleat piney Wecs-lietteets eleteerer 240,000 | 15.92 27 00 GSAS 0) eM a aeeyeiesetsrs 240,000
\Wiviaties. Ope) GodadoopasodscaddsouodED 151,000 10.02 87 95 5, 730 98,500 ‘
BSS Hamers wretwcapate cis etc pa ep alnersinpalccs/avete | 130,000 | 8.62 29° 46 3,830 TIRIUBU UU ine Bion oe
BAN TAS cate ose OT Ce ELLE NRI purr MU 75,000 4.98 33 00 2,475 37,500 37,500
Wielllow poplars 2s piiel.is)le's) cise fale 25,000! | 1.66 36 00 900 12,500 12,500
SUSAT MMA ee ee eels crete rein teleraisrels 23,000 1.53 26 96 620) 3,000 20,000
Wonsleat MpPWUVES Vili scissile ices cisie's 7,000 46 | 52 60 SO Ahlen ouneniee sts 7,000
| TauTiaiay ae a Sieh
Woe» Gopsasboobo ode sbooUeHOS 1,507,300 | 100.60 $28 60 $43, 106 497, 800 1,009,500

PRINTING MATERIAL.

Electrotype backing, woodcut engravings, and wood type are the only
products listed under this head. Four woods were demanded for their
making. Cherry heads the list as to quantity and went entirely into elec-
rotype mountings, which is probably the most exacting use it has. Because
it is less liable to warp than any other American woods that possess the
other requisite qualities for this use is the reason the electrotypers demand
cherry exclusively. Its strength and density, its resistence to splitting,
and its property to work smoothly are other important qualities which com-

124

mend it. Electrotype backing is not made, as formerly, entirely from solid
lumber. Glue is to a large extent called on to put together narrow strips
or thin layers for built-up mountings that are beginning to be used ex-
tensively. The growing scarcity of cherry, together with the rapidly in-
creasing demand for this line of work requires the electrotypers to pay a
price over twice as great as that asked five years ago.

For wood engravings, boxwood from Turkey and Russia was the only
wood reported and in other states as well it met most of the demand,
especially for high grade work. It is the most expensive wood that is listed
in any industry. The price, $1,300 per thousand feet, is little, if any, above
the usual cost of this wood for engravings and it is usually sold in terms
of cubic inches, four cents being the average reported in Philadelphia. Owing
to the high cost of this wood, engravers employ domestic substitutes to a
large extent, but they are for the cheaper grades of work. Sugar maple,
apple, and pearwood are the kinds most used. ;

Metal has almost entirely replaced wood for printer’s type. Wood is
still called for to a limited extent, chiefly for manufacturing large size type
such as is used for printing billboard advertisements. Formerly boxwood
furnished the material, but its high cost now stands in the way and sugar
maple, which was the only wood reported in Pennsylvania, now furnishes
most of the supply.

Table 79.—Wood for Printing Material, year ending June, 1912.

<2 PB Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S g vania. sylvania.
A Ss
ee Ta ——$—<—$—$_—_—<—<_—_—
ran i)
S :
Kind of Wood. iB ©)
De Cay
S S E in { ;
A a os 3 5 I
. a ON 2° . 4
im g oH a 2 Ss
5 Op bi ~ ra)
a 3 ao 6 Ey 3
ie Oy 4 a & &
|
Cherry= (black), < s:cn sacee-ssenues | 1,166,800] 91.56; $29 14 $34, 008 634,000 532, 800
lsthyelnegaae oobeonu odoDoeecooooD ee seell 30, 000 2.36 50! 00 1,500 10,000 20,000
Red and silver maple, .........-. 25, 000 1.96} 31.60 790! 20,0 5, 000
Malorany ieee ce cscae eaten | 28,500 | 1.84 | 85 96 PARAM Serer poe 23,500
VOU WOOG MN ilsiecetettercrsvetarelaiavelattisteleley azole m9 20', 000 | 1.57 | 63. 00 T2605 ae maeiteretererae 20,000
Vellow! poplar whic. .2dscee ese: 5,000 | .89 18 00 SOs amare 5,000
Beech iiiieieisrsicisiersiere Mtoe | 2,000 16 | 30 00 60 | 2 O00! ma abies egsretercvets
Applewood, ...... ads Note 1,000 | 08 | 56 00 | 50 | L000) emmanen sisters
Sugar maple, 500 | 04 80 00 | 40 Domes weeweos
TT CK OLY: cic cictne able wleleloisisivicfeistel~/-(eie\e\= 560 04 | 50 00 | 25 | OCH water at eevapereysts
Boxwood (Turkish), ............. | 26 | S | 576 92 a Us9a [eee ae aitrc a 26
TOLL tug sist sted ctsvepetssclerelatetalsholeretstare 1, 274, 326 1001.00 $31 27 $39, 853 668, 000 606, 326
*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.
LADDERS.

Nine manufacturers reported the making of ladders, including step iad-
ders, travelling store ladders, firemen’s ladders, and extension ladders used
by painters and other mechanics. In other state reports ladders have been
classified under woodenware but owing to the number of concerns in Penn-
sylvania specializing in making them and because of the large quantity of
wood which they annually consume, their presentation under a separate
heading is justified.

125

Loblolly pine and basswood supplied the largest part of the demand and
were called on mostly for step ladders because being strong and at the same
time light in weight they are well adapted for this line of use. Beech was
used extensively for steps because of its strength, and in order not to make
the ladders too heavy, it was used with a lighter wood for styles. Other
step ladder woods were cypress, longleaf pine, and spruce. The staffs, which
are the hinged supports, are made of various woods and usually of the
same kind as the styles except those of considerable length where extra
sirength is desired. In order not to add too much weight staffs are made of
strips of small dimension and to meet the stress imposed are well braced and
made from material free from imperfections. For extension and firemen’s
ladders high grades are used. Spruce is most in demand for the styles or
uprights while for the ladder rungs, hickory, ash, beech, and maple were
employed in the order mentioned.

Travelling ladders are so named because they are readily moved by the
occupant without descending. They are used in stores. Pulleys, movable
on a track, are attached at the top, and in some designs the bottoms rest
on castors. Lightness of weight is not a consideration in these as in step
ladders and thicker materials and heavier woods are therefore used. Long-
leaf pine was used mostly but sugar maple, loblolly, and shortleaf pine
also met a part of the demand.

Sixty-five per cent. of the ladder woods were kinds that do not grow
plentifully and some not at all in Pennsylvania. This accounts for only
29 per cent. of the requirements of this industry being met by the forests
of the State. Of the kinds reported common to Pennsylvania, the entire
amounts consumed were home-grown except basswood, nearly one-half of
which was brought in from forests of other states.

Table 80.—Wood for Ladders, year ending June, 1912.
} 2 > Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. es 1S Pennsyl- of Penn-
= E vania. sylvania.
H fo}
& :
Kind of Wood. 4 a
NM. ;
SE a
g 3 S D ;
1 ge 8 : E
Q o ios 7
2) Mm fost = 2
+~ LY a
E Se ieee : g
= ia | | i | & sa
SN ate CN A ie Oy EM Al se
TobLollysepine ya iervcierns clelleietciessictsss 400, 000 | 36.08 $20 00 SHUI shbosasedoan 400,000
IBASSWO0 Ue aiedcsctais stelesletesareicisretets 275, 000 | 24.81 | 29 18 | 8,025 150,000 125,000
SD GUCEsmeeriyerttletec sletelssieireistelsi ser late 191,000 | 17.23} 43 40! 829503 (as ta Pa 191, 000
ChAMEES (OI) Gacososcooodasase 62,500 5.64] 54 64 S41 bilan eles 62,500
Mongleatmpine wines sche ceeecine te | 50,000 | 4.51 28 00 VS400) |e tet 50,000
3 | |
Sugajam ap] eaeraetechaicieliscietiseetene | 56,000 | 4.51 27 00 1,330 | 505000) teinla rte
IBDKEKONA ZA agooo0e | 25,000 | 2.26 18 00 450 255 O00} | item rte
Shortleaf pine, . 25,006 | 2.26 25 00 | (ayn ee aaa 25, 000
leted ls Ace osaspodopaboe 22,000 | 1.98 18 27 402 | 2215 O00) eset terres
PALS SS ap cvctey clei) Torey ats eee ne crane tS 4,000 386 | 70 00 | 280 | 45 003 ayeacteviey oo.
Mellowepoplachy iscsi ee 4,000 36 | 21 06 | SAL Soi NS: 4,000
Mota rseee pean ays coe 1,108,500 100.00) $29 16 $32, 321 251,000 857,500

126

ELEVATORS.

Fifteen manufacturers reported using wood for the manufacture and re-
pair of freight and passenger elevators, both hand power and traction, lifts,
dumb waiters, ete., and many of them are important industries maintain-
ing formidable establishments. In the production of the finished commodity
they give Pennsylvania a high standing among the states but in consumption
of lumber they report the use of only a little over a million feet, annually,
making this industry 35th in the list or 17th from the last. Not many years
ago lumber was the most essential material the elevator manufacturers used
but generally steel construction began to take the place of wood and proved
to be such a practical and desirable substitute that now for power elevators,
especially passenger, wood is employed only incidentally for a few minor
parts. The sight of the old time wooden passenger elevator car today is
an exception, but on the other hand many small freight elevators and dumb
waiters are made entirely of wood, the initial cost being much lower than
steel. Some are made that are part steel and part wood. The rough lumber
demanded for elevator construction is shown in Table 81. EHleven kinds
were reported and their principal uses are as follows:

PASSENGER HLEVATORS.

Overhead Machine Platform.
Sugar maple.

Car Platforms.
Sugar maple.

FREIGHT HLEVATORS.

Guide Posts.
White pine.

Longleaf pine.

Norway pine.

Guide Strips.
Sugar maple.
White ash.

Upper Frames.
Sugar maple.

Longleaf pine.

White ash.

Hnclosures.

Longleaf pine.

White pine.
Loblolly pine.

Gates.
White oak.
Loblolly pine.

Car Platforms.
Sugar maple.
Cypress.

Longleaf pine.

Car Frames.
Spruce.
Cork elm.
Longleaf pine.
Sugar maple.

Panel Sides.
Longleaf pine.
Loblolly pine.
White oak.
Sugar maple.

Overhead Beams.
Sugar maple.
Longleaf pine.
Loblolly pine.
White ash.

Car Beams.
Sugar maple.
White elm.
White oak.
Norway pine.

Weight jams.
Longleaf pine.
Sugar maple.
White elm.

Footing Pieces.
Longleaf pine.
Norway pine.
Sugar maple.
Cork elm.

DUMB WAITERS.

Shaft Lining.
White oak.
Hemlock.
Chestnut.
Loblolly pine.

127

Car Finish. Weight Jams.
Yellow poplar. Yellow poplar.
Loblolly pine. White pine.
White pine. Cork elm.

Guide Posts.

Yellow poplar. Weight Boxing.
White pine. Loblolly pine.
Yellow poplar.

Guide Strips. White pine.

White ash. ‘

Sugar maple.

This industry does not depend on the forests of the State to any great
extent as a source of raw material. Less than one-quarter of the total was
grown in Pennsylvania because the lumber chiefly used in elevator con-
struction is of kinds that are rarely, if at all, cut in Pennsylvania. Long- .
leaf, Norway or red, loblolly, and shortleaf pine, and cypress together
constitute over 52 per cent. of the total. Sugar maple and ash were the prin-
cipal home-grown woods demanded and from the average prices recorded the
upper’ grades were principally purchased. The available statistics are:

Table 81.—Wood for Hlevators, year ending June, 1912.

Grown in | Grown Out

= P
Quantity. a £ Pennsyl- of Penn-
S = vania. sylvania.
ie SH
m7 a
ov
iF 6
Kind of Wood. ey
. o ~ s
5 a ot 2 8 q
a q Na 9 3
me o me fo)
Ss) A = = 2)
» H 3
3 5 | 5s 3 3 3
& a “I 5 es cs
} =
ILONSNERIE) MA) Ceanooogoogondodes 269,900 | 26.75 $36 73 GH) GHIBS!| cadebdéouboe 269, 900
Sineuney mmeyOla. Le obaoaogdudueadooos 141, 200 14.00 49 7 7,023 81, 200 60, 000
INO EVENS, uoodsadecoddoobasoone 100,600 | OaChl 28 00 Metall) |b soono00dsed000 100,000
Woblolly Wine; ices esac se. 96,500 9.56 32 31 Sl Soocsogoudes 96,500
INNS GoooosaonoodoobocoundaapoaoaooT | 93,000 9.22 ab ate 6,619 43,600 49, 400
Vellowspoplartene seers eh eats: | 82,600} 8.19] 41 88 3,459 30, 600 52,000
LnyAnwliyey o) ayliaKess \o ibe onmoaconoHedeoode | 62,200 | 6.16 | 40 45 2,516 32,200 30,000
AVVATT CUO BIC Wee let erexerojevelelshefeicrese|eh siete (a1=12 | 53,200 | 5.27 48 03 2,555 23, 200 30,000
Shortleat pines) cies ie eee | 50,000 | 4.96 22 00 DE TOO) Res reccrscrslesefaters 50,000
Cork MelmGiy eceiscicieye tel to Dpsttstsdel ers 20,500 | 2.08 | 65 00 1,332 205,500) |e sire. oe rere 00
| |
Tanita): Gling: Gocogeouecossssanceoos 12,000}. 1.19 65 00 ESI Wid seer nareia 12,000
Cypress (bald), 10,000 | 99 55 00 BD OU ecrysmiseranvee 10, 000
Ryans) sonoooddds 10,000 | ob) 30 00 300 LOMOOOH| Restricts
(OMA, | oboesogdnoncoPaooUsGOnNDD 4,000 -40 70 00 SOM Mrcveeeysteteretonnete _ 4,000
Elem O CK) iene steetelsioie se lalsleijeiesleisiele 3,500 -38 30 06 114 SF SOON Werevtesetersiereaters
tate.) Govadcugosaocesadovedus 1,008, 900 100.00 cd 08 $42,459 245,100 763, 800

CANES AND WHIPS.

The variety of woods used for canes, umbrella and parasol handles ex-
ceeds that reported by any other industry in Pennsylvania. Table 82 in-
cludes 72 species of wood. Because the raw material for these commodities
is most usually purchased in billet, pole or twig form, and very frequently
by the piece, it was impractical to reduce the amount of the material re-
ported to board feet except in a few cases when certain woods were used in
comparatively large quantities. The total of Table 82 does not, therefore,
represent the entire amount of wood that is used for manufacturing these

128

products in Pennsylvania, but in order that the remarkable number of dif-
ferent kinds of wood,—many of which have not been reported in any other
state report,—may be presented, they have been listed in the table without
accompanying statistics. Most of them are high priced and a majority are
foreign woods. As many as were readily available will be found included in
the preceding illustration. A large per cent. of all the sugar maple and soft
maple shown in the table went for dowels or shanks of umbrellas and para-
sols, while the entire amount of beech answered for whip stocks and
handles. Reed cut in large quantities from rattan shipped from the Orient
was also used for whips but it was reported in pounds and could not be
reduced to feet to be included in the table.

Table 82.—Wood for Whips, Canes, and Umbrella Sticks, year ending June,

1912.
; eS ist Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ee g Pennsyl- of Penn-
2 = vania. sylvania.
S 4
1)
hu a
ov
(=) .
Kind of Wood. ie ©
; eS » 6
A 8 os g | q
eS A Pies 9 the
me & a5 a a 2
» H al
3 s | ES é 3 3
IB CeCHi pahaecisiiae tleistteislocie deticleveletlerei-i-7> 266,500 30.18 $21 91 $5, 838 252, 000 14,500
Sugar maple, .......+-sseeee eee 241,100 27.31 17 57 4, 237 DELL OOS | iatataretetsreceteteiete
MG OMV poe erkteistelcleletoletsiekcleltelelelsisixeiiele/ste 124,150 14.06 187 94 PEERS) Il GGuasdouaDoe 124,150
Ked and silver maple, .......... 107,000 12.12 26 45 | 2,830 2,000 105,000
(Oleshiexoy Aagdodeodauosood}vubocsoododS 60, 000 6.80 132 00 | SROO0 eoerrcrisisenee 60, 000
i}
IsHKe qoyayy) bosunudcoooaoou0oDGoUnORG 26,000 | 2.94 5B 85 | AAD Dil srerecrge cts Belstane 26,000
BOXWO0d, 2... ccecr cers cece tee eeeee 25,600 | 2.90: 362 28 | PEGI) || scoeochqoones | 25,600
TRG. Fabled HsoodoosanpoonsoeaaEsbooS 20,000 2.27 50 00 | AO 00K Rees | 20,000
IESE UIs Lo obo gugonedauodsdsoouese 12,500 1.42 32 48 | 406 5,000 7,500
WEL CHSaAlcrOOUSh i anerleletesisicie ls) sysile- 30 * 540 00 MO headGoonddod 30
MNO CANS Naat asccteye lc stole ctefala stetforslsi= $82, 880 100.00 $63 90 | $56,412 500,100 | 382, 780

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent.

* Woods for canes and parasol and umbrella handles purchased by the piece:

Apple. Haw (black thorn).
Apricot. Holly.

Arbor vitae. Hop tree (hopwood).
Bamboo. Hornbeam (ironwood).
Birch. Huckleberry tree.
Black ash. Lancewood.

Black gum. Laurel.

Black walnut. Lilac.

Butternut. Madagascar.

Cherry. Mahogany.

Chestnut. Malacca (rattan).
Chestnut oak. Morello cherry (sweet cherry).
Circassian walnut. Orange wood.

Corra. Osage orange.

Crab apple. Paper birch (gray birch).
Cucumber. / Partridge.

Dogwood. / Peach tree.

Elm. Pear tree.

English oak. Persimmon.

French oak. Plum.

Furze. Poison Sumach.

Hazelnut. Quince.

129

Red cedar (juniper). Sweet (cherry) birch,

Red oak (jersey oak). Sycamore.

Rice root. Whangee.

Sassafras. White ash.

Savin (red cedar). White oak.

Scotch thistle. White thorn.

Siberian crab. Willow.

Slippery elm. Yellow birch.

Striped maple (Swamp dogwood). Yellow poplar (hickory poplar).

PLUMBERS’ WOODWORK.

In connection with bathroom and toilet furnishings and other forms of
plumbing installation there are certain useful commodities made of wood
which have been grouped under this heading and the materials used for
making them presented in Table 83. Drainboards, which serve as dish wash-
ing tables, connected with the sink, call for a large quantity of wood which,
on account of holding its shape, ash alone supplied. Usually these boards
are grooved to facilitate drainage. Sweet birch, finished with a high polish,
was mainly used for bath stools, some in imitation of mahogany but most
of them painted or enameled white, the birch being specially adaptable to
both kinds of finish. Water closet seats, lids, and tanks, are the other
commodities of this industry in Pennsylvania and like the wood for fixtures
and furniture, high grade material with considerable figure and susceptible
of taking a polish is largely demanded. Yellow poplar is an exception as it
answers in large amounts only for white enameled finish and is desired be-
cause it holds its shape, takes paint readily, and is moderately strong. Birch
is probably equally suitable except that it is more liable to warp, but this
is overcome in the superior advantages it offers in being stronger and af-
fording a higher polish. White and red oak, including considerable quar-
tered stock, cherry, mahogany, ash, and sweet birch used for exterior work
are the woods selected for figure and are finished natural with wax or var-
nish. Chestnut in some states was reported among these woods but in Penn-
sylvania where it is extensively cut, the manufacturers of plumbing wood-
work made no mention of it. This industry does not depend largely upon
the forests of ‘the State as the manufacturers report only 15 per cent. of all
the wood they used as State-grown.

Table 883.—Wood for Plumbers’ Woodwork, year ending June, 1912.

& b> Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ie s Pennsyl- of Penn-
; = 3 vania. sylvania.
BUTE e a
o a
& .
Kind of Wood. a >
Bele
S a » . Qo
; 3 ot g E A
rs) a Qs 9 . 5
3) S4 i = a
2 i 24 = 3 2
cS = = cs S
MNT CORD Boaesbuodsencadoapeodes 189,500 | 32.43 | $42 78 | $8, 297 40,000 | 149.500
Yellow poplar, | 134,000 | 22.94) 4000 } REC Seoagauooodas 124,000
/AGNS “Shsndeapocetoououacds | 110.900 | 1&.83 34 00 DyAOU ert srapee nists | 110,000
Bilt; Glimmer eteteisrerctatelctetetsteteretater lekersterehstekcre's | 95, 000 16.26 | 30 95 | 2,940 75, 000 20.000
REGO AK As ee aaa versace cis eres | 30,000 5.13 | 30 00 | 900 | 30,800

130

Table 83—Concluded.

cS b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3 yania. sylvania.
ioe
EG
a a
g a
Kind of Wood. ©
~ .
Tie -“
as s .
2 4 oe g : E
a @ ae a a
% : oe & % 2
o o >
& & < eg & E
| |
Shortieaf pine, i 12, 250 2.10 28 00 | By Bl S5aa00dudade 12, 250
Mahogany, ..........- 5 6,000 | 1.03 | 155 00 | CRD ecaconasnure 6,000
Cherry (black), .. | 4,400 75 | 94 55 | 416 | 400 4,000
White pine, ........ | 2,500 | -43 36 00 | SOR Wee cetieetecieis 2,500
Suganemaplensercecencesees | . 300 -05| 300) Silke ceisler 300
Bla ckenwalnutsseeee esses eeeeees 300 .05| 35 00 | 10 | 300) |facemececies
Motalyzn iss seer eG etoes | 584,250} 100.00} $39,48 | $23,035 145,700 438,550

INSULATOR PINS AND BRACKETS.

Durability and strength are the requisite qualities of insulator pin ma-
terial, and locust is the wood principally used in their manufacture. In the
country at large, its use for this purpose exceeds seven times the amount
of all other woods combined and in Pennsylvania over 425,000 feet are used
each year. White oak, red oak, elm, and osage orange are other woods
used for pins in various states, but, unlike locust, where these are em-
ployed they are ordinarily dipped in paint or some antiseptic solution, such
as creosote, in order to increase their durability. In Pennsylvania locust
was the only wood reported for insulator pins and the other woods appearing
in the table were used for pole brackets.

Table 84.—Wood for Insulator Pins and Brackets, year ending June, 1912.

oe Pp Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. s Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 3 vania. sylvania.
= ww
mr
os a
ov
a a )
Kind of Wood. #4
28 3
. ~ ~ .
A < of 3 = cS]
a 2 ae wv a se
» , s
5 Ss Ve Ss oa 2
ba ® ®
& a < a & S
MOcus tu (DIACK Pa ncicicieteicicleiclelelaterelelete 463,500 80.12 | $23 90 | $11,076 | 463,500 | naGedoadoodd
Wihite: Oaks <i. olelicc oc ssc vlece nisin 60,000 | 10.37 13 33 | 800 | (URN | G6an60c00000
TREGMROD RR woe sereieteicleisleisislclo.oicleleiaicieleietaiere 55,000 9.51 | 11 82 650 | 55,000 | ceesseeecees
MOtalir = ccita canis saes nose 578,500 | 100.00 $21 65 $12,526 | 578,500 | Se eereraes
| | }

BUTCHERS’ BLOCKS AND SKEWERS.

The two important woods for butchers blocks are sycamore and sugar
maple. On account of their desired qualities, hardness and uncleavability,
together with their strength and tastelessness, they are first among the do-
mestic woods for this use. Formerly butchers’ blocks were round, usually

131

a cross section of a large tree barked and trimmed symmetrically, varying
in thickness from 18 to 30 inches. It is exceedingly difficult to season pieces
of this size thoroughly and trouble results by blocks checking, rendering
it difficult to keep them clean and sanitary. Lately considerable improvement
in seasoning processes has partly overcome the only objection to sycamore
blocks. The advancement made in the art of gluing woods, which has
brought into prominence built-up lumber, has entirely overcome all check-
ing difficulties and enabled the making of blocks lighter in weight but with
requisite strength, equally as serviceable and with a more attractive ap-
pearance.

The built-up block is the only kind of block being made in Pennsylvania,
and sugar maple is the wood used. The size of the pieces that are glued dif-
fer slightly according to the dimensions of the finished block but most com-
monly they are 3 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and 16 to 18 inches long. It
is very important that the lumber for the blocks be thoroughly seasoned and
to bring it to the desired condition both air and kiln-drying methods are
used. Before gluing the pieces together, they are jointed by machinery in
order that they fit perfectly, leaving no apertures along edges for glue to
collect and thus taint the meat. That they may more readily adhere to the
glue the smooth flat surfaces are roughened. This process is important
since the rough usage given the meat block brings great strain on the glued
joints which must be as strong as it is possible for the best glue to make
them. The flat glue joint is used and to weld the pieces together after being
heated and covered with glue, they are subjected for 12 or 14 hours to the
pressure of a hydraulic machine. They are then bored for several iron rods
that are added as a reinforcement for the glued joints. The legs are made
usually of the same kind of wood as the meat blocks, namely, maple, but
sometimes red oak is used.

Hickory and white pine are the principal woods used for skewers. Those
made from the latter wood are employed in kitchens for holding in shape
croquettes and other dainties and by confectioners for taffy sticks. Hickory
skewers were made to meet the demand of the butchers. Beech and maple
are prominent for meat skewers but none were reported by the manufac-
turers in Pennsylvania where these woods are common lumber trees.

Table 85.—Wood for Butchers’ Blocks and Skewers, year ending June, 1912.

33 b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- ef Penn-
s gS vania. sylvania.
a we
Sol
“, 4
o
= 6
Kind of Wood. as
ms w
Saale ;
g 3 ot $ | |
Ss a tos © A
TF, O° SH z 2 2
3 by Ra = % a
os & < = os =
Sree” mb, “Saadsssduccsoosbonec | 270,000 | F1.92 | $20 37 $5,500 2102 000K Gacieicisiataterete
\ilabhiey jb aeoshoooodupoucodGnode | 200, 000 38.46 | 22 00 4,400 PANIPOIU ON Gegadasasone
lsteliiey, Rossossseoscn see asoosD0ese | 50,000 | 9.62 18 00} 900 BOS000)| eerie
SEES [EES A (Pe Se Ei | eee ee ie ees ee
MNOtal acces cater cise ace | 520,000 100.00 $20 77 | $10,800 | 5205008) foresee acratets
|

| | |

132

WEIGHING APPARATUS,

This industry as measured by the consumption of wood is one of the small
ones of this report. It includes material for scale manufacture such as is
used by, railroads, called track scales and hay wagon scales, often used in
coal yards, besides platform and counter scales for stores, warehouses, and
cabinet scales such as are used for compounding medicines, weighing gold,
silver, and precious stones.

Longleaf pine is the most common wood for large scales on account of its
durability, strength, and elasticity. It goes principaily into the framework
of track and wagon scales and was shipped to Pennsylvania from the Gulf
states. Sugar maple is next in quantity answering more for the counter
and platform scales than any other use because, being hard, tough, strong,
and close grained with a tendency to wear smooth, it is specially adapted
for this purpose. The handsome finish of mahogany and cherry, together
with their compact structure, and the property of holding their shape, com-
mend them for use as material for making the basal parts of cabinet scales
and for the frame of the glass cases usually enclosing these scales.

Table 86.—Wood for Weighing Apparatus, year ending June, 1912.

ce Pe Grown in |:Grown Out
Quantity. : 3S Pennsyl- of Penn-
3 8 yania. sylvania.
A 4
Ae) pants —
ba a
o
A onl }
Kind of Wood. S
28 ie
a a of g a a
“ q Pe} ° .
a 2 ee ee 2 2
3 A oa £ 3 3
Fy 4 < = cy iss
| | | We | |
Longleaf- pine,. ..55......is..00. . 200,000 50.84 | $30 00 | $6,000 | ...-........ | 200,000
SUSAL PM Apes eee ee aster sree | 171,000 43.47 | Boule 5,665 | 21,000 | 150,000
Yellow -poplar, é 10,000 | 2754 | 25 00 250: | 10,000 | eeeeeeeeeees
Cherry (black), 7,500 | 1.90 27 00 202 ENE araascouaude
Mahogany.tsn tise 24 dee caleoentne ne | 4,000 | 1.02 90 60 | BOOM Kieiatetetevsteterercrete | 4,000
PNT by Sear een ANS NE (oe ee 900 | 23 | 98 06 | 84) 900) * <2 ae
| paneer ee | ele | po RE ENTS ne
Moai whet sneu cine etree | 393,400 100.00 | $31 92 $12,561 | 39, 400 | 354, 000

PROFESSIONAL: AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS.

The amount of lumber used by this industry is relatively very small, but
the products grouped under it are numerous and vary according to the uses
they serve in the several trades or professions included. In the quantity of
wood used the pencil makers are the most important class. Similar to the
pencil manufacturers in New: Jersey, New York, and other states, they
report using’ only one wood, red cedar, which is brought to Pennsylvania
from the southern states. Tennessee and Florida are at present the centers
of production of this wood. Other kinds, both domestic and foreign,
have been considered as possible substitutes because of the growing scarcity
of red cedar, but the experiments indicate that only a few species have been
found fairly successful and these answer mostly for a cheap pencil. This
brings out how difficult it is to find a wood combining all the qualities
reguisite for pencil material and how essential it is that pencil woods pos-
sess qualities almost identical to red cedar. Pencil makers procure their
raw material in the form of slats that are usually 24 inches wide and 7 inches

133

long, and inch thick. Not frequently the pencil makers manufacture
their own slats, but there are concerns specializing in cedar products who
convert their best material into pencil slats and the remainder into lumber
for utility boxes, furniture squares, and closet linings. Formerly when
cedar was abundant pencil slats were manufactured entirely from logs, but
rapidly decreasing supply of cedar timber has brought into the market old
stumps, fence rails, gate posts, barn and cabin logs, and material in various
shapes and condition, even partly decayed and weather checked. As can
be expected, therefore, waste incident to the sawing of pencil slats is large
and has been estimated to be about four-fifths of the original amount pur-
chased. A pencil slat makes six half-pencils. The same operation that grooves
them to accommodate the lead also gives them their final form and the
corresponding halves are identically made from another slat and glued to-
gether.

Carpenters’ tools belong to this industry. They include commodities made
almost entirely of wood such as spirit levels, rules, gauges, mallet heads,
level boards, etc. Tools part wood and part metal like screwdrivers, chisels,
gimlets, etc., have been grouped under the handle industry. White oak
alone met the demand for gauges which require a hard dense light colored
wood and from the price given only the best grades were used. In other
States boxwood and sugar maple were also used but neither. kind was re-
ported in Pennsylvania. White ash and mahogany, because most stable
when in place, answered for spirit levels and plumbs. In Connecticut and
New Jersey, where a quantity of these commodities are made, cherry is an
important wood and large quantities are used. Level boards were entirely
of white pine, while for mallets a variety of woods is used. For carpenters’
and tinners’ mallets sugar maple answered while lignum-vitae, shipped from
Mexico, and dogwood served for bung starters and coppersmiths’ mallets.
Heads of mauls used by sheet metal workers are made of black or sour gum
and it is interesting to note that recently this wood has begun to replace
sugar maple for this use. Its interlaced fiber, which prevents it from split-
ting, commends it, besides it is cheap and owing to the large dimensions
the trees attain the bolts can readily be had in desired Sizes.

In Pennsylvania, as in other states, boxwood is the principal rule ma-
terial, both for mechanics’ collapsible rules and office rulers. It is shipped
to this country usually from Turkey or other Mediterranean countries, and
owing to its hardness, light color, and stability, it is preferred to any other
wood for this commodity. The same qualities commend it to the makers of
draftsmen’s scales, such as straight-edges, triangles, graduated and slide
rules. if

Camera makers report using three woods,—mahogany, cherry, and yellow
poplar. The first two are the important ones, being strong, close-grained,
and free from warping tendencies as well as ornamental. Yellow poplar is
used in only relatively small amounts in this line of work and when so de-
manded goes principally into kits. Ebony was the highest priced wood shown
in the table and was reported by the makers of drafting instruments.

134

Table 87.—Wood for Professional and Scientific Instruments, year ending
June, 1912.

Grown in | Grown Out

es ee ee ee

¢ b
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
g s vania. sylvania.
SF Hw
be a
Yv
i) 6
Kind of Wood. tae
Qe e
SE 3
. BL ee é f
a ¢ ae 4 s s
~ ‘
& By a + % 3
& [oUF < a 5, &
RCAC CO RT Winereleleicielalefevereretelerercictel ciersiete 240, 000 78.52 $52 00 $12 480) || os cieeescies 240,000
Yellow poplar, ..........seseeeees 16, 5.02 73 78 APA) |SGoocoko00c0 16, 400
ING | cops ddoagdadobeDd coadvDboOabocdas 15, 4.60 58 67 880 5,000 10,000
Black MAUL creleloreleletehetorelarclolefeleleTeloieie 12,000 3.68 52 83 634 2,000 10,000
Oherry (black), ......ssseeeeeeees 10, 000 8.06] 100 00 1000)| elo. eee 10, 000 |
IWihite moa kane jerciscisiec cesta siciniceisiaiec 10,000 3.06 55 00 BOON oss sefeistereieiaye 10,000
WOR WOO Vilcitcisscicioteleleloverelelercieleistslaleiciele 7,200 2.21 38 47 277 1,000 6, 200
Mahogenyel AptadseaveoasodcaoonbuoE 6,118 1.57 169 21 ASN Goodadoubde 5,118
BugaArepiNe wre ecec oases eerecoristerees 5,000 1.53 70 00 S50] | eater nicloutrste 5,000
Boxwood (West Indian), ........ 2,300 10 5B 00 2 Gal Berterteitetertets 2,300
Lignum-vitae, .......cc.sesseeeees 1,000 81 120 00 PAN oSaodoanosde 1,000
Wilh teri in erie ciieteierciieletsieinieceleciele lle 1,000 -81 90 00 CDilbocosodogaaod 1,000
Sugar maple, ........cceceeceeeees 930 28 40 00 87 500 430
MO DOD YA arn cieielelsversicisisielereleievelele(elslels\e/e/sieie 500 15 260 00
Be tale sieiciateieisicieisisteletnteleiersiateraie $26,448 100.00 $57 44

SO)}|I erejersieleleieleis iol 500
$18,750 | ~ 8,500 317,948

PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS.

The commodities grouped in this industry are tackle blocks, belt pulleys,
conveyors, and clutches, and thirteen kinds of wood are used for making
them. Metal has to a large extent replaced wood in this line of manufacture,
but studies similar to this in various states have shown that a considerable
quantity of wood is still demanded for making them. For belt pulley rims the
manufacturers in Pennsylvania call for birch, basswood, yellow poplar, cucum-
ber, cottonwood, and butternut, and for the center arms, red oak, white oak,
sugar maple, ash, and beech.

Tackle block material must be dense, hard, strong, tough, and most diffi-
cult to split. White ash, sugar maple, and a small amount of black gum are
the woods reported in use in Pennsylvania though in other states elm is
frequently used. Pulley blocks are of many types and sizes in order to meet
a variety of uses. For example, those required on vessels, in building con-
struction, in mines, on derricks and hoists by house painters, masons, car-
penters, etc., range from a snatch block to the multiple pulley blocks. The
latter is usually of the shoulder block type and designed for one or more
sheaves. It is sometimes chambered out to receive a wheel in each compart-
ment while at other times two or more wheels are placed side by side in a sec-
tion. The old time block maker did much of the work by hand, but the im-
proved machinery in recent years does the work with greater accuracy and
in much less time. The lumber is ripped into dimensions the width of the
block and the reciprocating saw then cuts the dimensions into shape, when
they are passed on to be mortised. Often the wheel slats are cut by SNCS
and then the blocks are ready for the sheaves.

A small part of this industry consists in the manufacture of conveyors such
as are used in factory elevators and warehouses to carry merchandise and
grain. These require only a limited amount of wood for small parts and
white oak and sugar maple are the species reported.

Fig. 30 —Interior of excelsior factory, showing billets in place in excelsior machines.

Fig. 31.—Finished excelsior ready for baling.

Fig. 32.—Whips, canes, and umbrella handles, and rough stock from which
they are manufactured.

12.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 32.

Butt cut seedling and umbrella handle—sweet birch.
Cut of seedling and cane—osage orange.

Butt-cut seedlings, two umbrella handles—boxwood.
Whangee cuts, one bent ready to be cut into cane length.
Three designs of weichsel umbrella handles.

Butt-cut of furze, 1 parasol and 2 umbrella handles.

Malacca (rattan) cut and cane.

Butt cut seedling, umbrella handle and cane—partridge.
Rough sawn billet, parasol handle and cane—holly.
Madagascar cut—natural cane ready for ferrule.

Rough sawn billet, umbrella handle and cane—applewood.
Two parasol and one umbrella handle—ebony.

But-cut seedling of haw (black thorn).

Cut of bamboo and cane.

Corra cane with rice-root handle.

Rice-rooi from which handle of 15 was made.

Cut of Congo and umbrella handle.

Cut of Scotch thistle and parasol handle.

Butt-cut seedling, umbrella handle and cane—dogwood.
Rough sawn billet, cane, umbrella and 4 parasol handle—sugar maple.

French oak.

Butt-cat seedling, 4 umbrella handles

Butt-cut seedling—black ash.

. Two butt-cut seedlings and umbrella handle—hickory.

Cut of lancewood and umbrella handle.
Morillo cherry (sweet cherry) parasol handle.
Congo root for umbrella handle.

Red oak (Jersey)—parasol handle.

Cuts of white thorn and bamboo unnumbered, at bottom of illustration

Fig. 33.—Manufacturer of shoe lasts. Roughly cut billets and the finished lasts
turned from them.

Fig. 34.—Evolution of a shoe last.

135

Table 88.—Wood for Pulleys and Conveyors, year ending June, 1912.

5 bP Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
3 3 vania. sylvania.
= Me na
| 5 a
\ a 2
Kind of Wood. re ;
Ne a
< oe ns P
g 5 vt g | |
: q wg i
a 2 aa 5 s s
S 4 ee & > rT}
i) Oo Zi s } o 2
ica q A Fy i
!
SVE O WMD ODIAT I leierctelclciseelclecleieloielerel« | 80,000 27.16 $28 75 | $2,300 10,000 70,000
Suysee! sane oleys Weeegooooconodosdoube | 68, 000 23.09 | 43, 68 2,970 66,000 2,000
Basswood, | 40, 000 13.58 | 20 00 | 800 | AQ OOO) Wiisleleveievoreretaverete ;
JEN, Vdddoondog0edodoGud0bODDODGONUDDO | 15,000 5.09 30 00 | 450 | 7,000 8,000
BEG, | GonsndoodoosbdvogddauboDOdoD 15,000 5.09 20 00 300 AB SOOO ei cerect er crctereie/s
Bla Ck own Mae eewacecetdeciee veces 14,000 4.75 BRI Al CYP abodaoneaega 14, 000
VVIIGE MO Bini es cease iclelaleisictelsisteiatel sie eleiere 10,500 3.56 30 95 325 LOSSOOH Mererercvetetelertsters
TeWMRONA BododaboddoocsdanengddopUudDAO 10,000 3.40 20 00 | 200 OSOOOD eteererstetlarsreter=
EVE CO URS a eteterelelatchersiolaiuloleteystevelalsialelaiaye 10, 000 3.40 25 00 | 250 LOSQ00 | eee es isie
Red and silver maple, .......... : 10, 000 3.40 14 00 140 FOOOS Weryactsieteeisisiers
Mucumber yeaa wee ee eae « 10,000 3.40) 18 00| 180 TKO) ancbuaosueed
Seka AE oS Goqodboocsooouoeecoddd 10, 000 | 3.40 | 20 00 | 200 LOS OOOH iercerctcieicicierelely
WOLTOMWOO GS ieresileteieieicleteiorcislclelslereielele 2,000 | .68 21 00 | 42 ZE OOO! |Usyeicietele siejoia lee
eT Raegtr a |
FINO Earl iaimreyoteletatetetsiclers\areelete sisi eis ojote 294,500 100.00} $29 30| $8, 629 200,500 94,000

BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS.

Nearly all shoes in the United States are made over wooden lasts and,
therefore, the manufacture of these lasts as well as other shoe findings is an
important enterprise. In comparison with the quantity of woods consumed in
other states, particularly Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, and
New York, this industry in Pennsylvania is relatively small; but because of
the substantial well equipped establishments, of the skilled labor employed,
and in the high grade of products manufactured, it is of considerable
industrial importance. Lasts, shoe forms, and wood soles are the commodities
to which the statistics in Table 89 refer.

Lasts are made from sugar maple and persimmon because they possess the
essential qualities of hardness, density, capacity for smooth finish, and per-
manence in final shape. No other domestic woods have been found equally
suitable. The former goes into lasts, all sizes and kinds, both for leather
and rubber shoes, and the latter for the better grades of children’s and misses’
sizes. Considering the great number of shoes made in this country, compar-
atively few lasts are needed as many pairs are made over the same pattern.
The wear on the last is considerable and it can be used steadily for no longer
_ than twelve to fifteen months. For that reason only the high grade select wood
is required.

There are two distinct divisions of the last industry,—the manufacture of
the last block from bolts, and the manufacture of the finished last from the
rough turned blocks. The industry in Pennsylvania covers only the manu-
facture of the latter and the fact that no last and filler blocks were found being -
made in the State, though maple and basswood are commonly cut in Pennsyl-
vania, explains the fact that the entire amount of wood used by the last
makers was reported as coming from other states.

Last block manufacture entails various difficulties in kiln-drying and many
who have started the business have failed. Those who have mastered the
obstacles and acquired efficient processes of seasoning manufacture on &@

136

large scale and therefore reduce the number of block factories many times
below the number of the last makers. Last blocks are split from bolts winter
cut and then rough turned to various sizes on machines usually of special
design. The seasoning begins after the blocks are turned. First, they are
air-dried about twelve months after they are placed on racks under sheds.
The seasoning is completed by means of dry kilns and for this a period,
approximately three months, is required when the block is ready to send
to the last maker. :

Shoe trees, to be inserted into shoes to hold the shape, are an important
part of this industry but none are manufactured in Pennsylvania. Formerly
they were made solid of wood and were expensive. The best are still so
made; but recently, by the introduction of a combination tree of steel bands
and wood blocks, it has been made possible to make them to sell at a nominal
cost. :

Basswood is used as exclusively for forms or fillers as is sugar maple for
lasts. Forms are turned similarly from rough turned blocks. They are used
to maintain the natural shape of the shoe in samples displayed in show cases
and when being handled by traveling salesmen. They fit the shoes perfectly
and give an effect similar to the appearance of the shoe on jthe foot. Fillers
should be light in weight to save cost in transportation in salesmen’s trunks.
To reduce weight to the minimum many are hollowed, and basswood being
soft, easily worked, light, and sufficiently tough, holding its shape well, is
the most practical wood to use. The growing high cost of basswood has made
a demand for a suitable substitute at a lower price but as yet none has been
found. a

Clog or wooden soled shoes have leather tops and are used by people working
in wet and cold places, such as breweries, tanneries, creameries, mines, dye
works, fish canneries, slaughter houses, paper mills, also in foundriés
and metal works, and by others who desire a very durable shoe at a reason-
able price. High grades of yellow poplar and basswood are the materials de-
manded for clog soles in Pennsylvania, but in Jllinois, Michigan, and Ken-
tucky, beech, maple, and basswood in the order named contributed the
material.

Table 89.—Wood for Boot and Shoe Findings, year ending June, 1912.

£ b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
3 9 vania. sylvania.
S BH
nm
a
ov
= 3
Kind of Wood. aS
ns w
Sian :
a 2 g A
s ¢ an ts mn 2
rye
i A < i= & oo)
SUGAT MAPLE ye cctisteccsieicicrs leis «oie } 100,500 37.92 | $55 86 SH 6145 28h ates laterjate | 100,500
PSUS UM MOM pa alety cleictetet cite eiereierelevelaverarerate 99, 000 37.36 59 19 BE SEOs weictslarsiercveletaiere | 99, 000
By ASSWiOOG GP iieicisrarere’eie)sieleisielove siaicicle secre 35,500 13.40 50 73 1,801 18,000 17,500
PYCLLOWAs DODIAT siercis.+)civicie.ciale ctoislovelelors 380,000 11.32 56 67 AY CON Paroasuencdas 30,000 ;
MOtale Me Cece leah ee Ua * 265,000 100.00 $56 51 $14,975 18,000 247,000

137

SMOKING PIPHS.

Pennsylvania leads all other states in the consumption of wood for smoking
pipes. Five woods supply the raw material for this line of manufacture; two
of them are foreign species. Applewood leads the list as to amount, and is
the only wood reported cut in the State. The best grades of pipes are made
from French briar, ebony, and rosewood, but the last named was not re-
ported in Pennsylvania. The sapwood of sweet or cherry birch and red gum
is used for cheap pipes, che former to imitate calabash and the latter rose-
wood. Olivewood pipes resemble meerschaum when finished.

' Table 90.—Wood for Tobacco Pipes, year ending June, 1912.

33 Pb Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. i} Pennsyl- of Penn-
iy S gy vania. sylvania.
a a
vo
cs 3
Kind of Wood. es
RD» an
Sb rm
= ss of 2 g 8
a ap = ro) : a
a 3 SH ity 2 a
=) A Dy 3 on +
3 ® bo 3B 3 3
ey AY <q = & ey
Applewood mneesiaeeh ees snes cae | 121,485 | 58.38.| $52 42 | $6,372 | 60,000
HIREN CHM DLVAT waste eicisrecsiiiesisheleisiossie’s 81, 800 | 35.95 351 34 | 28,740 81,800
edi erm See Ee Na ICs a 12,000 5.27 50 00 | 600 | ... 12,000
DEI OMMY A ineeiareteisiclielssieornene cele Moosuogace | 9,800 4.31 183 67 | 1,800 | ... 9,800
lah! cosaapooocuEoduoeHNSHooodoDaNG | 2,000 | 88 50 00 | 100 | 2,000
| |
Oliivevsw ood) jcatwitrriiitec cinta 480 | 21) 81 25 39 | | 480
—_——— —_—_— | ————_—_—__—— os | es
MO Cae wee teciersicisierevetenereleterciovs)svsiave 227,515 | 100.00} $165 49 | $37, 651 61,435 | 166, 080

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS.

Ash, on account of its strength and convenient weight, is probably the
premier wood for baseball bats. The entire amount listed in Table 91 went
for this use, and most of it was purchased in the form of squares, usually
3 inches by 3 inches by 38 inches long. In other states bat maufacturers used
several woods, the principal ones other than ash being hickory, willow,
beech, ironwood, and maple. Though all of these are trees indigenous to
Pennsylvania, and the wood easily obtained, the manufacturers in this State
did not report the use of any.

Twice as much beech was used for game traps as any other wood and its
strength and density especially favor it for this purpose. Hard maple, its
chief competitor, with small quantities of ash and birch supplied the rest of
the material, purchased in the form of surfaced lumber. All used was cut
in the State. 3

Sugar maple, hard, tough, close grained, easily turned, has proved the
best qualified wood for duck and ten pins. The quantity used in Pennsylvania
is somewhat disappointing considering the large quantity of pins sold. Infor-
mation was secured of a large number of duck pin squares being cut in the
State, but they were shipped elsewhere to be manufactured and doubtless
are sent back to be sold in the finished product. Lignum-vitae answered for
bowling balls and, though a composition ball resembling hard rubber is being
more generally used, the best bowlers prefer the wooden ball. Lignum-
vitae is the highest priced wood shown in the table and is bought in the form
of bolts shipped from the West Indies. No domestic wood possesses the com-

138

bined qualities for balls equal to lignum-vitae. It is very heavy, hard, dense,
strong, and keeps its shape. Dogwood is the nearest approach and is used to
a limited extent but is not durable. None was reported in Pennsylvania.

