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QH
81
A44
no. 4

Marine Biological Laaoicitoi,

X, I B H A. R, Y

MAR 2 3 194U

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST

Monograph No. 4

THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST

Monograph Series

EDITORIAL STAFF

John D. Mizelle.. - Zoolog-^

Editor, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.

Edward A. Chapin Enlomolog^

\J. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Albert L. Delisle Plant Morpfwlogy

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.

Carroll Lane Fenton Invertebrate Paleonlologv

404 Livingston Ave., New Brunswick, N. J.

John Hobart Hoskins Paleobotany

University of Cmcmnati, Cmcinnati, Ohio

George Neville Jones Plant Taxunom\)

University of Illinois, Urbana, III.

Remington Kellogg Mammalogy

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Jean Myron Linsdale Ornithology

Hastings Reservation, Monterey, Calif.

George Willard Martin Mvcologv

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Hugh M. Raup Plant Ecology)

Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Mass.

Karl Patterson Sch^'dt Ichlhpology and Herpclology

Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, III.

Harley Jones Van Cleave Invertebrate Zoology

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST

Monograph No. 4

Edited by John D. Mizelle

Published by the University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana

Woody Plants of the Western National Parks

Containing keys for the identification
of trees and shrubs

VIRGINIA LONG BAILEY

Instructor, Department of Biology,
Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan,

zlL IBRARY

and

HAROLD EDWARDS BAILEY

Assistant Professor of Botany,

College of Pharmacy,

Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan

-J

The University Press

Notre Dame, Ind.

February, 1949

The American Midland Naturalist

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Regions _ 2

Pacific Slope Region 2

Olympic National Park 3

Mount Rainier National Park 4

Crater Lake National Park 5

Lassen Volcanic National Park 6

Yosemite National Park 7

Kings Canyon National Park 8

Sequoia National Park 8

Rocky Mountain Region 9

Glacier National Park 9

Yellowstone National Park 10

Grand Teton National Park 1 1

Rocky Mountain National Park 12

Southwest Region 13

Mesa Verde National Park 13

Bryce Canyon National Park 14

Zion National Park 15

Grand Canyon National Park 15

Great Lakes Region 17

Isle Royale National Park 17

Field guide to the trees 18

Field guide to the shrubs 24

Yew family (Taxaceae) 29

Cypress family (Cupressaceae) — 30

Ephedra family (Gnetaceae) 32

Lily family (Liliaceae) 34

Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) 37

Willow family (Salicaceae) 37

Birch family (Betulaceae) 55

Oak family (Fagaceae) 6!

Sweet-gale family (Myricaceae) 66

Elm family (Ulmaceae) 67

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) 68

Barberry family (Berberidaceae) 70

Pigweed family (Chenopodiaceae) 75

Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) 77

62812

Sweetshrub family (Calycanthaceae) 79

Poppy family (Papaveraceae) 80

Hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae) 81

Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae) 84

Rose family (Rosaceae) 98

Pea family (Leguminosae) "44

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 150

Caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae) 151

Orange family (Rutaceae) 152

Sumac family (Anacardiaceae) 153

Staff-tree family (Celastraceae) 156

Bladdernut family (Staphyleaceae) 157

Maple family (Aceraceae) - 157

Malpighia family (Malpighiaceae) 161

Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) 161

Grape family (Vitaceae) 171

Sterculia family (Sterculiaceae) 173

Tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae) 174

Ginseng family (Araliaceae) - 174

Oleaster family (Eleagnaceae) 175

Silklassel family (Garryaceae) 177

Dogwood family (Cornac^ae) — - 178

Heath family (Ericaceae) - - - 180

Crovvberry family (Empetraceae) 204

Olive family (Oleaceae) - 204

Phacelia family (Hydrophyllaceae) -.... 206

Verbena family (Verbenaceae) 207

Mint family (Menthaceae) 208

Nightshade family (Solanaccae) 208

Figwort family Scrophulariaceae) 210

Catalpa family (Bignoniaceae) 213

Madder family (Rubiaceae) 213

Honeysuckle family (Capnfoliaceae) 214

Sunflower family (Compositae) 228

Bibliography - 256

Index 259

Woody Plants of the Western National Parks

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Woody Plants of the Western National Parks

Introduction

To many people the national parks and other recreational areas are centers
of botanical interest and they will become increasingly so as more is learned
about the floras. In travelling from one area to another similarities and dif-
ferences in the vegetation are noted. Many of the sixteen national parks
discussed here have bulletins dealing with the plants of the particular areas,
but no single guide has been available for use in all. Located as they are
in different parts of the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, Colorado
Plateau, and in the Lake Superior Region, the vegetation is representative of
much larger areas than those outlined by the park boundaries and hence,
this guide should prove useful to those interested in floras of the general
regions as well as the national park areas. There are represented here coastal,
mountainous, desert, lake, and swamp types, species of northern, middle, and
southern latitudes, and of elevations ranging from a few hundred feet to
14,500 feet above sea level. A total of over 560 woody plants are listed for
these national parks, the areas of which total roughly 11,600 square miles.

The report is based on field observations and plant collections made
during a vegetation survey carried on under the direction of the Division of
Forestry of the United States National Park Service. Several weeks to several
months were spent by the authors in most of these areas either in connection
with the survey or while engaged in research and education work. In this
part only the shrubs are considered in detail, the section on trees having
been previously published. ^ However, in order to broaden the scope of the
work and thus increase its usefulness, a key to the trees is included.

Since the bulletin will be used by the laymen interested in plants seen
in the national parks, certain technical terms have been avoided and uses of
plants and other items of interest have been often included. Also, in the
interest of the standardization of English as well as Latin names, the nomen-
clature used is, in general, in accordance with that set down by the American
Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. -

We wish to express our appreciation to the many officers and men of the National
Park Service who have so generously cooperated in the promotion of this project.
Special mention should be made of the Division of Forestry under whose supervision
the vegetation surveys were made and for permission to use certain vegetation data.
Acknowledgments are also made to the park naturalists for their cooperation in checking
plant lists for their particular areas. Park floras and other lists which have proved
of great value in the compilation of this work are marked with an asterisk in the
bibliography.

1 Bailey, H. E. and V. L., Forests and Trees of the Western National Parks.
United States Department of the Interior, Conservation Bulletin no. 6. 1941.

2 American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature, Standardized Plant
Names. Second Edition. 1942.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Regions

In comparing the vegetation of the western national parks and Isle Royale
it should be noted that these areas are widely distributed over major physio-
graphic regions of the West, fig. 1.

Pacific Slope Region

Pacific Northwest

Olympic National Park
Mount Rainier National Park

Southern Cascades

Crater Lake National Park
Lassen Volcanic National Park

Sierra Nevada

Yosemite National Park
Kings Canyon National Park
Sequoia National Park

Rocky Mountain Region
Northern Province

Glacier National Park

M.ddle Province

Yellowstone National Park
Grand Teton National Park

Southern Province

Rocky Mountain National Park

Southwest Region

Mesa Verde National Park
Bryce Canyon National Park
Zion National Park
Grand Canyon National Park

Great Lakes Region

Isle Royale National Park

Pacific Slope Region

The national parks of the Pacific Slope are located in a portion of the
western chain of mountains which extends from Alaska to Mexico. They
range from Olympic and Mount Rainier National Parks in northern Wash-
ington, through the southern Cascades in which are located Crater Lake
and Lassen National Parks, to Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia Na-
tional Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada. As one follows the crest of the
main mountain range from north to south, it may be observed that elevations
become steadily higher, increasing from 4,000 to 6,000 feet in the north to
10,000 to 14,500 feet in the south. This is exclusive of the volcanic peaks
of the Cascade Range which ascend to much greater heiphts than the crest
of the range. Timberline also becomes increasingly higher as one moves
southward. At Mount Rainier the limit of trees is at about 6,000 feet while
in Sequoia National Park trees are found growing at almost twice that
altitude.

The Pacific Northwest is characterized by exceedingly dense and luxuri-
ant forests exemplified in the two national parks of northwestern Washington,
Olympic and Mount Rainier National Parks. These two areas are only about
100 miles apart airline, the former in the Olympic Mountains near the coast
and Mount Rainier further inland in the Cascade Mountains. The relatively
mild moist climate is due to the direct influence of the moisture-bearing winds
from the Pacific Ocean which tend to modify the temperatures of the areas
surrounding these glacier-covered peaks.

To the south in the southern Cascades, which are separated from th:^ coast

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 3

by the great interior valleys and coastal mountain masses, the rainfall is less
and the climate more severe than in the Pacific Northwest. Hence the forests,
v/hile more dense and luxuriant than those of the Rocky Mountains and South-
west, do not measure up to those of Mount Rainier and Olympic National
Parks. In this section are located Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National
Parks.

Still further south, in the Sierra Nevada range of California, are three
other national park areas, Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia. The dis-
tance airline from the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park to the
southern boundary of Sequoia National Park is approximately one hundred
miles. In between these two and adjoining Sequoia National Park lies Kings
Canyon National Park, which also includes the area formerly designated as
General Grant National Park. All have their eastern boundaries along the
crest of the Sierra Nevada.

Olympic National Park

The Olympic Peninsula, within which is located Olympic National Park,
is bounded on three sides by water. On the side next to the Pacific Ocean
is recorded the highest annual rainfall of any place in the United States, with
as much as 144 inches per year at the northwestern edge of the park. This is
in decided contrast to the 25 inch figure recorded for Port Angeles, where
park headquarters are located. Elevations range from 500 feet elevation on
the coastal side to 7,930 feet at the top of the snow capped Mount Olympus.
Rivers radiating out from all sides of the park are headed by active glaciers
fed by enormous amounts of snowfall which may reach as much as 250 feet
per year.

Dense coastal forests of Douglas fir (Pseudotsnga taxijolia) , western
hemlock {Tsuga heterophylla), western red cedar (Thuja plkata) and Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis) follow the river valleys up into the park on the west
side. Under the heavy canopy there is little undergrowth, but wherever sun-
light can penetrate shrub species may be found. Among these are the shade
loving red whortleberry (Vacciniiim parvifolium) , blue whortleberry (Vac-
cinium ovalijolium) , and salal (Gaultheria shallon). Thick carpets of moss
cover rocks and fallen logs.

On the other sides of the park, where precipitation is considerably less,
the lower valleys and slopes are also densely covered with Douglas fir, western
hemlock, western red cedar, and silver fir {Abies amabilis) . Bigleaf maple
(Acer macrophyllum) and red alder (Alnus rubra) are common along
streams. Undergrowth is not abundant, but in openings may be found the
red and blue whortleberries, western thimbleberry (Riibus parviflorus) and
rusty menziesia (Menz'esia ferrnginea). Alder and willow are common
particularly along streams.

At higher elevations the western hemlock, western red cedar, and silver
fir are gradually replaced by mountain hemlock (Tsuga Mertcjisiana), Alaska
cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) , and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) . Doug-
las fir continues for some distance into this belt, hut Sitka spruce is limited

4 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

to the lower elevations. As the forest thins out in the upper areas, the
shrubby undercover becomes more important. Common species include
Pacific red elder {Sambiiciis racemosa var. callicarpa), Rocky Mountain
maple {Acer glabrum), rusty menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), western
thimbleberry (Rubiis parviflorus) , big whortleberry {Yaccinium metnbran-
aceum), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) . Brush fields occur where fire
Ol rock slides have cleared the forest but these areas make up only a small
fraction of the vegetated area.

Above 4,500 feet elevation the dominant tree species are alpine fir and
mountain hemlock which form open park-like stands, often as scattered tree
islands dotting open grassland areas. Along with numerous showy-flowered
herbaceous plants, many low sub-alpine shrubs are found in these meadows,
often covering extensive areas. Some of the more common species include
delicious blueberry (Vaccinium deliciosum), red mountainheath (Phyllodoce
empetrijor77iis) , white heather {Cassiope Mertensiana) , subalpine spirea
{Spiraea densiflora) , and various species of willow.

Mount Rainier National Park

Mount Rainier National Park lies on the west side of the Cascade Moun-
tains with the eastern boundary along the crest of the range. The great
volcanic peak for which the park was named, has radiating out from its top
the largest glacier system in the United States proper. The climate is rela-
tively mild and moist with an average yearly rainfall of from 60 to 100
inches. The altitudinal range is from 1,716 feet along the western boundary
to 14,408 feet at the top of Mount Rainier.

Surrounding the peak on all sides is a magnificent forest with Douglas
fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) , western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and
western red cedar (Thuja plicata) the common species up to about 3,000 feet.
In this lowland forest of the Transition Zone there is usually but little
shrubby growth under the shade of the dense forest canopy. Rocks and
fallen logs are often covered with moss and lichens. In openings various
shrubby species may be found, including red whortleberry (Vaccinium parvi-
jolium), blue whortleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium) , salal (Gaultheria shal-
lon), blueberry elder (Sambucus coerulea), several species of currant (Ribes),
vine maple (Acer circinatum), and western yew (Taxus brevifolia) . The
broadleaf trees, red alder (Alnus rubra), black cottonwood (Populus tricho-
carpa), and bigleaf maple (Acer macro phy Hum) are occasionally found
along streams with various willows and occasionally red-osier dogwood
(Cornus stolonijera) .

As we proceed higher the Transition forest species are gradually replaced
by more open stands of mountain hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana), Alaska
cedar (Chamaecy parts nootkatensis) , noble fir (Abies nobilis), silver fir
(Abies amabilis), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) . In the upper
part of this zone alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) becomes the dominant fir
species. Characteristic shrub species include big whortleberry (Vaccinium
membranaceum) , Pacific red elder (Sambucus racemosa). Rocky Mountain

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 5

maple (Acer glabrum), vine maple, rusty menziesia {Menz'iesia ferruginea),
western thimbleberry (Ruhus parviflortis), and several species of gooseberry
and currant (Ribes) .

As in Olympic National Park, there are few brush-covered areas and
these occur in openings caused by fire or snow-slides. Shrub species charac-
teristic of these cleared areas are western thimbleberry, trailing blackberry
(Rubus macropetalus), and myrtle pachistima {Pachistima myrsmites). Sitka
alder {Alnus simiata) and shrubby willows are common along streams.

At about 5,000 feet the forest opens out into beautiful park-like meadows
with scattered clumps of trees, chiefly alpine fir and mountain hemlock.
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is common along the ridges. Common
ground cover plants include such shrubby species as red mountainheath
(Phyllodoce empetujormis), white heather (Cassiope Mertensiana), the
dwarf delicious blueberry (Vaccinium deliciosum), low willows, and nu-
merous colorful herbaceous species.

Some of these species extend up into the Arctic-alpine Zone above the
limit of trees. Other plants of this zone include the tiny alpine willows
(Salix cascadensis and S. tiivalis) and many species of mosses, grasses, and
sedges. While plant growth is not abundant above 7,000 feet, a few dwarfed
individuals are found in sheltered places up as far as 10,000 feet on Mount
Rainier.

Crater Lake National Park

Crater Lake National Park is centered around Crater Lake, a deep blue
body of water approximately six miles in diameter lying in an old volcanic
crater. The precipitous surrounding walls rise from 600 to 2,000 feet above
the level of the water. From Mt. Scott, 8,938 feet, the highest point in
the park, the terrain descends to about 3,800 feet in the lower valleys.

The forests of the lower elevations, up to about 5,500 feet, are composed
of douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) along with ponderosa pine (Pmus
ponderosa) , white fir (Abies concolor), incense cedar (Libocedms deairrens),
and sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana) . The last three species named reach
their northern limits here, as far as the national parks are concerned. They
are characteristic forest trees in the Sierra Nevada of California. Common
shrubby species include greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patida) , western
thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) , Pacific serviceberry (Amelanchier florida) ,
snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutmus), and bitter cherry (Prunus
emarginata). Thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia) forms thickets along the
lower streams. Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) is found on the east side
of the Cascade Crest. Broadleaf trees such as aspen (Poptdus tremuloides)
and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) may be found but they are
not common.

In the southwest corner of the park, where the elevation drops to 3,800
feet in Redblanket Canyon, there is a small area where species more charac-
teristic of the lower coastal regions are found. Species found here but not
elsewhere in the park include western hemlock (Tsuga heteropbylla), western

6 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

yew (Taxus brevijolta) , bigleaf maple {Acer macro phy Hum), Pacific dog-
wood (Cornus Nuttalli), madrone (Arbutus Menziesi), California hazel

(Corylus rostrata var. calif omica) , redflowering currant (Ribes sangumeum) ,
and trailing blackberry (Rubus macropetalus) .

Above the lower belt lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and western white
pine (Pinus monticola) gradually become dominant. Pinemat manzanita

(Arctostaphylos nevadensis) is a common species forming a shrubby ground
cover over considerable areas.

Forests surrounding the crater rim, down to about 6,000 feet, are com-
posed primarily of mountain hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) and Shasta red
fir {Abies magnifica var. shastensis) with whitebark pine {Pinus albicauUs)
occurring on exposed ridges. Shrubby species common in this forest belt are
Crater Lake currant {Rtbes erythrocarpum) , Pacific red elder {Sambucus
racemosa), Rocky Mountain maple {Acer glabrum), subalpine spiraea
{Spiraea densiflora), low species of Vaccinium, rockspiraea {Holodiscus) ,
and pinemat manzanita {Arctostaphylos nevadensis). Sitka alder {Alnus
sinuata) replaces thinleaf alder of the lower elevations along streams and
shrubby willows are common.

In only a few places, as along Grayback Ridge and on the open slopes
above Sun Creek Valley, do shrub types cover extensive areas. Greenleaf
manzanita and snowbrush are common in these areas.

Lassen Volcanic National Park

Lassen Volcanic National Park includes the region surrounding Lassen
Peak from its top at 10,453 feet down to about 5,100 feet elevation. Mount
Lassen is the southernmost of a series of volcanic cones extending along the
Cascade Mountains and is the only recently active volcano in the continental
United States. Although there are magnificent forests clothing the lower
sides of the peak, most of the higher country is a barren waste due to rela-
tively recent volcanic eruptions.

The forest, up to about 7,500 feet, is mainly in the Canadian Life Zone
with Jeffrey pine {Pinus Jejfreyi), white fir {Abies concolor), and western
white pine {Pinus monticola) the dominant species in the lower part of the
zone and California red fir {Abies inagnifica) replacing the white fir in the
upper part. Lodgepole pine {Pinus contorta) is the common species east
of the Cascade Crest.

In the forest openings and on open hillsides many shrub species are com-
mon. The chaparral type composes about one tenth of the vegetation cover
of the park with greenleaf manzanita {Arctostaphylos patula) and snow-
brush ceanothus {Ceanothus velutinus) as the common species. Other com-
mon shrubs are currants and gooseberries {Ribes sp.), serviceberry {Amelan-
chier aln folia), bitter cherry {Prunus emarginata), squaw carpet ceanothus
{Ceanothus prostratus) , huckleberry oak {Quercus vaccinifolia) , and Califor-
nia chinquapin {Castanopsis sempervircns) . Streams are lined with thickets
of shrubby willow and alder {Alnus tenuifolia) . Broadleaf trees do not

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 7

cover any extensive areas, but aspen {Popiilus tremulo.des) may be found
along the lower water courses.

The upper forests of the Hudsonian Life Zone are characterized by fine
stands of mountain hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) with whitebark pine {Pmus
albicaidis) following the ridges up to nearly 10,000 feet. Characteristic shrub
species are pinemat manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevadensis) , subalpine spiraea
{Spiraea densiflora) , and others.

YosEMiTE National Park

Yosemite National Park, one of the best known of our national parks,
is famous for its steep-walled glacier-carved Yosemite Valley. Elevations
range from about 13,100 feet on the Sierra Nevada Crest to 2.000 feet at
EI Portal, the Merced Valley entrance. Precipitation averages 33 inches
yearly in the Yosemite Valley at about 4,000 feet elevation.

Because of the great range in elevation, the vegetation cover is quite
varied and often complex. Along the western boundary is the lower foothill
area covered for the most part with grassland and scattered oak trees, the
principal species being interior live oak (Qiierciis Wisl.::eni) and canyon live
cak {Quercus chrysolepis) . Occasional trees of digger pine {Pmus sabiniana)
may be seen in this vegetation belt. Other associates are California buckeye
(Aesculus calijornica), buckbrush ceanothus (Ceanothiis ciineatus) , yerba
santa (Enodictyon caltfornicum) , and Mariposa manzanita {Arctostaphylos
mariposa) .

Above the foothill area is a forest belt in which ponderosa pme {Pmus
ponderosa), sugar pine {Pmus Lambertiana) , white fir {Abies concolor), and
incense cedar {Libocedrus decurrens) are the common tree species, extending
up to about 6,500 feet. California black oak {Q^uercus Kelloggi) is common
in the valleys. Common shrubby species include greenleaf manzanita
{Arctostaphylos patula), California chinquapin {Castanopsis sempervirens) ,
deerbrush ceanothus {Ceanothus integerr.mus) , and western thimbleberry
{Rubus parviflorus) . The groves of bigtree {Sequoia gigantea) are restricted
to this forest belt.

In the upper part of this area the forest becomes predominantly Jeffrey
pine {Pmus Jeffreyi) and California red fir {Abies magnifica) and these
remain dominant up to about 9,000 feet or higher. Mountain whitethorn
ceanothus {Ceanothus cordulatus) and huckleberry oak {Quercus vaccmifolia)
become important shrubby species in this belt. Pinemat manzanita {Arcto-
staphylos nevadensis) and wax currant {Ribes cereum) are also common.
Much of the forest on the eastern part of the park is composed of lodgepole
pine {Pmus contorta) which may occur in pure stands or mixed with moun-
tain hemlock {Tsuga Mertensiana) . On ridges and barren granite slopes
whitebark pine {Pinus albicaidis) and Sierra juniper {Juniperus occidental.s)
are characteristic associates. Shrubby plants found at the higher elevations,
up to timberline and above include low willows {Salix), bush cinquefoil
{Potentilla fruticosa) , white heather {Cassiope Mertensiana), and f3rewer
mountainheath {Phyllodoce Brewen).

8 American Midland, Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Kings Canyon National Park

The Kings Canyon National Park is one of the newest of our western
national parks. It lies immediately to the north of Sequoia National Park,
the Kings-Kern Divide forming a common boundary between the two. Ele-
vations range from about 4,600 feet at the Kings Canyon entrance to 13,000
feet along the Sierra Crest. Drainage is mostly by way of the Kings River,
but a small section of the northern part drains into the South Fork of the
San Joaquin River.

Detailed information concerning the forests of the Kings Canyon National
Park is limited since no extensive botanical work has been done covering the
whole area, but the flora is comparable in most respects to that of Sequoia
National Park. Entering the park along the South Fork of the Kings River,
one comes into the spectacular steep-walled Kings Canyon, in many ways
similar to the Yosemite Valley. The forest is composed primarily of white
fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus
Lambertiana) , and incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). Along streams
may be found bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) , white alder (Alnus
rhombifolia) , black cottonwood (Populus trkhocarpa) , and willows (Salix
sp.). Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and California black oak
(Quercus Kelloggi) occur on the drier hillsides. Several bigtree groves
[Sequoia gigantea) , including the General Grant Grove, are located in this
forest belt. Shrubby associates include mountain whitethorn ceanothus
(Ceanotbus cordulatus) , deerbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus integerrimus) , and
western thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) .

Above 7,000 feet the white fir and ponderosa pine are replaced by Shasta
red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus Jejfreyi),
while incense cedar and sugar pine gradually disappear and western white pine
(Pinus monticola) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) become common.
Some of the shrub species seen here are greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos
patula), Yosemite buckthorn (Rhamnus rubra var. yosemitana) , Sierra cur-
rant (Ribes nevadense), gooseberry currant (Rtbes montigenum), Sierra
gooseberry (Ribes Roezli), and Pacific mountain ash (Sorbus sitchensis) .

At the higher elevations in certain localities are found foxtail pine (Pinus
Baljouriana) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) . Whitebark pine
(Pmus albicaulis) is common at and just below timberline. Aspen (Populus
tremuloides) and several species of willow occur along the borders of the upper
meadows. Rocky mountain maple (Acer glabrum), subalpine spiraea (Spi-
raea densiflora) , and wax currant (Ribes cereum) are also found. Such
species as Brewer mountainheath (Phyllodoce Breweri) , Labrador tea (Ledum
glandulosum), and low alpine willows are found in the meadows above
timberline.

Sequoia National Park

. Sequoia National Park is located in the southern part of the Sierra
Nevada. The area ranges in elevation from about 1,500 feet along the
western boundary near Ash Mountain to 14,501 feet at the top of Mount

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 9

Whitney on the Sierra Crest. Although the highest point in the United
States proper, Mount Whitney is not a spectacular peak because it is only
one of many points along the top of the already high mountain range. Pre-
cipitation along the lower borders averages 21 inches annually, while at Giant
Forest at 6,360 feet elevation, 38 inches is recorded.

The lower foothill area is for the most part grass-covered with scattered
trees and shrubs, principally interior live oak (iluercus W.sUzent), canyon
live oak [Qiiercus chrysolepis) , and occasionally California blue oak {^Q_iiercus
Douglasi) . Among the shrub species are birchleaf mountain mahogany (Cer-
cocarpus betulotdes) , buckbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus) , yerba santa
(Ertodictyoyi califormcum) , Kaweah oak (Qiiercus Garryana var. Breweri),
and greasewood chamise (Adeyjostoma fasciculatum) . The latter often forms
pure dense stands in burned-over areas.

Above this type is the main forest belt in which ponderosa pine {Ptnus
ponderosa) , white fir {Abies concolor), sugar pine (Piniis Lambertiana) , and
incense cedar {Libocedrus deciirrens) are common at the lower elevations and
Jeffrey pine {Pinus Jeffrey!) and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shas-
tensis) is common above. Located also in this forest belt, mostly at eleva-
tions between 6,000 and 7,000 feet are some thirty bigtree groves, of which
Giant Forest is the largest. White fir and sugar pine are characteristic asso-
ciates of the bigtree. Common shrub species are greenleaf manzanita (Arcto-
staphyloa pattila) , mountain whitethorn ceanothus (Ceanothus cordulatus),
California chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens) , California fremontia (Fre-
montia calif ornica) , western thimbleberry (Rubus parvifloriis) , and willows.

At the higher elevations and on the east side of the park in Kern Canyon,
the dominant forest species are foxtail pine (Finns Balfouriana) , lodgepole
pine (Pmus contorta) , and Shasta red fir. Along the walls of Kern Canyon
western juniper (Juniperus occidentale) is found, commonly in association
with curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifol.us) . Kern ceanothus
(Ceanothus pinetorum) is a common shrub of this area.

Above timberline, at around 11,000 to 12,000 feet, many showy alpine
species are found. Among the shrubby species are the low tufted skyland
willow (Salix petrophila var. caespitosa) , and Brewer mountainheath (Phyl-
lodoce Breweri) .

Rocky Mountain Region
The Rocky Mountain Region may be divided into three provinces as
follows: the Northern Province in which Glacier National Park is located,
the Middle Province with Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks,
and the Southern Province in which Rocky Mountain National Park is found.
The Continental Divide runs through the region, passing through each except
Grand Teton National Park, which lies a little to the southwest.

Glacier National Park
Glacier National Park is located in northwestern part of Montana, its
northern boundary lying along the Canadian border. Elevations range from

10 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

about 3,100 feet at Belton on the southwest to 10,438 feet at the top of Mt.
Cleveland. Rainfall averages 27 inches at lower elevations on the west side
but is slightly less on the east side of the Continental Divide, the yearly
rainfall being recorded as 22 inches at Glacier Park Station.

The vegetation cover is interesting and varied. Forests on the east side
of the Divide are typical of those of the Rocky Mountain region in general,
while in some areas on the west side they are more characteristic of the
Pacific Northwest.

In the lower valleys on the west side of the park, such as in McDonald
Valley, there are found species similar to those in the lowland forests of
Mount Rainier and Olympic National Parks, such as western red cedar
{Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) , and occasionally
lowland white fir (Abies gratidis) . Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxijolia) ,
western larch (Larix occdentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and
Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni) are common associates.

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) covers extensive areas, forming dense
stands at low and middle elevations over much of the park, or in association
with alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce. Shrub species
found commonly in openings in the lower forests up to about 4,500 feet or
sometimes higher, include the following: serviceberry (Amelanch.er alnifolia),
western thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) , red raspberry (Rubus idaeus var.
aculeatissimus) , common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), shinyleaf spi-
raea (Spiraea lucida) , big whortleberry (Vacc.nium membranaceum) , west-
ern yew (Taxus brevijolia) , creeping hollygrape (Berberis repens), bearberry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), red-osier dogwood (Corniis stolonifera) , bunch-
berry dogwood (Corniis canadensis), mountain maple (Acer glabrum), wild
tose (Rosa species), black chokecherry (Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa),
prickly currant (Ribes lacustre), and creambush rockspiraea (Holodiscus dis-
color) .

At higher elevations, up to about 6,000 feet, in addition to many of the
above-mentioned species which extend into the higher zone, common shrubs
are bearberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata) , Utah honeysuckle (Loni-
cera utahensis) , rusty menziesia (Menziesia jerruginea) , subalpine spiraea
(Spiraea densiflora), mountain ash (Sorbus scopulina), and black bead
elder (Sambucus melanocarpa) .

Subalpine meadows are dotted with islands of alpine fir and Engelmann
spruce. Whitebark pine is common just below timberline on both sides of
the Divide, and Alpine larch (Larix Lyall.) is found in some places. Shrubby
species occurring here and in alpine meadows include red mountainheath
(Phyllodoce empetriformis) , mountain bog kalmia (Kalmia polifola var.
microphylla) , and low alpine willows.

Yellowstone National Park

■ '''cl'owstonc National Park in northwestern Wyoming is essentially a
high plateau which lies mostly between 7,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, al-
though the terrain descends to 5,400 feet in the lower valleys. From the

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 11

top of this tableland mountain ranges rise 2,000 to 4,000 feet higher, the
highest point in the park being Electric Peak, 11,000 feet. Average yearly
rainfall is about 17 inches at Yellowstone Park station at 6,500 feet and 22
inches at Yellowstone Lake which is over a thousand feet higher in elevation.

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) makes up nearly three-fourths of the
forest cover. At the lower elevations this forest is so dense that there is
scarcely any undergrowth. Above this belt alpine fir {Abies lasiocarpa) and
Engelmann spruce {Picea Engelmanni) become dominant, but lodgepole pine
extends also up to timberline. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxtfolia) occurs
in several locations.

The fir-spruce forests are more open and allow for the growth of a number
of shrubby species, including the following: rusty menziesia {Menztesia jer-
Tuginea), mountain common juniper (Jiiniperus communis var. saxatihs),
bush cinquefoil (Poteritilla fruticosa), wild currants and gooseberries {Ribes
species), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) , mountain ash {Sorbiis sco-
pulina), western thimbleberry (Rubtis parvlflorus) , black chokecherry (Prunus
vtrginiana var. melanocarpa) , Rocky Mountain maple {Acer glabrum), bear-
berry {Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), big whortleberry {Vaccinnon membrana-
ceum), and wild rose {Rosa species).

Along streams thinleaf alder {Alnus temitfolia) and willows are com-
mon, often forming thickets. Broadleaf trees found along streams and lake
shores or in other moist locations include aspen {Populus tremuloides),
balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera) , and narrowleaf Cottonwood {Populus
angustifolia) . The aspen forms small pure groves in some places.

An area in the southern part of the park at elevations below 7,500 feet
has several species characteristic of the desert areas of the Great Basin, such
as big sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata) , greasewood {Sarcobatus vermicu-
latus) , and prickly pear cactus {Opuntia polycantha) .

Just beiow timberline the spruce-fir forests open out into wide expanses
of sub-alpine meadows with clumps of dwarf trees dotting the grasslands up
to the limit of trees at about 10,000 feet. Besides numerous herbaceous
species found in the alpine meadows, there are a number of dwarf alpine
shrubs such as Mount Washington dryad {Dryas octopetala), skyland willow
{Salix petrophila), mountain bog kalmia {Kalmia polifolia var. mtcropbylla) ,
and red mountainheath {Phyllodoce empetriforrnis) .

Grand Teton National Park

Grand Teton National Park, located along the eastern face of the Teton
Mountain Range, lies only a relatively few miles south of Yellowstone Na-
tional Park and extends for a length of 27 miles. Cut into the face of this
range are many spectacular glaciated canyons separated by ridges and peaks.
Drainage is into the Snake River which flows south through the Jackson Hole
country and thence to the Pacific Ocean. The Grand Teton, the highest
point in the park, 13,766 feet, rises 7,000 feet above the floor of the Jackson
Hole basin. Yearly rainfall averages 22 inches at Moran, the north entrance.

The forests are very similar to those of Yellowstone National Park. Lodge-

12 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

pole pine {Pinus contorta) is common on the flats and moraines up to about
8,000 feet with very little undergrowth. Extensive areas are covered with
alpine fir {Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni) ,
which extend up to timberline. Whitebark pine (Pmus albicaults) is often
an associate, especially in the upper part of the range. Douglas fir (Pseudot-
sugd taxijolia) occurs in many places, generally in association with alpine
fir and Engelmann spruce, or sometimes in open stands on rocky southern
exposures.

Shrub species characteristic of the fir and spruce forests are very similar
to those found in Yellowstone National Park. Among them may be listed
myrtle pachistima (Pachistima myr smites), rusty menziesia (Menziesia fer-
ruginea) , creeping hollygrape (Mahonia repens) , bearberry honeysuckle
{Lonicera involucrata) , russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), service-
berry (Ainelanchier alntfolia), mountain ash {Sorbus scopulina), and wild
currants and gooseberries (Ribes species). In forest openings and on open
slopes are found western thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) , snowbrush ceano-
thus (Ceanothus velutinus), black chokecherry {Primus virginiana var. mel-
anocarpa), and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata and var. arbuscida) . Several
species of Salix are common along streams in valley bottoms and thinleaf
alder (Alnus tenuifolia) on moist hillsides.

Aspen (Popidus tremuloides) is abundant at the lower elevations, often
forming pure stands in moist locations. Higher up on dry open slopes it
is also common, sometimes forming dense thickets. Here, however, it tends
to become dwarfed and shrubby. Narrowleaf cottonwood {Popidus angusti-
folia) is found occasionally along the eastern boundary and balsam poplar
{Populus balsamifera) occurs in a few localities.

The trees at high elevations become much dwarfed and scattered, some-
times forming mats or carpets on exposed ridges at timberline. In these
subalpine areas characteristic shrub species are subalpine spiraea {Spiraea
densiflora), Rocky Mountain whortleberry {Vaccinium oreophilum) , and
shrubby willows. Numerous herbaceous species are found here as well as in
the alpine meadows above timberline. Low alpine shrubby plants include
red mountainheath {Phyllodoce empetrijorryiis), skyland willow {Salix petro-
phila), mountain bog Kalmia {Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla), and
Mount Washington dryad {Dryas octopetala) .

Rocky Mountain National Park

Rocky Mountain National Park in north central Colorado is located in
the southern province of the Rocky Mountain Region. The park lies along
the Continental Divide at relatively high elevations, from about 7,600 feet
at the east entrance to 14,255 feet at the top of Long's Peak. Yearly rainfall
averages 19 inches at Estes Park on the east side and 16 inches at Grand
Lake at about 8,300 feet on the west side. A fine motor highway crosses the
Continental Divide at an elevation of over 12,000 feet which affords the
traveller an opportunity to observe without undue effort the changes in vege-
tation in passing through several different Life Zones.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 13

Lodgepole pine {P'lnus contorta) forms extensive forests at the lower
elevations with ponderosa pine {Pmus ponderosa) occurring in the valleys.
Wax currant {Ribes cereum) is a common shrub in this forest while the dry
open slopes favor such species as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), bitter-
brush (Pursbia tridentata), and Parry rabbitbrush {Chrysothamnus Parryi) .
Engelmann spruce {Picea Engelmanni) and alpine fir {Abies lasiocarpa)
predominate in the zone above and on up to timberline. Douglas fir (Pseudo-
isuga taxifo[:a) is found in scattered patches throughout these types and limber
pine {Pmus flexilis) is widespread, though not abundant. The only common
broadleaf tree is aspen {Popiilus tre>nuloid''s), which occurs mainly in the
zone above the ponderosa pine. Shrubby willows {Salix species) are abundant
along streams and in moist valley bottoms.

Shrubs which may be found in the spruce-forest belt include Rocky Moun-
tain maple {Acer glabrum) , creeping hoUygrape {Berberis repens), grouse
whortleberry {Vacciniitm scoparium). Rocky Mountain whortleberry {Vac-
ciniiim oreophilum), and snowberry {Symphoricarpos albus) . Commonly
found in rocky canyons or openings in the forest are such species as cliffbush
{Janiesia americana), bush rockspiraea {Holodiscus discolor var. dumosa),
and boulder raspberry {Rubus deliciosus), and in the open upper part of
the forest, mountain common juniper {Junipems communis var. saxatilis),
and snowbrush ceanothus {Ceanothus velutinus) .

Extensive areas of the park are covered with alpine meadows above the
limit of trees. These are characterized by wide expanses of grasslands dotted
with clumps of low willows and bog birch {Betula glandulosa) . In addition
to numerous showy-flowered herbs many depressed flowering shrubs are
found, including bush cinquefoil {Potentilla fruticosa) , Mount Washington
dryad {Dryas octopetala), mountain bog Kalmia {Kalmia polifolia var. micro-
phylla), and skyland willow {Salix petrophila) .

Southwest Region

The area designated as the Southwest Region is an extensive high plateau
drained by the Colorado River and commonly known as the Colorado Plateau.
Variously colored cliffs and canyons carved in soft sedimentary sandstones,
limestones, and. shales give a distinctive character to this country in which are
located four of our western national parks.

Mesa Verde National Park

Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado lies on a high
mesa which rises abruptly 2,000 feet above the valley on the north and slopes
gradually southward. Park Point, the highest point in the park at an eleva-
tion of 8,575 feet, is at the top of the steep escarpment forming the northern
boundary and overlooking the valley. Several streams arising at the northern
end cut this tilting tableland into nearly parallel ridges and valleys which
reach a depth of 1,000 to 2,000 feet along the southern boundary. Many
ruins of Pueblo cliff dwellings are found in the nearly perpendicular canyon
walls.

14 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

The ridge tops along the southern half of the plateau are covered for
the most part with luxuriant stands of almost pure pinon-juniper forest. The
species are Pmus edulis and Juniperus utahensis. Shrubby associates in this
forest on the plateau and extending down onto the upper canyon walls in-
clude such species as mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), cliffrose
{Cowania Stansburiana), fendlera (Fendlera rupicola), Spanish bayonet
(Yucca baccaia), Gambel oak (Quercus Gambeli), and serviceberry (Amelan-
chier utahensis) .

The northern end of the plateau has a vegetation cover consisting of
almost pure thickets of Rocky Mountain white oak (Quercus utahensis) and
Gambel oak (Quercus Gambeli), interrupted now and then by patches of
grassland or sagebrush. In these open areas big sagebrush (Artemisia tri-
dentata), other species of Artemisia, and species of rabbitbrush (Chryso-
thamus) are common along with herbaceous plants.

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxijolia) occurs in a few places in protected
spots, particularly at the northern end of the park and ponderosa pine,
although comparatively rare, is found in a few spots. Such xerophytic species
as greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) , shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia),
fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), and Nuttall saltbush (A. Nuttalli)
are characteristic of the lower canyon bottoms and the escarpment face at the
northern end of the park.

Bryce Canyon National Park

Bryce Canyon National Park consists principally of a series of amphi-
theaters formed in the cliff wall where the Paunsaugunt Plateau breaks off
into the Paria Valley to the east. Bryce Canyon is the name given to one
of the larger of these amphitheaters. A unique type of erosion of the red
and white sandstone has resulted in a series of very ornate and fantastic forma-
tions which can support practically no plant growth. In the hot dry amphi-
theater canyons, which descend to elevations of 1,000 feet below the plateau,
the vegetation cover consists mainly of a thin stunted growth of piiion (P.nus
edulis), Utah juniper (Juniperus utahensis), and desert types of shrubs.

On the north end of the plateau, which ranges in elevation from about
7,600 to 9,000 feet and with an average annual rainfall of about 14 inches,
the forest cover is composed almost etirely of ponderosa pine (Pinus pon-
derosa). Around park headquarters at about 8,000 feet the pine is mixed
with white fir (Abies concolor) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) .
These gradually replace it until at Rainbow Point (9,091 feet) none is found.
Bristlecone pine (P.nus aristata) occurs also at Rainbow Point as well as in
several places just below the edge of the plateau. Shrubby undergrowth is
not abundant in the forests of the plateau but a number of species are found
in openings or along the edge of the rims. Characteristic among these are
greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), mountain mahogany (Cerco-
carpus montanus and C. ledifolius) , bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) , smooth
rockspirea (Holodiscus discolor var. glabrescens) , Martin ceanothus (Ceano-
thus Martini), Gambel oak (Quercus Gambeli), and big sagebrush (Arte-
misia tridentata) .

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 15

ZioN National Park

Zion National Park includes a considerable area surrounding Zion Canyon
which has been cut by the Virgin River into the Markagunt Plateau in south-
western Utah. Elevations range from about 3,700 feet in the valley to about
7,800 feet on the plateau. Precipitation averages about 15 inches annually
at the lower elevations.

The canyon is marked by massive sandstone walls, either barren or with
a very sparse vegetation cover. Species characteristic of the hot dry talus
slopes are scrubby pinons, including both singleleaf pirions (Pinus mono-
phylla) and the two-needle pirion {Pinus edulis), Utah juniper (Juniperus
lUahensis), and a numiber of scraggly shrubs. Among these may be found
scrub oak {Quercus undidata) , mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) , western locust
{Robinia luxiiriaTis) , mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), narrow-
leaf yucca (Yucca angiistissima) , Spanish bayonet (Yucca baccata), skunk-
bush sumac (Rhus tnlobata) , and rubber rabbitbrush (C. naus^osus var.
graveolens) . Also common on dry flats or slopes or along the roadsides are
such species as cliffrose (Cowania Stansbunana) , bitterbrush (Purshia tr't-
dentata) , serviceberry (Aynelanchier alnifoHa and A. Covillei), Apacheplume
(Fallugia paradoxa), and Gambel oak (Quercus Gambeli), particularly on
north-facing slopes. On some of the lower dry washes, such as Coalpits Wash,
may be found such desert species as cottonthorn (Tetradymia spinosa), pale
desert-thorn (Lycium pallidum), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramostsstina) , four-
wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), snakeweed (Gutierrez'a sarothrae), and
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus) .

The valley floors, wherever there are permanent streams, are lined with
broadleaf trees such as Fremont cottonwood (Popidus Frenionti), willows
(Salix laevigata and S. Gooddingt), boxelder (Acer negundo var. interior),
desert ash (Fraxinus veluiina var. coriacea) , and thickets of sandbar willow
(Salix exigua) . Around springs on the slopes bigtooth maple (Acer grandi-
dentatujn) is common along with desert ash and boxelder.

On the plateaus ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the dominant tree
over the higher parts to the north and east. Piiion-juniper is also common
in certain areas where Rocky Mountain red cedar (Juniperus scopulorum)
occurs along with Utah juniper and piiion. In openings in the forest may
be found shrubby species such as thickets of Rocky Mountain white oak
(Q^uercus utahensis) or Gambei oak (Quercus Gambeli), serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnijolia), snowberry (Symphoricarpos rotundifolius) , blue-
berry elder (Sambucus coerulea) , greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pat-
ula), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) , big sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata) , and species of currant (Ribes) .

Grand Canyon National Park

Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona includes within
its boundaries a section of the Colorado River 105 miles long together with
a pKjrtion of the Kaibab Plateau on the north and a section of the Coconino
Plateau on the south. The wide chasm, formed by weathering of the walls

16 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

of the channel as the Colorado River cuts its way through layers of sand-
stone, limestone, and shale, is from 4 to 18 miles across and over a mile
deep. Precipitation varies with the elevation as does the vegetation cover.
The yearly average on the North Rim (8,000 to 9,000 feet) is 27 inches, 17
inches on the South Rim (6,500 to 7,500 feet), and 7 inches in the bottom
of the canyon (1,850 to 2,500 feet).

The forest on the South Rim is predominantly pifion-juniper (Pinus
edulis and Juniperus utahensis) , but there is some ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) to the east and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxijolia) occurs in
shaded places just below the rim. Because the forests are open, shrubby growth
is common and the number of species considerable. A few of the more
characteristic shrubs are cliffbush (Cowania Stansburiana) , Gambel oak
(Quercus Ganibeh), desert serviceberry (Amelanchier Covillei) , Utah service-
berry [Amelanchier utahensis), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus
and C. intricatus), Apacheplume (Fallugia paradoxa) , and big sagebrush
{Artemisia tridentata) . Sagebrush often occurs in association with fourwing
saltbush (Atriplex canescens) , green ephedra (Ephedra viridis), grasses, and
herbaceous plants.

Many of the above-listed species are common also on the canyon walls
below the South Rim and down nearly to the Tonto platform. In addition
there are many others worthy of note, including fendlera (Fendlera rupicola),
snowberry (Symphoricarpos rotundifoiius and vS". longiflorus) , hoptree (Ptelea
Baldwini), singleleaf ash (Fraxinus anomala), mock-orange (Philadelphus
microphyllus) , and Nevada ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis) . Southwestern
fragrant ash (Fraxinus cuspidata var. macropetala) is very showy during the
flowering season along the Bright Angel trail in the redwall limestone forma-
tion. It occurs also in the same formation below the North Rim.

The North Rim forest on the Kaibab Plateau is predominantly ponderosa
pine along with white fir (Abies concolor) and Colorado blue spruce (Picea
pun gen s) . Aspen is also very common, occurring either in pure groves or
intermingled with the conifers. Characteristic shrubs found in openings or
along the edges of the forest are western locust (Robinia luxurians) , moun-
tain common juniper (Juniperus communis var. saxatilis), and greenleaf man-
zanita (Arctostaphylos patula) . CliflFrose is also abundant on some of the
open points near the edge of the rim, such as at Cape Royal and Point
Sublime.

Below the rim in more or less sheltered or shaded canyons may be found
forests of white fir and Douglas fir. Associated with them are often found
redbud (Cercis occidentalis) , bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), Rocky
Mountain maple (Acer glabrto7i) , ceanothus (Ceanothus Martini), New
Mexican raspberry (Rubus deliciosus var. neomexicanus) , and smooth rock-
spiraea (Holodiscus discolor var. glabrescens) .

■ On the Tonto platform may be found a desert type of vegetation, tree-
less except perhaps for a few small broadleaf trees along streams, and for the
most part sparsely covered with low straggly shrubs adapted to withstand
severe drought. A few of the many species include blackbrush (Coleogyne

Bailey a: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 17

ramosissima), ephedra {Ephedra viridis and E. Torreyana), desert almond
(Prunus fasciculata) and mescal (Agave utahensis) . Along the Colorado
River and tributaries there occur such species as seepwillow (Baccharis glu-
titiosa), Emory baccharis (B. Emoryi) , arrow-weed (Pluchea sertcea), and
mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) on the slopes above.

Great Lakes Region

Isle Royale National Park

Isle Royale National Park includes within its boundaries a group of
islands in northwestern Lake Superior near the Canadian border, our only
entirely insular national park. The main island, which is about 45 miles
long and 7 miles wide, has adjacent to it many smaller islands. Although
lying in the Great Lakes Region, the vegetation has some features in common
with the more northern of our western national parks.

The forest cover of Isle Royale is made up principally of balsam (Abies
balsamea) , white spruce (Picea glatica) , and paper birch (Bettda papyrijera)
with mountain ash (Sorhus americana) and pin cherry (Primus pennsyhantca)
often found in the understory. The trees are in very dense stands in the
flats and hollows which lie between the several long ridges running length-
wise of the island, but considerable underbrush is found in openings or at
the edges of the forest. A few of the characteristic shrubby associates are
western thimbleberry (Rubiis parviflorus) , red raspberry (Rubus idaeus var.
aculeatissimus) , alder (Alnus crispa and A. incajia) , several species of service-
berry (Amelanchier), and dogwood (Cornus canadensis and C. stolonifera) .
Above the Lake Superior shore line at the edge of the forest lowbush blue-
berry (Vaccinium angustijoliiim) is common and often bearberry (Arctosta-
phylos iiva-ursi) or mats of the dwarf juniper (Juniperus communis var. de-
pressa) . Jack pine (Pmus Banksiana) is common in places but with very
little undercover. Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is also frequent.

Moose have had a considerable effect upon the shrubby vegetation in the
park. This is particularly evident when one compares records of vegetation
found today on the main island with records of the past.-^

Canada yew (Taxits canadensis) was at one time an important shrub over
a considerable part of the island. Today it can scarcely be found except
on the outlying islands where moose have not been to any great extent.
Beaked filbert or hazelnut (Corylus rostrata) was also at one time more wide-
spread than it is now since it has been overbrowsed by the moose.

Along the ridges red maple (Acer rubrum) is common and patches of red
pine (Pinus resinosa) frequent. At the southeast end of the island along the
flats on top of Greenstone Ridge may be found groves of sugar maple (Acer
saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula lenta) . This is a hardwood forest
type more typical of those further south.

In the bottoms of the depressions between the ridges are found many
3 Brown. C. A., Ferns and Flowering Plants of Isle Royale, Michiaan, pp. 18-20.

1933.

18 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

interior lakes, swamps, or bogs. Thickets of wax myrtle (Myrica gale) are
frequent along the lake shores and the swamps are usually filled with thick,
spongy carpets of sphagnum moss. Characteristic of these bog areas are small
trees of black spruce (Picea Mar. ana), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) ,
and eastern larch (Larix laricina) . A few of the shrubby associates are Lab-
rador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) , bog Kalmia (Kalmia polifolia), downy
andromeda (Andromeda glaucophylla), leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calycu-
lata), and cranberry (Vaccin.um macrocarpon and V. oxycoccus) .

Field Guide to the Trees

I. Trees wth leaves linear or scale-like; fruits woody cones or
sometimes fleshy and berry-like.

A. Trees with linear or needle-like leaves; fruits woody cones. 4 ....Pinaceae.

I. Leaves flattened -linear, borne si'ng/p along ibe stems, the base not
surrounded fcp a sheath.

Cones borne erect on the upper branches; twigs with round smooth scars after the

leaves fall ABIES.

Leaves spreading horizontally on the twigs, at least on lower branches.

Leaves dark green above with two white lines on lower surface, rounded

or often notched at tips; northern species, as to the national parks.

Leaves in two series, the longer spreading in two ranks, the shorter

pointing forwards and overlaying the others; in Pacific

Northwest Silver fir (A. amabilis) .

Leaves about equal in length, spreading opposite each other.

Large trees 80 or more feet high with broad tops; cones gieen;

in the Northwest Lowland while fir (A. grandis).

Slender trees usually less than 50 feet high; cones purplish;

eastern species Balsam fir (A. balsamea).

Leaves dull green above, two white lines above and below, the tips

rounded; found in California parks and the Southwest

White fir (A. concolor).

Leaves curving upwards, thus appearing crowded on upper sides of the
branchlets.

Mature trees with more or less rounded tops ; cones oval to broadly
oblong-cylindric, 4 to 8 inches long.

Cones wi;hout conspicuous bracts protruding from between the cone

scales; in Lassen and Yosemite National Parks

- California red fir (A. magnifica).

Cones with conspicuous tongue-like bracts protruding from between
the cone-scales.

Leaves ridged down the middle on both sides, thus somewhat 4-
sided ; found at Crater Lake, Kings Canyon, and

Sequoia National Parks

Shasta red fir (A. magnifica var. sbastensis).

Leaves flattened and grooved down the middle on the upper side;

occurs at Mount Rainier Noble fir (A. nobilis).

4 California nutmeg {Torreya calif arnica) , a tree belonging to the yew family with
linear leaves and fleshy fruits, occurs occasionally in some California parks.

Bailby & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 19

Slender trees with spire-Iike tops; cones oblong-cylindric, 2'/2 ^o 4 inches

long; in Northwest and Rocky Mountain parks

Alpine fir {A. lasiocarpa).

Cones spreading or hanging downwards; twigs rough after leaves fall (except
Douglas fir).

Leaves prickly-pointed, the foliage often harsh PICEA.

Young branchlets smooth.

Cone-scales mostly angular and somewhat gnawed at the tips; western
species.
Leaves flattish in cross-section; occurs in coastal forests of the

Northwest Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis) .

Leaves 4-angled in cross-section; in Rocky Mountains and

Southwest Blue spruce {P. pungens).

Cone-scales mostly rounded, the margins not toothed; northern species

found on Isle Royale White spruce (P. glauca).

Young branchlets finely hairy.

Cones oblong-cylindric, the scales rather soft and flexible though

resilient; forest tree found in the western parks

Engelmann spruce (P. Engelmanni).

Cones ovoid, the scales stiff and rigid; northern species found on Isle

Royale Black spruce (P. mariana).

Leaves not prickly-pointed ; foliage soft.

Leaves usually spreading all around the stems; cones with 3-pointed bracts

piotruding from between the cone-scales; tip of tree erect

Douglas fir (Pseudoisiiga laxifolia).

Leaves spreading horizontally to form flat sprays, those on upper side
sometimes shorter; cones without protruding bracts; tip of tree

whip- like, nodding TSUGA.

Leaves flat; cones oval to oblong, ^4 to 1 inch long; lower elevations

Western hemlock (7". heierophxilla) .

Leaves rounded or ridged below; cones oblong-cylindric, I to 3 inches

long; higher elevations Mountain hemlock (7". Meriensiana).

2. Leaves needle-lilj;e, borne in bundles of 2 or more, or if single, then
nii(/i a stale-lilfe shealh ai the base.

a. Needles on peg-like branchlets in cluslers of 15 to 40 ; deciduous

trees lar;x.

Cones oval to oblong, the scales numerous, shorter than the bracts; in Glacier
National Park.

Branchlets smooth or becoming so; leaves triangular in crors-secticn ; trees of

lower elevations Western larch (L. occidenialis).

Branchlets woolly; leaves 4-angled in cross-seclicn ; trees of higher elevations

Alpine larch (L. Lvalli).

Cones somewhat globose, the scales few, longer than the bracts; leaves triangular in

cross-section; on Isle Royale Eastern larch (L. laricina) .

b. Needles in bundles of 1 to 5 ; evergreen trees PINUS.

Needles I to 3 in a bundle.

Needles 1 to 3 inches long, one or 2 in a bundle; cones egg-shaped to some-
what globose, ^4 to 2 inches long.

Needle 1; seeds large; occus in Southwest and Sierra Nevada

Singleleaf pifion (P. monoph\)lla) .

20 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Needles 2.

Cones oval to globose; seeds large; occurs in the Southwest

Pinon (P. edulii).

Cones egg-shaped to globose; seeds small; not found in the South-
west parks.

Needles 1 to 3 inches long; western species

Lodgepole pine (P. contorla).

Needles less than 2 inches long; eastern species

Jack pine (P. Ban}(siana) .

Needles 4 to 12 inches long; cones 2 to 10 inches long.

Cones remaining closed and persistent for many years; rare in Yosemite

National Park Knobone pine (P. altenuata).

Cones opening at maturity and not long persistent.

Trees with trunks branched below; bark dark gray, roughly furrowed;
cones with large seeds; lower elevations in \'osemite Na-
tional Park Digger pine (P. sabiniana).

Trees with one main trunk; bark cinnamon or reddish-brown, broken
into irregular plates; cones with small seeds.

Needles in 3's (or sometimes 2's), 5 to 10 inches long; cones 3
to 10 inches long; western species.

Bark scales sulphur-yellow on under side; cones 3 to 6

inches long; widespread in western parks

Ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa).

Bark scales reddish-brown on under side; ccnes 5 to 10

inches long; in California parks

Jeffrey pine (P. Jeffreyi).

Needles in 2's, 4 to 6 inches long; conss about 2 inches long;

eastern species Red pine (P. resinosa).

Needles 5 in a bundle.

Needles 2 to 5 inches long; cones cylindric, long-stalked and pendent from the
ends of the branches; trees of mostly lower or middle altitudes.

Needles with conspicuous white lines on back; cones 12 to 18 inches long;

in southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada parks

Sugar pine (P. Lamberiiana) .

Needles without white lines; cones 4 to 12 inches long.

Needles 2 to 4 inches long; cones 5 to 12 inches long; western species

- Western white pine (P. monticola).

Needles 3 to 5 inches long; cones 4 to 8 inches long; eastern species

Eastern white pine (P. strobus).

Needles % to 21/2 inches long; cones egg-shaped or roundish to oblong, short-
stalked and spreading from ends of the branches ; high altitude trees.

Cones narrowly egg-shaped to oblong, 2]/2 to 7 inches long.

Needles 1 to 2J/2 inches long; cones to 7 inches long, the scales with-
out prickles; Rocky Mountains and in Sequoia National
Park Limber pine (P. flexilis).

Needles % to 1 inch long; cones to 5 inches long, the scales with
minute slender prickles; in Kings Canyon and Sequoia
National Parks Foxtail pine (P. Dalfouriana').

Cones egg-shaped or roundish, 1 to 3|/2 inches long.

Needles 1 to 2'/2 inches long; cones broadly egg-shaped to roundish,
the scales without prickles; in Pacific slope parks and parks
of Montana and Wyoming Whitebark pine (P. alhicaulis).

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 21

Needles 1 to l'/^ inches long; cones slender-egg-shaped, the scales
with long slender prickles; in Bryce Canyon National Park
Bnstlecone pine {P. anstala).

B. Trees with scale-like or awl-shaped leaves; fruits cones or berries.

Leaves awl-shaped, spreading from the twigs ; cones l'/2 to about 3'/2 inches long,
the scales much thickened at the tips, not overlapping; in Sierra Nevada

parks - Bigtree (Sequoia ^igantea).

Leaves scale-like, closely appressed to the twigs; cones small, woody, or fleshy and

berry-like CuPREssACEAE.

Fruits woody cones, composed of few scales; leafy twigs more or less flattened.

Cones oblong; in southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada parks

Incense cedar (Lihocedrus decurrens^.

Cones roundish ; in northern parks only.

Cone-scales thinnish, overlapping; trees of middle elevations THUJA.

Large trees 100 to 200 feet high; cones with usually 6 fertile

scales; in Northwest Western red cedar (7". plicala).

Smaller trees not over 60 feet high; cones with usually 4 fertile

scales; eastern species

Northern white cedar (7". occidenialis) .

Cone-scales umbrella-shaped and attached to a central core; trees of

higher elevations in the Northwest

Alaska cedar {Chamaecyparis nootl^alensis) .

Fruits berry-like, blue with a bloom or becoming reddish; leafy twigs cord-like

JUNIPERUS.

Trees found in Sierra Nevada parks, at high elevations

Western jumper (/. occidenialis).

Trees found in Southwest and Rocky Mountain parks, at middle elevations.
Foliage rather coarse, yellowish-green; common component of pinon-

juniper forests of the Southwest

Utah juniper (/. utahensis').

Foliage finer, dark green; in Southwest and Rocky Mountain parks

Rocky Mountain red cedar (/. scopulorum').

n. Trees with broad leaves; fruits various.

A. Leaves not lobeu nor divided, or leaves pinnately lobed.
1. Flowers inconspicuous, male and female home separalelv ; petals none.

a. Both poilen-bearing and seed-bearing flowers borne in catkins, these
sometimes woody and cone-like.

Fruits small 1 -celled capsules containing cottony seeds; scales below fruits small and

inconspicuous Salicaceae.

Leaves commonly broad (except narrowleaf cottonwood) ; scales of catkins

lobed POPULUS.

Leaf-stalks flattened at base of blade, the blades broadly egg-shaped to
roundish, triangular, or nearly heart-shaped.

Capsules thin, slender-conical.

Leaf-margins toothed to nearly entire; widespread in the parks

Quaking aspen (P. iremuloides) .

Leaf -margins coarsely and irregularly toothed; eastern species

Bigtooth aspen {P. grandideniahim).

22 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Capsules thickish, narrowly egg-shaped to roundish; in the Southwest.
Fruit-stalks shorter than the capsules; in Zion and Grand Canyon

National Parks Fremont Cottonwood (P. Fremonli).

Fruit-stalks 2 to 3 times longer than capsules ; in Mesa Verde

and Bryce Canyon National Parks

Valley cct'.onwood (P. IV islizeni) .

Leaf-stalks round, the blades usually lancc-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped
(rarely heart-shaped in balsam p>oplar).

Leaves lance-shaped, green on both sides; in Rocky Mountains and in

Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks

Narrowleaf cottonwood (P. angustifolia) .

Leaves mostly broadly lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, occasion-
ally broader or sometimes heart-shaped, dark green above,
whitish below.

Capsules hairy; lower elevations in Pacific slope parks

Black cottonwood (P. irichocarpa) .

Capsules smooth; in Rocky Mountains and on Isle Royale

Balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) .

Leaves commonly narrow, mostly lance-shaped, sometimes egg-shaped, rarely

roundish; scales of catkins not lobed nor toothed SALIX.

Scales of catkins yellowish, soon falling; stamens 3 or more, the filaments
hairy below ; leaves smooth on both sides.

Leaves green on both sides, mostly lance-shaped; stamens 3 to 5

Narrowleaf black willow (5. Cooddingi).

Leaves pale or whitish below, lance-shaped to egg-shaped.

Leaf-stalks glandular; widespread in the parks

Western black willow (5. lasiandra and vars.).

Leaf-stalks not glandular; in Yosemite and Zion National Parks

Red willow (5. laevigala).

Scales of catkins dark brown, persistent; stamens 2, the filaments smooth;
leaves dark green above, whitish and hairy below.

Leaves mostly lance-shaped; filaments mostly united below; capsules

smooth Arroyo willow (5. lasiolepts).

Leaves elliptic with somewhat broader tips; filaments distinct; cap-
sules finely hairy; widespread in the western parks

- Fire willow (5. Scouleriana) .

Fruits small more or less winged nutlets, the scales foiming small cones BETULACEAE.

Cones somewhat woody, borne in clusters of several, not falling to pieces on

tree ; Pacific species ALNUS.

Leaves rather coarsely toothed, the margins inrolled; older bark whitish or

grayish; in the Northwest Red alder (A. rubra).

Leaves finely toothed, the margins flat; older bark brown and scaly; in

Sierra Nevada White alder (A. rhombifoUa) .

Cones composed of papery scales, borne singly, falling to pieces on tree; found

mostly east of Pacific slope BETULA.

Cones cylindric, spreading or pendent on slender stalks; wing broader than
the seed-like nutlet.

Bark whitish, separating into thin layers; northern species

Paper birch (B. papyrifera).

Bark reddish-brown, not separating into layers; widespread species

Red birch {B. fontinalis).

Cones oblong-egg-shaped, borne erect without stalks; wing not broader than
the seed-like nutlet; eastern species.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 23

Leaves heart-shaped at base; scales of catkins smooth; bark dark

brown Sweet birch {B. lenia).

Leaves mostly wedge-shaped at base; scales of catkms hairy; bark

yellow or whitish Yellow birch (C lutea) .

b. Pollen-bearing flowers borne in catkins; seed-bearing flowers in tiny

clusters, at hrst.

Leaves broadly to narrowly egg-shaped, the margins finely toothed; fruits not acorns.

Leaves light green; fruits enclosed in bladdery sacs borne in small clusters

Western hophornbeani {Oslrva Knowlloni).

Leaves dark green; fruits dryish berries Hackberry (Ce/d's Douglaii).

Leaves mostly oblong to elliptic, deeply lobed to not lobed, the margins toothed or

not toothed; fruits acorns QUERCUS.

Leaves % to 3 mches long, mostly not lobed, sometimes toothed.

Deciduous trees; leaves not toothed, sometimes shallowly lobed; in Sequoia

National Park California blue oak (Q. Doiiglasi).

Evergreen trees; leaves with smooth or spine-toothed margins; in Sierra
Nevada parks.

Leaves green and smooth on both sides

Interior live oak (Q. IVislizeni) .

Leaves yellowish- fuzzy below Canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis) .

Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, conspicuously lobed.

Lobes rounded; in Southwest Rocky Mountain white oak (Q. utahensis).

Lobes pointed, bristle-tipped ; not in Southwest.

Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, not toothed; semi-evergreen

Evergreen black oak (Q. morehus).

Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, the lobes with few coarse teeth; deciduous
trees.

Leaves lustrous green above; scales of acorn-cup rather loosely

imbricated; western species

California black oak (Q. Kelloggi).

Leaves usually dull on upper surface; scales of acorn-cup closely

appressed ; eastern species Red oak (Q. borealis).

2. Flowers s/ioipp, male and female parls borne together m same flower;
petals present or with petal-lilfe sepals or bracts.

Leaves alternate.

Deciduous trees; leaves with margins toothed; fruits small apples; in North-
west parks Oregon crabapple {Mains fusca).

Evergreen trees; leaves not toothed; fruits not apples; not in Northwest.

Leaves oblong to lance-shaped, 35/2 'o 4'/2 inches long; flowers with petal-
like sepals, yellow, borne in small clusters; fruits olive-like

- Oregon myrtle {Umbelliilaria calif ornica) .

Leaves narrowly elliptic to egg-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long; flowers white,
bell-shaped, borne in showy clusters at the ends of the branches;
fruits red berries Madrono {Arbutus Menziesi) .

Leaves opfxysite; flower-clusters surrounded by 4 white petal-like bracts; fruits red

berries, borne in heads Pacific dogwood (Corniis Nuttalli}.

24 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

B. Leaves palmately lobed, or leaves divided into separate leaflets.

1. Leaves palmalely lobed or divided.

Leaves large and coarse, 5 to 1 1 inches across; fruits not winged; Sierra Nevada
parks.
Leaves alternate, the blades deeply lobed; flowers and fruits borne in dense

round balls on slender stems ....California sycamore (Plalanus racemosa).

Leaves opposite, divided into separate leaflets; flowers white, borne in showy

erect clusters; fruits resembling chestnuts

California buckeye {Aesculus calif arnica) .

Leaves mostly smaller, not so coarse; fruits double-winged; widespread in the parks

......ACER.

Leaves 5-lobed, the notches between the lobes rounded, coarsely few-toothed.

Flowers borne in oblong clusters, the fruits hairy; in Pacific slope parks

Bigleaf maple (A. macroph^llum) .

Flowers borne in umbel-like clusters, the fruits smooth.

Leaf-blades usually hairy below; in Southwest parks

Bigtooth maple (A. grandidentatum) .

Leaf-blades mostly smooth below; eastern species

Sugar maple {A. saccharum) .

Leaves 3- or 5-lobed, the notches V-shaped, finely to coarsely toothed; eastern

species Red maple {A. rubrum) .

2. Leaves pinnately divided into separate leaflets.

Fruits double-winged; leaflets 3 to 5 Boxelder {Acer negundo var. inlerius).

Fruits single-winged; leaflets 3 to II ..FRAXINUS.

Leaflets 3 to 7 ; flowers with a calyx.

Wing of fruit extending down sides of body to below middle; western

species Desert ash (F. velulina var. con'aceae).

Wing of fruit scarcely at all extending down sides of body; eastern species

White ash (F. americana) .

Leaflets 5 to 11; flowers without calyx; wing of fruit extending to base of

body; eastern species Black ash (F. nigra).

Field Guide to die Shrubs

Leaves large, mostly more than 6 inches long, borne m dense clusters at the base of

the plant A, p. 24.

Leaves not as above, mostly borne along the stems.

Leaves scale-like, awl-shaped, linear, or apparently none, never in a basal

cluster B, p. 25.

Leaves mostly broad, not scale-like, awl-shaped, nor linear, sometimes clustered
at the base, but then smaller than 6 inches.

Leaves alternate C. p. 25.

Leaves opposite or whorled D, p. 28.

A. Leaves borne in a basal cluster, Yz to 4 feet long, linear to lance-
shaped WITH stiff sharp POINTS, STIFF AND LEATHERY OR HARD AND FLESHY.
Leaves tough and leathery or fleshy, the margins fringed with tough stringy fibers;

flowers white or streaked with purple YUCCA, p. 34.

Leaves thick and fleshy, the margins armed with stiff spine-tipped teeth; flowers

yellow AGAVE, p. 37.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 25

B. Shrubs with leaves scale-like, awl-shaped, or linear,
OR leaves apparently none.

Flowers borne singly or in clusters, not in heads.

Flowers without petals, or the petals or petal-like sepals distinct.
Fruits fleshy.

Branchlets not spine-tipped; fruits berry-like.

Berries blue with a bloom, resinous; leaves awl-like and sharp-
pointed, or scale-like JUNIPERUS, p. 30.

Berries black or red, without a bloom, not resinous; leaves linear.

Shrubs 1 to 12 feet high, or sometimes frees; leaves I/2 '"'^h

or more long; berries red TAXUS, p. 29.

Low clinging shrubs forming mats; leaves scarcely 5/4 inch

long; berries black Empetraceae, p. 204.

Branchlets spine-tipped; fruits like liny peaches

Prunus fasciculata, p. 128.

Fruits dry capsules or seed-like achenes.

Fruits seed-like achenes, sometimes winged; flowers not red.

Stems apparently leafless ; flowers and fruits borne m small scaly

cone-like structures EPHEDRA, p. 32.

Stems leafy; flowers not m cone-like structures.

Leaves mostly somewhat fleshy, often mealy; fruits often

winged Chenopodiaceae, p. 75.

Leaves mostly somewhat leathery; fruits often tailed

Rosaceae, p. 98.

Fruits tiny capsules; flowers red or red-purple.

Flowers tiny, borne in large spreading clusters

Tamaricaceae, p. 174.

Flowers about J/2 inch across, one to several KRAMERIA, p. 145.

Flowers with corollas bell-shaped or tubular.

Stems not spiny; fruits capsules.

Leaves green on both sides, scale-like or linear; flowers bell-shaped

Ericaceae, p. 180.

Leaves white-woolly below, linear due to inrolled margins; flowers

tubular ERIODICTYON, p. 206.

Stems spiny; fruits berries Solanaceae, p. 208.

Flowers borne in flower-like heads surrounded by an involucre of scale-like bracts;

fruits seed-like achenes Compositae, p. 228.

C. Leaves alternate, not scale-like, awl-shaped, nor linear.

1 . Leaves simple, often toothed but not lobed nor divided into leaflets.
a. Shrubs not spiny nor prickly.

Flowers of two kinds, pollen-bearing and seed-producing, borne separately and at
least the pollen-bearing borne in catkins.

Seed-bearing and pollen-bearing flowers both borne in catkins, these sometimes
woody or cone-like.
Fruits small I -celled capsules with cottony seeds; scales below fruits small

and inconspicuous SalicACEAE, p. 37.

Fruits tiny nutlets borne in the axils of enlarged bracts forming small cone-
like structures.

26 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves oblong to reverse-lance-shaped, with aromatic odor

.MYRICA, p. 66.

Leaves egg-shaped lo roundish or reverse egg-shaped, without aromatic

odor Betulaceae, p. 55.

Seed-bearing flowers not in catkins.

Fruits hard-shelled nuts surrounded by tube-like involucre or small nutlets

enclosed in bladdery sacs Betulaceae, p. 55.

Fruits acorns or small nutlets enclosed m chestnut-like burs -...Fagaceae, p. 61.
Flowers mostly of one kind, not borne in catkins.

Flowers inconspicuous, the petals tiny or lackmg.
Fruits dry capsules or seed-like achenes.

Calyx not tube-like; fruits capsules or the achenes surrounded by
enlarged sepals or bracts.
Leaves mostly somewhat fleshy, often scurfy; fruits seed-like
achenes surrounded by enlarged, variously modified
bracts or sepals Chenopodiaceae, p. 75.

Leaves not fleshy, sometimes thickish; fruits 3- or 5-lobed
capsules.

Plants 2 to 4 feet high; leaves up to l'/2 inches long; cap-
sules 3-lobed, not glandular BERNARdia, p. 150

Plants Yl 'o ' fo°' high; leaves up to Yl inch long; cap-
sules 5-lobed, dark-glandular AYENIA, p. 173.

Calyx tubular; fruits seed-like achenes tipped by long feathery tails

...CERCOCARPUS, p. 137.

Fruits fleshy, berry-like.

Herbage conspicuously silvery ELEAGNUS, p. 176.

Herbage green.

Leaves egg-shaped, 1 -sided at the base; fruits becoming brownish-
orange; mostly trees CELTIS, p. 67.

Leaves oblong to egg-shaped; berries black or red

RHAMNUS, p. 161 .

Flowers showy.

Corollas of distinct petals.

Flowers irregular or the petals 4; fruits long 2-valved pods.

Tall deciduous shrubs; flowers red, somewhat pea-like, appearing
before the leaves; leaves round, heart-shaped at the
base; pods strongly flattened CERCIS, p. 144.

Bushy evergreen shrubs 2 to 4 feet high; flowers yellow, regular,
the petals 4; leaves oblong to linear-lance-shaped; pods
not flattened DENDROMECON, p. 80.

Flowers regular, the petals 5, white, pink, blue, or reddish; fruits
various, if capsules, not linear.

Fruits many-seeded capsules; flowers white or copper-red

Ericaceae, p. 1 80.

Fruits various, if capsules, 1 -seeded or the cells I -seeded.

Flowers white or pink, the petals plane; fruits small cherries,

apples, berries, or tiny 1 -seeded pods

ROSACEAE, p. 98.

Flowers white or blue, the petals cupped; fruits 3-lobed,

clove-like capsules CEANOTHUS, p. 165.

Corollas or corolla-like calyx bell-shaped or tubular.

Flowers not borne in heads surrounded by involucral bracts.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 27

Leaves more or less woolly or felty at least below.

Flowers small, without corollas but the calyx yellow, white,

or reddish; fruits small seed-like achenes ...-

ERIOGONUM, p. 68.

Flowers 1/3 to 5/8 inch long, blue to purple; fruits small

capsules ERIODICTYON, p. 206.

Leaves green, not at all woolly, sometimes hairy, small.

Corollas broadly bell-shaped to urn-shaped, white or pink;

fruits small capsules or berries ERICACEAE, p. 180.

Corollas funnel-shaped, 1 to 2 inches long, pink; fruits long-
linear capsules 4 to 8 inches long CHILOPSIS, p. 213.

Flowers borne in flower-like heads surrounded below by one or sev-
eral series of scale-iike bracts, with or without petal-like

outer ray flowers CoMPOSlTAE, p. 228.

b. Stems spiny or prickly or the branches spine-tipped.

Shrubs or small trees with stout thorns borne along the stems; leaves coirsely and
irregularly toothed or somewhat lobed; fruits dark purple, apple-like
berries CRATAEGUS, p. 118.

Shrubs often intricately branched with some of the branches spine-tipped; leaves
not toothed or finely toothed; fruits berries or capsules.

Flowers tiny; petals 5 or none; fruits berry-like or dove-like capsules

Rhamnaceae, p. 161.

Flowers '/2 to Y^ i'^'^^' long- tubular; fruits juicy berries Solanaceae, p. 208.

2. Leaves lobed or divided inio separate leaflets.
a. Shrubs spiny or prickly.

Leaves large and coarse, often 12 inches across, palmately lobed; stems and leaf-
stalks densely prickly with stiff spines; flowers and fruits in erect clusters:
in northern parks OPLOPANAX, p. 174.

Leaves j/2 to 4 inches across, lobed or divided into several leaflets.

Fruits fleshy; flowers regular, not in heads.

Flowers with calyx saucer-shaped to tubular, white to purplish, the petals

tiny; stamens 5; fruits gooseberries or currants RIBES, p. 84.

Flowers with herbaceous calyx, the petals mostly conspicuous; stamens 10 to

numerous; fruits berries or apples RosACEAE, p. 98.

Fruits dry pods or borne in bur-like heads; flowers pea-like or tiny and borne
in small heads or dense cylindrical spikes.
Mostly tall shrubs with thoins along the stems; flowers of one kind, pea-
like or borne in cylindrical spikes, pink or yellow; fruits pea-like

pods - Leguminosae, p. 144.

Low shrubs with some of the branches spine-tipped ; flowers in small heads
of two kinds; fruits tiny seed-like achenes borne in small bur-like
heads ■- franseria, p. 249.

b. Shrubs not spiny nor prickly.

Flowers borne separately, not in flower-like heads.

Leaves pinnately lobed or divided into spine-toothed leaflets.

Mostly tall shrubs; leaves lobed; flowers inconspicuous, the pollen-bearing

borne in long slender catkins; fruits acorns QUERCUS, p. 62.

Mostly low shrubs; leaves divided into spine-toothed leaflets; flowers

yellow, all alike; fruits berries Berberidaceae, p. 70.

28 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves palmately lobed, or leaves divided into separate leaflets, not spine-,
toothed.
Lov^ or tall shrubs, not climbing vines.
Flowers with stamens 5 to 10.

Fruits dry pods or seed-like and winged.

Leaves divided into separate leaflets; flowers not more than
1 inch across.

Flowers blue, purple, or yellow; fruits pea-like pods;

herbage without strong odor

Leguminosae, p. 144.

Flowers greenish; fruits seed-like, winged all around;

herbage ill-smelling PTELEA, p. 152.

Leaves palmately lobed; flowers V/2. ^o 2 inches across;

fruits felty capsules FREMONTIA, p. 173.

Fruits fleshy.

Calyx corolla-like, saucer-shaped to tubular, borne above

ovary; fruits juicy berries RIBES, p. 84.

Calyx green, 5-parted, borne below the other flower parts;

fruits dryish berries anacardiaceae, p. 153.

Flowers with stamens many RosACEAE, p. 98.

Woody vines climbing by tendrils VlTACEAE, p. 171.

Flowers borne in flower-like heads surrounded by an involucre of scale-like or her-
baceous bracts; fruits small seed-like achenes CoMPOSlTAE, p. 228.

D. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled, not scale-like,

, AWL-SHAPED, NOR LINEAR.

I. Leaves not lobed nor divided, the margins often toothed.

a. Flowers with separate petals or petal-like bracts, or petals none.

Flowers greenish, yellow, or dark red.

Petals I or 2, or none.

Herbage green, smooth, not hairy; fruits wingd or like tiny olives

Oleaceae, p. 204.

Herbage silvery-gray, whitish, or rusty; fruits berries.

Berries silvery, borne in stiff drooping clusters near the ends of the

branches Garryaceae, p. 177.

Berries red or yellowish, smooth or scurfy, borne singly or several in

leaf-axils EleagnaceaE, p. 175.

Petals or petal-like bracts 4 or 5 or more.

Much-branched shrubs; flowers dark red; fruits capsules.

Tall shrubs with leaves up to 6 inches long; flowers composed of
numerous colored bracts, sepals, and petals; in California
parks Calycanthaceae, p. 79.

Low shrubs with leaves seldom more than 1 inch long; flowers with 4
petals, scarcely ]/4 inch across; widespread in the parks

- PACHISTIMA, p. 1 56.

Straggling shrubs with very slender stems; flowers yellow; fruits seed-like,

winged JANUSIA, p. 16!.

Flowers white, blue or pink.

Stems 4-angled; leaves in circles of 4; fruits resembling paired seeds, white-
hairy GALIUM, p. 213.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 29

Stems not 4-angIed; leaves opposite.
Fruits small capsules.

Capsules oblong; petals plane, 4 or 5 HydrangEACEAE, p. 81.

Capsules rounded, clove-like; petals 5, the limbs cupped

- CEANOTHUS, p. 165.

Fruits berry-like, red, white, or bluish CoRNACEAE, p. 178.

b. Corollas saucer-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular.

Herbage with mint-like odor; stems 4-angled.

Flowers blue or purplish, '74 to % inch long Menthaceae, p. 208.

Flowers white, tiny LIPPIA, p. 207.

Herbage without mint-like odor; stems round.

Corollas saucer-shaped, red KALMIA, p. 184.

Corollas bell-shaped to tubular, not red.

Fruits many-seeded capsules; corollas 2-lipped.

Corollas distinctly 2-lipped; ovary borne inside the corolla and fiee

from it SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 210.

Corollas somewhat 2-lipped; ovary borne below flower parts; eastern

genus - DIERVILLA, p. 223.

Fruits berries; corollas 2-lipped or not Caprifoliaceae, p. 214.

2. Leaves lobed or divided into separate leaflets.

Fruits winged or with long tails.

Climbing or trailing vines; flowers showy because of conspicuous bracts; fruits

long-tailed seed-like achenes CLEMATIS, p. 77.

Erect shrubs or small trees; flowers inconspicuous (showy in 2 species of Frax-
inus) ; fruits seed-Iikc, winged.
Leaves mostly 3- to 11-lobed; fruits double-winged AcERACEAE, p. 157.

Leaves divided into 3 to 5 leaflets; fruits single-winged FRAXINUS, p. 204.

Fruits capsules or berries, not winged nor tailed.

Herbage resinous, with a strong odor of creosote; leaves 2-parted ; flowers yel-
low; fruijs small white-hairy capsules LARREA, p. 151.

Herbage not resinous; leaves lobed, or divided into 3 or more leaflets; flowers
white or pinkish; fruits smooth.

Leaflets 3; fruits bladder-like capsules, 3-celled; in Sequoia National Park

STAPH YLEA, p. 157.

Leaflets 5 to 9 or leaves lobed; fruiis berries; widespread m the parks

Caprifoliaceae, p. 214.

Yew Family (Taxaceae)

Yew (Taxus L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Mostly tall shrubs or small trees; seeds oval; western species 1. T. brevifolia.

Low shrubs; seeds broader than long; eastern species 2. T. canadensis.

I. Western Yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.), fig. 2. — Spreading shrub
1 to 12 feet high or a tree to 30 feet high; bark of old stems reddish-brown,

30 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

smooth or becoming shreddy; leaves ^2 to % inch long, linear, pointed at
the tips, dark green and shiny above, spreading in two ranks so as to form

flat sprays; fruit a juicy red berry in
the form of a fleshy cup surrounding
a single smooth straw-colored seed.
The fine, close-grained wood is very
hard and durable, yet flexible. It
was used by the Indians for their
bows.

Western yew is principally a
northern species, found usually along
streams or in cool shady canyons.
It attains tree size in the humid
northwest in Olympic National Park.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common along
streams: above Olympic Hot Springs;
Lake Crescent. MOUNT RAINIER, common
up to 3,500 feel: north Puyallup River
road; near Ohanapecosh Hot Springs;
Nisqually Valley. CRATER LAKE, rare:
Redblanket Canyon, in southwest corner
Fig. 2. Western yew (Taxus brevifoUa). of park. GLACIER, common on the west

side. 3,100 to 5.000 feet: Lake McDon-
ald; Sperry trail; St. Mary Lake; upper Waterton valley along trail to Fifty Moun-
tain Camp.

2. Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh). — Low shrub with straggly
spreading stems; leaves and fruits similar to western yew except for the seed
which is broader than long. Yew was very abundant on Isle Royale until
it became badly overbrowsed by the moose.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, abundant en outlying islands where moose have not been
in any considerable numbers: Moit Island; Smithwick Island; Wright Island; Passage
Island.

Cypress Family (Cupressaceae)

Juniper, Cedar (Juniperus L.)

Field Guide to the Spec;es

Leaves very short and scale-like, appressed to the branches; occurs in northern

Rocky Mountains - 1. /. horizonlalis.

Leaves J/2 to % inch long, awl-shaped, spreading; widespread in the parks

2. /. communrs.

1. Creeping Cedar (Juniperus horizontalis Moench.). — Low evergreen
creeping shrub with spreading prostrate stems sometimes 15 feet long; leaves
small, scale-like, overlapping and appressed to the cord-like branches; berries
round, about I/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter, dark blue when ripe, coated with a
whitish bloom, 1- to 3 -seeded.

This species forms dense carpets on rocks and flats where it is found,

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

but is so low that it may be easily overlooked. The herbage is browsed to
a certain extent by deer and the fruits furnish winter food for birds and
small mammals.

Occurrence. — glacier, occasional on the east side, 4,500 to 5,500 feet: East Glacier
Campground; lower end of St. Mary Lake, covering flats near St. Mary checking sta-
tion; near Cut Bank Chalet; side of Bear Hat Mountain above Hidden Creek. ISLE
KOYALE, common on rocky exposures: Mott Island.

2. Common Juniper (Jimipems communis L.). — Common juniper is
widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. It differs from other species
of juniper in having sharp-pointed awl-shaped leaves spreading from the
branchlets instead of the small appressed scale-like leaves. The berries are
eaten by birds and small mammals. Common juniper is represented in the
national parks by two shrubby varieties.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Depressed spreading or prostrate shrubs |/2 to I (or 3) feet high ; leaves Y^i, to %
inch long, curved and somewhat appressed; found in the western parks
2a. Var. saxalilis.

Spreading shrub 1 \o 3 Yl f^et high, forming large dense mats; leaves 1/3 to '/2

inch long, straight or nearly so; found on Isle Royale 2b. Var. depressa.

2a. Mountain Common Juniper (Var.
saxatiUs PalL), fig. 3. — Spreading or pros-
trate shrub up to 3 feet high, forming broad
clumps often several feet in diameter; leaves
I/4 to % inch long, rigid, awl-shaped, sharp-
pointed, dark green with a chalky white line,
surrounding the stems in circles of 3 and
somewhat curved towards the stem; berries
dark blue with a bloom. (Syns. Var. monlana
Ait., /. sibiricd Burgsd.)-^

Occurrence. — OLVMP.C: Mount Claywood, 6,800
feel. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional, up to 7,500 feet:
Plummer Peak; near Longmire. LASSEN. YOSEMITE,
rare, in northern and northeastern part of park, 9,500
to 11,500 feet: ridge between Red Peak and Spiller
Lake; southeast of Price Peak. GLACIER, common,
3,100 to 7,500 feet: Belton ; trail to Mount Brown
lookout; Swiftcurrent Peak; Grinnell Point; Mount
Altyn; St. Mary Lake; Atlantic Creek trail to
Triple Divide Peak; Cut Bank Valley; Two Med-
icine Valley. YELLOWSTONE: Sylvan Pass; West
Thumb; Lonestar Geyser. GRAND TETON, occasional,
6,500 to 8,000 feet: north side of Waterfall Can-
yon; east of Eagle Rest; near Moose, east of park boundary, rocky MOUNTAIN. MESA
VERDE: Cliff Palace, 6,800 feet; Springhouse, '7,000 feet. BRYCE CANYON, common on
the plateau: south of Inspiration Point along Rim Drive; Rainbow Point. ZION : Mirror

Fig. 3. Mountain common juni-
per {Juniperus communis
var. saxatilis)

5 See Rehder, Alfred, Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North
America, second edition, revised and enlarged, p. 62. 1940.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Lake, 8,200 feet. GRAND CANYON, common in open exposed locahons on the North
Rim : Kaibab Forest.

2b. Oldfield Common Juniper (Var. depressa Pursh). — Similar to
mountain common juniper but in general somewhat larger, the leaves straight
or nearly so and slightly longer, up to about ^2 inch long.

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE, common: Mott Island.

Ephedra Family (Gnetaceae)
Ephedra, Joint-fir, Mormon-
tea {Ephedra, L.). — There are sev-
eral species of Ephedra found in the
desert regions of the Southwest. All
are yellowish-green shrubs with broom-
like, apparently leafless branches and
conspicuously jointed stems, hence
the common name joint-fir. The
leaves are reduced to small scales
forming a sheath at each joint. Flow-
ers and seed-like fruits are borne in
small, inconspicuous, greenish, cone-
like structures. The Indians of the
region prepared a beverage from the
dried twigs. A similar drink was
used also by the early Mormons in
southern Utah and since then the
plants have been commonly known
as Mormon tea. The seeds were
sometimes roasted and ground into
flour to make a bitter bread. Locally
the plants were reputed to be of
medicinal value in the treatment of
kidney infections and venereal dis-
eases. The American species of
ephedra have attracted the attention
of chemists as a possible source of
the valuable drug, ephedrin, an alka-
loid obtained from a Chinese species
of ephedra. So far the results have
been negative. ^

Field Guide to the Species
Branches rather stiff, usually in pairs.
Stems yellow-green, the branches
numerous, pointing up-
wards and broom-like ....
1. E. viridis.

Fig. 4. Green ephedra (Ephedra
\>mdis).

6 Range Plant Handbook, B 73 (leaf 2) : United States Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service. 1937.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 33

Stems olive-green, the branches spreading 2. E. nevadensis.

Branches flexuous, in pairs or in 3's.

Branches and leaf-scales in 3's; in Zion and Grand Canyon National Parks

3. E. Torrtyana.

Branches and leaf-scales in pairs; in Mesa Verde National Park

4. £. antisyipbililica.

1. Green Ephedra (Ephedra viridis Gov.), fig. 4. — Erect shrubs I1/2
to 3 feet high, the branches bright yellowish-green, stoutish, appearing leaf-
less, borne in erect broom-like clusters; pollen-bearing and seed-bearing flowers
borne on separate plants, in scaly cone-like structures, these borne in pairs
at the stem-joints.

Occurrence. — ZION : Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON, common, 4,000 to
8,000 feel. North Rim: Bright Angel Point; Cape Royal. South Rim: along rim
drives; rim trail between Yavapai and Yaki Pomts. Canyon: Bright Angel trail;
Kaibab trail below both rims; Hermit trail.

Fig. 5. Nevada ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis).

34 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

2. Nevada Ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis Wats.),''' fig. 5. — Erect olive-
green or bluish-green shrubs ij^ to 2 feet high, the branches somewhat spread-
ing in open brush-like sprays; flowers borne in scaly cone-hke structures, the
pollen-bearing and seed-bearing on different plants, these borne in pairs at
the stem-joints.

Occurrence. — ZION : in the Upper Sonoran Zone. GRAND CANYON, common in the
canyon, 2,500 to 4,000 feet: Kaibab trail below Tonto on both sides of Colorado
River; near Roaring Springs; Bright Angel trail below Indian Gardens.

3. Torrey Ephedra (Ephedra Torreyana Wats.). — Erect or spreading
shrubs 1 to 3^2 feet high, the branches usually flexuous; leaf-scales and flower-
clusters arranged in groups of 3 instead of in pairs as in the other species.

Occurrence. — ziON. grand canyon, rare: inner gorge of the canyon; Kaibab trail
just above Tonto; Grand Falls, Little Colorado River.

4. Vine Ephedra (Ephedra ant'tsyphiiitica Mey.). — Large shrub with
lax, prostrate or reclining stems 6 to 9 feet long; flower groups in pairs at

the stem-joints.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE.

Lily Family (Liliaceae)
Yucca (Yucca L.)

The yuccas occur mostly in the parks of the Southwest, although one
species is found in Sequoia National Park. The plants are very easily recog-
nized by their long, stiff, fibrous, bristle-pointed leaves clustered together at
or near the ground with a single flowering stalk arising from the center. In
\ ucca Whipplei the stalk may be as much as 14 feet tall, while in other
species it may be shorter than the leaves. The yuccas were an important
source of food for the Indians of the Southwest who still make use of these
plants in various ways. Remains found in the cliff dwellings indicate that it
was of great importance also to those ancient peoples. Every part of the
plant was used. The flowering stalks, just before the buds opened, were
peeled and cut into sections and either boiled or roasted in the ashes. The
buds and fruits were also boiled and eaten. The leaves furnished fiber for
making sandals, rope and cloth, and the large, thick roots were cut up into
pieces and used for soap. "Amole," as this was called, is still used by the
Indians in certain places. During the World War emergency yucca fiber was
used as a substitute for jute for bagging.

The yucca flowers are particularly interesting because they bloom at night
when pollination is accomplished by certain species of small moths. The
flowers are so constructed that the fruits would never develop if it were not

7 Ephedra Clol(e\)i Cutler, similar to Nevada ephedra, is considered ps the common
form in our area by Cutler, H. C, Monograph of the North American Species of the
Genus Ephedra. Missouri Bot. Gard. Annals 26: 373-428. 1939.

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

for these insects. "The female moth, working at night, collects pollen from
one flower, then flies to another, lays her eggs in the seed-producing organ,
and in a manner which corresponds to actions full of purpose and deliberation
climbs to the style and thrusts the pollen ball down the stigmatic tube."'^
The young larvae, which hatch at just about the same time that the fruits
are maturing, use the developing seeds for food. Hence the yuccas and
moths are each dependent upon the other for the perpetuation of their re-
spective species. Birds feed upon the fleshy fruits of the Spanish bayonet
and help in the distribution of the seed.

Field Guide to the Species

Flowering stem 1 to 3-1/2 feet high; leaves thick, concave, 1-1/2 to 2 feet long,

3/4 to 2 inches wide; fruits fleshy, about 6 inches long, pendent

1 . Y. baccata.

Flowering stem 3 to 14 feet high; leaves flattish, 2/3 to 1-3/4 feet long, narrow,
1/3 to 2/3 inch wide; fruits dry capsules, 1-1/4 to 2 inches long, erect.

Capsules constricted in the middle; leaves with free white marginal fibers;

occurs in parks of the Southwest 2. V. angusiissima.

Capules globose to reverse-egg-shaped; leaves without free marginal fibers;

occurs in Sequoia National Park 3. Y. Whipplei.

8 Jepson, W. L., Manual of the flowering plants of California, p. 246. 1925.

Fig. 6. Spanish bayonet (^ ucca baccaia).

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

1. Spanish Bayonet, Datil (Yucca baccata Torr.), fig. 6. — Leaves
thick, rigid, spine-tipped, about II/2 to 2 feet long, 1 to 2 inches wide, dark
yellow-green, the margins with wiry, white or brownish recurving fibers;
flowering stalk about I1/2 to 2i/2 feet high, the flower cluster usually exceeding
the leaves by about 6 inches; flowers yellowish-white, purple-streaked on the
outside; fruits pendent, dark purple, oblong or ovoid, about 6 inches long
and 2 to 2i4 inches wide at the base, becoming plump and rounded or with
the upper third constricted.

The common name, datil, means little date. The species is also called
banana yucca because of the large fleshy fruits. They are sweet and edible and
were important as food for the Indians.

Occurrence. — mesa verde, common, 6,000 to 7,000 feet: Spruce Canyon below
park headquarters. ZION. GRAND CANYON, 3,800 to 8,000 feet. North Rim near edge of
rim: Point Sublime. South Rim: near Powell Memorial; Yavapai Observation station.
Canyon, common: Bright Angel trail above Indian Gardens; Cedar Ridge along Kaibab
trail near fossil fern quarry.

Var. vespertina McKelvey. — Differs
from Y. baccata in having many short erect
stems and forming dense clumps; leaves
pale bluish- or sage-green, often twisted or
curved, narrower than in the species and
strongly concave as if folded lengthwise,
mostly shorter, the marginal fibers usually
finer and rather long; flower clusters smaller
and less conspicuous, often almost hidden
in the foliage.

Occurrence. — ZION.

Fig. 7. Narrowleaf yucca
{Yucca angustissima) .

2. Narrowleaf Yucca (Yucca an-
gustissima Engelm.), fig. 7. — Leaves about
8 inches to I1/2 feet long, mostly less than
1/4 inch wide, flat and strap-like, tough,
white-margined and with fine white fibers
curling back from the margins; flowering
stalk about 3 to 5 (or 6) feet tall, often
with short branches; flowers creamy white,
petals narrow; capsules oblong, about 1^/2
to 2 inches long, rough, brown, weathering
white, constricted in the middle. (Syn. Y.
Harrimaniae Trelease, Y. Baileyi as to
western parks.)

Occurrence. — BRYCE canyon. ZION, occa-
sional in the Sonoran Zone, 4,200 to 7,000 feet:
highway near east entrance ; Zion Lodge ; north

of Potato Hollow. GRAND CANYON, 3,800 to

7,000 feet. South Rim: Yavapai observation sta-
tion. Canyon: Kaibab trail on the Tonto; Bright
Angel trail near Indian Gardens.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

3. Chaparrel YaccA, Quixote Plant (Yucca
Whipplei Torr.). — Leaves narrow, about 1 to 1% feet
long; flowering stalk 6 to 12 feet high; flowers creamy
white, II/4 to 11/2 inches long; capsule oblong or nearly
round (globose), II/4 to 2 inches long. After the fruit
matures the whole plant dies and new plants may arise
from the base.

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA, occasional on limestone formations
in chaparral belts: near Ash Mountain.

Amaryllis Family (Amaryllidaceae)

Mescal, Maguey {Agave utahensis Engelm.), fig.
8. — Erect, thick-stemmed plants; leaves borne in basal
cluster, thick, fleshy, 6 to 12 inches long, the margins
armed with white spine-tipped teeth; flowering stalks
mostly 6 to 15 feet tall, arising from the center of the
leaf cluster; flowers yellow, about 1 inch long, borne in
several-flowered clusters along the upper part of the
flowering stalk; petals (perianth segments) 6, borne at
the top of the ovary which develops into the fruit; cap-
sules light brown, 1 to II/2 inches long; seeds many,
flattened, black.

It usually takes fifteen or more years for the Agave
plant to develop to the flowering stage. The flowering
stalk develops rapidly, often becoming twelve or fifteen
feet tall. Another species of Agave known as century
plant is grown in Mexico for its juice from which is
made an intoxicating drink known as pulque.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, 2,500 to 7,000 feel. North

Rim, rare: Cape Royal. South Rim, occasional: Desert View;

Grandview Point. Canyon, abundant: Kaibab trail near fossil

h]\l j fern quarry on Cedar Ridge; Tonto on both sides of the Colo-

vVlli!'^\\VHlll//A7U rado River; near Indian Gardens; Plateau Point; Havasupai

Indian Reservation; slopes below Indian Watch Tower.

Willow Family (Salicaceae)
Willow (Salix L.)

Fig. 8. Mescal (Agave

ulahensis). There are many shrubby species of willow in the

western national parks, as well as tree species which
often become shrubby in form. Willows grow commonly along streams, but
many of the shrubby species are found on open slopes or in moist meadows,
often forming thickets. Tiny prostrate alpine forms inhabit alpine meadows
or rocky slopes above timberline where they may be only a few inches high.
These are easily recognized as willows, however, by their characteristic leaves
and catkins.

38 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

As a group the willows are very easily recognized, although it is often
difficult to distinguish between many of the species. The leaves, which are
borne alternately, usually have at their base a pair of small leaf-like structures
called stipules. A characteristic bitter taste of the stems is due to tannin and
other bitter principles contained in the bark. The flowers, without petals, are
borne in the axils of tiny scales or bracts in dense oblong clusters or catkins
which are popularly called pussy willows, the male or pollen-bearing catkins
and female or seed-producing catkins occurring on separate plants. The
color and hairiness of the scales of the catkins are important in the identifica-
tion of the species. The fruits are tiny capsules which split down the sides
to free cottony seeds.

Willows are extremely important along streams where the roots help in
binding the soil and protecting the banks from erosion. The herbage fur-
nishes valuable browse for animals and the bark is an important source of
food for beaver and other animals. Growth is very rapid and recovery quick
after the twigs are eaten off. The tough slender stems, which are very
flexible, were used for many purposes by the Indians, especially for basket-
making. In Europe willows are often grown for making baskets and wicker
furniture. A fiber obtained from the bark has been used as cordage.

Field Guide to the SpeciesO

A. Low, prostrate plants less than 6 inches high.

Leaves '/4 inch long or less; capsules smooth; occurs in Yellowstone National Park

1 . 5. Dodgeana.

Leaves mostly more than '/^ inch long; capsules hairy.

Leaves egg-shaped or elliptic to reverse-egg-shaped or roundish, bright green
above.
Dwarf creeping shrub; leaves 1/3 to J/2 inch long, whitish below; scales

yellowish; styles very short or none 2. 5. nivalis.

Plants more or less prostrate, or up to 3 feet high or more; leaves J/2 to 2
mches long, pale below or sometimes whitish ; scales dark brown ;

style 1 mm. or more long 39. 5. planifolia.

Leaves narrowly elliptic to reverse-egg-shaped, dull green above; scales brown-
ish; styles 1 mm. or more long.

Leaves 1/3 to I inch long, hairy on the margins, paler or whitish below

3. 5. petrophila.

Leaves J/4 to J/2 inch long, smooth and green below 4. S. cascadensis.

B. Erect shrubs more than 6 inches high.

1. Leaves mosil'}; linear to narrowly lance-shaped, mostly more than
4 to 5 times longer than wide.

Scales of catkins yellowish, soon falling; leaves all narrow, green on both sides or
sometimes whitish below.

Leaves and leaf-stalks not glandular; stamens 2.

Capsules not hairy or thinly hairy; leaves 1 J/2 to 6 inches long, smooth or
hairy.

'• Throughout the section on willows the millimeter scale has been used to indicate
very small measurements less than 1/12 of an inch.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 39

Leaves lance-shaped, l'/2 to 3 inches long, dark green above, paler
below; found in parks of California and at Glacier National

Park 5. 5. melanopsls.

Leaves linear, 2 to 6 inches long, grayish-green on both sides; found

in Rocky Mountains and Southwest 6. 5. exigua.

Capsules hairy (sometimes smooth in age); leaves IJ/^ to 3|/^ inches long,
hairy.

Found in Southwest parks 7. S. iaxlfoUa.

Found in Pacific slope parks 8. 5. Hindiiana.

Leaf-stalks and bases of leaves glandular; stamens 3 to 9 ; capsules smooth.

Leaves lance-shaped, long-pointed, 2 to 5'/2 inches long 9. 5. caudala.

Leaves elhptic-lance-shaped, short-pointed, 2 to 3 inches long

10. 5. serissima.

Scales of catkins brownish, persistent; leaves not all linear.

Leaves dark green above, whitish below, not hairy or thinly so; catkins naked

at base, appearing before the leaves; capsules smooth or sometimes

thinly hairy.

Leaves of flowering shoots narrowly elliplic-oblong, ^/g, to 1 '/4 inches long;

summer leaves up to 6 inches long; found in Rocky Mountain

National Park 11. S. irrorala.

Leaves linear to narrowly reverse-egg-shaped, 2 to 5 inches long; found in

Pacific Slope parks 28. 5. lasiolepis.

Leaves green above, densely silky, woolly, or velvety below; catkins leafy-
bracied at base, appearing with the leaves; capsules silky or woolly.

Branchlets smooth; leaves silky-hairy below; found in Ycsemite and

Sequoia National Parks 45. 5. /epsoni.

Branchlets at first white-woolly or hairy, becoming smooth; leaves woolly
or velvety below; not found west of the Rocky Mountains.

Leaves dull below with fine white wool; styles reddish; western species

found in Glacier National Park --.....46. 5. Candida.

Leaves lustrous below with velvety hairs; styles yellowish; eastern

species reported from Isle Royale 47. S. pelliia.

2. Leaves mosllv iance-shaped lo oVal, egg-shaped, or roundish,
mostly less than 4 to 5 times longer than Wide.

a. Scales of catkins yellowish, persistent (or socn falling in 5. Cexteriana.)
Leaves green on both sides, sometimes paler below, but not whitish.

Leaves narrowly lance-shaped or reverse-lance-shaped to elliptic-oblong; silky
or woolly on both sides at first, becoming smooth; filaments of stamens
hairy at base.
Small shrubs '/2 to 3 feet high; twigs and leaves yellowish-woolly; scales

of catkins persistent; styles I to l'/2 mm. long ....12. 5. hrachvcarpa.

Larger shrub, 3 to 12 feet high; leaves silky-hairy; scales of catkins soon

falling; styles very short 13. 5. Cevcriana.

Leaves reverse-egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped or oblong-elliptic, smooth or
somewhat gray-woolly below; filaments smooth.

Shrubs 6 to 12 feet high ; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth or woolly

below; capsules thinly hairy; found in western parks

14. S. Debhiana.

Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high; leaves '/2 to IJ/2 inches long, smooth; capsules

smooth; found on Isle Royale 15. S. pedicellaris.

40 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves whitish below.

Leaves finely toothed, at first shghtly silky, becoming smooth; styles very short

or none; found m Rocky Mountam National Park 16. 5. peliolaris.

Leaves not toothed or scarcely so, hairy on both sides, at least when young;

styles I mm. or more long; found in Rocky Mountain parks

1 7. 5. pseudolapponum.

b. Scales of catkins brown or blackish, at least at tips, persistent.

Leaves about equally hairy on both sides, at least when young.

Leaves somewhat whitish below, not toothed or scarcely so.

Leaves gray-woolly; scales of catkins dark at tips; found in Rocky Moun-
tain parks 17. S. pseudolapponum.

Leaves long silky-hairy; scales of catkins dark; found in Pacific Slope

parks 18. 5. oresfera.

Leaves green on both sides, densely long-hairy, not toothed or with fine glandu-
lar teeth.

Leaves 1 inch or less long (or up to 2 inches in var.), silvery-hairy, not

toothed; Rocky Mountain parks (except Glacier)

19. 5. Wolfi & var.

Leaves mostly 1 to 2'/2 (or 3J/2) inches long, more or less glandular-
toothed, long-hairy or woolly; found in Pacific Slope parks or at
Glacier National Park.