Sugar maple and longleaf pine are the most used woods for bowling alleys.
The latter wood, edge grain and best grade, is used for the bed of the alley,
and the former for the approach and pin spot end and also for the return
track. Spruce or longleaf pine are the best for the gutters, and for the buffer
frames and sheathing shortleaf pine and hemlock were called for.

Pool and billiard tables and shuffle boards account for the rest of the
woods not mentioned above which are listed in the table. Chestnut and
yellow poplar answers for frames of pool and billiard tables, red oak, white
oak, ash, and sugar maple for the legs and also for sides and bodies. Cherry
went into triangles for setting pool balls and maple was the only wood for cues.

Table 91—Wood for Sporting and Athletic Goods, year ending June, 1912.

2 b Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8g Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. sylvania.
De ew
are et
S 6
Kind of Wood, ie
~ “5
ob
° Oh .
| aS of z =| g
G SI :
a v ae oe a 2
~
E 5 | ba % $ 3
= Qu < a my Fx
Sugarsmapley. scscosteccseenecscees 97,500| 45.32] $36 14 $3,524 47,500 50,000
Wihitemoake Gulssnesonemneseere teu 41,500| 19.29| 38 27 1,588 31,000 10,500
rey Cre ee ena Ie rer | Merrie a Figaeil 30 90 oon aad ae
@ottunwoodsiis aieese estas ccc ee 10,000; 4.65; 32 00 EPL) desdadocesonc | 10,000
Chestnuts scatecccuunaeaee ses. | 10,000; 4.65| 33 00 330 | 5,000 | 5,000
VEllowsMPOPlATS : cicnicis sis cieciiceisieecelels 5,000 | 2.32 | 28 00 140 | GSW Seanssdoogoe
Pienuim- vita evi. wesw wase nee 550 | 25 | 118 18 65: ipsteyannne | 550
REC OAK iss Vane naam le aatalelslslers 500 -23| 85 00 17 | BOO ee acne
G@herry| black)” ..02/2..0e2- 005. 100 .05| 46 00 5 100: ekeeese sa
MOt alan Riek ose nae et a 215,150| 100.00} $38 76 $8,339 | 139, 100 | 76,050
i

SADDLES AND HARNESS.

Hames are the principal commodity included in the following table. They
require a tough, strong, close wood. Ash and white oak furnished the largest
portion of the supply of raw material in Pennsylvania, which was purchased
in the form of squares of various sizes, the principal sizes being 24 inches by
24 inches, 30 inches long, and 2% inches by 2% inches, 32 inches long. White
ash was the favorite as to quantity. Black ash and hickory, though used,
contributed but small amounts. Pennsylvania is the first state in which
hickory has been reported by hame manufacturers though it has for a long
time been used by farmers for hand-made hames. According to reports from
factories in other states, ironwood, sugar maple, beech, white elm, and
red oak are suitable hams materials though their use was not reported in
large quantities.

White ash was the only wood called for in Pennsylvania for making saddle
trees, which is the only product except hames classed under this heading.
From other similar state reports, ash, though adaptable, is an uninportant
wood for this use. The kinds most used named in the order of quantity and
selected because of the quality of toughness with requisite weight are: White

139

elm, cottonwood, sycamore, soft maple, white oak, ash, hackberry, and
basswood.

Table 92—Wood for Saddles and Harness, year ending June, 1912.

2 E Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
s 2 vania. sylvania,
2 4
han!
be a)
8 6
Kind of Wood.
a. cf
eb 7H
g 2G ot 2 a |
= a &o g oO °
a eg OSs v a 7)
7 he De 8 3 a
x © > of Ss o ©
& Ay < i= 7) fa
PAUSTIE irererclstcieterstece sieis sloleiercieveleicisisocieietelolere 100, 000 53.19 $44 30 $4, 48@ 76,000 24, 008
WADE MOA Keitenicetlatcisieisicietelstereisisiereicroe 70,000 87.28 71 43 5,000 60,008 10, 000
ENT CK OMY emrecesteteictletertelelaleielatelalersiatere 10,000 5.32 60 00 GOOD | Wectecirerstcietarers 10, 000
TRC FE eS Ment oe HEU RA Ae wt ae 8, 000 4.26 40 00 820) | oh aaa 8,000
GNIS” SocosoosacauoncacaqoaaoD 188, 000 100.00 $55 32 $10, 400 186,000 52,000

GATES AND FENCING.

Table 93 lists seven woods used in Pennsylvania for fence pickets and
gates, both farm gates and those used for the enclosure of front yards and
lawns. White cedar, shipped in from the Carolinas, stands first as to quan-
tity and in no other industry was it the principal wood. Its durability in ex-
posed situations especially commends it for this use. Spruce is listed in the
table in large quantities and the fact that it was preferred to several State-
grown woods that could probably have been obtained cheaper and known to
be more durable, is worthy of note. The durable properties of cypress, to-
gether with its strength, favor it also as an excellent wood for gate and fenc-
ing material. That cypress is demanded for the best lines of work of this
character is seen from the fact that it is the only wood reported by railroads
for crossing gates. In the lower grades it is popular for lawn fence pickets,
for which use it serves with chestnut and white pine. Stubs, the wooden parts
of patent woven wire fencing, called for chestnut and white cedar. Though
white cedar was used in larger quantities, yet chestnut, because it is cheaper
and at the same time possesses lasting qualities for outdoor uses, is destined
to grow in favor for this purpose.

140.

Table 93.—Wood for Gates and Fencing, year ending June, 1912.

ec) B Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. ms Ss Pennsyl- of Penn-
S S vania. sylvania.
asp eH
ps, a
2 i
Kind of Wood. ©
1 a) 6
Die qa
: ee :
z Salven E e B
ee 2 2
8 a | 28 s 3 :
Ey jan 4 i= & is=}
Southern white cedar, ........... 100, 000 61.98 | $20 00 CPD egoosdconeos 100,000
SERUGCARA a ctspeciincins parctimasiene te 36, 000 22.31) 25 00 YN Resear | 36,000
Chestnut eects roreereettiels 11,500 lou 25 39 | 292 (aU boeassoooaod
WARE ea UI OS Sehisieyarsoiss~ eresetoucsareieisle civics 5,000 3.10 | 22 00 | 110 HOON Reem emeie
MEOW POPLAR: Weenies ceive sitecices 5,000 3.10 26 00 | 130 BAO Sbecécescoo0
Cypress (bald), ~......¢.i0.-c- eee 3,840 2.38 55 00 | Dit | rereverc¥oletstcketclels 3,840
ED OEY INN ecisisect ee oterae PN erereictst es 161,340 100.00 $22 58 | $3, 643 16,500 144, 840

CLOCK CASES.

In the quantity of wood consumed, the manufacture of clock cases in Penn-
svlvania is one. of the minor industries. However, since wood is only one
of a number of materials required, it is not a fair basis for comparison. Clock
makers report the use of lumber for mantel and wall clocks, and to a limited
extent for large hall and grandfather clocks. Mahogany is the principal
wood used and represents over 50 per cent. of the total. This is the only in-
dustry in which an imported wood leads the list of species. Next to ma-
hogany, the oaks were in the largest demand for the exterior work of wall
clocks finished natural or darkened by fumes or stain to produce the mis-
sion effects.

The backs of cases of all kinds and the bottoms of mantel clocks are not
visible and are therefore made of cheaper wood. Yellow poplar and bass-
wood met this demand because they hold their shape and are easy to work
and nail. Yellow poplar is also called on to a limited extent for the base or
backing of enameled work. The art of enameling wood has made rapid
progress of late years and imitations are made not only to resemble foreign
woods but also marble and other materials.

Veneer takes a prominent place in this industry, both as a finish and as
layers in 3-ply built-up stock used in making clock cases. The appearance of
chestnut and yellow poplar in the table is accounted for in this form. In re-
gard to the price shown for red gum, it should be noted that it was used for
finish or exterior work and as it is frequently found beautifully modeled with
figure and color similar to Circassian walnut it furnishes a substitute for that
wood for finish.

141

Table 94-—Wood for Clocks, year ending June, 1912.

= P Grown in | Grown Out
| Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S iS vania. sylvania.
~ eB
arth As nm
he a
vo
; a S
Kind of Wood. 4
Me a
26 e
=| SS) oe 2 | |
: =I tog ) iS 7
2 & oH 2 2
ze) Sa a = =
2 3 pa s 3 3
& Ay < a i) &
{ |
Manhooanyad Brice acasasaeenions ccs 43,000 30.83 |. $103 84 | SANAGH) |EREReEE Ree 43, 000
BYE ON vas DO DVD a apeteleleteteis) stetotelel sisters . 35,000 25.09 33 57 | 1,175 onacshoodacd 35,000
Tel Pelle \WweENbtbh Sy poogooobadbouodeoDUdG 21,000 15.05 50 95 1,070 | AURIS SAoeeogsoece
\avies GAlss: cSeoaconocoocddodgb0addD 138,500 9.68 74 30) TAUB MIbSS RE Gauendae 13,500
1exeal AMIN, GobaoboanogNodGoMDbODOONG | 10,000 | 7.17 60 00 | 600 | petseeen ees | 10,000
Chestnut ee tees heats 5,000 3.58 30 00 150 | BNOOOM ease eee
ISACEMKODO, © Séossdssocsacooudos0o00 5,000 3.58 60 00 Bi Ihab oooadoudKd 5,000
inch een awe haan nes acer 4,000 2.87 45. 60 S08 ae eal eae 4,000
VOC IO Det mreratelatereicteielevelars|teielelelelelslelefete | 3,000 2.15} , 45 00 Ikby| apaccooreodS 3,000
NO Cal imertepetcletcietetatsistaicieretelersisters it | 139,500 100.00 $65. 08 $9,078 26,000 113,500
| } | 1

ROLLERS AND POLBES.

Window shade rollers belong to this industry but none are manufactured in
Pennsylvania, though sawmills cutting white pine were found furnishing
large quantities of material in the desired form to the New York shade roller
makers. Curtain poles and brackets, rug and drugget poles, and awning
rollers are the articles to which the statistics in Table 95 refer. Basswood is
the leading wood and it went entirely into curtain poles. It serves well for
this use, first, because it is so easily worked, and second, the ease and
permanence with which it takes paint and stain allows it to be finished to
imitate expensive hardwoods like walnut, mahogany, and oak. Hard maple,
sweet birch, white oak, and white ash are other important curtain pole woods
and the ones reported mainly for curtain pole fixtures and brackets.

Rug and drugget pole manufacturers called principally for black gum, but
beech, basswood, and yellow poplar met part of the demand. Awning rollers
require a heavy wood. Sugar maple, hickory, beech, and black gum were the
ones reported. The two former, being expensive, were used in small quan-
tities only. Black gum is practically a new wood for this use but the demand
is increasing owing to its being one of the cheapest hardwoods with the -re-
quisite weight, strength, and adaptability for being turned. Redwood was
the only wood reported for shade hangers.

142

Table 95.—Wood for Rollers and Curtain Poles, year ending June, 1912.

= Pp Grown in | Grown Out
! Quantity. a} Pennsyl- of Penn-
: = iS vania. sylvania.
Ks Je
| , <
5 ;
Kind of Weod. ie ©
Mo ww
pe Shukl oP ef ;
al Hanes ase in =| g
i ! § wos ts) :
oe ene fis) = 2 ce
3 | eS $ 8 2
64 < a & oy
BBSSWOOG) [0 sis(00 2101010010 0/0 olnieisieeis clelsies 37,500 29.86 $20 00 $750 Bis) || woooooodoo0d
Sugar maple, .......::-eeceeeeeeee | 27, 425 21.84 16 59 455 27,000 425
MW alate OA Ke iiiclericis sperel-faiatsleleleleleislereleiote 19, 000 15.13 16 63 816 TOKOOON Wea ees
IB COC eae ete cterciesaleerereleieieieleleiesersisicleletels 12,00! 9.56 14 00 168 D25O0Os | ietserscisneiercce
Birch Maamie feictotelelcieisisiercislelaieletetsterelsieisrale 12,000 9.56 14 00 168 V2AOOON Wvictetetoerrcets
Gia Gs SusaubedadboodooDddoavcobGduD 6,150 4.90 32 68 201 5,000 1,150
Black gum, .. 6,000 4.78 20 00 TZON eee 6,000
Hickory, ..-.. 2,500 1.99 60 00 150 SAND | Socdoeonceos
Redwood, 2,000 1.59 45 00 OOM | eteaclewtas tayecs 2,000
Yellow poplar, ........ce-eeeoeees 1,000 .79 65 00 y GDilBeyereserstarermvetstete 1,000
Mo taller sicieleisielicielsisielsisisieis\ele(s) ete 125,575 | 100.00 $19 77 $2,483 115, 000 10,575

MANUAL TRAINING PRACTICE.

Improved systems of public school education today endeavor to give not
only a thorough grounding in the usual elementary subjects but also offer op-
portunities to acquire the fundamentals of various artisan trades by methods
of practical work in the laboratory, the shop, or the field. These specialized
schools or departments are known as “Manual Training” and in connection
with the excellent system of public education in Pennsylvania there has been
established a large number of them throughout the State. They offer instruc-
tion in a diversity of practical courses. Important among these is wood craft.
Shops equipped with tools of all kinds and with wood-working machinery af-
ford training in the making of many kinds of commodities and an insight into
all lines and processes of wood-working. Woods that are soft and possess
properties to work easily are naturally the kinds in greatest demand. That
white pine, yellow poplar, and basswood head the list in Table 96, therefore,
is not surprising, but that so small amounts of yellow pine and hemlock are
employed, these being the cheapest woods, is interesting, especially as these
woods are important in many wood manufacturing industries. If both the
red and white oaks had been compiled under one heading, oak, this wood
would have been first in the table. Of the twenty species used, mahogany is
the highest priced and beech the lowest.

Fig. 35.—Kvolution of a briar pipe.

"JNU[VAM UWRISSBIITD puR YyoRTq JO epeu

‘qoyrvu IoJ Apvad Syoos peystuy JO equnu v puR Yyoo3s UNS v JO UOTN[OAG— "gE ° SI

143 |

Table 96.—Wood for Manual Training Practice, year ending June, 1912.

e b> Grown in | Grown Out
Quantity. 8 Pennsyl- of Penn-
S 9 vania. sylvania.
| 2 €
nm
l ts s
| S 6
Kind of Wood. | ga ;
Me ea
| Sp :
=| | 3 ot 2 § g
Bs H q Me 5) 5
a | iA ou i a a
uw a wey ee)
$ | a bas Pa) ry ©
o © ° © oO
=) ; 4 A Fy Fe
\nanilira whys, | Gdb6astoaade on saGodddbe 21,575 22.49 $72 35 $1,561 8,675 12,900
Yellow poplar, ................... 16, 250 16.94 66 95 1,088 9,550 6,700
IB ASSWiOOC samretay-teleleletercleloyeleleleleteleicfelstals 14, 400 By Oal 43 06 590 7,650 6,750
IRGOl ORI pocobdaoaeenecdoonuconooud 13,070 13.62 72 61 949 9,070 4,000
White oak, ............+-seeeeeeee 10,500 10.94 §3 81 881 4,950 5,550
Gres tnuityeerreierleteieteleietsllseieleicle\sisierelele 7,000 7.30 64 14 448 5,000 2,000
SUA MMA LOS Vi versreteiteisleleisialalslelelerere(s 3,350 3.49 50 45 169 3,050 300
(nema, (NEKEK)A Gododocaduooon0Ke 1,850 1.93 55.68 103 De SHO erceiteeicn .
Gypressla (bald) secu cece 1,750 1.82 63 43 Tyla 1,750
PATS mer stoteretetarslofelctateusielsioisioleteleletelelsielsisl eters 1,100 1.15 70 91 78 800 800
MENU CKORYAtutcisescielsicrsisicisicsistelaielsicleletsiare | 934 Bute 70.66 64 234 700
Biln@lke jiyillniblies “GoocpoobacoqdouNOdE 850 89 87 06 | 77 650 200
Mah Or aMiy ileal cienicleretcistolersale cleleietels 750 78 134 67 MW Gasubaocouse 750
CC CIM tai stalvielclein cisholdlafelelslsieloteletatys 600 -62 28 33 17 hth Sopeaso0o08e
SUA PUNE eieialeaie.s clelelelelate siete ie\el= +1» 500 52 80 00 ADE rettraratereteicrsrats 500
Vayeel falhol GaoondonosaunooDHOOSDODOS 470 49 72 34 Bhi haas hee cece 470
RECUR COG AT derteletelcioisteletelolevele/steisterelelalets 400 42, 97.50 OOH Papreletecleretee 400
TEGO GK Miterar-leteteloinielsiniete’sielelsielsielele'slote 262 220 24 35 9 ZEA titerroe era etee
Shor tleati piney secs cislestoicieleicisivie cists 250 26 40 00 | LOM Secanceieeen 250
REM WOO eneies ecieclorecetsvoletsierelsiotetcietevereists 50 05 60 00 See Seas ei 50
DO WOOGS) Wiarccteiaicncieieiclelsle\elsivicielrinie.so 34 .04 90 00 | 3 BY SLU ies ah
“NN aac poneovadsos0oUnonodG 95,945 100.00 $66 44 | $6,375 51,875 44,070
MISCELLANEOUS.

In soliciting information from the various manufacturers concerning the
extent of their operations in the consumption of wood, the Forest Service
and the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry made assurance that the data
would be treated confidentialiy and not used in the report so as to reveal the
identity of the establishments furnishing it. Whenever, therefore, fewer than
three factories making similar commodities were entitled to be grouped as an
industry, rather than discard the information from the report it was placed
under the head ‘‘Miscellaneous,”

The nearly seven and a half million feet shown as the total of the table
includes considerably over five million of State-grown white pine for matches,
more than 100 M feet of beech cut in the State for brewer chips, used in brew-
eries to clarify beer, nearly 200 M feet of white ash, Douglas fir, soft
maple, and beech for flag poles and shafts, and nearly one-half that amount
consisting of spruce, hemlock, and yellow pine for tent poles, Small quan-
tities of red cedar were used for oil barrel faucets, and black walnut

and Circassian walnut for stocks and fore-ends of both fire-arms and of air
rifles.

144

Table 97.—Wood for Miscellaneous, year ending June, 1912.

a ——

Kind of Wood.

WAHT Ee INOS hee isieeisisls s.eieie sletelelticiais ne
IMAI Gas aonhuodnEEededsoodddboads
Red and silver maple, .

ISibdaNy: bgp pnpopeoodaoUsacoCodCD
Loblolly pine,
Douglas fir, .......%.

TEV SINT O CR pie iviciacieisoreieecetorsiateleieisioistetocs
Sugar maple,

SU Ce sates cectetcrsytoleiareloteie cetstersleisertores=
Circassian walnut, 3. joe. ..5.. 5.
Red cedar, ...--.. cesses cence eeee |

TOTALS Ace are iecolsiorsisin eipleleislaleleja\e a)

Quantity.
|
° 1
& leans
: | A
a hei 3
»
yr) =I
g a
7,002, 000 94.41
175, 003 2.36
50,000 .67
50, 000 .67
34,200 46
25, 000 84
17,000 23
14, 400 ap
12, 250 3
11,500 16
10, 000 13
10, 000 ake
5,000 07
7,416, 353 100.00

Average cost per 1,000 ft.

at factory.

eA
pai
for)
s

Total cost f. 0. b. factory.

$193, 466

Grown in
Pennsyl-
vania.

7,333, 703

Grown

Out

of Penn-
sylvania.

Feet b. m.

145

PART III.

THE USES OF WOOD BY PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS.
The following list indicates the various uses of wood reported by Pennsyl-

vania manufacturers.

The collation comprises over 6,000 separate commodi-

ties, and is probably the most complete statement of this kind ever pre-

sented.

Handles, handsaw

Baskets

Bats, baseball
Beams, plow
Bodies, sleigh
Boxes, comb
Boxes, knife
Boxes, salt
Boxes, tin plate
Box shooks
Cabinets, kitchen
Cabs, locomotive
Chairs, kitchen
Chests, ice
Commodes, interior
Cooperage stock
Covers, butter pail

Bottoms, automobile seat
Automobile bodies

Axle beds, buggy.
Axle beds, perch spring wagon
Axle beds, surrey

Back boards, piano
Backing, cases

Backs, automobile seats
Backs, hair brush
Backs, nail brush

Backs, scrubbing brush

Balusters (stair)

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base corners, house _ interior
trim

Base board, house interior trim
Base moulding, house interior

trim
Baskets,. split
Bats, baseball
Batters, dumb waiter
Beams, dining room ceiling
Beams (elevator)
Beds, light delivery wagons
Belt panel, light delivery wagon
bodies
Benches, mess (boat)
. Benches, piano
Blocks, brake
Blocks, brush

Blocks, pulley \
Blocks, tackle
Boards, drain

Bodies, automobile
Bodies, cart
Bodies, wheelbarrow
Book racks
Bottoms, washing machines
Bows, automobile
Bows, buggy top
Bows, carriage top
Bows, hay bed farm wagons
Bows, wagon tops- -
Boxes, creamery shipping
‘Boxes; roller. sign, (electric

cars) t
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, stair.
Brushes

APPLEWOOD.

Pipes, smoking

ASH, BLACK.

Crating

Finish, boot

Frames, automobile bodies
Frames, carriage bodies
Frames, wagon bodies
Handles, garden trowel
Handles, hammer
Handles, hand drill
Handles, hoe

Handes, lawn mower
Handles, paint brush
Handles, rake

Handles, wheel hoe
Hoppers, vegetable
Moulding, picture
Pails, candy

ASH, WHITE.

Bushel crates

Cabinets, filing, exterior
Cabinets, printer

Cabinets, special work
Cabinets, typewriter
Cabins, interior, river craft
Cabins, interior, ships
Cabins, interior, yachts
Cabs, locomotive

Carpet strip, house interior trim
Cars, elevator

Cases, binnacle

Cases, ship chart

Cases, type

Casing, controller box, electric
ears

Casing, door

Casing, pipe organ

Casing, window

Chair arms, railway cars
Chair bottoms

Chair rail, house interior trim
Churn parts

Cleats, dumb waiter

Coaming, motor boat
Colonnades, house interior trim
Consoles

Corner blocks, house interior
trim :

Corner posts, light delivery
wagons

, Costumers.

Counter tops, bar room

Covers, hatchway (ship)

Covers, switch boxes (electric
cars) : ,

Cues, billiard

Cupboard doors, railway cars

Decking, canoe

Doors

Doors, dumb waiter shaft
Doors, folding

Doors, locker (boat and ship)
Doors, sliding

Drain boards

Drop gate, light delivery wagon
bodies

Dumb waiters

Dumb waiter parts

Screws, bookbinders

Pews, church
Poles, pike
Poles, plow
Refrigerators
Seats, auto
Seats, carriage
Sides, cheese box
bed

trunk

» coaster
cheese box
butter

Tubs, lard

Washhoards,

Wood pulleys

laundry

Dust guards (railway passenger
ears)
Elevators, grain

Eveners

Facing, window partition (elec-
tric cars)

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels

Felloes, light delivery wagons
Fifth wheel bars, light delivery

wagons
Fifth wheel circles, light de-
livery wagons
Fifth wheel spools, light de-

livery wagons
Fillers, Scotch hame
Fillet, house interior trim
Finish, interior engine cab
Finish, yacht cabins
Fixtures, office, exterior
Flat battens, house interior trim
Flooring
Flooring,, freight car platform
seales -
Flooring, freight elevators _
Flooring, (passenger elevator
Cans)
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames
Frames,

automobile bodies

bob sleds

chair

coal screens

(elevator cars)

gravel screens

Frames, sand shaking screens

Frames, tennis racket

Framework, automobile cushion

Front panels, light delivery
wagons

Grilles (ship and boat cabins)

Guide posts, dumb waiter

Handles, bottom pick
Handles, brush

Handles, clay pick

Handles, coal pick

Handles, collier. shovel
Handles, -cultivator

Handles, garden hoe
Handles, garden rake , -
Handles, hay knife
Handles,

jack serew

Handles,

Handles, special brushes

Handles, varnish brushes

Hay beds, farm wagon

Hay bed blocks, farm wagon

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head easing, house _ interior
trim

Heading, nail keg

Heading, slack cooperage

Heel board, light delivery
wagons

Hind spring bars, light delivery
wagons

Horses, rocking

Hounds, light delivery wagon

Hubs, wheelbarrow

Key bottoms, piano

Keels, motor boat

Knees, canal boat

Knees, river craft

Knees,

Knobs,

Ladders,

Ladders, step

Lagging, refrigerator machine
cylinders

Lagging

Lath

Legs, billiard tables

Lining, cases

Lower head blocks,
livery wagons

Lower panels,
wagon bodies

Jacks, wagon

lawn mower
lawn rake
manure fork
mining pick
paint brushes
piano

pick

pitch fork
scoop

shovel
spade

river craft
ship

light de-
light delivery

Jambs, door

Interior finish

Interior finish, electric cars

Interior finish, house

Interior finish, (railway cars)

Interior finish, traction engine
cabs

Mantels

Milk counters, dairymans

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, automobile

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion :

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim 5

Moulding, cove, house interior
trim

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house in-

terior trim
Moulding. quarter round, house
interior trim
Moulding, spring
construction
Neck yokes
Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting

cove, house

Altars, church

Animals, toy
Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door
Backing, mirror
Racks, buffets

Backs, bureaus

Backs, chiffioniers
Backs, mirror

146

ASH, WHITE—Continued.

Novelties

Nosing, house interior trim

Oars, row boat

Panels, automobile bodies

Panels, ceiling (railway cars)

Panels, door

Panels, wagon bodies

Panels, windows, railway cars

Panel strips, interior house trim

Panel wainscoting, railway cars

Paper pulp

Parts, flour mill machinery

Piano cases, veneer

Pilasters, piano

Pillars, light delivery wagon

Pilot wheels, river craft

Pilot wheels, ship

Pilot wheels, yacht

Planks, fish

Planks, steak

Plate rail, dining room

Pole futchels, light
wagons

chair

piano

wagon

Posts, warehouse fmol

Push carts (bodies)

Racks, display

Racks, magazine

Rails, doors

Rails, guide (dumb waiter)

Rails, river craft

Rails, ship

Rails, stair

Rails, yacht

Reaches, buggy

Reaches, farm wagon

Reaches, lumber wagon

Reaches, perch spring wagon

Reaches, surrey.

Reaches, wag

Rear end ra
wagons

Refrigerators

Refrigerators, exterior

delivery

light delivery

Ribs, boat
Ribs, canoe
Ribs, motor boat

Rims, automobile wheels

Rims, carriage wheels

Risers, stair

Rockers, chair

Rollers

Rollers, caster

Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Rounds, ladder

Rounds, plow

Rungs, ladder

Runners, bob sled

Running boards, automobile

Saddletrees

Sash, electric cars

Sash, railway cars

Seat boards, light
wagons

Seat frames,

Shackle bars,
wagons

Shafts, light vehicles

Shelves, dumb waiter

Shoe rails (stair),

Showcases, exterior

Sides, billiard tables

Sides, push cart

Sides, truck

Side pillars, light
wagons

delivery

canoe

light delivery

delivery

ASPEN.

Excelsior

BASSWOOD.

Baskets, split
Base blocks, house interior trim
Base boards, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Beams, dining r room ceiling
Bedsteads, hidden work

Sides, wagon bodies

Side futchels, light delivery
wagons

Side slats, light delivery
wagons

Signal blades, railroad
Sills, automobile

Sills, buggy

Sills, buggy bodies

Sills, carriage

Sills, carriage bodies

Sills, -delivery wagons

Sills, light delivery wagons

Sills, inside window (electric

___cars)

Sills, window, inside (railway
cars

Slats (automobile tops)

Slats, bed

Slats, trunk
Slats, wagon top

Sleds

Sleds, frame work

Sleds, toy

Splinter bars, light delivery
wagons

Spokes, automobile wheels

Spokes, heavy vehicle wheels

Spokes, light delivery wagons

Spokes, push cart wheels

Spring yokes, light delivery
wagons

Staffs, flag

Stakes, log cars

Stands, umbrella

Staves, butter pail

Staves, slack cooperage

Staves, tight cooperage

Staves, washing machine

Stay bars, light delivery wagons
Stays, boat y 5

Stems, canoe

Stems, motor boat
Stems, river craft
Stems, ships

Stems, yachts

Stern posts, motor boat
Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, drawer

Stretchers, curtain

String boards (stair)

Strips (elevator cars)

Strips, guide (elevator)

Swing cleats, curtin pole

Tables, sewing

Tables, telephone

Tillers, canal boat

Tillers, river craft

Top rails, light delivery wagon
bodies

Top slats, light delivery wagon
bodies

Tops, washing machines

Treads, stair

Tripods, camera

Upper head blocks, light de-
livery wagon

Veneer

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting, house interior trim
Wainsccting cap, house interior

trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Bellows, organ

Bellows frames, organ
Binding strips, school

board

Blinds, window
Blocks, brake

Blocks, brush

Blocks, tassel
Blowers; organ

black-

Blowers, player piano

Boards, ironing
Boards, pastry
Boards, potato chip
Boards, potato peeler
Boards, skirt
Boards, slaw

Boats, toy

Bodies, baby carriage

Bottom panels, piano cases

Bottom rails, sash

Bottoms, buffets

Bottoms, case

Bottoms, chiffioner

Bottoms, dressers

Bottoms, grape basket

Boxes, bottle

Boxes, candy

Boxes, knife

Boxes, novelty

Boxes, packing

Boxes, shirtwaist

Boxes, trunk

Boxes, type i

Brackets, plate rail

Brake blocks, mine pit wagon

Bushel crates

Capping, sink, house
trim

Carpet
trim

Carts, dump

Carvings, wood

Cases, clock

Cases, sample

Cases, silverware

Cases, type

Casing, door

Casing, house

Casing, window

Ceiling j

Chair rail, house interior trim

Cheeks, piano case

China closet, interior

Clog soles (shoe)

Clothes driers

Coal boxes, traction engine |

Colonnades, house interior trim

Communion rails, church

Consoles

Corner blocks,
trim

Crates

Crating

Cups, soap

Curtain stretchers

Display forms, hosiery

Display forms, shoe

Doll parts

Doors

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dowels

Dust cap, house interior trim

Dust conveyors, threshing ma-
chine

Dust guards, freight car axles

Dust guards, railway cars

Elevators, flour mill

Excelsior

Excelsior, packing

Excelsior, ribbon

8 ng
Fall boards, piano cases

interior

strip, house interior

house interior

(mattress

Acetate of lime

Alcohol, wood

Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door

Back posts, piano

Backing, desk

Baeks, chair

Backs, drawer

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim
Base corners, house interior

trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Baskets

147

BASS WOOD—Continued.

Feet, piano
Fillet, house interior trim
Flag sticks (railway)

Flat battens, house interior

corn graders
front door side light
jewelry case
lounge

mirror

picture

store fixture
Frames, suit case

Front doors, house

Game boards

Grain registers, threshers

Grilles, house interior trim

Handles, broom

Handles, brush

Handles, long handled dust
brush

Handles, mop

Handles, pipe

Handles, plastering trowel

Handles, street brushes

Handles, wall brush

Handles, window brush

Head biocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Heading, nail keg

Heading, slack cooperage
Interior finish, churches
Interior frames, store fixtures
Ironing boards, folding
Jambs, door

Key blocks, piano cases
Key bottoms, piano cases
Key slips, plano cases
Ladders, step

Lath

Lids, grape basket
Mantels

Mantels, painted work
Meeting rail, sash
Mirror doors, house

Molding, bed, house construc-
tion

Molding, brick, house construc-
tion

Molding, cap, house interior
trim

Molding, casket

Molding, cove

Molding, crown, house interior
trim

Molding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Molding, electric wire

Molding, piano cases

Molding, picture

Molding, plaster, house con-
struction

Molding, quarter round

Molding, spring cove, house
construction.

Molds, butter
Mud _ shields,
Mullions, sash
Music shelf, piano cases
Nosing, house _ interior

Novelties
Novelties, burnt wood

traction engine

trim

BEECH.

Baskets, split

Bay brackets,
tion

Beams,

Blocks, brake

Blocks, brush

Boards, bosom

Boards, bread

Boards, lap

Boards, pastry

Book shelves

Bottom panels, piano cases

Bottom rail, porch

Bottom rails, sash -

Bottoms, basket

Bottoms, carriage bodies

house construc-

dining room ceiling

Pails,

Panel
trim

Panels,

Paper

Parting
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Pedal boards, piano cases

Pews, church

Pianos, toy

Pilasters, piano cases

Pipes, organ

Plate rail, dining room

Racks, curtain display

Racks, rug display

Rails, door

Rails, table

Reels, electric wire

Reels, solder wire

Refrigerators

Rims, split wood pulleys

Sash, window

candy

strips, house interior

door
pulp
strip,

house interior

Seats, automobile
Seats, chair
Seats, tricycle

Serving tables, hidden work
Shelving

Sideboards, interior work
Side boards, wheelbarrow
Sides, piano cases

Sides,

toy wagons
Sides,

i wagon bodies

Sides, wheelbarrow

Siding, house

Sink aprons, house interior trim
Slats, automobile tops

Slats, wagon tops

Spouting, flour mill

Stands, bible

Staves, slack cooperage

Staves, tight cooperage

Step ladders -

Sticks, umbrella

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim
Stretchers, curtain

Strips, felt bound school slates
Tables

Tables, ironing

Templates, shipbuilding.

Top panels, piano cases

Top rails, sash
Top slats, light delivery wagon
bodies

Tops, kitchen table

Tops, piano cases

Tops, table

Toy pianos

Trays, incubator

Trays, trunk

Trunks

Veneer

Wainscot
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wheelbarrows, toy

Window apron, house interior

rail, house. interior

trim
Window stool, house interior
trim
Bottoms, fruit baskets
Bottoms, jack plane
Bottoms, wagon bodies
Boxes, comb
Boxes, foundry moulding
Boxes, knife
Boxes, packing
Boxes, plate glass packing
Boxes, salt
Boxes, tin plate

Brackets, mine
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, porch
Brooms, street

Oapping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet house interior
trim

Cases, blacking

Cases, shipping

Casing, door

Casing, window

Celery crates

Center arms, split wood pulleys

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chairs, chlidrens’

Chairs, folding camp

Chairs, ladder

Charcoal

Cheeks, piano case

“Chips, brewers

Chopping bowls

strip,

Clamps, trouser hanger

Clothes driers ‘

Colonnades, house interior trim

Commodes

Consoles

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Costumers

Cots, camp

Crating

Cresting, porch roof

Cross-ties, railroad

Door boards, coal car

Door boards, railway grain car

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dowels

Dust cap, house interior trim

End sills, log cars

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fall boards, piano cases

Feet, piano

Felloes, wheelbarrow wheel

Fillet, house interior trim

Fixtures, curtain ; P
Flat battens, house interior
trim

Flooring, house

Flooring, mine dump cars
Frame work, farm machinery
Frames, buck saw

Frames, corn sheller

Frames, door

Frames, front door side light
Frames, light vehicles
Frames, school slate

Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Furniture, camp

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments,
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Handles, awl

Handles, boning knife

Handles, broom

Handles, butcher knives

Handles, carpenter try-square

Handles, coal sieve

Handles, crosscut saw

house con-

Benches,
Cabinets,
Costumers

piano —
medicine

Backing, cabinet
Backs, brush
Baskets

Blocks, brush
Bobbins

Boxes, druggists’

Chair frames, rattan
Chairs, turned parts
Clothespins
Excelsior

Handles, brush
Handles, carrying
Handles, edge tovls

148

BEECH—Continued.

Handles,

Hangers, clothes

Hangers, garment

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head casing, house interior trim

Heading, cooperage

Heading, nail keg

Heading, slack cooperage

Hubs, wheelbarrow

Interior finish, freight cars

Jambs, door

Key blocks, piano case

Key bottoms, piano cases

Key slips, piano cases

Lath

Legs, table

Legs, ironing board

Mantels

Medicine cabinets

Mine props

Meeting rails, sash

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding,
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown,
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, piano case

fruit baskets

lawn rake

long handled dirt pans
plane

skinning knives

steak knife

sticking knife
‘wheelbarrow

whip

eap, house interior

house con-

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Mullions, sash

Musie shelf, piano case

Nosing, house interior trim

Novelties

Panel _ strips,
trim

Panels, door

Paper pulp

Parasol sticks

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Parts, bookbinders machinery

Pedal boards, piano cases

Pilasters, piano cases

Pins, cartridge

Pins, clothes

Pipe, wooden water

Planes, moulding

Plate rail, dining room

Poles, curtain

house int:2rior

‘Porch columns, built up

Porch newels, built up
Porch spandrels

BIRCH, BLACK.
End sills, log car

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels
Handles, butcher knives

BIRCH, PAPER.

Handles, engravers tools
Handles, file

Handles, pail

Hubs, toy wagon

Hubs,
Knobs
Knobs,
Molding,
Novelties
Organ parts
Plugs, paper
Poles, rug
Rollers, curtain

toy wheelbarrow

drawer
piano

Posts,
Posts,
Rails,
Rails,
Rails, kitchen table
Reels, hose :
Refrigerators, exterior
Rims, fruit baskets
Rounds, chair
Ruling machines,
Rungs, . ladder
Screens, door
Screens, window
Scroll sawed balusters, porch

chair

dresser

bed
door

bookbinders

Seats, buggy

Seats, lawn swings

Sides, cheese box

Sides, drawer

Sides, mine dump cars

Sides, piano case

Sides, step ladder

Sink aprons, house interior
trim

Slats, ash can

Slats, lawn swings
Slides, table

Spindles, porch
Sprags, mine

Staffs, flag

Staves, cement barrel
Staves, cooperage
Staves, slack cooperage
Step ladder chairs
Steps, step ladder
Sticks, flower

Sticks, umbrella
Stiles, door

Stools, camp

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, -window, house interior
trim

Tabourettes

Tongues, toy wagon

Top panels, piano case

Top rail, porch

Top rails, sash

Tops, kitchen table

Tops, piano cases

Tops, sleds

Toy express wagons

Toy furniture

Toy tops

Traps, game

Traps, mouse

Traps, rat

Veneer

Wainscot,
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Walkers, baby

Wedges, mine cap

Wheelbarrows

Window apron,
trim

Window
trim

Wire cloth display racks

rail, house interior

house interior

stool, house interior

Rims, automobile wheels
Studding, log cars —

Rollers, lawn mower
Shelving, cabinet
Spindles, chair
Spools

Spools, ribbon
Spoons, wooden
Sticks, candy
Toothpicks

Toys

Turnings

Wheels, toy wagon
Wood wool

Acetate of lime

Alcohol, wood

Arms, chair

Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door

Axles, farm wagon

Backs, chair

Back posts, chair

Back posts, piano

Backing, postoflice furniture
Backing, desk

Balusters, stair an
Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Baskets

Baskets, fruit and vegetable

Baskets, split
Beams, dining room ceiling

Beds, folding
Benches, piano
Blocks, brake
Blocks, brush
Boards, meat
Boards, potato chip
Boards, slaw

Boat parts, row
Bodies, light vehicle
Bookeases, exterior
Bookeases, interior
Bookracks
Bottom panels,
Bottoms,
Bottoms,
Bottoms,
Bottoms, wagon
Bottoms, wagon body
Box shooks

Boxes
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes, packing

Boxes, plate glass packing
Boxes, salt

Boxes, telephone

Boxes, veneer

Boxes, veneered

Bowls, chopping

Brackets

Brackets, mine

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, stair

Brackets, wall (stair)

Bread boards

Buffets, bar room

Bureaus, exterior

Cabinet work

Cabinet work, passenger cars
Cabinets

Cabinets, medicine

Cabinets, music

Cabinets, parlor

Cabinets, phonograph

Cabinets, toilet

Cabins, interior, yachts
Cabins, interior, ships

Cabins, interior, river craft
Capitals

Carpet strip, house interior trim
Cars, elevator

Cases, blacking

Cases, clock

Cases, medicine

Cases, organ

Cases, piano

Cases, railroad tickets

Cases, shipping

Cases. wall

Cases, water closet tanks
Casing

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets
Chair rail,
Chairs
Cha‘rs,
Chairs,
Chairs, dining room
Chairs, office
Charcoal

piano cases
automobile seat
earriage bodies
heavy vehicle bodies

cheese
comb
glove

knife

house interior trim

adiustable
barber

149

BIRCH, SWERT.

Cheeks, piano case

China closets

Clamps, trouser hanger

Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim

Columns, porch

Commodes

Consoles

Cores, veneer

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice, house construction

Costumers

Couches

Counter tops, bar room

Counters, bar

Counters, office

Counters, store

Cradles

Crating

Cutting boards, meat

Davenports

Decking, canoe

Division boards, collapsible
erates

Doors

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dowels

Dowels, parasol

Drawers, post-office furniture

Dressers,

Dressing tables, exterior

Dust cap, house interior trim

Exterior finish, house

Fall boards, piano cases

Feet, piano

Fillet, house interior trim

Fixtures, bar room

Fixtures, barber shop

Fixtures, curtain

Fixtures, laboratory

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, soda fountain

Fixtures, store

Flat battens,
trim

Flooring

Flooring, house

Flooring, inlaid

Flooring, mine dump cars

Frame work, farm machinery

Frames, chair

Frames, cheval mirror

Frames, davenport

Frames, door

Frames, front door side lights

Frames, light vehicle bodies

Frames, light vehicle seat

Frames, lounge

Frames, parlor furniture

Frames, roller towel

Frames, sofa

Frames, upholstered furniture

Furniture, case goods

Game boards

Gear parts, light vehicles

Grille work

Grilles

Grilles, house interior trim

Hall racks

Handles, coal sieve

Handles, file

house’ interior

Handles, hoe

Handles, lawn rake

Handles, rake

Handles, saw

Handles. screw wrenches

Handrails, porch

Handrails. stair

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head casing, house _ interior
tr'm

Heading, cement. barrels

Heading, cooperage

Heading, slack cooperage
Interior finish

Interior fin‘sh, freight cars
Interior finish, house
Jambs. door

Key blocks, piano cases
Key bottoms, piano cases
Key slips, piano case
Keys, organ

Keys, piano

Ladders, exterior

Ladders, step

Lath

Launch parts

Leaves, table

Leg, table

Lining, motor boats

Lounges

Mantels

Medicine cabinets

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding
tr.m

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown,
struction

Moulding, drip cap,
struction

Mouldings, piano

Mouldings, piano case

Moulding, picture

eap, house interior

house con-

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Moulds, butter

Mullions, sash

Musie cabinets

Music shelf, piano cases

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting é

Nosing, house interior trim

Novelties : :

Organ cases, exterior pipe
Ornaments, furniture :
Panel strips, house interior trim
Panel work, show windows.

Panels
Panels, stair work
Panels, veneered

Paper pulp ;
Parquetry flooring

Partitions, office

Patitions, post office letter
racks

Partitions, store

Parts, row boat

Passenger cars, interior finish
Patterns, machine

Pedal boards, piano cases
Pedestals

Pen racks

Pilasters

Pins, cartridge

Pins, clothes

Pipe, wooden water
Pipes, (imitation calabash)
Plate rail, dining room
Poles, curtain

Racks, book

Racks, display

Racks, key i
Rails, stair

Reels, fence wire
Refrigerators

Rims, split wood pulleys
Risers, stair b
Rockers, chair

Rollers, towel

Rosettes, wall (stairway)
Rough horses, stair
Rounds, chair ;
Ruling machines, bookbinders
Rungs, chair

Sash

Seat frames, canoe
Sereens, door

Sereens, window

Seats, chair

Seats, water closet
Sewing machine parts
Shelves, book

Shoe rails, stair
Showcase

Sideboards, exterior
Sides, bookcase

Sides, cheese boxes
Sides, china closet
Sides, desks

Sides, dressers

Sides, mine dump cars
Sides, piano cases
Sills, cart

Sink mats

Slats, bed

Slides, table

Somnols

Spindles, chair

Spools, electric wire
Sprags, mine

Staffs, flag

Staves, cement barrels
Staves, cooperage
Staves, slack cooperage
Sticks, flower

Stools, foot

Stools, office

Stools, piano

Stops, door, house interior trim
Store fronts

Balls, croquet
Blinds

Blocks, brush
Boards, chopping
Bobbins

Boxes, butter
Boxes, packing
Boxes, tinware
Cabinets, kitchen
Chair arms, railway cars
Chairs, folding
Chairs, kitchen

Controller box casing, electric
cars

Costumers

Covers, switch boxes, electric

cars
Crates,
Crating
Cupboard doors, railway cars
Dairy accessories

tinware

Boxes, comb
Engravings, wood
-Handles, umbrella

Balusters, porch
Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beanis, dining room ceiling
Blind stop, house construction
Boards, ironing

Boards, pastry

Boards, sleeve

Bottom rail, porch

Boxes, packing

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior trim

Casing, door

Casing, window
Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cresting, porch roof

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house construc-

tion
Fillet, house interior trim

150

BIRCH, SWEET—Continued.