Leaves about 1 to 2J/2 inches long; styles 1 to 1 J/2 mm. long; mostly
Pacific Slope species.

Filaments hairy below; capsules softly gray-hairy; in Sierra

Nevada parks and at Crater Lake 20. 5. Easimoodiae.

Filaments smooth; capsules smooth or very finely woolly; found

in Northwest and in Glacier National Park

21 . 5. commutala.

Leaves l'/2 to 3 J/2 inches long; styles V/2 to 2J/2 mm. long; found in

Glacier National Park 22. 5. Darrattiana.

Leaves smooth, or hairy only below (sometimes thinly hairy above also).

Capsules smooth (sometimes thinly hairy in 5. Barcla\}i and 5. lasiolepis) ;
leaves smooth on both sides at maturity or sometimes hairy below
(sometimes thinly hairy above in 5. Barclayi.)

Styles 1 mm. or more long.

Styles IJ/2 to 2J/2 mm. long; leaves glandular; found in Yellowstone

and Grand Teton National Parks 23. 5. Trveedyi.

Styles not over II/2 mm. long; leaves not glandular.

Leaves smooth on both sides (sometimes thinly hairy above in
S. Barcla^i).

Branchlets finely hairy or nearly smooth; catkins borne on
distinct stalks ; found in the Northwest and Yel-
lowstone National Park 24. S. Barcla^i.

Branchlets smooth and shining; catkins scarcely if at all
stalked.

Stamens with filaments distinct; found in parks of the

Rocky Mountains 25. 5. pseudomonlicola.

Stamens with filaments joined at base; found in parks

of the Northwest 26. 5. Piperi.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 41

Leaves more or less hairy, at least below, found in Rocky

Mountain National Park 27. S. monticola.

Styles mostly less than 1 mm. long.

Leaves mostly not toothed, or remotely toothed.

Tall shrubs 5 to 12 (or 30) feel high; leaves lYi to 5 inches
long.

Leaves of flovvfering shoots narrowly elliptic-oblong, ^^ to
1 J/1} inches long; summer leaves up to 6 inches
long;; found in Rocky Mountain National Park
1 1. S. irrorala.

Leaves mostly linear to narrowly leverse-egg-shaped, 2 to 5

inches long; found m Pacific Slope parks

28. 5. lasiolepis.

Low shrubs not more than 6 feet high; leaves mostly less than 2
inches long.

Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high; scales of catkins yellowish, often
colored at tips; eastern species found on Isle
Royale 15. 5. pedicellaris.

Shrubs 1 to 2 feet high; scales of catkins brownish at tips;

western species found in Rocky Mountains

29. 5. Farrae.

Leaves mostly finely toothed.

Mature leaves firm, thickish.

Leaves whitish below ; stalks of capsules 2'/2 to 4 mm. long

30. S. Macl^enziana.

Leaves green on both sides; stalks of capsules 1 to l|/2 mm.

long 31. S. pseudocordata.

Mature leaves thinnish.

Twigs yellowish; leaves yellowish-green 32. S. lutea.

Twigs reddish or olive; leaves dark green above.

Filaments of stamens joined at base; western species

33. 5. monochroma.

Filaments of stamens distinct; eastern species found on

Isle Royale 34. 5. pyrifolla.

Capsules hairy; leaves hairy below or covered with a whitish bloom.

Leaves roundish to broadly elliptic or in variety narrowly elliptic with
pointed tips, dark green and strongly veined above, densely long-
white-hairy below; style none; occurs in Glacier National Park
- 35. 5. veslita.

Leaves egg-shaped or reverse-egg-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped or re-
verse-lance-shaped or sometimes almost linear, not strongly veined
above, smooth or hairy below; styles evident or none.

Catkins mostly appearing before the leaves, mostly naked at base;
styles very short or none.

Leaves reverse-egg-shaped or elliptic-oblong to reverse-lence-
shaped, abruptly pwinted to rounded at the tips; catkins
thick.

Western species common in most of the western national
parks; leaves smooth or hairy below; catkins ob-
long or elliptic, Yl to I inch long ....36. 5. Scouleriana.

42 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Eastern species found on Isle Royale.

Leaves softly hairy below and also above when young,
wavy-margined but not toothed; catkins egg-
shaped to elliptic, '/2 *o ''/2 inches long

37. S. humilis.

Leaves smooth below, irregularly scallop-toothed; cat-
kins cylindric, I to 3 inches long ....38. 5. discolor.

Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, with slender-pointed tips, finely
toothed; catkins narrowly egg-shaped, broad and loose
in fruit, about ^ to IJ/2 inches long; found in Rocky

Mountain and Isle Royale National Parks

16. 5. peiiolaris.

Catkins appearing with the leaves, mostly leafy-bracled at base; styles
evident or none.

Leaves smooth on both sides.

Leaves egg-shaped to reverse-egg-shaped or oblong, I/2 to 2
inches long; filaments of stamens smooth; capsules

not stalked, the style 1 mm. or more long

39. S. planifolia.

Leaves elliptic-lance-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, l'/'2 'o
4 inches long; filaments of stamens finely hairy at
base; capsules on stalks l'/2 to 2 mm. long, the
styles very short 40. 5. Lemmoni.

Leaves hairy below.

Leaves mostly |/2 inch or more wide; silky below.

Stamens 2 ; found east of Great Western Divide.

Branchlets hoary with a dense white bloom; styles

1 to IJ/2 mm. long 41. 5. subcoerulea.

Branchlets smooth or becoming so; styles ]/2 *o 1

mm. long 42. 5. Drummondiana.

Stamens single; found in Pacific Slope parks.

Branchlets slender, rarely hairy; anthers purple

43. 5. siichensis.

Branchlets stoutish, more or less hairy; anthers

yellow 44. 5. Coulleri.

Leaves mostly less than '/2 inch wide, silky or woolly-
velvety below.

Branchlets smooth; leaves silky-hairy below; found in

Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks

45. S. Jepsoni.

Branchlets at first white-woolly or hairy, becoming
smooth ; leaves white below with fine wool or
velvety hairs; found east of Great Western
Divide.

Leaves dull below with fine white wool ; anthers

red; found in Glacier National Park

46. 5. Candida.

Leaves lustrous below with velvety hairs; anthers

yellow; found on Isle Royale

47. S. pellita.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

1. Dodge's Willow, Dwarf Alpine Willow (Salix Dodgeana
Rydb.). — Minute prostrate alpine shrub only 1 inch high; leaves tiny, less
than 1/4 inch long; male catkins 3- or 4-flowered, the stamens 2 with filaments
not hairy; female catkins mostly 2-flowered; capsules smooth.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: covers large areas on slopes of Electric Peak, 9,600
feet.

2. Snow Willow (Salix nivalis Hook.). — Low creeping dwarf shrub,
usually with stems lying flat on the ground; leaves elliptic to reverse-egg-
shaped or roundish, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, dark green and shining above, whit-
ish below and prominently veined, the margins not toothed; catkins appearing
after the leaves, few-flowered, less than % inch long; scales yellowish, not
hairy or scarcely so; stamens 2, the filaments not hairy; capsules finely hairy
or scarcely so, the style very short or none.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Mount Angeles, 5,500 feet; Marmot Pass. MOUNT RAINIER,
rare, 4,000 to 6,000 feet. GLACIER, occasional, about 7,000 feet: Siyeh Pass; rocks
above Sue Lake; Cutbank Pass; Gunsight Pass. YELLOWSTONE: summit of Electric
Peak, 11,000 feet. GRAND TETON.

2a. Summit Willow (Var. saximontana Rydb. Schneid.). — Similar to
the species except leaves usually larger, % to 1^2 inches long; catkins larger,
usually many-flowered.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, about 7,000 feet. YELLOWSTONE, occasional. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN: Long Lake, 10,200 feet.

Kirkwood^^*^* suggests that S. nivalis and var. saximontana are but varia-
tions of the Old World species, S. reticulata L., "becoming enlarged or de-
pauperate and variously modi-
fied in accordance with shelter
or exposure in severe situations
of high altitude."

3. Skyland Willow
{Salix petrophila Rybd.), fig.
9. — Low prostrate shrub with
erect stems 2 to 4 inches high,
often forming carpet-like mats
on moist rocky slopes or in
rocky alpine meadows; leaves
1/3 to 1 inch long, elliptic to
reverse-egg-shaped, smooth or
hairy only on the margins, dull
green above, paler below, the margins not toothed; catkins appearing with the
leaves, the staminate 1/2 to % inch long, the seed-bearing catkins % to 1-%
inches long; scales dark, hairy; stamens 2, the filaments distinct, not hairy;
capsules finely hairy, the style 1 to li^ mm. long. The specific name,
petrophila, comes from two Greek words meaning rock and loving, referring

Fig. 9. Skyland willow (Salix petrophila).

10 Kirkwood, J. E., Northern Rocky Mountain Trees and Shrubs, p. 93. 1930.

44 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

to the characteristic habitat of this species. (Syns. S. arctica Br. and var.
petraea Anderss., S. anglorum var. araioclada Schn. and var. kophophylla
Schn. of Standley's Flora of Glacier Park.)

Occurrence. — lassen: Lassen Peak; Emerald Lake, glacier, abundant above
hmberline, 6,000 to 9,000 feet: Iceberg Lake; Swiftcurrent Pass; Ptarmigan Lake;
Piegan Pass; Logan Pass; Cut Bank Pass; Sperry Glacier trail. YELLOWSTONE, com-
mon: Mount Washburn, 10,200 feet. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional:
Trail Ridge, 11,500 feet.

3a. Tufted Skyland Willow (Var. caesp.tosa Schn.) — .Similar to
the species but the leaves more narrowly elliptic or reverse-egg-shaped, pointed
at both ends, thinly hairy above or along the margins.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, common, 10,000 to 11,000 feet: Mount Dana; Mount
Lyell; Vogelsang Pass; Mono Pass; Gaylor Lakes; above Fletcher Lake. KINGS CAN-
YON: Harrison Pass trail; Reflection Lake; Bullfrog Lake; Mount Brewer. SEQUOLA,
common, 9,000 to 11,000 feet: above Pear Lake; Mount Whitney; Milestone Plateau;
Little Five Lakes; Big Five Lakes.

4. Cascade Willow (Salix cascadensis Ckl.) . — Dwarf creeping plant

1 to 2 inches above the ground; leaves narrowly elliptic to reverse-egg-shaped,

y^ to y2 inch long, green and smooth on both sides, strongly veined, capsules

hairy; styles 1 to 1^2 tuti- long. (Syn. S. tenera Anderss.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Mount Claywood; Diamond Mountain; Marmot Pass.
MOUNT RAINIER, on rocky alpine summits. GLACIER, on rocky slopes above timberline:
Sexton Glacier. YELLOWSTONE: Mount Washburn, 10,000 feet.

5. Dusky Willow (Sal'x melanopsls Nutt.). — Shrub or small tree 6
to 15 feet high; leaves l^z to 3 inches long, linear lance-shaped to narrowly
elliptic, tapering at both ends, dark green above, paler below, somewhat hairy
when young, the margins irregularly toothed; catkins appearing after the leaves,
% to 1 1/2 inches long; scales yellowish; stamens 2, the filaments hairy below;
capsules not hairy; styles very short or none. (Syns. S. Bolanderiana Rowl.,
S. longijolia Jepson, S. fluviatilis auth., not Nutt.).

Occurrence. — yosemite, 2,500 to 5,000 feet: Yosemite Valley; El Portal; Wawona.
KINGS CANYON, at lower elevations. SEQUOIA: western boundary of park. GLACIER,
common, 3,100 to 5,250 feet: North Fork Flathead River; south of Kishenehn ranger
station; shore of St. Mary Lake near East Glacier campgrounds; outlet of St. Mary
Lake; Divide Lake. YELLOWSTONE.

6. Coyote Willow, Sandbar Willow {Salix exigua Nutt.). — Shrub
5 to 15 feet high, commonly found growing in sandy soil along streams, often
forming thickets; leaves mostly linear, 2 to 6 inches long, more or less
hairy on both sides, the margins toothed or not toothed; catkins appearing
after the leaves, borne on short leafy stalks; scales yellowish, soon falling;
stamens 2, the filaments hairy below; capsules not hairy or thinly hairy; styles
none. The Indians stripped the long slender branches and used them for
basket-making.

Occurrence. — glacier, rare: Two Medicine Creek near Glacier Park. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN, about 7,500 feet. MESA VERDE. BRYCE CANYON. ZION : near Zicn Lodge, 4,200
feet. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon, 2,500 to 4,200 feel: Indian Gardens; near Phan-

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 45

torn Ranch; Bright Angel Creek about 2 miles above Phantom Ranch; Cottonwood
Camp, along Kaibab trail; YELLOWSTONE.

7. Yewleaf Willow (Salix taxijolia H. B. K.). — Tall shrub or a
tree; foliage similar to that of sandbar willow but the leaves shorter, 1 to 3
inches long, and the capsules hairy.

Occurrence. — ZION : near Coalpits Wash. GRAND CANYON, South Rim.

8. Hinds Willow {Salix Hmdsiana Benth.). — Erect shrub or small
tree 6 to 25 feet high; leaves linear to linear-lance-shaped, I1/2 to ^i/^ inches
long, more or less hairy, those of young shoots often densely silky, the mar-
gins not toothed or rarely few-toothed; catkins appearing after the leaves,
% to 1 inch long, borne on short leafy stalks; scales yellowish, soon falling;
stamens 2, the filaments hairy; capsules silky-hairy or becoming smooth;
styles evident.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE. YOSEMITE: Bear Camp on Big Oak Flat road, 6,000
feet.

9. Whiplash Willow {Salix caudata (Nutt.) Hell.). — Spreading
shrub 1 to 15 feet high; twigs reddish, shiny leaves linear-lance-shaped to
lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tips, the leaf-stalks and bases of leaf-blades
glandular, the margins gland-toothed; scales yellowish, not hairy, soon falling;
stamens 3 to 9; capsules smooth; styles very short.

Occurrence. — glacier, rare at low altitudes. (A small leaved form found along
Swiftcurrent Creek has been designated variety parvifolia by C. R. Ball.) ROCKY
MOUNTAIN, abundant at lower altitudes.

9a. Bryant Willow (Var. Bryantiana Ball &: Bracelin). — Shrub 3 to
15 feet high with several stems clustered at base; twigs reddish-brown, smooth
and shining; leaves lance-shaped to oblong-lance-shaped, 31/4 to 5^2 inches
long, dark green and smooth above, paler below; filaments hairy below; cap-
sules smooth; styles evident. (Syn. S. Fendleriana Anderss. of the Plants
of Yellowstone National Park.) ^

Occurrence. — Yellowstone, grand teton : near Moose, eastern park boundary.
rocky mountain, abundant at lower alittudes.

10. Autumn Willow {Salix senssima (Bailey) Fern.). — Tall shrub;
leaves 2 to 3 inches long, '^ to I/2 inch wide, elliptic-lance-shaped, short-
pointed, green above, slightly paler below, the margins finely toothed; catkins
borne on short leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, soon falling; stamens 3 or
more, the filaments hairy below; capsules smooth, the styles very short or none.

Occurrence. — glacier, rare on east side: Swiftcurrent Lake. ROCKY MOUNTAIN,
raie: Long's Peak Inn, 9.000 feet.

11. Bluestem Willow {Salix irrorata Anderss.). — Shrub 5 to 12 feet
high, the stems dark purplish, at first covered with a whitish bloom, the foliage
with a bluish-gray aspect; leaves firm, dark green above, whitish below, not
toothed or remotely toothed, those of the summer foliage narrowly lance-

11 McDougall, W. B., and Baggley, H. A., Plants of Yellowstone National Park,
p. 47. Washington D. C. 1936.

46 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

shaped, abruptly pointed at the tips, 2 to 6 inches long; leaves of flowering
branches at first short, % to lI^ inches long, narrowly elliptic-oblong; catkins
appearing before the leaves, naked at base, not stalked; scales brownish, densely
white-hairy; stamens 2, the filaments distinct; capsules smooth, short-stalked,
the style short.

Occurrence. — rocky mountain, 7,500 to 8,500 feet: west of Mount Bryant.

12. Barrenground Willow (Salix brachycarpa Nutt.). — Small shrub
6 inches to 3 feet high, forming clumps; foliage yellow-woolly or becoming
smooth; leaves elliptic-oblong to reverse-lance-shaped, % to 1^4 inches long;
catkins borne on short leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, persistent, hairy;
stamens 2, the filaments hairy below; capsules woolly, scarcely stalked, the
styles 1 to ly2 inm. long. (Syn. S. stricta (Anderss.) Rydb.).

OccuTTence. — GLACIER, occasional above timberline: Piegan Pass; Appekunny Creek.
YELLOWSTONE PARK: Lower Geyser Basin; Yellowstone Falls; Soda Butte Creek.
GRAND TETON: head of Granite Canyon, 9,000 feel. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, 7,500 to 1 1,500
feet: Trail Ridge; Estes Park.

13. Geyer Willow (Salix Geyeriana Anderss.). — Spreading shrub 3
to 12 feet high; leaves 1 to 2^/2 inches long, narrowly lance-shaped, thinly
silky-hairy on both sides, the margins not toothed; catkins lax, appearing with
the leaves, borne on short stalks; scales yellowish, soon falling; stamens 2,
the filaments hairy below; capsules hairy, the style almost none. (Syn. S.
macrocarpa Nutt.).

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER, rare, in open woods near streams: swamps in Nis-
qually Valley. GLACIER: Ballon, 3,100 feet. YELLOWSTONE, occasional: between
Mammoth and Gardiner; Tower Junction. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, 7,500
feet to 9,000 feet: Esles Park. ZION, in cool canyons on the plateaus.

13a. Silvery Geyer Willow (Var. argentea (Bebb) Schn.). — Leaves

silky below; capsules borne in roundish catkins about 1/3 to % inch long.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 7,000 ot 9,000 feet: Lyell Fork Merced River near Mount
Lyell; Tuolumne Meadows. SEQUOIA, 8,000 to 9,000 feet: Whitney Meadows. YEL-
LOWSTONE. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common, 7,500 to 9,000 feet.

14. Bebb Willow (Salix Bebbiana Sarg.). — Slender shrub with stems
clustered at the base, 6 to 12 feet high, often occurring with shrubby vegeta-
tion on open mountain slopes; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, elliptic to broadly
lance-shaped, dull green above, somewhat paler below, more or less gray-
woolly at least below (becoming smooth in var.), the margins not toothed
or scarcely so, often somewhat wavy; catkins lax, appearing with the leaves;
scales pale, persistent; stamens 2, the filaments not hairy; capsules thinly
hairy, the styles less than 1/2 ititi. long or none. (Syn. S. rostrata Rich.).

Occurrence. — glacier, common, 3,100 to 6,000 feet: Belton Hills; outlet to Bow-
man Lake; Skylme Trail to Granite Park; Blackfeet Highway near Two-Medicine
Ridge.

14a. Smooth Bebb Willow (Var. perrostrata (Rydb.) Schn.). — Dif-
fers from species in having leaves thinner and soon becoming smooth.

Occurrence. — GLACIER: with the species. YELLOWSTONE: along streams at Mammoth;

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 47

vicinity of Rustic Falls; Tower Falls; Old Faithful. GRAND TETON: southeastern park
boundary near Moose. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common. ZION. GRAND CANYON, on the
North Rim: Point Imperial.

15. Interocean Bog Willow (Salix pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca
Feinald) .—Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high; leaves oblong-elliptic to reverse-egg-
shaped, rather blunt-pointed, tapered to the base, 1/2 to I1/2 inches long,
smooth, firm when mature, not toothed, finely veined; catkins appearing with
the leaves, borne on leafy stalks, loosely few-flowered; scales greenish-yellow,
sometimes colored at the tips, persistent; stamens 2, the filaments smooth
and distinct; capsules smooth, on stalks 2 to 3 mm. long; styles very short or
none. This is a shrub of sphagnum bogs and wet meadows.

OccuTTence. — ISLE ROYALE : Scoville Point; Raspberry Island.

16. Slender Willow {Salix petiolaris Sm.). — Shrub 3 to 12 feet high
with slender purplish twigs; leaves narrowly lance-shaped, taper-pointed, % to
3 inches long, finely toothed, dark green and shining above, whitish below, at
first slightly silky, becoming smooth; catkins appearing before or with the
leaves, naked or sometimes with a few leafy bracts at base; scales pale brown
or yellowish, persistent, white-hairy; stamens 2, the filaments smooth and dis-
tinct; capsules finely hairy, borne on stalks 2 to 3 mm. long, the styles
short or none.

Occurrence. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN, 7,500 feet.

17. Grayleaf Willow (Salix pseudolapponum v. Seem.). — Low shrub
1 to 5 feet high, fonning clumps; leaves elliptic to reverse-lance-shaped, 1^4
to 2 inches long, dull green above, whitish below, hairy on both sides, not
toothed or scarcely so; catkins appearing after the leaves, leafy-bracted at
base; scales yellowish or dark at tips; stamens 2, the filaments smooth or
finely hairy at base; capsules gray-woolly, borne on stalks 1 mm. long; styles
1 mm. or more long. (Syns. S. glaucops Anderss, as to our area, S. glauca
var. glabrescens Schn.).

Occurrence. — glacier, frequent in meadows above timberline: Swiftcurrent Creek
below Swiftcurrent Lake. YELLOWSTONE: Mount Washburn, 9,000 feet. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN, 7,500 to 11,500 feet: Trail Ridge; Poudre Lakes.

18. Grayleaf Sierra Willow (Salix orestera Schn.). — Shrub 2 to 5
feet high with many stems from the base; leaves narrowly elliptic to lance-
shaped, 1 to 2y^ inches long, green above, whitish below, silky-hairy on both
sides, not toothed or scarcely so; catkins appearing with the leaves, on short
leafy stalks, or not stalked; scales dark, hairy; stamens 2, the filaments smooth;
capsules finely silky-hairy, stalked, the styles long. (Syn. S. glauca L. var.
orestera Jepson and var. villosa Jepson).

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, common: Annie Spring, near park headquarters. YO-
SEMITE, 8,000 to 11,000 feet: North Fork Merced River; above Fletcher Lake; Dono-
hue Pass; Tioga Pass; Smedberg Lake; Matterhorn Canyon; Moraine Meadows;
Grouse Lake; Tioga road; Tuolumne Meadows. KINGS CANYON, 7,500 to 10,000 feet:
East Lake; Harrison Pass trail. SEQUOIA, 8,000 to 10,000 feet: Alta Meadows; north-
east of Pear Lake; south shore of Twin Lakes; Crabtree Meadows; Farewell Gap.

48 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

19. Wolfs Willow (Saltx Wolfl Bebb).— Small shrub 1 to 2 feet
high, forming clumps; branchlets chestnut-brown to yellow, lustrous; leaves
small, about 1 inch or less long, reverse-lance-shaped, more or less silvery-
hairy on both sides, or becoming smooth, the margins not toothed; catkins
small, roundish, less than 1/2 inch long, borne on short leafy stalks; scales
dark, thinly long-hairy; stamens 2.

Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain, common in wet meadows, 9,000 to 11,000 feet:
Grand Lake region.

19a. Idaho Willow (var. idahoensis Ball). — Shrubs larger, 3 to 6

feet high; leaves larger, 1 to 2 inches long; catkins mostly i/^ to nearly 1 inch

long; capsules finely hairy, the styles about 1 mm. long.

Occurrence. — Yellowstone, abundant: south end of Specimen Ridge; meadow
above Fishing Bridge; Yellowstone Lake; Tower Falls; Swan Lake. GRAND TETON:
Surprise Lake; Indian Paint Brush Canyon.

20. Eastwood Willow {Salix Eastwoodiae Ckl.). — Shrub 2 to 6 feet
high, often forming thickets along water courses and about meadows; branch-
lets usually dark brown, finely hairy; leaves elliptic to narrowly reverse-egg-
shaped, grayish-long-hairy on both sides or becoming nearly smooth in age,
the margins very finely gland-toothed; catkins appearing with the leaves,
borne on short leafy stalks, the staminate % to 1 inch long, those bearing cap-
sules % to 1% inches long; scales brown, hairy; stamens 2, the filaments hairy
ai; base; capsule hairy, the styles about 1 mm. long. (Syn. S. calijornica
Bebb.).

OccurTcnce. — crater lake: Castlecrest Garden; Munson Valley; park headquar-
ters. YOSEMITE, 7,500 to 10,000 feet: upper Gaylor Lake; Tuolumne Meadows; west
of Tenaya Lake; Slide Canyon, Piute Creek; Peregoy Meadows; Snow Flat; Cres-
cent Lake. KINGS CANYON, 7,000 ot 9,500 feet: East Lake. SEQUOIA: Giant Forest,
6,500 feet.

21. Mountain Willow {Salix commutata Bebb). — Low shrub 3 to 5
feet high, found along streams and about mountain meadows; leaves elliptic to
reverse-egg-shaped, grayish on both sides with long hairs or sometimes nearly
smooth in age, % to 1^/2 inches long, the margins not toothed or with fine
glandular teeth; catkins borne on short leafy stalks, appearing wzth the leaves;
scales brown; stamens 2, the filaments free, not hairy; capsules smooth or very
finely woolly, the styles 1 to 1^/2 mm. long.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 4,000 to 5,000 feet: Martin's Park southeast of Low Divide;
Dose Meadows; Marmot Pass; Queets River valley. MOUNT RAINIER, 4,000 to 6,000
feet: Paradise Valley. GLACIER, common, 6,000 to 7,500 feet: Swiftcurrent Pass; Ice-
berg Lake; Blackfoot Glacier; Logan Pass; Gunsight Lake.

22. Barratt Willow {Salix Barrattiana Hook.). — Small shrub I1/2 to
4 feet high; leaves elliptic-lance-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, pointed at the
tip, pointed to somewhat heart-shaped at base, 1^2 to 3 1/2 inches long, not
toothed or with a few glandular teeth, gray-woolly on both sides; capsules
densely hairy; styles I1/2 to 21/2 mm. long.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, rare ; Gunsight Pass on rock slide.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 49

23. Tweedy Willow (Sal'ix T weedy i Ball). — Leaves smooth, glandular,
whitish below; catkins not stalked; scales brown; capsules smooth, the styles
I1/2 to 21/2 mm. long. (Syn. S. Barrattiana Hook. var. Tweedyi Bebb.).

Occurrence. — Yellowstone; upper end of Slough Creek, grand teton : head of
Death Canyon. 9,000 feet.

24. Barclay Willow {Salix Bardayi Anderss.). — Bushy shrub 3 to 9
feet high, found along streams or in moist mountain meadows; twigs dark
brown, finely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves oval or elliptic to reverse-lance-
shaped, 1 to 2iy4 inches long, green above, whitish below, smooth on both
sides or sometimes thinly hairy above; catkins about % to II/4 inches long,
on leafy stalks ^ to \y^ inches long, appearing with the leaves; scales per-
sistent, brownish, long-hairy; stamens 2; capsules usually not hairy or some-
times thinly so, on stalks about 1 mm. long, the styles 1 to l^^ "im. long.
This species furnishes good forage for animals.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 3,500 to 5,000 feet: Boulder Creek above Olympic Hot
Springs; Low Divide. MOUNT RAINIER, 4,000 to 6,000 feet: Reflection Lake; Paradise
Valley; Mazama Ridge; Mowich Lake. YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth; Spring Creek;
Old Faithful; Soda Butte Creek; De Lacy Creek; Gardiner.

25. False Mountain Willow (Salix pseudomonticola Ball). — Shrub
3 to 10 feet high; branchlets yellowish to red or brown, becoming shiny; leaves
elliptic to egg-shaped, I1/2 to 3 inches long, pointed at the tip, rounded to
heart-shaped at base, smooth and green above, whitish below, the margins
coarsely glandular-toothed or not toothed; catkins appearing with the leaves,
scarcely stalked but leafy-bracted at base; scales brown, long-hairy; stamens 2,
the filaments distinct, not hairy; capsules smooth, on stalks 1 to 1^2 mm. long,
the styles about 1 mm. long or more.

Occurrence. — glacier, on the east side: Blackfeet Highway overlooking Lower
Two- Medicine Lake. YELLOWSTONE: Ivy Springs near Junction Butte; Mammoth.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN.

26. Piper Willow {Salix Piper i Bebb). — Erect shrub 9 to 18 feet high,
occurring along streams; branchlets stout, smooth, shining; leaves thickish,
broadly elliptic to reverse-lance-shaped, 2^/2 to 5 inches long, dark green and
shining above, whitish below, the margins finely toothed or not toothed;
catkins appearing with the leaves or before, naked or leafy-bracted at base,
1 to 4 inches long, not stalked; scales brown, hairy; stamens 2, the filaments
joined at base, not hairy; capsules smooth, on stalks 1 mm. long, the styles
about 1 mm. long.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC. MOUNT rainier.

27. Rocky Mountain Willow (Salix monticola Bebb). — Shrub 6 to
18 feet high with smooth reddish-brown branchlets; leaves elliptic-oblong to
broadly reverse-lance-shaped, 1 1/2 to 3 inches long, hairy at least below, some-
times sparingly so; catkins borne on short leafy stalks; capsules smooth, the
styles 1 mm. or more long.

Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain, common, 7,500 to 9,000 feet: Estes Park.

50 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

28. Arroyo Willow (Salix lasiolepis Benth.). — Shrub or small tree
6 to 30 feet high with many stems from the base, commonly found along
rocky streams; leaves narrowly reverse-egg-shaped to reverse-Iance-shaped or
rarely almost linear, 2 to 5 inches long, 1/2 to 1 inch wide, dark green and
smooth above, whitish and often hairy below, the margins not toothed or
scarcely so; catkins naked at base, appearing before the leaves, 1 to 2% inches
long in fruit; scales brown, densely long-hairy; stamens 2, the filaments joined
at base, not hairy; capsules smooth or very thinly hairy, borne on short
stalks, the styles 1/2 to 1 mm. long.

Occurrence. — yosemite. kings canyon: switchbacks on Bubbs Creek trail.
SEQUOIA: Hospital Rock.

29. Farr Willow (Salix Farrae Ball) . — Small shrub about 1 to 2 feet
high; branchlets red or reddish-yellow, shiny; leaves elliptic to broadly lance-
shaped, % to 2 inches long, whitish below, not toothed or scarcely "So; catkins
appearing with the leaves, borne on short leafy stalks; scales brownish at tips,
hairy on inside; stamens 2; capsules smooth, borne on stalks 1 to 1^/2 num.
long, the style short, i^ mm. or less.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, frequent en east side in bogs or wet places, 5,500 to 6,500
feet: Gunsighl Pass trail above Gunsight Lake; side of Bear Hat Mountain above Hid-
den Creek. YELLOWSTONE.

30. Mackenzie Willow (Salix Mackenziana Barr.). — Shrub or small
tree 6 to 12 feet high; branchlets dark brown or yellowish, shiny; leaves lance-
shaped to oblong-lance-shaped, finely glandular-toothed, 2 to 4 inches long;
dark green above, whitish below; catkins appearing with the leaves, borne on
short leafy stalks; scales dark, hairy; stamens 2, the filaments distinct, not
hairy; capsules smooth, on stalks 2i/2 to 4 mm. long, the styles short, about
i/^ mm. long. (Syn. Salix cordata Muhl. var. Mack^nziana Hook.).

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER, not common. YOSEMITE, 4,000 to 6,000 feet: Yo-
semite Valley; Illilouette Canyon; Little Yosemite. SEQUOIA: head of Tocopah Can-
yon. GLACIER, rare: Belton. YELLOWSTONE: Mount Evarts; Gardiner; Mammoth;
vicinity of Rustic Falls; near Fountain Geyser.

3L FiRMLEAF Willow, False Myrtle Willow (Salix pseudocordata
(Anderss.) Rybd.). — Low shrub often foimd growing in dense thickets in
wet meadows or bogs; leaves lance-shaped, smooth, thick and firm, the margin
finely toothed; catkins leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves; scales
brownish; stamens 2, the filaments distinct, smooth; capsules smooth, on stalks
1 to 1^2 n^iTi- lor^gj the styles ^2 to % mm. long. (Syn, Salix psendomyr-
sinites Anderss., in part.)

Occurrence. — crater lake: near west boundary of park; Boundary Spring; Sand
Creek. LASSEN: Summit Lake, 6,950 feet. KINGS CANYON: Harrison Pass trail.
SEQUOIA: south end of Crescent Meadow; between Little Five Lakes and Kaweah Gap.
GLACIER: Blackfeet Highway near Two-Medicine Ridge. YELLOWSTONE: Tower Falls;
Swan Lake; Cooke City road. ROCKY MOUNTAIN: Bear Lake; Grand Lake. BRYCE

CANYON.

32. Yellow Willow (Salix lutea Nutt.). — Erect shrub 6 to 12 feet

Bailey 6c Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 51

high with stems clustered at base; branchlets yellowish; leaves narrowly egg-
shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, I1/2 to 31/2 inches long, thinnish, yellow-
green above, whitish below, the margins finely toothed or not toothed; catkins
scarcely stalked, leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves; scales brown-
ish, thinly hairy; stamens 2, the filaments distinct, not hairy; capsules smooth,
on short stalks % to 2 mm. long, the style less than 1/2 mm- long- Syns.
S. Watsoni Rydb., vS". cordata Muhl. var. lutea (Nutt.) Bebb).
Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain, bryce canyon, zion.

33. Greensides Willov/ {Salix moncchroma Ball). — Much-branched
shrub or tree sometimes 20 feet high; branchlets reddish or olive, smooth and
shiny; leaves dark green, reverse-egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, rounded
or heart-shaped at base, about 3 inches long, thinnish, the margins finely
toothed; catkins leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves; scales brown-
ish, silky-hairy; stamens 2, the filaments smooth, joined at base; capsules
smooth, on stalks about 3 to 4 mm. long, the styles less than 1 mm. long.
This species furnishes excellent browse for animals. (Syn. S. pyrifolia of
Coulter & Nelson, Man. Rocky Mtn. Bot., not Anderss.)

Occurrence. — GLACIER. YELLOWSTONE: Stevenson's Island in Yellowstone Lake.

34. Balsam Willow (Salix pyrifolia Anderss.). — Much-branched shrub
or sometimes a small tree with shiny reddish or olive twigs; leaves short-oval
to oblong-Iance-shaped, rounded or heart-shaped at base, thinnish, dark green
above, paler or whitish below, slightly glandular-toothed; catkins leafy-bracted
at base, appearing with the leaves; fruiting catkins very lax; scales persistent,
rather light, colored at the tips; stamens 2, the filaments smooth, distinct;
capsules smooth, distinctly pedicelled, the style short. (Syn. S. balsamifera
Barr.) .

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common: Mott Island; Scoville Point; Raspberry Island.

35. Silky-back Willow (Salix vestita Pursh). — Low shrub with as-
cending stems 1/2 to 4 feet high; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broadly elliptic to
roundish, thickish, dark green and strongly veined above, densely covered
below with long white hairs, the margins not toothed; catkins appearing after
the leaves, on leafy stalks; stamens 2, the filaments distinct, hairy below; cap-
sules hairy, the style none.

Occurrence. — glacier, common, 5,500 to 6,500 feet; Hanging Gardens below Logan
Pass; switchbacks below Swiftcurrent Pass; upper trail to Grinnell Glacier; Brown
Pass; switchbacks above Stoney Indian Lake; Hidden Canyon on side of Bear Hal
Mountain; Gunsight Pass.

35a. (Var. erecta Anders.). — Similar to the species but the plants more
erect; leaves narrower, more pointed; plants often forming large dense patches.
(Syn. S. Fernaldi Blankinsh.)

Occurrence. — glacier: Skyline trail to Granite Park, about 6,500 feet.

36. ScoULER Willow (Salix Scoulenana Barr.). — Many-stemmed shrub
or small tree, 3 to 15 feet high, commonly occurring on dry open slopes in

52 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

the forest and frequently becoming abundant in burned areas; leaves reverse-
egg-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, rounded or abruptly pointed at the tips,
I1/4 to 4 inches long, green above, pale to whitish or silky-hairy below, the
margins not toothed or scarcely so; catkins oblong to elliptic, I/2 to 1 inch
long, appearing before the leaves, stout; scales black, hairy; stamens 2, long-
exserted, the filaments smooth; capsules finely white-hairy, the styles none.
(Syn. S. Nuttalli Sarg.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant: Elwha River; Enchanted Valley above the
chalet; Seven Lakes Basin. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 2,000 to 5,000 feet. CRATER
LAKE. YOSEMITE, 5,000 to 7,000 feet: Glacier Point; Wawona. KINGS CANYON:
Junction Meadow and below. SEQUOIA 7,000 to 9,000 feet: south end of Crescent
Meadow; Cliff Creek; Mineral King; below Twin Lakes. GLACIER, abundant, 3,000
to 5,000 feet: Belton; flats below Lake McDonald; Going-to-the-Sun Highway; Black-
feet Highway. YELLOWSTONE, rare: Cooke City road. GRAND TETON: Granite Canyon.
POCKY MOUNTAIN, common, 8,500 to 10,000 feet. ZION. GRAND CANYON.

37. Prairie Willow (Sal.x humtlis March). — Shrub 3 to 10 feet high
with many stems from the base; leaves oblong-lance-shaped to reverse lance-
shaped, 2 to 6 inches long, becoming smooth above, whitish and softly hairy
below, the margins wavy but not toothed, more or less rolled in at the edges;
catkins egg-shaped to elliptic, ^2 to I1/2 inches long, naked at the base, ap-
pearing before the leaves, often recurved; scales persistent, dark-colored; sta-
mens 2, the filaments smooth; capsules hairy, borne on short stalks, the styles
short or none.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common: Mott Island; near Scoville Point.

38. Pussy Willow (Salix discolor Muhl.). — Large shrub or small tree
found in low meadows, along streams, or around margins of lakes or swamps;
leaves elliptic-oblong to reverse-lance-shaped, smooth and bright green above,
covered with a whitish bloom below, irregularly toothed or nearly entire,
pointed at both ends, 1% to 4 inches long; catkins cylindric, 1 to 3 inches
long, naked at base, appearing before the leaves; scales dark red, brown, or
blackish, densely covered with long glossy hairs; stamens 2, the filaments
smooth, distinct; anthers yellow; capsules finely hairy, the styles short but
distinct.

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE: Washington Harbor; near Scoville Point.

39. Planeleaf Willow (Salix planifolia Pursh). — Low, almost pros-
trate plant 6 inches high or erect shrub ^ feet (or rarely 8 feet) high, form-
ing large clumps; branchlets brown or purplish, smooth and shining, or some-
times covered with a whitish bloom; leaves egg-shaped to oblong or reverse-
egg-shaped, 1/2 to 2 1/4 inches long, smooth and bright green above, paler below
or often whitish, the margins not toothed, or with a few fine teeth, becoming
somewhat leathery; catkins appearing with the leaves, not stalked, often with
a few leafy bracts at base; scales brownish to nearly black, hairy; stamens 2,
the filaments distinct, smooth; capsules hairy, not stalked, the styles 1 mm.
or more long. (Syns. S. planifolia Pursh var. Nelsoni Ball, S. chlorophylla
of our area, S. monica Bebb., S. phylicifolia of Am. authors.)

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 53

Occurrence. — yosemite, 7,500 to 11,500 feet: Mono Pass; below Mount Dana
saddle; Dana Meadows; Vogelsang Pass; upper Gaylor Lake; Tuolumne Meadows;
Rancheria Mountain. YELLOWSTONE: Lake; Old Faithful. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, 7,500
to 11,500 feet: near Poudre Lakes; Fall River road; Trail Ridge. ISLE ROYALE: head
of Siskowit Bay; Gull Islands.

Feathervein Willow (Salix peimata Ball), recorded from Mount
Rainier, is very close to the variable S. planijolia.

40. Lemmon Willow (Saltx Lemmoni Bebb.). — Many-stemmed shrub
3 to 12 feet high, the branchlets yellowish-green to brownish, shining or often
with a bluish bloom; leaves lance-shaped or elliptic-lance-shaped to reverse-
lance-shaped, 1^/^ to 4 inches long, dark green and smooth above when ma-
ture, paler or somewhat whitish below, the margins mostly not toothed; catkins
appearing with the leaves, ^2 to 1 inch long, borne on short leafy stalks; scales
brown or black, hairy; capsules silky-hairy, the pedicels li/4 to 2 mm. long,
the styles very short or nearly none.

Occurrence. — CRATER lake: Copeland Creek above the beaver dams; Annie Creek.
LASSEN: highway east of Mineral. YOSEMITE, 5,000 to 9,000 feet: Glacier Point;
Fletcher Lake; Vogelsang Pass; Ireland Lake trail; Donohue Pass; Tuolumne
Meadows; Lake Tenaya; Crane Flat. KINGS CANYON: East Lake; near Junction
Meadow. SEQUOIA, 7,000 to 8,500 feet: south end of Crescent Meadow; Alta Peak
trail; Alta Meadows; Twin Lakes; Little Willows Meadow.

4L Blue Willow {Sallx subcoerulea Piper). — Branchlets hoary with a
dense white bloom; leaves narrowly to broadly oblong-lance-shaped to reverse-
lance-shaped, I1/2 to 2 or 3 inches long, 1/3 to 1 inch wide, silvery below with
short dense hairs; catkins appearing with the leaves, naked or with few bracts
at base; scales brown to black; statnens 2, the filaments distinct, smooth; cap-
sules hairy, on stalks 1 mm. long or scarcely stalked, the styles evident, 1 to
li/^ mm. long. (Syn. S. Coville'i Eastw.).

Occurrence. — kings canyon, 7,500 to 9,600 feet: East Lake, sequoia : Mineral
King. GLACIER: Anaconda Creek; Park Creek; near park headquarters; Going-to-the-
Sun Highway above Lake McDonald; Blackfeet Highway overlooking Lower Two-
Medicine Lake. YELLOWSTONE: meadows at Lake; along Madison River; Mammoth.
GRAND TETON : eastern park boundary near Moose. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common, 7,500

to 9,000 feet. BRYCE CANYON. ZION.

Beautiful Willow {Salix bella Piper), a species similar to blue willow
but with the hairs of the leaves and scales longer and denser, is listed by C. R.
Ball from Flathead County in Glacier National Park.

42. Drummond Willow (Salix Dnimmondiana Barr.). — Shrubs 3 to
10 feet high with smooth shiny dark brown branches, the younger branchlets
yellowish and somewhat hairy or woolly; leaves broadly oblong to oval or
reverse-egg-shaped, 1 to 3 inches long, not toothed or sparingly toothed near
the blunt tips, green above, whitish below with fine lustrous hairs; catkins
dense, appearing with the leaves, naked or with few bracts at base, not stalked
or scarcely so; stamens 2, the filaments smooth, distinct; capsules silvery-

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

woolly, on stalks 1/2 to 1^/4 ^^- lo"g» the styles 1/2 to 1 mm. long. Found
at low and middle altitudes.
Occurrence. — glacier.

43. Sitka Willow (Salix sitchensis Sans.). — Erect shrub or small tree
6 to 18 feet high, usually growing along streams; branchlets slender, smooth;
leaves oblong-reverse-egg-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, 2 to 5 inches long,
silvery-hairy below, the margins not toothed; catkins appearing with the
leaves; scales brown, thinly and softly hairy; stamen 1, the filament not hairy,
the anthers purple; capsules silky-hairy, the styles I/2 to % mm. long.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 580 to 5,000 feet; Lake Crescent; Elwha River near mouth
of Godkin Creek; Boulder Creek above Olympic Hot Springs; southeast of Mount
Anderson; Mount Hopper. MOUNT RAINIER, common. CRATER LAKE, occasional: Llao"s
Hallway, yosemite, 6,500 to 8,500 feet: Illilouette Creek.

44. Coulter Willow (Salix Coulteri Anderss.). — Similar to Sitka
willow but the branchlets stoutish, finely hairy; leaves densely white-hairy be-
low; scales tawny, densely white-hairy; anthers yellow; capsules silky-hairy.
(Syn. S. sitchensis Sans. var. Coulteri Jepson.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC MOUNT rainier, crater LAKE: near west shore of Wizard
Island.

45. Jepson Willow (Salix Jepsoni Schn.). — Shrub 3 to 6 feet high;
branchlets smooth, reddish-brown; leaves narrowly reverse-lance-shaped, usually
with blunt-pointed tips, 1 to 4i/^ inches long, densely silky-hairy below; cat-
kins appearing with the leaves, borne on
short leafy stalks; scales brown, densely
hairy; stamens 2, the filaments not hairy;
capsules densely silky-hairy, on stalks about
1 mm. long, the style evident, about 0.7 to
1 mm. long. (Syn. S. sitchensis Sans. var.
angustijolia Bebb.)

Occurrence. — yosemite, 6,500 to 9,500 feet:
west of Lake Tenaya; Illilouette Creek; Tioga
road along Tuolumne River. SEQUOIA: Merten
Creek below Merten Meadow, 9,200 feet.

46. Sageleaf Willow (Salix Can-
dida Fluegge), fig. 10. — Shrub 1 to 3 feet
high; young twigs white-woolly, the older
stems smooth, red; leaves linear to oblong,
or narrowly reverse-lance-shaped, II/4 to 3
inches long, rather stiffish, densely white-
woolly below, thinly so above, the margins
often inrolled; catkins appearing with the
leaves, borne on short leafy stalks; scales
dark, persistent; stamens 2, the filaments
smooth, the anthers red; capsules white-

10. Sageleaf willcw {Salix
Candida).

Bailey bc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 55

woolly, short-stalked, the styles reddish, 1 to I1/2 mm. long. This species
forms thickets in bogs.

Occurrence.- — GLACIER, common, 4,500 to 7,000 feet: below Swiftcurrent Lake;
Indian Pass trail above Glenns Lake; Otokomi Lake; head of Red Eagle valley;
Going-to-the-Sun Highway above Avalanche campgrounds; Blackfeet Highway over-
looking Lower Two-Medicme Lake.

47. Satiny Willow (Salix pellita Anderss.). — Large shrubs or some-
times a small tree; branchlets dark brown or olive; leaves linear-lance-shaped
to reverse-lance-shaped, 2 to 5 inches long, smooth above, white-velvety below,
especially when young, the margins sometimes irregularly scalloped, but not
toothed; catkins leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves; stamens 2,
the filaments smooth, distinct; capsules densely white-hairy, short-stalked, the
styles yellowish.

Occurrence. — Reported from ISLE ROYALE by W. S. Cooper.

Birch Family (Betulaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Fruits borne in small cone-like structures.

Leaf blades 1/3 to 2 inches long; cones oblong, borne singly, composed of thin

papery scales, falling to pieces on the tree BETULA, p. 55.

Leaf-blades 1 J/2 to 4 inches long; cones oval, borne in clusters of several, com-
posed of small thickish woody scales, not falling to pieces on tree

ALNUS, p. 57.

Fruits not borne in cone-like structures.

Fruits hard-shelled nuts (hazelnuts), each enclosed by a hairy sheath-like in-
volucre which extends beyond the nut as a fringed tube; male and
female flowers borne on the same plants; occurs in Pacific Coast parks
CORYLUS, p. 59.

Fruits small nutlets, each surrounded by a loose, papery, bladder-like sac, these
clustered at the ends of short stems; male and female flowers borne on
different plants; occurs in Grand Canyon National Park ....OSTRYA, p. 60.

Birch (Betula L.)

The birches are commonly found along streams or in moist locations in
our national parks. The tree species are most conspicuous, especially in the
northern parks, but shrubby species are also common, particularly in the
Rocky Mountains. Birch flowers are borne in slender catkins. The fruits
are seed-like nutlets, mostly winged on the sides. They fall with their scales
from the axis of the catkins when mature.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves thinnish, egg-shaped, i to 2 inches long, pointed at the tips, irregularly

double-toothed with pointed teeth; wings of fruits broader than nutlets;

tall shrubs or small trees I. D. fontmalis.

Leaves thickish, roundish to reverse-egg-shaped or wedge-shaped, 1/3 to IJ/2 inches

long, the margins with coarse blunt teeth; wings of fruits mostly narrower

than nutlets or nearly lacking; shrubs.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves reverse-egg-sha{>ed to wedge-shaped, green and smooth on both sides;

western species found in Rocky Mountain parks 2. B. glandulosa.

Leaves reverse-egg-shaped to round or kidney-shaped, green above, paler and

glandular below; eastern species reported from Isle Royale

3. D. pumila var. glandulifera.

1. Water Birch, Moun-
tain Birch (Betula jont'.nalis
Sarg.), fig. H. — Tall spread-
ing shrub or slender graceful
tree with open crown; branches
slender, the twigs covered with
shiny resinous dots; bark red-
dish, not breaking into bands
or "curls" as in paper birch;
leaves thin, oval to roundish,
% to 2 inches long, pointed at
the tip, the margins toothed,
turning a beautiful clear yel-
low in the Fall; flowers and
fruits borne in small slender
catkins or cones about 1 to 1^/2
inches long, the scales falling
away when the seeds are ripe;
fruits tiny seed-like nutlets
with broad thin wings. Water
birch is also called red birch,
•black birch, or sweet birch. It
is commonly found along
streams or around springs.

Fig. II. Water birch {Belula foniinalis) .

Occurrence. — KINGS CANYON : between Junction Meadow and Charlotte Creek. GLA-
CIER, occasional: along creek near outlet of St. Mary Lake; Red Eagle Valley; shore
of St. Mary Lake near East Glacier Campgrounds. YELLOWSTONE, 6,500 to 7,500
feet: along Boiling River; near Firehole bridge. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional. BRYCE
CANYON: near water fountain. Peek-a-boo trail. ZION, occasional 4,500 to 6,500 feet:
tiail from Lodge to Birch Creek; Weeping Rock; Emerald Pools; Grotto; west rim
ranger cabin. GRAND canyon. North Rim: Bright Angel Spring; around the springs in
South Big Spring Canyon ; near Kanabownitz Spring. Canyon, rare, north of the
Colorado River: Ribbon Falls, near Kaibab trail, 3,750 feet.

2. Bog Birch (Betula glandulosa Mich.), fig. 12. — Spreading shrub, 1 to
8 feet high, branches dark reddish-brown, young twigs sticky, more or less
resinous; leaves small, roundish to reverse-egg-shaped with rounded tips and
toothed margins, smooth, 1/3 to 1 inch long; cones 1/3 to % inch long. This
species is also known as scrub birch.

Occurrence. — glacier, occasional 5,000 to 7,500 feet: Garden Wall trail to Granite
Park; Swiftcurrent Lake near Many Glacier Hotel; north of Lake Janet; Gunsight
Pass; head of St. Mary Lake. YELLOWSTONE, occasional: south of Old Faithful; near
Firehole Bridge; along Boiling River near north entrance; near Rustic Falls, between

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Mammoth and Norris Junction. GRAND TETON, occasional: head of Death Canyon;
North Fork Cascade Canyon, 8,000 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common, 8,000 to 11,000
feet; southwest of Mount Bryant; Moraine Park.

3. Low Birch (Betula pumila L. var.
glandulijera Regel.). — Spreading shrub 11/2 to
9 feet high with somewhat resinous or gland-
dotted twigs and fohage; leaves thiclcish, re-
verse-egg-shaped to round or kidney-shaped, ^/^
to II/4 inches long; fruiting catkins ^ to II/4
inches long.

Occurrence. — isle royale, rare: bog on Rasp-
berry Island.

Alder (Alnus Hill)

The shrub species of alder found in our
national parks, like the tree species, are com-
mon along streams or in moist meadows. They
are important along stream banks as protec-
tion against erosion. The plants spread by
suckers and underground stems and frequently
form extensive thickets so dense that they are
practically impenetrable. During the winter
in regions of heavy snow the stems may be
bent to the ground. Beaver cut the stems of
alders for building their dams and houses and
strip the bark from the branches for food. The
twigs furnish important winter forage for deer
and elk. The Blackfeet Indians used the
tough bark covered with rawhide for making

stirrups. 1- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria form nodules on the roots of alders in
somewhat the same manner as on the roots of members of the pea family.

Fig. 12. Bog birch {Belula
glandiilosa).

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves rather coarsely double-toothed; flowers developing before the leaves; cones
borne on short sfoutish stalks; nutlets not wmged or very narrowly winged.

Western species 1. A. lenuifolia.

Eastern species 2. A. incana.

Leaves finely and sharply toothed; flowers developing with the leaves; cones borne
on slender stalks usually as long as the cones or longer; nutlets with con-
spicuous thin wings.