Stretchers, chair

String boards, stair

Swings, lawn

Switchboards,

Tables

Tables, billiard

Tables, library:

Tables, pool

Tables, sewing

Tabourettes

Tool chests

Top panels, piano cases

Top slats, light delivery wagon
bodies

Tops, case goods

Tops, piano cases

Tops, post office furniture

Tops, table

Toy chairs

Toy furniture

telephone

BIRCH, YELLOW

Dishes, butter

Facing, window partition
Handles, broom

Handles, dust brush

Handles, wrench

Heads, spool

Horses, clothes

Implements, agricultural
Interior finish, electric cars
Interior finish, railway cars
Interior finish, railway coaches
Mallets, croquet

Middles, spool

Mills, coffee

Mirrors, hand

Moulds, butter

Novelties

Panel wainscoting, railway cars
Panels, ceiling, railway cars
Panels, window, railway cars

BOXWOOD

Handles, shaving brush
Quoins, printers’
Rules, carpenters’

BRIAR ROOT

Pipes, smoking

BUCKEYE, OHIO
Flat battens, interior
trim
Frames, door
Frames, front door side lights
Frames, window
Frieze rail, porch
Front doors, house
Gable brackets, house construc-

house

tion
Gable ornaments, house. con-
struction
Grilles, house interior trim
Head blocks, house _ interior
trim
Head
trim
Jambs,
Mantels
Mirror doors, house
Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion
Moulding,
struction
Moulding, cap,
trim
Moulding, cove
Moulding, crown,
struction
Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
struction
Moulding, quarter round

easing, house interior

door

brick, house con-

house interior

house con-

Toy tops

Trays, pen

Treads, stair

Veneer

Veneer cores, piano cases
Wagon boxes

Wagons

Wainscoting

Wainscoting cap, house. interior

trim

Wainscot rail, house interior

. trim

Wardrobes

Wardrobes, exterior

Wedges, mine cap

Window apron, house interior
trim :

Window
trim

stool, house interior

Pins, clothes

Plates, pie

Prints, butter

Sash, electrie cars

Sash, railway cars

Screens, door

Screens, window

Seats, chair

Sills, inside window
ears)

Sills, window, inside (railway
ears) i

Sleds

Spools

Tables, kitchen

Tenpins, toy

Toy furniture

Toy tops

Toys

Turnings

(electric

Seales, draftmen’s
Shuttles

Type measures, printers’

Moulding, screw

Moulding, sprung cove,
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior trim

house

Parting stop, house interior
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Poreh columns, built up

Poreh columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Racks, clothes

Racks, towel

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Siding, house

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Top rail, porch

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Base blocks, house interior trim
Baseboard, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Beams, dining room ceiling

Brackets, plate rail

Capping sink, house _ interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chests, clothes
Chests, flour

Colonnades, house interior trim
Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Drain boards, sink

Dust cap, house interior trim
Excelsior, packing

Benches, porch
Benches, rustic lawn
Box shooks

Boxes, fuel

Butter workers, dairymen’s
Cabinets, parlor
Cases, casket

Cases, coffins
Caskets

Ceiling

Chests, clothes

Cigar boxes
Decking, motor boat

Floor hoards, rowboat (round
bottom)
Handles, tennis racket

Cabinet work
Caskets
Ceiling
Cornice work

Boat boards

Boat siding

Boats, motor
Boats, superstructure
Box shooks

Canoes

Decking, motor boat
Finish, interior
Furniture

Acetate of lime
Actions (organs)

Alcohol, wood
Backing, electrotype
Backs, clothes brush

Backs, drawer
Backs, hairbrush
Backs, nail brush
Balusters (stair)
Balusters, stairway

Base blocks, house _ interior
trim

Baseboards

Baseboard, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

151

BUTTERNUT
Excelsior ribbon
stuffing)
Fillet, house interior trim
Finish, boats
Flat battens,
trim
Frames, door
Front doors, house

(mattress

house interior

Grilles, house interior trim

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house interior
trim

Interior finish
Jambs, door
Mantels
Moulding
Moulding,
trim
Moulding,
trim
Moulding, cove
Moulding, crown,
struction

bed, house -interior

cap, house interior

house con-

CEDAR, RED

Churns, butter

Coffins

Cross arms, telegraph pole
Cross ties, railroad
Faucets, oil barrel
Frames, couch

Frames, davenport
Frames, lounges

Frames, upholstered furniture
Handles, paint brushes
Handles, varnish brushes

CEDAR, SPANISH

Hulls, boats
Hulls, canoes
Hulls, racing shells
Planking, canoe

CEDAR, WESTERN RED

Fixtures, office
Flooring, porch
Frames, screen door
Frames, window screen

CEDAR, WHITE

Hulls, boat

Hulls, canoes

Hulls, racing shells
Pickets, wire fence
Planking, canoe
Planking, boat
Planking, motor boat
Planking, yacht

CEIBA
Shuttles

CHERRY

Beams, dining room ceiling
Blinds, venetian

Blocks, brush

Booths, telephone

Boxes, plate glass packing

Boxes, roller’ sign (electric
cars)

Boxes, sewing

Boxes, veneer

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, stair

Brackets, stairway

Brushes

Bureaus, exterior

Cabinet work

Cabinet work, boat

Cabinet work (electric cars)
Cabinet work (Pullman cars)

Mirror doors, house
Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Paper pulp

Patterns, foundry

Plate rail, dining room

Rims, split wood pulleys

Ship furniture

Sink aprons,
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wainscot rail,
trim

Window
trim

house

house interior

apron, house interior

stool, house interior

Lining, closets
Lining, clothes closets
Pencils
Pergolas
Posts, fence
Shingles
Siding, house
Silos

Summer houses
Tanks

Vats

Planking, rowboats
tom)

Ribs, canoe

Veneer

(flat bot-

Shingles

Siding

Silos

Tanks, windmill

Ribs, canoe

Siding, canoe

Siding, launch

Silos

Tanks

Tanks, paper mill
Tubs, washing machine
Vats

Carpet _ strip,
trim
Carvings,
Cases,
Cases,

Cases, wall

Cases, water closet tank
Casing, door

Casing, window

Casings

Caskets

Chair arms, Pullman coaches
Chair rail, house interior trim
Charcoal

Chiffoniers

Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim
Colonnades, Pullman coaches

house interior
wood

dental

optical

Commodes
Consoles
Corner blocks,
trim
Counters, bar
Counters, store

house interior

Covers, switch boxes (electric
cars)

Covers, switch box (Pullman
coaches)

Cupboard doors, Pullman
coaches

Dashboards, automobile

Deck trimmings, motor boat
Doors
Doors, folding
Doors, sliding
Doors, upper
ears
Drawer parts, office fixtures
Drawer parts, store fixtures
Dust cap, house interior trim
Facing, window partition (elec-
trie cars)
Files, newspaper

berth, sleeping

Fillet, house interior trim

Finish, interior (automobile
bodies)

Fixtures, bank

Fixtures, bar

Fixtures, barber shop
Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Fixtures (store display)
Fixtures, window display

Flat battens, house interior
trim

Flooring

Flooring, parquetry

Foot rails (stair)

Foot rail, stairway
Frames, door

Frames, mirror

Frames, picture
Furniture, bank

Furniture (barroom)
Furniture, barber shop
Furniture, drug store
Furniture (office)
Furniture, store

Grilles

Grilles, house interior trim
Grilles, Pullman coaches
Hand rail, stairway
Handles, reciprocating drills
Handles, varnish brushes

Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door
Backs, brush

Backing, bureau
Backing, desk
Backing, dresser
Backing, furniture
Backing, sideboards
Backing, washstand
Backs, piano
Balusters (stair)

Base blocks, house _ interior
trim

Baseboards

Baseboard, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Beams, dining room ceiling
Beds, folding

Bedsteads, exterior
Bedsteads, hidden work
Blinds, window

Bodies, toy wheelbarrows
Bookeases, sectional

300k racks, revolving
Booths, voting (exterior)
Bottoms, grape basket

Box ends, fertilizer sowers
Box shooks

152°

CHERRY—Continued

Head blocks, house _ interior
trim

Head casing, house _ interior
trim °

Heading, nail keg

Interior finish

Interior finish (camera)

finish, electric cars
finish, Pullman coaches
trim, house

Interior

Jambs, door

Levels, carpenters’

Lids, water closet

Linings, boat

Lunch tables, portable
man coaches)

Mantels

Mantels, soda fountain

Mirror doors, house

Mirror frames, passenger eleva-
tor cars

Mirror frames, Pullman coaches

Models

Models, machine

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

(Pull-

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim ;

Moulding, cove

Moulding crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding,» spring cove, house
construction

Moulds, fire brick

Mountings, electrotype
Newel posts, angle

Newel Posts, starting
Nosing, house interior trim
Organs, cabinet
Organs, pipe
strips,

house’ interior

wainscoting, Pullman
coaches

Panel work, office partitions

Panel work, store fixtures

Panels, ceilings (Pullman
coaches)
Panels, door

Panels, passenger elevator cars

CHERRY, WILD
Paper pulp

CHESTNUT

clothiers’
coal sieve
packing
plant

tin plate

Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes
Boxing sh
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, stair

Buffets, exterior
Bureaus, hidden work
Bureaus, exterior

Bushel crates
Cabinets, magazine
Cabinets, scale

Cabinets, smokers,
Carpet strip, house interior
trim

Cars, passenger elevator
Cases (casket)
Cases, medicine

Cases, piano

Cases, veneer

Casing

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets

Ceiling

Cellarettes

Chair rail, house interior trim
Chairs

Panels, window
coaches)

Paper pulp

Partitions,

Partitions. store

Parts, automobile bodies

Patterns

Patterns, foundry

Peel blades, bakers’

Pipes, organ

Plate holders (camera)

Plate rail, dining room

Platforms, counter scales

Poison cases (drug store)

Press boards, bookbinders’

Push button frames (Pullman
coaches)

Rails, door

Rails, stair

Rails, table

Range finders, camera

Refrigerators, soda fountain

Risers, stairway

Ruling machines,

Sash

Sash,

(Pullman

office

bookbinders’

automobile

Sash, electric cars

Sash, Pullman coaches

Seats, water closet

Seats, wire frame chairs

Show cases :

Sides, drawer

Sills, inside window (electric
cars) e

Slides, drawer

Squares, draftsman

Stands, city directory

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Tops, counter

Tops, table

Tops, wire frame tables

Track sections, camera

Treads, stair

Triangles (billiard)

Triangles, draftsman

Veneer

Wainscot rail,
trim

Wainscoting cap, house
trim

Window
trim

house interior

interior

apron, house interior

stool, house interior

Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,

arm

desk

mission

Chairs, rocking

Chests, hall

Chiffoniers

China eases, shelving

Cotfins

Colonnades, house interior trim

Columns, china closet

Columns, sideboard

Commodes

Consoles

Cores, door

Cores, veneering

Corner blocks,
trim

Couch frames

Counters, store

Crates

Crating

Cross arms, telegraph pole

Cross ties, railroad :

Desks

Doors

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Drain boards, sink

Drawer fronts

Drawer sides

Dressers

house interior

Dust cap, house interior trim

Fillet, house interior trim

Fixtures, bank

Fixtures, bar

Fixtures, barber shop

Flasks, foundry

Flat battens,
trim

Flooring

Flooring, porch

Foot rests

Footstools

Frames, coal sieves

Frames, furniture

Frames, lounge

Frames, mirror

Frames, office fixtures

Frames, picture

Frames, upholstered chairs

Frames, upholstered furniture

Front doors, house

Furniture

Furniture, bed room

Furniture, mission

Furniture, office

Grilles, house interior trim

Hall mirror hatracks

house interior

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house interior
trim — ‘

Heading, slack cooperage

Interior frames, office fixtures

Interior finish, house

Jambs, door

Keyboards, organ

Keyboards, piano

Kitchen furniture

Lath

Lids, grape basket

Mantels

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding,
trim

eap, house interior

Handles, butcher steel
Handles, carpenters’ brace
Handles, combination tool sets

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house _ interior
trim

Baseboard, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

_ Baskets, berry

Battens, O. G. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
ion

Beams, dining room ceiling
Beds, manure spreaders
Bevel siding, house

Bins, curd grinding machines
Blind stop, house construction
Boards, ironing

Boards, skirt

Boards, mortar

Boards, pastry

Bottom rail, porch

Bottom rails, sash
Bottoms, drawer

Bottoms, trunk

Bottoms, trunk trays
Boxes, bottle

Boxes, bottlers

Boxes, packing

Boxes, trunk

Boxes, wheat drills
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, porch

Handles,

153

CHESTNUT—Continued

Moulding, cove
Moulding, crown,
struction
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
rior trim
Moulding, quarter
Moulding, spring
construction
Moulding, stair
Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting
Nosing, house interior trim
Outer cases

house con-

house inte-

round

eove, house

Panel cases, veneer doors

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Panels, organ case

Panels (piano cases)

Panels, veneer

Partitions

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Parts, flour mill machinery

Pickets, fence

Plate rail, dining room

Posts, porch

Rails, billiard tables

Rails, china closet

Rails, shoe (stair)

Rails, stair

Refrigerators

Refrigerators,

Risers, stair

Roller feeders,
chinery

Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Screens, fire

Seats, chair

Settees

Settles

Sewing machine parts

Sheathing

Sheathing,

exterior

flour mill ma-

house

COCOBOLO

Handles, hand wood drill
Handles, palette knife
Handles, paring knives

CONGO

umbrella

COTTONWOOD

Brooders, poultry

Cabinets, inside work

Cabinets, kitchen

Capping, sink,
trim

Carpet
trim

Cases, beer

Cases, egg

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets

Chair rail, house interior trim

Cigar boxes

Cloth boards

Coffins

Colonnades,

Commodes,

Consoles

Cooperage, slack

Coops, poultry

Corner blocks,
trim

Crates, berry

Crates, milk bottle

Crating

Cresting, porch roof

Cupboards, kitchen

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dowels, chair

Drawers, incubator

Excelsior

house interior
Fi

strip, house interior

house interior trim
interior

house interior

Shelves, book
Shelves, piano
Shingles

Showcase
Sideboards
Sideboards, built in

Sideboards, exterior
Sides, billiard tables
Siding, house

Sides. piano cases

Siding, plate glass shipping

Sofas, exterior

Stands, plant

Staves, cement barrels

Staves, slack cooperage

Staves, tight cooperage

Stops, door, house interior trim

String boards (stair)

Swell boxes, pipe organ

Tables, dropleaf

Tables, extension

Tables, library

Tables, tea

Tool chests, toy

Top frames, piano

Tops, piano

Tops, table

Toy furniture

Toy tops

Treads,

Veneer

Veneer cores,

Wainscot rail,
trim

Wainscoting

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Washstands

Washstands,

Window apron,
trim

Window
trim

stair

piano cases
house interior

exterior
house interior

stool, house interior

Handles, putty knife
Handles, scraping knife
Heads, carpenter brace

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fillet, house interior trim

Fixtures, barroom

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Flat battens, house’ interior”
trim

Footstools

Frames, box couches

Frames, door

Frames, front door sidelight

Frames, upholstered furniture

Frames, wood

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head
trim

Hoppers,
chines

Incubators \

Interior work, : electric
shining machines

Jambs, door

Lath

Lining, freight cars

easing, house interior

curd grinding ma-

shoe

Lining, wagon bodies

Mantels

Meeting rails, sash

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding,
struction

Moulding, cap,
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown,
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster,
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Mullions, sash

Nosing, house interior trim

Packages, fruit

Packing cases, plate glass

Panels, agricultural machinery

brick, house con-

house interior

house con-

house

Base blocks, house interior trim
Baseboard, house interior trim

Base corners, house _ interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Beds, spring wagon

Blind stop, house construction

Brackets, plate rail

Carpet strip, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, house

Casing, window

Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Astragals, folding door

Astragals, sliding door

Balusters, porch

Bars, greenhouse

Base blocks, house interior trim

Baseboard, house interior trim

Baseboards

Base corners,
trim

Base moulding, house interior

trim
Battens, O. G. barn
Bay brackets, house construc-

tion
Beams, dining room ceiling
Beams, pergola
Beehives
Belt poles, machinists’
Bevel siding, hceuse
Blind stop, house construction
Blinds (house)
Bottom boards, rowboat
Bottom rail, porch
Bottom rails (sash)
Boxes, bottle
Boxes, packing
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, porch
Brooders, interior
Cabins, exterior, river craft
Cabins, exterior, ships
Cabins, exterior, yachts
Cabins, interior, river craft
Cabins, interior, ships
interior, yachts
strip, house

house _ interior

interior

Cases, casket
Cases, coffin
Cases, incubator

154

COTTON WOOD—Continued

door

light vehicle bodies
light vehicle seats
spring wagon bodies
strips, house interior

Panels,

Panel
trim

Panels, threshing machine

Parting stop, house _ interior
trim

Partition molds,
trim

Parts, door

Parts, flour mill machinery

Plate rail, dining room

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Poreh spandrels

Roof slats, wagon bodies

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Shredders, fodder

Shipping cases, butter

Sides, farm wagon bodies

Sink aprons, house _ interior
trim

house interior

CUCUMBER

Dust cap, house interior trim
Fillet, house interior trim
Frames, door
Frames, window
Grilles, house interior trim
Head blocks, house _ interior
trim
Jambs,
Mantels
Mantels, painted work
Mirror doors, house

door

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

CYPRESS

Cases, packing

Casing

Casing, door
Casing, window
Caskets

Chair rail, house interior trim

Churns, butter

Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim

Columns, pergola

Consoles

Corner beads, house interior
trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice, house construction
Cornice work, house
Crates, shipping

Cresting, porch roof
Cross arms, telegraph pole
Cross ties, railroad
Decking, motor boat
Doors,

Doors, folding

Door, railroad passenger
coaches

Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim

house
house construc-

Exterior finish,
Face brackets,
tion :
Fillet, house interior trim
Finish, locomotive cabs
Finish, yacht cabin

Flat battens, house _ interior
trim

Floor boards, rowboat, round
bottom

Flooring, porch

Frames, door

Slide, fly screen
Soil rollers:
Spindles, porch
Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Tables, kitchen

Top rail, porch

Top rails, sash

Tops, kitchen cabinets

Tops, kitchen table

Tops, trunk

Tops, veneered, trunks

Tray bottoms (trunk)

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Washboards, laundry

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Wood pulleys

Moulding, picture

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Paper, pulp

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Rims, split wood pulleys

Siding, house

Slide, fly screen

house

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim :

Window stool, house interior
trim

Frames, front door sidelights
Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front door, house

Gable brackets, house construc-

tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Gates, railroad crossing

Grilles, house interior trim

Hatch covers, river craft

Hatch covers, ship

Hatch covers, yacht

Head blocks, house _ interior
trim

Head casing, house interior
trim

Interior, cupboard

Interior finish, house

Jambs, door

Keels, canal boats

Keels, river craft

Keels, ship

Keels, yacht

Keels on rowboat (flat bottom)
Ladders

Lattice

Leeboards, canoe
Lids, washing machine
Mantels

Meeting rails (sash)
Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house .interior
trim

Moulding, brick, house con-
struction

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, exterior house

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, poreh

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Moulding, stair

Mullions (sash)

Nosing} house construction

Panels, door

house

Panel strips, house interior
trim j

Parting strip, house interior
‘trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Parts, automobile bodies
Planking, motor boat
Planking, river craft

Bobbins
Handles, brick trowel
Handles, kitchen knife

Backs, clothesbrush
Backs, hairbrush
Canes

Checkers

Baskets, vegetable
.Battens, dumb-waiters
Beams, elevator cars
Beds, coal wagon
Bent seats, automobile
Blocks, hub

Boxes, packing

Boxes, weight (dumb-waiter)
Boxes, wheat drills
Cabinets, kitchen
Chair rockers

Chairs, stepladder
Churns, butter

Cleats, dumb-waiters
Crating

Doubletrees
Dumb-waiters

Eveners

Egg cases

Frames, sieve

’ Friction blocks, derrick

Backs, chair
Backs, kitchen cabinets

Baskets

Baskets, split
Baskets, vegetable
Blocks, brush

Boards, ironing
Boards, pastry
Bookeases, inside work
Bodies, automobile

Boxes, wheelbarrow
Boxes, trunk
Boxes, knife
Boxes, comb
Boxes, cheese
Boxes, candy

Box shooks

Brooders, poultry
Bureaus, interior work
Bushel crates

155

CYPRNESS—Continued.

Planking, ship
Planking, yacht
Plate rail, dining room
Porch colums, built up
Porch columns, solid
Porch newels, built up
Porch newels, solid
Porch, spandrel
Rafters, pergola
Rails, door

Rudders, river craft
Rudders, ship
Rudders, yacht

Sash
Sash, hotbed

Sash, railroad passenger coach
Screens, door

Screens, window

Seroll sawed balusters, porch
Shingles

Sides, rowboat (flat bottom)
Silos

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Staves, tight cooperage
Stiles, door

DOGWOOD

Handles, kitchen fork
Handles, small tools
Mallets, coppersmith

DONCELLA
Shuttles

EBONY

Chessmen

Handles, chafing dish
Handles, drawing instruments
Handles, pocket knife

ELM, CORK

Gear parts, flour mill machinery
Grain boxes, corn planters
Guide posts, dumb-waiters
Guide rails, dumb-waiters
Handles, machine

Handles, plow

Hay rake parts

Heading, slack cooperage
Hoops, slack cooperage
Hoppers, grain

Hounds, light vehicle

Hubs

Hubs, carriage wheels
Hubs, light delivery wagons
Hubs, light vehicles

Ladders

Qver-head beams, dumb-waiters
Parts, automobile bodies
Parts, hay baler

Pews, church

Platforms, elevator

ELM, WHITE

Bushel measures
Cabinets, medicine
Cabinets, printers’
Cabinets, seed
Cases, type
Chairs

Chairs, kitchen
Chairs, rocking
Chests, ice

China closets, inside work

Commodes, inside work
Crating

Doors, automobile
Eyeners

Fixtures, bar
Fixtures, office
Fixtures, store
Flasks, foundry
Flooring
Frames, chair

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Sub-frames, hotbed

Tanks,

Tanks, dairyman’s

Tanks, paper mill

Tanks, pickling

Tanks, wooden

Thresholds, porch door
Top rail, porch

Top rails (sash)

Tubs, washing machine
Vats A

Vats, dairyman’s

Vats, paper mill

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Washboards, dairyman’s
Water tubs, wooden bridge

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Mallets, tinner’s

Shuttles

Handles, tea strainer
Handles, umbrella
Pipes, smoking
Walking sticks

Platforms, machine
Reaches, light vehicle
Rims (automobile wheels)
Rims, basket

Rims, butter tub

Rollers, cable

Runners, sleigh

Shelves, dumb-waiters
Singletrees

Skids, engine

Staves, cement barrels
Staves, slack cooperage
Swings, lawn

Traps, mouse

Traps, rat

Trees, saddle

Trucks, gasoline engine
Tubs, lard if
Whiftietrees

Yokes, neck

Frames, couch

Frames, cultivators

Frames, davenport

Frames, lounge

Frames, sofa

Frames, upholstered furniture
Furniture, toy

Game boards

Handles, basket
Handles, canthook
Handles, cross-cut saw
Handles, peavy
Heading, slack cooperage
Hoops, slack cooperage
Hubs, wheelbarrow
Ladders, step

Lath

Locomotive cabs, interior
Paper pulp

Parts, washing machine

Pastry sets

Pews, church
Pins, insulator
Pokes, horse
Refrigerators
Rims, cheese box
Rims, sieve
Rungs, ladder
Seat frames, chair

Freezers, ice cream

Lath

Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door
Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, O. G. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, dining room ceiling

Bevel siding, house

Blind stop, house construction
Blinds, window

Booms, river craft

Booms, ship
Bottom boards,
Bottom boards, row boat
Bottom boards, scow
Bottom rail, poreh
Bottoms, piano cases
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, porch

Brackets, telegraph pole
Bumping posts, railroad
Cabins, exterior, river craft

barge

Cabins, exterior, ships

Cabins, exterior, yacht

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house’ interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, window

Ceiling

Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice, house construction

Covers, vats

Covers, water tank

Cresting, porch roof

Cross-arms, telegraph pole

Cross-ties, railroad

Decking, boats

Decking (ship and _ boat)

Derricks, hoisting

Derricks, oil well

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Drop siding, house

Dust cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house construc
tion

Feed mill machinery parts

Fillet, house interior trim

Tireless cookers, exterior

Baskets,
Blocks,
Boxes,

Crates,

split
hub
tin ware
tin ware

156

ELM, WHITE

Showcases

Sieves, ash

Signboards

Slats, trunk

Sleds, bob

Slides, extensionable

Splint baskets, porch hammocks
Stands, bible

Staves, slack cooperage

EUCALYPTUS

Furniture, special work

FIR, BALSAM

Oars, boat
Pulp, paper

FIR, DOUGLAS

Flat battens, house interior trim
Flooring, electric passenger cars

Flooring, freight cars

Flooring, house

Flooring, porch

Flooring, railway passenger
coaches

Flooring, scale platforms

Frames, door

Frames, freight car

Frames, front door side light
Frames, target

Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-

tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Gates, railway crossing

Hay balers, parts

Hayloaders, parts

Hayrakes, parts

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Hods, mortar

Jambs, door

Joiners, deck (ship)

Keels, canal boats
Keelsons, river craft
Keelsons, ship
Keelsons, yacht
Ladders, extension
Ladders, step

Lath

Lattice

Masts, river craft
Masts (ship)
Mirror doors, house
Moulding, bed, house construc-

tion

Moulding, brick, ‘house con-
tion

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, interior
trim

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

FIR, OREGON

Push poles, locomotive

GUM, BLACK

Cross-ties, railroad
Fenders, river craft
Friction blocks (railway cars)
Heading, oil bands

Stops, drawer
Tables, communion
Telephone apparatus
Tops, sleds

Traps, mouse

Traps, rat

Tubs

Washboards, laundry

Veneer

Silos

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Parting strip, house interior
trim

Partition, house

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Planking, barge

Planking, canal boat

Planking, river craft

Planking, scow

Planking, ship

Planking, yacht

Plate rail, dining room

Plates, railway car frames

Poles, flag ‘

Poles, pike

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrel

Pump rods, windmill

Push poles, locomotive

Refrigerators, exterior

Ridge poles, railway car frames

Secroli sawed balusters, porch

Sides, row boat

Siding, barge

Siding, canal boats

Siding, railway box cars

Siding, railway passenger
coaches

Sills, freight cars

Sills, oil well drilling machin-

aprons, house interior
trim

Slides, fly screen

Spars, ship

Spindles, porch

Staves, silo

Staves, tight cooperage

Staves, water tanks

Stops, door, house interior trim

Store fronts

Tongues, farm machinery

Top rail, porch

Towers, oil well

Towers, water

Vats

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Hubs

Hubs, carriage wheels

Hubs, light delivery wagon

Hubs. wheelbarrow

Mauls

Mine rollers

Baskets, splint
Baskets, vegetable
bottoms, drawer
Boxes, berry
Boxes, cigar
Boxes, cracker
Boxes, milk bottle
Boxes, packing
Boxes, trunk
Cases, sample
Cases, traveling

Baskets, split
Blocks, hub

Boxes, tin ware
Crates, tin ware
Cross-ties, railroad
Fenders, river craft

Astragals, sliding door

Backs, chairs

Backing, case goods

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base board, house interior trim
trim

Base corners, house interior

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, dining room ceiling
Blinds, house construction
Biocks, brake

Bottoms, case goods
Bottom rails, porch
Bottom rails, sash

Box shooks

Boxes, creamery shipping
Boxes, macaroni

Boxes, packing

Boxes, trunk
Brackets, porch
Cabinets, music

Capping, sink, house, interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior trim
trim

Cases, casket

Cases, clock

Cases, coffin

Cases, sample

Cases, shipping

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chairs, rocking

Coal boards, engine tender

_ Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim

Consoles

Commodes

Coolers, water

Corner blocks,
trim

Crating

Cresting,

Cross-ties,

Doors

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Drawer sides

Drawers

Drawers,

Dust cap,

house interior

porch roof
railroad

cabinets
house interior trim

Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door
Balusters, porch
Balusters (stair

Barge construction ras

157

GUM, BLACK—Concluded

Packing cases, plate glass
Rollers, car

GUM, COTTON

Coops,
Crates,,
Crates,
Crates,
Crating
Cross-ties, railroad
Dishes, lard

Heads, maul

Hoppers, machine
Legs, table

Mallets, ship builders

poultry
beer
fruit
vegetable

GUM, BLACK

Friction blocks (railway cars)
Heading, oil barrels

Hubs

Hubs, carriage wheels

Hubs, light delivery wagon
Hubs, wheelbarrow
GUM, RED

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fertilizer distributors, parts

Fillet, house interior trim

Flasks, foundry

Flat battens,
trim

Frames,

Frames, front door side light

Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Front rails, beds

Front rails, dresser

furniture ;

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments,
struction

Handles, saw

Handles, sadiron

Head blocks, pattern

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head cases, house interior trim

Hidden work, walnut furniture

House interior trim

Interior finish, house

Jambs, door

Jumpers: baby

house interior
chair

davenport

door

dresser

house con-

Meeting rails, sash
Mirror doors, house
Moulding, bed, house construc-

tion
Moulding, brick, house con-
struction
Moulding, cap,
trim
Molding, cove
Moulding, crown,
struction
Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
struction
Moulding, quarter round
Moulding, spring cove,
construction
Mullions, sash
Nosing, house interior trim

house interior

house con-

house

HEMLOCK

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, ‘house interior
trim

mine

Rollers,
oil barrels

Staves,

Mortars

Paper pulp

Parts, agricultural machinery
Pestles

Pins, clothes

Plates, pie

Rammers, street

Rollers, awning

Rollers, shipbuilders

Truck barrels, veneered

Mauls
Mine rollers

Packing cases, plate glass

Rollers, car
Rollers, mine
Staves, oil barrels

Panel strips, house interior trim

Panels, door

Panels, light delivery wagon
bodies

Panels, light vehicle bodies

Panels, stair work

Paper pulp

Parting stop, house _ interior
trim

Partition moulds, house con-
struction

Pipes (smoking)

Plate rail, dining room

Plate rail, house interior trim

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Posts, beds

Posts, dresser

Pulleys

Rails, door

Rails, dresser

Refrigerators, exterior

Scroll-sawed balusters, porch

Seat frames, chair

Shelving, cabinets

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Standards, chiffonier

Standards, dresser

Staves, cement barrels

Sticks, parasol

Stiles, door

Strips, weather

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Tables, library

Top rail, porch

Top rails, sash

Tops, desk

Tops, dressers

Tops, chiffoniers

Tops, sideboards

Traps, mouse

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Walkers, baby

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, O. G. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-

tion

_ Beams, dining room ceiling
Blind stop, house construction
Booms, river craft

Booms, ship

Bottom boards, foundry flasks
Bottom rail, porch

Bottoms, river barge

Box shooks

Loxes, coal sieve

Boxes, packing

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Brackets, stair

Bridge construction
Bull-wheel cants, oil well ma-

chinery

Cabins, canal boats

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior trim
Casing, door

Casing, window

Chair rail, house interior trim
Cheese boxes, veneer

Colonnades, house interior trim

Consoles

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice, house construction

Cornice work, house

Crating

Cresting, poreh roof

Cross-ties, railroad

Decking, barge

Decking, canal boats

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fencing

Fillet,

Flasks

I'lasks, foundry

Flat battens,
trim

Flooring

Flooring, freight elevator cars

Flooring, passenger elevator
ears

Flooring, wharves

Frames, canal boat

Frames, coal sieve

Frames, door

Frames, freight car

Frames, front door side light

Frames, river craft °

Frames, ship

Frames, window

Frames, yacht

house interior trim

house interior

Arms, chair

Axle beds, perch spring wagon
Axle beds, surrey

Axle beds, buggy

Axles, light vehicles

Axles, lumber wagons

Axles, wagon

Backs, rustic porch chairs
Backs, split chairs

Bottoms, wagon boxes

Boxes, creamery shipping
Bows, automobile top

Brake beams, freight car
Brake lining, hoisting engines
Canes, walking

Caps, axle

Caps, light vehicle

Carts,
Carts,
Cogs, flour mill machinery

Cross bars, buggy shafts

Cross bars, light vehicle

Door boards, coal cars

Door boards, railroad grain cars
Doubietrees

Dowels

Eveners, buggy
Eveners, carriage
Eveners, wagon
Felloes

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels

158

HEMLOCK—Concluded.

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Fruit jar cases

Gable brackets, house construc:

tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Hateh covers, river craft

Hatch covers, ship

Hatch covers, yacht

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head easing, house interior
trim

Heading, nail keg

Heading, slack cooperage stock
Incubators

Jambs,
Keels,
Keels, ship

Keels, yacht
Kelsons, canal boat

door
river craft

Ladders, river craft
Ladders, ship

Lath

Lattice

Lining, canal boats
Mantels

Masts, river craft

Masts, ship

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick, house construc-
tion

Moulding cap, house interior
trim x

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring
construction

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting

Nosing, house interior trim

Packing, boat launching

Packing cases, plate glass

Pallets, fire brick

Panel strips, house interior trim

Paper pulp

cove, house

Parting strip, house interior
trim
HICKORY
Felloes, light delivery wagons

Fifth wheel bars, light delivery

wagon

Fifth wheel circles, light de-
livery wagon

Fifth wheel spools, light de-
livery wagon

Fillers, hame

Flooring, motor truck

Forks, shaking

Frames, bob sled

Frames, coal screen

Frames, gravel screen

Frames, poreh chair, rustic

Frames, sand shaking screen

parts, automobile

parts, buggy

parts, light vehicle

parts, vehicle

parts, wagon

woods, flour mill machin-
ery

Grain cradles

Hacks, vehicle

Hames

Handles,

Handles,
ery

adze

axe

bench hatchet
blacksmith’s hammer
bookbinders’ machin-

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Patch-boards, freight car

Planking, canal boat

Planking, river craft

Planking, ship

Planking, yacht

Piate rail, dining room

Poles, flag

Porch columns, built up

Porch. coluinns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Poreh spandrel

Rails (stair)

Reels, cable

Reels, wire rope

Refrigerators

Risers, stair

Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Rough horses (stairway)

Scroll-sawed balusters, porch

Seats, row boat

Shoe rails (stair)

Sides, ore car bodies

Sides, row boat

Siding, freight car

Siding, house

Siding, plate
cases

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Skidding (machine)

Skidding (steam-pump)

Slides, fly screen

Spars, ship

Spindles, poreh

Stair horses

Stair work, hidden

Staves, silo

Staves, slack cooperage

Stems, canal boat

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

String boards( stair)

Thresholds, house interior trim

Top rail, porch

Transoms, row boat

Tread (stair)

Veneer :

Wainscoat, rail, house interior
trim

Wainscot cap,
trim

Weather

Window
trim

glass shipping

house interior
boarding, house
apron, house interier

stool, house interior

Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
Handles,
hatchet
Handles, sledge hammer

broad hatchet

eant hook

chisel

double bitted axe
drawing knife
electric car
extension saw

golf club

go-devil

grab maul

granite hammer
grub hoe

hammer

hand drill

hatchet

single bitted axe
lawn rake
machinists’ hammer
meat cleaver
masons’ hammer
maul :
paint brush

peavy

peeling axe

post mauls

rig builders’ hatchet
riveting hammer
shingle and lathing

Handles, timber carver
Handles, trolley car

Heads, grab maul

Heads, mallet

Hind epee bars, light delivery

Headed “light delivery wagon

Interior finish, houses

Interior trim,’ house

Ladders, hay

Lower head blocks, light deliv-
ery wagon

Mallets

Mallets, printers’

Mauls

Neck yokes

Neck yokes, light vehicle

Neck yokes, wagon

Quoins, printers’

Parts, automobile body

Picker sticks, loom

Pole futchels, light delivery
wagon

Poles, buggy f

Poles, hanging strap (electric
ears)

Poles, light vehicle

Posts, wagon body

Push poles, railway engine
Rails, automobile
Rammers

Rammers, concrete
Rammers, street

Backs, bath brush
Blocks, brush

Cups, soap

Forks, wooden, cooking

Balls, duckpin
Balls, tenpin
Handles, adze
Handles, canthook
Handles, grab maul

Balls, lemon squeezer
Balls, lime squeezer
Bung starters

. Brackets, telegraph pole
Cross-arms, telegraphs pole

Antique furniture, exterior

Arms, chair

Balusters, stair

Back posts, chair

Base boards, house
trim

Base moulding,
trim

Beams, dining room ceiling

Beds, folding, exterior

Bedsteads, exterior

Benches, piano

Book racks, revolving

Book cases, sectional

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, stair

Cabinets, magazine

Cabinets, music

Cabinets, phonograph

Cabinets, scale

interior

house interior

159

HICKORY—Concluded

Reaches, buggy

Rests, foot, (electric cars)
Rests, foot, (railway cars)
Ribs, wagon top

Rims

Rims, automobile wheel
Rims, vehicle rims

Rims, wheel

Rollers

Rounds, chair

Rounds, split bottom chair
Rounds, ladder

Rungs, ladder

Runners, sleigh

Runner frames, sleigh
Runners, bob sled

Screws, bookbinder

Seats, rustic porch chair

Seats, split chair

Shackle bars, light delivery
wagon

Shafts, buggy

Shafts, vehicle

Shooting sticks, printers’

Side futchels, light delivery
wagon

Singletrees

Singletrees, light and heavy
vehicles

Skewers, butchers’

Slackers

Splits, split bottom chair
Splint baskets, porch hammock

HOLLY
Forks, wooden, salad
Handles, rolling pin

Mashers, potato
Paddles, butter

HORNBEAN
Handles, peavy
Handles, timber carrier

Heading, nail keg
Heads, grab maul

LAUREL, MOUNTAIN

Inlaid work, furniture

LANCEWOOD
Rods, fishing

LIGNUM-VITAE
Cups, lemon squeezer

Cups, lime squeezer
Heads, mallet
LOCUST

Hubs, light delivery wagon
Paper pulp

MAHOGANY

Cabinets, smokers
Cabins, interior ships
Cabins, interior, yachts
Carpet strip, house
trim .
Carvings, wood
Cases, binnacle
Cases, chart (ship)
Cases, dental
Cases, hall clock
Cases, optical
Cases, piano
Casing, door
Casing (veneered),
Casing, window
Caskets
Cellarettes, exterior
Chair arms, sleeping coaches
Chair rail, house interior trim
Chairs, arm
Chairs, morris

interior

pipe organ

Splinter bars, light delivery
wagon
Spokes, automobile wheel

Spokes, buggy wheel
Spokes, heavy vehicle wheel

Spokes light delivery wagon

Spokes, light and heayy vehicle

Spokes, push cart wheel

Sprags, mine

Spring bars

Spring bars, light and heavy
vehicle

Spring blocks, wagon

Spring yokes, light
wagon

Stakes, heavy vehicle

Stakes, log car

Sweep sticks, loom

Teeth, lawn rake

Teeth, spur gears

‘Tongues, corn planter

Tongues, light vehicle

Tongues, wagon

Treadle sticks, loom

Trucks, warehouse

Upper head blocks, light deliv-
ery wagon

Vehicle stock

Wheelbarrows,

Wheels, vehicle

Wreckskids, railway

Whiffletrees, vehicle

delivery

Pins, rolling
Spoons, wooden mixing
Sticks, toddy

Neck yokes
Neck yokes, jockey
Sides, cheese box
Whiffletrees

Mallets, coppersmith
Mallets, printers’

Pins, insulator
Pins, telephone

Chests, hall

Chests of drawers,
Chests, silverware
Cheval mirrors
Chiffoniers, exterior
Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim
Colonnades, pullman coaches
Commodes, exterior

Consoles

Counters, bar room, exterior

exterior

Covers, switch boxes, (electric
ears)

Covers, switch box (Pullman
coaches)

Cupboard doors, Pullman
coaches

Deck boards, automobile

Dash boards, automobile
Decking, canoe

Decking, motor boat
Desk chairs

Door strips, automobile
Doors, folding

Doors, locker, boat and: ship

Doors, ship cabin —

Doors, sliding

Doors, upper berth (sleeping
coaches)

Facings, window partitions

(electric cars)
Filing cases, sectional
Fillet, house interior trim
Tine cabinet work
Finish, yacht cabins
Flat battens, house
trim
Flooring, parquetry
Foot rails, stair
Foot rests
Foot stools
Frames, chair
Frames, couch
Frames, davenport
Frames, door, house interior
trim
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Furniture
Furniture, office .
Furniture, special period
Gauges, carpenters’
Glass front boards, automobile
Gunwales, canoe
Grilles, house interior
Grilles, Pullman coach
Grilles, ship cabin
Ground glass frames, camera
Hall mirror hatracks
Handles, camera slides
Handles, hand scraper
Hand rails, yacht
Head casing, house
trim
Hubs, pilot wheels, boat and
ship
Interior finish, camera
Interior finish, electric cars
Interior finish, Pullman coaches
Key bottoms, piano

interior

mirror

picture

settee

upholstered chair

trim

interior

Acetate of lime
Alcohol, wood
Backing, cases
Baskets
Baskets,
Beds,
Blinds,
Blinds,
Blocks,
Boards,
Bobbins
Bottom rails, sash
Bottoms, butter pails
Bottoms, carriage bodies
Bottoms, fruit baskets
Bottoms, wagon bodies
Box shooks

Boxes
Boxes,
Boxes,
Goxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes, tin plate
Boxes, veneer
Brooders

Brushes, wall
Brushes, window
Bureaus, enameled
Cabinet work
Cabinets. medicine
Cases, blacking
Cases, egg

Cases, liquor
Celery crates...
Center arms, split wood pulleys
Chairs, children’s

Chairs, kitchen

Chairs, laundry

split
folding
porch
venetian
brush
hosiery

bottle

comb

creamery shipping
knife

plate glass packing
salt

160

MAHOGANY—Concluded

Legs, piano

Legs, table

Lens boards, camera

Lids, water closet

Lunch tables, portable,
man coaches

Mantels

Mirror doors, house

Mirror frames, passenger ele-
vator cars

Mirror frames, pullman coaches

Mirror frames, ship cabins

Models

Models, machine

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding,
trim

Moulding, crown,
struction

Mouldings, piano

Mouldings, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove, house
interior trim

Musie shelf, piano

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting

Panel strips, house
trim

Panel wainscoting, ship cabin

Panel wainscoting, inside Pull-
man coaches

Panels, case

Panels, ceiling, Pullman coaches

Panels, clock case

Panels, desk

Panels, passenger elevator cars

Panels, piano cases

Panels, window,
coaches

Parts, automobile bodies

Patterns

Pilasters, piano

Pillars, chair

Pilot wheels, ship

Pilot wheels, yacht

Plate holders, camera

Plate rail, dining room

Players, piano

pull-

cap, house interior

cove, house interior

house con-

interior

Pullman

MAPLE, SOFT

Charcoal

Checkers

Chessmen

Cheval mirrors, enameled
Clothes racks, laundry
Chiffoniers, enameled
Clothespins

Cores, veneer
Commodes
Commodes,
Costumes
Cradles
Crates, fruit and vegetable
Crates, milk bottle

Crating

Dowels, ‘chair

Driers, towel

Dumb-waiter posts
Dusters
Flooring
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames, sofa

Frames, upholstered chair
Frames, upholstered furniture
Frames, window

Furniture, case goods
Furniture, doll

Furniture, interior work
Guide rails, dumb waiter
Handles, paint brush
Handles, umbrella

Handles, whitewash brushes
Heading, slack cooperage
Heads, spool

enameled

chair

eollapsible crates
couch

davenport

door :

parlor furniture

Princess dressers

Push button frames,
coaches

Rails, stair

Range finders, camera -

Rims, pilot wheel (boat and
ship)

Rockers, chair

Ruling machines, bookbinders

Sash, Pullman coaches

Sash, ship cabins

Screens, bank

Screens, fire

Seats, piano

Seats, water closet

Servettes, dining room table

Settee

Settles

Shelves, book

Showcases

Sides, piano case

Sills, inside window

___ cars)

Sills, window, inside (pullman
coaches)

Spindles, chair

Stands, chafing dish

Stands, plant

Steering wheel rims, automobile

Stools, piano

Tables, drop leaf

Tables, tea

Tops, counter

Tops, table ‘

Trays, jewelry display

‘Lrays, sewing

Treads, stair

Veneer

Veneer, furniture

Pullinan

(electric

Veneer, piano: cases

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim ‘

Wardrobes, auto-valet
Wheel trays, dining room

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Interior trim

interior work, sideboard
Lapboards

Lath
Lining,
Meeting
Middles, spool
Moulding, picture
Mullions, sash
Novelties
Quills

Panels, door
Paper pulp
Patterns
Pedal boards,
Poreh blinds
Rails, door
Reels, cordage mill

Reels, wire

Ruling machines, bookbinders’
Sash

Saw horses

Sereens, door

Sereens, window

Seats, baby carriage

Seats, chair

Shelves. book

Shelving

Shuttles

Signboards

Signs, advertising

Speeders

Spool heads

Spools

mera LSS

Stanchions

Staves, slack cooperage
Sticks, parasol

Sticks, umbrella

case

rails, sash

organ

Stiles, door
Stools, camp
Swings, porch
Tabourettes

Armor
Armor
Arms,
Arms,
Axles,

backing, ship
blocking, ship
chair

split-bottom chair
cornplanters
Axles, farm wagon
Axles, wagon

Back boards, piano

Back posts, chair
Backs, S>sh

Backs, qnair

Backs, dust brushes
Backs, lawn swings
Backs, nail brush
Backs, scrubbing brush
Beds, warehouse trucks
Benches, automobile
Benches, carpenter
Benches, piano

Blocks, brake

Blocks, brush

Blocks, butchers’
Blocks, die

Blocks, chopping

Blocks, mangle roll
Blocks, pulley

Blocks, tackle

Blades, T-square (draftman’s)
Boards, hosiery

Boards, meat

Boards, pie

Boards, potato chip
Boards, potato peeler
Boards, slaw

Bobbins

Bolsters, wurenouse truck
Bottom boards, piano
Bottoms, automobile
Bottoms, basket
Bottoms, chair

Bottoms, coal wagon body
Bottoms, drawers
Bottoms, drawer (dental cases)
Bottoms, drawer (optical cases)
Bottoms, land roller top
Bowling alleys

Bowls

Bowls, chopping

Bows, buggy top

Bows, carriage top
Bows, wagon top

Boxes
Boxes,
Boxes, candy

Boxes, comb

Boxes foundry moulding
Boxes, knife

Boxes, packing

Boxes, salt

Boxes, tin plate
Brackets, mine

Brakes, electric crane
Bridges, piano

Brushes, paint

Brushes, whitewash
Budging, table sides
Bung starters

Bureaus, exterior
Bushings, cream separator
Cabinets

Cabinets, type

Canes, walking

Cars, hand

Carts, push

Cases, shipping

Cases, type

Cases, wall

Center arms, split wood pulleys
Chairs, children’s

Chairs, folding camp
Chairs, rocking

Chair seats, veneered
Chase frames, printers’
Chase furniture, printers'
Children’s carriages
Clamps, trouser hanger
Clocks, wall

Clothes driers

butter

161

MAPLE, SOFT—Concluded.