Western species 3. A. sinuala.

Eastern species 4. A. crispa.

12 Standley, P. C, Flora of Glacier National Park. Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium, vol. 23: 5. 1921.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

1. Thinleaf Alder, Mountain Alder (Alnus tenuifolta Nutt.), fig.
13. — Shrub 6 to 15 feet high or sometimes a tree 20 to 25 feet high; bark
smooth, thin, grayish-brown; leaves egg-shaped, bluntly pointed at the tip,

1 1/2 to 4 inches long, the margins coarsely
toothed or somewhat lobed and again
toothed, dark green and frequently gummy
above, paler below; male flowers borne in
long pendent clusters 1 to 3 inches long,
appearing before the leaves; cones about
1/3 to 1/2 irich long, brown when ripe,
borne in clusters of several near the ends
of the branches; fruits small seedlike nut-
lets with narrowly winged margins.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, occasional, 5,800
to 6,250 feet: Annie Creek at south entrance.
LASSEN, occasional. GLACIER, abundant alon;|
streams, 3,100 to 5,000 feet: along Middle Fork
of Flathead River at Belton; Lake McDonald;
St. Mary Lake near East Glacier Campgrounds.
YELLOWSTONE, occasional: near east entrance;
Tower Creek; Gardiner River; Yellowstone
River. GRAND TETON, occasional, 6,000 to 8,500
feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common along streams:
Big TTiompson Canyon, 7,000 feet. MESA VERDE.

Fig. 13. Thinleaf alder (Alnus
tenuifolia) .

2. Speckled Alder (Alnus incana

(L.) Moench.). — Tall shrub or small

tree up to about 15 feet high; leaves

broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, rather

coarsely double-toothed, dark green

above with impressed veins, rusty or

whitish below and somewhat downy, at

least on the veins; fertile catkins borne

on short stout stalks, coming from naked

buds formed the previous season, the

flowers developing before the leaves;

seed-like fruits wingless or with merely

a narrow leathery margin. This is the

species commonly found in swamps and

along streams.

Occurrence. — isLE royale, common: Mott
Island.

3. Sitka Alder (Alnus sinuaia
(Regel.) Rydb.), fig. 14.— Similar to
mountain alder but the leaves finely
toothed and not, or scarcely, lobed;

Fig. 14. Sitka alder (Alnus
sinuata).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 59

flowers appearing with the leaves; cones with at least some of the stems as
long as or longer than the cones; fruits with conspicuous winged margins
almost as wide as the nudet. (Syn. A. viridis var. stniiata Regel., A., sitch-
ensis Sarg.)

Occurrence. — Olympic, abundant, 1,000 to 3,000 feet: Mount Angeles; lower slopes
of Mount Seattle above Low Divide; Duckabush River. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant,
2,500 to 5,000 feet: near head of Stevens Canyon: Nisqually Valley. CRATER LAKE:
Government Camp; south shore Crater Lake. GLACIER, abundant, 4,500 to 7,500 feet:
Going-to-the-Sun Highway west of Logan Pass; Swiftcurrent Lake and Valley; trail
to Iceberg Lake; Mineral Creek at Cattle Queen snowshoe cabm; Gunsight Lake; East
Glacier Campground.

4. American Green Alder {Alnus cnspa (Ait.) Pursh.). — Tall
shrub; leaves round-oval to egg-shaped or slightly heart-shaped, 1 to 2^2
inches long, glutinous, smooth on both sides or slightly hairy on the main
veins below, finely and irregularly toothed; flowers developing with the leaves;
fertile catkins from scale-covered buds, slender-stalked; seed-like fruits with
thin conspicuous wings. This species is generally found at the margins of
lakes and bays or along streams. (Syn. A. viridis of American authors.)

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common: Mott Island; Rock Harbor Lighthouse; Wash-
ington Harbor.

Beaked Filbert, Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata Ait.) and California
Filbert, California Hazel (Var. caltjom.ca A. DC), fig. 15. — Many-
stemmed shrubs 3 to 10 feet high, or sometimes small trees, particularly in
the Pacific coast form; leaves egg-shaped to roundish with pointed or rounded
tips, U/z to 4 inches long, irregularly toothed, thinnish, softly hairy and
velvety to the touch; nuts round to oval, about 1/2 inch in diameter, each
surrounded by an involucral sheath contracted at the tip of the nut and pro-
longed into a fringed tube 1/2 to II4 inches long. (Syn. C. cornuta March).

Beaked filbert occurs commonly in forest openings along streams or on
moist slopes. The flowers appear in the spring before the leaves, the male
or staminate in slender drooping catkins similar to those of birch or alder,
and the female flowers in tiny bud-like structures. The fruits are nuts simi-
lar to the commercial filberts, but with the bracts surrounding the nut pro-
longed into a conspicuous beak. They are usually borne in pairs with the
beaks pointing opposite each other. The nuts, which are of good flavor, v/ere
collected by the Indians and stored for winter use. The Indians of Cali-
fornia also used the two- and three-year-old shoots for the ribs of baskets. 13
The foliage is browsed by deer and moose.

Occurrence (C. roilrala). — isle ROYALE, abuudaiit over most of the island, but
heavily browsed by moose: Washington Harbor; Lake Richie: Daisy Farm; slopes of
Greenstone Ridge.

Occurrence (Var. calif ornica). — Olympic mount rainier, rare: trail below Narada
Falls; single small specimen found near Ohanapecosh Hot Sprmgs. CRATER LAKE, rare
at the lower elevations: lower Annie Creek; lower Redblanket canyon; south slope
Crescent Ridge. YOSEMITE, occasional: northeast of Alder Creek ranger station; Yo-
semite Valley; Mariposa Grove; Moss Creek. SEQU0:A, occasional along streams and

13 Jepson, W. L., Flora of California, vol. 1 : 350. 1909.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 15. California filbert (Cor\)lus roslrala
var. calif ornica) .

Fig. 16. Knowlton hophornbeam
(^Oslr\)a Knotelloni).

in moist wooded sections, 3,500 to 7,500 feet: Clough Cave; east of Colony Peak;
1 ocopah Falls ; Bearpaw Meadow.

Knowlton Hophornbeam (Ostrya Knowltoni Gov.), fig. 16. — Shrubs,
or slender trees up to 12 feet high, with ashy-gray bark; leaves egg-shaped to
elliptic, pointed or rounded at the tips, 1 to 2 inches long, soft-hairy below,
the margins sharply double-toothed; flowers appearing with the leaves, the
staminate in slender drooping catkins, the seed-bearing in small inconspicuous
clusters; fruits small nutlets, each enclosed by a yellow-green or straw-colored
bladdery sac and forming clusters similar to that of the hop.

Hophornbeam might easily be mistaken for a birch or for beaked filbert
by one unfamiliar with the genus, but the fruits are entirely different. They
are small flattened nutlets, each surrounded by a loose, papery, bladder-like
sac. These are clustered into small heads at the ends of short nodding stems.
Like the birches, the foliage turns yellow in the autumn.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, occasional in the canyon, 4,500 to 7,000 feel: Kaibab
trail 11/2 miles below Yaki Point; Roaring Springs canyon; Bright Angel trail.

American Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch.) is reported
from Greenstone Ridge on Isle Royale. This differs from Knowlton hophorn-
beam in being in general larger with long-pointed leaves 2i^ to 4 inches long
and with the fruit clusters larger.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Oak Family (Fagaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Fiuit a spiny bur containing I to 3 nuts CASTANOPSIS, p. 61.

Fruit an acorn comp>osed of a single nut set in a scaly cup-like involucre

QUERCUS, p. 62.

Chinquapin (Castanopsis Spach.)

The chinquapins are evergreen shrubs especially interesting because of
their spiny bur-like fruits which resemble chestnuts. Sierra Chinquapin is
common in the parks of the Sierra Nevada, usually forming thickets on dry
ridges or in openings in the forest, the nuts are a favorite food of squirrels
and are gathered as soon as they are ripe. Both species send up stump sprouts
after a brush fire.

Field Guide to the Species

Round-topped shrubs; leaves blunt at the tips, mostly flat 1. C. sempervirens.

Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves long-pointed, trough-like due to upturned margins

2. C. chrysophylla.

1. California Chinquapin, Sierra Chinquapin {Castanopsis sem-
pervirens Dudl.). — Evergreen shrub 1 to 8 feet high with branches spread-
ing from the base; bark brown and smooth; leaves thick and leathery, dark
green above, with a golden or light yellowish-green fuzz below, 1 to 3 inches

Fig. 17. Golden chinquapm (Castanopsis chr^soph\)lla) .

62 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

long, % to 1% inches wide; flowers tiny, without petals, borne in slender
clusters at the ends of the branches; nuts brown, 1 to 3 in a spiny bur-like
covering similar to the chestnut bur; the spines slender, stiff, often 1/2 irich long.
Occurrence. — crater lake, common in the ponderosa pine woods: slopes around
Crater Lake; Union Peak. LASSEN: Drakesbad, 5,000 feet; lower Loop Highway.
YOSEMITE, common, 5,500 to 6,500 feet: Crane Flat road; 4'/2 miles northwest of El
Portal ; Illilouette Creek. KINGS CANYON : Ouzel Basin. SEQUOIA, common, 6,000 to
8,500 feet: trail to Alta Peak; ridge east of Panther Peak; l/i mile west of Little
Baldy; west side of Black Rock Pass; near Quinn ranger station.

2. Golden Chinquapin, Giant Chinquapin (Castanopsis chryso-
phylla (Dougl.) DC), fig. 17. — Similar to California Chinquapin, but the
plants more erect and usually tree-like, often thicket-forming; leaves more
pointed, folded and trough-like.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: occurs along Hood Canal east of park. CRATER lake, rare:
lower Redblanket Canyon near southwest corner of park.

Oak (Quercus L.)

The oaks, among the best known of the western woody plants, are easily
recognized by their characteristic acorn fruit which consists of a leathery-
shelled nut set in a scaly cup-like involucre. The nuts, which are very nutri-
tious, are eaten by many forms of wildlife such as squirrels, grouse, wood-
peckers, deer and bear. They were also a valuable source of food for the
Indians who gathered and stored them for winter use. The kernels were
prepared by grinding them into meal and leaching out the tannin with water.
The meal was then made into bread or mush, furnishing in many localities
the chief winter food. The leaves of certain of the species, particularly of the
large-leaved white oaks, furnish good forage for deer.

The group as a whole may be divided into two sections, the white oaks
and the black. The latter are ordinarily evergreen, with usually dark colored
bark. The leaves are thickish and often spine-toothed, and the acorns do not
usually mature until the second year. The white oaks, on the other hand,
are not evergreen, the bark is usually light colored, the leaves without prickles,
and the acorns require only one year to mature. As a rule the white oaks
furnish better forage for animals and the acorns are sweeter and more palatable.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, shiny green above, deeply and coarsely toothed, or lobed
to the middle, the lobes or teeth rounded. (White Oaks).

Leaves dull green below, at first finely hairy, becoming smooth; occurs in parks

of the Southwest 1. Q. Camheli.

Leaves grayish or rusty and often softly hairy below; occurs in Pacific slope

parks 2. Q. Carryianci var.

Leaves I/4 to 2 inches long, the margins toothed (often spine-toothed) or not toothed,
often wavy or crisped (Black Oaks).

Leaves pale or rusty-yellowish below with fine hairs.

Leaves mostly not toothed; occurs in California parks 3. Q. vaccinifolia.

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 63

Leaves mostly spine-toothed; occurs in parks of the Southwest

4. Q. dumosa.

Leaves green above and below, not grayish- or yellowish-fuzzy below.

Leaves toothed, the margins not crisped, the teeth not spine-tipped

5. Q. undulata.

Leaves spine-toothed or not toothed.

Leaf-margms strongly crisped, spine-toothed; occurs in parks m the

Southwest 5a. Var. pungens.

Leaf-margms scarcely if at all crisped, spine-toothed or not toothed;

occurs in Sequoia National Park 6. Q. IVisUzenl var.

L Gambel Oak (Quercus Gatnbelt Nutt.), fig. 18. — Usually a tall
many -stemmed shrub 10 to 20 feet high, the young twigs fuzzy, light brown;
leaves about 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, tapering towards the base,
rounded at the tips, deeply divided into several more or less rounded lobes,
shiny green above, duller below, at first often finely hairy, later becoming
smooth; acorns egg-shaped to oblong, more or less pointed at the tips, about
1/2 inch long, % to % inch wide, light brown to nearly black; cup hemispheric
or somewhat top-shaped, covering 1/3 to 14 of the acorn, the scales rounded
and somewhat thickened on the backs, mostly united at the base, the tips
free, pointed. (Syn. Q. Gnnnisoni Rydb.)

Fig. 18. Gambel oak {Clucrcus Cambeli).

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Gambel oak is similar in appearance to Rocky Mountain white oak, which
is ordinarily a tree. The two species are common in many parks of the
Southwest where they are often found growing together. They cover large
areas in Mesa Verde National Park, forming dense thickets on hillsides. The
foliage is browsed by deer. During the Fall the leaves turn red and orange
and are among the most colorful of the autumn shades.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE, abundant on the hillslopes in the northern part of the
park: along highway below Park Point. BRYCE CANYON: along rim drive between Bryce
Point and Farview. ZION, occasional, 4,000 to 8,000 feet: canyon walls near west
entrance; the Narrows trail; vicinity of Mirror Lake, grand CANYON, 6,000 to 8,000
feet. North Rim, common: McKinnon Point; near Grand Canyon Lodge. South Rim,
abundant m openings in the p>onderosa pine forest: rim drives; Yaki Point; west of
Moran Point. Canyon, common above 6,000 feet below both rims: Bright Angel trail;
Kaibab trail above Roarmg Springs.

2. Kaweah Oak, Brewer Oak (Quer-
cus Garryana Dougl. var. Breweri Jepson) , fig.
19. — Widely spreading shrub 3 to 15 feet
high; bark smooth, gray; leaves oblong to
oval, 2 to 4 inches long, divided to near the
midrib into several broad rounded lobes, shiny
green above, pale or rusty below and often
softly hairy; acorns oval to roundish, % to 1^4
inches long, the cup shallow. (Syn. Q. Garry-
ana var. seniota Jepson.)

This species often forms pure dense stands
in openings in the forest or on mountain
slopes, especially in the chaparral belt of
Sequoia National Park. The foliage is
browsed by deer and the large acorns are
taken by small mammals. They are very nu-
tritious, a fact recognized by the Indians of
the region, who gathered them and stored them
for winter food-

Fig. 19. Kaweah oak (Qiiercu5
Carryana var. Drereeri).

Occurrence. — crater lake, rare: southwest cor-
ner of park, 5,450 feet. SEQUOIA, common, 3,000 to
5,600 feet: Middle Fork Kaweah River; east of
Panther Creek; east of Clough Cave; North Fork
Kaweah River trail.

3. Huckleberry Oak (Quercus yaccinifolia Kell.). — Low evergreen
shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, the slender branchlets crowded and broomlike near
the ends of the stems; leaves oblong to narrowly egg-shaped, ^2 to II/4 inches
long, dull gray-green above, paler and finely hairy below; acorn roundish,
pointed at the tip, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, set in a rather shallow cup, the cup
thinnish, hairy within.

This is a shrub of the higher mountains of California. As the common
name implies, the plants resemble some of the western huckleberries. The

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

bushes may form extensive thickets on the mountain sides and act as valuable
protection to the soil against erosion. The foHage is browsed by mule deer
and the acorns are eaten by certain birds and small mammals.

Occurrence. — LASSEN, occasional. YOSEMITE, abundant, 5,000 to 9,000 feet: Ledge
trail to Glacier Point; Four Mile trail; 2^ miles east of White Wolf; ^4 mile east of
Gentry checking station. SEQUOIA, 7,000 to 10,000 feet: Sugar Bowl Dome.

4. Shrub Live Oak,
California Scrub Oak,
Chapparral Oak (Quercus
dumosa Nutt.), fig. 20. — Low
evergreen shrub, 3 to 9 feet
high or sometimes a small tree
with stiff spreading branches;
young twigs and leaves covered
with fine hairs; leaves oblong
to roundish, ^ to 1 inch long,
grayish-green above, paler or
rusty-hairy below, conspicuous-
ly net-veined, the margins shal-
lowly lobed or with spine-
tipped teeth or not toothed;
acorns slender, oblong, I/2 to
nearly 1 inch long, borne in
clusters of 2 or 3, maturing the
first autumn; cup rather shal-
low, top-shaped, gray. (Syn.
Q. tiirbmella Greene.)

The plants may occur singly or massed into low thickets. In spite of
the tannin content of the herbage, this oak constitutes one of the valuable
browse species of the genus, especially during dry seasons when other forage is
scarce. The acorns were used to some extent by the Indians of the Southwest.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE, rare. ZlON, abundant, 2,250 to 5,000 feet: West Rim
trail; Silver Reef mine. GRAND CANYON, 3,000 to 5,200 feet. North Rim: Powell
Spring; McKinnon Point. South Rim: Bass Canyon. Canyon: Bright Angel Canyon;
Kaibab trail a little below Cottonwood Camp; Santa Maria Spring.

5. Scrub Oak, Rocky Mountain Shin Oak (Quercus undidata
Torr.), fig. 2L — A small evergreen tree or spreading shrub with stout, more
or less contorted stems; bark thin, scaly, pale gray, tinged with brown; leaves
leathery, oblong, pointed at the tip or rarely rounded, 1 to 2 inches long,
grayish-green, more or less hairy or scurfy when young, the margins toothed,
the teeth rigid but not spine-tipped; acorns oval, rounded or slightly pointed
at the tips, % to 1 inch long, the cup hemispheric, thickish, light brown,
finely hairy, with a fine fuzz on the inside, covering about 1/3 of the nut,
the scales red-tipped. This species favors dry rocky ridges and slopes, often
forming extensive thickets.

Occurrence.- — ZlON, 4,000 to 4,500 feet: canyon walls near south entrance; along

Fig. 20. Shrub live oak (Qluercus dumosa).

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

highway near Zion Tunnel; West Rim trail below Angels Landing; east of the Great
White Throne; Lady Mountain; Potato Hollow; Pygmy Forest belt. GRAND CANYON,
4,000 to 7,000 feet, in the canyon: Bright Angel trail about lYi miles below South
Rim; Kaibab trail on the Tonto north of the Colorado River; Powell Saddle.

5a. Holly Oak (Var. pimgens
Engelm.). — Similar to the species ex-
cept the leaves usually somewhat
smaller, spine-toothed and crisped
along the margins. Holly oak favors
dry rocky mountain slopes and
ridges. (Syn. Q. pungens Liebm.)

Occurrence. — ziON, about 4,500 feet:
Virgin River, especially in the southwest-
ern part of the park; trail from Zion
Lodge to Emerald Pools; the Narrows
trail. GRAND CANYON in the canyon:
north side of the Colorado River, 4,000
feet; Kaibab trail below Roaring Springs.
Fig. 21. Scrub oak (Qiiercui undulala).

6. Dwarf Interior Live Oak
(Quercus Wisltzcni DC. var. extima Jepson). — Stiffly branched evergreen
shrub, 3 to 8 feet high; leaves gray-green, oblong to egg-shaped, % to 1^4
inches long, stiff and brittle, smooth above and usually below, the margins
not toothed or spine-toothed; acorns slender-cylindric, 2/3 to 1 inch long,
maturing during the second summer.

Occurrence. — sequoia, occasional: near junction of Milk Ranch road with Mineral
King road.

Sweet-gale Family (Myricaceae)

Wax Myrtle, Sweet-bay (Myrica L.)

The wax myrtles are uncommon in the parks, occurring only rarely at
the lower elevations in parks of the Pacific slope. They are usually good-
sized shrubs with fragrant foliage and thickish, dark green, resin-dotted leaves.
Inconspicuous flowers without petals are borne in oblong or cylindrical clus-
ters, or catkins. Male and female flowers occur separately on the same or
on different shrubs. The fruits are small seed-like nutlets.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves more or less hairy, especially below and on the margms, tapering at the base
to a slender stalk J/4 to % inch long; nutlets not waxy-coated; occurs in
Yosemite National Park 1. M. Harlxoegi.

Leaves mostly smooth, sometimes very finely hairy below, wedge-shaped at the base,
tapering to a very short stalk; nutlets waxy-coated; occurs at Olympic and
Isle Royale National Parks 2. M. gale.

\. Sierra Sweet-bay {Myrica Hartwegi Wats.). — ^Much branched
shrub, 3 to 5 feet high; leaves oblong to reverse-egg-shaped, 2 to 3y2 inches
long, the margins toothed; male flower clusters about 1 inch long, the seed-

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

bearing clusters very small, enlarging in fruit to about i/^ inch long; fruits
small nutlets enclosed by thickened bracts.

Occurrence. — YOSEMrTE, 2,000 to 4,600 feet: South Fork Merced River; Merced
Canyon near Arch Rock ranger station; Big Creek below Mariposa Grove.

2. Wax Myrtle, Sweet-gale (Myrxa gale L.). — Similar to Sierra

SAcetbay but the leaf-blades with shorter stalks and the nutlets covered

with a coat of wax.

Occurrence. — Olympic: Lake QuinauU. isle royale, common along margins of
lakes and bogs: Lake Richie; Hidden Lake; Scoville Point.

Elm Family (Ulmaceae)

Hackberry, Paloblanco (Celtis Douglasi Planch.), fig. 22. — Usually
a spreading shrub 8 to 15 feet high, or sometimes a small tree up to 30 feet
high, with rounded crown and short trunk; bark ashy-gray, rough with promi-
nent projecting ridges; leaves egg-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped and unequal-
sided at the base, thick and leathery, 3 -veined from the base, dark green

Fig. 22. Hackberry (Celtis Douglasi).

68 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

above, light yellowish-green below, usually very rough to the touch; flowers
greenish, borne singly or in pairs in the leaf-axils; fruits small, cherry-like,
at first green, becoming orange-red or yellow, the flesh thin, dry, sweetish,
covering a hard seed. (Syn. C reticulata Torr.).

Hackberry occurs usually in dry gravelly soils in canyons, and it is not
common in the western parks. The small cherry-like fruits were eaten by
the Indians.

Occurrence. — ziON, occasional, 4,400 to 5,500 feet: Zion-Mount Carmel highway;
Zion Canyon below the Organ; the Narrows trail. GRAND CANYON, occasional in the
canyon, 2,500 to 6,000 feet: Indian Gardens (tree form); Bright Angel trail about
2 miles below the South Rim; Dripping Spring; Havasu Canyon.

Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae)
BuCKWHEATBRUSH (Eriogonum Michx.)

The genus, Eriogonum, is represented in the national parks by a large
group of plants, including herbs, shrubs, and part-shrubs. Some of the latter
with branched woody bases are included in this account. In all of the more
or less woody species the herbage tends to be white-felty or with yellowish
tawny felt. Mature leaves of some of the species are often dark green and
nearly smooth above, but the young leaves and twigs are always felty. The
flowers have no petals but the calyx is a colored cup-like structure resembling
a corolla. Several tiny flowers are usually borne together in a small cup-like
involucre. These, in turn, may be borne singly or in groups of several along
the flowering stems, or they may be clustered together in dense heads. In
many of the species, especially the herbaceous, the heads are borne in umbels
(umbrella-like clusters) . Most of the species are of little use as forage.

Field Guide to the Species

Flower-involucres scattered along the relatively few more or less erect branches or
clustered into heads at the ends.
Involucres many-flowered, clustered in heads; plants I}/2 to 3 feet high; found

in the Southwest I. £. fasciculalum.

Involucres few-flowered, only rarely clustered in heads; plants '/2 to I (or 2)

feet high; found in Sierra Nevada and Southwest 2. E. iVrighti.

Flower-involucres scattered along widely spreading branchlets of intricately branched
flower-clusters.

Stems woody above base; flower-clusters distinctly flat-topped; involucres more

or less woolly 3. E. microihecum.

Stems woody only at base; flower-clusters not distinctly flat-topped; involucres
not hairy or somewhat hairy on margins.

Branches of flower-clusters rigid, often spine-tipped; low plants 6 to 8

inches high 4. E. sulcatum.

Branches of flower-clusters flexuous, not spine-tipped; plants 1 to 2 feet

high 5. E. plumalella.

1. Rosemary Buckwheatbrush (Eriogonum jasciculatum Benth. var.
polijolium (Benth.) T. 8C G.) . — Flat-topped evergreen bushy shrub 1^/2 to 3
feet high, with shreddy bark and clustered leafy stems; herbage grayish; leaves

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

1/2 to 1 inch long, oblong to linear, the margins inrolled, bunched along the
stems and resembling rosemary; flowers white or pinkish, the involucres many-
flowered and clustered in heads at the ends of the branchlets, these flower-
bearing branchlets borne several at the top of the erect leafy branches, forming
flat-topped clusters or umbels.

This species is a good browse for animals, especially during the winter.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON : Kaibab trail below the South Rim.

2. Wright's Buckwheatbrush (Eriogonum Wrighti Ton-.). — Small
much-branched shrub 1/2 to 1 (or 2) feet high, with erect stems densely leafy
below; leaves I/4 to 1 inch long, oblong to nearly linear due to inrolled mar-
gins, pointed at the tips; flowers white or cream-color with red veins, or red-
dish, the involucres scattered along or crowded near the ends of the repeatedly
2- or 3-forked branches.

Occunence. — YOSEMITE, 6,000 to 10,000 feet: Snow Lake trail near northern boun-
dary; Le Conte Point; Matterhorn Canyon; Lyell Fork Merced River; Cold Canyon,
north of Glen Aulin ; Cascades. KINGS CANYON: between East Lake and Junction
Meadows; Zumwalt Meadows. SEQUOIA, 8,000 to 10,000 feet: Mineral King trail to
Sawtooth Peak; Little Kern River. GRAND CANYON.

Fig. 23. Slender buckwheatbrush (Eriogonum microthecum) .

70 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

3. Slender Buckwheatbrush (Eriogonum mkrothecum Nutt.), fig.
23. — Low bushy shrub up to about 1 foot high; bark shreddy or somewhat
scaly; leaves usually scattered on the stems, or often crowded below, narrowly
oblong to spatula-shaped, 1/3 to % inch long; flowers yellow to reddish, the
clusters few-flowered at the ends of umbel-like branches. (Syns. E. corym-
bosum Benth. and E. Simpsoni Benth., as to the Southwest parks, E. divergens
Small. We include here also E. aureum Jones as listed by Kearney and
Peebles.i4

This is a fairly good browse plant for animals, especially during the winter.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE: Mono Pass, east of park boundary. MESA VERDE. BRYCE
CANYON. ZION. GRAND CANYON, 6,200 to 9,000 feet. North Rim: Point Sublime;
Lauzon Ranch; Point Imperial. South Rim: Yaki Point.

4. Spiny Buckwheatbrush (Eriogonum sulcatum Wats.). — Small,
diffusely-branched shrub 6 to 8 inches high; flowering stems intricately
branched with short, stiff-, angular branches, often spine-tipped, forming a
dense flat-topped bush; leaves 1/3 to I/2 inch long, linear to oblong or egg-
shaped; flowers white to cream-color or pinkish.

Occurrence. — grand canyon. North Rim, 8,350 feet: Grama Point .

5. Yucca Buckwheatbrush {Eriogonum plumatella D. & H.). —
Widely branching low bushes 1 to 2 feet high; flowering stems much-branched
with short, often zigzag branches, and giving a contorted appearance to the
flower-cluster; flowers cream to pink, or turning reddish.

Occurrence. — grand canyon : Kaibab trail along switchbacks below Tip-off.

Barberry Family (Berberidaceae)
Hollygrape (Mabonia Nutt.)

The hollygrapes are evergreen shrubs with the leaves divided into spine-
toothed holly-like leaflets and with conspicuous clusters of yellow flowers. The
purplish-blue grape-like berries of most of the species have an agreeably tart
flavor and are sometimes gathered for jelly. Birds and the smaller mammals
are fond of them. The spiny foliage is of little use as a browse but it is
sometimes eaten when other food is scarce. Indians of the different regions
used the bark and roots medicinally.

The hollygrapes are often included in the genus Berberis, barberry. They
differ from the true barberry, however, in having stems without spines, leaves
pinnately divided into prickly-toothed leaflets, and purple-blue berries with
a bloom. Some of the species of barberry act as alternate hosts for a black-
stem rust of grains. This disease is caused by a fungus which spends part
of its life history on the barberry leaves. None of the hollygrape species have
been found to be susceptible except Fremont hollygrape and, to a less extent
Oregon grape. 15 (Syn. Berberis L., in part, Odostemon Raf.)

14 Kearney, T. H. & Peebles, R. H. Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona, p.

253. 1942.

15 Van Dersal, W. R., Native Plants of the United States, p. 70. 1938.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 71

Field Guide to the Species

Leaflets 3 to 11 ; flower clusters short, I to 2 J, '2 inches long; bud scales small, soon
falling.

Leaflets 3 to 7, thick anci leathery, comparatively few-toothed, the margins
rigidly spine-toothed; coarse shrubs.

Leaflets 3 to 5, dull yellowish, Yl to ' 'iich long, narrowly egg-shaped,
usually about J/2 mch wide and with a long pointed tip; flowers
in rather loose few-flowered clusters along the stems; occurs in
the Southwest I. M. Fremonii.

Leaflets 3 to 7, usually green above, dull below, oval to egg-shaped, I to 2
inches long, J/2 to % inch wide; flowers borne in compact clusters

along the stems; occurs in Sequoia National Park

2. M. dicl^oia

Leaflets 3 to 11, thinner, with more numerous teeth and slender spines; plants
J/2 to 3 feet high.

Stems prostrate or ascending, J/2 to 1 foot high ; leaflets dull green ; found

in Rocky Mountains and Southwest 3. M. repens.

Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet high; leaflets shiny-green above; found in the
Northwest.

Leaflets glossy-green and smooth below; occurs at Olympic and

Mount Rainier National Parks 4. M. aquifolium.

Leaflets dull below and covered with fine protuberances; occurs at

Crater Lake National Park 5. M. Piperiana.

Leaflets 11 to 21, shiny green above; flower clusters elongated, 2 to 6 inches long;

bud scales % to I % inches long, persistent; occurs in Northwest

6. M. nervosa.

I. Fremont Hollygrape (Mahonia Fremonti (Torr.) Fedde), fig. 24.
— Stiffly branching shrub 4 to 8 feet high, or tree-hke and becoming 15 feet
high; bark rough and furrowed; leaflets 3 to 5, 1/2 to 1 inch long, narrowly egg-
shaped, the terminal tapering to a long point at the tip, yellowish or grayish-
green, stiff and leathery, the margins with 5 to 7 rigidly spine-tipped teeth;
flowers yellow, 3 to 9 in a cluster at the enc's of short slender stems, these
stems borne singly or in groups of several on short leafy branches along the
main stems; fruit a berry, roundish, about I/2 inch or less in diameter, at
first dark blue, later becoming dull brown, dry and somewhat inflated. (Syn.
Berber s Fremonti Torr.).

Fremont hollygrape is known also as yellow-wood because the bark and
roots were used by the Navajo Indians to make a yellow dye for buckskins,
cloth and baskets. The leaves are sometimes browsed by deer in the winter
or when other food is scarce. This species has been found to be susceptible
to the black stem rust of grains.

Occurrence. — ZION, reported from lower elevations. GRAND CANYON, 3,800 to 7,000
feet. South Rim, in the pifion-juniper belt: near Bright Angel Lodge; frail to Powell
Memorial; south of Rowe's Well; Yavapai Point; Desert View. Canyon, common on
south side of Colorado River: Bright Angel trail; Indian Gardens.

2. Netvein Mahonia, California Hollygrape (Mahonia dictyota
(Jepson) Fedde.). — Bushy shrubs 1 to 6 feet high, sometimes forming thick-

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

ets; leaflets 3 to 7, 1 to 2 inches long, oval to broadly egg-shaped, thick and
leathery, glossy green or yellowish above, dull or whitish below, the margin
wavy, toothed with rigid spine-tipped teeth; flowers many, usually borne in
oblong clusters occurring together in bunches at the ends of the stems and
in the leaf-axils; berries about I/4 to 1/3 inch in diameter, purple-blue with a
whitish bloom. (Syn. Berbens dictyota Jepson.)

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA, occasional in lower foothills: hillsides above Clough Cave.

3. Creeping Mahonia, Creeping Hollygrape (Mahonia re pens
(Lindl.) G. Don), fig. 25. — Dwarf shrub 4 to 12 inches high; leaves clus-
tered at the base of short flowering stems, dull green above, whitish below,
divided into 3 to 7 leaflets; leaflets oval, 1 to 2 inches long, the margins
rather weakly spine-toothed; flowers yellow, borne in dense clusters at the ends
of the short erect stems; berries blue, with a whitish bloom. (Syn. Berberis
repens Lindl.)

Fig. 24. Fremont hollygrape {Mahonia Fremonii).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Fig. 25. Creeping hollygrape {Mahonia repens).

The main stem of this species, creeping along the ground, is often coverecl
with forest duff so that the plants appear to consist of only short erect flow-
ering stems. The leaves turn beautiful shades of red, yellow, or purple
in the Fall.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, common in the woods, 3,100 to 5,000 feet: Belton ; North
Fork Flathead River road; Kintia Lake; Bowman Lake; Lake McDonald; St. Mary-
Lake; Cutbank Valley; Two Medicine Valley; Swiftcurrenl Lake. YELLOWSTONE:
above Mammoth Hot Springs. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN. MESA VERDE: north
slope of Navajo Canyon. BRYCE CANYON, common in the forest on the plateau, 7,800
to 9,100 feet: near the Lodge; Farview; Rainbow Mountain. ZION, 4,000 to 6,000
feet: along the Narrows trail; canyon on west side of Checkerboard Mesa. GRAND
CANYON, 4,500 to 8,800 feet. North Rim, common in the ponderosa pine forest; road
to Cape Royal; park headquarters. South Rim: Shoshone Point. Canyon, common:
upper part of Bright Angel trail; Kaibab trail below North Rim.

4. Oregon Grape, Mountain Holly {Mabonla aquijolhim (Pursh)
Nutt.), fig. 26. — Shrub 1 to 3 feet high with erect stems; leaf stems with 3
to 11 leaflets; leaflets oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, bright shiny green above,
duller below, rather thin but tough and leathery, the margins spine-toothed;
flowers bright yellow, borne in clusters at the ends of the branches and along
the stems in the leaf-axils; berries about the size of a pea, dark blue, with
a whitish bloom.

This is a handsome shrub which is distinctly northwestern in its range,
occurring in the hills and mountains of northern California north to British
Columbia. The species name, aquijolium, means sharp leaf, referring to the
spine-toothed leaflets. The plants sometimes form dense thickets in the
woods. Oregon grape is the state flower of Oregon. (Syn. Berberis aqui-
foliutn Pursh.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common: Elwha River; Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER,
occasional in open woods.

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 26. Oregon grape {Mahonia aquifolium) .

5. Piper Mahonia, Piper Hollygrape (Mahonia Pipenana Abrams).
— Erect shrub 2/3 to 2 feet high; leaflets 5 to 9, egg-shaped, 1 to 21/2 inches
long, glossy-green above, dull below with fine protuberances, the margins
spine-toothed with slender spines; flowers yellow, borne in rather dense clus-
ters 1^ to 2% inches long; berries blue-black, narrowly ovoid, about ^ inch
long. (Syn. Berberis Piperiana (Abrams) McMinn.)

Occurrence. — crater lake: north wall of Red Blanket canyon near southwestern
park boundary.

6. Cascades Hollygrape, Cascades Mahonia (Mahonia nervosa
(Pursh) Nutt.). — Low shrub 6 to 18 inches high; leaves about as long as
the flowering stem and clustered at its base; leaflets 9 to 21, dark green,
shiny, about 1 to 3 inches long, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped, pointed
at the tip, the margins spine-toothed; flowers yellow, borne in oblong clusters
2 to 6 inches long, these single or in bunches of several at the ends of the

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 75

erect unbranched stems; berries about the size of a pea, dark blue, covered with

a whitish bloom. (Syn. Berberis nervosa Pursh.)

Occi^rrence. — OLYMPIC, common in the woods up to 2,000 feet: Lake Crescent;
E.lwha River near Elkhorn guard station. MOUNT RAINIER, common in the woods up
to about 4,500 feet: Longmire; vicinity of Kautz Creek; park entrances. CRATER LAKE,
rare along the southern boundary of the park: Redblanket Canyon; southeast corner of
park.

Pigweed Family (Chenopodiaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera
Leaves linear, fleshy.

Shrubs 3 to 5 feet high; branchlets somewhat spme-tipped ; fruits with a broad
circular wavy wing around the middle, the wing 1/3 to 5/2 inch across

SARCOBATUS, p. 75.

Shrubs I to 3 feet high; branchlets not spine-tipped; fruits not winged

SUAEDA, p. 75.

Leaves linear to egg-shaped or roundish, not fleshy or sometimes slightly thickened.

Leaves linear due to inroUed margins; fruits densely white-hair}' or cottony

EUROTIA. p. 76.

Leaf-margins not rolled under; fruits not cottony.

Bracts surrounding fruit united into a single roundish or oval flattened sac-
like structure notched at the tip; branchlets spine-tipped

GRAYIA, p. 76.

Bracts surrounding fruits separate, or if united nearly to the tip, the tips
pointed or 3-toothed and the backs with tooth-like swellings

ATRIPLEX, p. 76.

Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus Torr.). — Much-branched shrub, 3
to 5 feet high, with spine-tipped branchlets; bark white, or becoming gray
or blackish; leaves alternate, linear, fleshy, flat above, rounded below, i/^ to 2
inches long, smooth; male flowers borne in dense, cylindrical, cone-like clus-
ters at the ends of short branches; female flowers small, inconspicuous, green-
ish, without petals, borne on short branches in the leaf-axils, often on dif-
ferent plants from the male flowers; fruits small, with a thin, wavy, rufBe-like
wing around the middle.

This shrub is characteristic of the dry, alkaline plains through the West,
especially in areas having black alkali soil which is considered worthless for
agricultural purposes. The bushes are intricately branched with many of the
rigid branchlets becoming spine-like at the tips, the small fleshy leaves, young
stems, and seeds are eaten by many forms of wild life. The plant is particu-
larly valuable as winter feed, ranking in importance with winterfat and big
sagebrush. The green twigs as well as the seeds were eaten by the Indians.
The wood is used as fuel by the Hopi Indians.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Gardiner River north of Mammoth Hot Springs; be-
tween Mammoth and Gardiner. MESA VERDE: Navajo Canyon at mouth of Spruce
Canyon.

Desert Blight (Suaeda Toneyana Wats.). — Straggly, more or less
woody, evergreen plant, 1 to 3 feet high; leaves linear, fleshy, 1/2 to 1 inch
long, or the upper reduced; flowers small, inconspicuous, without petals, borne

76 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

in clusters of 1 to several in the leaf-axils; fruits small, seed-like, enclosed
by the fleshy calyx.

Occurrence. — ZION : just outside western park boundary along road to Petrified
Forest, 4,000 feet.

WiNTERFAT {Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.). — Low shrub with slender
branches; herbage densely white-fuzzy, or later turning rusty; leaves ^ to 1^4
inches long, oblong or linear due to inrolled margins; flowers borne along the
stems in the upper leaf-axils, without petals, the male and female flowers
borne separately on the same or on different plants; fruits small, seed-like,
covered with cottony hairs nearly ^ inch long.

This is a widespread species in the West, particularly in dry locations,
commonly in association with greasewood, saltbush, or mesquite. The whole
plant is whitish or rusty with long matted hairs and hence is often called
white sage. In late summer the ends of the branches are covered with white-
cottony fruiting masses. The plant is very nutritious and is much valued as
a winter feed for animals. The seeds are eaten as well as the herbage.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE, occasional : between Mammoth and Gardiner. MESA
VERDE, rare: along the highway near the north entrance. GRAND CANYON. South Rim:
r^asture Wash. 6.300 feet.

Spiny Hop-sage (Grayia sp'mosa Moq.). — Low, bushy shrub, 1 to 3
feet high; bark more or less shreddy; branchlets pale, usually spine-tipped;
herbage grayish- white, mealy or scurfy when young, the older green; leaves
small, spatula-shaped, 1/3 to 1^ inches long, somewhat fleshy; male flowers
small, borne in inconspicuous greenish clusters in the leaf-axils; female flowers
borne close together at the ends of the branches; fruits seed-like achenes sur-
rounded by a pair of united bracts forming a roundish wing-like sac ^ to ^4
inch in diameter, notched at the tip. This plant is excellent as a browse for
animals, being especially nutritious and fattening when in fruit.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE, rare: Gardiner River north of Mammoth Hot Springs.
ZlON. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon.

Saltbush (A triplex L.)

The saltbushes are commonly found in the dry salt or alkali plains of the
Southwest and the Great Basin area where they often form the dominant
species over extensive areas. The plants furnish important forage for animals.
The salt flavor of the herbage apparently makes it especially palatable and
the fruits, which are usually produced very abundantly, are reputed to be
very nutritious and fattening. The Indians of the Southwest boiled the stems
for flavoring wheat or com pudding, i^ Also the seeds were dried, parched
and ground into a meal for food.

Field Guide to the Species

Bushes more or less spiny; leaves egg-shaped or elliptic, rounded at the tip, |/^ to
2/3 mch long; fruit with 2 wing-like bracts spreading fan-like from the
top of the seed, these roundish or somewhat triangular, 1/3 to % inch
long, the margins sometimes shallowly toothed I. A. confertifolia.

16 Yanovsky, Elias, Food plants of the North American Indians: United States
Department of Agriculture, publication 237, p. 21, 1936.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 77

Bushes not spiny; leaves linear to oblong, % to 2 inches long.

Fruit with 4 conspicuously winged bracts; wings thin, roundish, !/4 to '/2 inch

long, the margins smooth or irregularly toothed or frayed

2. A. canescens.

Fruit with 2 ihickish spongy bracts united nearly to their tips; bracts convex,
pointed or 3-toothed at the tip, crested on the backs with conspicuous
teeth-Iike appendages 3. A. Cardneri.

1. Shadscale, Spiny Saltbush (Atriplex confertifolta (Torr. 8C
Frem.) Wats.). — Compact, round-topped shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, many of the
branches ending in spinose tips; leaves thickish, egg-shaped to almost round,
rounded at the tips, I/4 to 2/3 inch long; flower clusters small, borne in the
leaf-axils; fruits with 2 broad, more or less triangular wings 1/3 to nearly 1
inch long at the top.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE : near junction of Navajo and Spruce Canyons.

2. FouRWiNG Saltbush (Atnplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.). — Round-
topped rigidly branched shrub 1 to 5 feet high with grayish-white herbage;
leaves narrowly oblong or broader at the tip, % to 2 inches long, finely
scurfy-fuzzy; flowers tiny, greenish or yellowish, borne in dense clusters in
the leaf axils or on short branches; fruits small seed-like structures with 4
conspicuous wings, the wing I/4 to 1/2 inch long and two-thirds as broad.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE: mouth of Spruce Canyon, 6,300 feet. ZION, common
in the lower canyons, 3,500 to 4,500 feet: near west entrance. GRAND C.XNYON, 2,500
to 7,000 feet. South Rim, occasional : Pasture Wash ; 2 miles south of Yaki Point.
Canyon, common, 2,500 to 4,000 feet: Phantom Ranch; Kaibab trail about 1% miles
below Yaki Point; switchbacks below Tip-off; Bright Angel trail about 1 mile above
Indian Gardens; Kaibab trail on Tonto north of the Colorado River; Shinumo Creek.

3. Gardner Saltbush (Atnplex Gardneri (Moquin) Standi.). — Low,
diffusely-branched shrub, 2/3 to 3 feet high, with greenish scaly foliage; leaves
oblong, tapering to the base; male flowers borne in narrow, dense clusters at
the ends of the branches; female flowers clustered in the leaf-axils and at
the ends of the stems; fruits with 2 more or less spongy convex wings, the
wings more or less egg-shaped, with toothed margins and irregular swellings
on the sides. (Syn. A. Nuttalli Wats.).

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: between Mammoth and Gardiner. MESA VERDE: Nav-
ajo Canyon below Spruce Canyon.

Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Clematis, Virgin's Bower, Leather-flower (Clematis L.)

The woody-stemmed Clematis species are mostly vines, commonly climbing
over bushes, trailing over the ground, or sometimes climbing trees. The
flowers, although without true petals, are quite conspicuous because of the
white or purple-blue petal-like sepals. The fruits, which develop rapidly
into small seed-like achenes with long white-fuzzy tails, are clustered into

78 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

conspicuous fluffy heads sometimes 2 inches in diameter. The leaves are
sometimes browsed by animals.

Field Guide to the Species
Flowers while, borne in several-flowered clusters, ihe petal-like sepals about |/2 inch

long; leaves mostly divided into 5 or 7 leaflets 1. C. ligusticifolia.

Flowers purple-blue, borne singly, the petals about 1 to 11/2 inches long; leaves
divided into mostly 3 leaflets.

Leaflets irregularly toothed or nearly untoothed, not divided 2. C. verticillaris.

Leaflets divided into 3 deeply toothed divisions 3. C. pseudoalpina.

\. Western Virgin's Bower (Clematis ligusticifoLa Nutt.). — Climb-
ing vine with more or less woody stems 6 to 30 feet long; leaves in opposite
pairs along the stems, composed of 5 to 7 leaflets; leaflets 1 to 3 inches long,
egg-shaped to oblong-egg-shaped, sometimes with 3 broad lobes, the margins
often coarsely toothed; flowers white, y2 to % inch across, borne in several-
to many-flowered clusters in the leaf-axils; sepals 4, petal-like, about 1/4 to ^^
inch long; seeds with white fuzzy tails about 1 to li^ inches long, borne in
conspicuous fluffy heads. (Syn. C. brevifolia (Nutt.) Howell.)

This is a common vine of the lower elevations in the West, but is not
abundant in the national parks. The stems ramble high over bushes, often
climbing trees, and producing white flowers in great abundance. The clusters,
which sometimes become 1 foot long, make quite a show, even in fruit. An
infusion of the leaves and stems was used by early settlers of certain regions
for healing sores and cuts on horses.

Occurrence. — VOSEMITE, at the lower elevations: Wawona; Hetch Hetchy. GLACIER,
rare on dry rocky slopes: at base of rock wall at East Glacier Campgrounds. YELLOW-
STONE, occasional: near Mammoth. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional: Estes Park. MESA
VERDE. BRYCE CANYON : Tropic Canyon, near eastern boundary. ZION, occasional.
GRAND CANYON. Canyon below the South Rim: Bright Angel trail; upper Bass Canyon,
5.800 feet. North Rim: Cape Royal road; Powell Spring.

2. Purple Virgin's Bower {Clemat's verticillaris DC). — Trailing or
climbing vine with slender stems; leaves borne in opposite pairs along the
stems, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets 3 to 4 inches long, egg-shaped to ob-
long-egg-shaped, pointed at the tips, the margins coarsely toothed or not
toothed, slightly hairy on the veins below, otherwise the foliage smooth;
flowers single on slender stems in the leaf-axils, with 4 purple-blue to pinkish-
purple sepals spreading to 1^2 or more inches across; seed-like achenes hairy,
with long feathery styles up to 2 inches long, bunched into conspicuous white
fluffy heads.

Occurrence. — isLE ROYALE, common in the woods and in old burned areas.

2a. Western Purple Virgin's Bower (Var. columbiana Gray), fig.
27. — Similar to the species but the leaflets broadly egg-shaped. (Syns. Cle-
matis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, C. occidentalis Homem.)

Occurrence. — GLACIER, common, 3,100 to 7,000 feet: Lake McDonald; upper
Nyack Valley; Dawson Pass; St. Mary Lake; Otokomi Lake trail; Swiftcurrent
Lake; Red Eagle Valley. YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth Hot Springs. GRAND TETON:
moraine between Phelps Lake and the Snowshoe Cabin, 6,800 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN .
m moist woods at higher elevations.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Fig. 27. Western purple virgin's bower {Clematis verlicillaris var. coliimbiana) .

3. Alpine Clematis (Clematis pseud oalpina (Kuntze) Nels.), fig. 28.
— Similar to purple clematis but the leaves divided into 3 leaflets and these
again deeply lobed or divided into 3 smaller toothed leaflets; stems trailing
over low bushes, scarcely at all climbing; flowers purple-blue, the sepals 4,
1 to 2 inches long; seed-like achenes with long feathery tails.

Occurrence. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN. MESA VERDE. BRYCE CANYON: Rainbow Point.
ZION: Narrows trail. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon below both rims, 7,000 to 8,000
feet: Bright Angel trail below second tunnel; Kaibab trail below both rims.

SwEETSHRUB Family (Calycanthaceae)

California Sweetshrub, Spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis H. &
A.), fig. 29. — Erect, branching shrub, usually about 5 to 8 feet high; bark

I'ig. 28. Alpine clematis {Clematis pseuJoalpina) .

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

smooth; leaves oblong-egg-shaped to lance-shaped, rounded at base, tapering
to a point at the tip, I1/2 to 6 inches long, the margins not toothed or rarely
with few low teeth, borne opposite each other on the stems; flowers resembling

small chrysanthemums; petals
many, about 1 inch long, deep
wine-red, fading brownish; fruit
a brownish-green urn-shaped cup,
about 1 inch long, outer surface
marked with ridges, containing
brownish seed-like achenes about
1/3 inch long.

California sweetshrub is an
attractive shrub with large dark
green leaves and dark wine-red
flowers resembling small chrysan-
themums. The petals turn brown-
ish in age. The flowers and even
the leaves have a sweet aromatic
odor when crushed. The fruits
are brownish cup-like or urn-
shaped structures, with ridged
markings on the outside. Tests
have shown that the southeastern
species, Carolina allspice (Caly-
canthiis floridus) , contains a sub-
stance resembling strychnine in its
action. California sweetshrub is
also reputed to be poisonous to
stock, although the bush is sel-
dom browsed. The species is sometimes planted as an ornamental.

Occurrence. — yosemite, 1,700 to 4,000 feel: Merced Canyon; Cascade Creek;
near Arch Rock ranger station; near Awahnee Hotel. SEQUOIA, common, 1,600 to
4,000 feet: near Ash Mountain; upper part of Paradise Creek valley.

Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)

Bush Poppy (Dendromecon rigida Benth.). — Rigidly-branched shrub 2
to 8 feet high; stems whitish; lower bark shreddy; leaves yellowish- or grayish-
green, oblong-egg-shaped to lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, 1 to 2i/^ inches
long, somewhat leathery, the margins not toothed or very finely toothed;
flowers golden yellow, 1 to 3 inches across, 4-petalled, borne on slender stems
1 to 3 inches long; fruit a slender curved capsule 2 to 4 inches long, splitting
upwards from the base.

Bush poppy occurs on dry slopes and ridges at middle elevations in Cali-
fornia. The bushes are ordinarily evergreen, but during hard winters they
may lose their leaves and become straggly in appearance. The species is a
very attractive shrub when growing in favorable situations and is often cul-

Fig. 29. California sweetshrub {Calycanthui
occidentalis) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 81

tivated as an ornamental because of the large yellow flowers. The foliage is
occasionally browsed by deer.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, common below the park and possibly occurring inside park
boundary: South Fork Merced River just west of park boundary, 5,600 feet- southwest
of Deer Flat, west of park boundary. SEQUOIA: 3 miles west of Panorama Peak 3,000
feet; Mineral King road; Ash Mountain road.

Hydrangea Family (Hydrangeaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Sepals and petals 4; flowers borne smgly or few to many in oblong clusters; cap-
sules splitting into 4 sections.

Leaves oblong to egg-shaped or roundish; petals tapering gradually to the base;

stamens numerous PHILADELPHUS, p. 81.

Leaves oblong to narrowly oblong; petals abruptly narrowed to a slalk-like base

or claw; stamens 8 FENDLERA, p. 83.

Sepals and petals 5; flowers borne in more or less flat-topped clusters; capsules
splitting into 3 to 5 (or 7) sections.

Leaves narrowly oblong, J/j to ^4 inch long, light grayish-green, smooth, not

toothed; found in the Southwest FENDLERELLA, p. 83.

Leaves elliptic to oval, I/2 to 2 inches long, dark green above, white-hairy be-
low, coarsely toothed; found in Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains
JAMESIA, p. 83.

Mock-orange (Philadelphus L.)

The mock oranges may be recognized by the opposite leaves and branches,
the leaves 3-veined from the base, and the showy white 4-petalled flowers.
Littleleaf mock orange, the species occurring in the Southwest, has much
smaller leaves than that found in the Pacific coast parks. It may often be
confused with Fendlera, which occurs also in the Southwest, but the flowers
are a little smaller and the petals not clawed at the base. Lewis mock orange
or 'syringa' is very popular as an ornamental shrub and many varieties have
been developed under cultivation. The Indians of certain regions used the
straight shoots for arrow shafts. Deer and elk browse the foliage to a cer-
tain extent.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves I J/2 to 3 inches long; flowers borne in showy clusters of 5 to 20 at the ends
of the branches; occurs in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific coast
1. P. LeTvisi.

Leaves I/2 to about 1 inch long; flowers 1 to 3 at the ends of the branches; occurs m

the Southwest 2. P. microphvllus.

1. Lewis Mock-orange, Syringa (Philadelphus Lcwisi Pursh), fig.
30. — Loosely branched shrub 2 to 12 feet high with ascending branches, the
young twigs smooth and reddish-brown; leaves opposite, I1/2 to 3 inches long,
thinnish, egg-shaped to oblong or rounded, somewhat pointed at the tip, 3-
veined, the margins not toothed or with a few low teeth; flowers % to II/2
inches across, white, borne in showy clusters on slender branchlets towards
the ends of the stems; fruit a dry woody capsule, about % inch long, splitting

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

into 4 sections from the top; seeds numerous. (Syns. P. californicus Benth.,
P. Gordonianus Lindl.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Lake Crescent; Elwha River. MOUNT RAINIER, in moist
open woods. CRATER LAKE, rare: southwest corner of the park. YOSEMITE, common
along streams, 2,200 to 5,000 feet: El Portal checking station; near Sentinel Hotel;
Awahnee Hotel; Bridalveil Falls; \'osemite Falls; Coulterville road; Hetch Hetchy
Valley, sequoia: Colony Mill road; South Fork Kaweah River; 1 mile east of Hos-
pital Rock. GLACIER, occasional, 4,500 to 5,500 feet: Going-to-the-Sun Highway 1
mile below Going-to-the-Sun Chalet; Otokomi Lake trail; highway northwest of Logan
Pass; Nyack Valley above first snowshoe cabin.

2. Littleleaf Mock-orange (Phtladelphus microphyllus Gray). —
Spreading, stifHy-branched shrub 3 to 6 feet high; leaves opposite, 1/2 to 1 inch
long, oblong to egg-shaped, pointed at the tips, thinly to densely hairy, espe-
cially below; flowers 1 to 3 at the ends of the branchlets; petals 4, white,
about 1/3 to Yz inch long; fruit a woody capsule about ^ to % inch long,
splitting into 4 sections from the top; seeds numerous.

There is a great deal of variation in the hairiness of the leaves which
has given rise to several named forms, but other distinctions are very slight.
(Syns. P. argyrocalyx Woot., P. occidentalis Nels., P. argenteus Rydb., P.
serpyllijolius Gray, as listed from our areas.)

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE, rare: 6,000 to 6,600 feel: Navajo Canyon below Spruce
Canyon; Spruce Canyon below park headquarters. ZION, occasional, about 5,000 feet:
above Weeping Rock on trail to east rim; Zion Arch trail. GRAND CANYON, 6,000 to
8,800 feet. North Rim, common near edge of rim: Cape Royal; Point Imperial; Bright
Angel Point. South Rim, occasional just below rim: Bass Camp. Canyon, occasional:

Fig. 30. Lewis mock-orange (Phtladelphus Fig. 31. Fendlera (Fendlera rupicola).
Lewisi).

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 83

Bright Angel trail; Kaibab trail at base of first switchbacks below Yaki Point; Kaibab
trail below North Rim; upper Bass Canyon.

Fendlera (Fendlera Engelm. 8i Gray)

Fendlera is a conspicuous shrub of the Southwest with showy white
flowers. The petals are narrowed abruptly into a stalk-hke base (or claw)
so that the open flower resembles a maltese cross. Several forms have been
described as occurring in the parks of the Southwest, but since the distin-
guishing characters are variable, no attempt has been made here to segregate
the different forms. Shrubs with leaves somewhat narrower than others and
curved (or falcate) have been designated as F. falcata Thorn.; those with
densely hairy leaves, whitish below, have been called F. tomentella Thorn.;
and shrubs with nearly smooth leaves or only scattered hairs on the lower
surface, the most common form, are called F. rupicola Gray. By some bot-
anists the two first-nam.ed species are considered varieties of the last.

Fendlera {Fendlera rupicola Gray), fig. 31. — Erect, rigidly-branched
shrub 3 to 6 feet high; older bark gray and furrowed, the twigs smooth,
usually reddish or yellowish; leaves opposite, light dull green, 1/2 to U/^ inches
long, narrowly oblong, strongly 3-veined from the base; flowers showy, white,
about 1 inch across, borne in clusters of one to several; petals roundish at
the tips, with claw-like base; capsules narrowly egg-shaped, about 1/2 inch long,
splitting into 4 sections from the top.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE, common, 6,800 to 8,500 feet: park headquarters; north
boundary of the paik. GRAND CANYON, 4,500 to 7,000 feet. South Rim, occasional at
edge of rim. Canyon, abundant on both sides of the Colorado River: Kaibab trail
above Roaring Springs; Kaibab trail below South Rim; Bright Angel trail; Berry
t:ail ; Hermit trail.

Yerba Desierto {Fcndlerella utahensis (Wats.) Hell.). — A spreading
shrub forming a dense low bush 4 to 12 inches high or sometimes nearly 3
feet high; old bark rough and strmgy, grayish, the younger smooth and whit-
ish; leaves light grayish-green, y^ to Y^ inch long, narrowly oblong; flowers
small, white, borne in flat-topped clusters about 1 to n/2 inches across; petals
5; capsules small, oblong, about 1/4 inch long, splitting from the top into 3
sections; seeds 3, one in each cell. (Syns. F. cymosa Greene, Whipplea
utahensis Wats.).

Occurrence. — mesa verde. grand canyon, 4,500 to 8,800 feet. North Rim, com-
mon on rocky points at edge of rim: Bright Angel Point; Cape Royal; Point Sublime;
Point Imperial. South Rim, occasional at edge of rim: Grand View Point; east of
Yavapai Point. Canyon, common: Kaibab trail below both rims; Bright Angel trail
down as far as trail shelter about V/l miles above Indian Gardens.

Cliffbush (Jamesia T. & G.)

This beautiful shrub was named after Edwin James, a botanist on Long's
expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1820. It has also been called Edwinia
after the same man. Throughout most of tis range it is a widely branching
shrub, usually with reddish-brown branches and twigs. In the autumn the

84 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

leaves turn beautiful shades of red. Both the species and variety are often
cultivated as ornamentals.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Shrubs usually more than 3 feel high; leaves % 'o 2 inches long; flowers white;

found in Rocky Mountains /. americana.

Shrubs usually less than 3 feet high; leaves |/2 to 1/4 inches long; flowers deep

pink; found in California Var. calif ornica.

Cliffbush (Jamesia americana T. & G.). — Diffusely branching shrub
3 to 6 feet high; leaves elhptic to oval, % to 2 inches long, with one main
vein from base and prominent lateral veins, green above, densely white-hairy
below, the margins coarsely toothed; flowers borne in small dense clusters at
the ends of the branchlets, white, the petals 5, I/4 to i/^ inch long; capsules
slender-beaked, splitting from the top into 3 to 5 (or 7) sections; seeds many.

Occurrence. — rocky mountain, 8,400 to 10,700 feet: northwest of Estes Cone.
ZION.

California Cliffbush (Var. caltjomka (T. & G.) Jepson. — Differs
from the species in being a smaller, sometimes trailing shrub ^2 to 3 feet high,
with reddish or grayish stems, smaller leaves 1/2 to II/4 inches long, and
rose- pink flowers.

Occurrence.- — kings canyon: Harrison Pass trail, sequoia, common on the east
side, 8,500 to 12,000 feet: Hamilton Creek; Kern-Kaweah River; Kaweah Peaks;
White Chief Mountain; Mount Whitney; Mineral King region.

Saxifrage Family (Saxifragaceae)
Currants and Gooseberries (R.bes L.)

The generic name, Rlbes, is apparently derived from ribas, the Arabic
name for a species of rhubarb (Rheum ribes), from which a famous Arabic
syrup was made. Later, a similar-tasting syrup made in Europe from the
berries of red currants was also called "ribas." ^" The name Ribes as applied
to this group of shrubs was published by Linnaeus in 1737.

Currants and gooseberries are widely distributed and abundant in the
United States, and many species are represented in the western national parks.
The plants are easily recognized in Summer and Fall by the characteristic
berries with which everyone is familiar. Ordinarily, the gooseberry bushes,
because of their spiny or prickly stems, may be readily distinguished from
the smooth-stemmed currants. There are, however, several exceptions to this
rule in the parks, namely, two species of prickly stemmed currants, prickly
currant (R. lacustre) and gooseberry currant (R. montigenum) , and one
gooseberry, white-stemmed gooseberry (/?. inerme), whose stems are some-
times without spines or prickles. The fruits offer the surest means of dis-
tinguishing between the two groups of Ribes. Gooseberries break away from
the stems with short stalks attached to the berries, while currant fruits break

17 Range Plant Handbook, B 130: United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 1937.

Bailey &c Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 85

away with no such stems attached. Some species of gooseberry have spiny
berries but the currant fruits are either smooth or merely glandular-hairy.

Ribes species are widely variable in their habitat preferences. Some favor
moist shaded sites along streams in the forests while others prefer dry sunny
hillsides. Certain species occur at low altitudes in semi-desert areas while
others grow at high altitudes near timberline. The herbage of several species
is browsed to some extent by deer and elk. The berries are an important
source of food for many birds and small animals, and were gathered and
dried by the Indians. Even today, berries of some of the better-flavored
species are collected by local residents for pies, jams and jellies.

Currants and gooseberries are of particular interest in those parks where
five-needled white pines occur because of an introduced fungus disease, white
pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) , which has become prevalent over much
of the western United States. The currant and gooseberry bushes act as
alternate hosts to this fungus which attacks and kills the white pines. In
areas where western white pine (Pinus ynoiiticola) or any other five-needled
pine is an important forest tree the more susceptible species of gooseberry
and currant are being removed. This destruction of the Ribes interrupts the
life cycle of the rust and Ls the only practical method known for controlling
the disease and saving the white pines.

Field Guide to the Species
A. Stems without spines or prickles; fruits falling from the branchlets

WITHOUT stems ATTACHED.

Flowers saucer-shaped or shallowly cup-shaped, about j/4 inch across; leaves J/2 to
10 inches across.

Plants erect or spreading (sometimes more or less reclining in R.. laxiftorum) ;
berries purple-black.

Leaves large, up to 10 inches across; flower-clusters becoming 5 to 9 inches

long; flowers greenish I. R. bracteosum.

Leaves smaller, J/2 to 5 inches across; flower-clusters 1 to 4'/ 2 inches long;
flowers while or purplish.
Berries smooth, gland-dotted but not hairy; flowers white.

Leaves with petioles often longer than the blades; flower-clusters
2 to 4J/2 inches long; found in parks of the Northwest
2. R. petiolare.

Leaves with jDetioles shorter than the blades; flower-clusters 1 to

2J/2 inches long; found on Isle Royale

3. R. hudsonianum.

Berries covered with gland-tipped hairs; flowers purplish, the petals

red 4. R. laxiftorum.

Straggling shrubs with prostrate or reclining stems; berries red.

Leaves l'/2 to 4 inches across, 3- to 5- (or 7)-lobed; flowers white, pink-
ish, or purplish; found at Mount Rainier or on Isle Royale.

Flowers white or pinkish, borne along slender erect stems; berries with

gland-tipped hairs , 5. R. glandulosum.

Flowers purplish, borne along slender nodding stems; berries smooth

6. R. Irisle.

86 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves J/2 to I J/2 inches across, 3-lobed; flowers yellow; found at Crater

Lake 7. R. er^throcarpum.

Flowers bell-shaped or tubular; leaves J/2 to 3 inches across.

Flower-clusters about 1 inch long, not stalked or scarcely so, few-flowered;
flower-tubes 2 to 6 times as long as the lobes; leaves J/2 to 1 1^-4 inches
across.

Flowers yellow, J/2 to 1 inch long; leaves more or less fan-shaped, 3 -
lobed, the margins few-toothed, smooth ; berries yellow, reddish,
or dark purple, smooth or glandular-hairy; found in Rocky
Mountains and Southwest 8. R. aureum.

Flowers greenish-white to pinkish-Iavcnder ; leaves roundish, the margins
irregularly toothed, glandular-hairy; berries bright red, gland-
dotted or glandular-hairy; widespread species 9. R. cereum.

Flower-clusters I to 4 inches long, distinctly stalked; flower-tubes J/i to 2 times
as long as lobes; leaves 1 to 3 inches across.

Flowers greenish-white or tinged with pink; widespread sj>ecies

- 10. R. viscosissimum.

Flowers pink to red; found on Pacific slope.

Leaves thickish, green and thinly hairy above, paler and usually hairy
below, somewhat glandular; flowers scattered loosely along

flowering-stems; found in parks of the Northwest

- 1 1 . R. sanguineum.

Leaves thinnish, green and smooth on both sides or very finely
glandular-hairy; flowers bunched near outer ends of flower-
ing-stems; occurs in Sierra Nevada 12. R. nevadense.

B. Stems usually armed with spines and sometimes prickly.

Spines several below the leaves, or sometimes none; stems usually prickly between the
nodes; flowers saucer-shaped, greenish or purplish-red, borne in several- to
many-flowered clusters; berries falling from stems without stalks.
Berries red; leaves dull green and more or less glandular hairy on both sides

1 3. R. montigenum.

Berries purple-black; leaves dark green, smooth or sparingly hairy

- - ..-- — 14. R. lacuslre.

Spines 1 to 3 below the leaves, or sometimes none; stems not usually prickly between
the nodes; flowers bell-shaped or tubular, color various, borne singly or in
groups of 2 to 6; berries falling with short stalks attached.
Berries smooth, hairy, or bristly with gland-tipped hairs.
Flowers J/2 to 1 inch long, dark reddish-purple.

Flowers nearly 1 inch long; berries densely covered with short gland-
tipped hairs; found in parks of the Northwest 15. R. Lohhi.

Flowers mostly % inch or less long; berries covered with gland-tipped

hairs and short stiff bristles; found in Sierra Nevada

16. R. amarum.

Flowers J/4 to 1/3 inch long, whitish, greenish, or yellowish, sometimes
tinged with violet; widespread species.

Flower-tubes smooth or thinly hairy; berries smooth.
Leaves ^/j, to 2 inches across.

Calyx-lobes about twice as long as tube, shorter than the sta-
mens; found in the Northwest 17. R. divaricalum.

Calyx-lobes about as long as the tube, as long as or slightly
longer than the stamens; widespread species.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 87

Leaves mostly wedge-shaped or straight at the base;
steins usually with spines and also prickles;
berries red 18. R. ox\)acanthoides.

Leaves mostly heart-shaped at base; spines often none;
prickles none; berries reddish-purple to black

19. R. iuerme.

Leaves '74 to % inch across.

Rigidly-branched shrub 1 to 6 feet high 20. R. leplanihum.

Straggly shrub with spreading stems 1 to 2'/2 feet long

21 . R. seiosum.

Flower-tubes finely and softly fuzzy; leaves I/2 to % inch across;

berries usually finely and softly fuzzy 22. R. velutinum.

Berries densely bristly with stiff spines.

Flowers red, ^ to I inch long; leaves ]/2 'o 1 inch across; spines on
berries usually red or brown: common in Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia 23. R. Roezli.

Flowers greenish, about 1/3 inch long; leaves % to 2^/^ inches across;
fruit spines straw-colored; species of uncommon occurrence.

Plants erect; found at Mount Rainier National Park

24. R. IVaisonianum.

Plants with trailing stems.

Leaves and young shoots finely hairy; found at Crater Lake

- 25. R. binominatum.

Leaves and young shoots glandular-hairy; found at Sequoia

National Park : 26. R. tularense.

1. Stink Currant (Ribes hracteosum Dougl.). — Erect shrub 3 to 8
(or 14) feet high, the herbage with a strong, rather musky mint-hke odor;
leaves large and maple-hke, 3 to 8 (or 10) inches across, on long stalks,
smooth and green above, covered with gland dots below; flowers saucer-
shaped, greenish, borne in the upper leaf-axils in erect or spreading clusters
5 to 8 inches long; berries dark purple or black, coated with a whitish film
and covered with sticky resin dots, about 1/3 inch in diameter, unpleasantly
flavored and not edible; common along stream banks in the woods or in moist
open bums, often forming dense thickets.

The specific name, bracteosiim, supposedly comes from the leaf-like bracts
along the lower part of the flower stalk. This species is one of the most
susceptible to white pine blister rust at Mount Rainier National Park.

OccuTTence. — OLYMPIC, common in the forests up to 4,000 feet: Mount Angeles;
Low Divide; Elwha River; Olympic Hot Springs; Quinault River; Canyon Creek;
Duckabush River. MOUNT RAINIER, common along streams in the forests, 2,000 to 5,000
feet: Nisqually Valley; Cowlitz Canyon; Stevens Canyon; south of Mowich Lake.

2. Western Black Currant (Ribes pet.olare Dougl.). — Erect or
spreading shrub 3 to 5 feet high; leaves 1 to 4 inches across, maple-like, nearly
smooth or with a few hairs, covered below with gland dots; flowers white,
shallowly cup-shaped, with tiny petals, borne in erect clusters 1 to 4 inches
long; berries I/4 to nearly i/^ inch in diameter, dark purple or black, covered
with gland dots.

Western black currant is found in the Rocky Mountains commonly along

88 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

streams in the aspen and spruce forests, but it may also occur in wet places
on exposed rocky hillsides. The species name, petiolare, refers to the long
leaf-stalks characteristic of the plant. Deer and elk utilize the herbage
during the Fall and may even eat the small shoots and twigs during the
Winter. The berries have a peculiar musky odor and are obnoxious to
humans, but are eaten with relish by birds and small mammals. The un-
pleasant odor probably explains why this species is sometimes known as dog
currant. 18

This species is scarcely more than a variety of the following species and
is considered by some as synonymous with it.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth; near Rustic Falls between Mammoth and
Norris Junction. GRAND TETON, 6,000 to 8,500 feet: Death Canyon; ridge between
Open Canyon and Granite Canyon; Wilson road near entrance to J. Y. Ranch; Cas-
cade Canyon trail; trail north of Bearpaw Lake.

3. Hudson Bay Currant (Ribes hudsomanum Rich.). — Erect shrub;
leaves broader than long, II/4 to 4 inches wide, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes coarse-
ly toothed, hairy and resinous-glandular below; the leaf-stems shorter than the
blades, flowers white, hairy, scattered along slender erect stems \ to l^/j inches
long; berries purple-black, gland-dotted.

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE: cedar swamp near Pickerel Cove.

4. Trailing Black Currant (Ribes laxiflorum Pursh). — Erect shrub
3 to 6 feet high or the stems more or less prostrate; bark smooth, often
copper-colored; leaves maple-like with heart-shaped base and toothed margins,
smooth and shiny above, somewhat hairy and gland-dotted below, 1^^ to 5
inches across; flowers saucer-shaped, about Y^ inch across, purplish, borne in
spreading or erect several-flowered clusters I1/2 to 4 inches long; sepals smooth;
berries dark purple-black with a bloom, small, not usually over ^4 ^^^ ^
diameter, covered with gland-tipped hairs; occurs in moist locations. (Syns.
R. Howelli Greene, R. acerifolium Howell.)

Occurrence. — Olympic, common, 4,000 to 6,000 feet; Mount Angeles; head of
Duckabush River ; Marmot Pass ; Lake Constance ; Seven Lakes Basin ; source of
Boulder Creek, 5 miles above Olympic Hot Springs. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 4,500
to 8,000 feet: Goat Mountain; Lodi Creek; Huckleberry Creek; Grand Park; trail to
Reflection Lake; Mystic Lake; near snout of Nisqually Glacier; Mazama Ridge.

4a, Colorado Black Currant (Var. coloradense (Cov.) Jancz.). — A
decumbent or prostrate shrub differing from the species in having glandular-
hairy sepals and berries without a bloom. (Syn. R. coloradense Cov.)

Occurrence. — rocky mountain, occasional at high elevations: Moraine Park.

RoTHROCK Currant {Ribes Wolfi Rothr.) has been reported from
Rocky Mountain National Park. This is also a black currant differing from
Colorado black currant in having the leaves less deeply lobed and the berries
usually with a bloom.

18 Range Plant Handbook, B 132: United States Department of Agriculture, For-
est Service. 1937.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

5. Skunk Currant (Ribes glandidosum Weber), fig. 32. — Low shrubs
with prostrate stems and spreading or ascending branches; young herbage
sparingly hairy and glandular, with a strong fetid odor when crushed; leaves
5- to 7-lobed, heart-shaped, 1^ to 3^/2 inches wide, the margins sharply
toothed, the leaf-stems about as long as the blades; flowers 8 to 12, borne
along slender ascending stems,
white or pinkish, glandular, the
petals much longer than broad;
berries red, glandular-bristly.
(Syn. R. prostratum L'Her.)

Occurrence. — ISLE royale, com-
mon in cedar swamps, bog forests,
and on lake shore locks: Mott Is-
land; Scoville Point; near Lake
Desor.

6. American Red Cur-
rant (Ribes triste Pall.), fig.
33. — Straggling shrub with
spreading or creeping stems,
often rooting where they lie
along the ground; leaves thin-
nish, roundish, heart-shaped at
base, 3- to 5-lobed, the margins
coarsely toothed, sinooth above
and below or hairy below; leaf
stems mostly shorter than the
blade; flowers saucer-shaped,

Fig. 32. Skunk cuirant (Ribes glandulosum) .

Fig. 33. American red currant (Rihei triste).

purplish, the tiny petals red,
borne on old wood below the
leafy tufts in nodding clusters
1 to 11/2 inches long; berries
red, smooth, not glandular-
hairy. Similar to western black
currant except for the smooth
red berries.

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER,
reported: Chinook Pass, 6,000 feet.
ISLE ROVALE, common in moist
woods: Mott Island; Sumner
Lake; Washington Harbor; near
Lake Desor.

7. Crater Lake Cur-
rant (Rtbes erythrocarpiim
Cov. & Leib.). — Low, strag-
gling shrub, 4 to 8 inches high,
with trailing stems rooting at

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

the joints; herbage with a strong odor; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, more or

less sticky-hairy, green above, paler below, about I/2 to I1/2 inches across,

divided into 3 broad teeth; flowers saucer-shaped, yellow, dotted with red,

borne in loose, erect clusters in the upper leaf-axils; berries red, covered with

gland-tipped hairs; common around Crater Lake, Oregon, and restricted to

that region.

Occurrence. — crater lake, abundant in the hemlock forests up to 7,000 feet: Pole
Bridge Creek; slop)es above Castle Crest.

8. Golden Currant (Ribes aureum Pursh) .—Smooth shrub 3 to 9
feet high; leaves smooth and pale, small, ^ to I1/4 inches wide, with 3 broad,
more or less rounded lobes, sometimes with few-toothed margins; flowers
golden-yellow, tubular, spicy- fragrant, 1/2 to 1 inch long, few in loose clusters

about 1 inch long; berries yellow, reddish or black,
smooth or slightly glandular-hairy, about 1/2 inch in
diameter, juicy and well-flavored; occurs commonly
along water courses at low and middle altitudes. The
species is quite attractive and is sometimes grown
as an ornamental. l'* (Syn. Ribes longiflorum Nutt.,
as to Rocky Mountain parks and west.)

Occurrence. — grand TETON. rocky mountain, rare:
near Estes Park. MESA VERDE: lower Soda Canyon, 6,000
feet. 3RYCE. ZION.

9. Wax Currant, Squaw Currant (Ribes
cereum Dougl.), fig. 34. — Rigid, very intricately-
branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, with musky, frag-
rant herbage; leaves dull green in color, more or
less roundish, I/2 to 1^4 inches across, scarcely 3- to
5-lobed, the margins rather finely toothed; flowers
greenish-white or pinkish, ^2 to % inch long, the
long, slender tubes finely hairy, the lobes 1/6 to I/4
as long as the tube; flower clusters short, about 1
inch long, few-flowered; berries bright red, smooth,
glandular-dotted or with fine gland-tipped hairs,
edible, but rather insipid or even nauseating. This
is one of the most widely distributed of western
currants. It occurs commonly on dry slopes and ridges, frequently in asso-
ciation with such shrubs as big sagebrush, bitterbrush, choke cherries, service
berries, and rabbitbrushes. Deer and elk utilize the twigs of this species to
some extent, particularly during the winter. The small bright-red berries
were sometimes gathered by the Indians, but are not of good-flavor. They
are extensively eaten by birds and rodents, however. (Syn. Ribes inebrians

LindL).

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, abundant, 5,400 to 7,200 feet: spring between Pole
Bridge and lower campgrounds; near south entrance; Kerr Notch; Mount Scott. LAs-

Fig. 34. Wax currant
{Ribes cereum).

19 Range Plant Handbook, B 130: United States Department of Agriculture, For-
est Service. 1937.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

SEN, 6,000 to 8,500 feet: near Lassen Buftes; Prospect Peak; Cinder Cone. YOSEMITE,
common, 5,500 to 11,000 feet: White Mountain; west slope of Mount GiLbs ; Mono
Pass; Mount Dana; slope above Fletcher Lake; Tuolumne Meadows; along Tioga

re a

d abc

Aspen Valley;

■4 mile northeast of Alder Creek ranger station. KINGS

CANYON, common in higher mountains: General Grant grove; Harrison Pass trail.
SEQUOIA, 5,500 to 12.000 feet: outlet of Lion Lake; west of Little Baldy; lower Bear-
paw Meadow; Redwood Meadows; Whitney Meadows; Mount Whitney (along west
trail); Kern Canyon, I mile north of Rocky Creek; Big Arroyo; Farewell Gap; Kear-
saige Pass; along General's Highway towards northwest corner of park. YELLOWSTONE,
occasional: Gardiner; Mammoth Hot Springs; Upper Geyser Basin. ROCKY MOUNTAIN,
common, 7,500 feet to timberline: Estes Park. BRYCE CANYON, common, 6,000 to 9,100
feel: Bryce Point; Farview Point; Inspiration Point; Rainbow Mountain. ZION.
GRAND CANYON, 5,600 to 7,000 feet. North Rim, common: head of North Canyon; Neal
Spring; Cape Royal. South Rim, common: El Tovar; Yavapai Point; east of Grand
V'iew; Pasture Wash; along Rim Drives. Canyon, common: upper Bass Canyon;
Kaibab trail on switchbacks below Tip off; Bright Angel trail; Hermit trail.

10. Sticky Currant (Ribes viscosissimum Pursh), fig. 35. — Spreading,
somewhat stifHy-branched shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, with shreddy bark and
fragrant sticky foHage; leaves
roundish, heart-shaped, 1 to
2^2 inches wide, usually with
3 broad rounded lobes, the
margins toothed; flower-tubes
broad, greenish or pinkish-lav-
ender, with 5 lobes half as
long as the tube, borne in sev-
eral-flowered clusters 1 to 3
inches long; berries oval, usu-
ally ribbed lengthwise, black,
smooth or sticky-hairy, about
1/3 to 1/4 ii^ich in diameter;
usually found scattered in open
pine, fir, and spruce woods, but
sometimes associated with
brush species in dry rocky
places. The foliage is of some
importance as a browse for elk
and deer, especially during the
Fall and Winter. The dry,
seedy berries have little pulp
but are eaten to some extent by wildlife.

A variety with smooth berries has been designated variety Halli Jancz.

Occurrence . — MOUNT RAINIER, are in northeast part of park up to 5,000 feet: below
White River ranger station; near Yakima Park highway on slope of Sunrise Ridge;
Lodi Creek. CRATER LAKE, common, 4,000 to 7,000 feet: Annie Creek; rim road to
Lost Creek. LASSEN. YOSEMITE, occasional, 5,000 to 9,500 feet: Yosemite Creek trail
near Yosemite Falls; Pohono trail; Little \'osemite; McClure Fork, Merced River;
Porcupine Flat; Eagle Peak Meadows; Matterhorn Canyon; Starr King Meadow.
KINGS CANYON: General Grant Grove. SEQUOIA, common, 6,000 to 9,500 feet: near
Redwood Meadows; Hockett Meadows; Kaweah Meadows; near Mineral King. GLA-
CIER, common, 3,100 to 5,500 feet: Lake McDonald; trail to Mount Brown lookout;

Fig. 35. Sticky currant {R.ihes
viscosissimum) .

92 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Nyack Creek; Bowman Lake; Swiftcurrenl Lake; Crossley Lake; Olokomi Lake trail.
YELLOWSTONE, common: east entrance; near Beryl Spring; near Rustic Falls; south of
Norris Junction; near Mammoth Hot Springs; Crescent Hill. GRAND TETON, occasion-
al: Jackson Lake, 6,800 feet. GRAND CANYON, reported, but probably mistaken identity.

11. Winter or Red Flowering Currant (Ribes sangmneum Pursh). —
A beautiful shrub 3 to 9 feet high, with slender, erect or spreading stems;
bark brownish, shreddy; leaves soft, with fine hairs, dark green above, often
whitish below, ly^ to 3 inches wide, with 3 to 5 broad lobes, the margins
finely toothed; flower tubes light pink to deep red, with 5 spreading lobes,
the tiny petals white; flowers borne in loose or rather dense several- to many-
flowered clusters 2 to 4 inches long; berries blue-black, with a bloom, more
or less glandular, dry and large-seeded but the flavor sweet and agreeable;
occurs on banks and rocky slopes in the mountains, often forming thickets.
This species is a handsome ornamental and is widely cultivated.

Occurrence. — Olympic, common at the lower elevations: Duckabush River; Wild
Rose Creek, near Elwha River, 2,000 feet. MOUNT RAINIER, common: near White
River ranger station. CR,\TER LAKE, rare: lower Redblanket Creek at southwest corner
of park.

12. Sierra Currant (Ribes nevadense Kell.). — Smooth, slender shrub
3 to 6 feet high; leaves 1^^ to 3 inches wide, roundish-heart-shaped with 3 to
5 short broad lobes, the margins finely toothed, green and smooth above and
below or finely hairy below; flowers reddish, with 5 erect lobes, borne in
spreading or drooping several- to many-flowered clusters, these 2 to 4 inches
long; berries blue-black with a bloom, somewhat sticky-hairy, about 1/3 inch in
diameter; occurs in the mountains of California at middle altitudes.

Occurrence. — LASSEN: Manzanita Lake, 5,800 feet. YOSEMITE, 4,000 to 7,000 feet:
near Happy Isles, Yosemite Valley; Vernal Falls; Hetch Hetchy Valley; along road
to Glacier Point; Mariposa Grove of bigtrees; Peregoy Meadow; Isberg Pass trail.
KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek; General Grant Grove. SEQUOIA, occasional, 6,000
to 7,000 feet: Giant Forest; Garfield Grove of bigtrees; Atwell Mill: west of Pano-
rama Point.

13. Gooseberry Currant (Ribes motitigenum McCl.). — Low, freely-
branching shrub 1 to 4 feet high, the stems with 1 to several spines below the
leaves and usually prickly between (sometimes smooth) ; leaves small, 1/3 to
1 inch across, finely glandular-hairy, deeply divided into 3 to 5 lobes, the
margins toothed; flowers greenish or reddish-brown, saucer-shaped, with tiny
red petals, borne in several-flowered clusters; berries about I/4 inch in diameter,
bright red to purple, covered with gland-tipped hairs. This species is chiefly
a high mountain form, sometimes abundant along the edges of sub-alpine
meadows. The plant offers fair forage for deer and elk. The berries are
much relished by grouse and other birds and are occasionally collected for
pies. . (Syn. Ribes lentmii (Jones) Cov. &: Rose) .

Occurrence. — LASSEN, common, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: Brokeoff Mountain; near
Sulphur Works; Diamond Peak on Loop Highway; Summit Lake; Eagle Peak;
shoulders of Lassen Peak. YOSEMITE, abundant, 8,000 to 11,000 feet: Mount Hoffman;
Mount Lyell; Tioga Pass; Donohue Pass; Mono Pass; Cathedral Pass trail; Starr
King Meadows; above Fletcher Lake; Porcupine Flat; Tuolumne Meadows; Gaylor

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Lake trail; Lake Tenaya. KINGS CANYON, common: East Lake. SEQUOIA, common,
9,000 to 12.000 feet: Kearsarge Pass; Harrison Pass; Mount Whitney; Hockett
Meadows. YELLOWSTONE: along Spring Creek; near Rustic Falls between Mammoth
and Norris Junction; Old Faithful. GRAND TETON, occasional, 7,000 to 8,500 feet:
head of Death Canyon; Granite Canyon; Waterfall Canyon. ROCKY MOUNTAIN: near
Poudre Lakes, 10,800 feet. ZION : Horse Pasture Plateau, 7,250 feet. GRAND CANYON.

14. Pricky Currant (Rihes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.), fig. 36. — Stout
shrub with spreading or nearly prostrate stems 3 to 4 feet long; stems with
3 to 5 (or 9) short stout spines below the leaves and usually very prickly
between; leaves % to 2^/2 inches across, smooth, nearly without hairs, divided
into 5 to 7 lobes, the margins toothed; flowers greenish or purplish, saucer-
shaped, borne in more or less drooping, several-flowered clusters 1 to 3 inches
long, the flower-stalks glandular-hairy; berries purple-black, currant-like, small,
covered with gland-tipped hairs; occurs in moist woods, along streams, in sub-
alpine meadows, or on moist rocky slopes. (Syn. Ribes parvulum Rydb.).

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant, 1,500 to 5,000 feet: Mount Angeles; Olympic
Hot Springs; Elwha River; Mount Colonel Bob; Lake Constance; trail to Constance
Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, 4,500 to 6.000 feet; trail to Berkeley Park; Grand Park;
Paradise Park; along trail near Spray Falls, road to Yakima Park; Huckleberry
Creek; upper valley of the Nisqually. CRATER LAKE, 4,000 to 5,000 feet: southwest

Fig. 36. Prickly currant {Rihes lacustre).

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

side of Crater Lake near lake shore trail; 2 miles southwest of Oasis Butte; canyon
east of highway at old south boundary of park; Castle Crest; Wizard Island. GLACIER,
abundant, 3,000 feet to timberline: Lake McDonald; Swiftcurrent Lake; Josephine
Lake; trail to Iceberg Lake; Cracker Lake trail; Two Medicine Valley; Cut Bank
Valley; St. Mary Lake and Valley; Avalanche Lake. YELLOWSTONE, common: Sylvan
Pass; top of trail to lower Yellowstone Falls; Canyon Junction; Tower Falls; Soda
Butte Creek. GRAND TETON: north of Bear Paw Lake, 7,300 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN,
occasional at higher elevations: north of Mount Acoma. ISLE ROYALE: Tobin Harbor
tiail; Duncan Bay; near Lake Desor; Washington Island.

15. Lobb's Gooseberry, Gummy Gooseberry (Ribes Lobbi Gray). —
Bush 2 to 6 feet high, the stems with 3 stout spines below the leaves; leaves
roundish, divided into 3 broad lobes with toothed edges; somewhat glandular-
hairy; flowers showy, ^2 to 1 inch long, bright crimson, tube-like, with 5
backwardly curled lobes, the petals white, borne singly or in 2's or 3's on
nodding stems; berries brownish-red, ovoid, about ^ to 2/3 inch long, densely
covered, with short, stiff, gland-tipped hairs, edible; occurs in the higher moun-
tains of the Pacific slope. The flowers and fruits of this plant are very
handsome.

OccuTTence. — OLYMPIC: Hurricane Creek. MOUNT RAINIER, rare: upper Nisqually
Valley, crater lake, rare, along western boundary: Crescent Ridge, about 5,500 feet.

16. Bitter Gooseberry (Rbes amarum McClatch.). — Erect shrub very
similar to gummy gooseberry but with usually smaller flowers; leaves thinnish,
about 1/4 to % inch across, more or less glandular-hairy on both sides; flowers
narrowly bell-shaped, purplish, the petals pinkish-white, borne singly or in
2's or 3's on short stems; berries ^2 to % "^^^ ^ti diameter, densely covered

with gland-tipped hairs; and also short stiff straw-
colored spines; berries of good flavor, but the
rlandular secretion bitter.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE: occurs on Chowchilla
Mountain ]ust west of park boundary (southwest cor-
ner), probably occurs inside. SEQUOIA, up to 4,000
feet: Mmeral Kmg road.

17. Straggly Gooseberry (Ribes divarxa-
tum Dougl.). — Shrub 4 to 12 feet high with long,
straggly branches and dull gray or whitish bark;
spines 1 to 3 below each leaf, the stems sometimes
with a few scattered prickles between; leaves
roundish with 3 to 5 broad lobes and with toothed
margins, green above, paler and hairy bolov 44
to 2 inches wide; flowers small, inconspicuous,
bell-shaped, smooth or thinly hairy, pale green or
with purplish lobes, the tiny petals white and the
stamens 3 to 4 times as long as the petals, borne
in clusters of 2 to 6; berries purp'e or bluish-
black, smooth, about I/4 to 1/3 inch in diameter.
Fig. 37. Canada gooseberry of excellent flavor; common in wet open places,
{Rihes ox^acanlhoides) . often forming thickets.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Elwha River near Elk-
korn Guard Stalion ; Hurricane Ridge. MOUNT RAI-
NIER; upper Nisqually Valley.

18. Can.a.da Gooseberry (Ribes oxya-
canthoides L.), fig. 37. — Low shrub, the
branches slender, often reclining, with mostly
3 stout short spines at base of the leaves and
usually prickly between; leaf-blades mostly
squared or wedge-shaped at base, % to 1^
inches across, deeply 5-Iobed with toothed
margins, slightly hairy or nearly smooth; flow-
ers borne on slender stems in the leaf-axils, 1
or 2 to a stem, greenish-white to yellowish or
dull purplish, the sepals little longer than the
tube; stamens and petals 2 3 as long as the
sepals; berries smooth, red.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROVALE: Mott Island; Green-
stone Island; Grace Harbor.

19. Whitestem Gooseberry {Ribes in-
erme Rydb.), fig. 38. — Slender-stemmed shrubs
with spines 1 to 3 below each leaf or often
none; leaves smooth on both sides or sparinglv
hairy below; flowers greenish or purplish, 1 to
4; stamens about twice as long as tiny petals;
berries reddish-purple to black, smooth, about ^4 "^^^ "^ diameter, of good
flavor. (Syn. R. saxosum Hook.) The shrubs usually occur in thickets
along streams, often tangled with willows. The foliage furnishes fairly good
forage for deer.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: Sand Creek at mouth of Wheeler Creek; Annie Creek
near south entrance to park. LASSEN. YOSEMITE: Mono Pass; Lyell Fork Tuolumne
River; Bloody Canyon; Boundary Hill region near edge of cirque. SEQUOIA:
Mineral King. GLACIER, common, 3,000 to 5,000 feet: Lake McDonald; Avalanche
Lake; St. Mary Lake; Swiftcurrent Creek; Josephine Lake; Cracker Lake trail. YEL-
LOWSTONE, occasional: near east entrance; Slough Cieek. GRAND TETON: Waterfall
Canyon, 7,800 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN: southwest of Mount Bryant, 8,500 feet. GRAND
CANYON, occasional on North Rim, 6,300 to 8,800 feet: Point Imperial.

Hairystem Gooseberry {Ribes hirtelliim Michx.), reported from Rocky
Mountain National Park, but can scarcely be distinguished from whitestem or
Canada gooseberry. _^/

20. Trumpet Gooseberry {Ribes leptajithum Gray), fig. 39. — Low,
rounded, rigidly-branched shrub 1 to 6 feet high, the branches sometimes
bristly; stems with 1 to 3 stiff spines 1/3 to 2/3 inch long below the leaves;
leaves roundish, small, ^ to % inch across, divided into 3 to 5 toothed
lobes, smooth or somewhat hairy; flowers greenish-white, finely hairy to
nearly smooth, tubular, ^ to i^ inch long, 1 to 2 on short stems; berries

Fig. 38. Whitestem gooseberry
(Ribes inernie).

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

crimson or dark purple, smooth or with gland-tipped
hairs, Y^ to 2/3 inch in diameter.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE, rare: head of Navajo Canyon.
GRAND CANYON, 5,500 lo 9,100 feet. North Rim, common in
the canyons at edge of rim: Bright Angel Point; Point Sub-
lime; Point Imperial; Cape Royal; Powell Plateau; Neal
Spring. South Rim, common near nm : below Grand View ;
Yavapai Point. Canyon, common: Bright Angel trail; Kaibab
trail about I'/2 miles below North Rim.

20a. WooLLYFLOWER GoosEBERRY (Var. lasian-
thum (Greene) Jepson) . — Flowers yellow, the tubes
hairy, borne in groups of 2 to 4; berries yellow or dark
red, smooth or nearly so.

Occurrence. — LASSEN. YOSEMITE: Merced Lake; Lyell
Fork Tuolumne River; Bloody Canyon; Mono Pass; Merced
Lake trail. SEQUOIA, 7,000 to 11,000 feet: Farewell Gap;
Hockett Meadows.

2L Redshoot Gooseberry (Ribes setosum
Lindl.). — Similar to trumpet Gooseberry, but smaller;
stems spreading, 1 to 21/2 feet long, more or less prickly
between the 3 stout spines; flowers 1 to 3 in a cluster,
white, tinged with violet; berry smooth, red to black;
occurs in moist locations in the
Rocky Mountains. (Syn. R. saxi-
montanum E. Nels.)
Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN. ISLE ROYALE: reported by Holt on shore cf Siskowit
Lake.

22. Desert Gooseberry {Rib e s yelutinum
Greene). — Somewhat similar in appearance to trumpet
gooseberry; spines usually 1 below the leaves, long and
slender; leaves small, deeply indented; flowers yellowish
or whitish, bell -shaped, 1 to 4 on drooping stems; ber-
ries purplish, densely soft-fuzzy, about 1/6 to I/4 inch in
diameter; occurs on mountain slopes of the interior
plateau region.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, on the South Rim and below,
3,000 to 8,000 feet: Grand View road; Bright Angel trail.

23. Sierra Gooseberry (Ribes Roezli Regel.),
fig. 40. — Stout, spreading shrub, II/2 to 5 feet high;
stems with 1 to 3 spines below the leaves, not prickly
between; .leaves usually i/^ to 1 inch across, hairy or
smooth, roundish or kidney-shaped, divided into 3 to 5
broad lobes, the margins toothed; flowers y^ to 1 inch

lA rn 3/

Fig. 39. Trumpet

gooseberry (Rihes

leplanthum) .

/2 to 1 incr
long, the tube dark purplish-red, 1/2 to % inch long,
more or less hairy, with 5 teeth as long as the tube;

Fig. 40. Sierra goose-
berry (Ribes
Roezli) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 97

petals white, the anthers red or pinkish, the flowers borne singly (or in 2's)
in the leaf-axils; berries yellowish, pinkish or purplish, or becoming red-brown
when ripe, 1/2 to nearly 1 inch in diameter, covered with long, stiff spines
sometimes I/4 inch long, the spines finely hairy; occurs on slopes and canyon-
sides at middle altitudes in the mountains of California where it is the most
common gooseberry in the main timber belt.

Occurrence. — LASSEN, up to 7,000 feel: Hot Springs Valley; Lassen Peak. YOSEM-
ITE, abundant, 4,000 to 7,000 feet; southeast of Wawona ; near Chinquapin; Glacier
Point; Big Meadow; Coulterville road 1 mile above All Year Highway; Yosemitc
Valley; Yosemite Creek trail above Falls; Pohono trail; Mirror Lake; foot of Vernal
Falls; Merced Lake trail; Cascade Creek. KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek; Gen-
eral Grant Grove. SEQUOIA, 5,000 to 7,800 feet: Marble Fork Kaweah River; Rejoic-
ing Summit; General's Highway; Redwood Meadows; Redwood Creek; Atwell s
Mill; vicinity of Mineral King.

23a. Blood Sierra Gooseberry (Var. cmentum (Greene) Rehd.). —
Leaves and flowers smooth, not hairy; berries densely spiny, the spines not
hairy nor glandular.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, rare, near south and west boundaries: lower Redblanket
Cr.nyon ; Crescent Ridge.

24. Watson Gooseberry, Mt. Adams Gooseberry (Ribes Watson-
iantim Koehne). — Erect shrubs 2 to 6 feet high, the stems smooth except for
usually 3 stiff slender spines below the leaves; leaves very finely hairy, % to 2
inches across, divided into 3 to 5 broad lobes, the margins toothed; flowpt-s
borne singly or in 2's or 3's in the leaf-axils, the tubes greenish-white, bell-
shaped, about 1/3 inch long, the 5 lobes 2 to 3 times as long as the shallow
tube; petals white; berries densely covered with slender straw-colored spines;
found only at Mount Rainier National Park.

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER, rare, 4,500 to 5,500 feet: Whiie River along the
Yakima Park road; Sunrise Ridge.

25. Siskiyou Gooseberry (Ribes b'mommatum Hell.). — Stems trail-
ing; young shoots finely hairy but not glandular; leaves about % to 2^/^
inches across, deeply divided into 3 or sometimes 5 lobes, the margins toothed,
finely hairy above, more densely so below, not glandular; flowers greenish-
white, about 1/3 inch long, the 5 lobes about 2 to 3 times as long as the
shallow tube; tiny petals white; berry about 1/3 inch in diameter, densely
covered with stiff straw-colored spines, some of them nearly ^ inch long.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: northwest of Crater Peak, 6,300 feet; Annie Creek at
mouth of Pole Bridge Creek.

26. Tulare Gooseberry (Ribes tularense (Cov.) Fedde). — Leaves
and young shoots glandular-hairy; stems somewhat prickly between spines.

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA, rare. After its description from a collection made in the
"Giant Forest " region, this species was lost sight of until it was recently discovered
along the Colony Mill road at around 5,500 feet elevation.

98 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Rose Family (Rosaceae)

The rose family as considered here is one of the largest of the families
represented in the national parks, at least as far as the shrubby species are
concerned. It also includes a large proportion of species with edible fruits.
The family is characterized by usually showy flowers or rarely with the
petals lacking.

Field Guide to the Genera

A. Plants low, creeping, mostly alpine ; flowering stalks erect,

1 TO 9 inches tall.

Flowers small, borne in dense oblong clusters; petals 5, scarcely ]/§ inch long, white;

fruits tiny pods PETROPHYTUM, p. 135.

Flowers large, usually borne singly; petals mostly 8, about 1/3 to Yi inch long,

white or yellow; fruits small seed-like achenes with long white-fuzzy tails

dryas, p. 136.

B. Plants erect or spreading, or if low and creeping, not alpine dwarfs.

1. Leaves compound (divided into separate leaflets).
Stems not thorny nor prickly.

Leaves finely divided and fern-like.

Low shrub not over 2 feet high; leaves three times divided; herbage with

strong aromatic odor CHAMAEBATIA, p. 100.

Erect shrubs 2 to 6 feet high ; leaves twice divided ; herbage with sweetish

odor when crushed CHAMAEBATIARIA, p. 100.

Leaves not fern-like.

Leaves oblong to elliptic, 2'/2 to 8 inches long, usually with more than 5
leaflets; flowers white, borne m compact clusters; fruits apple-like
SORBUS, p. 109.

Leaves roundish, not more than 1 inch long, divided into 3 to 5 leaflets;
flowers borne singly or in few-flowered clusters.

Erect or spreading shrubs; leaflets grayish-green, not toothed; flowers

yellow; fruits tiny seed-like achenes POTENTILLA, p. 101.

Shrubs with trailing stems; leaflets dark green, irregularly toothed;
flowers white; fruits aggregate berries composed of several

1 -seeded drupelets RUBUS, p. lOL

Stems thorny or prickly.

Leaflets mostly egg-shaped, roughish, prominently veined; flowers white or dark
red; fruits aggregate berries with many 1 -seeded drupelets

RUBUS, p. 101.

Leaflets mostly elliptic to oblong, smooth, not rough, obscurely veined; flowers

rose-pink; fruits apple-like ROSA, p. 111.

2. Leaves simple (not divided into separate leaflets).
Stems with stout thorns; flowers white, borne in flattish clusters at the ends of the

stems; fruits dark purple or red, apple-like CRATAEGUS, p. 118.

Stems not thorny (the ends of the branchlets sometimes spine-tipped in one species of
Prunus) ; flowers white, pink, or yellow, borne singly or in clusters; fruits
Various.

Leaves not leathery, never linear nor divided into linear lobes.

Flowers flat-spreading or saucer-shaped, the sepals persistent; petals present.

Flowers borne singly or in few- to many-flowered clusters, the petals
mostly J/^ to 1 inch long; fruits fleshy.

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 99

Leaves roundish, 3- to 5-lobed, the margins irregularly toothed;

fruits raspberry-like RUBUS, p. 101.

Leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic or roundish, not lobed, the
margins often toothed; fruits apple-like or cherry-like.
Fruits apple-like (the flower-parts on the top of the fruit).
Leaves mostly narrowly elliptic or oblong to roundish,
not bunched at the ends of the branchlets;
flowers white AMELANCHIER, p. 119.

Leaves narrowly oblong, tapering to both ends, tending
to be bunched at the ends of the branchlets;
flowers pink PERAPHYLLUM, p. 123.

Fruits small cherries or plums (drupes).

Fruits borne singly in a flower; flowers all alike; wide-
spread in the parks PRUNUS, p. 124.

Fruits 1 to 5 to a flower; male and female flowers borne
on separate plants; occurs in Pacific slope
parks OSMARONIA, p. 128.

Flowers borne in many-flowered clusters, the petals about '/g inch long
or less; fruits tiny seed-like achenes or small dry pods.
Leaves roundish to kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, or egg-shaped, 3-

5-lobed and irregularly toothed PHYSOCARPUS, p. 128.

Leaves oblong to elliptic, egg-shaped or wedge-shaped, the mar-
gins usually toothed but not lobed.

Flowers white, the clusters loose, often drooping; leaves
mostly elliptic to reverse-egg-shap>ed or wedge-
shaped, mostly toothed above the middle ; fruits
tiny seed-like achenes HOLODISCUS, p. 130.

Flowers white or pink, the clusters compact, stiffly erect,
leaves mostly oblong to elliptic, mostly toothed
along the sides; fruits tiny pods SPIRAEA, p. 133.

Flowers with a long tube-like base; sepals falling in fruit; petals none;

fruits small seed-like achenes with long white-fuzzy tails

Cercocarpus heluloides, p. 1 37.

Leaves mostly leathery, linear to oblong, spatula-shaped, club-shaped, or nar-
rowly wedge-shaped, entire, deeply divided into linear lobes, or
3-tooihed at the tip.
Flowers borne singly or in groups of 2 to several; not found in Sequoia
National Park.
Leaves linear to narrowly oblong or club-shaped, not toothed nor
divided, or sometimes with few small teeth; true petals none
or soon falling.
Leaves alternate.

Flowers with narrow tube-like base; calyx lobes green, fall-
ing in fruit; leaves thick and leathery; fruits with
long haity tails CERCOCARPUs, p. 137.

Flowers with deeply cup-shaped calyx; petals small, 5, soon
falling; leaves thinnish, some of them few-toothed;

fruits small, almond-like, hairy

Prunus fasciculaia, p. 128.

Leaves opposite; flowers shallowly cup-shaped, the calyx lobes

yellow inside; petals none; fruits dry, seed-like

coleogyne, p. 141.

Leaves 3-toothed at tip or divided into several linear lobes; flowers
with conspicuous petals.

100

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves lobed; flowers white; fruits with long while-fuzzy tails.
Bark usually reddish-brown; calyx without teeth or append-
ages between the sepals; fruits usually 5

COWANIA, p. 141 .

Bark usually light gray or whitish; calyx with lance-shaped
or oblong teeth or appendages between the sepals;

fruits many, packed into fluffy heads

FALLUGIA, p. 1 42.

Leaves 3-toothed at the tip; flowers yellow; fruits not tailed

PURSHIA, p. 143.

Flowers borne in large many-flowered clusters; occurs in Sequoia and

Yosemite National Parks ADENOSTOMA, p. 143.

Bearmat, Mountain Misery (Chamaebatia joliolosa Benth.). — Low,
strongly aromatic, evergreen shrub % to 2 feet high, with spreading branches
and fern-like fohage; leaves about 1 to 3 inches long, several times divided
into very fine leaflets, each tipped with a yellowish resin gland; flowers white,
with 5 petals, resembling flowers of strawberries or blackberries; fruits small
seed-like achenes.