Tables

Tables, kitchen
Yop rails, sash
Toy furniture

MAPLE, SUGAR

Clothes pins

Cogs, flour mill machinery
Collars, cream separator
Cores, typewriter platens
Costumers

Counters, billiard

Covers, butter tub

Crates

Crutches

Cues, billiard

Cups, soap

Decking, canal boat
Dishes, wooden

Display forms, hosiery
Display forms, shoe

Door boards, coal car
Door boards, railroad grain car
Dowels

Dowels, parasol shanks
Dumb waiters

Eveners

Faucets

Fixtures, bar room

Fixtures, barber shop

Fixtures, curtain

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Flasks

Flooring, electric cars

Flooring, engine cab

Flooring, freight car
Jlooring, freight car platform
scales

Flooring, house

Flooring, mine dump cars

Flooring, parquetry

Flooring, passenger elevator

Flooring, railway car

Frames, blueprint

Frames, box mattress

Frames, buck saw

Frames, clothes wringers

Frames, corn sheller

Frames, cot

Frames, glass cutter

Frames, spraying machine

Frames, ten pin setter

Frames, thresher grain register

Framework, farm machinery

Friction blocks, derrick

Friction blocks, hoisting engine

Gear parts, automobile

Gear woods, threshing machine

Gauges, carpenters’

Guide strips, dumb waiter

Hammer boards, foundry

Handle cross pieces, lawn mow-
er

Handles

Handles, awl

Handles, broom
Handles, brush

Handles, butcher knife
Handles, canthook
Handles, clothes wringer
Handles, coal pick
Handles, coal sieve
Handles, corkscrew
Handles, cross-cut saw
Handles, dust brush
Handles, fishing rod
Handles, hoe

Handles, ice cream freezer
Handles, lawn rake
Handles, mining pick
Handles, paint brush
Handles, peavy

Handles, piano

Handles, roller (bit brace)
Handles, screw driver
Handles, shoe _ knife
Handles, shovel
Handles, soldering
Handles, spud

Handles, timber carrier
Handles, vice

Handles, umbrella

Toy tops

Veneer

Wash benches

Wash stands, enameled

Hangers, coat

Heading, cement barrels
Heading, cooperage
Heading, nail keg
Heading, slack cooperage
Heads, spool

Hearse tables, (burial carriage)
Interior finish

Jaws, lemon squeezer

Jaws, lime squeezer

Key bottoms, piano
Knobs, door

Knobs, furniture
Krautcutters

Lasts, shoe
Leeboards, canoe
Legs, billiard table
Legs, chiffonier

Legs, curd grinding machine
Legs, dresser

Legs, dressing table
Legs, incubator

Legs, kitchen table
Legs, table

Legs, washing machine

Lemon squeezers

Lime spreaders, gear woods

Lining, piano case

Machine rolls

Mallets

Mallets,

Mashers,

Mauls,

Middles,

Mine cars

Miter boxes,

Models

Moulding, automobile

Moulds, brick

Moulds, butter

Mounting blocks,
(electric cars)

Mounting blocks,
paratus

Novelties

Orange racks

Overhead beams, dumb waiter

Packers, flour mill machinery

Paddles, butter

Paddles, canoe

Paper pulp

Parasol sticks

Parquetry flooring

Partitions, drawer

Parts, hay press

Patterns

Pedals, pipe organ

Pin blocks, piano

stone cutters’
potato
steak
spool

wooden

cash register

electrical ap-

Pins, cartridge

Pins, clothes

Pins, pie rolling -
Pins, rolling

Pipe, wooden water

Planes, printers’

Plates, bread

Poles, curtain

Poles, tent

Porch gates

Posts, bed

Posts, chair

Posts, corn sheller

Posts, dresser

Posts, guide, freight elevator
Posts, piano

Posts, guide, passenger elevator

Posts, split bottom chairs
Press rolls, paper mill machin-
ery
Racks
Racks,
Racks,
Racks,
Racks,
Rails,
Rails,

eurtain display
rug display
towel

umbrella

foot, automobile
mine car

Reels. electric wire
Reels, solder wire
Refrigerators

Reglets, printers’

Ribs, thresher grain register
Rims, bicycle

Risers, stair

Rockers, chair

Rockers, rustic poreh chairs
Rockers, split bottom chairs
Rods, chair

Roller blocks

Roller, caster
Rollers, dye

Rollers, lawn mower
Rollers, mangle
Rollers, mine

Rollers, paperhangers’
Rounds, chair
Runners, drawer
Sash, carriage

Seat frames, canoe
Seats, automobile
Seats, lawn swing
Show cases

Shuttles

Sides, billiard table
Sides, mine dump car
Sills, heavy wagon
Skewers, butchers’
Slats, ash can

Slats, automobile

seam

Armor backing, ship

Armor blocking, ship

Antique furniture, hidden work
Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door

Axles, heavy wagon

Backs, chair

Backs, dust brush

Balusters, stair

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base boards, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Bases, dining table

Beams, dining room ceiling

Beams, plow

Bedsteads, exterior

Blind stop, house construction

Blinds, window

Blocks, brush

Bodies, automobile

Bodies, electric car

Bodies, railway cars

Bodies, wheelbarrow

Body frames, light and heavy
vehicles

Bookcases,
Bookcases, sectional exterior
Booths, telephone, exterior
Bottom hoards, barge

Bottom boards, scow

Bottom rails, sash

Bottoms, automobile bodies
Bottoms, case goods
Bottoms, feed bag

Bottoms, grape basket
Bottoms, light delivery wagon
body

Bottoms. pit. cars

Bottoms. wagon seat

Boxes, plate glass packing
Boxes, telephone

Boxes, tin plate

Brackets, insulator

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, stair

Brackets, telegraph pole
Buffets, exterior
Bureaus, exterior
Cabinets, kitchen,
Cabinets, typewriter
Carpet strip, house
trim

Carvings, interior house finish
Cases, blacking

Cases, casket

Cases, coffin

exterior

interior

162

MAPLE, SUGAR—Concluded.
Slats, bed

Sleds

Slides, extension table
Slides, table
Space bars,
Spools
Spoons,
Spoons,
Sprags,
Sprves,
Squeezers,
Staffs, flag
Staves, cement barrel
Stave, cooperage

Staves, slack cooperage
Steering wheels, automobile
Sticks, dye
Sticks, flower
Straw carriers
Stretcher blocks,
Stretchers, chair
Strips, guide, elevator
Sweepers, carpet
Sweeping brushes
Swings, child’s
Swings, porch

Tables, library
Tenpins

typewriter

wooden cooking
wooden mixing
mine

foundry flask
lime

foundry

OAK, BLACK.

Flooring, wagon bodies

OAK, RED.

dental
optical
organ
water closet tank
door
pipe organ
window

Cases,
Cases,
Cases,
Cases,
Casing,
Casing,
Casing,
Caskets

Ceiling ®

Center arms, split wood pulleys
Chair rail, house interior trim
Chairs, morris, exterior
Chests, silverware |

Colonnades, house interior trim
Commodes

Consoles

Corner beads, house interior

trim
Corner blocks, house interior
trim
Costumers :
Coupling poles, light vehicles
Cross arms, telegraph poles
Cross ties, railroad
Deck beams, canal boat
Deck beams, motor boat
Deck beams, river craft

Deck beams, ship
Deck beams, yacht
Desks, school
Doors

Doors, china closets
Doors, folding
Doors, sliding
Doors, storm

freight ears
railway
light

Draft timbers,
Draw beams,
Drop gates,
wagon body
Dust cap, house
Easel blackboards
Iind sills, freight car
Ends, bookcase

Ends, buffet

Ends, bureau

Ends, chiffonier

Ends, desk

Ends, dresser

Felloes, wagon wheel
Fenders, ship

Fillet, house interior trim
Finish, boat

Fixtures, office (exterior)
Flasks
Flat
trim
Flooring
Flooring,
Foot rests,

delivery

interior trim

battens, house interior

house
wagon

Thresholds

Throats, tennis racket

Tongues, corn planter

Tongues, land roller

Tongues, wagon

Tops, table

Toy furniture

Toy ten pins

Toy tops

Traps, game

Traps, mouse

Treads, stair

Trucks

Trucks, handy

Truck sills, gas engine

Tracks, sliding seat (outriggers
and racing shells)

Trunks

Turning blocks

Type, wood

Veneer

Walkers, baby

Walking sticks

Washboards

Washstands,
Wheelbarrows

Wrestplanks, piano

Wringers, cloths

exterior

Frames, agricultural imple-
ments
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames, window
Brames, yacht
Front doors, house
Front panels, light delivery
wagons
Fronts, china closets
Furniture, bedroom
Furniture, mission, exterior
Gear woods, milling machinery
Grilles, house interior trim
Grille work }
Gunwales, row boat (round bot-

barges

bucksaw

canal boat
cellar door
cellar window
collapsible crate
door

engine cab
flour mill machinery
freight car
harrow

mirror

picture

river craft
scow

ship

sieve

tom)
Head blocks, house interior

trim

Head casing, house interior
trim

Heading, oil barrels

Heading, slack cooperage

Heading, tight cooperage
Hold beams, river craft
Hold beams, ship

Hold beams, yacht
Hoops. slack cooperage
Hubs, light vehicle
Interior finish

Interior finish, house
Interior trim, bar room

Inwales, row boat (round bot-
tom) ;

Jambs, door

Keels, row boat, (round bot-
tom)

Keels, canal boat

Keels, river craft
Keels, ship

Keels, yacht
Keelsons, canal boat

Keelsons, river craft

Keelsons, ship

Keelsons, yacht

Knees, canal boat

Leaves, dining room table

Legs, billiard table

Legs, brooder

Legs, feed mill elevator

Legs, table

Lids, grape basket

Lids, water closet

Lining, light delivery wagon

Mantels

Medicine cabinets

Meeting rails, sash

Mirror doors, house

Mounting blocks, cash register
(electric cars)

Moulding, bed, house interior
trim
Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove, house construc-
tion

Moulding, crown, ‘house con-
struction

Moulding, electric wire

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Mullions, sash

Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting

Nosing, house interior trim
Novelties

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Panels, door

Parquetry flooring
Partitions, office
Partitions. store
Pastry sets
Pedestals
Pedestals,
Pews,

table
ehureh
Pilots, locomotive
Pins, insulator
Planking, barge
Planking, scow

Acetate of lime
Alcohol, wood

Armor, backing, ship
Armor, blocking, ship

Arms, chair
Astragals, folding door
Astragals, sliding door

Baby tender, walking chairs

Back posts, chair

Backs, chair

Backs, church pew

Backs, vacuum cleaner brush

Balusters, stair

Bars, wooden harrow

Base board, house interior trim

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base corners, house _ interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Baseboards

Basket parts

Beams, coal car

Beams, dining room ceiling

Beams, plow

Beater roll, paper mill machin-
ery

Bedposts

Beds, folding

Beds, light delivery wagon
Bedsteads

Belt, light delivery wagon
bodies 4
Benches, piano

Benches, , shop

Blind ‘stop, house construction
Blocks, brush ;

Blocks, thermometer

163

OAK, RED—Concluded.

Plate rail, dining room
Posts, bed

Posts, bookcase
Posts, buffet

Posts, chair

Posts, chiffonier
Posts, desk

Posts, dresser
Posts, sideboard
Pulpits, exterior
Racks, magazine
Rails, door

Rails, stair

Rails, table

teels, electric wire
Reels, solder wire

Refrigerators

Ribs, motor boat

Ribs, row boat (round bottom)
Rims, split wood pulleys

Risers, stair
Rosettes, wall (stairway)
Runners, sleigh

automobile
electric cars

Running boards,
Running boards,
Sash
Screens,
Screens,
Seats,
Seats, water closet
Shelves, book
Shelves, china closet
Shelves, mantel
Shingles
Shoe rails,
Showcases
Sideboards, exterior

door
window
chair

stair

Sideboards. interior

Sides, billiard tables
Sides, case

Sides, push carts

Sides, wagon

Sills, door

Sills, gasoline engine truck

Sills,
Sills,
Sills,
Sills,
Slats,

heavy wagon
log car

stone crusher
wagon

lawn seat
Sofas, exterior
Spokes, cart wheel
Spokes, light vehicle

OAK, WHITE.

Blocks, wagon brake
Boats, row

Bodies, automobile
Bodies, mine pit wagon
Bodies, truck

Bodies, wagon

Body bolsters, freight cars
Bolsters, heavy vehicle
Bolsters, heavy wagon
Bottom boards, mine car
Bottom rails, sash
Bottoms, baggage truck
Bottoms, delivery wagon
Bottoms, ore car _ bodies
Bottoms, wagon
Bookcases, built-in
Bookeases, sectional
Book racks, revolving
Booths, telephone

Bows, buggy top

Bows, carriage top
Bows, lawn rake

Bows, wagon top

Boxes, bit
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Braces, railway car
Braces, railway car frame
Brackets, insulator

Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, telegraph pole
Brackets, . telephone

Brake beams, heavy vehicle

blacking

plug tobacco
telephone
wagon

Brake blocks, mine pit wagon
Buffets
Buffets, exterior

Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Stanchions, ship
Stanchions, yacht
Stands, Bible

Stands, plant

Stands, umbrella
Staves, cement barrel
Staves, oil barrel
Staves, slack cooperage
Staves, tight coopérage
Stay bars, light delivery wagon

eanal boat
river craft —

Stems, row boat (flat bottom)
Stem posts, row boat

Sterns, row boat (round bot-
tom)

Stern posts, row boat (round
bottom)

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim
Store fronts
String boards,
Strips, weather
Studding, log car
Swings, porch
Tables,

Tables, extension
Tables, sewing
Tabourettes
Thresholds,
Tillers, canal boat
Toprails, sash
Tops, table

Toy furniture

Toy tops
Transoms,
bottom)
Trays, incubator
Treads, stair

Veneer

Veneer cores, piano cases

stair

house interior trim

row boat (round

Ventilators, window

W ainscoting

Wainscoting, eap, house inter-
ior trim

Wainscoting rail, house interior
trim

Washstands, exterior

Window apron, house interior
trim
Window stool, house interior
trim

Buggy bottoms

Bull wheels, derrick

Bull wheel arms, oil well ma-
chinery :

Bumpers, locomotive

Bumpers, traction engine
Bumping posts, railroad
Bureaus

Bureaus, exterior

Cabinet work

Cabinet work, boat cabins ~
Cabinets, electrical work
Cabinets, magazine

Cabinets, medicine

Cabinets, music

Cabinets, phonograph

Cabinets, phonograph record
Cabinets, smoker

Cabinets, toilet

Cabinets, towel

Cabinets, type

Cabins, boat

Cages, elevator

Capitals
Carpet
trim
Carts, push
Carved ornaments,

Carvings,

Cases,
Cases,
Cases,

Cases,

Cases,
Cases,
Cases,

Cases,

strip,

house’ interior

furniture
interior house finish
blacking

casket
clock nye
dental teeger
library age
medicine

optical

piano. |
railtogd ticket

Cases, wall
Cases, water closet tank

Casing,
Casing,
Casing,
Casings
Caskets
Ceiling,
Ceiling,

door
pipe organ
window

boat
house

Cellarettes
Center arms, split wood: pulley
Chair frames

Chair rail,

Chairs

Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,
Chairs,

Chandeliers,

house interior trim

adjustable
arm

dining

invalid

kitchen

morris

nursery

office

opera
revolving
rocking

rolling
stenographers’

wooden art

Charcoal

Cheese
Chests,

boxes, veneer

hall

Chests of drawers

Chests,
Chests,
Cheval

silverware
tool
mirrors

Chiffoniers, exterior work
China closets
Churn parts

Churns,

Chute points,

Cleats,
Clothes

butter
freight cars
wagon box

trees

Coaming, motor boat

Coffins

Colonnades, house interior trim

Columns,

porch

Commodes
Communion rails
Consoles

Cores,
Corner
trim
Corner
trim
Corner
wagon
Corner

veneered door

beads, house interior

house interior

light

blocks,

posts, delivery

posts, ore car bodies

Costumers

Counters,
Counters,
Counters,

bar
soda water,
store

exterior

Couplings, farm wagon

Cradles
Cribs,

child’s

Cross arms, telegraph pole

Cross ties,

railroad

Crossing planks, railroad

Crystal

Cue racks,

Cupboar
Deck b

Deck beams,
Deck beams,
Deck beams,
Deck beams,

Decking

cabinets

billiard

ds, kitchen

eams, canal boat
motor boat
river craft
ship

yacht

, motor boat

Desk chairs

Desks,
Desks,
Desks,
Desks,
Desks,

Door boards,
Door boards,

Door fr

Door frames,

Doors
Doors,
Doors,

electric switchboard

flat top
roll top
roll top, exterior
school
coal car

railroad grain car
china closet
freight car

ames,

china closet

folding

Doors, sliding

Doubletrees,
Draft beams,
Draft timbers,

Draw b

vehicle
freight car
freight car

eams, railway car

Draw heads, coal, car

164

OAK, WHITE, Continued.

Drawer fronts, office fixtures

Drawer sides

Drays
Dressers
Drop. gates, light delivery

wagon body
Drop lids, desk
Drum lagging, hoisting engine
Dump carts, bodies
Dust cap, house interior trim
Electrie cars, interior. finish
End panels, dresser
End sills, freight car
End sills, locomotive tender
End sills, log car
Ends, church pew

Ends, mine car _ bodies

Ends, pit cars

Engine beams, freight cars
E:veners, harrow

Exterior work, electric shoe

shining machine

Feeding platform, rock crushing
machinery

Felloes

Felloes, automobile wheel

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheel
Fence pickets

Fenders, boat

Fenders, river craft

Tile cases

Filing cases, sectional
Fillet, house interior trim

Finish, boat
Finish, interior engine cab

Fireless cookers, exterior

Fixtures, bank

Fixtures, bar

Fixtures, barber shop

Fixtures, curtain

Fixtures, laboratory

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Fixtures, store display

Flat battens, house _ interior
trim

Flooring, automobile bodies
Flooring, boats

Flooring, freight cars
Flooring, hardwood

Flooring, house

Flooring, light delivery wagon
Flooring, parquetry

Foot rests
Foot stools

Forebays, flour mill
Frames, agricultural imple-
ments

Frames, automobile bodies

Frames, barge

Frames, bobsleds

Frames, canal boat
Frames, chair

Frames, coal screen

Frames, cold storage door
Frames, couch

Frames, davenport

Frames, dump cars

Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,

dump carts
electric cars
electric ‘switchboard
engine cab '
freight car
gravel screens
hall clock

hand coffee mill
hand mirror
harrow

light vehicle

Frames, light vehicle body
Frames, lounge
Frames, mirror
Frames, mission hall clock

motor boat
picture

Frames,
Frames,

Frames, quarry car
Frames, river craft
Frames, sand shaking screen
Frames, scow

Frames, ship

Frames, surrey body
Frames, tobacco truck
Frames, truck body
Frames, truck sleigh

Frames, upholstered chair

Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,

upholstered furniture
vessel
wagon body
wood-boring
Frames, wood-saw
Frames, yacht
Front bolsters, wagon
Front doors, house
Front hounds, wagon
Front panels, light
wagon.
Fronts,
Fronts, drawer
Fronts, dresser
Furniture, bank
Furniture, bar room
Furniture, barber shop
Furniture, case goods
Furniture, craftman’s
Furniture, drug store
Furniture, office
Furniture, store
Gates, freight elevator
Gear parts, wagon
Gear wood, light wagon
Grilles

machines

delivery

china closet

Grilles, house interior trim
Guards, boat

Gunwales, boat

Gunwales, canoe

Gunwales, row boat, (round
bottom)

Hall mirror hat racks

Hall racks

Handles

Handles, axe

Handles, barrow

Handles, coal pick

Handles, coal shovel
Handles, cultivator
Handles, edge-tool

Handles, hand axe

Handles, machine

Handles, mattock

Handles, mop

Handles, paint brush

Handles, pick

Handles, planters’ eye hoe
Handles, plow

Handles, push cart
Handles, railroad pick
Handles, saw

Handles, spading fork

Hand rails, river craft
Hatracks

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Heading, oil barrel
Heading, slack cooperage

Heading, tight cooperage
Heading, whiskey barrel

Heel board, light delivery
wagon

High chair, child’s

Hind bolsters, wagon

Hind hounds, wagon

Hold beams, river craft

Hold beams, ship

Hold beams, yacht

Hoops, slack cooperage

Horns, phonograph

Hounds

Hounds, heavy wagon

Hounds, wagon

Hubs, heavy vehicle wheel
Hubs, push cart wheel

Hubs, wagon

Hulls, boat

Ice chest, outside finish
Interior finish

Interior finish, house

Interior finish, electric cars
Inwales, row boat, (round bot-
tom)

Jambs, door

Joiners, deck
Keel blocks,

Keels,
Keels,

boat

eanal boat

motor boat

Keels, river craft

Keels, row boat (round bottom)
Keels, ship

Keels, yacht

Keelsons, canal boat .

Keelsons, river craft
Keelsons, ship
Keelsons, yacht
Kitchen cabinets,
Kitchen safes
Knees, canal boat

Knees, river craft

Knees, ship

Knees, yacht

Knobs, door

Knobs, furniture

Ladders, gymnasium

Ladders, hay

Ladders, river craft

Ladders, ship

Ladders, tobacco

Lagging

Leaves, table

billiard table

chair

desk

dresser

piano

sink

table

water closet

Light vehicle bodies

Lining, elevator car

Lower panels, light delivery
wagon bodies

Mantels

Mantels, soda fountain

Manure spreaders

Medicine cabinets

Meeting rails, sash

Milk counters, dairyman’s

Mine cars

Mine trucks

Mirror cases

Mirror doors, house

Mirrors, adjustable shaving

Mission furniture

exterior

Models, machine

Moulding, automobile
Moulding, bed, house interior
trim

Moulding cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove, house construc-
tion

Moulding,
struction

Mouldings,

Moulding,
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring . cove,
construction

Mounting boards,
struments

Mug cases, barber shop

Mullions, sash

Music shelf, piano

Nosing, house interior trim

Novelties

Organ cases

Organs, cabinet

Organs, pipe

Overhead beams, dumb waiters

Overhead beams, freight ele-

vators

Paddle wheels, excursion boats

Panel strips, house interior trim

Panel work, display windows

Panel work, store fixtures

Panels, bed

Panels,. door

Panels, stair work

Parallel bars, gymnasium

Parlor cabinets, exterior

Partition moulds, house interior
trim 4

Partitions, office

Partitions, store

Parts, cultivator

Parts. wood sawing machine

Passenger cars, frames

Pastry sets

Patterns

Pedestals

Pew book racks

Pews, church
Picker sticks,

crown, house con-

piano

picture

plaster, house con-

house

telegraph in-

loom

165

OAK, WHITH—Continued.

Pilasters, furniture
Pilasters, mantel
Pilasters, piano
Pillars, chair

Pilots, locomotive
Pilot wheels, river craft
Pilot wheels, ship
Pilot wheels, yacht
Pins, insulator

Plant stands

Platforms, ten pin setters
Platforms, freight cars

Plate rail, dining room
Plate racks

Play yards, baby
Players, piano

Plow beams

Plow handles

Plow parts

Plows

Poison cases, drug store
Poles, curtain

Poles, farm machinery
Poles, light vehicle
Poles, wagon

Porch swings

Posts, buffets

Posts, carriage body
Posts, chair

Posts, heavy wagon body
Posts, railway car frame
Posts, traction engine cab
Posts, wagon body
Press, tennis racket
Princess dressers
Pulpits, church

Racks, billiard ball
Racks, coat

Racks, display

Racks, key

Rails, bed

Rail, billiard table
Rails, boat

Rails, chiffonier

Rails, china closet
Rails, door

Rails, dresser

Rails, stair

Rails, table

Rails, truck

Rails, wagon

Reaches, buggy

Reaches, heavy vehicle

Reaches, heavy wagon

Reaches, lumber wagon

Reaches, perch spring wagon

Reaches, surrey

Reading desks,

Rear end posts,
wagon

Reed organs, exterior work

Reels, cable

Reels, wire rope

ehurch
light delivery

Refrigerators
Ribs, row boat
Ribs, row boat (round bottom)

motor boat
wagon top

Ribs,
Ribs,
Rims
Rims,
Rims,
Rims,
Rims,
Rims, split wood pulleys
Rings, necktie

Rocker frames

Rockers, chair

Rockers, porch chair (rustic)
Rockers, toy

Rollers, field

Rollers, home trainers

Road carts, bottom boards
Rounds, chair

Rounds, plow

Row boats, parts

Rudders, ship

Rudders, yacht

Rudders, river craft
Rungs, chair

Rungs, ladder

Runners, sleigh

Running boards, locomotive
Sand boards, game

Sand boards, wagon

Sash

Scows, frames

automobile wheel
buggy wheel
heavy vehicle wheel
sieve

Screens, fire 4

Seat boards, light delivery
wagon

Seats, automobile car

Seats, hall ve

Seats, piano .

Seats, water closet

Seats, wire frame chair

Secretaries, exterior
Serving tables

Settee

Settles a
Sewing machine parts

Shafts, dump cart
Sheathing

Shelves, book
Shelves, china closet
Shelves, mantel
Shelves, table

Shelving, china closet
Showcase
Shuffleboards

Sideboards, exterior

Sideboards, built-in
Side pillars, light
wagon

Side slats, light

wagon

Side stakes, freight car
Sides, billiard table

Sides, dump wagon body
Sides, parlor settle

Sides, pit car

Sides, table

Sides, truck

Sidings, boat

Siding, mine car

Sills, automobile body

Sills, carriage

Sills, freight car

Sills, gasoline engine truck
Sills, light delivery wagon
Sills, railway car

Sills, stone crusher

Sills, truck

Sills, vehicle body

Sills, wagon

Sills. wagon body

Singletrees (vehicle)

Slats, automobile

Slats, bed

Sleds, toy

Sofas, exterior

Sofa frames, (upholstered fur-
niture)
Spindles,
Splints,
Spokes,
Spokes,
Spokes, wagon

Spokes, wagon wheel
Spring bars

Spring blocks, railway cars
Spring blocks, railway
cars
Stanchions
Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Stanchions,
Standards,
Standards,
Stands
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Stands,
Staves,
Staves,
Staves,
Staves,

delivery

chair

surgical

automobile wheel
heavy vehicle wheel

tank

boat

eanal boat
river craft
ship

wagon top
yacht
ehiffonier
dressing table

bedroom

Bible

chafing dish

city directory

flower

hall (exterior)
jardiniere

lamp

typewriter

umbrella

water cooler

land roller drum

oil barrel

slack cooperage

tight cooperage stock
Staves, water tank

Staves, whiskey barrel

Stay bars, light delivery wagon
Stays, boat

Stems, canal boat

motor boat

Stems,
river craft

Stems,

Stems, ship

Stems, yacht

Steps, stairwork j

Stern posts, canal boat

Stern posts, motor boat

Stern posts, river craft

Stern posts, row boats

Stern posts, row boats (round
bottom)

Stern posts,

Stiles, door

Stools, office

Stools, piano

Stops, door, house interior trim

Straw carriers

Stretchers, chair

Stretchers, table

Stringers, railway car

Studding, log car y

Superstructure, launches

Sway bars, wagon

Sweep sticks, loom

Swing cleats, curtain pole

Swings, lawn

Swings, porch

Switchboards, telephone

Switch timbers, railroad

Tables ;

Table slides

Tables, billiard

Yables, dining

Tables, dressing

Tables, drop leaf

Tables, extension

Tables, folding

ship
yacht

Backs, clothes brush

Handles, brick trowel
Heads, golf clubs

Backing, furniture
Balusters (stair)

Barn boards

Battens, 0. g. barn
Beams, o. h. (elevator)
Beams, ship

Bevel cribbing

Blowers, organ
Blowers, player piano
Boat construction
Boards, lopping

Bottom rails, sash
Bottoms, bank fixtures
Bottoms, office fixtures
Bottoms, store fixtures
Box shooks

Boxboards, heavy vehicles

Boxes

Boxes, bottle

Boxes, coffee

Boxes, dry goods

Boxes, feed cutter

Boxes, packing

Boxes, root cutters

Boxes, trunk

Boxes, weight (dumb waiter)
Boxes, weight (elevator)
Brackets, stair

Capinets

Car decking

Car: siding

Cases, casket

Cases, clock

Cases, shipping

Casing

Ceiling

166

OAK, WHITE—Concluded

Tables,
Tables,
Tables,
Tables,
Tables,
Tables,
Tables,
Tabouretts

Tail boards,

library
lunch room

typewriter
writing

wagon

Tank cases, water closet

Tanks

Tanks, brewery
distilling

Tanks,

Tanks, diving (theatrical)

Thresholds

Thresholds, house interior trim

Tie beams, cars

Ties,

railroad track

Tight cooperage stock
Tillers, canal boat
Tillers, river craft
Tongues, cultivator
Tongues, corn planter

Tongue hounds,
heavy wagon

Tongues,

wagon

Top rails, light delivery wagon

bodies

Top rails (sash)
chair
counter
dresser
table
wire frame tables

Tops,

Toy furniture

Toy tops

Trays, jewelry display

Trays,

sewing

OLIVEWOOD

Pipes, smoking

PEARWOOD

T-squares, drawing

PERSIMMON

Lasts, sho

PINE, LOBLOLLY

Ceiling,
Clapboards
Coffins
Cores,
Cornice
Cornice,
Crates,
Crates,

veneer

cabbage

traction engine cabs

house construction

Crates, milk bottle

Crating
Cross arm
Cross-ties,

telegraph pole

railroad
Cupboards, built in

Decking, freight cars

Doors

Doors, freight car

Excelsior

Excelsior, packing

Excelsior, ribbon (mattress
stuffing)

Facia boards,
Fallow boards, foundry

Fencing
Fixtures
Fixtures,
Fixtures,
Flooring

office
store

Flooring, porch
Flooring, wagon bed

Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,
Frames,

oor

freight cars

coal screens

gravel screen
passenger car

sand shaking screens
window

Fruit jar cases

Transoms, row boat (round bot-
tom)

Treadle sticks, loom

Tree blocks, shoe

Truck bolsters, freight car

Trucks

Trucks, freight car

Trucks, stevedore

Vehicle (gear parts)
Veneer

Veneer, furniture
Veneered doors, craftsman
Ventilators, window
Vestment cases, church
Wagons, diamond drill

Wainscoting

Wainscoting caps, house inte-
- rior trim

Wainscoting (elevator cars)

Wainscoting rail, house inte-
rior trim

Wall cases

Wardrobes (exterior)

Washers, fire escape construc-
tion

Washstands, exterior

Wedges, foundry

Wheels, water mill

Windlass frames, derrick

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window

Window
trim

screens
sills

stool, house interior

Shuttles

Gates, freight elevator
Guide rails (dumb waiter)
Hand rails, stair
Heading, slack cooperage
Insulator pins

Interior finish

Interior finish, house
Interior trim, house

Lath

Lining, dumb waiter shaft

Lining, freight cars

Lockers

Meeting rails, sash

Mouldings

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction.

Moulding, picture

Mull ons, sash

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting
Nosing, interior house trim
Panels, door

Paper pulp

Partition, house
Patterns (foundry)
Planking, ship
Platforms, carriage hoist
Platforms (elevator)
Poles, tent

Porch work

Rails, door

Rails, stair

Risers, stair

Roof ribs, freight cars
Roofing, house
Rosettes, wall (stair)
Rough horses (stairway)
Safes, kitchen

Sash _
Sereens,
Screens,

door
window

Astragals, folding door

Astragals, sliding door
Backing, counters
Balusters, porch
Balusters, stair

Barn boards

Barge construction

Base blocks, house interior trim
Baseboards

Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house _ interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Bases, gascline engine

Battens, dumb waiter

Battens, o. g. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, derrick

Beams, dining room ceiling

Beams, elevator

Beds, coal wagon

Beds, light delivery wagons

Bevel cribbing

Bevel siding, house

Blind stops, house construction

Blinds, window

Blocking, railway tank cars

Bodies, manure spreader

Bodies, railway cars

Bodies, sugar corn cars

Booms, river craft

Booms, ship

Bottom rails (sash)

Bottom rail, porch

Bottoms, dump cart

Bottoms, heavy vehicle

Bottoms, lawn swings

Bottoms, light vehicles

Bottoms, push carts

Boxboards, dump carts

Boxboards, wagon

Box shooks

Boxes, lime
sewers

Braces, freight car

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Brackets, stair

Bridge poles (car)

Cabinet work

Cabinets (dental)

Cabinets, jewelry

Cabinets, (toilet)

Cabins, canal boats

Cabins, exterior, river craft

Cabins, exterior, ships

Cabins, exterior, yachts

Capitals

Capping,
trim

Carpet
trim

Cars, dumb waiter

Cars, elevator

Cart beds

Cases, china

Cases, medicine

Cases, tobacco

Casing, door

Casing, window

Ceiling

Chair rail, house interior trim

Cleats, dumb waiter

Climbing poles, gymnasium

Colonnades, house interior trim

Consoles

and fertilizer

sink, house interior

strips, house interior

Corner beads, house interior
trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Corner posts, freight cars

167

LOBLOLLY PINE—Continued

Sheathing

Shelves, dumb waiter
Shelves, mantel

Shelving

Shiplap

Shoe rails, stair

Side boards, wheelbarrow
Sides, corn sheller

Slats, bed

PINE, LONGLEAF

Cornice, house construction

Cores, veneer doors

Cores, veneer panels

Covers, ice freezing can

Covers, tank

Cradles, tank cars

Crates, cabbage

Cresting, porch roof

Cross-arms

Cross-ties, railroad

Deck beams, boat

Decking, freight cars

Decking, canal boats

Decking (ship and boat)

Derricks, oil well

Doors, dumb waiter shaft

Doors, folding

Doors, railway box cars

Doors, sliding

Dumb waiter

Dust cap, house interior trim

Elevators (freight)

Elevators (passenger)

Eveners

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fencing

Fillet, house interior trim

Finish, boats

Finish, caboose interior

Fixtures, bar room

Fixtures, barber shop

Fixtures, cafe

Fixtures, laboratory

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Flat battens,
trim

Flooring,

Flooring, refrigerator cars

Flooring, scale platforms

Footing pieces (elevator)

house interior

automobile

engine cab

freight cars
freight elevators
house

locomotive tender
passenger elevators
porch

Forms, sewer

Frames, awning

Frames, barge

Frames, box car

Frames, couch

Frames, door

Frames, front door side light
Frames, log turners

Frames, motor boat hulls
Frames (passenger cars)
Frames, railroad snow plows
Frames, road scrapers
Frames, scow

Frames, store truck

Frames, window

Framing, freight car

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments,
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Guides, mine shaft

Guide rails, dumb waiter

Gunwales, row boat. (flat bot-
tom)

Hand cars

Hand cars, railway

Hand rails, stair

Hay beam, farm wagon

Hay ladders, farm wagon

Hay rake posts

Head blocks, boat

house con-

Staves, slack cooperage
Stiles, door

String boards (stair)
Superstructure, electric cars
Top rails, sash

Treads, stair

Wainscoting

Weight boxes (elevator)

Head blocks, house interior trim

Head blocks, tank cars

Head casing, house
trim

Header

Heading,

Ice boxes

Interior finish

Jambs, door

Keel strips, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

Keelsons, river craft

Keelsons, ship

Keelsons, yacht

Ladders, exterior

Ladders, step

Lath

Lattice

Lids, water closet

Lining cars

Lining, freight cars

Lining, light delivery wagon

Lining, box cars

Long sills, freight cars

Mantels

Manure spreaders

Meeting rails (sash)

Mirror doors, house construc-
tion

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick,
struction

Moulding, cap,
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown,
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster,
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring
construction

Mountings, rock crushers

Mullions, sash

Needle beams
frames)

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting

Nosing, house interior trim

Ornaments, furniture

Overhead beams, dumb waiter

Panel strips, house interior trim

Panels, door

Panels, stair work

Panels, veneered

Paper pulp

Parting strips,
trim

Partition, house

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Parts, milling machinery

interior

posts
slack cooperage

house con-

house interior

house con-

house con-
house

cove,

(railway car

house. interior

Parts, railway motor car
Pianos, interior parts
Planking, boat

Planking, canal boat
Plates, freight cars
Plate rail, dining room
Plates, electric car

Plates, fre‘ght cars
Plates. passenger cars
Platforms, freight elevator

Platforms, passenger elevator
Platforms, tank

Plugs, cross-tie

Plumber’s woodwork

Poles, farm implements
Poles, flag

Poles, land rollers
Poles, tent

Poles, wagon

Porch columns, built up
Porch columns, solid
Porch newels, built up
Porch newels, solid
Porch spandrel

Posts, freight cars
Push cars

Racks, rug display
Rails, door

Rails, river craft
Railway car construction
Reels, cable

Reels, wire rope
Refrigerators
Refrigerators, outside
Ridge poles, freight cars
Risers, stair

Risers, row boat (flat bottom)
Roof framing, silos
Roof ribs, freight cars
Roofing, box cars
Roofing, freight cars
Roofing, house

Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Rough horses, stair
Running boards, locomotive
Sash

Seales

Scoop boards

Scows

Screens, door

Screens, window
Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Seat boards, light delivery
wagon

Seats, rowboat

Seats, water closet

Sheathing

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base board, house interior
trim s

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, 0. g. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion
Beams, dining room ceiling

Blind stops, house construction

Bottom rail, porch

Bottom rail, sash

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Cabs, locomotive

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strips, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, window

Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Consoles

Cresting, porch roof

Door battens, freight car

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fillet, house interior trim

Flasks, foundry

Bottom boards, farm
bodies
Box shooks

Boxes, - packing

wagon

Battens, o. g. barn
Box shooks

Boxes, packing
Cases, packing
Casing, door
Casing, window
Crating

Excelsior

168

PINE, LONGLEAF—Concluded

Shelves
Shelves, mantel
Shiplap
Shoe rails, stair
Show cases
Shutters
Sideboards, built in
Side planks( gondola cars)
Side plates
Side plates
cars)
Sides, coal flats
Sides, dumb waiter
Siding
Siding, box cars
Siding, caboose
Siding, freight car
Signboards
Signs, advertising
Sills, door
Sills, electric cars
Sill, freight car
Sills, railway car
Sills, window
Silos
Sink aprons, house interior trim
-Slats, bed
Slats, railway cattle cars
Slide, fly screen
Snow boards, engine pilot
Spindles, porch
Stakes, gondola cars
Staves, silo
Staves, slack cooperage
Stems, canal ‘boat
Stem posts. row
Stiles, door
Stops, door, house interior trim
Stops, window, house interior
trim

String boards, stair

PINE, NORWAY

(railway freight

boat

Flat battens, house _ interior
trim

Flooring, freight cars

Frames

Frames, front door side light
Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-

struction

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Head blocks, house interior trim

Heading, plate glass shipping
ears

Jambs, door

Lattice

Mantels

Meeting rail, sash

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick, house con-
struction

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

PINE, PITCH

Boxes, soap

Cornice, house construction

Crating

Flats, hay wagon

PINE, SCRUB

Flooring

Vlooring, porch

Flooring, railway cars
Frames, door

Frames, front door side light
Frames, mirror

Frames, picture

Stringers, railway car
Studding

Supports, elevator
Supports, tank
Swings, lawn

Swings, porch

Tackle blocks

Tanks
Tanks,
Tanks, paper mill

Tanks, pickling

Thresholds

Thresholds, house interior trim
Tillers, canal boat

Tillers, river craft

Tongues, agricultural machinery

acid

Tongues, farm machinery
Tongues, manure spreaders
Tongues, wagon
Top rail, porch

Top rails (sash)

Tops, freezing tank

Taps, land rollers

Treads, stair

Trunks

Upper belt rails (freight cars)

Upright, row boats (flat bot-
tom)

Vats ;

Wainscot rail,
trim

Wainscoting

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wall cases

Water tanks,

house interior

railroad

Window apron, house interior
trim
Window stool, house interior

trim
Wire cloth display racks

Moulding, spring house
construction
Mullions, sash

Nosing, house interior trim

cove,

Parting stop, house _ interior
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Panels, door

Panel strips, house interior trim

Plate rail. dining room

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch, spandrels

Rails, door

Roof strips, freight car

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Top rail, porch

Top rails, sash

Wainscot rail,
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window
trim

house _ interior

apron, house interior

stool, house interior

Flooring, house

Pallets, fire brick

Wainscoting, house
tion

construc-

Frames, window
Paper pulp
Roofers
Running boards,
Scroll sawed balusters,
Siding, barn
Thresholds

electric car
porch

Astragals, folding dvor
Astragals, sliding door
Balusters, porch

Balusters (stair)

Barn boards

Base blocks, house interior trim

Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, o. g. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, dining room ceiling
Beds, farm wagon

Bevel cribbing -

Bevel siding, house

Blind stop, house construction
Boards, lapping

Booms, river craft

Booms, _ ship

Bottom boards, foundry flask
Bottom boards, row boat
Bottom rails, porch

Bottom rails (sash)

Box boards

Box shooks

Boxes, feed cutter

Boxes, packing

Boxes, soap

Brackets. plate rail
Brackets, porch

Brackets, stair

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior
trim P

Casing, window

Casing, door

Ceiling

Chair rail,, house interior trim
Colonnades, house interior trim
Consoles

Corner beads, house _ interior
trim

Cerner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice

Cornice, house construction
Covers, tank

Crating

Cresting, poreh roof

Cross arms, telegraph pole
Cross-ties, railroad

Decking (cars)

Doors

Doors, folding
Doors, freight cars
Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim
Face brackets, house construc-

tion
Fallow boards,
Fencing
Fenders, boat and ship

foundry

Fillet, house interior trim

Flasks, foundry

Flat battens, house interior
trim

Floor boards, truck

Floor boards. wagon
Flooring, freight cars
Flooring, house

Flooring, incubators
Flooring, locomotive tender

Astragals, folding door
Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house _ interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
tr'm

Battens, o. g. barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, dining room ceiling

Blind stop. house construction
Bottom rail, porch
Bottom rails, sash
Boxing, pipe organ

169

PINE, SHORTLHAF

Flooring, porch
Frames, cellar window
Frames, cold storage doors

Frames, door

Frames, front door side light
Frames, land rollers

Frames, lawn swings

Frames, window

Framing, freight cars

Framing, passenger cars

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion p

Gable ornaments,
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Gunwales, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

Hand cars

Hand rails (stair)

Handles, brush

house con-

Handles, long handled dust
brush
Handles, mop

Handles, wall brush
Hatch covers, river craft

Hatch covers, ship

Hatch covers, yacht !

Head blocks, house _ interior
trim ,

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Heading, slack cooperage

Insulation (refrigerator cars)
Jambs, door

Keel strips, row boats (flat bot-
tom)

Ladders, river craft

Ladders, ship

Ladders, step

Lath

Lattice se

Lining, box cars
Lining (cars)
Lining, railway car
Lining, railway freight
Mantels
Meeting rails (sash)
Mirror doors, house
Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion
Moulding,
struction
Moulding cap,
trim
Moulding,
Moulding,
struction
Moulding, drip cap,
struction
Mould'ng, electric wire
Moulding, quarter round
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
struction
Moulding, screen
Moulding, spring
construction
Mullions (sash)
Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting
Nosing, house interior trim
Panels (door)
Panels, stair work

cars

brick, house con-

house interior

cove

crown, house con-

house con-

eove, house

PINE, SUGAR

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior trim
Casing, door
Chair rail, house interior trim
Colonnades, house interior trim
Consoles
Corner
trim
Cresting. porch roof
Doors, folding
Doors, sliding
Dust cap, house

blocks, house interior

interior trim

Panel strips, house interior trim

Paper pulp :
Parting strip, house interior
trim

Partition, house

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Parts, butter workers

Plate rail, dining room

Planking, yacht

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrel

Props, clothes

Rails (door)

Reels, cable

Reels, wire rope

Refrigerators

Risers, row boat (flat bottom)

Risers, stair

Roof boards, silo

Roofing, box cars

Roofing, freight cars

Roofing, house

Roofing, railway car
Roofing, railway freight cars
Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Rough horses (stairway)

Sash

Sereens, door

Sereens, window

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Seats, automobile

Seats, row boat

Sheathing

Sheathing, house

Shelves, mantel

Shelving

Shiplap

Shoe rails (stair)

Siding, barn

Siding, box cars

Siding, dredge

Siding, freight cars

house

railway car

aprons, house
trim

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Staves, slack cooperage

Stiles (door)

Stops, door.

Stops, window,
trim

String boards (stair)

Stringers, railway cars

interior

house interior trim
house interior

Timbers, ship

Top rail, porch

Top rails (sash)

Treads, stair

Uprights, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

Wainscoting : 2
Wainscoting cap, house interior_
trim y
Wainscot rail, house interior
trim : :
Window apron, house interior
trim 2 ie
Window stool, house interior

trim

Transoms, row boat

Face brackets, house construc-

tion
Fillet, house interior trim
Flat battens, house interior
trim
Frames, door
Frames, front door side light

Frames, pipe organ

Frames, window

Fr‘eze rail. porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construc-

tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Head blocks, house _ interior
trim

Head casing, house interior trim

Mullions, sash

Jambs, door

Lattice

Mantels

Meeting rail, sash

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick,
struction

Moulding, cap,
trim .

Moulding, cove

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

house con-

house interior

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house _ interior
trim

Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, 0. g. barn
Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Beams, dining room ceiling
Blind stop, house construction
Bottom rails, sash

Bottom rail, porch

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, window

Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim

Consoles

Corner
trim

Cresting, poreh roof

Cross-ties, railroad

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dust. cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

blocks, house interior

door
door

Astragals, folding
Astragals, sliding
Balusters, porch
Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Battens, 0. g, barn

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion

Reams, dining room ceiling

Blind stop, house construction

Bottom rail, porch

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strips, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, window

Chair rail, house interior trim

Colonnades, house interior trim
Consoles
Corner
trim
Cresting, porch roof
Cross-ties, railroad

blocks, house interior

170

PINE, SHORTLEAF—Concluded

Moulding, plaster,
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Mould.ng, screen ‘

house con-

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Panels, door

Parting stop, house _ interior
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Poreh columns, built up
Poreh columns, solid
Porch newels, solid
Poreh spandrels

Rails, door

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

PINE, WESTERN YELLOW

Fillet, house interior trim

Flat battens, house interior
trim

Frames, door

Frames. window

Frieze rail, porch
Front doors, house
Gable brackets, house construc-

tion
Gable ornaments, house con
struction
Grilles, house interior trim
Jambs, door

Head blocks, house interior trim
Head casing, house interior trim
Lattice

Mantels

Meeting rails, sash

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-

tion
Moulding, brick, house con-
struction
Moulding, cap,
trim
Moulding,
Moulding,
struction
Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
struction
Moulding, screen

house interior
cove

crown, house con-

house con-

PINE, WESTERN WHITE

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house construc-
tion

Fillet, house

Flat battens,,
trim

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Frames, door

Frames, front door side light

Frames, window

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments,
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Head blocks, house interior trim

interior trim
house interior

house con-

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Jambs, door

key bottoms, piano

Mantels

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-

tion
Moulding, brick,

struction

house con:

Sills, pipe organ ‘
Sink aprons, house interior trim
Slide, fly screen
Spindles, porch
Stiles, door
Stops, door,
trim
Stops,
trim
Swell boxes, pipe organ
Top rail, porch
Top rails, sash
Wainscot rail,
trim
Wainscoting, cap, house interior
trim
Wind chests, pipe organ

house interior

window, house interior

house interior

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Mullions, sash F

‘Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior trim

Panels, door

Parting strips,
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Rails, door

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Top rail, porch

Top rails, sash

Wainscot rail,

house interior

house interior ~

trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-

struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, plaster,
struction

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Nosing, house interior

Panel strips, house
trim

Parting
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slides, fly screen

house con-

house

trim
interior
interior

stop, house

PINH, WESTERN WHITE—Continued.

Spindles, porch

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Top rail, porch

Astragals, folding door

Astragals, sliding door

Backs, buffets

Backs, bureau

Backs, china closets

Backs, mirror

Balusters, porch

Balusters (stair)

Base blocks, house interior
trim

Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, -house interior
trim

Battens, o. g. barn

ER EES house construc
ion

Beams, dining room ceiling
light delivery wagon
Beds, sled

Bee hives

Bins, flour

Bins, grain

Bins, mill feed

Blind stop, house construction
Blinds, window

Blocks, toy wagon

Boards, drawing

Boards, lapping

Boats, row

Bodies, wagon

Bottom boards, coal flats
Bottom boards, barge
Bottom boards, foundry flasks
Bottom boards, row boat
Bottom boards, scow
Bottom rail, porch
Bottoms, dredge

Bottoms, farm wagon bodies
Bottoms, grape basket
Bottoms, leaf tobacco cases
Bottoms, threshing machine
Bottoms, toy wagons
Bottoms, toy wheelbarrows
Box shooks

Box shooks, tobacco

Boxes, battery

Boxes, entomological
Boxes, packing

Boxes, plant

Boxes, shoe

Boxes, trunk

Boxes, weight (elevator)
Brackets, plate rail
Brackets, porch

Brackets, stair

Brackets, telegraph pole
Brake locks, mine car
Brooders

Cabin finish, canal boats

Cabins, canal boats

Cabins, exterior, river craft

Cabin exterior, ships

Cabin, exterior, yachts

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet
trim

Cases, coffin

Cases, organ

Cases, packing

Cases, sample

Cases, tobacco

Cases, tool

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets. exterior

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chests, clothes

Cider mills

Colonial columns

Colonnades, house interior trim

strip, house interior

171

Veneer cores, piano cases

Wainscot. rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

PINE, WHITH

Consoles

Corner blocks, house interior
trim

Cornice work

Crating

Crates, bee

Cresting, porch roof

Cross-ties, railroad
Decking, yacht

Doors, dumb-waiter shafts
Doors, fire

Doors, folding
Doors, freight cars
Doors, sliding
Doors, stable

Drain boards, sink
Drain boards, soda fountain
Dust cap, house interior trim
Ends, leaf tobacco cases
Excelsior
Cross arms,
Face brackets,
tion
Facia boards, freight cars
Fillet, house interior trim
Flasks
Flat battens,
trim
Flooring
Flooring,
Flooring,
Flooring,
Flooring,
Flooring,

telegraph pole
house construc-

house interior

earriage bodies

eollapsible crates

engine cabs

freight cars

incubators

Flooring, mine dump cars

Flooring, road scrapers

Folding frames, baby bath tub

Forms, concrete

Frames, door

Frames, front door side light

Frames, mirror

Frames, picture

Frames, tobacco

Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house :

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments,
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Guide posts, elevator

Gunwales, boat

house con-

Hatch covers, canal boats

Hatch covers, river craft

Hatch covers, ship

Hatch covers, yacht

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house interior
trim

Heading, plate glass shipping
ease

Heading, tight cooperage

Heading, slack cooperage

Hoppers, feed mill elevators

Hoppers, mill feed

Hoppers, flour

Hoppers, grain

Icing vats, dairyman’s

Interior finish, house

Insulation (railway refrigerator
cars)

Jambs, door

Jambs (elevator)

Joiner bulkheads, ship

Joiners, deck (ship)

Keels, canal boat

Keels, river craft

Keels, ship

Keels, yacht

Lids, grape basket

Lining. cast iron pipe for coal
mines

Lining, dumb waiter shafts

Lining, light delivery wagon

Window apron, house interior
trim . 5

Window stool, house interior
trim

Lining (railway box cars)
Lap siding, house

Lattice

Mantels

Matches

Mirror doors, house

Models, machine «

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick, house con-
struction x

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, plaster, house con-
struction

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Moulds, brick

Moulds, foundry

Newel posts, angle

Newel posts, starting

Nosing, house interior trim

Organs, interior parts

Pails, candy

Panel _ strips,
trim

Panels, stair work

Panels, wagon bodies

Paper pulp

Parting stop,
trim

Partition moulds, house interior
trim

Patterns

Patterns, rubber factory

Pipe organs, interior parts

Pipe, wooden, water

Pipes, organ

Planking, barge

Planking, river craft

Planking, scow

Planking, ship

Planking, yacht

Plate rail, dining room

Porch columns, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Posts, elevator

Presses, cider “

house’ interior

house interior

Props, clothes
Rails, stair
Reels, cable
Reels, wire rope
Risers, stair
Rollers, land

Roof strips, freight car
Rosettes, wall (stairway)
Rough horses, stair work

Rudders, river craft
Rudders, ship

Rudders, yacht

Running boards, freight cars
Screens, door

Screens, window

Scroll sawed balusters, porch

Scows, coal

Scows, sand

Seat boards,
wagon

Seats, row boat

Shelves, dumb-waiter

Shelving

Shoe rails (stair)

Sides (dumb-waiter)

Sides, engine cabs

Sides, farm.wagon bodies,

light delivery

leaf tobacco cases
mine dump cars
river barges

row boat

Sides, threshing machine
Sides, wagon boxes

Siding, barge

Siding (freight box cars)
Siding, house

Siding (railway cattle cars)
Siding, railway coaches
Silos

Sink aprons, house interior trim
Slide, fly screen

Spindles, porch

Stakes, mine

Sides,
Sides,
Sidés,
Sides,

Actions, piano players

Antique furniture, hidden work
Apparatus parts (electric)
Armor boxes, steel foundry
Automobile bodies

Backing, furniture

Backing, mirror

Backing, refrigerators

Backs, bureau

Backs, carriage seat

Backs, clock case

Backs, china closet

Backs, dental cases

Backs, hat brush

Backs, mirror

Backs, piano

Backs, toy pianos

Backs, wagon seats

Balusters, poreh

Balusters (stair)

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base boards, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Baskets, fruit and vegetable

Bay brackets, house construc-
tion p

Beds, light delivery wagon

Bedsteads

Bellows, organ

Benches, wash

Bevel siding, house

Blinds

Blind stop, house construction
Blinds, window

Blocks, brush

Blocks, hat

Blowers, organ

Blowers, player piano

Boards, bosom

Boards, lap

Boards, lapping

Boards, wash

Bobbins

Bobs, fishing

Bodies, buggy

Bodies, carriage

Bodies, cart

Bodies, dump wagon

Bodies, hearse

Bodies, toy automobiles
Bodies, wagon

Bottom boards, wagon bodies
Bottom rail, porch

Bottom rails (sash)

Bottoms, boys’ express wagons
Bottoms, buggy bodies
Bottoms, buggy seats
Bottoms, carriage bodies
Bottoms, clock case

Bottoms, drawer

Bottoms, light vehicle bodies
Boxboards, heavy vehicles
Box shooks

Boxes, bottle

Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Roxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,
Boxes,

coal sieve

eracker

creamery shipping
macaroni

packing

plug tobacco
wagon

192

PINE, WHITE—Continued

Stakes, surveyors’

Staves, slack cooperage

Stools, bench

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Store fronts

String boards (stair)

Taffy sticks, confectioners’

Tanks

Templates

Tool boxes, stone crusher

Top rail, porch

Top slats, light delivery wagon
bodies

Tops, leaf tobacco cases

POPLAR, YELLOW

Boxes, weight (elevator)

Braces, boat wheel

Brackets, plate rail

Brackets, porch

Brackets, stair

Brushes

Brushes,

Bungs

Bureaus

Butter. workers, dairyman’s

Cabinets

Cabinets, dental

Cabinets, medicine

Cabinets, scale

Cabinets, towel

Cabinets, type

Cabins, canal boats

Cabins, exterior, river craft

Cabins, exterior, ships

Cabins, exterior, yachts

Cab parts, locomotive

Cabs, locomotive

Capping, sink,
trim

Carpet
trim

Cars, ensilage

Cases, blacking

Cases, casket

Cases, clock

Cases, dental

Cases, liquor

Cases, optical

Cases, packing

Cases, silverware

Casing

Casing, door

Casing, window

Ceiling

Ceiling, boats

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chairs, barber

Chairs, kitchen

Chests, organ

Chiffoniers

China closets, interior

Cigar boxes

Clog soles (shoes)

Coffins

Colonial columns

Colonnades, house interior trim

Commodes

Compartments,

Consoles

Cores, veneer

Corner blocks,
trim

Cornice

Costumers

Counters, store

Crates, beer

Crates, fruit and vegetable

Crates, mineral water

Cresting, porch roof

Cupboards, kitchen

Cushion frames, vehicle

Doors

Desks, interior work

Display forms, hosiery

dust

house interior

strips, house. interior

trunk

house interior

Display forms, shoe
Doors, folding
Doors, sliding
Drawers, interior
Drain boards, sink
Dressers

Drip boards

Toy carts

Toy furniture

Treads, stair

Trunks

Vats

Wainscot rail,
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wheels, water mill

Wind chests, pipe organ

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window
trim

Work boards,

house interior

stool, house interior

bar room

Dust cap, house interior trim

Elevators, corn

Elevators, feed mill

Elevators, flour mill

Electric cars, interior finish

Excelsior —

Excelsior, packing

Excelsior, ribbon
stuffing) |

Face brackets,
tion

Faucets

Fillet, house interior trim

Finish, boats

Firkins

Fixtures,

Fixtures, office

Fixtures, store

Flasks, foundry

Flat battens,
trim

Foot boards, wagon

Front panels, light
wagons

Fronts, kitchen cabinets

Frames, billiard table

Frames, camera

Frames, coal sieves

Frames, couch

Frames, davenport

Frames, door, house construc-
tion

Frames,

Frames, upholstered furniture

Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors. house

Furniture (hidden work)

(mattress

house construc-

bank

bar

display windows
laboratory

house interior

delivery

mirror
lounges

organ interior
picture

Furniture, inside

Gates, farm

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grain drills, parts

Grilles, house interior trim

Hand rails, porch

Handles. machine brushes

Head blocks, house interior
trim

Head casing, house interior
trim

Header parts

Holders, Christmas tree

Hoppers, flour mill machinery
Tee boxes

Interior finish, house

Interior finish, pipe organ
Jambs, door

Jambs (elevator)

Keels, boat

Key bottoms, piano

Lath

Lids, water closet

Lining, light delivery wagons
Lining,’ refrigerator

Lining, telephone boxes
Litter carriers

Lodge furniture

Mantels
Mantels (painted work)
Meeting rails (sash)
Mirror doors, house
Mixers, dough
Models
Moulding,
tion
Moulding,
struction
Moulding, cap,
trim
Moulding, cove
Moulding, crown,
struction
Moulding, drip cap,
struction
Moulding, piano case
Moulding, picture
Moulding, plaster,
struction
Moulding, porch
Moulding, quarter round
Moulding, screen
Moulding, spring cove,
construction
Music cabinets, interior
Mullions (sash)
Novelties
Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting
Organ parts, interior
Outside finish (electric cars)
Packing cases
Paddle wheels excursion boats
Pails, candy
Panel _ strips,
trim
Panel sides, passenger cars
Panels, veneer
Panel work, wagon sides
Paper pulp
Panels, automobile bodies
Panels, auto-truck bodies
Panels, carriage bodies
Panels, coach
Panels, delivery wagon
Panels (door)
Panels, furniture sides
Panels, light wagon bodies
Panels, stair work
Panels, truck sleigh bodies
Panels, vehicle bodies
Panels, wagon bodies
Parting strip, house
trim
Partitions
Partitions, wagon
Parts, cider mill
Parts, flour mill machinery
Parts, railway motor cars
Passenger cars, interior work
Patterns
Pedestals
Peel blades
Piano parts, interior
Pilasters, mantel

bed, house construc-

brick, house —con-

house interior

house con-

house

house’ interior

interior

Astragals, folding door
Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house. interior

~ trim

Base moulding, house interior
trim

Bern brackets, house construc-

Beswes dining room ceiling
Bevel siding, house

Bottom rail, porch
Brackets, porch :
Brackets, poreh rail.

173

POPLAR, YELLOW—Continued

Pins, clothes
Pipe organs,
Pipes, organ
Pipes (pipe organ)
Plate rail, dining room
Poles, yarn
Pool tables,
Porch blinds
Porch columns, built up
Porch columns, solid
Porch newels, built up
Poreh newels, solid
Poreh posts

Porch spandrels

Posts (elevator)

Posts, porch

Pulpits, church

Pumps

Quill boards

Racks, display

Racks, roller towel
Rails (door)

interior parts

hidden work

Rails, porch

Rails, stair

Rails, table

Reed organs, interior parts
Reels, electric wire

Reels, solder wire
Refrigerators
Refrigerators, exterior

Rims, split wood pulleys
Risers, stair

Rollers, farm machinery
Rosettes, wall (stairway)
Ruling machines, bookbinders’
Running boards, automobile
Sash

Screens, door

Screens, window

Scroll sawed balusters, porch
Seat backs, buggy

Seats, buggy

Seats, automobile
Seats, car

Seats, carriage
Seats, water closet
Sewing machine parts
Shelving

Shelves, book,
Shelves, cabinet

Shelving, dental case

Shoe rails (stair)

Show cases

Shuttles

Sideboards, built in

Sides, drawer

Sides, farm machinery
Sides, flour mill machinery
Sides, threshing machine
Sides, wagon. bodies

Sides. wagon box

Siding

Siding, house

Siding, passenger cars
Siding, railway freight cars
Sidings (wagon beds)

RATTAN

Stocks, whip

REED
Stocks, whip

REDWOOD

Carpet strip, house interior
trim

Casing, door

Casing, window

Caskets

Cases, coffin

Cases, casket

Chair rail, house interior trim

Coffins

Corner blocks,
trim

Cornice

Cresting, porch roof

Cross-ties, railroad

Doors, sliding*--

house -interior

Sidings, wagon

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen :

Spars, boat

Spindles, porch

Spools

Spouting, flour mill

Staging, boats

Staves, cement barrels

Staves, slack cooperage

Steps, step ladder

Stiles, door

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Straw carriers

String boards (stair)

Strips, weather

Tables, cafe

Tables, dining

Tables, enameled library
Tables, kitchen .
Tables, lunch room

Tabourettes

Top boards (pipe organs)

Top rail, porch

Top rails (sash)

Top slate, light delivery wagon
bodies

Tops, table

Toy carts

Toy furniture

Toy tops

Tov wagons

Transoms, row boat

Traps, mouse

Traveling cases

Trays, trunk

Treads, stair |

Troughs, bakers’

Trunk boxes

Type cases

Upper panels,
wagon bodies

Vegetable slicers

Veneer

Veneer cores, organ cases

Veneer cores (piano cases)

Veneer crossbanding

Wainscot rail, house
trim

Wainscoting,
ears)

Wainscoting cap, house interior

trim
baby

light delivery

interior

outside (railway

Walkers,
Wardrobes
Wardrobes, inside finish
Wheelbarrows
Window . apron,
trim
Window
trim
Wood pulleys
Wood rolls,
chinery

house interior

stool, house interior

paper mill ma:

Dust cap, house interior trim

Face brackets, house’ construe-
- tion a

Fillet, house interior trim

Flat battens, house interior trim

Frieze rail, porch

Gable brackets, house construc-
tion

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Head blocks, house interior trim
Head casing, yoase interior trim
Incubators :

Jambs, door RS

Mirror doors,’ house ~

Sve &

Moulding, bed, house construc-

tion

Molding, brick, house construc-
tion

Molding, cap, house’ interior
trim

Molding, cove
Molding, crown,
tion
Moulding, drip, cap, house con-
struction
Moulding, picture
Moulding, -plaster,
struction
Moulding, quarter round
Moulding, screen
Moulding, spring cove,
construction

house construc-

house con-

house

Backs, clothes brush

Backs, hair brush
Backs, nail brush
Blocks, brush
Bottlestoppers

Clubs, policeman

Knees, row boat
Knees, river craft

Balusters (stair)

Bevel siding, house
Bodies, electric cars
Bodies, railway cars
Booms, river craft

Booms, ship

Bottom boards, barge
Bottom boards, foundry flasks
Bottom boards, row boat
Bottom boards, scow
Bottom rail, sash

Boxes, bottle

Boxes, packing

Brackets, stair

Bridges, piano

Cases, packing
Ceiling, ship cabin
Cornice, house

Crating

Cross arms; telegraph pole
Cross-ties, railroad
Diagonal sweeps, piano
Easels, school blackboard
Flasks

Flasks, foundry

Flooring, electric cars
Flooring, freight cars
Flooring, mine dump cars
Flooring, railway passenger

cars
Frames, blackboard
Frames, cold storage door

Balusters, porch

Base blocks, house interior trim
Base board, house interior trim
Base corners, house interior

trim 3
Base moulding, house interior
trim :
Beams, dining room ceiling
Blind stops, house construction
Bottom rails, porch
Brackets, plate rail . : oe
Capping, sink, ~- house interior
trim ‘
Carpet strip, house interior
trim
Casing, window
Chair rail, house interior trim
Colonnades, house interior -trim
Corner blocks, house interior
trim : é
Cornice work, house
Cresting, porch roof

174

REDW0OOD—Concluded.

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior
trim

Parting stops, house interior
trim

Patterns

Plate rail, dining room

Porch columns, built up
Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels >

Ruling machines, bookbinders
Screens, door

Screen, window

Scroll sawed balusters, porch
Shade hangers

ROSEWOOD.
Frames, mirror
Frames, picture
Gavels
Handles, drawing instruments
Handles, surgical instruments
Levels, masons

SASSAFRAS.
Knees, ship

SPRUCE.

frames, dumb waiter
Frames, window

Gunwales, canoe
Gunwales, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

Hatch covers, river craft

Hatch covers, ship

Hatch covers, yacht

Interior trim, house

Interior work, canal
cabins

Keel strips, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

Key bases, piano

Ladders, extension

Ladders, river craft

Ladders, ship

Ladders, step

Lath

Leeboards, canoe

Lining, refrigerator

boat

Masts, river craft
Masts, ship

Meeting rails, sash
Mullion, sash |
Newel posts, angle
Newel posts, starting

Oars, row boat
Packing cases,
Paddles, canoe
Planking, barge

plate glass

SPRUCE, SITKA.
Decking, boat a

Doors, folding

Doors, sliding

Dust cap, house interior trim

Fillet, house: interior trim

Flat battens, house interior
trim

Frames, door :
Frames, front door side light
Frames, window

Frieze rail, porch

Front doors, house

Gable brackets, house construe-

' tion
Head blocks, house interior

trim
easing, house interior

Keels,

Mirror doors, house

Siding, freight car

Spindles, porch

Staves, silo

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Stops, door, house interior trim
Store fronts

Top rail, porch
Trays, incubator ;
house

Wainscot rail, interior
trim.

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior

2) trim’

Window stool, house interior
trim

Panels, automobile bodies

Parts (automobile bodies)
Pilot wheels, ship

Pilot wheels, yacht
T-Squares (drawing)
Veneer

Knees, yacht

Planking, canoe

Planking, railway cars

Planking, scow

Poles, tent

Rails, stair

Reels, cable

Reels, wire rope

Refrigerators

Ribs, piano

Risers, row boat (flat bottom)

Risers, stair

Rosettes, wall (stairway)

Rough horses( stairway)

Running boards (electric cars)

Sash, window

Scaffolding (painters)

Sides, mine dump cars

Sides, row boat

Sounding board ribs, piano

Sounding boards, piano

Spars (ship)

Staves, tight cooperage

Stays, boat

String boards (stair)

Studding (ship building)

Tanks, wooden

Top rails, sash

Transoms, row. boat

Treads, stair ‘

Uprights, row boat (flat bot-
tom)

eae: bed, house construc-

on
Moulding, cap, house interior

trim
Moulding, cove
Moulding, crown, house con-
struction ' V ecaeesrsia
Moulding, drip cap, house con-
struction ;
Moulding, picture
Moulding, quarter round
Moulding, spring cove, house
construction 2::)8/.:--: +>
Nosing, house interfor trim
Panel strips, house interior trim
ar ens: stop, house interior
trim mae

Partition moulds,’ house ‘interior

trim
Plate rail, dining room::-
Porch colunms, built up

Porch columns, solid

Porch newels, built up

Porch newels, solid

Porch spandrels

Scroll sawed balusters, porch
Seats, boat ‘
Siding, house

Sink aprons, house interior trim
Slide, fly screen

Spars, ship

Base blocks, house interior trim
trim

Base board, house interior trim
trim .-

Base corners,
trim

Base moulding,
trim

Basket parts

Baskets, fruit

Baskets, vegetable ae)

Beams, dining room ceiling

Blind stop, house construction

Blocks, butcher

Boat parts

Bottoms, drawer

Boxes, packing

Boxes, plug tobacco

Brackets, plate rail

Buckefs

Cabinet work

Cabins, interior, ships

Cabins, interior, yacht

house interior

Capping, sink, house interior
trim

Carpet strip, house interior
trim ;

Cases, reed organ

Casing, door

Casing. window

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chairs

Colonnades, house interior trim
Consoles
Cooperage stock
Corner blocks,
trim
Crating
Doors,

house interior

folding

Base blocks, house construction
Base board, house interior trim

Base corners, house interior
trim

Base moulding, house: interior
trim

Beams, dining room ceiling
Blind stop, house construction
Brackets, plate rail :
Capping, sink, house interior
trim :
Carpet
trim
Casing, door
Casing, window :
Chair rail, house interior trim
Ceiling, house :
Colonnades, house interior trim
Corner blocks, house interior
trim
Cross-ties, railroad
Doors, folding :
Dust cap, house interior trim
Excelsior

strip, house interior

Fillet, house interior trim :
Flat battens, house _ interior
trim

Flooring, boats
Flooring, house
Frames, door

Armor backing, ship
Armor blocking, ship

175

SPRUCE SITKA—Concluded.

Spindles, porch
Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Top rail, porch

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wainscoting rail, house interior
trim

SUMACH.

Inlaid work, furniture

SYCAMORE.

Doors, sliding
Dust cap, house interior trim
Fillet, house interior trim
Fixtures, office
Fixtures, store
Flat battens,
trim
Frames, door
Frames, front door side light
Frames, window
Front doors, house
Furniture, case goods

house’ interior

Gable ornaments, house con-
struction

Grilles, house interior trim

Handles, hoe

Handles, rake MY

Handles, saw
Head blocks, house interior trim

Hoppers, fruit

Hoppers, vegetable

Jambs, door

Lath

Mantels

Meat blocks

Mirror doors, house

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, brick, house con-
struction

Moulding, cap, house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

TAMARACK.

Frames, front door side light

Frames, window

Front doors, house

Grilles, house interior trim

Head casing, house _ interior
trim

Head _ blocks,
trim 4

Jambs, door

Keels, boat

Knees, canal boat.

Knees, river craft

Knees, ship

Knees, yacht

Lath

Mirror doors, house

house interior

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding, cap, -house interior
trim

Moulding, cove

Moulding, crown, house con-
struction

Moulding, picture

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, spring cove,
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior trim

house

TEAKWOOD.

Cabins, interior, ship
Cabins, interior, yacht

Window apron,
trim
Window
trim
Poles, \ tent
Rails, stair
Reels, cable
Reels, wire rope
Refrigerator
Ribs, piano

house interior

stool, house interior

Moulding, plaster,
struction

Moulding, quarter

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring
construction

Nosing, house interior trim

Packages, fruit

Packages, vegetable

Pails, candy

Panel: strips,
trim

Paper. pulp

Parting stop,
trim

Partition moulds,
struction

Parts, washing machine

Plate rail, dining room .

Reed organs, interior parts

Refrigerators

Sides, drawer

Sink aprons, house interior trim

Slide, fly screen

,house con-
round

cove, house

house interior

house con-

Stools, foot

Stops, door, house interior trim

Stops, window, house. interior
trim

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house . interior
trim

Veneer

Venetian blinds

Partition moulds, house con-

struction

Parting stop, house interior
trim

Plate rail, dining room

Silos

Sink aprons, house interior trim
Slide, fly screen

Stem pieces (boat)

Stem posts, river craft i
Stem posts, ship

Stem posts, yachts

Stems, river craft

Stems, yachts.

Stems, ships :
Stops, door, hovse interior trim

Stops, window, house interior
trim

Stringers, boat... .. ~

Tanks :

Tubs

Wainscot rail, house interior
trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Window apron, house interior
trim

Window stool, house interior
trim

Rails, yacht

Rails, ship building

Altars, church

Arms, chair

Back posts, chair

Backs, clothes brush

Backs, hair brush

Backs, nail brush

Balusters (stairway)

Base board, house
trim

Base moulding,
trim

Beams, dining room ceiling

Beds, folding exterior

Bedsteads, exterior

Benches, piano

Bible stands, church

Blocks, brush

Bookeases, exterior

Book racks, revolving

Brackets, plate rail

Cabins, interior ships

Cabins, interior, yachts

Cabinet making

Cabinets, electrical work

Cabinets, magazine

Cabinets, phonograph

Cabinets, smokers

Carpet strip, house
trim

Cases, casket

Cases, clock

Cases, coffin

Cases, dental

Cases, hall clock

Cases, optical

Cases, organ

Cases, piano

Cases, reed organs

Casing, door

Casing, pipe organ

Casing, window

Cellarettes

Chair arms, Pullman coaches

Chairs, arm

Chair rail, house interior trim

Chairs, morris

Chests, hall

Chests, medicine

Chests of drawers, exterior

Cheval mirrors

Chiffoniers, exterior

Commodes, exterior

Colonnades, house interior trim

Colonnades, Pullman coaches

Consoles

interior

house interior

interior

Beds, exterior

Bureaus, exterior
Cabins, exterior, ships
Cabins, interior, yachts
Case work

Canes, walking
Handles, parasol

Bats, baseball

176

TUPELO.
Cigar boxes

WALNUT, BLACK.

Covers, switch box, Pullman
coaches

Cupboard doors, Pullman
coaches

Dash boards (automobile)
Deck boards, automobile
Desk chairs

Doors, sliding
Doors, folding
Doors, upper

ears)
Dust cap, house interior trim

birth (sleeping

Fillet, house -interior trim

Finish, interior (automobile
bodies)

Flat battens, house _ interior
trim

Flooring, parquetry

Foot rests

Foot stools

Hore ends, gun

Frames, mirror

Frames, picture

Furniture, church

Grilles, house interior trim

Grilles, pullman coaches

Hall mirror hatracks

Handles, rolling pin

Handles, saddlers’ tool

Hand rails, stairway

Head casing, house
trim

Heads, carpenter squares

Heads, T-squares (draftsman)

Interior finish, Pullman cars

Legs, piano

Lunch tables, portable, pullman
coaches

Mirror doors, house

Mirror frames, pullman coaches

interior

Moulding, bed, house construc-
tion

Moulding cap, house interior
trim

Moulding picture

Moulding, quarter round

Moulding, screen

Moulding, spring cove, house
construction

Mouldings, piano

Music shelf, piano

Nosing, house interior trim

Panel strips, house interior trim

Panel wainscoting, Pullman
coaches

WALNUT, CIRCASSIAN.
Chiffoniers, exterior
Dash boards, automobile
Fore ends, gun

Frames, picture
Panels, bedstead

WEICHSEL ROOTS.

Handles, umbrella

WILLOW.

Pails, candy

Panels, case

Panels, ceiling, |
coaches

Panels, desk

Panels, window,
coaches

Patterns

Pews, church

Pilasters (piano)

Pillars, chair

Pilot wheels, ship

Pilot wheels, yacht

Plate rail, dining room

Princess dressers, exterior

Push button frames, Pullman
cars

Rockers, chair

Sash, Pullman coaches

Screens, fire

Seats, piano

Settees

Settles

Sewing machine _ parts

Shelves, book i

Showcases

Spindles,

Stands,

Sticks, toddy

Stocks, air rifle

Stocks, gun

Stools, piano

Stops, window,
trim

Tables, dining room

Tables, dropleaf

Tables, exterior

Tables, library

Tables, parlor

Tables, tea

Throats, tennis racket

Tops, counters

Trays, serving

Veneer

Veneer, piano cases

Wainscot rail, house
trim

Wainscoting,

trim

Wainscoting cap, house interior
trim

Wall cases

Window apron,
trim

Window stool,
trim

Pullman

chair
chafing dish

house interior

interior

house interior

Panels, case
Panels, desk
Piano cases,
Stocks, gun
Veneer

veneer

Stems, smoking pipes

Pulp, paper

MANUFACTURERS.

The names and addresses of the wood users furnishing the information for
this report have been listed in arrangement and order corresponding with

the industries appearing in the preceding pages.

Where the name of a manu-

facturer is given in several industries it is because he manufactures com-
modities belonging to more than one industry.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville
The A. B. Gaston Co., Cochranton
Nonpareil Mfg. Co., Cochranton
A. G. Anchey’s Sons, Codorus
Doylestown Agricultural Co.,
Hobson & Co., Easton

A. Buck’s Sons Co., Elizabethtown
Theo. J. Ely Mfg. Co., Erie

George T. Sellers, Gap

Hamburg Plow Works, Hamburg
Hanover Bending and Mfg. Co., Hanover
Musser Lbr. Co., Marietta

J. H. Albright & Sons, Mifflinburg
Mountville Mfg. Co., Mountville

Miller Mfg. Co., Meyersdale

Weaver & Co., New Oxford

J. W. Connor, Orangeville

Cc. P. Fox, Perkasie

Doylestown

S. L. Allen & Co., Fifth St. & Glenwood Ave.,
Philadelphia

Philadelphia Lawn Mower Co., Thirty-first &
Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia

Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks

Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown

I. T. Zerbe, Reamstown

Wm. H. Fisher, Rebuck

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion

Messinger Mfg. Co., Tatamy

rank A. Rockwell, Troy

Trick Co., Waynesboro

John A. Hart, West Lebanon

A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd., York

Bench & Dromgold, York

Keystone Farm Machine Co., York

The Spangler Mfg. Co., York

York Novelty Co., York

BASKETS AND VENEER PACKAGES FOR FRUIT AND ‘VEGETABLES

Pape-Glair Wood Products Co.,
Pease & Covell, Conneautville
J. B. Steel & Co., Coudersport
W. R. Wilcox, Lawrenceville

Brockwayville

BOARDS—CLOTH,

A. H. Balliet, Allentown

J. T. Hammond & Son, Inec., 4534 Hedge St.,
Frankford Sta., Philadelphia

Herman Miller, 214-216 W. Dauphin, Philadelphia

E. T. Steele & Sons,
Pittsburgh
H. E. McConnell, Torpedo

1228 Irwin Ave., N. S.,

HOSIERY, ETC.

Joseph T. Pearson, Kensington Ave.,
Boston, : Philadelphia
Phila. Packing Box Co.,
Philadelphia
Rethlehem Steel Co.,

Cor. E.
2684 American St.,
South Bethlehem

BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS

George E. H. Halliwell,
Philadelphia

Philadelphia Last and Pattern Co., 316-18 Cherry
St., Philadelphia

2451. Kensington Ave.,

S. S. Redifer & Co., 1389 Race St., Philadelphia
Redifer’s Last Works, 237 N. Fourth St., Phila-
delphia

William C. Root, 524 Race St., Philadelphia

BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING

Geo. M. Wechter, Akron

Allentown Packing Box Co., Allentown

‘Allentown Reed, Harness and Mill Supply Co.,
Allentown

The Yeager Furniture Co., Allentown

Penn. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona

The Autocar Co., Ardmore

Ingersoll, Rand Co., Athens

Beaver Falls Planing Mill Co., Beaver Falls

J. L. McLaughlin & Sons,. Bedford

Bullock Swing and Chair Mfg. Co., Inc., Belle-
fonte

P. B. Cridler & Son, Bellefonte

Penn. Match Co., Bellefonte

Blairsville Enameled Ware Co., Blairsville

Columbia Plate Glass Co., Blairsville

James Gardner, Jr., Co., Bolivar

West Penn. Steel Co., Brackenridge

Braddock Machine and Mfg. Co., Braddock

Pitts Machine Tool Co., Braddock

Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford

Consolidated Window Glass Co., Bradford.

I. F. March’s. Sons, Bridgeport

Bristol Patent Leather Co., Bristol

° Standard Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Co.,
Bristol

Brockway Machine Bottle Co., Brockwayville

Greer & Garroway, Butler

- Pittsburgh Hickson Co., Butler

Standard Plate Glass Co., Butler

Phoenix Novelty Co., Cambridge Springs

Nufer Cedar Co., Canonsburg

- The Belmar Mfg. Co., Canton

Minnequa Furniture Co., Canton

--American Welding Co., Carbondale

Carbondale Machine Co., Carbondale

H. Adler Co., Carnegie

Superior Steel Co., Carnegie

ATC: Kelly, Center Moreland

C. B. Corry & Son, Center Road Sta.

Chambersburg Engineering Co., Chambersburg

Geo. A. Minnick & Son, Chambersburg

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Charleroi

American Steel Foundries, Chester |

Federal Steel Foundry Co., Chester

James M. Hamilton, Chester ff

Davis Lumber and Planing Mill, Christiana

Gearhart Kuitting Machine Co., Clearfield

Harbison Walker Refractories Co., Clearfield

Jukens Iron and Steel Co., Coatesville

Freed Heater Co., Inc., Collegeville

The Keeley Stove Co., Columbia

N. H. Goodsell, Coudersport

Penn Furniture Co., Conneautville

Shamburg & Allen Mch. Co., Coraopolis

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton

Dallastown Furniture Co., Dallastown

Merchant Cigar Box Co., Dallastown

Pioneer Steam Cigar Box Factory, Dallastosm

H. L. Heiser, Denver

Downingtown Mfg. Co., East Downingtown

Hobson & Co., Easton

Pittsburgh Meter Co., East Pittsburgh

Westinghoue Elec. and Mfg. Co., East Pitts-
burgh

Westinghouse Machine Co., East Pittsburgh ~

C. E. Myers, East Prospect

The Eddystone Mfg. Co., Eddystone

Tindel-Morris Co., Eddystone

C. Prouty & Co., Bldred

178

BOXES AND

A. Buek’s Sons Co., Elizabethtown

F. W. Crandall & Co., BPlkland

The Constable Bros. Co., Hrie

Theo. J. Ely Mfg. Co., Brie

Erie City Mfg. Co., Erie

Exhibition Showcase Co., Erie

A. B. Veljemaker Organ Co., Erie

Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie

H. N. Thayer Co., Erie

Washburn Mfg. Co., Erie

Smith & Spahr, Htters

W. C. Laderer, Evans City

Gray & Son Glass Co., Falls Creek

sNufer Cedar Co., South Sharon, Farrell P. O.

Felton Cigar Box Factory, Felton

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Ford City

Wm. Shimer Son & Co., Freemansburg

Girard Wrech Mfg. Co., Girard

Allegheny Plate Glass Co., Glassmere

Pittsburgh Steel Foundry, Glassport

Enterprise Furniture Co., Glen Rock

S. R. Smith Co., Grantham

Greensburg Glass Co., Greensburg

Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg

The Kelly & Jones Co., Greensburg

McKay Carriage Co., Grove City

Hamburg Plow Works, Hamburg

H. E. Bair & Co., Hanover

Hanover Cabinet Co., Hanover

Hopkins Mfg. Co., Hanover

Long Furniture Co., Hanover

The W. O. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg

Union Planing Mill Co., Harrisburg

Atkinson Box and Lumber Co., Hawley

Hawthorn Bottle Co., Hawthorn

Boyd Shick, Hawthorn

S. M. Kann, Hellam

Prairie State Incubator Co., Homer City

Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana

W. S. Wilcox, Jamestown

T. H. Hazlett Lumber Co., Jeannette

Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette

Union Planing Mill and Lumber Co., Jeannette

The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown

Holgate Bros. Co., Kane

Kane Blind and Screen Co., Kane

Kane Flint Bottle Co., Kane

Kane Window Glass Co., Kane

Pennsylvania Window Glass Co.,’ Kane

The Kittanning Plate Glass Co., Kittanning

Samuel E. Bailey, Lancaster

Benner Mfg. Co., Inc., Lancaster

Inland City Cigar Box Co., Lancaster

Lancaster Leaf Tobacco Case Co., Lancaster

Geo. E. Wisner, Lancaster

Dairymen’s Supply Co., Lansdowne

Herrman Aukam & Co., Lebanon

Lebanon Valley Furniture Co., Lebanon

Miller Organ and Piano Co., Lebanon

H. M. Stauffer, Leola :

A. F. Heim Carriage Works, Lenhartsville

D. M. Nesbit, Lewisburg

Oneida Community, Ltd., Lititz

Geo. R. Julius & Bros., Littlestown

New York Standard Slate Works, Lynnport

Crescent Bottle Co., McDonald

Nufer Cedar Co., McKeesport

W. S. Russell Box and Lumber Co.,
Rocks

The Penn Box Co., Inc., McSherrystown

Hires Condensed Milk Co., Malvern

Musser Lumber Co., Marietta

Masontown Glass Co., Masontown

Reznor Mfg. Co., Mercer :

Miffinburg Body and Gear Oo., Mifflinburg

Ruhl & Watson, Millmont

c. A. Swetland, Mills

T. W. Waterhouse, Mill Village

West Branch Novelty Co., Milton

BE. G. Werner & Sons, Mohnton

Opalite Tile Co., Monaca

Monessen Box Factory, Monessen

Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery

Crandall-Bennett-Porter Co., Montoursville

Willson-Bennett-Porter Co., Montoursville

Spring Brook Lumber Co., Moosic

Robinson. Mfg. Co., Muncy

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy

S. Liebovitz & Sons, Myerstown

Nazareth Paper Box Co., Nazareth

The New Castle Box Co., New Castle

New Holland Machine Co., New Holland

Commercial Box Co., New Kensington

McKees

CRATES,

PACKING—Continued

S. J. Bailey, Nicholson

W. K. Gresh & Sons, Norristown

Norris Pattern and Machine Co., Norristown

The Eclipse Co., North Girard

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City

Oil Well Supply Co., Oil City f

United Lumber and Coal Co., Oil City

Wightman Glass Co., Parkers Landing

Trethaway Bros., Parsons

Patton Clay Mfg. Co., Patton

The Pen Argyle Clock Case Co., Pen Argyle

Martin & Co., Petersburg

The Albro-Clem Elevator.Co., Seventh St. and
Glenwood Ave:, Philadelphia

American Cuckoo Clock Co., 1665 Ruffner St.,

Philadelphia
American Steel Foundries, Fifth and Highland

Aves., Philadelphia

The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 500 North Broad
St., Philadelphia — Mabas

James Barker, Inec., Sixth and Cayuga, Phila-
delphia : i

The Belber Trunk and Bag Co., 1641 N. Hancock
St., Philadelphia

Bodenstein & Kuemmerle, Inec., Lawrence St.
and Girard Ave., Philadelphia

J. G. Brill Co.,. Sixty-second. and Woodland

Aves, Philadelphia :
Carlson Wenstrom Mfg. Co., 2555-59 N. Syden-

ham St., Philadelphia
Carmarth Bell & Co., 6138-15 Cherry St., Phila-
delphia

James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

Chas. F. Datz Co., Inc., 482-84 N. Fifth St.,
Philadelphia

D. H. Davidson, 2005 Washington Ave., Phila-
delphia

Paul Deigendésch, 145 Florist St., Philadel-
phia

Devlin & Heron, 225 N. Juniper St., Philadel-

phia

Estate John Galbraith, 619 Commerce St., Phila-
delphia :

Conrad Gottlieb, 64 N. Fourth St.,. Philadelphia

J. T. Hammond & Son, = Inc.,. 4534 Hedge St.,
Frankford Sta., Philadelphia

Edw. Harrington Son & Co.,
Callowhill Sts., Philadelphia

Samuel Jones & Sons, 2230 Hamilton St., Phila-
delphia

William J. Kees, Philadel-
phia

Fendinand Keller, 216-24 8. Ninth St.,; Philadel-
phia

Keystone Box Mfg. Co., 701-05 East Girard St.,

& Sons Co.,

Philadelphia

Geo. W. Kugler 919 New
Market St., Philadelphia

A. H. & F. H. Lippineott, Inc., Twenty-fourth
and Locust Sts., Philadelphia

T. B. Luzier & Son, 1645 N. Tenth St., Phila-
delphia fi

J. Dae McCauley, 636-38 Filbert St., Philadel-
phia

John Martin, 1436 N. 6th St., Philadelphia

John Weawel Estate, 425 Locust St., Philadel-
phia i

Geo. Meisle & Bro.,. 217 New St., Philadelphia

S. B. Mench,. 2031 HE. Fletcher, Philadelphia

Joseph Miles, River Road, Manayunk Sta., Phil-
adelphia ety ;

Thos. Mills & Bro.,; Inc., 1301 N. Highth St.,
Philadelphia

William Myers,. Quarry St., Philadelphia i

Clayton W. Nichols, 918 Beach St., Philadelphia

Page & Rainy, 230 S. Second St., Philadelphia

Joseph’ 'T. Pearson, Kensington Ave., Cor. E.
Boston, Philadelphia ‘

Pennsylvania’ Box -and Lumber Co., .American
and Cumberland, Philadelphia

Frank Pettit Ornamental Iron Works, 809 Master
St., Philadelphia g i

Philadelphia Packing Box Co.,

Seventeenth and

111 N. Orianna St.,

Inc.,

2634 - American

St., Philadelphia

Provident Lumber Co., Water & Dickinson Sts.,
Philadelphia By ia

T. B. Rice & Sons Co.,, Mifflin St. Wharf; -Phila-
delphia : i

Scott Paper Co., Seventh and Glenwood Ave.,
Philadelphia oe Vie

Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., Erie Ave. and Sep-
viva St., Philadelphia 5 : :

Thos. D. Shoemaker; 1241 Day. St.,: Philadelphia.

*
Go &

179

BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING—Continued

Tait Bros., 917 E. Montgomery Ave., Philadel-
hia

18[5 Eaieaernarne N. W. Cor. Nineteenth and
Washington Ave., Philadelphia

Tioga Foundry Co., Twenty-second and Alle-
gheny, Philadelphia

Treen Box Co., Tioga and Memphis Sts., Phila-
delphia

Emil Walther, 1106 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia

Joseph T. Ward, 5809-19 Baynton St., Philadel-
hia

Robert Ward, 115 Cuthbert St., Philadelphia

Weskott & Thomson, 112-114 N. Twelfth St.,

Philadelphia

Westmoreland Packing Case Co., 1932 E. West-
moreland St., Philadelphia ~

Wm. Wharton, Jr., & Co., Inc., 25th St. and

Washington Ave., Philadelphia

Andrew Wilson, Wilde and Krams, Manayunk

Sta., Philadelphia

The Winner Co., 2085-45 N. Seventh St., Philadel-
phia

Wirt & Knox Mfg. Co., 22-24 N. Fourth St.,
Philadelphia

Wm. Woodward, 3017 N. Lambert St., Philadel-

phia

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks.

American Steel Foundries, Thirty-sixth St. and
A. V. Ry., Pittsburgh

American Window Glass Co.,
Bldg., Pittsburgh

Anchor Box and Lumber Co., 112 Lincoln Ave.,

Millvale
Axthelm Mfg. Co., 242 Third Ave., Pittsburgh

Farmers’ Bank

Briggs Machinery Co., 238 Second Ave., Pitts-
burgh
A. An Garrow Co., Penn and Third St., Pitts-

ame Genplin-Fulton Mfg. Co., 28-84 Penn. Ave.,
Pittsburgh

Conroy Prugh Co., 1430-36 Western Ave., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

Crescent Bottle Co., Pittsburgh

D. O. Cunningham Glass Co., Twenty-second and
Jane St., S. S., Pittsburgh

Dauler, Close & Johns, 636 Smithfield St., Pitts-

burgh

John Dunlap Co., P. O. Box 1023, Pittsburgh

Filer Lumber and Mill Co., S. Twenty-third St.,
Pittsburgh

Epping-Carpenter Co., Forty-first and A. V.
Ry., Pittsburgh

Fawcus Machine Co., 2828 Smallman St., Pitts-

Gere conden & Sons, 278 Woodville Ave., Pitts-

Tetaniy Gloekler Co., 1127-83 Penn Ave., Pitts-

Iron City Sanitary Mfg. Co., 1514 Oliver Bldg,
Pittsburgh

F. J. Kress Box Co., 2920 Liberty Ave., Pitts-
burgh

McConway & Tooley Co., 48th St. and A. V. Ry.

Co., Pittsburgh
Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., 410 Liberty Ave.,

Pittsburgh

The Marine Mfg. and Supply Co., Water St.,
Pittsburgh

The Morris and Bailey Steel Co. at Wilson,
Pittsburgh

Mortimer Glass Co., 409 Lewis Bldg, Pittsburgh.
Phoenix Glass Co., P. O. Box 757, Pittsburgh
Piccardo Macaroni Co., 179-187 Forty-first St.,

Pittsburgh d

Ei ke Borer ee: 49th St. and A. V. By., Pitts-
bur.

Blenand eon Mfg. Co., 855-57 Progress St., Pitts-
urg

F. P. Schlelein Machine Co., 82 W. Parkway,
Pittsburgh

A. F. Schwerd Mfg. Co., 145 McClure Ave., N.
S., Pittsburgh

Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor. Garrison
Pl. and Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh

The Simonds Mfg. Co., Twenty-fifth and Liberty
Sts., Pittsburgh

Sommerfield Machine and Mfg. Co., 216 Second
Ave., Pittsburgh

The Standard Scale and Supply Co., 248 Water
St., Pittsburgh

Wes: Glass Co., Ninth and Bingham Sts., Pitts-
burgh —

Wess Sarttane Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh
Federated Glass Co., Point Marion

- Westinghouse Air Brake Co.,

Jeannette Window Glass Co., Point Marion
The Morris Glass Co., Point Marion

Point Marion Window Glass Co., Point Marion
Alleghany Window Glass Co., Port Alleghany
Mississippi Glass Co., Port Alleghany

The Olean Glass Co., Port Alleghany

Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown

Roberts, Winner & Co., Quakertown

Sieling Furniture Co., Railroad

Anchor Bending Works, Reading

Biehls’ Carriage and Wagon Works, Reading
Abner S. Deysher, Reading
Leinbach Box Co., Reading.
Nolde & Hoost Co., Reading
Lesher-Raig Knitting Co., Ltd.,
Miller Bros., Red Lion

Red Lion Furniture Co., Red Lion
Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion

Oil City Asbestos Co., Reno

Jefferson Macaroni Co., Reynoldsville
Landis Bros., Rheems’

M. H. Wiest & Son, Richland

Victor Box Mfg. Co., Richland Center
B. H. Harman, Rock Glen

Emanuel G. Fry, Rothsville
Buckwalter Stove Co., Royersford
Diamond Glass Co., Royersford
Grander Stove Co., Royersford
Keystone Meter Co., Royersford

W. H. Newborn & Co., Royersford
Royersford Spring .Bed Co., Royersford
Jno. F. Fitzimons, Schellburg

Meck & Keever, Schuylkill Haven

Noah Law Box Factory, Seven Valleys
Harper Bros., Shade Gap

The National. Malleable Castings Co.,
Nufer Cedar Co., Sharon
Sheffield. Glass Bottle Co.,
Elk Flint Bottle Co., Shinglehouse
Boher & Phillips, Shippensburg
Peerless Furniture Co., Shippensburg
Shrewsbury Furniture and Mfg. Co.,
American Slate Works, Slatington’
National School Slate Co., Slatington
Thomas Zellner, Slatington

Empire Glass Co., Smethport
Smethport Glass Co., Smethport
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem

The Graves & Highmy Co., Springboro
Keystone Stove Foundry, Spring City
Spring City Glass Works, Ltd., Spring City
Becker Novelty Co., Spring Creek

Milton EH. Shick, Stevens
Stewartstown Furniture Co.,
Sunbury Table Works, Sunbury

Fidelity Glass Co., Tarentum

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Tarentum

Messinger Mfg. Co., Tatamy.

Titusville Handle Co., Titusville

J. O. Frost’s Sons, Towanda

Frank A. Rockwell, Troy

Troy Engine and Machine Co., Troy

Hanson Furniture Co., Union City

Loomis Table and Furniture Co., Union City
The Novelty Wood Works Co., Union City

The Star Handle Co., Union City

Keystone Bottle Mfg. Co., Uniontown

Verona Tool Works, Verona -
Granville Hahn, Walnutport

Griffiths Charcoal Iron Mills, Washington
Highland Glass Co., Washington

Washington Tin Plate Co., Washington

Emmert Mfg. Co., Waynesboro

Frick Co., Waynesboro

Landis Machine Co., Waynesboro

Landis Tool Co., Waynesboro

Osterberg Tin Plate Co., _Waynesburg

D. W. Frazee, Wellsboro

Hoopes Bro. & Darlington, Inc., West Chester
W. B. Bertels & Son Co., Wilkes-Barre

George B. Breon, Williamsport :

Reamstown

Sharon

Sheffield

Shrewsbury

Stewartstown

A. H. Heilman & Co., Williamsport
National Furniture Co., Williamsport

J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport

West Branch. Box and Lbr. Co., Williamsport

Wilmerding

Arnold & Tschop, Windsor

Williamson & Moyer, Womelsdorf

Nufer Cedar Co., Woodlawn

Cold Springs Bleaching and Finishing Works,
Yardley

H. E. Boring & Bro., York

Aden Buser, York, R. D.