Bearmat often forms extensive carpets in the open ponderosa pine forests
of the Sierra Nevada. The strong aromatic odor, while fragrant and agree-
able at a distance, is obnoxious to most people at close range. Because of
this and also because of the sticky resinous leaves which often stain the clothing,
the plant is sometimes called mountain misery. Kit-kit-dizze is the Indian
name which has been adopted in some localities. The herbage is practically
useless as a browse for animals.

Occurrence. — yosemite, common, 4,000 to 6,500 feet: Chilnualna Creek; Ackerson

Creek, north of Carl Inn; Mariposa
Grove; Wawona ; Chinquapin. SE-
QUOIA, abundant, 4,000 to 6,500 feet;
near Colony Mill ranger station;
Clough Cave; Giant Forest; Atwell
Mill; Garfield Grove.

Fernbush, Tansybush,
Desert-sweet (Chamaebatiaria
millejolium (Torr.) Maxim.),
fig. 41. — Stout erect evergreen
shrub 2 to 6 feet high with diffuse
branches; leaves lance-shaped, 1 to
21/2 inches long, 1/3 to ^ inch
wide, twice divided into very fine
leaflets; flowers white, 1/3 to %
inch across, 5-petalled, borne in
conspicuous leafy clusters at the
ends of the branches; fruits small
several-seeded pods, borne 5 to a
flower. The species favors dry
rocky slopes. The foliage is of

Fig. 41.

Fernbush {Chamaebatiaria
millefolium) .

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

101

not much importance as a browse for animals.
Occurrence. — LASSEN : trail to Lava Tubes.
GRAND CANYON. 5,500 to 7,500 feet. North Rim,
occasional at edge of the rim: Cape Royal; Cliff
Spring. South Rim, common : El Tovar ; Grand
Canyon village; Yavapai Point; Yaki Point; along
Rim Drives. Canyon, rare.

Bush Cinquefoil (Potentilla jruticosa
L.), fig. 42. — Low, widely-branching shrub, 1/2
to 4 feet high; leaves mostly 1/2 to 1 inch long,
white-silky below, divided into 3 to 5 smaller,
oblong leaflets; flowers i/4 to 1 inch across,
petals 5, bright yellow; fruits tiny seed-like
achenes. (Syn. Dasiphora jruticosa Rydb.)

Bush cinquefoil is widely distributed in the
northern hemisphere, occurring in Europe,
Asia, and over most of the northern and
mountainous parts of North America. It is a
very attractive shrub with bright yellow, but-
tetcup-like flowers, growing typically in moist rocky subalpine meadows,
or sometimes on dry slopes or in open forests. The bushes may be low
and sprawling, or erect and becoming as much as 4 feet in height. The
flowering period e.xtends over a long time, often from early spring until
late summer. The leaves, although rather coarse in te.xture and with an
astringent taste, are abundant and of good size and are eaten to a certain
extent by deer and elk.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Low Divide; Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional,
5,000 to 8.000 feel: Spray Park. YOSEMITE, 7,000 to 12,000 feet: Mount Dana; Mount
Lyell; west of Stanford Peak; southeast of Onion Lake; Mono Pass. GLACIER, com-
mon, especially on the east slope, 4,500 to 7,500 feet: near Many Glacier Hotel;
Iceberg Lake trail; upper Swiftcurrent Valley; trail to Grinnell Glacier; Logan Pass;
Cut Bank Pass; Cut Bank Valley; Triple Divide Pass. YELLOWSTONE, occasional:
Gibbon Falls; Gibbon Meadow, south of Norris; Mount Washburn. GR.^ND TETON,
6,000 to 8,500 feet: along road south of park headquarters; near head of Death Can-
yon. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common, 8,700 feet and above: 1 mile northeast of Columbine
Lake. BRYCE CANYON : Sevier River, Last Fork. ISLE ROYALE, common in rock shore
crevices: Scoville Point; Blake Point.

Fig. 42. Bush cinquefoil {Po-
lentilla fruticosa).

Blackberry, Raspberry (Rubus L.)

Blackberries and raspberries are among the best known and most easily
recognized of the wild shrubs because many of them so closely resemble the
cultivated varieties. The familiar fruits are composed of tiny 1 -seeded berries
or drupelets which form a single layer around a central core or receptacle.
Blackberries fall from the stems in the form of solid berries with the drupe-
lets remaining attached to the central core, while the raspberries separate from
the receptacles as hollow or cup-shaped berries. Fruits of many of the species
are gathered extensively for canning and preserving.

102 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Species

Stems herb-like, soft-woody at base; leaves roundish, 1 to 2 inches across; fruits
red, composed of only a few drupelets.

Leaves simple, 3- to 5-lobed, irregularly toothed; berries finely hairy

1 . R. lasiococcus.

Leaves palmately divided into 3 to 5 separate leaflets; berries smooth.
Leaflets rounded at tips; flowers usually borne singly.

Flowers usually white; western species 2. R. pedatus.

Flowers rose-color; eastern species 3. R. arclicus.

Leaflets pointed at tips; flowers 1 to 3 ; eastern species 4. R. triflorus.

Stems woody; leaves larger and coarser; fruits red or black, composed of many
drupelets.
Stems trailing along the ground or climbing over bushes.

Leaves more or less hairy, mostly divided into 3 separate leaflets (the
upper often not divided); stems densely armed with prickles;
berries black 5. R. macropelalus.

Leaves smooth, mostly not divided into separate leaflets; stems sparingly

armed with prickles; berries red 6. R. nivalis.

Stems erect or spreading, not trailing along the ground.

Leaves divided into separate leaflets; stems usually more or less prickly.

Flowers borne in elongate clusters; berries purple-black when ripe,
not separating from central core; species rare in the parks.

Leaflets dissected into several f>ointed lobes; prickles curved

7. R. lacinialus.

Leaflets not dissected; prickles straightish 8. R. frondosus.

Flowers borne singly or few in flattish clusters; berries black, red, or
salmon-colored, separating from central core or receptacle;
species common.
Flowers dark red or purplish, solitary or few; berries ovoid, '/2

to nearly 1 inch long, reddish to yellow or salmon-
colored; stems unarmed or with only a few weak

prickles; leaves not white-velvety below

9. R. speclabilis

Flowers white, clustered; stems prickly; berries shallowly cup-
shaped when separated from receptacle, about '/2 inch
across; leaves white-velvcty below.

Berries black or purple, composed of numerous tiny closely-
packed drupelets; prickles of flower-clusters strong-
ly flattened and curved; young shoots long and
spreading, covered with a conspicuous white bloom
10. R. leucodermis.

Berries red; drupelets larger, fewer and less closely packed;
prickles of flower-cluster straight, not flattened;
young shoots not conspicuously long and spreading,
the bark often reddish 11. R. idaeus vars.

Leaves simple, 3- to 7-lobed but not divided into separate leaflets; stems
not prickly.

Flowers usually several in a cluster; leaves 3 to 12 inches across;

fruits bright red, juicy; widespread in the parks

12. R. parviftorus.

Bailey & Bailey : Woody Plants of National Parks 103

Flowers usually solitary; leaves % to l^/i inches across; fruits pur-
plish, dryish; found in Rocky Mountain and Grand Canyon
National Parks 13. R. deliciosus.

1. Hairy- FRUITED Dwarf Bramble (Rubus lasiococcus Gray).—
Stems slender, trailing, 1 to several feet long, rooting at the joints, with short
erect flowering branches; leaves 1/2 to 1 inch long, % to 2 inches across, 3-
to !) lobed. ' .le margins irregularly toothed; Hower white, about 1/2 inch across,
borne singly on slender erect stems % to 21/2 inches long; berries composed
of 2 to 5 druplets, red, very finely hairy.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Mount Angeles; Boulder Creek; North Fork Quinault
River; Low Divide, 3,600 feet. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,000 to 6,000 feet. CRATER
LAKE, common: trail to lake shore; near park headquarters.

2. Five-leaved Dwarf Bramble (Rubus pedatus Smith) . — Similar to
R. lasiococcus except the leaves divided into 3 to 5 leaflets; berries red,
smooth and shining.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 1,300 to 3,000 feet: Bouldei Creek; Canyon
Creek; Duckabuth River; Baldy Peak; Elwha River near mouth of Godkin Creek:
North Fork Quinault River along trail to Low Divide. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,000
to 5,500 feet: Narada Falls. Gl-ACIER, rare: along Lake McDonald-Avalanche trail,
3,500 feet.

3. Arctic Bramble (Rubus arcticus L.). — Stems slender, more or less
erect, up to about 8 inches high; leaves divided into 3 (or 5) leaflets, the
leaflets rounded at the tips, somewhat firm, glossy above, coarsely toothed;
petals rather large, spreading, rose-pink

(rarely white) ; fruits similar to R. triflorus.

Occurrence. — ISLE royale, reported from bogs ^^2[^if

at Grace Creek.

4. Dwarf Bramble (Rubus triflorus
Rich.), — Plants similar to R. pedatus, the
stems trailing, or ascending up to about 1
foot high; leaves composed of 3 (or 5)
leaflets; leaflets pointed at both ends, the
margins coarsely double-toothed, thinnish,
smooth; flowers 1 to 3 on slender stems,
the petals small, erect, white or sometimes
pink; berries composed of few rather large
juicy drupelets.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common in moist
forests: Mott Island; Washington Harbor along
trail to Windigo Mine.

5. Trailing Blackberry (Rubus
macropetalus Dough ex Hook.), fig. 43. —
Trailing shrubs with stems 3 to 25 feet long
and very prickly with stiff curved prickles,
usually unbranched the first year, the nu-

Fig. 43. Trailing blackberry
(Rubus macropetalus) .

104 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

merous short flowering branches appearing the second year; leaves usually
composed of 3 leaflets (rarely 5), or the upper sometimes merely lobed, the
leaf-stalks prickly; leaflets oval, tapering to a point at the tip, the margins
toothed, roughish above, somewhat hairy below; % to 2 inches long; flowers
white; fruit black when ripe, cylindrical, 1/3 to % inch long.

Trailing blackberry is one of the first species to invade burned areas.
However, since strong sunlight is required for best growth and fruit produc-
tion, the plants are gradually shaded out as the taller conifers and other
plants develop. Like most blackberries, this plant is particularly valuable in
erosion control work. The long trailing stems soon form a maze of tangled
briers and serve efl^ectively to bind the soil.

The leaves are browsed by deer and elk. Birds and small mammals eat
the berries, which are usually produced in abundance. They are sweet and
delicious and are often gathered by local residents for pies or preserving.
Several varieties of cultivated blackberry have been developed from this species.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common at the lower elevations up to about 1,500 feet:
Mount Angeles; Elwha River; Skokomish River; Crystal Creek. MOUNT RAINIER,
common, up to 2,000 feet: lower southern slope of Shrmer Peak in burned area.
CRATER LAKE, rare in southwest corner of park: Redblanket Canyon.

6. Snow Dewberry (Rubus nivalis Dougl.). — Very similar to trailing

blackberry, but with mostly simple leaves, smooth and somewhat shiny, less

prickly stems, and red berries.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Lake Crescent; Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER: Nisqually
Valley.

7. CuTLEAF Blackberry (Rubus laciniatus Willd.). — Shrubs with
climbing stems 4 to 15 feet long, armed with stout backwardly-curved thorns;
leaves divided into 3 to 5 leaflets, these again deeply divided into rather fine
pointed sections, somewhat hairy below; flowers white or pinkish, borne in
elongate clusters at the ends of the stems; fruit a blackberry.

This blackberry is a garden plant escaped from cultivation. Although not
important in the parks, it is occasionally found growing wild, and where it
has become established it may form dense thickets, particularly near streams.

Oc^irrenc. — OLYIVP'C, rare, at low elevations. MOUNT RAINIER: rocky soil near
Longmire. YOSEMITE: Hazel Green meadows, 6,000 feet. GLACIER: Lake McDonald
Hotel.

8. Yankee Blackberry (Rubus frondosus Bigel.). — Shrubs with erect
spreading or arching stems, armed with stiff straight or slightly curved prickles;
leaflets usually 5 (or 3 on flowering branches), sharply double-toothed, nearly
smooth above, velvety below; flowering branches hairy; flowers white, about 1
inch across; fruits black when ripe, smooth, nearly globose, the drupelets
rather few.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, rare: ridge between Lake Benson and Forbes Lake.

The Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus procerus Muell.) is found at In-
dian Gardens in the Grand Canyon where it was cultivated before the area
became a national park.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 105

9. Salmonberry {Rubus spectabilis Pursh). — Shrub with erect stems
3 to 9 feet high; bark reddish-brown, shreddy on old stems, crimson-red in
young shoots; stems armed with short, straight, weak prickles or nearly un-
armed; leaves mostly composed of 3 leaflets; leaflets 1 to 3i/2 inches long,
egg-shaped with pointed tips, the margins toothed; flowers red, about 1 to li/4
inches across, borne singly or in clusters of 2 or 3; berry ovoid, red or
yellow, 1/2 to ^4 inch long.

Salmonberry is so called because of its large, juicy, typically salmon-
colored fruit. These and the showy dark-red flowers may account for the
Latin specific name, spectabilis. The shrub is usually found along streams or
in the moist Douglas fir and Sitka spruce forests of the Northwest. It may
sometimes be found in cut-over and burned-over areas, but is seldom abundant
except where it borders the virgin forest. Deer and elk browse the foliage
during the summer and utilize the twigs during the winter. On the Olympic
Peninsula this species has been sought so eagerly by elk that it has been
practically eliminated from some of the overgrazed areas. The large, juicy,
mild-flavored berries were gathered and prepared in a variety of ways by
the Indians. Salmonberry has been cultivated as an ornamental in England
since 1827, when it was introduced by David Douglas, an early Scotch botan-
ical explorer in the new world.- "^

Occurrence. — Olympic, common, 1,500 to 3,000 feet: Elvvha River near Hayes
River; near mouth of Godkin Creek; Canyon Creek. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,500
to 5,000 feet: Longmire road; Nisqually Valley; Stevens Canyon trail; Ipsut Creek
near Ipsut Pass.

10. Whitebark Raspberry, Blackcap (Rubus leticodermis Dougl.),
fig. 44. — Shrubs with long cane-like stems armed with short, stiff, curved
prickles; leaves divided into 3 to 7 leaflets, these % to 3i/2 inches long, more
or less egg-shaped and often unequal-sided at the base, toothed with coarse,
sharp teeth, green above, felty-white below; flowers white, about i^ to 2/3 inch
across, borne in few-flowered clusters; berry dark-purple or black when ripe,
about 1,4 inch across, the tiny drupelets packed close together into a com-
pact cup.

The scientific name, leucodermis, comes from the white bark which is
very conspicuous on the long, spreading, cane-like stems which often root
where they touch the ground. The white under-surface of the leaves also
stands out in sharp contrast to the dark green upper surface. The flowers
resemble blackberry flowers and the purple-black fruits are similar to black
raspberries, hence the name, blackcap. They are sweet and pleasant-flavored
and were used by the Indians either fresh, or dried. The young shoots are
sv.'eet and edible and were among the favorite foods of the Indians of the
Northwest. The plants are browsed to some extent in spite of the sharp
thorns thickly covering the stems.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, up to about 2,000 feet: Olympic Guard Station; Skokomish
River along trail. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,000 to 5,000 feet: Carbon River road;

20 Range Plant Handbook, B 140: United States Department of Agriculture, For-
est Service. 1939.

106

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 44. Whitetiark raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) .

Nisqually Valley. CRATER LAKE, occasional, 4,000 to 6,500 feet: near park headquar-
ters. YOSEMITE, abundant, 3,500 to 6,500 feet: foot of Yosemile Falls; Happy Isles;
Mirror Lake; Pohono trail; Hclch Helchy Valley; Alder Creek. KINGS CAWiON:
switchbacks on Bubbs Creek trail. SEQUOIA, 5,000 to 7,000 feet: Chagocpa Falls;
Wolvertcn Creek; Cedar Creek; Giant Forest. GLACIER, occasional on the west side:
Lake McDonald; Avalanche Camp. ZION, 4,500 feet: trail to upper Emerald Pool;
the Grotto; near Hidden Canyon trail.

Var. leucocarpus Motton. — Berries white.
Occurrence. — ZiON : north base of Angels Landing.

IL Western Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. aculeatissimus
(Mey.) Regel. & Tiling.), fig. 45. — Shrub with erect or spreading stems
2 to 5 feet long, the stems prickly; leaves divided into 3 to 5 leaflets; leaflets
oblong, tapering to a point at apex, the margins irregularly toothed, green

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 107

above, paler and often hairy below; flowers white, y2 to % inch across, borne
in few-flowered clusters at the ends of the branches; berries red, the small
drupelets rather loosely packed on receptacle. (Syn. R. strigosus Michx., as
to our national parks.)

This shrub very closely resembles the cultivated red raspberry. It is
commonly found on wooded slopes or in openings in the forest along with
whitebark raspberry with which it is often confused. The stems of western
red raspberry are more ascending or nearly erect, while those of the whitebark
raspberry are long and cane-like, curving over to touch the ground. The bark
of the younger stems is usually reddish and the thorns straight and slender.
The berries, composed of fewer and larger drupelets than in whitebark rasp-
berry, are of good flavor. Deer browse the leaves to a certain extent. Young
tender shoots were peeled and cooked for food by the Indians of some regions.

Occurrence. — glacier, abundant all over park, 3,100 to 6,000 feel: Lake McDon-
ald; Avalanche Campground; St. Mary Lake; Two Medicine Valley; Cut Bank

Fig. 45. Western red raspberry {Rubus iJacus var. aciilealissimus).

108

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Valley; Swiftcurrent Lake and Valley; trail to Iceberg Lake; trail to Grinnnell
Glacier; Kintla Lake. YELLOWSTONE, abundant: Canyon junction; start of trail to
lower Yellowstone Falls. GRAND TETON, 6,000 to 8,500 feet: Indian Paintbrush Can-
yon; Jackson Lake. ROCKY MOUNTAIN: trail to Twin Sisters, 10,000 feet. ISLE ROYALE,
common in forest openings and old burns: Mott Island; Lake Richie trail.

Var. arizonicus (Greene). GRAND CANYON, on the North Rim: near start of Kaibab
tiail; Bright Angel Sprmg.

12. Western Thimbleberry
(Rubus parviflorus Nutt.), fig.
46. — Widely spreading shrub 2
to 6 feet high, the young twigs
and herbage soft-hairy; bark
light brown, shreddy; leaves large,
3 to 12 inches across, usually with
3 to 5 broad lobes, the margins
irregularly toothed; flowers white,
1 to 2 (or 3) inches across, borne
in clusters of 4 to 7 at the ends
of the branches; berries bright red,
raspberry-like, about ^2 to % inch
broad. (Syn. R. nutkamis Moc )

Western thimbleberry is the
most abundant and widely dis-
tributed of any species of Rubus
in the western national parks. It
is especially abundant along
streams in the open woods or on
burned-over areas at low or mid-
dle elevations, the bushes often
growing so close together that the
leaves form an almost unbroken mosaic above the forest floor. The large
undivided leaves and thomless stems are in contrast to most other raspberries
and blackberries which have compound leaves and prickly stems. The species
is also sometimes called white flowering raspberry. Large white rose-like
flowers are very showy in the spring and early summer, or until replaced by
bright scarlet-red raspberry-like fruits. The berries, which are quite tart- and
strong-flavored, are often eaten by hikers along the trails, but are seldom
picked for other uses. They are relished by many kinds of birds and mam-
mals. Deer and elk browse the foliage.

We have not here taken into account the many varieties of this species
sometimes recognized in the western states.^i

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant: Mount Angeles; Lake Crescent; Elwha River
near Camp Wilder; Low Divide; Skokomish Valley; Marmot Lake, mount rainier,
common, 2,000 to 4,000 feet: Stevens Canyon. CRATER LAKE, common, 4,000 to 5,500
feet: lower Annie Creek; Wildcat Spring; Sun Creek Canyon; Redblanket Canyon.
YOSEMITE, occasional, 3,500 to 7,000 feet: Pohono trail; Ledge trail; Happy Isles;
Davis road, near Crane Flat. KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek. SEQUOIA, common:

Fig. 46. Western thimbleberry {Rubus
parviflorus) .

21 Fernald, M. L., Rubus parviflorus and its varieties. Rhodora 37: 273-284. 1935.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

109

Giant Forest. GLACIER, abundant all over the park, in open forests and on open slopes,
3,200 to 6,500 feet: Lake McDonald; Swiftcurrent Lake; trail to Iceberg Lake; trail
to Grinnell Glacier; Two Medicine Valley; Cut Bank Valley; St. Mary Lake; Log-
ginc Mountain. YELLOWSTONE: near east entrance; below north junction of Mount
Wa'shington road; near Rustic Falls; Soda Butte Creek. GRAND TETON, occasional,
6.500 feet: along Wilson road near J. Y. Ranch; mouth of Death Canyon; Cascade
Canyon, isle ROYALE, widespread and abundant: Molt Island; Washington Harbor.

13. Boulder Raspberry (Rubus de-
liciosus ToiT.), fig. 47. — Shmjb with stems
somewhat recHning or ascending; leaves
shallowly 3- to 7-Iobed or scarcely lobed,
% to 21/2 inches across, the lobes blunt-
pointed, the margins irregularly toothed, •
glandular below, the veins hairy; flowers
white, 1 to 3 inches across, usually borne
singly; fruits purplish, raspberry-like, with
few large distinct drupelets, rather dryish.

Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain, common :
northwest of Estes Cone, 9,100 feet.

13a. New Mexican Raspberry
(Var. neomexicanus (Gray) Kearney) . —
Spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high; similar
to boulder raspberry but the leaves usually
somewhat larger, more deeply lobed, and
at least the middle lobe sharp-pointed, hairy
on both sides.

When in flower, this is a very conspicu-
ous shrub along the Kaibab trail below the
North Rim of the Grand Canyon.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, common in the canyon below the North Rim. 6.000 to
8,000 feet: Kaibab trail.

Fig. 47. Boulder raspberry
{Rubus deVciosus).

Mountain Ash {Sorbus L.)

Mountain ash is among the most attractive shrubs in the western national
parks. The separate leaflets, the large somewhat flat-topped clusters of white
flowers, and the conspicuous red berries easily distinguish the plants as be-
longing to the mountain ash genus. They are attractive at most any time
of the year, and especially in the autumn when the leaves turn a beautiful
red color. Birds and squirrels eat the fruits and the foliage is browsed to
some extent by the larger animals.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaflets oval to oblong, mostly blunt-pointed at the tips; found in Pacific slope parks.

Leaflets toothed only near the tips; berries covered with a whitish bloom

1 . 5. occldentalis.

Leaflets toothed to near the base; berries without a bloom 2. S. silchensis.

1 10 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaflets oblong-lance-shaped, pointed at the tips; found in Rocky Mountain parks
and the Southwest.
Shrubs to 12 feet high; leaflets 11 to 13, IJ/^ to lYi inches long, shiny-green

above; found in Rocky Mountain parks 3. 5. scof.ulina.

Shrubs to 9 feet high ; leaflets 9 to 1 1 , % to 1 ^ inches long, dull green above,

found in the Southwest 4. 5. dumosa.

1. Western Mountain Ash, Alpine Mountain Ash (Sorbus oc-
cidentalis (Wats.) Greene). — Shrubs 3 to 9 feet tall; bark gray; winter buds
and young twigs more or less hairy; leaflets 7 to 11, thinnish, dull green
above and below, narrowly elliptic to oval, % to 21/2 inches long, rounded
or flattish at the tip, toothed only at the tip or not at all; flower clusters 1 to
1^2 inches across, rounded; berries red, covered with a bloom.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 4,000 to 7,000 feet: Baldy Peak; Seven Lakes Basin;
Marmot Lake. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 4,500 to 7,000 feet: Goat Island Mountain;
Mazama Ridge; Paradise Park.

2. Pacific Mountain Ash (Sorbus s'tcbensis Roem.), fig. 48. — Many-
stemmed shrubs 3 to 12 feet high; winter buds and young twigs thinly hairy;
leaflets 9 to 15, oval to oblong, % to 3 inches long, rounded to broadly-
pointed at the tips, coarsely and sharply toothed to the middle or below,
dull or somewhat shiny green above, paler below; flower-clusters 2 to 5 inches
across, somewhat round-topped, the flower stems smooth or thinly hairy;
berries red, without a bloom. (Syns. S. californica Greene, S. cascadensis
Jones.)

Occurrence. — Olympic, occasional, 2,000 to 4,000 feet: lower slope of Mount Nor-
ton, Elwha River valley; Dosewallips River. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,000 to 5,000
feet: Bear Prairie; Frog Heaven. CRATER LAKE: rim road to Lost Creek; Castlecrest
Garden, 7,000 feet. LASSEN : Mount Lassen ; Lcng Lake. YOSEMITE, common, 7.000 to
10,000 feet: Ledge trail; Chilnualna Falls; Dog Lake, near Tuolumne Meadows;
Gaylor Lakes; Tioga Pass; Isberg Pass trail; Bridal Veil gorge; Snow Creek. KINGS
CANYON: between Junction Meadcw and Charlotte Creek; Bubbs Creek opposite Char-
lotte Creek campgrounds. SEQUOIA, occasional, 9,000 to 10,000 feet: Cliif Creek; trail
below Tamarack Lake; Emerald Lake; near Alta Peak; Farewell Gap. GLACIER,
occasional, 3,000 to 7,000 feet: Lake McDonald; Snyder Lake; Sperry Chalet; Gun-
sight Lake; Granite Park; Grinnell Lake; trail to Ptarmigan Lake.

Variety densa Jepson, with the leaflets more crowded, the flower-clusters
denser, and the flowers hairy at the base, has been described from Stubble-
field Canyon in Yosemite National Park.

3. Greene's Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina Greene), fig. 49. —
Rather stout shrub 3 to 12 feet high; winter buds more or less sticky, some-
times with a few hairs; leaflets 11 to 13, li^ to 2% inches long, oblong-lance-
shaped, pointed at the tip, toothed nearly to the base, dark green and glossy
above, paler beneath; flower clusters 3 1/4 to 6 inches across, flat-topped; fruits
bright orange-red, without a bloom.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, abundant, 3,000 to 6,000 feet: Belton; Lake McDonald;
Cattle Queen snowshoe cabin; Logan Pass; St. Mary Lake; Gunsight Lake; Cut Bank
Valley; Two Medicine Lake and valley; Swiflcurrenf La'^e and valley; Crossley
Lake. YELLOWSTONE, common, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: near Old Faithful; west of Thumb;

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 111

Fig. 48. Pacific mountain ash {Sorbiis sitchemis) .

Yellowstone Lake and valley below 'ake; Gibbon River; Fiiehole River; Mammoth
Hot Springs. GRAND TETON : near mouth of Granite Canyon, 6,700 feet. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN: Bear Lake; Prospect Canyon; Cub Creek.

4. Arizona Mountain Ash (Sorbus dumosa Greene). — Shnab with
clustered, slender, erect stems 5 to 9 feet high; bark reddish; winter buds and
young twigs densely-hairy; leaflets 9 to 11, small, % to I1/2 inches long, nar-
rowly-oblong, pointed at the tips, sharply-toothed almost to base, dark green
and somewhat glossy above, pale below; flower clusters 1 to 1^2 inches across,
round topped; fruits red, glossy.

Occurrence. — grand CANVON, on the North Rim; Point Imperial; gully at edge of
Walhalla Plateau.

Wild Rose {Rosa L.)

The wild rose is among the most easily recognized of the wild shrubs with
the lovely pink or rose-color blossoms and, later in the summer, its conspicu-
ous red fruits popularly called rose hips. Most of the species are more or
less thorny or prickly, but some are practically thomless. In a few of the

112

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 49. Greene's mountain ash {Sorbus scopuUna).

species even the midribs on the backs of the leaves are often thickly covered
with sharp bristles.

Numerous species have been described by different botanists, but the char-
acters are so variable, even on the same plant, that we are here following the
conservative recommendations of Erlanson-- in recognizing comparatively few
species as distinct. Other species names are listed as synonyms in their re-
spective places.

The roses, known since earliest times, have featured in many of the old
legends and myths. The familiar expression, "bed of roses," originated in
Egypt where mattresses of rose leaves were especially prepared for people of
high rank. The early European custom of suspending a rose from the ceiling
when proceedings were to be kept secret goes back to the legend that cupid
bribed the god of silence with a rose. 2 3 The Indians gathered the fruits for

22 Erlanson, Eileen Whitehead. Experimental data for a revision of the North
American wild roses. Bot. Gaz. 96: 197-259. 1934. (See p. 228.)

23 Range Plant Handbook, B 135: United States Department of Agriculture, For-
est Service. 1937.

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 113

food and the roots were used medicinally. Some of the species are browsed
considerably by deer and elk.

Field Guide to the Species

Native or well-established species; sepals not divided (rarely lobed in R. acicular-
is) ; sepals persistent (except R. gvmnocarpa).
Leaflets 5 to 7 (of 9); fruits smooth or only slightly hairy, not bristly; shrubs
mostly more than 2 feet high.
Flowers mostly solitary (or 2 or 3), on short lateral branches 1 to 4 inches
long.
Stems slender; leaflets 1/3 to 1 inch long; flowers mostly less than 2
inches across; fruits mostly less than '/2 inch thic.\.

Fruits usually pendent, naked; flowers about 1 inch across

I . R. syimnocarpa.

Fruits erect, the sepals remaining at maturity; flowers l'/4 to

nearly 2 inches across 2. R. pinelorum.

Stems stout; leaflets % to 2 or 2'/2 inches long; flowers mostly 2 or
more inches across; fruits '/2 inch thick or more.
Prickles short, weak, or the branches unarmed.

Stems mostly unarmed; leaf-rachis softly hairy, not glandular

3. R. blanda.

Stems usually more or less bristly, at least the lower; leaf-
rachis glandular-hairy 4. R. acicularis.

Prickles stout; stems often with finer bristles also.

Stems mostly over 3 feet high; prickles straight, slender;

northern species 5. R. nulkana.

Stems mostly less than 3 feet high; prickles m.ostly recurved;

southwestern species 6. R. manca.

Flowers mostly in clusters of several to many, on long lateral branches
more than 4 inches long.
Sepals about j/g inch wide, more or less narrowed at base; buds egg-
shaped; found on Pacific Slope.
Stems coarse, armed with few to many stout recurved prickles;

leaflets hairy on both sides 7. R. callfonnca.

Stems slender, armed with weak slender prickles or nearly un-
armed 8. R. pisocarpa.

Sepals narrower, about 1/16 inch wide, not narrowed at base; buds

taperino; found in Rocky Mountains and Southwest

9. R. IVoodsi

Leaflets 3 to 5 ; fruits bristly with stiff hairs; low shrubs not over 2 feet high.
Branches bristly with slender prickles or almost unarmed; flowsrs about I

inch across; found in Sierra Nevada parks 10. R. spilhamea.

Branches armed with long prickles; flowers IJ/2 to 2J/2 inches across;

found at Grand Canyon 11. R. siellaia.

Species escaped from cultivation; rare in the parks; sepals usually divided into
several lobes, finally falling from fruits.

Flower-stalks and receptacles usually smooth 12. R. caitina.

Flower-stalks and receptacles glandular-bristly.

Leaflets roundish to oval; found in Olympic National Park

13. R. Eglaiiteria.

Leaflets elliptic to narrowly reverse-egg-shaped; noted from Isle Royale

14. R. viroiniana.

114

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

1. Baldhip Rose (Rosa gymno-
carpa Nutt.), fig. 50. — Erect shrub
up to 9 feet high; flowering branches
often unarmed, otherwise the stems
armed with weak slender straight
prickles and finer bristles; leaflets 5
to 9, broadly to narrowly elliptic,
I/4 to 1 inch long, smooth on both
sides, usually double-toothed with
gland-tipped teeth; flowers rose-pink,
about I14 inches across, usually
borne singly, the flower-stalks smooth
or glandular-hairy; fruits oblong or
pear-shaped, orange-red, naked, the
sepals falling together with the disc
at top of fruit.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common at
lower elevations: Elkhorn Guard Station,
Elwha River, 1,374 feet. MOUNT RAINIER,
common up to 5,000 feet: Nisqually Val-
ley. CRATER LAKE: southwest corner of
park; Annie Creek. YOSEMITE, occasional,
up to 5,500 feet: Pohono trail; Tenaya
Lake trail ; Mariposa Grove. SEQUOIA,

occasional in lower parts of park. GLACIER, occasional on west slope at low elevations:

Lake McDonald; Belton.

Fig. 50. Baldhip rose {Rosa
gymnocarpa) .

2. PiNEYWOODS Rose (Rosa pinetorum Hel.). — Erect shrub 1 to 3 feet
high, the stems armed with long straight prickles, often densely so; leaflets
5 to 7, oval to reverse-egg-shaped, 1/3 to 1 inch long, finely glandular-hairy,
at least below, glandular-toothed;
flowers usually solitary, 1^4 to 2
inches across, the flower-stalks smooth
or glandular-bristly; fruits usually
globose, smooth, about y2 inch thick.
(Syn. R. Dudleyl Rydb.).

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE : Mariposa
Grove; Yosemite Valley; Mount Con-
ness; Miguel Meadow, sequoia : Middle
Fork Kaweah River, 6,500 feet.

3. Meadow Rose (Rosa blanda
Ait.), fig. 51. — Erect shrub 2 to 6
feet high with slender unarmed stems
or with few scattered bristles; leaf-
lets 5 to 7, thinnish, oval or reverse-
egg-shaped to oblong-lance-shaped,
with rather coarse teeth, % to 2i/2
inches long, smooth and dull green

Fig. 51. Meadow rose (Rosa blanda).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

115

above, paler and smooth or finely hairy below; flowers large, 2 inches or more
across, usually borne singly, the flower-stalks and receptacles smooth; fruits
usually nearly globose, about 1/2 inch thick.

Occurrence.— ISLE ROYALE, common: trail to Siskiwit Lake; Grace Island, Wash-
ington Harbor.

Fig. 52. Prickly rose (Rosa acicularis).

4. Prickly Rose (Rosa acicularis Lindl.), fig. 52. — Low shrub up to
about 4 feet high, or sometimes up to 6 or 8 feet, the branches armed with
fine straight prickles, or practically unarmed; leaflets 3 to 7, broadly elliptic
to oblong, 1,4 to 2 inches long, usually pointed at both ends, smooth above,
finely hairy and sometimes glandular below; flowers 1^/2 to 2y^ inches across,
usually solitary, dark rose-color, fragrant, the flower-stalks usually smooth,
rarely slightly glandular-hairy; outer sepals sometimes with 1 or 2 lateral
lobes; fruits ya to % inch thick, pear-shaped to elliptic with a distinct neck,
or globose without a neck. (Syns. vars. Bourgeauiana Crepin, rotunda Er-
lanson, and Sayiana Erianson, R. Sayi Schw.).

Occurrence. — GLACIER, abundant at low elevations, especially on the west side:
Belton; Lake McDonald; Apgar Peak; North Fork Flathead River road; Swiftcur-
rent Lake. YELLOWSTONE: reported from roadside southwest of Nymph Springs. ROCKY

116 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

MOUNTAIN: Poudre Canyon. MESA VERDE: road at head of Morfield Canyon. ISLE
ROYALE, abundant: Mott Island; Siskiwit Bay; Washington Island.

5. NooTKA Rose (Rosa nutk^na Presl.). — Stout erect shrub 3 to 5
feet high; stems usually dark brown, armed with large straight prickles and
the young stems bristly; leaflets 5 to 9, broadly elliptic to narrowly egg-
shaped, 1/2 to 2 inches long, dark green and smooth above, finely hairy and
often glandular below; flowers large, 2 to 3 inches across, usually solitary,
rose-pink, the flower-stalks smooth or slightly glandular-bristly; fruits globose,
smooth, without a neck, large and showy when mature, I/2 to % inch in
diameter. This is one of the most showy of the rose species both in flower
and fruit. (Syn. R. Spaldmgi Crepin.)

OccuTTence. — OLYMPIC, abundant, 1,500 to 4,000 feet: Duckabush River; Hoh
River; Beaver Creek; Hurricane Ridge; EKvha River; Low Divide; North Fork
Quinauit River. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 2,500 to 4,500 feet: Mount Wow; near
Ricksecker Point ; Goat Mountain ; Tipsoo Lake.

6. Mangos Rose {Rosa manca Greene) . — Shrub up to 6 or 8 feet
high, the stems armed with curved prickles; leaflets 5 to 7, oval to egg-
shaped, % to 1% inches long, smooth on both sides or finely hairy below;
flowers solitary or several, 1 to II/2 inches across; fruits globose. (Syns. R.
oreophila Greene, R. melina Greene.)

Occurrence. — MESA verde. bryce canyon : west of canyon road, 8,000 feet. ZION :
near northern boundary of park, 5,900 feet. GRAND CANYON, on the North Rim.

7. California Rose (Rosa calif omica C. &: S.). — Stout shrub up to 9
feet high; prickles stout, curved, about ^ inch long, flattened at the broad
base, often paired below the leaves, the stems sometimes with bristles also;
leaflets 5 to 7, broad-elliptic to narrowly reverse-egg-shaped, about % to ly^
inches long, usually simple-toothed, hairy on both sides, not glandular;
flowers few to many in leafy-bracted clusters or sometimes solitary, pink,
about fi/^ inches across, the sepals hairy outside; flower-stalks smooth or
slightly hairy; fruits globose, with a distinct neck, about ^2 inch across. The
bushes often form thickets along streams or on moist flats where they fur-
nish good browse for animals.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, in meadows up to 6,500 feet: Hetch Hcichy. SEQUOIA:
head of Bennett Creek, 5,900 feet; Dorst Creek.

8. Peafruit Rose (Rosa pisocarpa Gray). — Slender shrub 2 to 6 feet
high, often forming dense thickets; prickles weak, slender, sometimes nearly
y^ inch long, or the branches sometimes nearly or entirely unarmed; leaflets
5 to 7, elliptic-oblong to narrowly reverse-egg-shaped, 1/3 to 1% inches long,
coarsely toothed, smooth or finely hairy below; flowers pink, about 1 to 1%
inches across, borne in several-flowered clusters or sometimes solitary; fruits
globose, about 1/3 inch across, sometimes with a short neck. (Syns. R.
Pringlei Rydb., R. rainierensis Jones, R. ultramontana Hel.).

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, at lower elevations. MOUNT rainier: Nisqually Valley;

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

117

Mount Wow. LASSEN. KINGS CANYON: between Junction and Vidette Meadows.

SLQUOIA.

9. Woods Rose (Rosa
Woods I Lindl.), fig. 53.—
Mostly low shrubs 1 to 3 feet
high, but sometimes up to 6
feet high; stems armed with
straight or somewhat curved
slender prickles, or the prickles
few; leaflets 5 to 7, 1/2 to 11/4
inches long, mostly simple-
toothed, sometimes double-
toothed, smooth or finely
glandular-hairy, the teeth often
gland-tipped; flowers about 1
inch across or slightly larger,
usually 2 to several in a clus-
ter; fruits globose to ellipsoid,
about 1/3 to 1/2 inch thick; oc-
curs in fields, along streams, or
in open woods and is an im-
portant browse species for ani-
mals. (Syns. R. Fendleri Cre-

pin, R. arizonica Rydb., R. pyrifera Rydb., R. neomexicana Cock., R. granit-
It f era Rydb.).

Occurrence. — GLACIER: Belton; Lake McDonald; Swiffcurrent Lake; east entrance.
YELLOWSTONE: Tower Falls ranger station; east entrance; Stevenson's Island. GRAND
TETON: near southwestern boundary of park, 6,500 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, mesa
VERDE: east-facing slopes along Prater Canyon trail. BRYCE CANYON. ZION : Blue
Springs; Potato Hollow, 6,775 feet. GRAND CANYON. North Rim, 7,500 to 8,500 feet:
Cape Royal. South Rim: east of Grand View. Canyon, rare.

10. Ground Rose (Rosa sp'.thamea Wats.). — Low shrub 1 to 2 feet
high, the stems from creeping rootstocks; prickles straight, slender, or the
stems almost unarmed; leaflets usually 5, oval to roundish, y'2 to II/2 inches
long, glandular-toothed, smooth or slightly hairy above, glandular-hairy be-
low; flowers several in a cluster or sometimes solitary, about 1 inch across;
fruits small, ellipsoid or nearly globose, about 1/3 inch thick, more or less
bristly with gland-tipped bristles.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE: southeast of Crane Flat; Mariposa Grove; north of Elea-
nor Lake. SEQUOIA: southwest of Colony Mill ranger station, 5,000 feet.

Fig. 53. Woods rose {Rosa IVoodsi).

11. Desert Rose (Rosa stellata Woot.). — Low shrub up to 2 feet high;
stems armed with numerous slender straight or slightly curved prickles and
covered with fine branched hairs when young; leaflets 3 or sometimes 5,
broadly wedge-shaped, ^ to 1/4 inch long, sharply and irregularly toothed,
usually hairy on both sides; flowers solitary, deep rose-purple, li^ to 2^/2

118 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

inches across; fruits broadly top-shaped, about 1/2 inch thick, dull reddish,
covered with stiff bristles. (Syn. R. mirifica Greene.)

Occurrence. — grand canyon: Mesa Eremita, 6,500 feet; Powell's Plateau.

12. Dog Rose (Rosa canina L.). — Spreading shrub up to 9 feet high,
the branches often arching; stems armed with stout prickles; leaflets 5 to 7,
oval to elliptic, % to 1 1/2 inches long, smooth on both sides or slightly hairy
below; flowers 1 to 3, light pink or white, II/2 to 2 inches across, the flower-
stalks usually smooth; sepals usually divided into several lobes, becoming re-
flexed and finally falling from fruits; fruits scarlet, ellipsoid, about I/2 to 1%
inches long, usually smooth.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Solduc Hot Springs.

13. SwEETBRiER RoSE {Rosa E giant eria L.). — Much-branched shrub with
aromatic herbage; prickles strong, flat, hooked, mostly just below the leaves;
leaflets 5 to 7, roundish to oval, ^2 to 1^ inches long, smooth and dark
green above, hairy below, glandular on both sides; flowers 1 to 3, bright pink,
li/^ to 2 inches across, the flower-stalks glandular-bristly; sepals divided into
several lobes, spreading and later falling from fruits; fruits orange-red, globose
to egg-shaped, about ^ to % inch long, usually more or less glandular-bristly.
(Syn. R. rubiginosa L.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Skokomish River.

14. Virginia Rose (Rosa yhginiana Mill.). — Erect shrub with stout
more or less hooked prickles; leaflets 7 to 9, elliptic to narrowly reverse-egg-
shaped, % to 1^2 inches long, dark green and lustrous above, smooth on both
sides except sometimes on veins below; flowers solitary or few, 2 to 2^^
inches across, the flower-stalks and receptacles glandular-bristly; outer sepals
sometimes with 1 or 2 small lobes; fruits about ^ inch thick, more or less
glandular-bristly.

Occurrence. — isle ROYALE: A foim of this species has apparently escaped cultivation
and persisted at McCargo Cove along trail to Minong Mine.

Hawthorn (Crataegus L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves deeply cut; thorns about '74 to 1 inch long; berries black; occurs in Pacific

coast and Rocky Mountain parks 1. C. Douglasi.

Leaves less deeply cut; thorns 1 to 2 inches long; berries red; occurs in Rocky

Mountain National Park 2. C chrysocarpa.

1. Douglas Hawthorn (Crataegus Douglasi Lindl.), fig. 54. — Stout
shrub or small, round-topped tree, 5 to 24 feet high, with shiny red twigs;
leaves oblong to more or less egg-shaped, 1 to 2 (or 4) inches long, irregu-
larly double-toothed, dark green above, paler below; flowers white, ill-smelling,
borne in flattish clusters at the ends of the branches; petals about ^4 to 1/3
inch long; fruits black or purplish-black, apple-like, 1/3 to ^2 inch long.

Black hawthorn is the common hawthorn of the northwestern United

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

119

States. It ranges from California to British Columbia and east to the Rocky

Mountains, occurring along the borders of mountain streams and in moist,

gravelly or sandy soils. It is usually a

shrub, but in favorable locations it may

also become a tree. The bushes are

easily distinguished by the stout, sharp

thorns, often nearly 1 inch long, and by

the more or less flat-topped clusters of

small ill-smelling, white flowers. The

small apple-like fruits or "haws" were

dried for winter use by the Indians of

some regions. The foliage is browsed

by deer.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Enchanted Valley
near the falls, 2,000 feet. GLACIER, common
at low elevations, 3,200 to 4,000 feet: Bel-
ton; Lake McDonald; highway above Ava-
lanche Camp; Camas Creek; lower end of
St. Mary Lake. GRAND TETON : eastern boun-
dary, near Moose, 6,600 feet.

2. FiREBERRY Hawthorn (Cra-
taegus chrysocarpa Ashe.). — This is a
shrub or dwarf tree found in the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado. It occurs on
rocky hills in Rocky Mountain National
Park but is not very frequent. The
species differs from Douglas hawthorn
in having longer spines (1 to 2 inches
long) and dark red fruits.

Occurrence. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional: west of Moraine Park.

Pig. 54. Douglas hawthorn {Cra-
taegus Douglasi) .

Serviceberry {Amelanchier Medic.)

The serviceberries are widely distributed in the United States, one or
more species occurring Ln each of the western national parks. The shrubs
are known by the English name, serviceberry, because of the similarity of
the fruits to the European servicetree (Sorbus domesticus), but there are
many other names in popular use. The common name, juneberry, is used
in many places because the berries ripen in June while on the Atlantic coast
the name, shadbush, is popular because the flowers bloom when the shad are
running. Other common names are saskatoon, sarvisberry, and pigeonberry.

The foliage of the serviceberry is considered an excellent browse for deer,
elk, and moose, and the fruits are eaten by bears, small mammals, and birds.
Indians used the wood for arrow shafts and the fruits were among their most
important winter foods. They were collected, dried, and stored, or used
fresh in soups and stews.

120

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves 1 to II/2 inches long; shrubs or small trees with erect or loosely spreading
stems.
Leaves rather coarsely toothed, mostly above the middle, more or less rounded
or squared at tips.
Leaves smooth, at least above, at maturity; flowers with petals J/2 inch or
more long, or only slightly less; fruits dark purple at maturity.
Erect shrub or small tree; leaves soon smooth on both sides; flowers
with petals Yl to nearly 1 inch long, borne in oblong clus-
ters; northwestern species 1. A. ftorida.

Usually low and shrubby; leaves hairy or woolly below; flowers with
petals about ]/2 inch long or slightly less, borne in short

dense clusters; widespread and variable species

2. A. alni folia.

Leaves hairy on both sides; flowers with petals about ]/4 inch long; fruits

pale orange or yellowish at maturity 3. A. ulahensis.

Leaves closely and finely toothed, usually to near the base, mostly pointed at
tips.
Flowers several to many in a cluster; young leaves remaining folded for

some time after opening of bud 4. A. canadensis.

Flowers 1 to 3 ; leaves flat when unfolding from the bud ....5. A. Bartramiana.
Leaves mostly less than % inch long; compact shrubs or many-stemmed trees with

dense rounded crowns 6. A. Covillei.

I. Pacific Serviceberry (Amelanchier florida Lindl.), fig. 55. — Tall

erect shrubs 4 to 10 feet high or
slender and tree-like, sometimes
reaching 20 feet high; bark
smooth, grayish or reddish; leaves
elliptic to nearly round, % to 2
inches long, rounded at base, usu-
ally toothed at least above the
middle, green and smooth on both
sides or thinly hairy below when
young; flowers white, borne in
showy oblong clusters of few to
many; petals 5, narrowly oblong,
^ to nearly 1 inch long; fruits
juicy apple-like berries, about %
inch in diameter, dark purple
when ripe. (Syn. A. elliptica
Nek).

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Lake Cres-
cent; Duckabush River, mount RAI-
NIER: Lodi Creek below Berkeley
Park. 5,500 feet; Nisqually Valley.
CRATER LAKE, occasional : Gar-
field Peak trail; near southern boun-
dary of park. GLACIER, common on the
west side, 3,100 to 4,000 feet: Belton;
Lake McDonald ; Avalanche camp-
ground.

Fig.

55. Pacific serviceberry {Amelanchier
florida).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

121

2. Saskatoon Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), fig. 56. —
Erect shrub 2 to 6 feet high; bark reddish-brown or the older grayish; branch-
lets hairy; leaves elliptic to roundish, % to ly2 inches long, dark green and
becoming smooth above at maturity, hairy or woolly below, usually becoming
almost smooth in age; flower clusters rather short and dense, the flowers
white, the petals about 1/2 inch long or slightly less; flower-stems and calyces
usually more or less hairy or silky; berries ^ to % inch in diameter, dark
purple at maturity. (Syns. A. Goldmani Woot. & Standi., A. spicata (Lam.)
Koch., A. pallida Greene).

OccuTTence. — LASSEN. YOSEMITE, common, 4,000 to 7,500 feet: Yosemite Valley;
Ledge trail; Tenaya Lake trail; southwest of Mount Starr King; Isberg Lake trail.
KINGS CANYON: between Junction and Videtfe Meadows. SEQUOIA. GLACIER, abundant.
3,100 to 6,000 feet: St. Mary Lake; Otokomi Lake trail; Swiftcurrent Lake; trail to

Fig. 56. Saskatoon serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia).

Fig. 57. Hairyleaf serviceberry
(^Amelanchier iilahensis).

Iceberg Lake; Crossley Lake; Two Medicine Lake; Cutbank Valley; Belton. GRAND
TETON, occasional, 6,500 to 7,100 feet: Death Canyon; Granite Canyon; near eastern
park boundary. YELLOWSTONE, abundant: east entrance; West Thumb; west of Lake
Junction; near Mud Geyser; near west entrance. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional on hill-
sides and along streams, below 9,000 feet. ZION, 5,500 to 7,000 feet: Potato Hollow
south of Horse Pasture Plateau; highway near western boundary of park. GRAND CAN-
YON, on the North Rim and just below, 7,500 to 8,500 feet: near Neal Spring; Cape
Royal; Kaibab trail. ISLE ROY ALE, common: Mott Island; near old Rock Harbor light-
house, t

122

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

3. Hairyleaf Serviceber-
RY (Amelanchier utahensis
Koehne), fig. 57.— Spreading
shrub or small tree with stout
rigid branches; leaf -blades el-
liptic to oval or roundish,
rounded to more or less heart-
shaped at base, % to 1 inch
long, coarsely toothed above
the middle, rounded or squared
at tips, pale green, hairy on
both sides; flowers small,
white, the petals slightly more
than y^ inch long, borne in
short clusters; fruits about ^4
inch in diameter, pale orange
or yellowish in maturity, fine-
ly hairy. (Syn. A. Baker i
Greene.)

Occurrence. — M ESA VERDE.

GRAND CAN-iON, 6.800 to 8,000
feet. South Rim at edge of rim :
near El Tovar; near top of Bright
Angel trail. Canyon: just below
North Rim on Kaibab trail.

Fig. 58. Shadblow seiviceberry
(^Amelanchier canadensis).

Fig. 59. Thicket serviceberry {Amelanchier
canadensis var. oblongifolia) .

4. Shadblow Serviceberry
(Amelanchier canadensis (L).
Medic), fig. 58. — Tall shrubs or
small trees up to 30 feet high, the
herbage at first white-woolly, soon
becoming smooth; leaves egg-shaped
to oblong-egg-shaped, usually more
or less heart shaped at base, pointed
at tips, finely toothed, I1/2 to 3 inches
long when mature, young leaves
folded as buds unfold; flowers white,
the petals i^ to 1 inch long, borne in
showy drooping clusters; fruits glo-
bose, dark purplish or purplish-red,
the fruiting stalks elongated.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE : Washing-
ton Harbor along trail to Windigo Mine.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

123

Fig. 60. Apple-flowered serviceberry
(Amelanchier Barlramiana) .

4a. Thicket Serviceberry
(Var. oblongifolia T. 8C G.) , fig. 59.
— Similar to the species but usually
smaller throughout; young leaves
and flower clusters densely white-
woolly; leaves ly2 to 2^/2 inches long;
flowers with petals seldom over i^
inch long; fruiting stalks shorter than
in the species.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common:
Mott Island; Sumnei Lake.