A. B. Parduns Co., Ltd., York

180

BOXES AND

H. W. Heffner & Son, York
A. Kauffman & Bro., York
Keystone Farm Machine Co.,
Marion H. Long, York

The Martin Carriage Works, York

York

BOXES,

Geo. M. Wechter, Akron
A. H. Balliet, Allentown
F. S. Koons, Boyertown
Monroe Jarrett, Cressman
Merchant Cigar Box Co.,
Pioneer Steam Cigar Box Factory,
H. L. Heiser, Denver

John J. Hillegrass, East Greenville
C. E. Myers, East Prospect

M. Kinports, Ephrata

Smith & Spahr, Etters

Felton Cigar Box Factory, Felton
Arthur C. Brown, Freeburg

H. E. Bair & Co., Hanover

S. M. Kann, Hellam

F. A. Heim & Bros., Lancaster
Inland City Cigar Box Co., Lancaster
Geo. E. Wisner, Lancaster ;
Geo. R. Julius & Bros., Littlestown

Penn Box Co., Ine., McSherrystown

C. Bear, Manheim

Geo. W. Holtzman, Myerstown

New Cumberland Box Co., New Cumberland
W. K. Gresh & Sons, Norristown

E. H. Leaman, Paradise

Dallastown
Dallastown

CRATES,

PACKING—Continued

Wallick & Gohn, York

West York Furniture Mfg. Co.,
York Carriage Co., York

York Wagon Gear Co., York :
Youngsville Mfg. Co., "Youngsville

York

CIGAR
Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. E. Cor. 6th St. and
Columbia Ave., Philadelphia

Sheip & Vandergrift, Inc., 814-832 N. Lawrence,
Philadelphia
Keystone Box Co., 19 Miller, Pittsburgh

D. J. Rex & Co.,
burgh

P. C. Smith & Bros., Corry and Kilbrick Sts.,
Pittsburgh

Joseph. Wasser, No: 1 Miller St.,

Womer & Bock, Pottsville

W. B. Fichthorn, Reading

L. B. Miller, Red Hill

J. E. Detwiler, Red Lion

Miller Bros., Red Lion

M. H. Wiest & Son, Richland

Victor Box Mfg. Co., Richland Center

W. A. Kalbach & Sons, Robesonia

Fmanuel G. Fry, Rothsville

Samuel Hauser, Schaefferstown

Monroe D. Sellers, Sellersville

Noah Law Box Factory, Seven. Valleys

H. S. Souder, Souderton

Ertel Bros., Williamsport

Arnold & Tschop, Windsor

Boyd and Locust Sts., Pitts-

Pittsburgh

F. Brecht’s Sons, 109 N. Orianna, Philadelphia Williamson & Moyer, Womelsdorf
Gegner & Klingler, 223 S. American St., Phila- James R. Huthmaker, Wyoming

delphia Aden Buser,~ York
H. W. Jarrett & Co., 2200 Marshall St., Phila- H. W. Heffner & Son, York

delphia A. Kauffman & Bros., York
Quaker City Cigar Box Co., 220 N. 2d St., Phila- KE. Myers & Co., York

delphia Wallick & Gohn, York

BRUSHES

H. Weitzer, Braman Theo. A. Gerike, 205 Quarry St., Philadelphia
Earle Brush Co., Columbia The Harvey & Watt Co., 1822 BH. Venango St.,
Cc. A. Mahle & Son, Corry Philadelphia ~
August Fligge, Hecla Nelms & Co., 407 Commerce St., Philadelphia
Holgate Bros. Co., Kane Thomas Ott & Co., 1124-1132 Washington Ave.,
H. A. Williams, Lake Como Philadelphia
Elder & Jenks, 415 Vine St., Philadelphia Leon Rozzen, 1003 N. Second St., Philadelphia
Thomas J. Fleming, 131 N. Tenth St., Philadel- A. Steiert & Son, 1406 S. Front, Philadelphia

phia

BUTCHERS’ BLOCKS AND SKEWERS

P. B. Crider & Son, Bellefonte
Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading

Patterson Bros. Co., Wellsboro

CAR CONSTRUCTION

Adamsburg Gas Coal Co., Adamsburg
Alden Coal Co., Alden Station

W. Harry Brown, Alicia

Bellfield Coal and Coke Co., Altoona
Dunbar Coal Mining Co., Altoona
Latrobe Coal Co., Altoona

Lilly Coal Co., Altoona

Penn. R. BR. Car Shops, Altoona

East Penn. Lumber Co., Inc., Analomink

Fall Brook Coal Co., Antrim

West Penn. Coal Mining Co., Apollo

Neelir Coal Co., Argentine

Central R. R. Co. of New Jersey, Wilkes-

Barre, Ashley Br. P. O.
Mrs. Louise Mensch, Auburn
Pittsburgh and Southwestern Coal Co.,
Charles M. Dodson & Co., Beaver Brook
Beaver Run Coal Co., Beaverdale
A. Davidson, Beaver Falls
Penn. R. R. Co., Bellwood
Geo. P, Brubaker, Berlin
Connell Anthracite Mining Co., Bernice
Wachua-Taylor Anthracite Coal Co., Bernice
American Car and Foundry Co., Berwick
Lehigh and New England R. R., Bethlehem
Kettle Oreek Coal Mining Co., Bitumen
Bells Mill Coal Co., Blairsville
Blairsville Coke Co., Blairsville
Conemaugh Coal Co., Blairsville
Graff Coal Co., Blairsville
Kiskiminitas Coal’Co., Blairsville
Maher Coal and Coke Co., Blairsville

Avella

Roaring Run Mining Co., Blairsville ,
American Car-and Foundry Co., Bloomsburg
Bloomsburg Car and Equip. Co., Bloomsburg
Herman & Hassert, Inc., Bloomsburg
Blossburg and Coal Run Coal Co., Blossburg
Jenkins Bros., Blossburg

Terry Coal Co. , Blossburg, R. D.

Improved Traction Eng. Co., Boynton
McClane Coal Co., Bridgeville

Franklin Coal Mining Co., Brisbin

Brier Hill Coke Co., Brier Hill

Schuylkill Lehigh. Coal Co., Brockton

Toby Coal Mining Co., Brockwayville

Monongahela R. R. Car Repair Shops, Browns-
ville
Union Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville

Lake Shore Gas Coal Co., Buena Vista
Cascade Coal & Coke Co.. Buffalo, N. Y.
Standard Steel Car Co., Butler

East Mountain Coal Co., Carbondale
Wm. M. Cole, Carnegie

P. & R. R. R. Repair Shops, Catawissa
H. K. Wick & Co., Catfish 5
Cumberland Valley R. R. Co., Chambersburg

Cheat Haven Coal & Coke Co., Cheat Haven
Cherry Tree Iron Works, Cherry Tree
Hastings Coal & Coke Co., Cherry Tree

H. J. Stone Coal Co., Childs
Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Clearfield
Clearfield Clay Working Co., EEE
Goshen Coal Co., Clearfield . -

DPD. F. Gulich, Clearfield, R. D.

181

CAR CONSTRUCTION—Continued

Clermont Sewer Pipe Co., Clermont

Blain Run Coal Co., Coalport

Evans Coal & Coke Co., Connellsville

Francis Coal Co., Connelton

Pittsburgh Coal Co., Coraopolis

Jos. Walton, Pittsburgh, Crafton Br. P. O.

McFetridge Bros. Coal Co., Creighton

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton

Penna. R. R. Co., Cresson

Ford Colliers Co., Curtisville

Washington Coal & Coke Co., Dawson

Dixonyille Coal Co., Dixonville

George Minus, Jr., DuBois

Reed Colliery Co., Dudley

Dunbar Furnace Co., Dunbar

H. V. Lukens, Duncannon, R. D.

Oak Hill Coal Co., Duncott

Carney & Brown Coal Co.,
Brave:

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore Br. P. O.

Keystone Mining Co., East Brady

Monarch Coal Co., Hast Brady

Springfield Coal Mining Co., _Ebensburg

Boynton Coal Co., Elk Lick

Erie Car Works, Erie

Mizener Coal Co., Erie

Pittsburgh & Erie Coal Co., Erie

F. H. Campbell, Espyville

The Edward Dambach Co., Evans City

Jos. IE. Thropp, Everett

Export Coal Co. (Hdqrs. Pittsburgh), Export

The Struthers Coal & Coke Co., Fairbank

Eagle Coal Co., Fredell

Ben Franklin Coal Co., Freeport

Kerr Coal Company, Freeport

Buffalo & Susquehanna R. R., Galeton

The Taylor & McCoy Coal & Coke Co., Gallitzin

Enterprise Coal Co., Garrett

W. A. Merrill & Co., Garrett

W. R. MeTurk Coal Co., Girardyille

Cornell Coal Co., Glassmere

Graceton Coke Co., Graceton

Apollo Coal Co., Greensburg

Atlantie Crushed Coke Co., Greensburg

Jamison Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg

Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg

J. C. Reed, Greensburg

Donohoe Coke Co., Greenwald

Mutual Coal Mining Co., Grove City

Standard Coal Mining Co., Grove City

Harleigbh Broadwood Coal Co., Harleigh

Pond Creek Coal Co., Harleigh

Penna. R. R. Co., Harrisburg

Western Maryland Railway Co.,

Red Top Coal Co., Hastings

Rich Hill Coal Co., Hastings

J. S. Wentz & Co., Hazelbrook

Evans Colliery Co., Hazleton

Harwood Coal Co., Hazleton

Hazle Mountain Coal Co., Hazleton

A. Pardee & Co., Hazleton

Estate of A. S. Van Wickle,

Penn-Mary Coal Co., Heilwood

Hormel Coal Co., Hickman

Maple Ridge Coal Co., Holsopple

W. S. B. Hays, Homestead

Knickerbocker Smokeless Coal Co.,

Somerset Mining Co., Hooversville

Frelin Coal Co., Houtzdale

Ziegler Coal Co., Houtzdale

The Huntingdon & Broad Top M. R. R. & C.
Co., Huntingdon

Huntingdon Coal Co., Huntingdon

John Langdon, Huntingdon

Irwin Foundry & Car Co., Irwin

Broad Top Coal & Mineral Co.,

G. B. Markee Co., Jeddo

N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., Jersey Shore

Humbert Coal Co., Jessup

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown

Citizens’ Coal Co., Johnstown

A. J. Haws & Sons, Johnstown

The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown

Smokeless Coal Co., Johnstown

Somerset & Cambria Coal Co., Johnstown

Suppes Coal Co., Johnstown

Great Lakes Coal Co., Kaylor

Reading Iron Co., Kimmelton

East Boston Coal Co., Kingston

The Kingston Coal Co., (Wilkes-Barre),
ton Br. P. b

Allegheny River Mining Co., Kittanning

Stewart Coal Co., Knox Dale

Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel

Clearfield & Cambria C. & C. Co., LaJose

Seranton, Dunmore

Harrow

Hazleton

Hooversville

Jacob

Kings-

F. A. Lane, Lanes Mills

Geo. W. Swartz, Langdondale

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford
Latrobe-Connellsville Coal & Coke Co., Latrobe
Ligonier Coal Co., Latrobe

Unity Coal Co., Latrobe

Unity-Connellsyille Coke Co., Latrobe
Widnoon Coal Mining Co., Lawsonham
Armstrong County Coal Co., Leechburg

West Leechburg Steel Co., Leechburg

Atlas Coke Co., Leetonia

Leetonia Lumber Co., Leetonia

Leetonia Railway Co., Leetonia

W. E. Brown & Co., Ligonier

Jas. Harris & Sons, Lilly

Leahey Coal Mining Co., Lilly

Meyersdale Coal Co., Listie

Lloydell Coal Mining Co., Lloydell ’
Logansport Coal Co., Logansport

Raridan & East Brady. C. Co., Logansport
Northern Anthracite Coal Co., Lopez
Loyalhanna Coal & Coke Co., Loyalhanna
Brothers Valley Coal Co., Macdonaldton
Puritan Coke Co., McClellandtown

Bowman Bros. Co., McKeesport

Gatehouse & Shaft Coal Co., Madera

Thos. McGlynn, Madera ‘
Johnetta Fdy. & Machine Co., Marianna
Pittsburgh & Butler Street Railway Co., Mars
Moosic Mountain Coal Co., Marshwood
Maryland Coal Co., Maryland

Spring Hill Coal Co., Mayfield

T. H. Wachua, Mayfield

Sharon Coal & Limestone Co., Mercer
Atlantic Coal.Co., Meyersdale

Phillips Bros., Middleport

Middletown Car Co., Middletown

American Car & Foundry Co., Milton

Buck Run Coal Co., Minersville

Darkwater Coal Co., Minersville

Pine Hill Coal Co., Minersville

West End Coal Co., Mocanaqua

Wenona Coal Co., Monessen

Monongahela Saw & Plg. Mill Co., Monongahela
Dodson Coal Co., Morea Colliery

National Mining Co., Morgan

Morrisdale Coal Co., Morrisdale Mines
Penna. R. R. Co., Morrisdale

Shade Coal Mining Co., Mount Pleasant

E. J. Goodyear & Sons, Munson

Jim Ackley, New Albany

Fairmount Coal Co., New Bethlehem

The Leesburg Coal Co., New Castle

Standard Steel Car Co., New Castle

Valley Camp Coal Co., New Kensington
Fayette Coke Co., New Salem

Thompson C’yille Coke Co., New Salem, R. D.
Penna. R. R. Co., Northumberland

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City

Bast Broad Top R. R. & Coal Co., Orbisonia
Ghem Coal Co., Osceola Mills
Osceola Silica & Fire Brick Co., Osceola Mills
S. B. Stine, Osceola Mills

Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., Packerton

New Jersey Zine Co., Palmerton

The Hedstrom Coal Mining Co., Parkers Landing
Good Clay & Coal Co., Patton

Mount Jessup Coal Co., Peckville z
Pencoyd Iron Works, Pencoyd

Penfield Coal & Coke Co., Penfield
Hockensmith Wheel & Mine Car Co., Penns Sta-

tion
Alliance Coal Mining Chestnut - St.,
500 N. Broad

Co., 437
Philadelphia
The Baldwin Locomotive Works,

St., Philadelphia

The T. G. Brill Co., 62nd & Woodland Ave.,
Philadelphia

Chestnut Ridge Coal Co., West End Trust Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Colonial. Collieries Co., North American Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Cymbria Coal Co., 1000 Franklin Bank Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Dixon Coal Co., 727 Land Title Bldg., Philadel-
phia

Ebensburg Coal Co., 727 Land Title Bldg., Phila-
delphia

Forge Coal Mining Co., 1000 Franklin Bank

Bldg., Philadelphia

Glenwood Coal Co., 1000 Franklin Bank Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th St. & Lehigh Ave.,
Philadelphia ;

182

CAR CONSTRUCTION—Continued

Loyalhanna Coal & Coke Co., Land Title Bldg.,

Philadelphia

Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., 716 Reading
Terminal, Philadelphia

Nanty Glo Coal Mining Co., 727 Land Title Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Northern Central Railway, Philadelphia

Pennsylvania R. R., West Philadelphia, Phila-
delphia.

Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., Land Title
Bldg., Philadelphia

Phila. & West Chester Railway Co., Philadel-
phia

W. H. Piper & Co., Real Hstate Trust Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Plymouth Coal Mining Co., Real Hstate Trust
Bldg., Philadelphia .

Shoemaker Coal Mining Co., 1507 Real Hstate

Trust Bldg., Philadelphia

South Fork Coal Mining Co., Bullitt Bldg., 421
Chestnut St., Philadelphia

Sterling Coal Co., 421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia

Urey Ridge Coal Co., 1000 Franklin Bank Bldg.,
Philadelphia

Ashman Coal Co., Philipsburg

Atherton-Barnes Co., Philipsburg

Madeira-Hill Coal Mining Co., Philipsburg

R. H. Mull, Philipsburg

Victoria Coal Mining Co.,. Philipsburg

Wicks Bros. Coal Co., Philipsburg

Pennsylvania Railroad, Pitcairn

Aliquippa & Southern R. R. Co., Second Ave.

& Ross St., Pittsburgh

Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., Glenwood Shops,
Pittsburgh.

Bessemer Coal & Coke Co., 2212 Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

Bessemer Coke Co., Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh
Blaine Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh
Bolivar Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh

Bultalonevechester & Pittsburgh Ry. Co., Pitts-
burg
Carnegie Coal Co., 1315 Paix Bldg., Pittsburgh

Diamond Coal & Coke Co., 1110 House Bldg.,

Pittsburgh
The Fayette Coal Co., Fourth Ave. & Wood St.,
Pittsburgh
James T. Fox, 121 Wabash St., Pittsburgh
H. C. Frick Coke Co., Pittsburgh
John M, Greek & Co., 510 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh.
Hostetter Connellsville Coke Co., Pittsburgh.

Isabella Connellsville Coke Co., Fifth Ave. &
Wood St., Pittsburgh
Jenner-Quemahoning Coal Co., First Nat’] Bank

Bldg., Pittsburgh
Middletown Car Co., Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh

Montour R. R. Co.,

Monongahela River Cons. Coal & Coke Co.,
Smithfield St., Pittsburgh

Mountain Smokeless Coal Co., 2204 Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

Nao he Co., First Nat’]1 Bank Bldg., Pitts-

burg

Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., South Tenth & Muriel
Sts., Pittsburgh

Penn. & Lake Hrie R. R., Pittsburgh

Pennsylvania Railroad, 32nd & Carson Sts.,
Pittsburgh

Phillips Mine & Mill Supply Co., 2227 Jane St.,
S. S., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh-Baltimore Coal Co.,
Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh
Pittshurgh-Buffalo Co., Fourth floor Frick Bldg.,
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Coal Co., Smithfield St., Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Co., Fulton Bldg.,

First National

Pittsburgh
H. hee Hotter Co., 49th St. & A. V. Ry., Pitts-
purg
Preston Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh
Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh

J. H. Sanford Coal Co., 1315 Park Bldg., Pitts-

burgh

Somerset-Smokeless Coal Co., First Nat’l] Bank
Bldg., Pittsburgh

Wutted Coa Co., First Nat’l Bank Bldg., Pitts-
pure h

United Connellsville Coke Co., Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

The Vesta Coal Co., Third Ave. & Ross St.,
Pittsburgh

Wabash Pittsburgh Ter. Ry. Co.,

Liberty & Ferry
Sts., Pittsburgh

James Walton, Crafton (Br. POs) Eats burgh

McCauley Coal] Co., Pittston

Yost Mining Co., Pittston

Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth

The Penker Coal Co., Portage, R. D.

Union Railroad Co., Port Perry

Penna. R. R. Co., Pottsville

The Phila. & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Potts-
vilie

Anita Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney

Bowersville Coal Co., Punxsutawney

John McLeavy & Co., Punxsutawney

Punxsutawney Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney

Punxsutawney Fdy. & Machine Co. , Punxsu-
tawney

Colonial Coal Co., Puritan

Geo. Pearce & Sons, Puritan

Bulah Shaft Coal Co., Ramey

Girard Mammoth Coal Co., Ravenrun

Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co., Reading

Jermyn & Co., Rendham

Hugh McHugh, Rennerdale

Penna. R. R. Co., Renovo

Russell Car & Iron Plow Co., Ridgway

Brandenburg Coal Mining Co., Rockwood

Iryena Coal & Coke Co., Rose Bud

Butcher Creek Coal Co., Saint Clair

Mount Hope Coal Co., Saint Clair

Saint Clair Coal Co., Saint Clair.

Shawmut Mining Co., Saint Marys

Cochran Coal Co., Salina

Bowman Coal Mining Co., Saltsburg

M. S. Kemmerer & Co., Sandy Run

E. Hichelberger & Co., Saxton

Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., Sayre

Lincoln Coal & Coke Co., Scottdale

Bulls Head Coal Co., Scranton

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Dunmore, Scranton

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co.,
Scranton

Dolph Coal Co., Ltd., Scranton

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore, Scranton

Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley R. R. Co.,
Scranton

Nay Aug Coal Co., Scranton

Pennsylvania Coal Co., Dunmore,

People’s Coal Co., Scranton

Scranton Coal Co., Scranton

Traders’ Coal Co., Scranton

Oxford Coal Co., Shaft

H. H. Smith Co., Shaft

Greenough Red Ash Coal Co., Shamokin

Shipman Coal Co., Shamokin

Pardoe Coal Co., Sharon

Westerman Filer Co., Sharon

Shawmut Vitrified Paving Brick Works,
mut

Tionesta Valley Railroad Co., Sheffield

Thomas Colliery Co., Shenandoah

James M. McIntyre, Six Mile Run

Schipper Bros Coal Mining Co., Six Mile Run

Baxter Ridge Coke Co., Smithfield

H. R. Sackett C. & C. Co., Smithfield

Smithfield Coal & Coke Co., Smithfield

Clark Bros, Coal Mining Co., Smokerun

Leland Coal Mining Co., Smokerun

WwW. A. Barron, Somerset, R. D.

Consolidation Coal Co., Somerset

Sonman Shaft Coal Co., Sonman

H. C. Stineman, South Fork

O. M. Stineman, South Fork

Detinger Bros., Spangler

Woodland Coal & Coke Co., Spangler

Mercer Iron & Coal Co., Stonehoro

H. K. Underwood, Strattonville

New York, Susquehanna & Western R. R. Co.,
Stroudsburg

Moses Neyer, Summithill

East Deer Coal Co., Tarentum

Price-Pancoast Coal Co., Throop

Susquehanna & New York R. R. Co., Towanda

Upper Lehigh Coal Co., Upper Lehigh

Browning Coke Co., Uniontown

Brownsville Coke Co., Uniontown

Hustead-Semans Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown

Magee Coke Co., Uniontown

Mount Hope Coke Co., Uniontown

Newcomer Coke Co., Uniontown

W. J. Parshall, Uniontown

Prospect. C. & C. Co., Uniontown

Shannon GC. & C. Co., Uniontown

South Fayette Coke Co., Uniontown

Sunshine Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown

Tower Hill Connellsville Coke Co., Uniontown

Scranton

Shaw-

183

CAR CONSTRUCTION—Continued

Waltersburg Coke Co., Uniontown

Whyel Coke Co., Uniontown

Pennsylyania R. R., Verona

Vinton Colliery Co., Vintondale

Oakes Bros. Coal Co., Volant, R. D.

Genuine Connellsville Coke Co., Waltersburg

Beaver Coal & Coke Co., Wampum

Waynesburg & Washington Railroad Co,, Waynes-
burg

Lackawanna Coal & Coke Co., Wehrum

A. J. Lundquist & Co., Wellsboro, R. D.

Midvyalley Coal Co., Wilburton

Standard Moshannon Coal Co., Williamsport

Central R. R. Co. of New Jersey, Ashley,
Wilkes-Barre

Lehigh Valley Coal Co. & Coxe Bros. & Co.,
Inc., Wilkes-Barre

Morris Run Coal Mining Co., Wilkes-Barre,

W. H. Shepherd & Son, Wilkes-Barre

Susquehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre

Vulean Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre

The Shenango Furnace Co., Wilpen

Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., Windber

Rummel Coal Mining Co., Windber

Carnwath Coal Co., Winburne

*Cascade Coal & Coke Co. (Mines at Tyler and
Sykesville, Penn.), Buffalo, N. Y.

*Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Co., Roch-
ester, 0 Sho

*Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co., Roch-
ester, N. Y.

*Allegheny Coal Co. (Mines at Cheswick, Penn.),
Cleveland, Ohio

*Warren-Leonard Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

*Warner-Youghiogheny Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio

cane Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co., Cleveland,
hio

*Island Run Coal Co., East Liverpool

*Atlas Coke Co. (Works at Helen, Penn.), Lee-
tonia, Ohio

*McKeefrey Coal Co., Leetonia, Ohio

*LaBelle Coke Co., Steubenville, Ohio

*The Witch Hazel Coal Co., Youngstown, Ohio

CASKETS AND COFFINS

Bangor Casket Mfg. Co., Bangor
Boyertown Burial Casket Co., Boyertown
Erie Burial Case Co., Erie

F. H. Campbell, Espyville

The Freedom Casket Co., Freedom
Harrisburg Burial Case Co., Harrisburg
Hazleton Mfg. Co., Hazleton

J. S. Claypool Lbr. Co., Kittanning

J. D. Bowers, New Holland

J. C. Henninger, New Holland

Penna. Burial Case Co., Reynoldsyille
Riegelsville Mfg. Co., Riegelsyille

Cc. L. Wilmot, Rome

A. & J. Janton, 1408-10 N, Eleventh St., Phila-
delphia ‘
The Paxson & Comfort. Co., 529 Arch St., Phila-

delphia
National Casket Co., 733 Chartiers St.,
Diamond Sta., Pittsburgh
C. G. Sellers, Saint Thomas
United States Casket Co., Scottdale
John Benore, Scranton
Sunbury Coffin and Casket Co., Sunbury
Sunderland Lumber Co., Sunbury
Bischoff Estate, Tamaqua
Charles Fritz, Weisenburg
L. B. Lacey, West Auburn

North

CHAIRS. AND CHAIR STOCK

Boehm & Spiegel Co., Allentown
Johnston & Swartz, Allentown

The Yeager Furniture Co., Allentown
A. ©. Kelly, Center Moreland
Clearfield Wooden-Ware Co., Inc., Clearfield
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis

Corry Chair Co., Corry

U. S. Chair Co., Corry

Keystone Handle Co., Corydon

J. D. Westcott & Son, Endeavor

B. T. Beers, Fallentimber

Kurtz Furniture Co., Fullerton
Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg

American Chair Manufacturing Co., Hallstead
Wm. Kemper, Hampton

Jesse Wolford, Hunterstown

Indiana, Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana

W. Def'rehn & Sons, Johnstown

Emporium Lumber Co., Keating Summit
Salmon Creek Lumber Co., Kellettville

Penn. Swing & Ladder Co., Lancaster
Lewisburg Chair Co.,. Lewisburg
Lehentaler Bros., Loleta
Glen Mawr Novelty Works,
Willson-Bennett-Porter Co.,

Mawrglen
Montoursville

James Barker, Ine., Sixth & Cayuga, Phila-
delphia

Bloch Go-Cart Co., 1136-48 N. American St.,
Philadelphia

Bodenstein & Kuemmerle, Inc., Lawrence St. &

Girard Ave., Philadelphia

James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia

J. Hetherington, 206 Quarry St., Philadelphia

Sikes Furniture Co., 23rd & Passyunk, Phila-
delphia

I. H. Wisler & Son, 228 & 225 N. Sixth St.,
Philadelphia

A. G. Pera, 5958 Baum St., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 34 Water
St., Pittsburgh

M. M. Whetstone, Schellsburg

Mayes Noyelty Factory, Sonestown

The Tidioute Rocker Co., Ltd., Tidioute

Titusville Elastic Chair Co., Titusville

Titusville Handle Co., Titusville

The Shreve Chair Co., Union City

Standard Chair Co., Union City

The Union City Chair Co., Union City

Variety Turning & Furn. Mfg. Co., Union City

Samuel Peterson, Warren

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg -

J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport

Simmons Wood Working Co., Williamsport

D. N. Byers, Woodbury

CLOCKS

Then Pen Argyl Clock Case Co., Pen Argyl
American Cuckoo Clock Co., 1665 Ruffner St.,
Philadelphia

DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’

Charles Incubator Co., Columbia
F. E. Westby, Corry :
Prairie State Incubator Co., Homer City

W. S. Wilcox, Turnersville, Jamestown P. O.
Dairymen’s Supply Co., Lansdowne

Fred Frick Clock Co., Waynesboro

SUPPLIES

W. R. Wilcox, Lawrenceville

Roller Tray Incubator Co., Northampton
Phoenixville Mech. Co., Phoenixville

The Sharples Separator Co., West Chester
H. W. White, Whites Valley

ELEVATORS

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muney

The Albro-Clem Elevator Co.,
Glenwood, Avye., Philadelphia

Atlas Elevator Co., 611 Cherry St., Philadelphia

Eastern Blevator Co., 228 Callowhill, Philadel-
phia

Seventh St. &

Energy Elevator Co., 218 New St., Philadelphia
Walter E. Goodman, 922 Callowhill, Philadelphia

Independence Eleyator Co., 710 Cherry, Phila-
delphia

Keystone Elevator Co., 23rd & Sansom Sts.,
Philadelphia

“These companies have collieries in Pennsylvania.

184

ELEVATORS—Continued

Deana Bleyator, Co., 733 Cherry St., Philadel- Supplee Blevater Co., 3207 Spring Garden, Phila-
delphia
0’ Neil Elevator Co., 628 Cherry St., Philadel- Marshall Bros. 2ist & Mary Sts., S. S., Pitts-
; burgh
Otis Talcvates Co., 1105 Frankford Ave., Phila- John © Speidel, Reading
delphia :
a
EQUIPMENT, PLAYGROUND
Noll Bros. & Smith, Bausman McKay Gilmore Furniture Co., Grove City
Bullock Swing & Chair Mfg. Co., Inc., Belle- Penn Swing & Ladder Co., Lancaster
fonte Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen
Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville Kelipse Pulley Co., Meyersdale
Clearfield Novelty Works, Clearfield Penn Wheelbarrow Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts-
Clearfield Woodenware Co., Inc., Clearfield burgh
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis R. M. Bowser & Son, Renfrew
Standard Novelty Works, Duncannon The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville
Bast Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville J. ©. McQuaid, West View
A. Buch’s Sons Co., Elizabethtown Keystone Farm Machine Co., York
Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg
EXCELSIOR
J. K. Hornbeck, Equinunk Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks
Hotchkiss & Son, Lawrenceville Prompton Excelsior Co., Prompton
Gormley Brothers, Hoadleys M. Elmore, White Mills
FIXTURES
Anton Loeper, Ashland Harry R. Rust, 724-26 Ludlow St., Philadelphia
Adam Waldner, Ashland Sanitary Specialties Co., 1824 E. Clearfield St.,
Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona Philadelphia
Kurtz Bros., Bethlehem c. J. & A. Sehad, 519 Bainbridge St., Phila-
Hoover Bros. Mfg. Co., Berrysburg delphia
A. B. Hartman, Bloomsburg Segall & Son, 720 Jefferson St., Philadelphia
Federal Equipment Co., Carlisle Louis Sher, 2132 S. Highth St., Philadelphia
Walton Lumber Co., Charleroi Silberman & Fleisher, 1218 Mascher, Philadelphia
St. Francis Industrial School, Eddington John E. Sjostrom Co., Ine., 1719 N. Tenth St.,
Exhibition Show Case Co., Erie Philadelphia
Johannesen Mfg. Co., Erie Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts., Phila-
M. Schultz, Gallitzin delphia
Glen Mfg. Co., Glen Rock H. Dan’l Sorg, S. W. cor. Front & Montgomery
L. B. Walbert, Hancock Aves., Philadelphia
Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning Robert Tarlo & Son, 413-17 S. Fifth St., Phila-
The Wohlsen Planing Mill Co., Lancaster delphia
H. E. Walters, Middleburg H. Tiedemann, N. W. cor. Nineteenth St. &
Middletown Furniture Co., Middletown Washington Avye., Philadelphia
Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery Vv. W. Mfg. Co. (John B. Vernon, Partner),
Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery 1616 North St., Philadelphia
Basch & Co., 402 Cherry, Philadelphia Harry Walter, 1711 N. 31st St., Philadelphia
B. Borate & Sons, 1401 N. Third St., Phila- Weisner, Weis & Co., 240 Cherry St., Philadel-
delphia phia
Meyer Cossoy, 624 Filbert St., Philadelphia A. Wilt & Sons, 721 N. Front St., Philadelphia

John Ernst & Co., 2208 Germantown Ave., Phila-

delphia

J. Fisher & Co., 1216-18 N. Fifth St., Philadel-
phia

Chas. GC. Geissler, 62 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia

Interior Milling Co., 2531 Poplar St., Philadel-
phia

Irons Co., 1401 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia

Karcher & Rehn Co., Twelfth & Hamilton Sts.,
Philadelphia

Kasansky & Bloom, 231-83 N. Lawrence St.,
Philadelphia

Stephen F. Ketran, 12 S.
Keystone Display Rack Co.,

delphia
J. Kirchhof 448 N. Twelfth St.,
1601 Spring Garden St.,

24th St., Philadelphia

1132 Parrish, Phila-

& Co., Phila-
delphia

Francis D. Kramer,
Philadelphia

A. H. & F. H. Lippincott, Ine., 24th & Locust
Sts., Philadelphia

George E. Lucas, 2013 Montgomery Ave., Phila-
delphia

John J. McCloskey, 149 N. Fourth St., Phila-
deiphia

Mallock & Coddington, 611 Cherry St., Phila-
delphia

Miller & England Co., 1124-82 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

Northern Central Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon
Car Shop, Baltimore, Md.), Philadelphia

Pennsylvania Store Fixture Co., 1304 N. Second
St., Philadelphia

Julius A. Raith’s Sons, 304 Master St., Phila-
_delphia

Ridgway Refrig. Co., 3519 N. Lawrence St.,

Philadelphia
William Russell Woodworking Co., 3015-29 Chest-
nut St., Philadelphia

Frederick V. Yeager, 9-13 S. 36th St., Phila-
delphia
P. R. R. Co., Pitcairn

Barnes Safe & Lock Co., 327 Third Ave., Pitts-
burgh

Ss. Delp’s Sons, Fourth & Liberty, Pittsburgh

Bernard Gloekler Co., 1127 Pennsylvania Ave.,

Pittsburgh
Kates & Co., Grant Block, Pittsburgh
Kund & Biber Mfg. Co., 204-24 Warrington Ave.,

Pittsburgh

Geo. B. Monks Co., 8-10 Ketchum, Pittsburgh

National Electric Shoe Shining "Mch. Co., 422
First St., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 33-34 Water
St... Pittsburgh

P. & L. E. R. R., Pittsburgh

Union R. R. Co., Port Perry

Josiah Frederick, Pottstown

Penna. R. R. Co., Pottsville

R. M. Bowser & Son, Renfrew

The Woodwork Supply Co., Reynoldsville
John Benore, Scranton

Brown Bros., Scranton

Peck Lbr. Mfg. Co., Scranton
Valverde Mfg. Co., Scranton

J. R. Newbold & Co., Sellersville

The National Malleable Castings Co.,
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem
Bischoff Estate, Tamaqua

Penna. R. R., Verona

Meas Furniture Co., Warren

Warren Veneer & Panel Co., Warren
BE. T. Long & Co., Wilkes-Barre

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg
Dittmar Furniture Co., Williamsport
Geo. W. Gilbert, York
George A. Swartz, York
Youngsville Mfg. Co.,

Sharon

Youngsville

185

FRAMES AND MOLDING, PICTURE

Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale Conroy Prugh Co., 1430-86 Western Ave., N. S.,
William G. Hermann, 1111 Ridge Ave., Phila- Pittsburgh

delphia American Slate Works, Slatington
Kirkpatrick Mfg. Co., Third St. & Glenwood National School Slate Co., Slatington

Ave., Philadelphia L. M. Castner, Williamsport
J. EB. McClees & Co., 1507 Walnut, Philadelphia

FURNITURE

Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion John A. Dabs, 269 8S. Fifth St., Philadelphia
G. H. Bear Furniture Co., Allentown Ebert Furniture Co., Sixth & Moore Sts., Phila-
Gottlieb Buehler & Co., Allentown delphia
C. A. Dorney Furn. Co., Allentown Christian Gebert, 141 E. Cumberland St., Phila-
Johnston & Swartz, Allentown delphia
E. J. Schneck & Sons, Allentown John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,

The Yeager Furniture Co., Allentown
Penna. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona
M. Poet & Son, Altoona

John E. Caruso, Ardmore

Athens Furniture Co., Athens
Hoover Bros. Mfg. Co., Berrysburg
A. B. Hartman, Bloomsburg
Hawley-Slate Furn. Co., Bloomsburg
A. TID. Deemer Furniture Co., Brookville
H. Crawford & Sons, Canton
Minnequa Furn. Co., Canton

H. J. & W. A. Krumenacker, Carrolltown
P. Nicklas’ Sons, Chambersburg
Henry Sierer & Co., Chambersbrug

E. M. Smith, Chambersburg

Keystone Cabinet Co., Chester

The New Farson Mfg. Co., Chester

Penn Furniture Co., Conneautville

Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis

K-P-L. Furniture Mfg. Co., Corry

J. F. Else, Cowan

Dallastown Furniture Co., Dallastown

R. M. Prowles, Dry Run

East Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville

Rutter Bros., Turtle Creek, East Pittsburgh

Brown Furniture Co., East Stroudsburg

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber

Kurtz Furniture Co., Fullerton

Garland Furniture Co., Garland

Reaser Furniture Co., Gettysburg

Dise Furniture Co., Glen Rock

Enterprise Furniture Co., Glen Rock

Hess Brothers, Grantville

J. C. Reed, Greensburg

Daniel A. Burkey & Sons, Hamburg

Hanover Cabinet Co., Hanover

Long Furniture, Hanover

Penna. R. R. Co., Harrisburg

S. A. Huntsinger, Hegins

Penwarden Mfg. Co., Honesdale

Hughesville Furniture Co., Hughesville

Indiana Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning

Lebanon Valley Furniture Co., Lebanon

Lehighton Lumber Co., Lehighton

Teavsyille Furniture & Toy Mfg. Co., LeRays-
ville

Lowry & Akeman, Ligonier

Cc. F. Bucher, Littlestown

Clinton Furniture Co., Lock Haven

Wm. S. Clevenger, McConnellsburg

M. T. Wertz, Malta

Mansfield Novelty Works, Mansfield

Chas. Neast & Co., Mauch Chunk

Mill Run Lumber Co., Meadville

West Branch Novelty Co., Milton

Isaac C. Decker, Montgomery

Montgomery Lounge Co., Montgomery

Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery

Montgomery Mfg. Co., Montgomery

Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery

Berry Bros., Montoursville f

Crandall-Bennett-Porter Co., Montoursville

Woolever Bros., Montoursville

Mount Wolf Furniture Co., Mount Wolf

Muney Mfg. Co., Ltd., Muncy

J. D. Bowers, New Holland

J. C. Henninges, New Holland

Lillo Bros. Co., Oakdale

J. G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie

American Cabinet Works, 227 Buttonwood St.,
Philadelphia

James. Barker, Inc., Sixth & Cayuga, Philadel-

phia
Jacob Behrend, 124 W. Allen St., Philadelphia
peoree W. Brenn, 1306-08 N. Marshall, Philadel-
phia
Burt Brothers, 2000 S. Ninth St., Philadelphia
James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia
Henry Dilg, 828 Wood St., Philadelphia

Philadelphia
Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th & Lehigh Ave., Phila-
delphia
J. S. Hardig & Son, 5109 Germantown Ave.,
Germantown, Philadelphia
Hoehling Bros., 314 S. Lawrence, Philadelphia
G. Horn & Co., 422 N. Orianna St., Philadelphia
Walter EH. Hunt, 1615 Chestnut St., Philadelphia
Peter Josten, 1014 N. Third Ave., Philadelphia
Kasansky & Bloom, 231-233 Lawrence St., Phila-

delphia

Kaufmann Mfg. Co., 710-12 N. Percy St., Phila-
delphia

Ferdinand Keller, 216-24 S. Ninth St., Phila-
delphia

John Knoell & Sons, 171 Jefferson St., Phila-
delphia

Wenry Krann Furniture Co., Sixth & Master
Sts., Philadelphia

Lincoln Furniture Co., 415 Brown St., Philadel-
Phia

McCracken & Hall, 1120 Washington Ave., Phila-
delphia

Thos. Mills & Bro., Inec., 1301 N. Highth St.,
Philadelphia

Peter C. Osada & Co., 1422 S. Front St., Phila-
delphia

Page & Rainey, 230 S. Second St., Philadelphia

Morris Platt & Co., 1406 S. Front St., Phila-
delphia

Pooley Furniture Co., Indiana Ave., 16th & 17th
Sts., Philadelphia

John H. Ragatz & Son, 212 Chancellor St., Phila-
delphia

Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. E. Cor. Sixth St.
& Columbia Ave., Philadelphia

A. Wagenbaur, 534 N. Second St., Philadelphia

The Winner Co., 2035-45 N. Seventh St., Phila-
delphia

3urrows Bros. & Co., Ltd., Picture Rocks

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks

Colonial Art Furniture Co., 3906 Fifth Ave.,
Pittsburgh

Dauler, Close & Johns, 636 Smithfield St., Pitts-
burgh

D. DeSimone, 230 Lorimer Ave., Pittsburgh

Julius HEisenberger, 560 Homewood Ave., Pitts-
burgh

EKastend Art Furniture Co., 4524 Forbes St.,
Pittsburgh

A. G. Pera, 5958 Baum St., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 33-34 Water
St., Pittsburgh

H. N..Twitmyer, Pleasant Gap

Sieling Furniture Co., Railroad

Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co., Reading

Red Lion Furniture Co., Red Lion

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion.

C. G. Sellers, Saint Thomas

M. M. Whetstone, Schellsburg

Oharles S. Metzgar, Sciota

Robinson Bros., Sharpsville

Boher & Phillips, Shippensburg

Peerless Furniture Co., Shippensburg

Shippensburg Table & Mfg. Co., Shippensburg

Shrewsbury Furniture & Mfg. Co., Shrewsbury

Pennsylvania State College, State College

Stewartstown Furniture Co., Stewartstown
Tillman Hontz, Summithill
Sunbury Table Works, Sunbury

Tidioute Furniture Mfg. Co,, Tidioute

J. O. Frost’s Sons, Towanda

Benj. Danahower, Trexler

W. F. Dildine, Turbotville

Hutter, Bross East Pittsburgh, Turtle Creek Br.
P :

Loomis Table & Furniture Co., Union City
The Novelty Wood Works Co., Union City
Variety Turning & Jurniture Mfg. Co., Union

City \

186

FURNITURE—Continued

Elmer Yingling, Waynesboro
Conewango Furniture Co., Warren
Geo. L. Folkman, Warren

Meas Furniture Co., Warren

Phenix Furniture Co., Warren
Warren Table Works, Warren
Watsontown Table & Furniture Co., Watsontown
Eureka Mfg. Co., Weissport

EF. B. Sherman, Williamsburg

A. H. Heilman & Co., Williamsport
Keystone Furniture Co., Williamsport

National Furniture Co., Williamsport

J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport
Williamsport Furniture Co., Williamsport
D. N. Byers, Woodbury

H. E. Boring & Bro., York.

Home Furniture, York

Keystone Farm Machine Co., York

I'a. Furniture Co., York

West York Furniture Mfg. Co., York
Forest Furniture Mfg. Co., Youngsville
Youngsville Mfg. Co., Youngsville

GATES AND FENCING

Chester Fence Co., Chester Heights

Rutter Bros., Turtle Creek, Hast Pittsburgh

Evan Moore, Elwyn

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning

Northern Central Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon
Car Shop, Baltimore, Md.), Philadelphia

East End Planing Mill Co., Sexton

Rutter Bros., Hast Pittsburgh, Turtle Creek
Brieano:

Geo. W. Gilbert, York

HANDLES

Penna. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona

J. L. McLaughlin & Sons, Bedford

Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville

Cumberland Valley R. R. Co., Chambersburg
M. B. Landis & Co., Coopersburg

Codorus Handle Co., Codorus

Keystone Handle Co., Corydon

iE. H. Leathers, Curtin

Ringer & Co., Delmont

CG. Prouty & Co., Eldred

J. W. Young Immber Co., Emlenton

J. D. Westcott & Son, Endeavor

Theo. J. Bly Mfg. Co., Erie

Brie City Mfg. Co., Erie

Washburn Mfg. Co., Erie

F. H. Campbell, Espyville

Penna. Saw Co., Frackville

Marsteller Bros. Lumber Co., Fredonia
Girard Wrench Mfg. Co., Girard

M. D. Hoke, Hokes Mills

Howard Handle & Spoke Co., Howard

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana

Robinson & Stryke, Keating Summit
Sheldon Handle Co., Kinzua
Lehentaler Bros., Loleta
American Fork and Hoe Co.,
Penn Mfg. Co., North Girard
Hammond & Son, Ogontz

J. G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie

North Girard

The John Buckley Hub, Spoke & Wheel Co.,
969-975 N. Second St., Philadelphia
Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2285 Wood St., Philadelphia

Germantown Tool Works, 518 Commerce St.,
Philadelphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia

Nelms Co., 407 Commerce St., Philadelphia

N. C. Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon Car Shop,

Baltimore, Md.), Philadelphia
Thomas Ott & Co., 1124-1132 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

Leon Rozzen, 1003 N. Second St., Philadelphia

Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks

F. F. Childs, Pittsfield

Colebrookdale Iron Co., Pottstown

Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading

Wm. Rose & Bros., Sharon Hill

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling

LL. Hammond, Spangler

Titusville Handle Co., Titusville

Fred Caflisch, Union City

The Star Handle Co., Union City

Union Furnace Handle Co., Union Furnace

Samuel Peterson, Warren

Chas. Fritz, Weisenburg

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg

INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL

A. B. Feljemaker Organ Co., Hrie

A. Gottfried & Co., Erie

Kellmer Piano Co., Hazleton

Miller Organ & Piano Co., Lebanon

Bates & Culley, 706-18 Mercy St., Philadelphia

Cunningham Piano Co., 4948 Parkside Ave.,
Philadelphia

C. S. Haskell, 1520-22 Kater St., Philadelphia

INSTRUMENTS,
Penna. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona
Logan Iron & Steel Co., Burnham
Theo. Alteneder & Sons, 945 Ridge Ave:, Phila-
delphia
Charles A. Anderson, 1629 N. Tenth St., Phila-
delphia ;
Nathan Cohen, 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia
YT. H. Grigg, Lancaster Ave. & Baring St.,

Philadelphia

INSULATOR PINS

The lL. CGC. Hasinger Co., Indiana
Robinia Pin Co., Newville

Kinetic Engineering Co., 60th & Baltimore Ave.,
Philadelphia

The Lester Piano Co., 1306 Chestnut, Philadel-
phia

Painter & Ewing, 1105 Spring Garden, Philadel-
phia

Chas. F. Durner, Quakertown
Weaver Organ & Piano Co., York

PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC

Joseph B. Levy, 1429 21st St., Philadelphia

Lippincott Pencil Co., 220 N. 28rd St., Phila-
delphia

Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 13801 N. Highth St.,
Philadelphia

Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts., Frank-
ford, Philadelphia
Martin H. Walrath,
Philadelphia
3ethlehem Steel Co.,
Verona Tool Works,

Broad & Cambria Sts.,
South Bethlehem
Verona

AND BRACKETS

S. J. Bailey, Nicholson
J. W. Endsley, Somerfield

LADDERS

Appolo Step Ladder Co., Appollo
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis

American Mfg. & Novelty Co., Brie
Indiana Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana
Penna. Swing and Ladder Co., Lancaster
Pencoyd Iron Works, Pencoyd

Nathan Cohen 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks

Acme Mfg. Co., Marshall Ave., N. S., Pitts-
burgh

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem

187

LAUNDRY APPLIANCES

Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion

Apollo Step Ladder Co., Apollo

Clearfield Wooden-Ware Co., Inc., Clearfield

Coudersuort Mangle Roller Mfg. Co., Couders-
por

Hast Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville

American Mfg. and Novelty Co., Erie

Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie

The Wagner Curtain Stretcher Co., Greensburg

Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale

S. H. Everett, McEwensville

Motz Lumber Co., Monessen

Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery

Miller Mfg. Co., Myerstown

The Eclipse Co., North Girard

The Empire Co., North Girard

North Girard
North Girard

Gen. Mfg. Co.,

Frauk Hopkins,

L. Hopkins Mfg. Co., North Girard

Penn. Mfg. Co., North Girard

J. T. Hammond & Son, Inc., 4584 Hedge St.,
Frankford, Philadelphia

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks

Acme Mfg. Co., Marshall Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh

Josiah Frederick, Pottstown

Household Mfg. Co., Royersford

Mayes Novelty Factory, Sonestown

Sonestown Mfg. Co., Sonestown

The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville

D. W. Frazee, Wellsboro

Atlas Wooden Novelty Co., Williamsport

Sonestown Manufacturing Co., Williamsport -

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL

Penna. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona

Westinghouse Elec. Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh
Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2235 Wood St., Philadelphia
Louis Kirchgraber, 6138-15 Cherry St., Philadel-

phia

Standard Underground Cable Co., Westinghouse
Bldg., Pittsburgh

The Union Switch and Signal Co., Swissvale,
Pittsburgh

Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre

MACHINE CONSTRUCTION

S. Flory Mfg. Co., Bangor J

Keystone Driller Co., Beaver Falls
Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford
Boviard & Seyfang Mfg. Co., Bradford
Carbondale Mch. Co., Carbondale

The Wolf Co., Chambersburg

P. G. Frederick & Co., Chicora

Wangaman Mfg. Co., Clarendon

Clearfield Machine Shops, Clearfield
Downingtown Mfg. Co., Downingtown

The Eddystone Mfg. Co., Eddystone

Wilmot Engineering Co., Hazleton
McLanahan-Stone Machine Co., Hollidaysburg
American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square
Edwards Mfg. Co., Laceyville

Curtis E. Showalter, Tandisburg

Robinson Mfg. Co., Muncy

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy

New Holland Machine Co., New Holland
Weaver & Co., New Oxford

MANUAL TRAINING

School, Altoona
School, Beaver Falls
School, Braddock
School, Butler
School, Conshohocken
School, Corry
School, DuBois
School, Erie

Technical High School, Harrisburg
Schwab Industrial School, Homestead
School, Johnstown

MINE

Alden Coal Co., Alden Station

W. Harry Brown, Alicia

Latrobe Coal Co., Altoona

Fall Brook Coal Co., Antrim

Lake Ariel Lumber Co., Ariel

Pittsburg & Southwestern Coal Co., Avella
Charles M. Dodson & Co., Beaver Brook
Beaver Run Coal Co., Beaverdale

Connell Anthracite Mining Co., Bernice
Big Run Mfg. Co., Big Run

Bells Mill Coal Co., Blairsville

Blairsville Coke Co., Blairsvile

Conemaugh Coal Co., Blairsville

Graff Coal Co., Blairsville

Maher Coal & Coke Co., Blairsville

Roaring Run Mining Co., Blairsville
Blossburg & Coal Run Coal Co,. Blossburg
Jenkins Bros., Blossburg

Terry Coal Co., Blossburg R. D.