5. Apple-flowered Serviceber-
ry (Amelanchier Bartramiana
(Tausch.) Roem.), fig. 60. — Erect
shrub 3 to 9 feet high, the herbage
soon smooth; leaves thinnish, oblong
to oval, 1 to 2 inches long, usually
more or less pointed at both ends;
flowers 1 to 3 (or 4), the petals
narrowly reverse-egg-shaped, I/2 to
% inch long; fruits broadly pear-
shaped to nearly globose, dark purple with a whitish bloom. (Syn. A. olis.0-
carpa (Michx.) Roem.)

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE, common in the forests: Mott Island; near old Rock
Harbor lighthouse.

6. Desert Serviceberry {Amelanchier Covillei Standi.), fig. 61. —
Bushy shrub 4 to 10 feet high or often tree-like with a dense rounded crown
close to the ground; leaves oblong or elliptic to oval, 1/3 to ^4 inch long,
blunt or sometimes pointed at tips; smooth above, smooth or finely hairy or
fuzzy below, the margins rather finely toothed to near base or sometimes not
toothed; flowers small, the petals about I/4 inch long, borne in dense rather
few-flowered clusters; fruits globose, small.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE: highway at north end of Mesa, 7,900 feet. BRYCE CAN-
YON: edge of rim near park headquarters. ZION, common, 4,500 feet: south side of
canyon near south entrance; highway east of tunnel; near Zion Lodge. GRAND CANYON,
4,000 to 8,200 feet. North Rim, occasional at edge of rim; Cape Royal; McKinnon
Point. South Rim, abundant: in front of El Tovar; Rim drives; Yavapai Point;
Grandview Point; Shoshone Point. Canyon, common along trails below South Rim:
Cedar Ridge near fossil fern quarry; Kaibab trail; Bright Angel trail; Hermit trail.

Squaw-apple (Peraphylliwi ramos'tssimum Nutt.). — Low, intricately
branched shrub 2 to 6 feet high; bark grayish; leaves ^2 to 21/2 inches long,
narrowly oblong, tapering to the base, more or less pointed at the tip, the
margins very finely toothed or not toothed, borne mostly in clusters of several
at the ends of short peg-like branchlets; flowers solitary on slender stems or
in clusters of 2 or 3, pale rose color, 1/2 to % inch across, the petals 5; fruits
small apples 1/3 to ^2 inch in diameter, yellowish, often with a rosy cheek.

The foliage of this shrub is browsed to a certain extent, especially in the

124

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 61. Desert serviceberry (Amelanchier Covillei).

Spring and Fall. The small apple-iike fruits were utilized by the Indians,
hence the common name, squaw-apple.

Occurrence. — mesa verde, 7,000 to 8,000 feet: northwest of park headquarters;
east edge of Chapin Mesa near Far View House; north end of park. ZION : trail be-
tween East Rim ranger cabin and Observation Point.

Cherry, Chokecherry, Peach, Plum (Prunus L.)
Field Guide to the Species

Leaves oblong to lance-shaped or egg-shaped, 1 to 4 inches long; branchlets without
spine-tips.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 125

Flowers borne in dense cylindrical clusters 2 to 6 inches long; fruits dark red
to black; leaf-blades 2 to 4 inches long, thickish. (Chokecherries)
Fruits red to purple; leaf-stalks with 1 or 2 glands below the blades; leaf-
blades with tufts of hairs in axils of veins below.

Occurs in eastern United States I. P- virginiana.

Occurs on Pacific slope la. Var. demissa.

Fruits black; leaf-stalks "landless, the blades smooth below; occurs in

Rocky Mountains and Southwest lb. Var. melanocarpa.

Flowers borne in loose more or less flat-topped clusters; fruits bright red; leaf-
blades % to 2J/2 inches long. (True cherries)
Leaf-blades oblong; flowers small, 1/3 to nearly Yz '"ch across; fruits
1/3 to ]/2 inch long.

Leaves mostly blunt or rounded at lips; occurs on Pacific slope

2. P. emarginala.

Leaves mostly pointed at tips; occurs in Rocky Mountains

3. P. pennsvhanica var. saximontana.

Leaf-blades egg-shaped to elliptic or roundish; flowers Yz to % inch
across; fruits ^4 to I inch long; occurs in Sierra Nevada parks
4. P. subcordala.

Leaves linear to spatula-shaped, % to '/2 '"ch long; branchlets rigid and often spine-
tipped; occurs in the Grand Canyon 3. P. fasciculala.

1. Common Chokecherry (Primus virginiana L.) and varieties. —
Erect shrubs or small trees 2 to 15 feet high; leaf-blades 2 to 4 inches long,
oblong-egg-shaped to elliptic, pointed at the tips, rather thickish, finely toothed
along the margins, smooth and shiny above, smooth or somewhat hairy at
the juncture of the veins below; flowers white, I/4 to 1/2 inch across, borne in
elongated, cylindrical clusters 3 to 4 (or 6) inches long; fruits cherry-like,
about 14 to 1/2 inch in diameter, red to purple or black when mature, sweet
but more or less astringent. ■

The chokecherries are very attractive shrubs or small trees, conspicuous
in the Spring with their showy white flowers in elongate clusters sometimes
6 inches long. The fruits, small juicy cherries, though rather astringent when
eaten fresh, are often collected for making jelly, and they are relished by birds
and small mammals. The Indians used them fresh, or they dried and pounded
them into a meal which was mixed with dried meat to make pemmican.

Foliage of young shoots is often poisonous to animals, but experiment
shows that if eaten moderately and in combination with other feed, it is with-
out ill effect. Apparently it is not poisonous to deer and elk in the Fall.
The poisonous principle, hydrocyanic (prussic) acid, is not present in the
foliage itself but develops after the leaves have been crushed and moistened,
as occurs prior to digestion.-'*

Two varieties of chokecherry recognized in the western United States are
distinguished from the species by rather minute characteristics, as seen below.

24 Range Plant Handbook B 114: United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 1937.

126

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Varieties

Ftuits red to purple; leaf-blades with tufts of hairs in axils of the veins below, the
stalks with 1 or 2 glands below the blades.

Occurs in eastern United States 1. P. vtrginiana.

Occurs on Pacific slope la. Var. demissa.

Fruits black; leaf-blades smooth below, the stalks glandlcss; occurs in Rocky Moun-
tains and Southwest ....— lb. Var. melanocarpa.

Occurrence. — 1. Common chokecherry (P. virginiana L.). iSLE ROYALE, com-
mon: Mount Franklin trail; Mount Ojibway trail; Lake Richie trail; Washington
Harbor.

la. Western Chokecherry (Var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.). lassen. yosemite,
rare, about 4.000 feet: near foot of Yosemite Falls; Wawona. SEQUOIA, about 3,500
feet: west of Panoroma Peak; east of Hospital Rock.

lb. Black Chokecherry (Var. melanocarpa (Nels.) Sarg.), fig. 62. glacier,
common, 3,800 to 6,000 feet: Belton; Avalanche campgrounds; Logging Mountain;
trail to Sperry chalet; Swiftcurrent Lake; trail to Iceberg Lake; trail to Triple Divide.
YELLOWSTONE, abundant: lower Yellowstone River; Lost Creek; Melvin Gulch; Mam-
moth Hot Springs. GRAND TETON, occasional, 6,600 feet: along road near park head-
quarters; moraine east of Phelps Lake. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common. MESA VERDE:
head of Navajo Canyon. BRYCE CANYON: rim road between Bryce Point and Farview.
ZION, on the plateaus: West Rim trail near ranger cabin, about 6,000 feet. GRAND
CANYON, North Rim, rare: vicinity of Neal Spring, 8,300 feet.

2. Bitter Cherry (Prunus
emarginata (Dougl.) Walp.),
fig. 63. — Shrub 3 to 8 feet
high, or slender tree up to 20
or 30 feet high; bark smooth,
thin, gray to dull red-brown;
leaf-blades smooth, % to 2i/2
inches long, oblong with a
blunt-pointed or rounded tip,
or more or less tapering to the
base, the margins finely
toothed, borne on short stalks;
flowers white, 1/3 to ^ inch
across, 3 to 10 in spreading,
more or less flat-topped clus-
ters borne in the leaf-axils;
fruits cherry-like, bright red,
1/3 to nearly 1/2 irich long,
very sour and bitter.

Bitter cherry is very vari-
able in form, depending upon the conditions in which it grows. In high,
rocky or exposed locations it is a much-branched shrub 3 to 8 feet high with
smooth, gray bark, while in the lower, moist situations it becomes a slender
tree as high as 20 to 30 feet. The shrub is characteristic of open brush types
where it sometimes forms dense thickets. A form with finely hairy leaves
found in Olympic and Mount Rainier National Park has been designated as

Fig. 62. Black chokeberry (^Prunus virginiana
var. melanocarpa).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

127

variety mollis (Dougl.) Brew. The foliage furnishes good browse for deer
and elk, especially towards the end of the season. The bright, coral-red
berries are juicy and luscious-looking, but are very sour and bitter to the
taste. They are not poisonous, however, and birds and small mammals relish
them for food.

OccuTTence. — OLYMPIC, 580 to 3,000 feet: Lake Crescent; Elwha Valley; southwest
of Windfall Peak; Hurricane Ridge; Skokomish River; Duckabush River. MOUNT
RAINIER, 3,500 to 6,500 fett: Mount Wow; above Fallen Rock. CRATER LAKE, 5,350
to 6,250 feet: along Klamath road near south entrance. LASSEN, occasional: near Lava
Tube. YOSEMITE, abundant, 4,000 to 7,000 feet: Yosemite Valley; I mile above Chin-
quapin, on Glacier Point road; Glacier Point; Ledge trail; Merced Lake trail; Lyell
Fork, Tuolumne River; Tuolumne Grove of bigtrees ; Alder Creek; Wawona. KINGS
CANYON: Ouzel Basin; between East Lake and Junction Meadows. SEQUOIA, abundant
?nd widely distributed, 6,000 to 10,000 feel: Lodgepole Camp; Alta Peak; Redwood
Meadow ranger station; Big Arroyo. GLACIER, occasional on the west side of the park
where it often becomes tree-like, 3,100 to 5,500 feet: Belton, along road near old Flat-
head River bridge; trail to Sperry Chalet.

3. Manitoba Pin Cherry,
Rocky Mountain Red Cherry
(^Primus pennsylvanica L. var.
saximontana Rehd.). — Shrub 3 to
6 feet high; bark light red-brown;
leaves oblong, 1 to 3 inches long,
tapering to a point at the tip, the
margins finely toothed, smooth on
both sides; flowers small, white or
greenish-white, 3 to 7 on slender
stems, forming loose umbel-like
clusters in the leaf -axils; fruit
small, cherry-like, about L/3 inch
in diameter, light red, or yellow
with red cheeks, very sour and
bitter. (Syn. P. corymbulosa
Rydb.).

Occurrence. — GLACIER, common en
the east side, 4,500 to 6,000 feet:
Many Glacier; Atlantic Creek valley
along trail to Triple Divide Pass:
Otokomi Lake tiail. rocky MOUNTAIN,
occasional: creek east of park head-
quarters, 4,100 feet. MESA VERDE.

Fig. 63. Bitter cherry {Primus cmargmaia) .

4. Klamath Plum (Prunus subcordata Benth.). — Shrub 4 to 8 feet
high or sometimes tree-like; branches usually crooked and some spine-tipped;
leaf-blades egg-shaped to elliptic or roundish, % to 2 inches long, finely
toothed; flowers white, becoming rose in age, about i/4 to % inch across,
borne on short stems in clusters of 2 to 4 in the leaf axils; fruit red, ellipsoid,
% to II/4 inches long.

The fruits of Sierra plum are much larger than those of the wild cherries

128

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

and chokecherries and in some areas have been highly valued as food. They
are first put into boiling water to take away the bitterness in the skin and are
then used for making jellies or preserves. The shrubs seldom set good fruit
in the parks, however, but develop bladdery structures caused by a fungus. 25
Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, at the lower elevations: Hatch Hetchy; near Aclcer-
son Meadow, north of Carl Inn, 4,700 feet; lower Yosemite Valley. SEQUOIA, rare:
Clough Cave.

5. Desert Peachbrush (Pmnus fasciculata
(Torr.) Gray.), fig. 64. — Intricately branched
shrub 2 to 6 feet high with stiff, often spine-tipped
branches; leaves linear-oblong to spatula-shaped,
14 to % inch long, finely hairy or smooth, the
margins not toothed or some with a few shallow
teeth, bunched along the stems on short peg-like
branchlets; flowers 1 to several in the leaf-axils,
small and inconspicuous, the purplish-green calyx
deeply cup-shaped, about i/g inch long; petals 5,
tiny, white, soon falling; fruits small, about %
inch long, ovoid, densely hairy, resembling minia-
ture peaches with thin flesh, hence the common
name. (Syn. Emplectocladus fasciculatus Torr.)

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, common in the can-
yon, 3,000 to 4,000 feet: Kaibab trail, on the Tonto
south of the Colorado River and up Bright Angel Creek
about 2 miles above Phantom Ranch; Bright Angel trail
along switchbacks above Pipe Creek; Hermit trail.

Oso Berry (Osmaronia ceras.jormis (T. &
G.) Greene). — Erect shrub 3 to 12 feet high;
bark smooth; leaf -blades oblong, tapering at both
ends, pointed or rounded at the tip, 1^/2 to 4
inches long, light green above, paler below, the
margins not toothed or very inconspicuously
toothed; flower clusters oblong, several-flowered,
drooping; flowers white, the petals 1/6 to ^4 i"'^^ ^'^'^g' the male and female
flowers borne on separate plants; fruits 1 to 5 to a flower, plum-like, about
1/3 to 1/2 inch long, black when ripe, the pulp thin and bitter.

Occurrence. — mount rainier, rare: Nisqually Valley at lower elevations. SEQUOIA,
rare, at lower elevations: Old Colony Mill, Marble Fork Kaweah River.

NiNEBARK (Physocarpus Maxim.)

Ninebark has received its common name from its characteristic shreddy
bark which is made up of many layers and peels from the old stems in shreds.
Several species are recognized, all of which are very similar in general ap-
pearance. The shrubs are very attractive in flower with their dense rounded
or flat-topped clusters of white flowers. The fruits are one- to few-seeded

Fig. 64. Desert peachbrush
{Prunus fasciculala) .

25 Jepson, W. L.. Flora of California, vol. 2, p. 28. 1936.

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 129

pods which often turn reddish at maturity as do also the leaves in the Fall.
The plants are found in various locations, in open woods, along streams, or
on open rocky slopes or ridges. The foliage is browsed to a certain extent by
deer and elk. (Syn. Opulaster Medic.)

Field Guide to the Species

Shrubs found in Rocky Mountain parks; pods 2 (rarely 3), abruptly short-pointed,
scarcely more than '/g inch long, more or less flattened and with conspicu-
ous ridge down the back, united from base to middle or above, more or less
white woolly.

Shrubs usually less than 3 feet high; leaf -blades mostly less than 1 inch long,

1/3 to I '/4 inches long; leaf-stalks Yl inch or less long —

...1 . P. monogynus.

Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high; leaf -blades mostly more than I inch long; leaf -stalks
1/3 to I '/4 inches long.

Bracts at base of flower-stems all membranous and scale-like, soon falling

2. P. malvaceus.

Bracts at base of lower flower-stems often leaf-like and persistent

3. P. bracteatus.

Shrubs found in Pacific Slope parks or on Isle Royale; pods 3 to 5, '74 to % inch
long, with long tapering tips, more or less inflated, united only at base or
slightly above, not hairy when mature.
Leaves usually finely woolly below; flower-stalks and calyces densely woolly;

occurs on Pacific slope 4. P. capilalus.

Leaves smooth below or nearly so; flower-stalks and calyces smooth or only

sparingly hairy; found en Isle Royale 5. P. opulifolius.

1. Mountain Ninebark (Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) Coult.). —

Shrubs usually less than 3 feet high; often with main stem lying along the

ground; bark brownish; leaf-blades 1/3 to 1^ inches long, broadly egg-shaped

to kidney-shaped, the leaf-stalks 1/2 inch long or less; pods usually 2, usually

united to above the middle, i/g inch long, densely white-hairy.

Occurrei}cc. — rocky mountain, 9,000 feet and above; trail to the Loch; trail to
Lake Mills.

2. Mallow Ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus Kuntze). — Leaf-blades
1 to 21/2 inches long, roundish to broadly egg-shaped, green above, paler below;
leaf-stalks 1/3 to % inch long; bracts at base of flower stems all membranous
and scale-like, soon falling.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, rare: Belton, around park headquarters. YELLOWSTONE.

GRAND TETON.

3. TwiNPOD Ninebark (Physocarpus bracteatus (Rydb.) Rehd.). —
Differs from mallow ninebark in having some of lower bracts at base of
flower stems often leaf-like and persistent.

Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain : northeast of Moraine Park, 8,300 feet.

4. Pacific Ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze), fig. 65.
— Erect or straggly shrub 3 to 5 feet high, sometimes producing prostrate
branches 15 or 20 feet long; old bark loose and shaggy; leaf-blades broadly

130

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

egg-shaped, 3- to 5-lobecI, 1 to 3 inches long, or those of the sterile shoots
up to 4 inches long, usually softly fuzzy below with branched hairs; flowers

white, about 1/2 itich across, borne in dense
rounded clusters U/z to 21/2 inches across,
the flower -stalks and calyces densely woolly;
pods 3 to 5, I/4 to % inch long, oblong-
egg-shaped with long tapering tips, smooth
when mature.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC : Crescent Lake.
MOUNT ra:nier. yosemite, rare: vicinity of Carl
Inn. SEQUOIA: Dorst Creek.

5. Common Ninebark (Physocarpus
opulifolius (L.) Maxim.). — Similar to Pa-
cific ninebark but the shrubs in general
somewhat smaller and less straggly; leaf-
blades mostly 5-lobed, % to 2 inches long,
smooth or nearly so below; flowers about
Yg inch across, the flower-stalks and calyces
smooth or only sparingly hairy.

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE, common : Mott
Island; Lake Richie trail; Raspberry Island.

Fig. 65. Pacific ninebark Physo-
carpus capiiatns^ .

RocKSPlREA (Holodiscus Maxim.)

Several varieties of rockspirea are recognized in the western national parks.
Small scrubby forms found in the Southwest are quite in contrast to the
beautiful shrubs of the Pacific Northwest with their large sprays of creamy-
white flowers. The foliage is browsed to a certain extent by deer and elk.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high, or sometimes taller and almost tree-like; ieaf-blades thinnish,
% to 3 inches long; flower-clusters much-branched, 3 ot 12 inches long.

Leaves slightly hairy; Pacific coast species ]. H. discolor.

Leaves usually densely white-silky below, found in Rocky Mountain National

Park I a. Var. dumosus.

Shrubs I to 4 feel high; leaf-blades thickish, '/4 to % inch long; flower-clusters not
branched or with few branches, )/2 to 4 inches long.

Leaf-blades 1/3 to % inch long, hairy, green above, paler below or white-
silky; occurs in Sierra Nevada parks lb. Var. microphallus.

Leaf-blades '/4 to '/2 inch long, green on both sides, more or less hairy, gland-
dotted at least below; found mostly east of the Great Western Divide
I c. Var. glahrescens.

1. Creambush Rockspirea, Oceanspray {Holodiscus discolor
(Pursh) Maxim.), fig. 66. — Spreading shrubs 3 to 15 feet high; bark gray-
ish; leaves egg-shaped to elliptic, the margins coarsely and irregularly toothed,
green above, paler and softly hairy below, 1 to 3 inches long; flower-clusters
large, broad, about 3 to 12 inches long, often 8 inches broad, tending to
droop; flowers tiny, creamy white, later becoming discolored and brownish

Bailey &c Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

131

as the tiny capsules develop. (Syn. Spiraea discolor Pursh, Sericotheca dis-
color Rydb.).

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, up to 2,000 feet: Mount Angeles; Hayes River
trail; trail to Constance Ridge; Duckabush River. MOUNT RAINIER, common: head of
Carbon River, 3,800 feet; Nisqually Valley. CRATER LAKE, rare at lower elevations:
lower Annie Creek canyon; Crescent Ridge; near Pole Bridge. GLACIER, occasional,
3.000 to 6,000 feet: Belton Hills; Lake McDonald; highway along St. Mary Lake;
upper Coal Creek.

la. Bush RocKSPiRAEA (Var. diunosus (Nutt.) Dippel). — Erect shrubs
3 to 6 feet high; leaf-blades % to 2 or more inches long, densely white-silky
below; flower-clusters much-branched. (Syn. Spiraea dumosa Nutt.).

Occurrence. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN, in rocky canyons.

Fig. 66. Creambush rockspiraea (^Holodiscus discolor).

132

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

lb. Mountain Rockspi-
raea (Var. microphyllus
(Rydb.) Jepson), fig. 67.—
Low compact shrub 1 to 3 feet
high; leaf-blades i^ to % inch
long, wedge-shaped, green
above, paler and densely silky
below, often finely hairy above;
flower-clusters narrow, I/2 to 3
inches long, unbranched or with
few simple branches. (Syn.
Holodtscus discolor var. du-
mosus Jepson, in part.)

Occurrence. — yosemite, coin-

Fig. 68. Smooth rockspiraea {^Holodtscus dis-
color var. glabrescens).

men, 4,000 to 10,000 feet: Mirror Lake;
Ledge trail; below Nevada Falls; Half
Dome; Tioga road; Lake Eleanor.
KINGS CANYON: East Lake; near Sphinx
Creek. SEQUOIA, occasional, 6.000 to
11,000 feet; Giant Forest; Alta Peak;
Lodgepole campground; Mount Whitney;
Pinto Lake.

Ic. Smooth Rockspiraea (Var.

glabrescens (Greenm.) Jepson), fig.

68. — Much-branched shrubs 1/2 to 3

feet high; leaves ^ to 1/2 inch long,

thinly hairy and gland-dotted below

and often so above, green on both sides; flower-clusters narrow, 2 to 4 inches

long, unbranched or with few simple branches. (Syn. Spiraea dumosa Torr.,

not Nutt.; Sericotheca Schaffneri Rydb., as to Grand Canyon plants.)

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, common, about 7,000 feet: Timber Crater; rim of
Crater Lake; Mount Scott; Wizard Island; Union Peak. LASSEN, occasional, 6,000
to 9,000 feet: Lassen Peak; Brokeoff Mountain; Manzanita Lake. BRYCE CANYON:
Biyce Point; Far View just below edge of cliff. ZION : west entrance checking station,
5,700 feet. GRAND CANYON, 6,500 to 9,100 feet. North Rim, common near edge of rim:
Grand Canyon Lodge; Bright Angel Point; Point Imperial; Neal Spring; Bright
Angel Spring. Canyon, below North Rim: Kaibab trail.

Fig. 67. Mountain rockspiraea (Holo-
discus discolor var. microphvllus) .

Bailey a: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 133

Spiraea, Meadowsweet (Spiraea L.)

The generic name, Spiraea, comes from an old world species which had
spirally twisted fruits. In the western national parks the spiraeas are mostly
low shrubs with showy clusters of tiny white or rose-pink flowers. The flow-
ering period is long for most of the species, extending over most of the
summer season. For this reason they are among the more conspicuous of
the flowering plants usually seen by visitors to the northern parks. The herb-
age does not furnish very good browse for animals, but is eaten to a certain
extent, especially after frost. Some species are widely cultivated.

Field Guide to the Species

Flower clusters flat-topped or slightly rounded.

Flowers white; shrub with erect stems 1 to 3 feet high from a creeping root-
stock; common in the Rocky Mountains and at Mount Ramier

National Park 1. 5. lucida.

Flowers rose-pmk; a widely-branched bushy shrub 1 to 4^/2 feet high; com-
mon on Pacific Slope 2. 5. densiflora.

Flower-clusters elongate-cylindric.

Leaves smooth above and below; flowers white or pink.

Leaves sharply-toothed nearly to base, sharp-pointed at the tips; flower-
clusters rather broad at base; flowers white or pinkish; eastern

species 3. S. lalifolia.

Leaves toothed above middle, blunt-pointed at tips; flower-clusters narrow;

flowers rose-pmk; western species 4. 5. Menziesi.

Leaves smooth above, white-cottony below; flowers rose-pink 5. .S. Dduglasi.

L Shinyleaf Spiraea (Spiraea lucida Dougl.), fig. 69. — Low shrub,
1 to 3 feet high, usually with single erect stems from trailing rootstocks;
leaves elliptic to egg-shaped, ^^ ^° 2 inches long, coarsely toothed towards the
tip, smooth on both sides; flowers small, white, borne in dense flat-topped
clusters at the ends of erect stems; found at low and middle altitudes, com-
monly in dry open places as m burned-over areas. This is one of the most
common shrubs in Glacier National Park. Insects frequently cause galls to
form in the flowers, making them appear as if in fruit.

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER. 3.500 to 5.000 feet. GLACIER, abundant in open
places, 3,500 to 7.000 feet: head of Waterton Valley; Swiftcurrent Lake and Valley;
Two Medicine Valley; Cut Bank Valley; Lake McDonald. YELLOWSTONE, occa-
sional: 2 miles from east entrance; north of Ashton, Idaho; Yellowstone Lake. GRAND
TETON: trail to Phelps Lake, near snowshoe cabin, 6,700 feet; Teton Pass.

2. SuBALPlNE Spiraea (Spiraea densiflora Nutt.), fig. 70. — Erect, spread-
ing shrub, 1 to 5 feet high; leaves elliptic to egg-shaped, V/i, to 2 inches long,
toothed at least towards the tip, smooth or very finely hairy; flowers deep
rose-pink, sweet-scented, borne in flat-topped clusters at the ends of the
branches, the clusters about 1 to 2 inches across; shrubs often forming rather
extensive patches in meadows or on rocky slopes or ridges at high elevations.
(Syn. S. splendens Baum.).

134

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Occurrence. — Olympic, 4,000 to 5,500 feet: source of Boulder Creek, above Olym-
pic Hot Springs; Seven Lakes Basin; East Fork Quinault River. MOUNT RAINIER,
occasional, 4,000 to 6,500 feet: trail to Reflection Lake; Paradise Valley; small lake
above Chain Lakes. CRATER LAKE, common, 5,000 to 6,000 feet: below Annie Springs;
Vidae Falls; Castlecrest Garden; west of park headquarters; Copeland Creek. LAS-
SEN: Lassen Peak. YOSEMITE, occasional, 4,000 to 9,500 feet: Yosemite Falls; Lake
Tenaya; Lake Merced; Kibbe Creek; north of Johnson Lake; Royal Arch Lake; east
of Smedberg Lake; Matterhorn Canyon; Isberg Pass trail near Cascade Creek and base
of EI Capitan. KINGS CANYON: East Lake. SEQUOIA, occasional. 7,000 to 9,500 feet:
above Tamarack Lake; Twin Lakes; Alta Peak; Tocopah Falls. GLACIER, 4,300 feet
to timberline: Swiftcurrent Lake; trail to Grinneli Glacier; Three-top Mountain trail;
Logging Mountain; Garden Wall trail; Cut Bank Valley; Gunsighl Lake; Crossley
Lake trail to Indian Pass. YELLOWSTONE, occasional. GRAND TETON, occasional: Cas-
cade Canyon trail.

3. Broadleaf Meadowsweet Spiraea (Spiraea latijolia (Ait.)
Borkh.). — Erect shrub up to 4y2 feet high with reddish-brown branches, the
stems angled; leaf-blades oblong to reverse-egg-shaped, pointed at both ends,
1^2 to 3 inches long, coarsely

toothed, smooth, green above, paler .^

or rather bluish below; flowers white
or pinkish, borne in erect broadly pyr-
amidal clusters; stamens longer than
the petals; fruits smooth with spread-
ing style. (Syn. S. salicifolia of
American authors, in part.)

Occurrence. — isle R0\ ALE :
Cove; Washington Creek.

Rainbow

.^j^4 i

Fig. 69. Shinyleaf spiraea
{Spiraea lucida).

Fig. 70. Subalpine spiraea
{Spiraea densiflora)

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 135

4. Menzies Spiraea (Spiraea Menziesi
Hook.). — Erect shrub, 2 to 6 feet high with red-
dish to brown bark; leaves oblong, toothed toward
the tip, green and smooth above, somewhat paler
below, 1 to 3 inches long; flowers rose-colored,
borne at the ends of the branches in dense, narrow
clusters 2 to 5 inches long.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Low Dividn near base of
Moun; Seattle, 3,700 feet. MOUNT RAINIER: near Kautz
Creek bridge; Nisquall)' Valley.

5. Douglas Spirae.a (Spiraea Douglasi
Hook.), tig. 71. — Similar to Menzies spiraea but
the leaves finely and softly white-cottony below.

Occurrejice. — OLYMPIC: Lake Crescent. MOUNT RAI-
NIER, common in swamps or on lake margins. CRATER
LAKE, rare, 4,500 to 5,100 feet: North Fork Castle
Creek; Annie Creek at south entrance. LASSEN, com-
mon at lower elevations.

RoCKMAT (Petrophytum (Nutt.) Rydb.)

There are two species of Petrophytum in the
western parks. Both are very small herb-like
shrubs with prostrate woody stems and dense
tufts of small leaves at the bases of the short erect
flowering stems. The plants grow commonly on
rocks in the mountains and are often found cling-
ing in the cracks of perpendicular rock faces. While the plants are very small,
the flowers resemble those of the spiraeas and are considered as such by some
botanists. They are white and borne in narrow cylindric clusters about I/2
to 1^2 inches long.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves 3-nerved, '4 to % inch long, nearly smooth or only sparingly hairy; occurs

in Olympic National Park 1. P. Henderson!.

Leaves 1 -nerved, 1/6 to |/2 inch long, hairy; occurs in Sequoia and Southwest parks

2. P. caespiiosum.

1. Henderson Rockmat (Petrophytum Hendersoni (Canby) Rydb.) —
Low alpine shrub 21/2 to 6 inches high; leaves I/4 to % inch long, mostly
smooth or nearly so, forming basal tufts or rosettes at base of flowering stems;
flowers small, white, borne in dense cylindric clusters 1 to 2 inches long on
erect stems up to about 6 inches high.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional on cliff faces, about 4,000 to 5,000 feet: Mar-
tin's Lake northeast of Low Divide; Mount Seattle; Mount Carrie; Lake Constance;
Mount Storm King; Mount Angeles; Appleton Peak; Boulder Peak.

2. Tufted Rockmat (Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb.).^
Low, prostrate alpine shrub often forming dense cushions or mats several feet
in diameter; leaves 1/6 to ^2 inch long or less, more or less pointed at the

Fig. 71. Douglas spiraea
(Spiraea Douglasi).

136

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

tips, finely silky-hairy, forming basal rosettes at base of flowering stems;

flowers small, white, borne in cylindric clusters ^2 to ly2 inches long on

erect silky stems 2i/2 to 6 inches high. The plant from Sequoia, with less

hairy stems and leaves, is sometimes designated as P. acuminatum Rydb. The

sepals have longer pointed tips. (Syn. Spiraea caespitosa Nutt.).

Occurrence. — sequoia, rare, on east side of the Great Western Divide: Big Arroyo.
ZION. GRAND CANYON. South Rim: Grand Canyon Village, 6,870 feet. Canyon, on
north side of Colorado River: Kaibab trail above Roaring Springs.

Mountain Dryad (Dryas L.)

The mountain dryads are dwarf creeping shrubs with their stems trailing
over rocks. White mountain dryad is found usually in high mountain passes
where it often forms large, dense, cushion-like mats. The yellow mountain
dryad occurs on high rocky talus slopes or along rocky river bars in the lower
valleys at Glacier National Park. The flowers of the former are white with
spreading petals, while those of the latter are yellow with erect petals. The
leaves are very much alike in the two species, but are very different from those
of any other plants found growing in areas where mountain dryads occur.
They are dark green above, densely white-felty below, with prominent indented
or sunken veins, the margins inrolled, with rounded teeth. During the late
summer the plants are conspicuous because of the fluffy white or tawny fruit-
ing heads borne on erect stems.

Field Guide to the Species

Petals white, spreading; sepals mostly Imear or narrowly oblong to lance-shaped;

flower stems becoming 2 to 6 inches long in fruit I. D. ociopetala.

Petals yellow, erect to form a cup-like flower; sepals mostly broadly lance-shaped to

egg-shaped; flower stems becommg 6 to 10 inches long in fruit

2. D. Drummond'i.

1. Mount Washington Dryad (Dryas
octopetala L.), fig. 72. — -Leaf -blades mostly
rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at base;
flowers white, sometimes drying light yellowish
or cream-color, about % to 1 inch across, the
petals spreading; sepals usually narrowly lance-
shaped to linear, these and the cup below often
sparingly black-hairy; flower stems single-
flowered, 1/4 to 2 inches long, becoming li^ to
4 inches long in fruit.

Occurrence. — mount rainier, rare, 7,000 to
8,500 feet. GLACIER, common, 7,000 feet and above:
Mount Altyn; Swiftcurrent Pass; trail to Swiftcur-
renl lookout; Piegan Pass; Hidden Lake Pass; Cut-
bank Pass; Triple Divide Pass; near Gunsight
Pass; Ahem Pass. YELLOWSTONE, common:
Mt. Holmes; Electric Peak; Beartooth Mountains.
GRAND TETON : tableland at head of Death Canyon,
9,800 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common above tim-
berline ; Long's Peak, 1 1 ,000 feet.

Fig. 72. Mount Washington

dryad (Dr^as

octopetala) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 137

2. Drummond Dryad (Dryas Drianmojidi Rich.). — Leaf-blades mostly
more or less wedge-shaped at base, often with an extra tooth on the leaf-
stalk below the blade; flowers bright yellow; petals about % inch long, erect
to form a cup-like flower; calyx densely black-hairy, the sepals usually broadly
lance-shaped to egg-shaped; flower stems mostly single-flowered, sometimes
2-flowered, 1 to 3 inches long, elongating to as much as 8 or 9 inches in fruit,
the petals often long-persistent.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, occasional, on river bars, 3,500 to 7,000 feet: Mount Siyeh ;
Blackfoot Glacier; along creek near St. Mary checking station; creek along trail above
Crossley Lake; North Fork Flathead River near mouth of Logging Creek.

Mountain Mahogany {Cercocarpus H. B. K.)

The mountain mahoganies are especially noted for their heavy, mahogany-
red wood. The plants seem well adapted to poor, gravelly or rocky soil on
dry mountain slopes and ridges where they are commonly found. The flower
is composed of a narrow tube which looks something like a short, thick stem
with an expanded cup-like upper portion to which the stamens are attached.
There are no petals. The fruits are seed-like, tipped by long, white-hairy
tails which help in scattering the seed. The generic name, Cercocarpus, is de-
rived from two Greek words referring to this character of the fruits, k^rkos
(a tail) and karpos (a fruit). The roots of the mountain mahogany have
long been used by the Indians of the Southwest to make a beautiful red dye.
A variety of shades can be obtained by adding ashes, cactus fruits, or other
ingredients. The wood is extremely hard and dry and burns for a long time,
producing a very hot fire. Hence it is a favorite fuel for local residents
in certain areas.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves reverse-egg-shaped to oval, more or less toothed above the middle, thickish
but not stiff and leathery; tails in fruit 2 to 31/2 inches long.

Leaves with mostly small pointed teeth; occurs in California parks

- 1 . C. heluloides.

Leaves with mostly coarse broad teeth; occurs in parks of the Southwest

2. C. montanus.

L.eaves linear to oblong or elliptic, not toothed, stiff and leathery, the margins in-
rolled ; tails in fruit % to 3 inches long.

Leaves '/2 to 2 inches long, oblong to elliptic, the margins not inrolled to the

midrib; tails of fruits 1^/2 to 3 inches long 3. C. ledif alius.

Leaves '4 to I inch long, linear, the margins inrolled to or almost to the mid-
rib; tails of fruits ^<4 to 1% inches long 4. C. intricatus.

I. Birchleaf Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt.),
fig. 73. — Shrub 2 to 10 feet high, or a small tree up to 28 feet high; resem-
bling scrub birch, thickish, i^ to 2 inches long, reverse-egg-shaped, broad and
toothed at the tip, tapering to the base, yellow-green above, paler below, con-
spicuously veined, more or less bunched on short woody, peg-like branchlets;
flowers borne in groups of 2 to 6, the cup-like portion about I/4 inch across,
the flower tube in fruit becoming reddish-brown and splitting down one side;
fruits borne singly or in groups of 2 or more, seed-like, with long hairy tails

138

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

2 to 3i/^ inches long. The plants sprout from the root crown after fire. The
foliage is browsed by deer. In the tall chaparral just west of Sequoia National
Park, the plants may become as much as 28 feet high. In dense stands on
the moist north slopes the stems grow so erect that straight pieces 13 feet
long and 3 to 4 inches in diameter may be obtained. 2^'

Birchleaf mountain mahogany is very similar to the mountain mahogany
of the Southwest, but the leaves are usually more finely toothed.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, common, 4,000 to 6,200 feet: Wawona; Alder Creek
ranger station; near El Portal; near Hetch Hetchy dam. SEQUOIA, common, 1,500 to
6,000 feet; Marble Fork Kaweah River; east of Clough Cave; along trail to Yucca
Creek.

2. True Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus Raf.), fig.
74. — Erect shrub 3 to 9 feet high with grayish-brown bark; leaves oval to
reverse-egg-shaped, 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely toothed above the middle,
dark green and becoming smooth above, pale and finely fuzzy below, rounded

Fig. 73. Birch mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus beiuloides) .

26 Jepson. W. L.. Flora of California, vol. 2. p. 217. 1936.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

139

or blunt at the tips, wedge-shaped at base; fruiting styles 2 to 3 inches long.

(Syn. C. parvifolius Nutt.).

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE, abundant: near park headquarters; Soda Canyon. BRYCE
CANYON, abundant, 7,000 to 7,500 feet: edge of rim near Bryce cafeteria; northeast
part of park; near checking station. ZION, abundant, 5,700 to 7,100 feet: Hoise Pasture
Piateau; east of Great White Throne; West Rim trail above ranger cabin; near
Checkerboard Mesa. GRAND CANYON, 6.000 to 8,800 feet. North Rim, common: Uncle
Jim Point; Point Imperial; Powell Spring. South Rim, occasional at edge of rim and
just below: rim trail between Shoshone and Yaki Points. Canyon, common: Hermit
trail; Bright Angel trail; Berry trail; Kaibab trail on Cedar Ridge near fossil fern
quarry; above Roaring Springs.

3. Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany (Cer-

cocarpus ledtfol.us Nutt.), fig. 75. — Shrub 3 to

10 feet high, or a small, scraggly, round-topped

tree, sometimes 20 feet high with short, crooked

trunk; bark grayish to brownish, thin and scaly;

leaves I/2 to 2 inches long, thick and leathery,

oblong, the margins inrolled, shiny dark green

or sometimes finely fuzzy above, whitish or yel-
lowish below; flowers
small, stem'ess, with-
out petals, borne
singly or 2 to 3 aris-
ing from a leaf -axil;
fruits small, hairy
seeds with long, slen-
der, feathery tails I14
to 3 inches long.

Curl-leaf mountain
mahogany is so-called
because of the leaves
which have the mar-
gins curled under
from the sides. In
this respect they re-
semble the leaves of
labrador tea (Le-
dum ) , which accounts

for the specific name, ledijolius. The leaves are
quite stiff and leathery, but in some areas the
species provides important winter forage for deer
and elk. The wood is so hard that in an emer-
gency it has been possible to use it for engine

bearings. 2" The Indians of certain regions used the stems to make their

bows. The species occurs typically in the Great Basin area, that is, between

the Great Western Divide and the Continental Divide.

Fig. 74. True mountain

mahogany (Cercocarpus

monlainis) .

Fig. 75. Curl-leaf mountain

mahogany {Cercocarpus

ledifolius) .

27 Jepson, W. L.. Flora of California, vol. 2, p. 217. 1936.

140

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Occurrence. — lassen. sequoia, common on the east side of the park, 6,800 to
11,000 feet: road to Milk Ranch Peak; !4 mi'e south of Kern Hot Spring; Kern
Canyon below Junction Meadow. BRYCE CANYON, occasional, 6,800 to 7,700 feet:
near checking station; Bryce Point. ZION, 7,000 to 8,000 feet: Horse Pasture Plateau.
GRAND CANYON. North Rim, common at edge of rim: Bright Angel Point; Point Im-
perial. South Rim, rare: Grand View.

4. LiTTLELEAF MOUNTAIN Mahogany (Cercocarpus intricdtus Wats.),
fig. 76. — A low, intricately branched shrub 2 to 4 (or rarely up to 8) feet
high; leaves elongated, narrow, evergreen, Y^ to I inch long, dark green above,
whitish below, the margins curled under almost to the midrib; flowers solitary,
inconspicuous; fruits with white hairy tails % to II/4 inches long. (Syn.
Cercocarpus arizonicus Jones) .

This shrub is closely related to curl-leaf mahogany, but it usually has
smaller leaves which are so strongly inrolled that they appear linear and
almost cylindrical. The stiff leathery leaves are sometimes utilized by deer
during the winter when other food is scarce.

Fig. 76. Littleleaf mountain mahogany {Cercocarpus inirlcaiusy

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

141

Occurrence. — KINGS CANYON : Kings Canyon above Cedar Grove. SEQUOIA, about
7,500 feel: Rattlesnake Creek trail; west wall of Kern Canyon. ZION, 4,500 to 6,000
feet: upper Emerald Pool; Checkerboard Mesa. GRAND CANYON, 4,000 to 7,800 feet.
North Rim, rare: Cape Royal. South Rim, common: Lipan Point; trail to Powell
Memorial; Yavapai Point. Canyon, common on rocky points: Cathedral Stairs; Hermit
trail; Bright Angel trail; Kaibab trail on switchbacks below Tip-off; Roaring Springs
canyon above DeviTs Backyard.

Blackbrush (Coleogyne ra-
mosissima Torr.), fig. 77. —
Rather low bushy shrub 1 to 5
feet high with spine-tipped branch-
lets; leaves small, leathery, nar-
rowly club-shaped to linear, borne
opposite and tending to be
bunched along the stems; flowers
about 1/2 inch across, without
petals, the calyx yellow on the
inside and divided into 4 spread-

Fig. 77. Blackbrush (CoZeogljnc
ramosiisiina) .

Fig. 78. Stansbury cliffrose {Coioania
Slanshuriana) .

ing petal-like lobes; fruit a seed-like achene
enclosed by a sheath-like tube.

This is a characteristic species on the
desert slopes and mesas in certain parks of
the Southwest. It is common on the Tonto
in the Grand Canyon where it often forms
dense spiny thickets. Although the leaves
are small, the bushes furnish fair forage
for deer, especially during the winter.

Occurrence. — BRYCE CANYON. ziON, 3,700 to
5,500 feet: Petrified Forest; Coalpits Wash;
along the Zion-Mount Carmel highway. GRAND
CANYON, abundant in the canyon, 3,000 to 5,500
feet: Tonto Platform, '2 ffi's south of Plateau
Point; Hermit trail; Bright Angel trail near In-
dian Gardens; Kaibab trail on the Tcnto.

Stansbury Cliffrose {Cowanla
Stansburiana Torr.), fig. 78. — Much-

142

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

branched evergreen shrub or small gnarled tree 1 to 7 feet high; bark reddish-
brown, becoming gray and very shreddy; young twigs showing numerous
leaf scars; leaves small, about I/4 to 1/2 inch long, deeply lobed or divided,
dark green above, densely white-hairy below, the edges curling under so that
only a white line shows down the middle of each lobe, tending to occur in
small bunches on short branchlets along the stems; flowers white, ^2 to 1 inch
across, with 5 white petals; fruits seed-like achenes tipped with long white-
fuzzy tails 1 to 2 inches long, 4 to 10 (usually 5) to each flower.

The species seems to favor dry rocky locations, often below cliffs, hence
the common name, cliffrose. During the Spring and early Summer when the
bushes are densely covered with conspicuous white flowers, it is one of the
most showy species lining the roadsides in some of the parks of the South-
west. In spite of the bitter foliage, the shrub is an important winter browse
for deer. The Indians of the Southwest used the leaves in a decoction for
the treatment of fevers. It is sometimes called quinine-bush because of the
bitter herbage.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE. BRYCE CANYON. ZION, common, 4,000 feet: south side
of Zion Canyon near south entrance. GRAND CANYON, 4,000 to 8,000 feet. North Rim,
on open flats near edge of rim: Cape Royal; Bright Angel Point; Point Sublime.
South Rsm, abundant: east and west rim drives; Yavapai Point; Grandview ; west of
Rowe's Well; near Rampart Point; east of Hermit's Rest. Canyon, commcn: Hermit
trail; Bright Angel trail; Kaibab trail; Mormon Flats.

Apacheplume {Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl.), fig. 79. — Much-
branched, usually round-topped
shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, with slen-
der branches; bark light gray or
whitish, the older bark shreddy;
leaves small, ^ to % inch long,
thickish, deeply divided into sev-
eral lobes, often rusty on the under
surface, tending to be bunched
along the stems; flowers white, 1
to ly^ inches across, with 5 petals;
calyx with small lance-shaped or
oblong bractlets between the calyx-
lobes; flowers white, 1 to 1^
inches across, the petals 5; fruits
small seed-like achenes with long,
white-hairy tails 1 inch or more
long, packed into dense fluffy
heads 1^2 to 2 inches in diameter.

Apache-plume is one of the

common shrub species of the

Southwest where it usually occurs

scattered on sandy or gravelly

Fig. 79. Apacheplume (Fallugia slopes or on dry, rocky ridges. The

paradoxa). common name comes from the

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 143

fancied resemblance of the feathery fruiting heads to the eagle-plumed war
bonnets of the Apache Indians.-^ They may also be compared to miniature
old-fashioned feather dusters. The herbage furnishes good browse, especially
during the winter. The bushes are very resistant to over-browsing and show
excellent recuperative powers, even though they are eaten back year after
year. The Indians used the straight branches for arrow shafts.

Occurrence. — ZION : Coalpits Wash, 3,600 feet. GRAND CANYON, 2,500 to 7,500
feet. North Rim, rare: Point Sublime. South Rim, occasional: west of Hermit's Rest;
West Rim Drive near the Abyss; trail to Powell Memorial; Yavapai Point in the
garden. Canyon, abundant: Bright Angel trail l'/2 miles above Indian Gardens: Gar-
den Creek below Indian Gardens; Kaibab trail below South Rim; near Phantom
Ranch; Bright Angel Creek above Phantom Ranch; north of Cottonwood Camp; Nan-
koweap Basin; Little Colorado River.

Antelope Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D. C.) — A gray-
ish green, intricately-branched shrub li,4 to 8 feet high with brown or grayish
bark; leaves small, thick and leathery, wedge-shaped, about 1/4 to % inch
long, finely white-felty below, 3 -toothed at the tip, the side margins tend-
ing to be inrolled, occurring usually in small bunches on short branchlets;
flowers yellow, about 1/2 inch across, with 5 petals, borne along the stems on
short branchlets; fruits siriall, seed-lik" structures narrowed to a slender point
at the tip and tapering to the base, borne singly or sometimes in 2's.

Bitterbrush is one of the most common shrubs in the Southwest, occurring
usually on dry plains or on hot south-facing slopes. The herbage is very
bitter, as the common name implies, but in spite of this, it is a very valuable
winter and early spring browse for deer and elk. A decoction of the leaves
was used by the Indians as a cough medicine.- ^

Occurrence. — crater lake, rare: near south entrance to park. LASSEN, rare: Hot
Springs Valley, 5,500 feet. SEQUOIA, rare: near southeastern park boundary. YELLOW-
STONE, rare, 6,600 feet: west entrance. GRAND TETON, rare: 2 miles south of park
headquarters, 6,600 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional, 8,500 feet: I mile south of
Deer Mountain. MESA VERDE. BRYCE CANYON, common near edge of cliff: near park
i'.eadquarters; near Bryce Lodge; along the rim drive; Far View; Inspiration Point.
ZION, occasional, 5,000 to 7,00U feet: West Rim trail above ranger cabin; base of
Checkerboard Mesa.

Greasewood Chamise {Adenostoma fasciculatnm H. 8C A.). — Densely-
branched evergreen shrub, 2 to 10 feet high, with resinous sticky foliage; bark
brown, shreddy on the older stems; leaves dark green, small, needle-like, about
I/3 to Yg inch long, thick and rigid, crowded in small bundles along the stems;
flowers white, in densely-branched feathery clusters at the ends of the branches;
fruits small, hard, 1 -seeded achenes.

Greasewood chamise is one of the most widespread and abundant of the
foothill shrubs in California. In Sequoia National Park it is common in the
foothill region below the ponderosa pine belt. The small green leaves borne
in clusters along the stems give the plant a heath-like appearance. The species

28 Range Plant Handbook B 77: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest
c:. 1937.
y Stuhr, E. T., Manual of Pacific Coast Drug Plants. 120. 1933.

144 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

name, jasciculatum, from the Latin meaning little bundle, refers to this ar-
rangement of the leaves. Because of the inflammability of the resinous oil
in the foliage, chamise is a serious fire hazard on dry slopes where it commonly
forms dense impenetrable thickets. Oil obtained from the herbage is said to
have been used by the Indians as a remedy for skin affections. 30

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA, common, 2,500 to 3,000 feel: along western park boundary;
trail to Ash Mountam lookout.

Pea Family (Leguminosae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves simple, not divided into separate leaflets; flowers red-purple.

Tall, many-stemmed shrubs or small trees; leaves round, 2 or more inches

across; flowers somewhat pea-like; pods elongate, flat, smooth

CERCIS, p. 144.

Low, intricately branched shrubs; leaves lance-shaped to linear, ]/£ inch or less
long; flowers with spreading petal-like sepals; pods globose, soiny

KRAMERIA, p. 145.

Leaves divided into few to many leaflets ; flowers various colors.
Flowers not pea-like, yellow.

Leaves once divided into simple leaflets ; low shrubs, not spiny ; flowers

about 1 inch across CASSIA, p. 146.

Leaves twice divided into many leaflets ; tall shrubs or small trees, the
branches spiny; flowers tiny, packed into dense elongate heads.

Spines straight, usually paired at leaf bases PROSOPis, p. 146.

Spines curved and claw-like, usually borne singly ACACiA, p. 146.

Flower pea-like, pink, blue, or yellow.

Leaflets 3; flowers yellow; rare in Olympic National Park ....CYTISUS, p. 147.
Leaflets more than 3 ; flowers pink or blue to purplish.

Leaflets pinnately divided; shrubs of the Southwest.

Tall shrubs or small trees with spiny stems; flowers rose-pink;

pods 2 to 5 inches long ROBINIA, p. 148.

Low shrubs, not spiny; flowers purple-blue; pods less than Y2

inch long DALEA, p. 149.

Leaflets palmately divided; found mostly on Pacific slope

LUPINUS, p. 149.

California Redbud {Cerc:s accident alls Torr.), fig. 80. — Usually a shrub
with many stems spreading from the base, or sometimes a small tree 15 feet
high with a round bushy crown and short trunk 2 to several inches in diameter;
bark thin, smooth; leaves I1/2 to 3^^ inches across, round, heart-shaped at the
base; flowers small, pea-like, purplish-red, borne along the stems before the
leaves appear; pods flat, li^ to 3 inches long and often % inch wide, becom-
ing reddish-brown; seeds flattened, orbicular, somewhat resembling lentils.
(Syn. Cercis arizonka Rose.)

The common name, redbud, is descriptive of the flowering stage when
the long leafless stems are covered with dark purplish-red flowers which re-
semble the buds of sweet peas. The bushes are conspicuous also in late

30 Stuhr, E. T., Manual of Pacific Coast Drug Plants, 1 17. 1933.

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 145

Fig. 80. California redbud (Cercis occidenia'is) .

Summer and Fall because of the large clusters of long reddish-brown pods
hanging from under the leaves.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, common in the foothills and at the mouths of the
canyons; vicinity of EI Portal. SEQUOIA, common, 1,600 to 5,000 feet: vicinity of
Ash Mountain; Mineral King road; near Clough Cave, grand CANYON, in the canyon,
3,500 to 6,000 feet: Bright Angel trail IJ/2 miles belovif South Rim; Indian Gardens;
Kaibab trail on Tonto north of Colorado River; along trail above Roaring Springs;
Hermit trail.

Range Krameria, Range Ratany (Krameria parvijoUa Benth. var.
glandidosa (Rose & Paint.) McBr.). — Low rigidly branched shrub 1 to 2 feet
high with branches spreading close to the ground; leaves linear, ^ to i/^ inch
long; flowers purple, about 1/2 inch across, irregular; sepals and petals 5, the
sepals large and petal-like, hairy on the back; pods 1 -seeded, egg-shaped to
heart-shaped, bur-like with slender barbed spines.