McClane Coal Co., Bridgeville

Brier Hill Coke Co., Bridgeville

E. J. Walker & Co., Brisbin

Schuylkill Tehigh Coal Co., Brockton
McKnight Coal Co., Brockwayville )
Champion Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville
Union Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville

Oil Well Supply Co., Oil City

New Jersey Zine Co., Palmerton

James Barker, Inc., Sixth and Cayuga, Phila-
delphia ; :

Ajax Mfg. Co., 848 Jarville, N. S., Pittsburgh

Thomas Carlins Sons Co., 1600 River Ave., Pitts-
urgh

Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., Twelfth and Etna,
Pittsburgh

Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor. Garrison
Place and Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh

Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown

Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co., Reading

Landis Bros., Rheems

Mayes Novelty Factory,

H. C. Mapes, Tionesta

Frick Co., Waynesboro

Geiser Mfg. Co., Waynesboro

A. B. Farguhar Co., Ltd., York

Hench & Drumgold, York

Sonestown

PRACTICH (SLOYD)

School, Lebanon

School, Monessen

School, New Castle

Carnegie Tech. School, Pittsburgh

Schools, Pittsburgh

School, Reading

Technical High School, Adams Ave., Scranton
School, Sharon

Penn. State College, State College
Radnor Township High School, Wayne
Schools, Williamsport

EQUIPMENT

Lake Shore Gas Coal Co., Buena Vista
East Mountain Coal Co., Carbondale

Casey Coal Co., Carnegie

Cheat Haven Coal & Coke Co., Cheat Haven
Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Clearfield
Clearfield Clay Working Co., Clearfield
Goshen Coal Co., Clearfield

Blain Run Coal Co., Coalport
Evans Coal & Coke Co., Connellsville
R. Manetta Coal Co., Connellsville
Manetta Connellsville Coke Co., Connellsville
Pittsburg Plate Glass Co., Creighton

E. H. Leathers, Curtin

Ford Collieries Co., Curtisville

Washington Coal & Coke Co., Dawson

George Minns, Jr., DuBois

Oak Hill Coal Co., Duncott

Carney & Brown Coai Co., Scranton, Dunmore
Bre bAwO:

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Scranton, Dunmore
105, 1255)

Keystone Mining Co., East. Brady

Monarch Ceal Co., Hast Brady

Island Run Coal Co., East Liverpool
Springfield Coal Mining Co., Ebensburg
Pllsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth
Crescent Coal Co., Bpton

188 ee es

MINE EQUIPMENT—Continued

Export Coal Co.,

Clinton Falls Coal Co.,

Eagle Coal Co., Fredell

Kerr Coal Co., Freeport

H. D. Bradly, Gallitzin

The Taylor & McCoy Coal & Coke Co.,

Enterprise Coal Co., Garrett

W. R. MeTurk Coal Co., Girardsville

Cornell Coal Co., Glassmere

Graceton Coke Co., Graceton

Apollo Coal Co., Greensburg

Atlantic Crushed Coke Co., Greensburg

Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg

Rich Hill Coal Co., Hastings

J. S. Wentz & Co., Hazelbrook

Harwood Coal Co., Hazleton

Hazle Mountain Coal Co., Hazleton

A. Pardee & Co., Hazleton

Estate of A. S. Van Wickle,

Penn-Mary Coal Co., Heilwood

McLanahan-Stone Mach. Co., Hollidaysburg

Penna. Smokeless Coal Co., Hollsopple

W. S. B. Hays, Homestead

Huntingdon Coal Co., Huntingdon

John Langdon, Huntingdon

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana

Broad Top Coal & Mineral Co.,

G. B. Markee Co., Jeddo

Humbert Coal Co. » vessup

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown

Suppes Coal Co., Johnstown

Great Lakes Coal Co., Kaylor

East Boston Coal Co., Kingston

Allegheny River Mining Co., Kittanning

Stewart Coal Co., Knox Dale

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford

Latrobe- Connellsville Coal & Coke’ Co., Latrobe

Unity-Connellsville Coke Co., Latrobe

Widnoon Coal Mining Co., Lawsonham

Armstrong County Coal Co., Leechburg

Jas. Harris & Sons, Lilly

Lloydell- Coal Mining Co., Lloydell

Logansport Coal Co., Logansport

Raridan & East Brady C. Co., Logansport

Northern Anthracite Coal Co., Lopez

Puritan Coke Co., McClellandtown

Bowman Bros. Co., McKeesport

Moosic Mountain Coal Co., Marshwood

Spring Hill: Coal Co., Mayfield

T. H. Wachua, Mayfield

Atlantic Coal Co., Meyersdale

Phillips Bros., Middleport

Buck Run Coal Co., Minersville

Darkwater Coal Co., Minersville

Pine Hill Coal Co., Minersville

West End Coal Co., Mocanaqua

Dodson Coal Co., Morea Colliery

National Mining Co., Morgan

The Leesburg Coal Co., New Castle

Thompson Connellsville Coke Co., New Salem,
R. D.

Olyphant Coal Co., Olyphant, R. D.

‘The Hedstrom Coal Mining Co., Parkers Landing

Export

Forest City

Gallitzin

Hazleton

Jacob

Mt. Jessup Coal Co., Peckville

Penfield Coal & Coke Co., Penfield

Colonial Collieries Co., Philadelphia

Forge Coal Mining Co., 1000 Franklin Bank
Bldg., Philadelphia

Highland Coal Mining Co., Real Estate Trust
Bldg., Philadelphia

Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., 716 Reading
Terminal, Philadelphia

W. H. Piper & Co., Real Est. Trust Bldg.,
Philadelphia ,

Shoemaker Coal Mining Co., 1507 Real Estate
Trust Bldg., Philadelphia

South Fork
Chestnut St.,

Coal Mining Co., Bullitt Bldg., 421
Philadelphia

Bessemer Coke Co., Oliver Bldg.. Pittsburgh
Blaine Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh
Carnegie Coal Co., 1315 Paix Bldg., Pittsburgh
H. C. Frick Coke Co., Pittsburgh
John M. Greek & Co., 310 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh
Hostetter Connellsville Coke Co., Pittsburgh
Monongahela River Consolidated Coal & Coke

Co., Smithfield St., Pittsburgh

Mountain Smokeless Coal Co., 2204 Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., South Tenth & Muriel
Sts., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh-Baltimore Coal Co., First National
Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh

«These companies have collieries in Pennsylvania.

Pittsburgh Coal Co., Smithfield St.,

Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Co., Fulton Bldg.,
Pittsburgh »

Sampson & Hormel, Wilkinsburg, R. D., Pitts-
burgh

J. Hee Sanford Coal Co., 1315 Park Bldg., Pitts
urgh

Somerset Smokeless Coal Co.,
Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh

First National

United Coal Co.,- First National Bank Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

United Connellsville Coke Co., Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

The Vesta ‘Coal Co., Third Ave. and Ross St.,
Pittsburgh

McCauley Coal Co., Pittston

Yost Mining Co., Pittston

Roaring Run Mining Co., Plainsville
Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth

The Penker Coal Co.,. Portage, R. D.

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Potts-
ville

Anita Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney

3Zowersville Coal Co., Punxsutawney

Cortez Coal Co., Punxsutawney

John McLeavy & Co., Punxsutawney

Geo. Pearce & Sons, Puritan

Bulah Coal Co., Ramey

Bulah Shaft Coal Co., Ramey

Girard Mammoth Coal Co., Ravenrun

Jermyn & Co., Rendham

Irvona Coal & Coke Co., Rosebud

Butcher Creek Coal Co., St. Clair

Mount Hope, Coal Co., St. Clair

The St. Clair Coal Co., St. Clair

Shawmut Mining Co., St. Marys

Bowman Coal Mining Co., Saltsburg

M. S. Kemmerer & Co., Sandy Run

Lincoln Coal. & Coke Co., Scottdale

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Dunmore, Scranton

The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R
Co., Mining Dept., Scranton

Dolph Coal Co., Jtd., Scranton

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore, Scranton
Nay Aug Coal Co., Scranton
Pennsylvania Coal Co., Dunmore,
Peoples Coal Co., Scranton
Scranton Coal Co., Scranton
Oxford Coal Co., Shaft

H. H. Smith & Co., Shaft
Greenough Red Ash Coal Co.,
Shipman Coal Co., Shamokin
Thomas Colliery Co., Shenandoah
J. B. Anderson & Son, Shickshinny
Baxter Ridge Coke Co., Smithfield
Leland Coal Mining Co., Smokerun
Consolidation Coal Co., Somerset
H. C. Stineman, South Fork

O. M. Stineman, South Fork

H. A. Underwood, Strattonville
Gast Deer Coal Co., Tarentum

D. L. Ruff, Tarrs

Price Pancoast Coal Co., Throop
Brownsville Coke Co., Uniontown
Hope Coke Co., Uniontown
Hustead-Semans Coal & Coke Cor,
Olive Coal Co., Uniontown

W. J. Parshall, Uniontown
Prospect Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown

South Fayette Coke Co., Uniontown
Waltersburg Coke Co., Uniontown

Whyel Coke Co., Uniontown

Vinton Colliery Co., Vintondale

Genuine Connellsville Coke Co., Waltersburg
Tackawanna Coal & Coke Co., Wehrum

A. J. Lundquist & Co., Wellsboro R. D.
a. W. White, Whites Valley

Midvalley Coal Co., Wilburton

Coxe Bros. & Co., Ine., Wilkes-Barre
Tehigh Valley Coal Co.. Wilkes-Barre
Susouehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre

Scranton

Shamokin

Uniontown

Sampson & Hormel, Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg
BreseanO:

Rerwind-White Coal Mining Co., Windber

W. J. Stein, Woodyille

“Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Co., Ro-
chester, N. Y.

*Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Tron Co., Roch-
esters Neve

*Warner-Leonard Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio

*Atlas Coke Co.,
Ohio

Works at Helen, Pa., Leetonia.

189

PATTERNS AND FLASKS

Motor Co., Allentown

Co. (Foundries), Altoona

Penn. R. R. Co. (Juniata Shops), Altoona
the Autocar Co., Ardmore

S. Flory Mfg. Co., Bangor

Keystone Driller Co., Beaver Falls

Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville

Gruber Wagon Works, Bernville

Blairsville Enamelware Co., Blairsville
Herman & Hassert, Inc., Bloomsburg
Improved Traction Engine Co., Boynton

West Penn. Steel Co., Brackenridge
Braddock Machine & Mfg. Co., Braddock
Blaisdell Machinery Co., Braddock

Bovaird & Seyfang Mfg. Co., Bradford
Standard Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co., Bristol
Logan Iron & Steel Co., Burnham

Standard Steel Works Co., Burnham
California Foundry & Machine Co., California
American Welding Co., Carbondale

The Carbondale Mch. Co., Carbondale
Chambersburg Engineering Co., Chambersburg
The Wolf Co., Chambersburg

Cherry Tree Iron Works, Cherry Tree
American Steel Foundries, Chester
Federal Steel Foundry Co., Chester
Peon. Steel Casting & Machine Co.,
Clearfield Fire Brick Co., Clearfield
Clearfield Machine Shops, Clearfield
Harbison Walker Ref. Co., Clearfield
Luckens Iron & Steel Co., Coatesville

Freed Heater Co., Ine., Collegeville

The Keeley Stove Co., Columbia .
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis

Shamburg & Allen Mach. Co., Coraopolis
Downingtown Mfg. Co., Downingtown
Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburg
Pennsylvania Iron Works Co., Eddystone
The Eddystone Mfg. Co., Eddystone

A. Buch’s Sons Co., Elizabethtown

L. L. Fisk, Emporium

General Blectric Co., Erie

International
Penn. R. R.

Chester

National Foundry Co., Erie
Frank R. Glisson, Exton

Fleetwood Metal Body Co., Fleetwood

American Steel Foundries, Franklin

Wm. Shimer, Son & Co., Freemansburg

Buffalo & Susquehanna R. R., Galeton

Pittsburgh Steel Foundry, Glassport

The Kelley & Jones Co., Greensburg

The W. O. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg

Wilmot Engineering’ Co., Hazleton

McLanahan-Stone Mach. Co., Hollidaysburg

Hyde Park Foundry & Machine Co., Hyde Park

Pa. Rubber Co.,. Jeannette

F. & . Trump, Jersey Shore

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown

The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown

American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square

Orenstein Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel

Crucible Steel Casting Co., Lansdowne

Sanitary Co., of America, Linfield

Rosenfranz, Machine Co., McKeesport

Taylor-Wilson Mfg. Co., MecKees Rocks

Johnetta Fdy. & Machine Co., Marianna

Robinson Mfg. Co., Muncy

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy

Union Spring & Mfg. Co., New Kingston

The Alan Wood, Iron &. Steel Co., Norristown

Norris Pattern.and Machine Co., Norristown

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City

Oil Well Supply ‘Co., Oil City

Osceola Silica & Fire Brick Co., Osceola Mills

. B. Stine, Osceola Mills

New. Jersey, Zine, Co., Palmerton

American Bridge Co. and Pencoyd Iron Works,
Pencoyd :

Geo. R. Allen, 18th & Buttonwood, Philadelphia

American Pattern Works, 3836 Market St., Phila-
delphia

Edwin A. Anderson, 203 Quarry St., Philadelphia

The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 500 N. Broad

St., Philadelphia

James Barker, Inec., Sixth & Cayuga, Philadel-
phia

Charles P. Biggin Co., 1829 Harlan St., Phila-
de‘phia_ -

E. Bromily & Son, Orthodox & Gaul, Philadel-
phia

Edw. L. Calely, 945 Ridge ‘Ave., Philadelphia

Clarks Iron Foundry, 35th & Grays Ferry Road

Frank P. Cooper, 130 Reed St., Philadelphia

Oliver I. Dill, 406 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia

The Eynon Evans Mfg. Co., 15th & Clearfield,
Philadelphia

Fairmount Patterns
St., Philadelphia

Richard Fields, 814 Buttonwood, Philadelphia

RK. G. Fleischmann, 407 Cherry St., Philadelphia

Girard Iron Works, 22d & Master Sts., Phila-
delphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia

George G. Gumpert, 240 Cherry St., Phila.

Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th & Lehigh Ave.,
Philadelphia

William L. Halsam, 506 N. 12th St., Philadelphia

Edw. Harrington, Son & Co., 17th and Callow-
hill, Philadelphia

William C. Hormel, 1407 Vine St., Philadelphia

Works, 1922 Brandywine

Humphreys Christman Co., 685 N. Watt St.,
Philadelphia

Thomas J. Hunter Co., 148 N. 7th St., Phila-
delphia

Walter S. Kalbach, 2227 Wood St., Philadelphia

iy Be puzier & Son, 1645 N. 10th St., Philadel-
phia

John McConville, 215 N. 2d St., Philadelphia

H. A. May Foundry Co., 30th & Chestnut Sts.,
Philadelphia

Meerbach & Schneider, 1612 Vandyke St., Phila-
delphia

Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1301 N. 8th St., Phila-
delphia

Frank Pettit Ornamental Iron Works, 809 Mas-
ter St., Philadelphia

Quaker City Pattern Works, 504 N. 12th St.,
Philadelphia

Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., Erie Ave. & Sepviva,
Philadelphia

J. Thompson & Co., Van Horn & Sophia Sts.,

Philadelphia

ieee ounary Co., 22d & Allegheny, Philadel-
phia

Union Machine Works & Iron Fdy., 1821 S.

Water St., Philadelphia
V. W. Mfg. Co., 1616 North St., Philadelphia

W. J. Webb, 821 Cherry St., Philadelphia

Wm. Wharton, Jr. & Co., Inc., 25th & Wash-
nigton Ave., Philadelphia

Wickes Bros., Philadelphia

Phoenix Iron Co., Philadelphia

Phoenix Machine Co., Phoenixville

American Steel Foundries, 36th & A. V. Ry.,
Pittsburgh

Axthelm Mfg. Co., 242 Third Ave., Pittsburgh

Best Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh

mhomas Carine Sons Co., 1600 River Ave., Pitts-
burgh

Duquesne Steel Foundry Co., 1104 Arrott Bldg.,
Pittsburgh

Iron Co., Box No. 1054, Pitts-

& Supply Co.,

Garrison

Kpping-Carpenter Co., 41st & A. V. Ry., Pitts-
burgh
Lewis Foundry & Machine Co.,
} Ry.,
Pittsburgh
Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., 12th & Etna Sts.,
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
G. & J. Rieseck, 16th St., Pittsburgh
The Simonds Mfg. Co., 25 Liberty Sts., Pitts-

burgh
Iron City Sanitary Mfg. Co., 1514 Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh
Co., 48th & A. V.
McDowell & Co.,
Pittsburgh
Water St.,
The Phoenix Glass Co., Box 757, Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Malleable Iron Co.,
Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor.
burgh

Fort Pitt Mal.
Pittsburgh
Box. No. 1597,
McConway & Tooley
Galveston & Western, N. S.,
Pittsburgh
The Marine Mfg.
Pittsburgh Elec. & Mch. Wks., Barker Place,
H. K. Porter Co., 49th & A. V. Ry., Pittsburgh
Place & Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh
Slentz Mfg. Co., 326 8rd Ave., Pittsburgh

Sommerfield Mach. & Mfg. Co., 216 2d Ave.,
Pittsburgh

Standard Pattern Co., 28th St., Pittsburgh

Union Fdy. & Machine Co., Pittsburgh

Union Switeh & Signal Co., Braddock Ave.,
Swissvale, Pittsburgh

H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan

Aves., Pittsburgh

Punxsutawney Fdry. & Machine Co.,
tawney

Roberts, Winner & Co., Quakertown

Punxsu-

190

PATTERNS AND FLASKS—Continued

Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co., Reading
The 8. G. V. Co., Reading

John G. Speidel, Reading

Buckwalter Stove Co., Royersford

Grander Stove Co., Royersford

S. G. Barker & Son, Scranton
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co.,
Scranton

The National Malleable Castings Co., Sharon

Sharon Foundry Co., Sharon

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem

Keystone Stove Fdy., Spring City

The Pennsylvania Steel Company, Steelton

Union Switch & Signal Co., Pittsburgh, Swiss-
vale, Br. P. O.

Messinger Mfg. Co., Tatamy

The Westinghouse Machine Co., Trafford

Verona Steel Castings Co., Verona

Frick Co., Waynesboro

Geiser Mtg. Co., Waynesboro

Landis Machine Co., Waynesboro

Landis Tool Co., Waynesboro

General Refractories Co., West Decatur

Lehigh Valley Coal Co. & Cexe Bros.
Ine., Wilkes-Barre

Vulean Iron Works,

Simmons Wood Working Co., Williamsport.

Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Wilmerding

Harbison-Walker Ref. Co., Woodland

A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd., York.

Hench & Wrumgold, York

Pullman: Motor Car Co., York

& Co.,
Wilkes-Barre |

PIPES, TOBACCO

William Kaffer, 1128 N. Orianna, Philadelphia
L. Nax, 146 Noble, Philadelphia

Shaw & Leopold, Randolph & Montgomery,

Philadelphia

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS
(Including Sash, Doors and Blinds, and General Millwork)

W. M. Stover, Aaronsburg

A. A. Albright & Son, Allentown

Butz-Frederick & Co., Allentown

Altoona Concrete Construction & Supply Co.,
Altoona

Altoona Construction Co., Altoona

H. 8. & C. S. Barthey, Altoona

D. Counsman & Son, Altoona

R. D. Elder Lumber Co., Juniata (Br. P. O.,)
Altoona

J. B. Fluke & Son,

J. C. Ivory, Altoona

Penn. Railroad Car Shops, Altoona

Penn. Railroad Juniata Shons, Altoona

_#H. 8. Nunemaker, Alum Bank

Ohio Valley Lumber Co., Ambridge and Economy

East Penn. Lumber Co., Inc., Analomink

D. L. Saylor & Sons, Annville

Altoona

W. W. Wallace & Co., Apollo
Adam Waldner, Ashland
Babcock Lumber Co., Ashtola

J. J. Weber, Ashville

Comeby & Harris, Athens

C. F. Thayer, Atlantic

H. J. Hawthorn, Bainbridge

Samuel F. Friedline, Bakersville

Jobn Stauffer, Bally

Bangor Lumber Manufacturing Co.,

Wise Lumber & Coal Co., Bangor

Barnesboro Lumber Co., Barnesboro

T. F. Polley, Bear Lake

Anderson & Cook, Beaver.

Beaver Falls Planing Mill Co., Beaver Falls

Commercial Sash & Door Co., Beaver Falls

J. S. Mitchell & Sons, Beaver Falls

Rhodes & Garvin, Beaver Falls

Reed & Spaid, Beavertown

Arnold Plaining Mill, Bedford

Bedford Planing Mill Co.. Bedford.

Bellefonte Lumber Co., Bellefonte

P. B. Crider & Son, Bellefonte

T. R. Hamilton, Bellefonte

Relle Vernon Planing Mill Co., Belle Vernon

Joseph M. Young & Co., Belleville

Jonas Benfer, Benfer

R. T. Smith & Son. Benton

Berwick Lumber & Supply Co., Berwick

Harry Fahringer, Berwick

Berwyn Millwork & Lumber Co.,

BE. i. Lawver, Biglerville.

Andre Tumber Co., Blairsville

Columbia Plate Glass Co., Blairsville

A. B. Hartman, Bloomsburg

Richter Bros., Blossburg

H. A. Cline, Bolivar

S. W. McLean, Bolivar

Eureka Lumber Co., Boswell

Maust Lumber Co., Headquarters,
Roynton

Braddock Tumber Co., Braddock

McBride Bros., Braddock

Price & Alman, Braddock

18f Bemis, Bradford

Tuna Manufacturing Co., Bradford

Bangor

Berwyn

Elk Lick,

W. H. Mellatt, Breezewood

I. F. March’s Sons, Bridgeport

Anderson Lumber Co., Brookville

J. C. Lucas, Brookville

Vanleer Bros., Brookville

Brownsville Construction Co.,

Irwin Arnold, Buffalo Mills

J. H. Patchin, Burnside d

Butler Planing Mill Co., Butler

Cornelius Lumber Co., Butler

John R. Powell’s Sons, California

Cc. W. Blystone & Son, Cambridge Springs

Phoenix Novelty Co., Cambridge Springs

G. M. Coon, Canton

H. Crawford & Sons,

The Holt Lumber Co.,

J. A. Hoole, Carbondale.

Robert F. Nemire, Carbondale

N. B. Robinson, Carbondale

The Beetem Lumber & Manufacturing Co., Car-
lisle

Carucele Mill & Lumber Co., Carnegie
. J. & W. A. Krumenacker, Carrolltown, R. D.

&: M. Green, Cassville

Franklin Goldsmith & Son,

Zettle Bros., Center Hall

A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland

G. S. Cole, Center Road Station

C. P. Blackburn, Cessna, R. D.

Blair & Raifsnider, Chambersburg

J. A. Hollinger, Chambersburg

Geo. A. Minnick & Son, Chambersburg

H. O. Swartzwelder, Chaneysville

Charleroi Lumber Co. » Charleroi

Walton Tumber Co., Inec., Charleroi

J. A. Phillips & Co., Cheltenham.

Stracey G. Glauser & Son, Chester

James M. Hamilton, Chester

B. W. Kinports, Cherry Tree

E. Somerville, Cherry Tree

P. G. Frederick Co., Chicora

Davis Lumber & Planing. Mill, Christiana

Waugaman Manufacturing Co., Clarendon

J. C. McElhattan, Clarion

Summit Lumber Co., Clarks Summit

F. J. Bgan, Claysville

Clearfield Millwork & Lumber Co., Clearfield

Gearhart & Wrigley, Clearfield

Samuel State, Cloe

S. Hagarty’s Sons, Coalport

J. W. Meyer, Coburn

Andrew Vonada, Coburn

Shafer Bros. & Nelson, Cochranton

J. Jay Wisler, Columbia

E. E. Peckham, Columbia Cross Roads

Confluence Lumber Co., Confluence

R. H. DeArment, Conneaut Lake

V. H. Dennis, Conneaut Lake

Moss Bros, Conneaut Lake

Connellsville Planing Mill Co., Connellsvillle

Fayette Lumber Co., Connellsville

Keystone Planing Co., Connellsville

South Connellsville Lumber Co., Connellsville

Wm. Potts Jones, Conshohocken

The A. L. Miller Co., Conshohocken

Isaac D. Shaffer, West Conshohocken Consho-
hocken

Brownsville

Canton
Carbondale

Catasauqua

191

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS—Continued

The A. L. Miller Co., Conshohocken

Wm. Shilling, Cool Spring

McKown & Beattie, Coraopolis

H. A. Button, Coudersport

James 8S. Swinley, Cowanesque {

Ingram Lumber & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Craf-
ton (Br. P. 0.)

Ed O’Brien, Cresson

George C. Abraham, Damascus

Danville Lumber Co. (Mill at Milanville), Dan-
ville

Collingdale Millwork Co., Darby.

Stubbs & Culp, Delta

Denyer Planing Mill, Denver

Allen Lumber Co., Donora

H. B. Quickel, Dover

Frank J. Gerlitzki, Doylestown

F. L. Worthington, Doylestown

J. C. Doyle, Dry Run

A. D. Orner Woodworking Co., Dubois

G. W. Piper Sons, Dubois

George Smyers, Dubois

George H. Bingham, Scranton,
P. O.

Ziegler Lumber Co., Duquesne

Graham Lumber Co., Hast Brady

Dunmore (Br.

Fitzgerald-Speer Co., Easton

J. Monroe Young, Easton

Rutter Bros., 225 Monroeville Ave., Turtle
Creek, East Pittsburgh

East Stroudsburg Lumber Co., Ine., Bast

Stroudsburg

S. M. Milliken, East Waterford

Ebensburg Planing Mill Co., Ebensburg

Robert J. Wade, Edinboro

Elizabeth Planing Mill Co., Hlizabeth

H. H. Brant, Elizabethtown

I. T. Buffington, Blizabethville

Netonat Supply & Construction Co., Ellwood
i

ty.
Uriah Sloan’s Planing Mill, Hmlenton
L. L. Fisk, Emporium
B. T. Gealy, Enon Valley

Ephrata Planing Mill Co., Ephrata
George Carroll & Bro. Co., Hrie
The Constable Bros. Co., Hrie

A. A. Deming, Erie

Lyman Felbeim, Erie

James D. Johnson & Co., Erie.

Kirchner Bros., Erie

D. S. Milloy, Erie

D. Schlosser Co., Hrie

Henry Shenk Co., Erie

Collins Bros., Espyville

The Edward Dambach Co., Evans City
FKarlston Planing Mill Co., Everett
Everett Planing Mill Co., Inec., HBverett
Export Lumber Co., Export

M:Cormick Lumber Co., Fairchance

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber

Falls Creek Planing Mill Co., Falls Creek
Fawn: Grove Lumber Co., Fawn Grove
James Patterson, Fayette City
Finleyyille Planing Mill Co., Finleyville
A. T. Mulinx, Lincoln Falls, Forksville R. D.
Joe 8. Rotz, Fort Loudon

Haupt Bros. & Co., Frackville

American Steel Foundries, Franklin

The James Lumber Co., Franklin
Marsteller Bros. Lumber Co., Fredonia
W. T. Mohler, Freedom

Freeport Planing Mills Co.,

A. King & Sons, Freeport

Freidens Planing Mill Co., Friedens

M. Schultz, Gallitzin

Albert Adsit, Geneva

W. L. Adsit, Geneva

George W. Stolsmith, Gettysburg
Glassport Lumber Co., Glassport

Glen Manufacturing Co., Glen Rock
Glen White Coal & Lumber Co., Glenwhite
W. G. Doughman, Grampian

Greeneastle Elevator Co., Greencastle

J. C. Reed, Greensburg

South Greensburg Lumber Co., Greensburg
Struble & Walthour, Greensburg

Chas. C. Baker, Greenville

Heilman Lumber Co., Greenville

King Planing Mill & Supply Co., Grove City
McKay Gilmore Furniture Co., Grove City
L. B. Walbert, Hancock

John F. Rohrbaugh & Co., Hanover

Union Planing Mill Co., Inc., Harrisburg
EK. B. Koons, Harveyville

Stuttmatter Bros., Hastings

Atkinson Box & Lumber Co., Hawley

Freeport

H. F. Bright Lumber Co., Hazleton

Hazleton Manufacturing Co., Hazleton.

Kellmer Piano Co., Hazleton

Pennsylvania-Maryland Coal Co., Heilwood

Herndon Manutacturng Co., Herndon

James B. Condron, Hollidaysburg

M. 5. Hunter & Sons, Hollidaysburg

Noah Ott, Hollsopple

M. H. Risinger, Homer City.

Teath & Kerr, Homestead

George "M. Hall & Co., Homestead

Homestead Lumber Co., Homestead

Pennarden Manufacturing Co., Honesdale

Ht. G. Hamer, Hooversyille

Chas. BE. Pletcher, Howard ;

M. Gillis, Hughesville.

Huntingdon Millwork & Lumber Co.,
don

Wee J. O’Mara, Huntingdon

W. EF. Laidig, Hustontown

Benjamin Gilson, Hydetown

James M. Ahlburn, Hyndman

Hillegas & Rush, Hyndman

W. S. Daugherty, Indiana

Indiana Lumber & Supply Co., Indiana

W. K. Sparks, Indian Head

Irwin Lumber Co., Irwin

M. J. Snodgrass, Jamestown

I. H. Hazlett Lumber Co., Jeannette

Union Planing Miil & Lumber Co., Jeannette

W. C. Nicholson & Co., Jermyn

Camerer & Lambert, Jersey Shore

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown

Conemaugh Lumber Co., Johnstown

Johnstown Millwork & Lumber Co., Johnstown

Johnstown Planing Mill Co., Johnstown

The Thomas Kinzey Lumber Co., Johnstown

The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown

David Ott & Co., Johnstown

Wm. H. Smith Bros., Johnstown

Leyi M. Thomas, Thomas Mill, Johnstown P. 0.

Kane Blind & Sereen Co., Kane

Fevetson a Skooglund, Kane

imporium Lumber Co., Keating Summit

C. G. Gawthrop Co., Kennett Suave!

J. EF. Seward & Co., Wilkes-Barre,
(oye, 12% O)s))

John B. Senger & Sons, Kinzers

P. S. Patterson, Kirby R. D.

American Planing Mill Co., Kittanning

Heilman Bros. Lumber Co., Kittanning

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning

West Kittanning Lumber Co., Kittanning

W. W. Bowman, Knox

I. M. Edgecomb’s Sons,

H. F. Kreamer, Kreamer

Heffner & Savage, Kutztown

J. H. Kirk & Co., Kylertown

A. L. Vandervort, Daceyville

Whipple Bros., Laceyville

John F. Johnson, Laidig

Herr, Draper & Co., Lancaster

Keystone Planing Mill Co., Lancaster

The Wohlsen Planing Mill Co., Lancaster

Jacob W. Dresher, Lansdale

Wm. C. Shuster, Jr., Landsdowne

Miller Bros., Ine., Lebanon

Leechburg Lumber Co., Leechburg

Lehighton Lumber Co., Lehighton

iE. K. Frazer, Lemoyne

H. M. Stauffer, Leola

Hunting-

Kingston

Knoxville

Le Raysville Furniture & Toy Mfg. Co:, Le
Raysville

Kulp Planing Mill Co., Lewistown

R. N. Miller, Liberty

Lohr Bros., Ligonier

International Silo Co., Linesville

Keath-Shields Planing Mill Co., Lititz

Neidmyer Bros., Lititz

C. F. Bucher, Littlestown

George R. Julius & Bro., Littlestown

K. D. Batchelder, Lock Haven

Clinton Furniture Co., Lock Haven

Hipple Estate, Lock Haven

H. W. Ruggles, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne (Br.

P. O.)
Frank L. Underwood, Luzerne
N. F. Shillingford, McAllisterville
P. F. Black, McConnellsburg
Wm. S. Clevenger, McConnellsburg
Spangler & Harris, McConnellsburg
Downie & McCord, McKeesport
John Calvert, McKees Rocks
John Davis & Co., McKees Rocks
Elmer Nesbitt, McLane

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS—Continued

Nathan Shelly, Manheim
Hummer Bros., Manheim

HK. L. Grabbie, Manor

S. M. Blakesiee, Manorville
George -G4acherl, Marble

b. wu. Heistand & Sons, Marietta
M. A. Snyder, Markieton

“he Mars Land & Lumper Co., Mars
Bolger Grattus & Co., Martinsburg

Chas. Neast & Co., Mauch Chunk

George H. Cutter Lumber Co., Meadville
‘he Walter G. Harper Lumber Co., Meadville
Mitler & Devore, Meadville

Mill Kun Lumber Co., Meadville

W. ik. Morrison & Son, Meadville

L. F. Smith, Meadville

George W. Sauter, Menges Mills

Meyersdale Planing Mill, Meyersdale

Kern & Triss, Middleburg

Aaron Stetler’s Estate, Middleburg

John Kk. Brindle, Miftlin

(noch Miller, Mifflinburg

Elmer C. Rudy, Miftlinburg

howe Bros., Milford

A. Douden Planing Mill Co., Millersburg

Millersburg Manufacutring Co., Millersourg

J. F. Kerr, Marsh Run, Millerstown P. O.

Ruhl & Watson, Millmont

Cc. A. Swetland, Mills

Bennett Lbr. & Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Millvale
(Br. P. O.)

L. W. Waterhouse, Mill Village

Edward Buck, Miliville

Orville Robbins, Millville

D. Clinger & Sons, Milton

Jacobo Tetter’s Sons, Milton

Anthracite Lumber Co., Minersville

Motz Lumber Co., Monessen

Westmoreland Lumber Co., Monessen

Monongahela Saw & Planing Mill Co.,
gahela

Yohe Bros., Monongahela

Penn Furniture Co., Montgomery

William T. Lundy, Montoursville

W. H. Lundy, Montoursville

Spring Brook Lumber Co., Moosic

L. W. Hart, Morris

P. H. Hart, Nauvoo, Morris P. O.

T. B. Stockham & Bro., Morrisville

CG. P. Van Brunt Manufacturing Co.,

Geiger Gibson & Co., Mount Carmel

Mount Carmel Lumber Co.. Mount Carmel]

Temley Bros., Mount Morris

H. J. Heiser (Mill at Shadle), Mount Pleasant
Mills

A. S. Welsh, Mount Union

Edward F. Ives, Muncy

Isaac B. Haak, Myerstown

S. B. Price & Co., Nanticoke

Susquehanna Lumber Co., Nanticoke

Nazareth Planing Mill Co., Nazareth

Cc. 0. Solomon, New Berlin

R. B. McDanel Co., New Brighton

Maitsoff Bros. Co., New Brighton

D. H. Fair, New Buena Vista

Kline Lumber & Construction Co., New Castle

Mahoning Valley Lumber Co., New Castle

New Castle Lumber & Construction Co., New
Castle :

Shenango Lumber Co., New Castle

Wallace Bros., Mahoningtown Sta.,

Thomas Kirscher, New Florence

W. E. Jones, New Park

Newport Planing Mill, Newport

A. W. & W. M. Watson Co., Newtown

George & Clyde Pratt, Nicholson

Rought-Wright Co., Nicholson and Factoryville

Monon-

Moscow

New Castle

H. J. & Wm. Krunenacker, Nicktown
Ww. <A. Baier, Nisbet R.

Grater Body Co., Norristown

Stow Lumber & Coal Co., North East
O. M. Webber Co., Inc., North Wales

Lillo Bros. Co., Oakdale

Cc. F. Reed & Bro., Oakmont
J. W. Bailey, Ohiopyle
Borland &. Dimond Lumber Co.,
Caldwell Lumber Co., Oil City
United Lumber & Coal Co., Oil City
Wilson & Carothers, Orbisonia

L. F. Mickley, Orrtanna

Osceola Lumber Co., Osceola Mills
R. J. Walker,, Osceola Mills
Wm. Adams, Osterburg

Oil City

Harry Hilaman, Oxford

W. WG. Sigler, Paintersville

New Jersey Zinc Co. (ot Pennsylvania),
merton

EKariy & Wengel, Palmyra

Palmyra Woodwork Manufacturing Co., Palmyra

Win. totts & Son, Parkersburg

A. P. Reid, Parkersburg

J. W. Logan & Sons, Parnassus

Pal.

Twist & Hippensteel, Wilkes-Barre, Parsons
(Br. P.O.) :

ritzgerald-Speer Co., Pen Argyl

Harry Shafter, Penn Run

Pennsburg Manufacturing Co., Pennsburg

J. i. Myers, Penns Station
C. b. Kox, berkasie
Ss. K. Slonecke, Perkiomenville

Daniel Adams, 2940 North Marshall St., Phila-

delphia

Ellwood Allen Lumber Co., Trenton Avenue &
Ann St., Philadelphia

Isaac Ambrose, 1118 Siebel, Philadelph.a

Chas. A. Anderson, 1629 North 10th St., Ph-la-
delphia

Bailey & Co., 210 New St., Philadelphia

Jobn Barber, 226 Chancelitor St., Philadelphia

eustaye Berger, 1143 N. Front Street, Philadel-
phia

Jobn M. Cromwell, 1136 Harrison Street, Phila-
delphia

D. R. Crumrine, 301 Hdgewood, Philadelphia

kK. M. Culbertson & Son, 2328 N. Sydenham S8t.,
Vhiladelphia

John A. Dubs, 269 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia

Hsenwein & Boorse,: 1019 W. Susquehanna Ave.,

Philadelphia

Chas. Feline & Co., York Road and Butler,
Philadelphia

Fite & Arbelo Co., 20th and Glenwood,
Philadelphia

Fritz & La Rue, 1124 Chestnut St., Philadelphia

Frederick Gerry & Co., Schuylkill Ave. and Peltz
Street, Philadelphia

T. H. Grigg, Lancaster Ave. and Baring St.,
Philadelphia

Hale & Wilburn Co., 18th Street and Lehigh
Ave., Philadelphia

Hall Bros. & Wood, 54th and Lancaster Ave.,
Philadelphia

Edward F. Henson & Co., 921 N. Delaware

Philadelphia
Hoeling Bros., 314 S. Lawrence, Philadelphia
Ernest Hoffman (Est), 1124-82 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia
Solomon Horn, 615 Pine Street, Philadelphia
Chas. D. Hughes, 3072 Janney St., Philadelphia
Joseph W. Janney, 1147 Beach St., Philadelphia

Jones, Doll & Co., 203 North 22d Street, Phila-
delphia

S. S. Keely & Sons, Main and Umbria Streets,
Philadelphia

Kensington Planing Mill, 1925 EB. York Street,
Philadelphia

Touis Kirehgraber, 613-15 Cherry St., Phila-
delphia

Charles B. Kline, 28 South 16th Str., Philadel-

phia

- George W. Kugler & Sons Co., 919 New Market

Street, Philadelphia
Dudley W. Lance, 721 W.
delphia
Richard Lloyd, 105 North 22d St., Philadelphia

Tioga St., Phila-

T. B. Luzier & Son, 1645 North 10th Street,
Philadelphia

Joseph Miles, River Rosd, Manayunk Station,
Philadelphia

A. F. Miller, 289 S. Hutchinson, Philadelpnia

Peter CG. Osada & Co., 1422 S. Front Street,
Philadelphia 2

John Parker & Son, 16th and Fitzwater Streets,
Philadelphia

Pennsylvania Sash and Door Co., 25th and Col-
lowhill Streets, Philadelphia
Philadelphia Screen Manufacturing Co., 56th
Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia
Stacey Reeves & Sons, 1611 Filbert Street,
Philadelphia :
A, W. Renninger,

phia
William Russel Woodworking Co., 3015-29 Chest-
nut Street, Philadelphia
Seymour Bros., 3402 Lee Street, Philadelphia
Sheip & Vandergrift, Irc.. 814-832 W. Lawrence
Street, Philadelphia

2309 North 6th St., Philadel-

193

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS—Continued

Silberman & Fleisher, 1218 Mascher Street,
Philadelphia

Smedley Bros. Co., Church and Tacony Streets,

Frankford Sta., Philadelphia

George W. Smith & Co., Inc., 3907 Powelton
Ave., Philadelphia

Frank C. Snedaker & Co., $th and Tioga Sts.,

Philadelphia ) :
Robert Tarle & Son, 413-17 S. Fifth Street, Phila-
delphia :
Tucker & Staehle, 167 East Allen St., Phila-

delphia t
William I. Underwood & Co., Cottman and Key-

stone Sts., Tacony Sta., Philadelphia
Martin H. Walrath, Broad and Cambria Sts.,

Philadelphia d
Joseph T. Ward, 5809-19 Baynton Street, Phila-
delphia
Watson & Robinson, 49 Queen Street, German-

town Sta., Philadelphia

A. Wilt & Sons, 721 N. Front St., Philadelpbia
Fred V. Yeager, 9-13 S. 36th St., Philadelphia
D. Grebe & Son, Philipsburg
Phillipsburg Planing Mill Co.,
Phoenix Machine Co., Phoenixville
George C. Fry & Son, Picture Rocks
Chas. Werner, Pine Grove

Lesher Lumber & Supply Co., Pitcairn

Philipsburg

Ablers Lumber Co., 928 EH. Ohio St., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

Ben Avon Lumber Co., Spruce Street & Brighton
Road, N. S., Pittsburgh

Robert J. Barnes Co., S 18th & Mary Streets,
Pittsburgh

Andrew Bonsen, 150 South 18th St., Pittsburgh

Smith Bovard, 6616 Kelly St., Pittsburgh.

Bruckman Lumber Co., Pittsburgh

Edward A. Caler, 621 Industry St., Pittsburgh

Diebold Lumber & Manufacturing Co., 99 Wa-
bash Street, Pittsburgh

lb. M. Diebold Lumber Co., E. Liberty Station,
Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh

& Supply Co., 3 Prospect Ave.,
Crafton, Pittsburgh
& Mfg. Co., 213 Sedgewick St.,
Pittsburgh

Pitts-

1840-44,
burg
Daniel Whitmore & Co., Hiel Ave., Wilkins-
burg, Pittsburgh
Wilkinsburg Stair & Mfg. Co., Penn Ave. &
Wilkinsburg, Pittsburgh

Penn. R. R.,
903 Hay St., Wilkinsburg,

W. F. Youngk Co.,
Pittsburgh

The Exeter Lumber Co., Inec., Pittston

J. HE. Patterson & Co., Pittston

Wyoming Valley Lumber Co., Pittston

J. W. Cook & Sons, Platea

Clark Bros. & Co., Plymouth

John A. Clarke, Point Marion

Ingram Lbr.
Ingram,

Bennett Lbr.
Millvale,

Colonial Floor Co., Sharpsburg,

A. K. Jenkins & Co., Point Marion
Point Marion Lumber Co., Point Marion
Pearson, Portland

H. G. Miller, Potter Brook
E. S. Potter, Potter Brook
L. M. Moll, Potts Grove

Josiah Frederick, Pottstown

William Buechley & Son, Pottsville
Kreig Pros., Pottsville

The Sailor Planing Mill & Lumber Co., Potts-
ville
Walter Wertley Cons, Pottsville

James K. Long & Son, Lindsey Station, Punxsu-
tawney

McKean, Hare & Son, Punxsutawney

Peoples Planing Mill, Punxsutawney

Punxsutawney Planing Mill Co., Punxsutawney

Silas Miller, Purcell

G. IF. Smith, Purcell

Henry A. Good, Quincy

Neversink Planing Mill. Reading

Northeastern Planing Mill Co., Reading

Philadelphia & Reading Railway Co., Reading

Sheeder Planing Mill Co., Reading

Cc. C. Bierly, Rebersburg

D. J. Rumbel, Red Hill

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion

Joseph M. Young & Co.. Reedsville

Isaac H. Lebo, Reinholds Station R. D.

Philip Reitz. Reitz

L. D. Stine, Reitz R. D.

G. D. Dubarry’ & Co., 41st St. & A. V. Ry.,

Pittsburgh

Biler Lumber & Mill Co., So. 28rd St., Pitts-
burgh :

Henry J. Frey, Kaiser & Haslage Aves., Pitts-
burgh

Green & Evans Lumber Co., Ltd., 107 Warring-
ton Ave., Pittsburgh

Jacob Haney. 912 Lincoln St., Pittsburgh

R. W. Hare, 632 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh |

L. J. Higgins Lumber Co., 33rd & Liberty Ave.,
Pittsburgh

Edwin M. Hill, 2601 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh

Interior Finish Co., Beaver Ave. & Fayette St.,
Pittsburgh

T. W. Jones, 2603 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh

The Keystone Lumber Co., S. 17th & Merriman
Sts., Pittsburgh

R. A. McCa.l Lumber Co., Putnam near Franks-
town Ave., Pittsburgh

Frank McFeeley, 520 W. Reliance St., Pitts-
burgh

The May Lumber Co., 1201 Irwin Ave., Pitts-
burgh

George B. Monks, 8-12 Ketchum St., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

North Avenue Stair Co., 809 North Ave., N. S..
Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. R., Pittsburgh.

Pensylvania Door and Sash Co., 900 Second. Avez,.
Pittsburgh

Phoenix Glass Co., P. O. Box 1757, Pittsburgh

A. F. Schwerd Manufacturing Co., 145 McClure

Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh

M. Simon’s Sons, 121-127 Anderson St., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

H. R. Walter Lumber Co., Fayette & Manhattan
Aves., Pittsburgh

Wigman Lumber Co., S. 18th & Wharton St.,
Pittsburgh

Young & Schmidt, 3209 Carson St., Pittsburgh

Branch Post Offices.

Qil City Woodworking Co.,
J. H. Baird, Renovo
The Woodward Supply Co.. Reynoldsville

Reno

Arthur Westgate, Riceville
W. B. Shrawder, Richfield
Hyde-Murphy Co., Ridgway
Riegelsville Mfg. Co., Riegelsville

Wallace A. Hoover, Riverside

Wallace Hoover & Bro., Riverside

Planing Mill Co., Roaring Spring

H. C. Fry Glass Co., Rochester

David Hawk. Rochester Mills

J. P. Growall, Rockwood

Schrock Bros., Rockwood

O. O. West. Rogersville

C. L. Wilmot, Rome

Bush Bros., Royersford

McKelvey & Peters, Rural Valley

Henry Umholtz, Sacramento

Byron W. Stebbins, Saegerstown

Schaut Bros. Manufacturing Co.,

L. H. Knapp, Salona

Kimmell & Cornelius, Saltillo

George H. Rhea, Saltsburg

Baker & Cary. Sayre

I..S. Hart, Sayre

Charles S. Metzgar, Sciota

W. A. Pentz, Scotland

Broadway Planing Mill, Scottdale

J. W. Ruth, Scottdale

John Benore, Scranton -

George H. Bingham,
Scranton

Brown Bros., Scranton

Burcher & Robinson, Scranton

Delaware Lackawanna & Western R. R., Scran-
ton

De Witt Lumber Co., Scranton

Hagen Lumber Co., Scranton

Mason & Snowdon Lumber Co., Seranton

Nay Aug Lumber Co., Scranton

Peck Lumber Manufacturing Co.,

Washburn, Williams Co., Seranton

J. B. Woolsey & Co., Scranton

East End Planing Mill Co., Saxton

Harper Bros., Shade Gap

W. G. Piper, Shade Gap

Ralph W. Barnhart, Shamokin

East End Lumber Co., Shamokin

Saint Mary’s

Dunmore (Br. P. 0.)

Scranton.

194

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS—Continued

H. P. Raup & Sons, Shamokin

Shamokin Lumber Manufacturing Co., Shamokin
Ww. G. Berkey, Shanksville

Walker & Lowry, Shanksville

Chas. C. Baker, Sharon

John Cook & Son, Sharon

Rine Cook & Son, Sharon

J. M. Hoagland & Co., Sharon

Wallis & Carley Co., Sharon

A. Wishart & Sons Co., Sharon

Bixby & Son, Sharon Center

BE. L. Gaines & Son, Sharpsville

Frank W. Wiley, Sheakleyville

G. R. Wood’s Sons Co., Sheffield

Shickshinny Lumber Co., Shickshinny

D. B. Becker Planing Mill, Shillington
Builders Home Supply Co., Shinglehouse

Ww. S. Snoke, Shippensburg

J. P. Kilmer & Son, Shunk

Cc. F. Schulze, Silver Creek

John H. Glassmyer, Sinking Spring

L. L. Texter, Sligo

WwW. J. Ruble, Ruble Mills, Smithfield P. O.
Cc. W. Mitchell, Snedekerville

Berkebile Lumber Co., Somerset

Globe Column & Mfg. Co., Somerset
Somerset Door & Column Co., Somerset
Somerset Lumber Co., Somerset

Hemsing & Son, Souderton

Brown-RBorhek Lumber Co., South Bethlehem
Robert Pfeifle, South Bethlehem

Perry Gilpin, South Sterling

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling

D. H. Deaner, Springhope

GC. P. Long, Spring Mills

Steelton Planing Mill, Steelton

Stewartstown Lumber & Mfg. Co., Stewartstown
John T. Long, Summerhill
Andrew Breslin, Summithill
Tilman Hontz, Summithill
Malick & Erdman, Sunbury
Sunbury Planing Mill Co.,
Deakin & Ash, Susouehanna
J. B. Svkes, Sykesville
Henry Becker, Tamaqua
J. A. Schilbe, Tamaqua
Hough & Leard Co., Ltd., Tarentum
The Tarentum Lbr. Co., Tarentum
HR. H. Harman, Thompsontown
Ben Lesher, Thompsontown

Sunbury

H. C. Mapes, Tionesta
we C. Harrison, Titusville
L. Reuting, Titusville

? L. Shank, Titusville
Humphrey Mfg. Co., Towanda
D. Snyder & Son, Tower City
Park EH. Wood, Townville

F. P. Case & Son, Troy

G. Dow Dewitt, Tunkhannock
A. H. Harris, Tunkhannock
Wm. Grittner, Turbotville
Jno. B. Beam, Tyrone ~

F. D. Beyer & Co., Tyrone
Perry Bingham, Ulysses
Caflisch Bros., Union City
H. Clark & Son, Union City
Douglass & Yale, Union Dale

Carroll Lumber Co., Uniontown
Chas. F. Eggers, Uniontown
South Penn Bldg. Co., Uniontown

Oglevee, McClure & Co.,
W. J. Reed, Vanderbilt
C. C. Shaffer, Varden

S. Heinly, Virginville
Pickett Lumber Co., Warren

L. D. Wetmore Co., Inc., Warren

Vester, Stewart & Rossell Co., Washington
Walker & Slater, Washington
Watsontown Door & Sash Co.,
U. G. Stover, Waynesboro

W. F. Blair, Waynesburg

J. A. Culver & Co., Wellsboro
Harkness & Borden, Wellsboro
J. ©. & S. A. Spencer, Wellsboro
Wolfenberger & Feather, Wernersville
S. ©. Black, West Chester -

Bm. R. & W. H. Griffith, West Chester
Isaac D. Shaffer, West Conshohocken
Luse & Shaull Co., West Fairview

C. BE. Neff, West Newton

Wesley I. Beam, West Point

H. W. White, Whites Valley

The Goff Lumber Co., Wilkes-Barre
Kehoe & Mowery Co.. Wilkes-Barre
Conrad Lee, Wilkes-Barre

Ek. T. Long & Co., Wilkes-Barre
Robbins Lumber Co.. Wilkes-Barre
W. H. Shepherd & Son, Wilkes-Barre
The Steinhauer Co., Wilkes-Barre

Vanderbilt

Watsontown

Wilkes-Barre Branch Post Offices.

J. F. Seward & Co., Kingston, Wilkes-Barre
H. W. Ruggles, Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre
Frank L. Underwood, Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre
Twist & Hippensteel, Parsons, Wilkes-Barre
Hart Planing Mill Co., North Ave. & Pitt St.,

Wilkinsburg (Br. P. O. ) Pittsburgh
Dan’l Whitmore & Co., Wilkinsburg (Br. P. 0.)
Wilkinsburg Stair & Mfg. Co., Wilkinsburg

(Brave sO)
Ww. F. Youngk Co., Wilkinsburg (Br.
F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg
John Coleman, Williamsport
W. D. Crooks & Sons. Williamsport
Goertz Carving Co., Williamsport
Loyalsock Planing Mill Co., Williamsport
Simmons Wood Working Co., Williamsport
William Slack, Williamsport
Vallamont Bldg. & Planing Mill Co., Williams-

port

P. 0.)

PLUMBERS’

Monessen
New Brighton
& Lehigh Ave.,

Westmoreland Lumber Co.,
Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.,
Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th
: Philadelphia

PRINTING

The W. O. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg

Joseph Adams, 1226 N. Alden, Philadelphia

American Electrotype Co., 706 Market St.,
Philadelphia

American Type Founders, 17 and 19 8S. Sixth St.,

Philadelphia

Chas. S. Belz -Co., 14 and 16 S$. 5th St.,
Philadelphia

Dunean & Co., 621 Commerce St., Philadelphia

Franklin Plectrotype

Co.,
Philadelphia

224 So. 5th St.,

Williamsnort Planing Mill Co., Williamsport

Woodworking & Stairbuilding Co., Williamsport
Dominick Genre, Wilmerding

Windber Lumber Co., Windber

D. N. Byers, Woodbury

Ellwood Tumber Co., Woodlawn

I. C. Fuller, Wyalusing

W. John Stevens, Ine., Wyncote

Billmever & Small, York

Frederick Blaebaum, York

Henry G. Brockman. York

Codorus Planing Mill, York

Geo. W. Gilbert, York

Home Furniture Co., York

Casner H. Oermann, York

York Woodworking Co.,
Voungsville Lumber Co.,

Youngsville Planing Mill,

York
Youngsville
Youngsville

WOODWORK.

Sanitary Specialties Co.,
Philadelphia

Smedley Bros. Co, Chrvrch
Frankford. Philadelphia

West York Furniture Mfg.

1824 KE. Clearfield St.,
& Tacony Sts.,

Co., York

MATERIAL.

Gatehel & Manning, 6th
Philadelphia

Hanson Brothers,

& Chestnut Sts.,

704 Sansom St., Philadelphia

Royal Electrotype Co., 620 Sansom St., Phila-
Gelphia

Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. BE. Cor. 6th St.
& Columbia Ave.. Philadelphia

Sheip & Vandergrift Co., 816 Lawrence St.,
Philadelphia

Weskott & Thompson, 112-114 N. 12th St.,
Philadelphia

Geo. W. White, 721 Walnut St., Philadelphia

195

PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS.

P. & R. R. R. Repair Shops, Catawissa
Edwards Mfg. Co., Laceyville
Eclipse Pulley Co., Meyersdale

We W. Patterson Co., 54 Water St., Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Block & Mfg. Co., 818 South Ave.,
North Side, Pittsburgh

Coliditz-McMinn & Co., 702 W. Canal St., Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading
Philadelphia F Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem
PUMPS.
Connellsville Mech. & Car Co., Connellsville G. R. Wood’s Sons Co., Sheffield

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and
Coke Co., 48 Market St., Pittsburgh

Standard Wood Pipe Co., Williamsport

REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS.

J. D. Naftzinger, Centerport
Stevensen Co., Chester

Banta Refrigerator Co., Clearfield

R. F. Kleinginna, Du Bois

W. H. Kelchner, Mifflinville

J. Fisher and Co., 1216-18 N. 5th St., Phila-
delphia

Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th St. and Lehigh Ave.,
Philadelphia

John Knoell & Sons, 171 Jefferson St., Phila-
delphia

A. H. & F. H. Lippincott, Inc., 24th & Locust
Sts., Philadelphia

McCracken & Hall, 1120 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1301 N: Sth St.,
Philadelphia

Ridgway Refrigerator Co., 3519 N. Lawrence
St., Philadelphia

C. J. & A. Schad, 519 Bainbridge St., Phila-

delphia

H. Daniel Long, S. W.* Cor. Front & Mont-
gomery St., Philadelphia

Standard Refrigerator Co., 2543-45-47 Germantown
Ave., Philadelphia

Ss. Beln's Sons, Fourth and Liberty Sts., Pitts-
urg

Bernard Gloekler Co., 1127 Penn. Ave., Pitts-

burgh
The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville
H. A. Boyer, West Hanover

ROLLERS AND CURTAIN POLES.

Webb Mfg. Co., Brookville

Bernard McCurdy, 9th & Arch Sts.,
delphia

Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts.,
Frankford, Philadelphia

Phila-

Thomas Ott & Co.,
Philadelphia

R. M. Bowser & Son, Renfew

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling

1124-1182 Washington Ave.,

SADDLES AND HARNESS.

Barton Mfg. Co., Ivyland

H. M. Basterbrook, 311 Cherry St., Philadelphia
Hessler Wagon Works, Inc., 857 HE. Girard Ave.,
Philadelphia

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

Eagle Scotch Hame Manufacturers, 2385 No.
Lawrence St., Philadelphia
A. Long & Son, Albion

Rift Climbing Boat Co., Athens

Ray Hoftman, Bloomsburg

W. N. Foust & Son, Conneaut Lake
Hauser Bros., Delaware Water Gap
Dravosburg Dock Co., Drayvosburg
Paasch Bros., Erie

John S. Sheppard, Essington

Harrisburg River, Coal, Sand & Stone Co.,
Harrisburg

Geo. V. Tompkins, Marcus Hook

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Mauch
Chunk

Collins, Darrah & Co., Nebraska

Wm. Cramp & Sons, Ship & Eng. Bldg. Co.,
Beach and Ball Sts., Philadelphia

William Glass & Son, 779 N. 28th St., Phila-
delphia

Wesley Glenn, S. L. Tacony St., Philadelphia

-U. S. Navy Yard (Hull Division), Philadelphia

I. F. Ward & Sons, Philadelphia

Hazelwood Dock Co., Pittsburgh

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and
Coke Co., 8 Market St., Pittsburgh

Neville Dock Co., 1218 Park Building, Pitts-
burgh
R. C. Price & Co., Foot Federal St., Pitts-

burgh
James Rees & Sons Co., Pittsburgh
H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan
Aves., Pittsburgh
J. M. Samsel, Point Pleasant
Peck Lbr. Mfg. Co., Scranton
J. P. Coryell, Shamokin Dam
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem
Forest Barge Co., Tionesta
U. S. Boat Yards, Lock No. 4
Douglass & Yale, Union Dale
Wyatt Stroman, Yorkhaven

SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS.

Ailentown Bobbin Works, Allentown

Allentown Reed, Harness & Mill Supply
Allentown 3

Clover Leaf Mfg. Co., Carbondale

Arnold & Bro., Coopersburg

Co.,

Excelsior Bobbin & Spool Co., Newtown

J. B. Brusher, Norristown

Jas. H. Bitlington & Co., Randolph & Jefferson
Sts., Philadelphia :

B. R. Dover, 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS.

Center Moreland
Ltd., Lititz
2419 Front St.,

A. C. Kelly,

Oneida Community,

Clark Herd Mfg. Co.,
delphia

Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2285 Wood St., Philadelphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia

Frank Rosatto Co., 222 So. 8th St., Philadelphia

Phila-

Geo. Wuerthele & Sons, 1724 Hast St., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

wm. Wuerthele, 418 Diamond St., Pittsburgh

Geo. H. Rhea, Saltsburg

Holmes & Gilfillan, Smethport
Becker Novelty Co., Spring Creek
J. H. Park, Warren

196

pipe

Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona

P. & R. Ry. Repair Shops, Catawissa
Downington Mfg. Co., Downington
Grater Body Co., Norristown
Amos H. Hall Son & Co.,

St., Philadelphia
B. F. Schliehter Co., 10 S. 18th St., Philadelphia

2915-2933 N. Second

TANKS AND SILOS.

H, Elsesser & Bros., 13824 Ohio St., N. S.,
Pittsburgh

Fleming Tank Co., 3115 Liberty Ave., Pitts-
burgh

H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan
Aves., Pittsburgh

Rouseville Supply Co., Rouseville

Woolford Wood Tank Mfg. Co., 1429 Chestnut John Benore, Scranton
St., Philadelphia International Silo Co., Linesville
Fr. P. Case & Son, Troy
a
TOYS.

Standard Novelty Co., Duncannon J. IT. Hammond & Son, Inec., 4534 Hedge St.,
F. W. Crandall & Co., Elkland Frankford, Philadelphia
Barton Mfg. Co., Ivyland A. Mecky Co., 1705 Allegheny Ave., Philadel-
Benner Mfg. Co., Inec., Lancaster phia
Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen. Penn. Wheelbarrow Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts-
Le Raysville Furn. & Mfg. Co., Le Raysville burgh
Mansfield Novelty Works, Mansfield Weaver Specialty Co., 6344 Aurelia St., E. E.,

L. Hopkins Mfg. Co., North Girard

S. L. Allen & Co., 5th St. and Glenwood Ave.,
Philadelphia

A. Schoenhut Co., 2215 Adams St., Philadelphia

Pittsburgh
Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling
Hawes Mfg. Co., Towanda
Keystone Farm Machine Co., York

TRUNKS AND VALISBES.

Fiber Specialty Co., Kennett Square

S. J. Bailey, Nicholson ~

The Belber Trunk & Bag Co., 1641 N. Hancock
St., Philadelphia

S. Berkowitz, 1818 So. 9th St., Philadelphia

Robert McGuinn & Co., 487 Market St., Phila-
delphia

Cramer and Sherr, 123 So. 8rd St., Philadelphia

B. Podol, 1108 N. 2nd St., Philadelphia

J. H. Seitz & Son, 414 & 488 Brown St., Phila-
delphia

B. B is B. Trunk Co., 32-40 Isabella St., Pitts-
burgh

South Montrose Mill Co., South Montrose

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS.

International. Motor Co., Allentown
Est. of W. Wolf, Allentown
Lewis Wolf’s Sons, Allentown
Balzer Koelle, Altoona

Russell Delozier, Altoona

Penn. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona
Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona
J. L. Saylor & Son, Annville

T. M. Werner, Annville

The Autocar Co., Ardmore

L. C. Brenner, Bainbridge

_W. Ira Baker, Bakersville

W. G. Sterling, Bakerstown

Joseph Litterhouse, Bally

S. S. Lynch, Bausman

Jacob F. Schmitt, Beaver Meadows
J. O. Klinger, Beaver Springs
Bedford Planing Mill Co., Bedford
F. H. Brightbill, Bedford

A. G. Brightbill & Son, Bedford

Ww. S. Fletcher, Bedford

Isaac K. Meyer, Bedminster

H. J. Horton & Co., Belleville

S. F. Appleman, Benton

Long Wagon Co., Benton

Wm. E. Gruber. Bernville R. D.

Gruber Wagon Works, Bernville R. D.
Trescott Carriage Works, Berwick

A. K. Huntzinger, Blainsport

Edw. Stevens, Bowmansdale

Boyertown Carriage Co., Boyertown
Pittsburgh Machine Tool Co., Braddock

Cc. A. Adams, Bridgeton R. D.

Chas. B. Sossong Co., Bridgeville

Standard Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co., Bristol
J. D. MeSparrin, Brockwayville

3rookville Mfg. Co., Brookville

C. W. Scott Co., Bryn Mawr

A. F. Fey, Carbondale

J. G. Reber, Centerport

S. M. Congleton, Chester Heights
Sehaller Bros., Clark
Clearfield Novelty Works, Clearfield
R. H. Grater, Collegeville

Frank J. Bower, Collomsville
Columbia Wagon Co., Columbia
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis

F. FE. Neffe, Coudersport

Z. H. Markley, Cressman

John G. Stoll, Deodate

J. K. Hinkle, Dillsburg -
Huston Irwin Mfg. Co., Du Bois
Hobson & Co., Haston e
J. Monroe Young, Haston

St. Francis Industrial School, Eddington
C. Prouty & Co., Eldred

C. Bailey & Co., Elimsport

A. Buch’s Sons Co.. Elizabethtown
Martin & Heagy Mfg. Co., Elizabethtown
Swab Carriage Co., Elizabethville

Swab Wagon Co., Elizabethville

Horace Handwork, Elverson

Acme Wagon Co., BWmigsville

J. H. Young Lumber Co., Emlenton

H. N. Thaver Co., Erie

W. C. Laderer, Evans City

KF. M. Ott & Son, Everett

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber

S. A. Mowers. Fayetteville

Finleyville Planing Mill Co., Finleyville
Fleetwood Metal Body Co., Fleetwood
Myers Carriage Co., Franklin

A. Reynolds, Franklin

Fredonia Bending Works, Fredonia

R. M. Whitney, Galeton

M. Schultz, Gallitzin

George T. Sellers, Gap

George Keinard, Geigers Mills
D. W. Bryan, Gillett

J. N. Kramer, Coodville

Stoyers Carriage Shop. Greenville
Grim & Bro., Grimville

Scott & Kemmerer, Hamburg

Hanover Bending & Mfg. Co., Hanover
Hopkins Mfg. Co., Hanover

Eureka Coal Wagon Co., Harrisburg

C. BE. Shaffer Est., Harrisburg
Penna. R. R. Co.. Harrisburg
F. N. Watts, Harrisburg
Samuel Fahs, Highspire

Jas. B. Condron, Hollidaysburg
Penwarden Mfg. Co., Honesdale
Wm. Nelms, Honey Brook
Bowers & Leathers, Howard
Howard Handle & Spoke Co.,
Chas. E. Pletcher, Howard

M. Gillis, Hughesville

Conner Vehicle Co., Indiana
John F. Wein, Ironbridge

T. H. Hazlett Lbr. Co., Jeannette
C. H. Decker, Jersey Shore

Howard

137

VEHICLES

Chas. Shoup, Jersey Shore
Conemaugh Lbr. Co., Johnstown
Kiauch Liandwerk & Co., Jordan

American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square
Jacobs « Colley Wilkes-Barre, Kingston Br.
O

H. W. Miller, Kittanning. ‘
H. Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning

E. R. Kroninger, Kutztown
R. Miller's Sons, Kutztown
Edwin A. Ramer, Kutztown

J. H. Wirk & Co., Kylertown

Roy M. Plank, Lampeter

Samuel BE. Bailey, Lancaster

Downey Bros. Spoke & Bending Co., Lancaster

Edwin Edgerly, Lancaster

Michael Hoover, Lancaster

Stoll Bros., Lancaster

S. M. Skeen, Lancaster

John R. Cooper, Landenberg

Automatic Wagon & Truck Co., Lansdowne

Latrobe Carriage Co., Latrobe

Monyar Carriage Co., Latrobe

The Fauber Coach Works, Lebanon

A. F. Heim Carriage Works, Lenhartsville

T. L. Blocker & Sons, Littlestown

S. D. Mehring, Littlestown

Frank L. Underwood, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne Br.
12s 0)

N. F. Shillingford, McAlisterville
A. Mauser & Bro., McEwensville
L. Loeffler, McKeesport

Otto Sippel, McKees Rocks

J. W. Gerhard, Macungie

H. P. Frank, Maytown

Sload & Bro., Maytown

The Eberly & Orris Mfg. Co.,
J. K. Hinkel, Mechanicsburg
J. B. Koller & Co., Mechanicsburg

Fred Seidel Estate, Mechanicsburg
Seidel & Hinkel, Mechanicsburg

Hopp Carriage Co., Mifflinburg
Mifflinburg Body & Gear Co., Miftlinburg.
D. B. Miller, Miftiinburg

Elmer C. Rudy, Mifflinburg

Potter Wagon Works, Mifflintown
Charles S. Pearson, Milford
Edward Buck, Millville

John Eyes & Co., Millville
Valley Machine & Turning Co.,
J. Howard Ames, Morgantown
Wm. H. Albright, Mount Penn
Mountville Mfg. Co., Mountville
Jacob M. Ames, Neffsville

C. H. Felten, New Baltimore
Darlington & Hoffman, New Bloomfield

B. S. Struckman, New Buena Vista

Shenango Lumber Co., New Castle

H. A. Buffenmyer, New Holland

Graff & Weaver, New Holland

Wm. Huntley, New Milford

C. H. Mathews, Newportville

Clarence Randall, Newtown

McGowan & Heuscher, Newtown

Horace [rvien, Ogontz

Harry Williams & Son, Ogontz

Eagle Spoke Works, Oil City

Kramer Wagon Co., Oil City

J. W. Connor, Orangeville

S. B. Wise Sons, Orrstown

Johnson Carriage Co., Oxford

Wilson Bros., Oxford

Martz & Fisher, Paxinos

J. G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie

Max M. Betz & Son, 1041 Frankford Ave., Phila-

Mechanicsburg

Monongahela

delphia

Bloch Go-Cart Co., 1136-48 N. American St.,

Philadelphia

The John Buckley Hub, Spoke & Wheel Co.,
969-75 N. 2nd St., Philadelphia

J. Haynes Cafirey, 1712 Fairmount Ave., Phila-
delphia

Finnesey & Kobler, Inc., S. W. Cor. 26th &
Parrish Sts., Philadelphia

Fulton-Walker Co., 1931 Filbert St., Phila-

delphia
Geo. W. Garrett & Sons, 39th & Lancaster Ave.,
Philadelphia
Hale and Kilburn Co., 18th St. & Lehigh Ave.,

Philadelphia
23rd & Race Sts.,

H. Kaiser & Co., Ine.,

Philadelphia
Kessler Wagon Works, Inc., 857 E. Girard Ave.,
Philadelphia

AND VEHICLE PARTS—Continued.

Morris Truck & Wheel Co., 2016 S. Bancroft St.,

Philadelphia
Louis Oehme, 3045 Richmond St., Philadelphia
Petzelt & IKeyser, N. E. Cor. 24th & Locust,
Philadelphia

Pennsylvania R. R. (West Phila. Shops), Phila-
delphia

Fech-Marbaker Co., Eight St. & Girard Ave.,
Philadelphia

Rodenhausen’s Excelsior Wagon Wks.,

Hutchinson St., Philadelphia

Frank Schanz, 408 N. Randolph St., Philadelphia

The Schwarz Wheel Co., Margaret St., & P. R.
R., Philadelphia

Southwork Truck Co.,
delphia

Sowney Bros., 1204 & 22 Frankford Ave., Phila-
delphia

Martin H. Walrath, Broad & Cambria, Phila-
delphia

Wm. Wenkenbach’s Sons, 1310 Germantown Ave.,
Philadelphia

C. F. Buffington & Bros., Pillow

Jno. Deisenroth, 48 8th St., Pittsburgh

Doehle Wagon Co., 1055 Ohio St., Pittsburgh

Eagle Transfer Co., 101 Galveston Ave., Pitts-

burgh

Geo. J.
burgh

H. J. Evans, 314-315 E. Reliance St., Pittsburgh

Frazier & Foltz, 2614 Smallman St., Pittsburgh

L. Glesenkamp Sons & Co., 326 Penn. Ave.,
Pittsburgh

R. J. Hayden, 4110 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh

Wm. L. Heusel Wagon Co., Ist & Middle St,
N. 8., Pittsburgh

W. J. _Hittner, 3402 Penn. Ave., Pittsburgh

Jno. H. Huy’s Sons, Basin & Welsler Sts.,
Ewalt Station, Pittsburgh

Lewis Kauffman, 1206 East St., Pittsburgh

Kholos Wagon Co., 2213 Forbes St., Pittsburgh

H. Lange Wagon Co., 504 Second Ave. &
S. St. Clair St., Pittsburgh

W. H. Leonhard & Son, 218 48rd St., Pittsburgh

H. Linde, So. 24th & Sidney, Pittsburgh

McClinton & Co., 309 Sandusky St., Pittsburgh

Metz & Miller, 813 Penn. Ave., Pittsburgh

Monongahela River Consolidated Coal &
Co., No. 8 Market St., Pittsburgh

Fenn DS DAErOW. Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts-
urg

John Sauter, 414 Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh

G. we Schnapel & Sons, 3069 Penn. Ave., Pitts-
urg

Frank Sismour, 884 Main St., Pittsburgh

E. J. Thompson Co., Louisa St., Pittsburgh

H. R. Walter Lumber Co., Fayette & Manhattan
Ayve., Pittsburgh

J. G. Weir & Son, 1325 Liberty St., Pittsburgh

C. West & Co., 420 Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh

Wilkinsburg Carriage Works, 500 Penn Ave.,
Wilkinsburg, Pittsburgh

F. F. Childs, Pittsfield

H. N. Tritmyer, Pleasant Gap

H. W. Millard, Pomeroy

Pennsylvania R. R. Co., Pottsville

P. McKean Harl & Son, Lindsay Sta., Punxsu-
tawney

Punxsutawney Fdy. & Mach. Co., Punxsutawney

Anchor Bending Works, Reading

Biehl’s Carriage & Wagon Works, Reading

Keystone Vehicle Co., Reading

The S. G. V. Co., Reading

Wetherhold & Bros., Reading

Harvey S. Smith, Rebuck

D. J. Rumbel, Red Hill

Alvin Fauth, Red Lion

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion

J. & H. C. Dieble, Reynoldsville.

Schrock Bros., Rockwood

Leyi Hackerty, Rohrerstown

L. D. Fields, Roxbury

G. W. Huber, Rural Valley

McKelvey & Peters, Rural Valley

E. C. Beckley, Saint Clairsville

John Benore, Scranton

Blume Wagon Works, Scranton

A. R. Gould & Sons, Scranton

Mason & Snowdon Lbr. Co., Scranton

Steup Bros., Sewickley

Frank K. Morgan, Shamokin

Shamokin Wagon Works, Shamokin

J. M. Hoagland & Co., Sharon

EK. M. Seyfert, Shartlesyille

1437

911-913 Ellsworth, Phila-

Eisenhauer, 220 Brighton Road, Pitts-

Coke

198

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS—Continued.

W. EB. Sell, Shelocta

The Parker Mfg. Co., Souderton

L. Hammond, Spangler

The Graves & Highmy Co., Springboro
Kramer & Son, Springboro

Ephraim Fluck, Springtown

Albert Miller & Co., Springtown
A. D. Shollenberger, Steinsville
F. B. Hess, Stockertown

Levi Raezer, Talmage

Christ & Becker, Tamaqua :
Eagle Carriage Works, Tamaqua
The Tarentum Lbr. Co., Tarentum
Martin Hub Works, Tidioute
J. C. Scowden, Tionesta
Titusville Handle Co., Titusville
J. F. Cupp, Trout Run

Fred Caflisch, Union City

The Star Handle Co., Union City
J. M. Howard & Son, Uniontown
Thos. Matthews, Uniontown

G. W. Baum, Urban

J. M. Davis, Walnut Bottom
Samuel Peterson, Warren

John S. Pross, Warrington .

Hoopes Bro. & Darlington, Inc., West Chester

Jacobs & Colley, Kingston, Wilkes-Barre

Frank L. Underwood, Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre

Wilkinsburg Carriage Works, 500 Penn. Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg Br. P. O.

Loyalsock Planing Mill Co., Williamsport

J. L. Rush & Son, Willow Grove

Willow Grove Bending Co., Willow Grove

J. R. Barnhart, Worthington

A. D. Benton, Worthington

John F. Stephens, Woodbine R. D.

Werner & Lesher, Yeagertown

W. A. Eberly Wheel Works, York

Eureka Bending & Wheel Works, York

A. B. Farquhar Co., York

Hoover .Wagon Co., York

The Martin Carriage Works,

Ness Bros. & Co., York

Pullman Motor Car Co., York

Ervin Smith & Co., York

York Carriage Co., York

York Wagon Gear Co., York

York

WEIGHING APPARATUS.

Penn. R. R.,; Car Shops, Altoona
Penn. R. R. /Co. (Juniata Shops), Altoona

Louis Kirchgraber, 613-15 Cherry St., Phila-
delphia
WHIPS,
Chicora Whip Co., Ltd., Chicora

T. H. Gilpin, Greentown

Laanna Mfg. Co., Laanna

Wm. G. Bayha, 3383-85 N. Fourth St., Phila-
delphia

James S. Caterson, 1136 Catherine St., Phila-
delphia

M. Horwitz, 305 Montrose St., Philadelphia

Wells Whip
(

The Standard Scale & Supply Co.,
St.,/ Pittsburgh

243 Water

CANES, AND UMBRELLA STICKS.

The Harvey V. Watt Co., 1804-26 E. Venango St.,
Philadelphia

I. Schneider Co., 4701 Worth St., Frankford

L, Silverstone & Co., 1126 N. Orianna St.,, Phila-
delphia

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling

Co., Wellsville

WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES.

Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion

Allentown Reed Harness &
Allentown

The Belmer Mfg. Co., Canton

The H. Sheldon Mfg. Co., Canton

Catawissa Specialty & Mfg. Co.,

Clearfield Woodenware Co., Inc.,

Corry Pail Co., Corry

F. BEB. Westley, Corry

East Greenville Mfg. Co.,

C. Prouty & Co., Eldred

Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie

Hanover Bending and Mfg. Co.,. Hanover

Taanna Mfg. Co., Laanna

E. H. Alpha, Lakeville

Oneida Community Ltd., Lititz

Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen

Norris Pattern & Machine Co., Norristown

The Eclipse Co., North Girard

The Empire Co., North Girard

Mill Supply Co.,

Catawissa
Clearfield

East Greenville

John C. Dettra & Co., Oaks
John P. Little Co., Pitcure Rocks
Nathan Cohen, 1126 N. Orianna St., Philadelphia

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St.,
Philadelphia
J. T. Hammond & Sons, Ine., 4534 Hedge St.,

Frankford, Philadelphia
Kassell & Co., 309 Montrose St., Philadelphia

Jobn Klett, 1305 N. 27th St., Philadelphia

Thomas Ott & Co., 1124 Washington Ave.,
Philadelphia

L. Silverstone & Co., 1126 N. Orianna, Phila-
delphia

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling

W. S. Wilcox, Turnersville, Jamestown P. O.
Blasdell Novelty Mfg. Co., Towanda
Patterson Bros. Co., Wellsboro

H. W. White, Whites Valley

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg

W. John Stevens, Ine., Wyncote

Penn Mfg. Co., North Girard Keystone Farm Machine Co., York
MISCELLANEOUS.
Pennsylvania Match Co., Bellefonte, Matches Heilprin Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Firearms
Fred Fear Match Co., Bloomsburg, Matches John Grass Wood ‘Turning Co., Philadelphia,
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis, Signs and Bungs and Faucets
Supplies A. H. Fox Gun Co., Philadelphia, Firearms
Penna. Hub & Veneer Co., Laquin, Brewers’ Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling, Flag Poles
Chips - and Staffs ‘ t
Bernard McGurdy, Philadelphia, Flag and Tent F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg, Firearms

Poles

APPENDIX

(200)

ROUGH FOREST PRODUCTS.

It was pointed out on a preceding page that this study does not include
the rough lumber produced by the Pennsylvania sawmills, nor the State’s out-
put of shingles, lath, cooperage, wood distillation, veneer, pulpwood, etc.
The Bureau of the Census, co-operating with the Forest Service, yearly col-
lects statistics for these commodities and in order to make this report com-
plete in all phases of wood consumption, the census figures have been copied
from the latest bulletins, 1911-12, in so far as they relate to Pennsylvania,
and are presented in tabular form in the following paragraphs.

LUMBER.

In the production of chestnut lumber, Pennsylvania is second among the
states, and third in the cut of hemlock, maple, and beech. The following
table shows 22 woods cut in the State in 1912, arranged according to quantity,
together with the average price per M feet at the mill and the total cost.

Table a.—Production of Rough Lumber.

A S
is mn
es 5
{ & [j=
| »
Kind of Wood. aS, 2 A
~~) 2 9
b 72)
z : ;
f=} s * =
3 O45 S
3 Bu =
| oS <4 ) iI
Hemloce> d5dpaodebnnedoon dosdoadodonauopp.cooEsuonapapoonadboagod ey eae ue a $5,951,157
DEG 6S OE CR A capi Ul Re (AO a eR eo ha aaa 209, 4,088,913
Chestnut, ss... sseees sees ec rseseseeeese senses eeeeeceeeiees 93, 204, 000 16 29 1,519, 759
EID). ‘ssuoodedoudoasabasoborocopeodoo , 017, 21
White pine, 71,870,000 21 33 1,532; 987
RG OG TNs ee crmist ee tee ur stisiges cine dba sess ats 49 G86, COM UN AA 628, 031
Yellow pine, 21, 647, 000 13 87 300, 244
JETHeNS BESS oC SAHOO OC CRO OO BTA TUCO OC RECOM A Ononte ROaEEadoNGncar 17,666,000 16 72 295, 376
YELLOW DODANE Mi ues tarnieesistare sicpsleloieieie 'eiexenisevcioneveleretaislajeiwislcistelancttreiie 14, 413, 000: 22 15 327, 896
BASSWOOD RG a riarcrlcrars tele ctiesttvsteies coscerelevel es eratele eieta ee Ole ee Teles oot 10, 925, 000 18 67 208, 970
v
PACS Vist RS ay es AUR Aciees SNe aa aS ne NP aid ay Ha LY 10, 336, 000 20 55 201, 924
18 GKELOIA AY a daanty SHO CUO HOU AC OHO TOU OTOSUE BRT a oob Oona HeSTeenBHontae 9,826,000 21 86 225,945
EN ans ge raya shcth ele Setayes yotataterens ayase rele jeiatepatel nieteve sie oxoet cide. oveietaeletersters sisie eisseierete 2,994, 000 16 67 joan
VV AULT ULE esc areyetssyerteaetayelssciesvici cietetolo/eveha tesa eterswale eieletolsverersteis sisal choise 2, 268, 000 21 47 5
IRGi lS oRAIIII Ynod gidoaaGemaoSHan ae Oo Ra OO BE DRbGd Hobe soba uddoub sdoane 1, 454, 000 12 47 18,131
WSU A eh aclasischterolsteus ce tele rescierelstualasaleteieiotiicieds cin Sento nate meebo teers 892, 000 14 40 12,845
Si GHUIM OTE sire rerst er arenes crete peta taa tes cree a SES TOTO SLOT EO Ie peas 575, 060 13 87 7,975
FSS OF LO KEY ayy SEI a sod RR DT em a eA Sr a ati 342, 000 17 30 5 917 |
Det EED th eae 6 SHAS OC AO ReeCD SUGGS HODRUDS HTC DOO OR Soa SeaoST oes 141,000 13 42 1,892
MBIT oe) Kor heats CR rer O aL GCS cit Baie tore IS EER a Rt rage i a 100, 000 13 90 1,390
Mr Claeannteven ravers seavetan ste vatels ages arate ni ialalavevase\el ven Scorerciet ole selaiie tense einai 76,000 13 29 1,010
WOLEONWOOGs: Pea ese la se lteho ca ch lelaehe e eielessike Sold ns De eee ilaios 46, 000 18 12 834
AN DECOR OCT ne onary BG OD ARTES OC EEO CHEATERS ROTC BUI eae 6,351, 000 18 50 117, 494
NOI en elec Om O SHAH AAS EEA OSC ACOOTT OG Oe SER Bac BINS $92,180, 000 $17 00 $16, 863, 673

*Prices supplied from information in files of the Forest Service for

(201)

prices f. o. b. mill.

202

LATHS.

Many of the plastering Jaths produced in Pennsylvania are produced from
sawmill waste. Large quantities are also manufactured by portable lath mills
that follow the sawmill onto cut-over tracts and clear up the remaining small
softwood and the soft hardwood trees, as well as utilize the cutoffs, crooked
logs, tops, and other material the lumbermen left in the woods. Hemlock
and white pine are the principal lath woods in Pennsylvania, although spruce,
yellow poplar, cucumber, and aspen were also reported.

SHINGLES.

Chestnut, because it is a durable wood outside and cheap, is the principal
shingle material in Pennsylvania. White pine, hemlock, and a few hard-
woods in small amounts were the other woods to contribute to the output. In
the production of shingles Pennsylvania is not one of the principal states,
but compared with the quantity of wood used by the various wood-using in-
dustries of the State and especially with the home-grown material reported,
it is of considerable importance. Shingles made in Pennsylvania are both
split and sawed, the sawed shingle is more salable and therefore, the kind
generally manufactured.

Table b.—Production of Laths and Shingles.

a
o
o
=
3
~~
oS
Products.
~
5 q
Pe So
5 3
= oe
5 Sr)
j<7 ic}
MENS sa mrereteiate te cleeleteternre oieretecleleisieisieiesietelelskerereletelerelelereielatereleleveleretetsretstelstelersPaievelsteterstetcictsteCevero 78,758, 000 15, 752,000
SHAE, ~“bedooocsdoccoquodabonnboosoouodsanuadHucoooU dU SuDUDOODGOOnOaGKO0R0 bG00 26,957, 000 2,696, 000

y COOPERAGE.

Table “ce” reports the quantity and cost of material used in Pennsylvania
for the manufacture of barrel stock, staves, and heading. Raw material for
both stave and heading is usually purchased in the form of bolts but consider-
able sawmill waste is saved by being converted into these products. . The

prices given were not taken from the Census bulletin as they are not com-
' prised in these statistics. Information concerning them was collected from
cooperage plants by agents when in the field in connection with the wood-
using industry investigation, and an average made of them and applied to the
Census figures.

The manufacture of cooperage is an industry which rightfully comes within
the scope of the wood-using industry study because both staves and heading
are but knocked-down barrels and should be included the same as box shooks
or other manufactured material which needs only to be assembled to be
finished. However, owing to the fact that one Bureau of the Federal Gov-
ernment gathers these statistics, the Forest Service did not deem it ex-
pedient to seek similar information from the cooperage plants twice in the
same year. Had the cooperage data been included in the foregoing report,

203

this industry, according to quantity consumed, would have stood fourth in
the list of over 51 industries in Table 3. Thirteen woods are demanded each
year for staves and heading. They are shown in the order of amounts as
follows:

Table c.—Production of Cooperage Stock.

ge 3
ee :
n Fre
> w aig 2 g
8 & S2 : 8
Kind of Wood. 2 Hs) ba 2 as 0
3 A it ox g
HH et & ae} os Oo
ov ° Ss. oO an
2 EB pe 3S. SI
q 2 ley (SI B43 s
= > oH oO BH O°
a n <3) < a
Beech nee aie astion asain 78, 588, 000 2,347,000 85, 082,700 $7 00 $595,579
Gestures ee hE S| 46,186, 000 3,545,000 71, 079, 252 6 00 426,476
MASA muti Cutan Vania 6. ue 22; 108, 000 1,715,000] 34,199,916 7 00 239, 999
Bron Wye ee ea sets SOME Rc 10,367,000 231,000 | 10,458,756 6 50 | 67,982
Pinetree Peet cn wsecee nme enon. unt 7, 957, 000 1,773,000 | 23,556,780 7 00 164, 897
CRED I besgBoeaae | 1,561,824 | 6 00 | 9,371
414/000 77, 000 | 15077, 253 | 1 5 | 8,349
BOO KOO iran a Coneatat 158, 400 6 50 1,080
146, 006 7,000 | 183, 756 6 50 | 1,194
105,000 3,000 | 112, 356 7 00 | 786
| | «
Miellowsipoplansiy eer ks e-wde see ec..s 47,000 55, 000 | 572,484 6 50 3,721
TENSISN OO Nc gic sc a Gr eer 37, 006 196, 000 | 1, 936,776 7 00 13,557
INIING SS hee i Sa an Oe 457000 Wi. ct eee 346, 104 6 15 2)129
TDGtal te OEE ERB hn season. 168,564, 000 9,949,000} 230,826, 356 | $6 66} $1,534,470
\ {
PULPWOOD.

The quantity of wood consumed for making paper pulp in Pennsylvania,
according to the 1911 Census figures, amounts to over 315,000 cords. It is
procured in bolt form and is equivalent to more than 158,000,000 board meas-
ure feet that is annually taken from the forests of the State. Pennsylvania
is the fifth State in the consumption of wood pulp and stands next to Maine
in using large quantities of mill and woods waste in this line of manufacture.

Table d.—Pulpwood Consumption.

a
ray
HH ©
et
oS
°
Kind of Wood. aan
~
ict
&
‘ 3
4 der
5 5A
o ica)
SIDED, : Ga hodsoododpaneane cusp anUEnbebbods Coobece tose SO cp BERD IonS EaEartorae neon 56, 243 28,121,500
JINN Pap poodd code SOU DC RODUDDODDUD OOO COOPSDODE COT OD CO CUT RET Oo rn Cate Ree eo 51, 265 25, 632, 500
COCR eerste ee pa sickest steraseicte eeu topes oieie lela Te ievelate iota loko reteielaveleim havatayavoieyeiels, Glave b svaleteleleratesaja 44,320 22, 160', 000:
MAN OF Wa OEE PU okSoogduaoopboopeGoaodideb bobo ne toocoS HTODReaATOunEnenEcmene acer 35,120 17,560, 000
EVO © Cie ees eyes eatystevercaxctevatofere tacos asap ital auctesnievevene sto Sa legee idiece dia saya. sie: slave tice chefele ve obedig dials lecs’a)) 33,181 16,596', 500
DMMP epee ister cNereror et Doseder nha latereu ciel eoisrov eres aieseiov cv sioete VS aT wre ecavete Bie leiviole o/s ayereie/elatersitvejotereyele 30), 874 15, 4387, 000
ANI GIS a) pe noood yo cub od CORR OAR DSC A a Spa COURC CERO Ceara ane COME MeCICer ers 10, 295 5. 147,500
Slab) wood and) other’ mill) waste; 272 Se oiicc cc cle ces aeiceciccice secs cscs sie cre 54, 384 27,192, 000
PIN Gaal oameereyersyeyenet sr earete Losses antsy tere ara ete eer se akscoe yavatere aie: chats hie oletateisits olarermicieieenereicte 315, 682 157,841, 000

204

HARDWOOD DISTILLATION.

Beech, birch, and maple are the principal woods consumed in hardwood
distillation. They have been separated in the following table merely to
emphasize the kinds used and the quantities are not representative of the
actual results but were arbitrarily divided in equal amounts for the want of
more definite information. Besides the above named woods, oaks, hickory,
chestnut, elm, and ashes were also consumed but in small quantities only.
Pennsylvania hardwood distillation plants generally employ the destructive
process. Charcoal, crude wood alcohol, and gray acetate are the principal
products.

Table e—Hardwood Distillation.

Ra}
!
a
wa
s
°
Kind of Wood. ba
~
|
=
6 3S
a deni
3 5a
13) ic]
1aYeCY NG Ror OOHa CAG one Or Oooo CT OO DUO AOHOE COTE HOnC OFT AdOSGpAuAconoTotoaatnSn 121,513 60, 756, 500
1 SUK a Ma A Hart Sn ICRI A LL RIAr RRS Rae an bs ini leur Le Hee yay OE 121,513 60,756,500
ILO Sse sineasen tects aise aes tate ete TSTSTO Uae eis earalece plea aie to ichovsTaboretcre WES OE ave Le rales Sheraton 121,513 60, 756, 500
RO GED) ele ciate aise aiereretarens cee aaserctavenss oe cistoveacatetaveke cls arelacapec ache stale clean eta ezahouribocie cavetets 364,539 182, 269,500

VENEER.

Over 2,500,000 feet of logs in Pennsylvania were converted into veneer in
1911. These are not necessarily cut from the forests of the State as veneer
logs are sought after over a wide territory and are imported from foreign
countries and manufactured into veneer by mills in easy reach of important
markets. In Pennsylvania maple was the principal wood consumed, followed
by beech, yellow poplar, basswood, oak, birch, and cherry, in the order
named. Spanish cedar was the only foreign wood.

H 155 7824

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