This is a plant of the hot desert country which is usually found in gravelly
soils, sometimes in such abundance as to give a bluish-green or purplish cast
to the landscape. For this reason, it is sometimes called purple heather. It

146

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

has also been called heart-nut because of the fruits which are sometimes heart-
shaped at the base. These bur-hke pods may cUng to the coats of grazing
animals which thus aid in the distribution of the species.

OccuTTence. — ZION. GRAND CANYON, in the bottom of the canyon.

Hairy Senna {Cassia Covesi Gray), fig.
81. — Low spreading shrub 1 to 2 feet high,
the herbage finely velvety; leaves divided into
2 or 3 pairs of opposite leaflets, the leaflets
oval to elliptic or oblong, I/2 to 1 inch long;
flowers few at the ends of the flowering
branches; petals 5, yellow, about i^ inch long;
pods oblong, % to li^ inches long, about I/4
inch wide; splitting down both sides; seeds
several.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the canyon,
2,500 to 4,000 feet: Colorado River near suspension
bridge; Clear Creek trail above Phantom Ranch.

Honey Mesquite (Prosopis chilensis
(Mol.) Stuntz. subsp. glandulosa (Torr.)
Standi.). — Much-branched shrub 6 to 10 feet
high or a small tree; stems armed with straight
sharp spines, these usually borne in pairs at
the base of the leaves; leaves divided into 2
(or 4) leaflets, these again divided into 9 to 18
pairs of small oblong leaflets ^ to I/2 inch
long; flowers tiny, yellowish, borne in slender
cylindrical clusters 2 to 31/2 inches long, the clusters usually nodding or
drooping from the leaf -axils; pods flattened, linear, 3 to 8 inches long, curved,
somewhat constricted between the seeds, borne in drooping clusters of 1 to
several. (Syn. P. jiiliflora DC. var. glandulosa Torr.).

Honey mesquite is a characteristic plant of the desert regions. It is excep-
tionally drought-enduring and is valuable as a soil binder in erosion control
work. The flowers are an important source of a fine quality honey, hence
the common name, honey mesquite. The fleshy pods, which are sweet and
nutritious, were gathered by the Indians of the Southwest, who ground them
into a meal (pinole) which was used for making a mush. Growing as it is
in an area where wood is scarce, the roots and stems of this species are highly
valued as fuel. Although the leaflets are small and of little value as food
for animals, the young twigs are browsed in early Spring.

Occurrence. — ziON. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon, 2,000 to 3,500 feet: Phantom
Ranch; Colorado River near suspension bridge; Havasu Canyon.

Catclaw Acacia {Acacia Greggi Gray), fig. 82. — Usually a straggly
shrub, or sometimes a small much-branched tree up to 20 feet high with a
short trunk sometimes 8 inches in diameter; stems armed with stiff back-
wardly-curved claw-like spines; leaves twice pinnately divided into very small

Fig. 81. Hairy senna {Cassia
Coves'i).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 147

oblong to nearly linear leaflets; flowers tiny, yellow, packed in dense oblong
clusters about 1 to 2 inches long; pods 2 to 6 inches long, pale brown, flat-
tened, mostly curved, strongly constricted between the seeds, ripening in the
Fall and often remaining on the branches for periods of from 6 to 8 months;
seeds nearly orbicular, somewhat
flattened like a disk, about 1/3
inch in diameter, dark, shiny
brown.

This species is typically a des-
ert or semi-desert shrub charac-
teristic of the creosote belt of the
Southwest and frequently found in
association with honey mesquite.
The plants seem to thrive on poor
soil and, as is characteristic of all
members of the pea family, tend
to improve its fertility. The
common name, catclaw, is derived
from the stiffs, claw-like spines
scattered along the stems. The
scientific name is derived from the
Greek, ake, meaning point, in ref-
erence to the thorns. Acacia has
a remarkable ability to survive
under adverse conditions and is
often planted on desert sand
dunes to bind the soil and pre-
vent erosion. The young shoots
and flowers are browsed to some

extent in early Spring but the sharp spines prevent it from being extensively
eaten, especially when other foliage is available. The bark exudes a gum
similar to gum arabic. The flowers are an important source of honey for bees.

Occurrence. — GflAND CANYON, common on the Tonto and below, 2,500 to 4,500 feet:
Kaibab trail on both sides of the Colorado River; Garden Creek below Indian Gar-
dens; Clear Creek trail below Phantom Point; Shiriumo Creek.

Fig. 82. Catclaw acacia (Acacia Crcgei).

Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparms Link.). — Erect evergreen shrub; stems
angled, sparsely leafy, the leaves divided into 3 leaflets; flowers bright yellow,
pea-like, about % inch long, borne singly or in pairs in the leaf-axils; pods
flat, the margins hairy.

This is a well-known ornamental shrub which has escaped from cultiva-
tion and has become naturalized, especially in the Northwest. In early
Spring certain sections of the drive around the Olympic Peninsula are lined
with the bright yellow flowers of these shrubs. The plants are drought re-
sistant and their use has been found to be successful in erosion control work.
The herbage is poisonous to livestock.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, rare in the park: Lake Crescent.

148

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 84. Fremont dalea

{Dalea Fremonli var,

Johnson'i).

Fig. 83. Western locust {Robinia luxurians) .

Western Locust {Rob'mia luxurians
(Dieck.) Schneid.), fig. 83. — Tall many-stemmed
shrub or small tree up to 25 or 30 feet high, the
stems armed with stout, straight or curved spines
below the leaves; leaflets 15 to 21, oblong-elliptic
to oval, ^2 to 1 inch long; flowers light rose-pink,
resembling pea flowers, borne in dense showy
clusters; pods flat, 2 to 5 inches long, about ^
inch wide, bristly-hairy and glandular; seeds nu-
merous, in two rows.

The species favors the cooler mountain can-
yons where the large clusters of rose pink flowers
are very lovely in the Spring. Locust is a fa-
vorite with honey bees. The flowers were gath-
ered and used for food by the Indians of the
Southwest. Both the leaves and flowers are eaten
by mule deer on the Kaibab range of the North
Rim of the Grand Canyon. (Syn. R. neotnexi-
cana Auth., not Gray.^l)

31 Rehder, Alfred, Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America,
second edition, revised and enlarged, p. 511. 1940.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 149

Occurrence. — ZION, common in the canyons, 3,700 to 4,300 feet: talus slopes along
Zion Canyon road above public campgrounds. GRAND CANYON, 4,000 to 8,800 feet.
North Rim, near the rim and just below: Bright Angel Point; Walhalla Plateau along
road to Cap)e Royal; Powell Plateau; Point Sublime. South Rim, rare; rim in front of
El Tovar; Dripping Springs. Canyon, common north of Colorado River aboi'e the
Tonto: Kaibab trail above Roaring Springs; Cottonwood Camp.

Fremont Dalea, Desert Beauty (Dalea Fremonti Torr. var. ]ohn-
soni (Wats.) Munz.), fig. 84. — A low shrub, 1 to 3 feet high; herbage
grayish; leaves composed of opposite pairs of leaflets; leaflets narrowly oblong,
1/3 to 2/3 inch long, with several small glancb on the under surface; flowers
purplish-blue, pea-like, about 1/3 to I/2 inch long, borne at the ends of the
branchlets in dense clusters 1 to 5 inches long; fruits tiny pods about 1/3 inch
long, egg-shaped, tapering abruptly to a slender up-curving point; seeds 2.
(Syn. Parosela Johnsoni Vail.)

Occurrence. — ziON : Coalpits Wash, 3,700 feet; Shunes Creek.

Lupine (Lupinus L.)

The lupines are easily recognized because of the erect spikes of pea-like
flowers and the roundish leaf-blades divided from the base into several oblong
or more or less wedge-shaped leaflets. The name Liip.nns is derived from
the Latin, Lupus, meaning wolf, from the early erroneous idea that these
plants robbed the soil of its fertility. Instead they aid the soil by building
up the nitrogen content. The roots of all members of the pea family harbor
bacteria which are able to take nitrogen from the air and make it into com-
pounds available to the plants. Although there are numerous species of
lupine in the western national parks, very few of them are shrubby and then
usually only at the base.

Field Guide to the Species

Shrub 2 to 6 feet high; leaflets densely silky; flowers blue or purple, 1/3 to |/2

inch long I. L. alhlfrons.

Herbaceous plants woody at base only; leaves and flowers various.

Plants low, 2 to 6 inches high, often forming piostrate mats; alpine species.

Leaflets 7 to 10, \/j, to nearly 1 inch long; flower clusters oval to oblong, 1
to 2 inches long; flowers violet, with yellowish or whitish center.
2. L. Brewerl.

Leaflets 5 or 6, 1/6 to '/2 inch long; flower clusters mostly head-like;

flowers lavender to white 3. L. LpalU.

Erect plants mostly more than 6 inches high.

Lower leaf-stalks mostly I to 5 or 7 inches long; flowers '/2 inch or more
long; found in California parks.

Plants J/2 to 1 foot high; herbage densely hairy; flowers '/2 inch long,

blue with yellow centers 4. L. Crapi.

Plants 1 to 2 feet high; leaf-blades thinly hairy or smooth above,

hairy below; flowers '/2 to % inch long, blue or pinkish

5. L. laxiflorus.

Lower leaf -stalks % to I % inches long; flowers about '/^ inch long; occurs

in the Southwest 6. L. meionanihus.

150 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

1. Whiteface Lupine, Silver Lupine (Lupinus albifrons Benth.). —
Much-branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high with densely silvery-silky herbage; leaf-
blades divided into 6 to 9 leaflets, the leaflets ^^ t'o 1 inch long; flowers blue
or purplish, at first with white or yellow center; pods 1 to 2 inches long, 5
to 9-seeded.

Occurrence. — YOSEMiTE. sequoia: lower Kaweah River.

2. Brewer Lupine, Mat Lupine (Lupinus Breweri Gray) . — Low pros-
trate plant not usually more than 6 inches high, with silvery-silky herbage;
leaves crowded near the base or scattered along the stems; leaflets mostly
7 to 10, ^ to % inch long; flowers violet, the center yellowish or white, ^^ to
Y^ inch long, borne in dense oblong clusters 1 to 2 inches long; pods about
% inch long, 3- or 4-seeded.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE.

3. Lyall Lupine {Lupinus Lyalli Gray var. fruticulosus (Greene) C. P.
Smith). — Low plants from woody base, the stems seldom over 4 inches high;
leaflets 5 or 6, 1/2 to % ^^<^^ Io"g) appressed-silky on both sides; flowers
about i/j inch long or less, blue to purplish, borne in usually oblong head-
like clusters; pods silky, about i^ inch long, 3- or 4-seeded.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: Annie Creek valley.

The variety danaus (Gray) Wats., found on Mount Dana in Yosemite
National Park, and variety Lobbi (Gray) Smith, listed as occurring in Lassen
National Park, are slightly less woody varieties.

4. Gray's Lupine {Lupinus Grayi Wats.). — Plants i/4 to 1 foot high;
herbage densely short-hairy; leaflets 5 to 9, 1 to II/2 inches long, hairy on
both sides; flowers about 1/2 inch long, blue with yellow center, borne in circles
on upper part of stem; pods about 1 to I1/4 inches long, finely appressed-
hairy, 4- to 6-seeded.

Occurrence. — yosemite : Wawona.

5. Spur Lupine {Lupinus laxiflorus Dougl.). — Plants 1 to 2 feet high;
lower leaves long-stalked; leaf-blades thinly hairy or nearly smooth above,
appressed-hairy below, divided into 7 to 9 leaflets, 1 to 1% inches long;
flowers ^ to % inch long, blue or pinkish, borne in erect clusters 3 to 7
inches long; calyx spurred; pods I inch long, 4- to 6-seeded.

Occurrence. — LASSEN: woods near Manzanita Creek. YELLOWSTONE.

6. Tahoe Lupine {Lupinus meionanthus Gray) . — Plants 1 to 2 feet
high, with densely silky herbage; leaves all on short stalks less than 1 inch long;
leaflets 6 to 9, silky on both sides, ^2 to % inch long; flowers blue or lilac,
with yellow centers, about I/4 inch long.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, on the North Rim.

Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)

Southwest Bernardia {Bernardia incana Morton), fig. 85.— Much-
branched shrub 2 to 7 feet high with dark grayish herbage; leaves alternate,

Bailey a: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

151

thickish, oblong to egg-shaped, I/4 to 1^4 inches long, covered with a dense
gray fuzz, the margins scalloped; male flowers borne in small clusters along
the stems; female flowers borne singly at the ends of short branches; fruits
2- or 3-Iobed cap-
sules, about % to 1/4
inch in diameter, each
lobe containing a
smooth roundish seed
The seeds are eaten
by birds. (Syn. B.
myricaejolia as to Ari-
zona specimens.) 3'-

Occurrence. — GRAND
CANYON, in the canyon,
2,300 to 5,500 feet:
Tonto on both sides of
the Colorado River;
Bright Angel trail l'/2
miles above Indian Gar-
dens; Kaibab trail along
switchbacks below Tip-
off ; Bright Angel Can-
yon above Phantom
Ranch; Clear Creek trail

Fig. 85. Southwest bernardia {Bernardia incana).

Caltrop Family (Zygophyllaceae)

CoviLLE Creosotebush (Larrea tn-
dentata (DC.) Cov.), fig. 86. — Erect,
widely branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high;
herbage with strong aromatic or creosote
odor; leaves opposite, divided into 2 leaf-
lets; leaflets somewhat sickle-shaped, about
1/6 to % inch long, dark green, somewhat
tough and leathery; flowers about 1/2 inch
across, borne singly at the ends of short
branchlets; petals 5, yellow; fruits small
globose pods about I/4 inch long, densely
covered with long white hairs. (Syns. L.
glutinosa Engelm., Covillea tr'tdentata
Vail.)

Creosotebush is a characteristic shrub in
the deserts of the Southwest, but is not
found commonly in the national parks. The
small, tough, resinous leaves well adapt this
plant to the dry desert climate. The
bushes are quite conspicuous in the spring

Fig. 86. Coville creosotebush
(^Larrea tndenlata) .

?>2 Morton, C. V., A second United States species of Bernardia. Wash. Acad. Sci

Jour. 29: 375. 1939.

152

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

when covered with bright yellow flowers which later develop into small, white-
woolly pods. The stems are sometimes covered with a gummy substance
which the Indians of the Southwest used as a glue or cement to mend broken
baskets. A hot water decoction of the herbage was used as a liniment for
treating collar sores in draft horses. ^ 3 The herbage is of no use as a browse,
probably because of the resinous substance which gives the plants a strong
aromatic odor. The stems bum easily, green or dry, and make a hot fire.
Some think that burning stems give off the odor of creosote, hence the
common name, creosotebush.

Occurrence. — ZION: Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet, grand canyon, in the canyon:
lower Toroweap Valley west of park boundary.

Orange Family (Rutaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Broom-like, nearly leafless shrub; leaves not more than Yi inch long, not divided
nor toothed; flowers dark purple; fruits small heart-sha{>ed capsules
THAMNOSMA, p. 152.

Leafy shrub or small tree; leaves divided into 3 leaflets, the leaflets % to 3 inches
long; flowers greenish white; fruits small flattened roundish structures
winged all around PTELEA, p. 152.

Mohave Desert-rue, Turpentine Broom, (Thamnosma montana
Torr. & Frem.). — Freely-branching, broom-like shrub 1 to 2i/2 feet high, the
stems thickly covered with glandular swellings; leaves few, small, 1/6 to 1/2
inch long, oblong, soon falling; flowers blackish purple, about % inch long,

borne singly along the stems;
petals 4, usually remaining erect;
fruits 1/3 to nearly i/^ inch across,
deeply parted into two roundish,
inflated sections and tapering to
the base. A decoction of the herb-
age was used as a tonic by the
Indians and early settlers.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in
the Canyon, 3,700 to 6,500 feet: Her-
mit Basin; Bright Angel trail; Pipe
Creek; Clear Creek trail below Phan-
tom Point; Kaibab trail on the Tonto
north of the Colorado River.

Baldwin Hoptree (Ptelea
Baldwini Torr. & Gray), fig. 87.
— Shrub, or small tree 6 to 20
feet high; bark whitish; leaflets 3,
elliptic to oblong with rounded or
pointed tips, % to 2% inches

Fig. 87. Baldwin hoptree (Ptelea Baldwini).

33 Jepson, W. L. Flora of California, vol. 2, p. 439. 1936.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 153

long, the margins not toothed or finely toothed; flowers small, greenish-white,
borne in rounded or flat-topped clusters in the leaf-axils; fruits flat, roundish,
winged all around, about 1/3 to % inch in diameter, including the wing.

As is characteristic of the orange family, the leaves are covered with small
transparent dots which may be seen when held up to the sunlight. The plants,
when bruised, have a strong odor resembling hops and the fruits have been
used in brewing as a substitute for hops.^"*

Occurrence. — grand CANYON, 3,000 to 8,000 feet. North Rim: near Bright Angel
Point. South Rim: near Yaki Point. Canyon, common on both sides of the Colorado
River: Hermit trail, J/j mile below Santa Maria Springs; Bright Angel trail about ^
mile below South Rim; Indian Gardens; Kaibab trail above Cottonwood Camp; near
Roaring Springs.

Sumac Family (Anacardiaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Leaf-blades thinnish; flower clusters borne in axils of leaves, the slender stems
drooping; fruits whitish, globose, smooth, marked with dark green or black
veins TOXICODENDRON, p. 1 53.

Leaf-blades thickish, or somewhat leathery; flower clusters terminal, stiffly erect;

fruits red, hairy RHUS, p. 154.

Poison Ivy, Poison Oak (Toxicodendron (Tourn.) Mill.)

Poison oak and poison ivy are widely distributed in the United States,
poison oak in the far west and poison ivy east of the Great Western Divide.
Many botanists have considered them as belonging in the genus Rhus, but we
are following here the recommendation of the committee on horticultural
nomenclature-''^ in recognizing the separate genus.

The name toxicodendron, is from the Greek meaning poison tree. The
word toxicon, Greek for bow (referring to the bow and arrow), has come to
mean poison because arrow poisons were among the first poisons used by man.
The plants contain an oil which, when it comes in contact with the skin, is
poisonous to many people, causing severe inflamation and swelling. Many
remedies have been recommended, including external applications of solutions
of ferric chloride, potassium permanganate, or baking soda, but none of these
do more than offer temporary relief after the rash has appeared. It sometimes
helps to apply a thin film of laundry soap or a strong solution of baking soda
to the hands and face before going into the field and then to wash thoroughly
with strong soap after returning home. If one is very susceptible to the
poison, clothes which have come in contact with the herbage should be imme-
diately laundered because they may hold the oil for some time and may even
affect persons who have not been outside.

Poison oak and poison ivy are not common in the national parks because
they usually grow at elevations below that included in most of the park areas.

34 McMinn, H. E., Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs, p. 260. 1939.

35 American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature, Standardized Plant
Names. Second Edition. 1942.

154 American MroLAND Naturalist Monograph No. 4

They are commonly found on moist wooded slopes, along streams, or in
chaparral. The bushes are very persistent, sprouting again and again after
being cut off from the base. The herbage is not poisonous to livestock and
furnishes good browse for deer. Birds and small mammals eat the berries.
The flowers furnish honey for bees. The foliage takes on a beautiful red
Autumn coloring.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaflets mostly blunt-pointed or rounded at the tip; irregularly toothed; occurs on

Pacific Slope I. T. diver silohum.

Leaflets mostly sharper-pointed, the teeth usually fewer, occurs in Southwest and

Rocky Mountains 2. T . radicans.

1. Pacific Poison Oak (Toxicodendron diver sllobum (T. 6c G.)
Greene) . — Erect shrub 3 to 8 feet high, or sometimes a climbing vine with
stems up to 30 feet long; leaves divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets roundish to
oblong, irregularly and coarsely toothed or lobed, mostly rounded at the tips,
2/3 to 3 inches long, shiny dark green above, paler below; flowers small, green-
ish, delicate, borne in loose drooping clusters in the axils of the leaves; fruits
small, roundish, white with thin dark lines running lengthwise. (Syn. Rhus
diversiloba T. & G.).

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 2,200 to 4,500 feet: El Portal; lower Yosemite Valley;
Hetch Hetchy; Rancheria Mountain, sequoia, 2,000 to 4,000 feet: trail to Ash
Mountain lookout; Clough Cave; Cedar Cave.

2. Western Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans Kuntze var. Ryd-
bergi (Small) Rehd.).- -Usually a low shrub 1 to 3 feet high with dark yel-
lowish-green foliage; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), 1 to 4 inches long, egg-shaped with
pointed tips, the margins coarsely toothed or lobed, or sometimes not toothed;
flowers greenish-yellow, delicate, borne in loose drooping clusters in the leaf-
axils; fruits small, roundish, white with fine green veins running lengthwise.
(Syns. Rhus radicans L. var. Rydbergi (Small) Rehd., R. toxicodendron L.
v'ar. Rydbergi Garrett.)

Occurrerice. — YELLOWSTONE, rare: Gardiner River north of Mammoth. ROCKY
MOUNTAIN, rare. MESA VERDE. ZION. occasional in moist places, about 4,000 to 4,500
feet: near south entrance; the Narrows trail at Zion Stadium; Emerald Pools; Weep-
ing Rock.

Sumac (Rhus L.)

Many of the sumacs are very attractive shrubs. The leaves of smooth
sumac and staghorn especially are very attractive in the Fall when they turn
a beautiful red color. The foliage of these two sp>ecies is of little value as a
browse, but that of skunkbush sumac is eaten to some extent by deer. Some
species have considerable tannin in the bark. The berries are eaten by birds
and small mammals and the pioneers discovered that because of their acid
properties, they could be used to make a cooling drink by soaking them in
water and adding sugar. For this reason R. trilobata is sometimes called
lemonade sumac.

The Indians made considerable use of the sumacs wherever they were

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

155

found. They used the stems to furnish a mordant in dye-making. The long
slender reddish shoots of R. trilobata were gathered by the women for basket-
making. Hence this species is sometmies called squawbush. The leaves of
smooth sumac were mixed with tobacco for smoking.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves 3-Iobed or divided into 3 leaflets, about I inch long 1. R. trilobata.

Leaves divided into 5 to 10 pairs of leaflets, the leaflets 2 to 4 inches long.

Branchlets smooth, with a whitish bloom; flower clusters finely hairy; fruits

sticky-hairy 2. R. glabra.

Branchlets, flower clusters, and fruits densely hairy 3. R. t]jphina.

I. Skunkbush Sumac (Rhus
trilobata Nutt.), fig. 88. — Spreading
shrub 1 to 5 feet high, the herbage
with a disagreeable odor when
crushed; leaves thickish, dark green
above, paler below, mostly divided
into 3 leaflets; leaflets oval or re-
verse-egg-shaped to wedge-shaped,
1/3 to 1 1/3 inches long, the middle
leaflet usually longer than the lateral
leaflets, few-toothed with coarse
rounded teeth; flowers yellow, small,
borne close together in stiff clusters
at the ends of the stems before the
leaves appear; fruits bright orange-
red, about y^ inch in diameter,
somewhat flattened, sticky-hairy.
(Syn. Rhus utahensis Goodd.).

Fig. 88. Skunkbush sumac (Rhus
trilobata).

Occurrence. — yosem:te, occasional, up
to 4,000 feet; Yosemiie Valley; Mirror
Lake; Tenaya Canyon. SEQUOIA: Cedar Creek; North Fork Kaweah River. YELLOW-
STONE, common: Boiling River; Gardiner River; Mammoth; Red Mountain; "Whiskey
Gap; near Table Mountain. ROCKY mountain, rare. MESA VERDE, occasional in the
canyons: trail to Balcony House; "Wickiup Canyon. BRYCE CANYON, occasional, 6,000
to 7,000 feet. ZION, occasional: lower walls of Zion Canyon near west entrance; near
entrance to Zion Cafeteria. GRAND CANYON, common in the canyon, 3,500 to 6,000
feet: Hermit trail; Bright Angel trail; Indian Gardens; Kaibab trail; Cedar Ridge;
near Roaring Springs.

2. Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra L.).— Erect shrub 3 to 6 feet high
with smooth often reddish branches; leaves 6 to 8 inches long, divided into 5
to 10 pairs of leaflets; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, narrowly oblong with pointed
tips, the margins mostly toothed; flowers greenish or yellowish, borne in dense
narrowly pyramid-shaped clusters 3 to 4 inches long; fruits small, rounded,
bright red, sticky-hairy, the fruiting clusters standing up like fiery pokers at
the ends of the stems. (Syn. Rhus cismontana Greene.)

Occurrence. — ziON, rare in Zion Canyon: near Weeping Rock; Court of the

156

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Patriarchs; Emerald Pools. GRAND CANYON, occasional along streams in the canyon,
3,000 to 4,000 feet: along Bright Angel Creek about 2 miles above Phantom Ranch;
on the Tonfo. isle royale, occasional: Lake Richie; trail to Forbes Lake; Mount
!■ rankim trail; near Sargent Lake; South of McCargo Cove.

3. Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina L.). — Similar to smooth sumac
except generally larger, sometimes a small tree up to 20 or 30 feet high;
branches velvety; leaflets 11 to 31, dark green above; pale below; flower clusters
and fruits densely velvety-hairy.

Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE, occasional : Greenstone Ridge.

Staff-tree Family (Celastraceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Petals 5, white, soon falling; branches spine-tipped; plants deciduous; found only in

Grand Canyon National Park FORSELLESIA, p. 156.

Petals 4, greenish or reddish; branches not spine-tipped; plant evergreen; found in

all except California parks PACHISTIMA, p. 156.

Spiny Greasebush (Forsellesia sp'mescens (Gray) Greene). — Much-
branched shrub 1 to 4 feet high with slender, green, spine-tipped branches;
leaves small, 1/3 inch long or less, oblong, pointed at the tip and tapering to
the base; flowers small, borne singly on slender stems in the leaf-axils; petals
5, white, narrow, soon falling; fruits tiny pods, splitting down one side to re-
lease 1 to 2 shiny brown seeds. (Syn. Glossopetalon spinescens Gray.)

Occurrence. — grand canyon, common in the canyon on both sides of the Colorado
River, 4,500 to 6,500 feet: Berry trail, Yi mile down; Bright Angel trail about I J/2
miles above Indian Gardens; Cedar Ridge near fossil fern quarry; Kaibab Tiail above
Roaring Springs junction.

Myrtle Pachistima, Moun-
tain Lover {Pachistima myrsinites
(Pursh) Raf.), fig. 89.— Low, dense-
ly branched evergreen shrub, i^ to 3
feet high, the leaves opposite each
other on the stems; leaves small,
thickish, ^4 to 1/4 inches long, ellip-
tic to oblong, the margins finely
toothed, tapering to the base; flowers
tiny, 1 to 3 on short stalks in the
leaf -axils; petals 4, brick-red or
greenish; fruits oblong pods, about
I/4 inch long, 1- or 2-seeded.

This is a common undercover
shrub in moist open woods in many
of the western parks. The plant is
sometimes called boxleaf or boxwood
because of its resemblance to the cul-
tivated "box" which is used for
hedges. The foliage is browsed to

Fig. 89. Myrtle pachistima (Pachislima
m'^rsinites) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

157

some extent by deer, elk, and mountain sheep, particularly when other food
is scarce. The leaves are rather tough to be very palatable.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 1,000 to 5,000 feet: Lake Crescent; Seven Lakes
Basin; ridge south of Sentinel Peak, near Hayden Pass; Marmot Lake; Mount An-
geles. MOUNT RAINIER, common, 3,000 to 4,000 feet: head of Stevens Canyon; Stevens
Canyon burn; Shriner Peak; Crystal Peak, crater LAKE: southwest corner of park,
5,300 feet; lower Redblanket Creek; Castle Creek at west entrance. GLACIER, common,
3,200 to 6,000 feet: Belton; North Fork Flathead River road; trail to Avalanche
Lake; trail to Granite Park; east entrance; Going to the Sun Chalets; switchbacks on
east side of Swiftcurrent Pass; St. Mary Lake; Red Eagle Valley Two Medicine
Valley Cut Bank Valley. YELLOWSTONE. GRAND TETON, common: South Fork Cascade
Canyon. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, abundant at higher elevations on the west slope. MESA
VERDE: trail to Balcony House. BRYCE CANYON, rare along Rim Drive: Rainbow Point;
Natural Bridge. ZlON. in the forests on the plateaus, 6,000 to 7,000 feet: West Rim
trail, above ranger cabin. GRAND CANYON, on the North Rim, rare: Powell Saddle;
north end of Walhalla Plateau.

Bladdernut Family
(Staphyleaceae)

Sierra Bladdernut (Sta-
phyiea Botanderi Gray), fig.
90. — Erect shrub 3 to 10 feet
high; leaves divided into 3 leaf-
lets, the leaflets egg-shaped to
roundish with pointed tips, 1
to 21/2 inches long, smooth on
both sides, the margins finely
toothed; flowers white, borne in
drooping few-flowered clusters
at the ends of the branches;
fruit a bladder-like capsule, 1
to 2 inches long, 3-ceIled, the
cells 1- to 4-seeded. This shrub
is sometimes called California
balloon bush because of the inflated capsules.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE; near El Portal, 2,500 feet. sequo:a, about 2,500 to 4,500
feet: Paradise Creek; Cedar Creek, North ^ork Kaweah River; West of Panorama
Pomt; between Clough Cave and Garfield Grove of bigtrees.

Fig. 90. Sierra bladdernut (5/ap/ip/ea
Bolanderi) .

iViAPLE Family (Aceraceae)

Maple (Acer L.)

Maples are widely distributed and common trees or shrubs in the United
States, one or more species being found in each of our western national parks.
They are easily recognized by the palmately lobed or divided leaves and the
characteristic fruits borne in winged pairs. Most of the species furnish valu-
able food for animals, even during the winter when the leafless twigs may
be browsed.

158

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves lobed (occasionally divided into 3 leaflets in A. glabrum).
Flowers in loose spreading clusters; v^estern species.

Leaves 7- or 9-lobed, green on both sides I. A. circinatum.

Leaves 3- or 5-lobed, green above, paler below.

Lobes of leaves not toothed or with a few coarse teeth; petals none;

found in the Southwest 2. A. grandideniatum.

Lobes of leaves toothed; petals present; widespread and variable

species 3. A. glabrum.

Flowers in narrow elongate clusters 3 to 6 inches long; eastern species found on
Isle Royale.

Leaves 3-lobed about middle; flower-clusters erect or spreading; petals

narrowly spatula-shaped shrubs 4. A. spicatum.

Leaves 3-lobed at tip; flower-clusters drooping; petals reverse-egg-shaped;

mostly trees ^...5. A. penns^lvanicum.

Leaves divided into 3 to 5 leaflets; mostly trees; found in the Southwest

6. A . negundo var.

L Vine Maple (Acer circinatum Dougl.). — Usually widely spreading
shrubs or small trees with slender, often rechning stems sometimes taking root
where they touch the ground; bark smooth, grayish-brown, tinged with red;
leaves 7- or 9-lobed, 2 to 4^/2 inches across, smooth on both sides, or softly
hairy below when young, bright green, turning reddish-yellow or bright scarlet
in the Fall; flowers small, with dark purplish-red sepals and tiny white petals,
borne on slender stems in loose spreading clusters; fruits smooth, often red-
dish, with wings spreading opposite each other in a straight line; generally

found as an understory shrub in ever-
green forests of the Northwest.

Occurrence. — Olympic, abundant, from
lowest elevations to about 3,000 feet: Lake
Crescent; Elkhorn Guard Station, Elwha
River; Olympus Guard Station, Hoh River;
Duckabush River. MOUNT RAINIER, common,
1,700 to 4,500 feet: Longmire-Paradise road;
Ramparts Ridge trail; Sunset Park road.

2. BiGTOOTH Maple (Acer grandi-
dentatum Nutt.), fig. 9L — Usually a
shrub 6 to 15 feet high, or sometimes a
small tree up to 40 or 50 feet high with
light brown twigs and gray branches;
leaves 2 to 5 inches across, roundish in
outline, dark green above, pale and more
or less hairy below, deeply divided into
3 lobes, the notches rounded between,
the lobes coarsely few-toothed; flowers
borne in spreading clusters, the flower-
stems softly hairy; fruits smooth, the
wings more or less parallel. The foliage

Fig. 91. Bigtooth maple (Acer
grandidentalum) .

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 159

of bigtooth maple shows considerable resemblance to that of sugar maple of
the eastern states and it 's interesting to note that it has been reported that
sugar has been obtained from the sap of this western species also.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE. ZION, common along streams and in moist places, 4,230
to 6,000 feet: East Rim trail above Weeping Rock; Birch Creek trail near junction of
trail to Lady Mountain; Narrows trail. GRAND CANYON, 5,000 to 7,500 feet. North
Rim, common just below the rim. South Rim, rare below the rim. Canyon, occasional in
moist places, especially on the north side of the Colorado River: Kaibab trail above
Roaring Springs junction; Roaring Springs.

3. Rocky Mountain Maple (Acer glabmm Torr.), fig. 92. — Slender-
stemmed shrub 4 to 12 feet high, or a small tree with smooth reddish-brown
trunk and narrow crown of straight slender branches pointing upwards; leaves
1 to 3 inches across, smooth on both sides, deeply 3- to 5-lobed with V-shaped
notches, or sometimes divided into 3 leaflets, the margins unevenly toothed;
flowers greenish-yellow, borne in loose drooping clusters; wings of fruits spread-
ing obliquely, forming more or less right angles or sometimes nearly parallel,
often reddish; found commonly in moist locations along streams, in canyons,
and on shaded flats as undercover in the forests. In certain areas the leaves
are conspicuous because of brilliant red spots due to insect galls.

Several varieties of Rocky Mountain maple have been described, the variety
Doiiglasi being the one most commonly recognized. The leaves are generally
3-Iobed and the fruits somewhat stouter with more or less parallel wings. Be-
cause of the difficulties in distinguishing between the varieties, no segregation
is made in the parks listed here.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Elwha River at junction of Godkin Creek; Crystal Creek;
Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional, 2,000 feet: Longmire; Sunset Park road.
CRATER LAKE: trail to boat landing; Round Top; Wine-glass; Whitehorse Bluff. LAS-

Fig. 92. Rocky Mountain maple {Acer glabrum) .

160

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

SEN. YOSEMITE, occasional, 5,000 to 10,000 feet: trails leading out of Yosemite Valley;
Glacier Point; Clark's Point. KINGS CANYON: Junction Meadows. SEQUOIA, 6,000
feet: Alwell Mill; Wiiitney Creek; near Mineral King; near Wolverton Creek. GLA-
CIER, abundant, 3,100 to 7,800 feet: Lake McDonald Hotel; Avalanche campgrounds;
Going-to-the-Sun Chalet; Swiftcurrent Lake and valley; Iceberg Lake trail; Crossley
Lake. YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth Hot Springs; mouth of Lost Creek; near east entrance.
GRAND TETON, occasional, 6,700 to 8,000 feet: Granite Canyon. ROCKY MOUNTAIN,
8,000 to 9,000 feet. MESA VERDE, rare: west of Prater Canyon ranch house, 7,500 feet.
BKYCE CANYON. ZION : moist places on the plateau, about 6,000 feet. GRAND CANYON,
7,000 to 8,000 feet. North Rim, occasional just below rim: near top of Kaibab trail;
McKmnon Point. South Rim, rare. Canyon, occasional on the north side of the river:
Kaibab trail below North Rim.

4. Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum Lam.), fig. 93. — Shrub or small
tree up to about 25 feet high; leaves mostly 3-lobed, sometimes slightly 5-

lobed, 21/2 to 5 inches long,
smooth above, hairy below,
light green, turning orange or
scarlet in the Fall; flowers
greenish-yellow, borne in nar-
row erect spikes 3 to 5^^ inches
long; fruits at first hairy, be-
coming smooth at maturity,
wings spreading at an acute or
nearly right angle, sometimes
bright red.

OccuTTence. — ISLE BOYALE,
common: near Lake Desor; Mott
Island at northeast tip of isiand.

5. Striped Maple {Acer
pennsylvanicum L.). — Usually
a small tree up to 30 or 35
feet high, with smooth green
branchlets becoming striped
with white lines; leaves 3-lobed
near tips, 5 to 7 inches long,
bright green, rusty-hairy below
when young, turning yellow in

the Fall; flowers small, yellow, borne in slender elongate pendulous clusters

4 to 6 inches long; wings of fruits widely spreading.
Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, rare.

6. Inland Boxelder (Acer negundo L. var. interius (Britt.) Sarg.). —
Usually a tree 20 to 50 feet high, or sometimes a tall spreading shrub; bark
grayish-brown, rough in age; leaves divided into 3 or sometimes 5 leaflets;
leaflets oblong, pointed at the tips, 2 to 5 inches long, the margins irregularly
toothed; flowers yellowish-green, appearing before the leaves; wings of fruits
spreading obliquely.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE: west of ranch house in Prater Canyon, 7,500 feet.

Fig. 93. Mountain maple (Acer spicatum).

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 161

ZION, common along streams in the canyons, 4,000 to 4,500 feet: along Virgin River;
near Zion Lodge; the Narrows trail. GRAND CANYON, 3,000 to 8,000 feet. North Rim,
occasional: Cliff Spring. Canyon: Bright Angel Canyon; Kaibab trail about 2 miles
above Phantom Ranch; Roaring Springs; Kaibab trail above Roaring Springs.

Malpighia Family (Malpighiaceae)

Slender Janusia {Janusia gracilis Gray) . — A low bushy shrub about 8
inches to I1/2 feet high or woody below and with slender straggling, vine-like
or twining stems; leaves opposite, narrowly lance-shaped, % to II/4 inches
long, thinly hairy on both sides; flowers small, about % inch across; petals
small, 5, yellow, turning reddish-brown; fruit composed of 2 or 3 winged
seed-like structures about % to ^2 inch long.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, collected in the canyon north of the Colorado River:
Clear Creek trail on the rocky slopes above Bright Angel Creek; Kaibab trail for
several miles up Bright Angel canyon.

Buckthorn Family (Rhamnaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves few, small, J, '2 '"ch long or less; stems spiny, soon becoming naked; fruits

berry-like with one seed; occurs in parks of the Southwest ....CONDALIA, p. 161.

Leaves usually many, covering the stems, mostly more than '/^ inch long; stems not
spiny or some spiny; many species widespread in the parks.

Flowers inconspicuous, greenish; fruits berry-like, black, 2- to 4-seeded

rhamnus, p. 161.

Flowers showy, white, blue or purplish; fruits capsules, 3-celled, 3-seeded,

mostly becoming brownish CEANOTHUS, p. 165.

Southwestern Condalia (Condalia lycioides Weber.). — A rigidly-
branched shrub with spinose stems, 4 to 6 feet high, the branchlets and spines
whitish and minutely hairy; leaves narrow-elliptic, about 1/2 inch long, very
short-stalked; flowers tiny, with or without petals, borne in few-flowered clus-
ters in the leaf-axils; fruit berry-like, globose, about 1/3 inch in diameter,
bluish to black. (Syn. Zizyphus lycioides Gray.)

This is a desert shrub with straggling very rigid spine-tipped branches.
The stems are naked for a considerable part of the year, as the leaves soon
fall. The shrub has little value as a browse, but the fruits are eaten by birds.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON: Great Thumb; Shinumo.

Buckthorn, Cofpeeberry (Rhamnus L.)

The buckthorns are closely related to some of the species of Ceanothus
but are easily distinguished by their inconspicuous greenish flowers and the
dark brown or red berry-like fruits. The berries contain 2 to 4 hard seeds
similar to coffee beans, hence the common name, coffeeberry. The Pacific
coast species, cascara sagrada and California buckthorn, are used medicinally
as the source of a common laxative. The bark of cascara sagrada, particularly,
is collected for this purpose in considerable quantities in Washington and
Oregon. The foliage is browsed to some extent by deer and the berries are
eaten by birds and small mammals.

162 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guidl to the Species

Leaves deciduous; shrubs found in parks other than in Sierra Nevada.

Leaves mostly 3 to 5 inches long; occurs in parks of the Northwest

1 . R. PuTshiana.

Leaves mostly less than 3 inches long; shrubs found east of Great Western
Divide.

Winter buds enclosed by small bud scales; flowers usually 2 to 5 in the

leaf-axils; found in northern parks 2. R. alnifolia.

Winter buds without bud scales; flowers usually in clusters of 5 to 12;

found in the Southwest 3. R. beiulaefolia.

Leaves evergreen ; shrubs of the Sierra Nevada parks.

Leaves mostly more than 1 inch long, the margins not spine-toothed; berries
black when ripe.

Stems red; leaves thinnish, % to 1 J/2 inches long, mostly rounded at the

tips 4. R. rubra.

Stems grayish or brownish; leaves thickish, 2 to 3 inches Icng, mostly

pointed at the tips 5. R. iomentella.

Leaves mostly less than 1 inch long, the margins spinose-loothed and holIy-like;

berries red 6. R. crocea var. ilicifolia.

L Cascara Sagrada Buckthorn {Rhamnus Purshiana DC). — Shtoib
or small tree 8 to 20 feet high with leaves in bunches at the ends of the branch-
lets; bark gray; leaves elliptic-oblong, 21/2 to 5 (or 8) inches long, thinnish,
blunt-pointed at the tip, the margins usually finely and rather irregularly
toothed; flowers small, greenish, borne on slender stems in small clusters in
the leaf-axils; berries black, about Y^ to 1/3 inch in diameter, usually 3-seeded.
The plants favor moist shaded places in the forests. The common name,
cascara sagrada, meaning sacred bark, is derived from the fact that the bark
is commonly used medicinally. The berries are eaten by certain birds and
small mammals and the foliage is of some importance as a browse for
mule deer.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 400 to 2,000 feet: Lake Crescent; Lake Quinault; En-
chanted Valley. MOUNT rainier, rare. CRATER LAKE, occasional, 4,500 to 6,500 feet:
Annie Creek at south entrance; near park headquarters; Castle Crest; Pole Bridge;
south of Whitehorse Bluff; lower Red Blanket Creek.

2. Alder Buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia L' Her.), fig. 94. — Small
shrub 2 to 6 feet high; leaves elliptic, 1 to 3^/2 inches long, more or less pointed
at both ends, thin, smooth, prominently veined, the margins toothed; flowers
greenish, inconspicuous, borne singly or 2 to 5 on slender stems in the leaf
axils; berries black, I/4 to 1/3 inch in diameter, 3-seeded, the nutlets flattened
on one side; occurs along streams and in wet places.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, occasional, 4,300 feel to timberline: Avalanche Lake; Swift-
current Lake and Valley; Kintla Lake; Waterton ranger station; Crossley Lake; Two
Medicine valley; Red Eagle Lake; St. Mary Lake and Valley. YELLOWSTONE: Ob-
sidian Creek. GRAND TETON: Jackson Lake. ISLE ROYALE, occasional at edges of bogs:
near Lake Desor; Washington River.

3. Birch Buckthorn (Rhamnus betulaefolia (Greene) var. obovata
Kearney & Peebles) . — Spreading shrubs 3 to 6 feet high, the young branches

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 163

Fig. 94. Alder buckthorn {Rhamnus alnifolia).

often reddish; similar to alderieaf buckthorn except that bud scales are lacking

and the flowers usually about 5 to 12 in a cluster; occurs in moist places in

parks of the Southwest.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the Canyon, 4,500 to 7,500 feet: Bright Angel
Trail; Kaibab trail; Hermit Creek; Roaring Springs; Bright Angel Canyon.

4. Redstem Buckthorn, Sierra Buckthorn (Rhamnus rubra Greene
var. obtusissijna Jepson). — Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with reddish twigs; leaves
elliptic to oblong, rounded at the tips, y^ to ly2 inches long, thinnish, with
prominent veins, not hairy except sometimes along the midribs and veins
below, the margins finely toothed; flowers small, greenish, borne in small clus-
ters in the leaf -axils; berries roundish, more or less constricted towards the
base, 1/4 inch long or less, becoming black.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 4,000 to 5,500 feet: Yosemite Valley; Helch Hetchy.
SEQUOIA, west wall of Kern Canyon at Chagoopa Falls, 6,500 feet. LASSEN.

4a. Yosemite Coffeeberry (Var. yosemitana (Wolf) McMinn). —

164

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Differs from the above variety in having leaves softly hairy on both sides.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, about 4,000 feet: Hetch Hetchy; Yosemile Valley; Wa-
wona. KINGS CANYON: Kings River Canyon; near Charlotte Creek. SEQUOIA: vicinity
of Mineral King.

5. Whiteleaf Buckthorn
(Rhamnus tomentella Benth.),
fig. 95. — Robust evergreen shrub
4 to 6 (or 10) feet high with
gray or brown branches and leaves
scattered along the branchlets in
contrast to those of cascara buck-
thorn which are clustered towards
the ends of the branchlets; leaves
thickish, narrowly elliptic to ob-
long or lance-shaped, 2 to 3 inches
long, abruptly pointed at the tips,
the margins finely toothed or not
toothed, prominently veined and
densely hairy below with line gray-
ish or yellowish hairs; flowers
small, greenish, borne in small
clusters in the leaf -axils; berries I/4
to 1/3 inch in diameter, round or
oval, becoming reddish and then
black, usually containing 2 nutlets.
(Syn. R. californica Eschsch. var.
tomentella Brew. & Wats.).

The species is found usually
in rocky soil on warm dry slopes,
often growing to large shrubs with
dense rounded crowns, especially in openings in the chaparral.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 2,000 to 4,000 feet: Merced Falls. KINGS CANYON: Gen-
eial Grant Grove. SEQUOIA, 4,500 feet: Marble Fork Kaweah River; Clough Cave;
west of Ash Mountain just outside park boundary.

Fig. 95. Whiteleaf buckthorn
{Rhamnus tomentella).

6. HoLLYLEAF Redberry Buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea Nutt. var.
ilia folia (Kell.) Greene). — Branched evergreen shrub 3 to 12 feet high with
short stout often spine-tipped branches, or sometimes tree-like; leaves elliptic
to roundish, 1/3 to 1 inch long, stiff and leathery, holly-like, with spine-toothed
margins, smooth above, yellowish-green below; flowers 1 to few in the leaf-
axils, without petals; berries oval, about ^4 ^^^^ ^o^^gj bright red when ripe,
usually with 2 seeds.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, 6,000 feet: near El Portal; Yosemite Valley; foot
of Yosemite Falls; north side of Muir Gorge; Hetch Helchy Valley. SEQUOIA, occa-
sional, 2,500 to 4,200 feet: Colony Mill trail; highway between Ash Mountain and
Advance Camp; east of Hospital Rock; 3 miles west of Hidden Springs ranger sta-
tion; j/2 mile east of Clough Cave.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 165

Ceanothus {Ceanothus L.)

Ceanothus is common in the western national parks, particularly in the
Sierra Nevada parks of California and in the Southwest. It occurs commonly
on open slopes or in openings in the forest and most of the species are quick
to come into burned areas. The small flowers, mostly blue or white, are
borne in showy clusters. They are quite distinctive, with tiny scoop-like petals
spreading from between incurved sepals, all parts colored alike. The fruits are
small globose 3-lobed capsules, often sticky, at least when young.

Various common names have been applied to the different species; moun-
tain lilac because of the showy clusters of sweet-smelling flowers; hornbrush,
referring particularly to the thick-leaved species with horned fruits; buckbrush
because it is browsed by deer; and soapbloom because of a soapy substance
contained in the flowers. A very good soapy lather may be obtained by
rubbing the blossoms between the hands with a small amount of water. In
this manner the flowers of many of the species, particularly chaparral white-
thorn ceanothus, were used by the Indians. The herbage, especially of the
thin-leaved species furnish valuable browse for deer.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves alternate, mostly with 3 main veins from the base (except C. diversifolius) ;
capsules not horned, sometimes crested.

Branchlets more or less spme-tipped; herbage grayish.

Tall shrubs 5 to 1 5 feet high; flowers white or blue; capsules not ridged,

somewhat sticky 1. C. leucoJermis.

Low shrubs 1/3 to 4 feet high; flowers white; capsules with narrow ridge
down the back of each lobe.

Shrubs found in Sierra Nevada parks of California 2. C. cordulatus.

Shrubs found in southern Rocky Mountains and Southwest

3. C. Feudlcri.

Branchlets not spine-tipped.

Leaves I inch or less long.

Prostrate or trailing shrubs 1 foot high or less; leaves with 1 main

vein; found in Sierra Nevada parks 4. C. diver si folius.

Lrect or spreading shrubs 2 to 3 (or 6) feet high; leaves with 3 main
veins.

Rigidly branched shrubs found in the Southwest; flowers white

5. C. Martini.

Shrubs with slender flexible branches, found in Sierra Nevada

parks; flowers blue 6. C. parvifolim.

Leaves 2/3 to 4 inches long.

Leaves thinnish, dull green above, deciduous; fruits not sticky.

Leaf-margins not toothed; flowers white or pale blue or pink;

found in California parks 7. C. iniegerrimus.

Leaf -margins finely toothed; flowers white, not in California
parks.

Leaves green above, not hairy.

Leaves roundish to egg-shaped, mostly blunt-pointed;
flower-clusters short-stalked, borne on lateral
branches of previous season; northwestern
species 8. C. sanguineus.

166 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves egg-shaped to oblong-egg-shaped, pointed or
tapering at tips; flower-clusters slender-stalked,
borne at ends of branches of the season ; east-
ern species 9. C. americanus.

Leaves grayish and dingy-looking vv'ith fine gray hairs

10. C. molissimus.

Leaves thickish, shiny above as if varnished; evergreen; foliage often

with a strong cinnamon-like odor; fruits sticky

11. C. veluiinus.

Leaves opposite, thickish, with 1 main vein; capsules with a horn at or near top of
each lobe.

Generally low, spreading, or prostrate shrubs; flowers blue (sometimes white in
C. pinetorum).

Leaves 1/6 to J/2 inch long, squared at tips and more or less toothed;

fruits with slender horns on sides near top 12. C. fresnensis.

Leaves 1/3 to 1 inch long, with stiff sharp-pointed teeth; fruits with stout
horn at top of each lobe.

Leaves mostly 3-toothed at tip; found in Crater Lake, Lassen, and

Yosemite National Parks 13. C. prosiralus.

Leaves mostly several-toothed along the sides; found in Sequoia Na-
tional Park 14. C. pineiorum.

Erect shrubs 2 to 12 feet high; leaves not toothed or only slightly so; flowers
white.

Plants 4 to 12 feet high; horns of fruits attached at or near top; found in

Sierra Nevada parks 15. C. cuncatus.

Plants 2 to 4 feet high; hoins of fruits attached laterally; found in South-
west 16. C. veslitus.

1. Chaparral Whitethorn Ceanothus (Ceanothus leucodermis
Greene). — Large shrub 5 to 16 feet high, often forming dense thickets;
branchlets whitish, rigid, some of them spine-tipped; leaves ^ to 1^ inches
long, oval, rounded at base, somewhat pointed at tips, thickish, smooth and
green above, paler below, with 3 main veins, the margins finely toothed or not
toothed; flowers blue or white, borne in narrow, usually unbranched clusters
1 to 2 inches long; capsules nearly round, about I/4 inch in diameter, smooth
but rather sticky. The seeds sprout readily after fire, hence it is one of the
first species to come into burned areas. (Syn. C. divancatus Auth., not Nutt.)

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, 3,000 to 6,000 feel: Yosemite Valley, near post
office; near El Portal; Wawona. SEQUOIA, occasional, 3,500 to 6,500 feet: Switchback
Peak; head of Burnt Camp Creek; Cedar Creek, North Fork Kaweah ; Clough Cave.

2. Mountain Whitethorn Ceanothus {Ceanothus cordulatus
Kell.). — Low, round-topped, much-branched, spreading shrub 1 to 4 feet
high with crooked, rigid, spine-tipped branches and whitish bark; leavci
smooth or very finely hairy, thickish, elliptic to roundish, ^ to 1 inch long,
with 3 veins from the base, the margins usually not toothed; flowers white,
with a sickening-sweet odor, borne in small dense clusters 1/2 to 1^2 inches
long; fruits about 1/6 inch in diameter, 3-lobed, with a narrow ridge down the
back of each lobe. The bushes sometimes form dense covers over extensive
areas on openly forested mountain slopes or flats, particularly in ponderosa pine
and white fir stands of California and southwestern Oregon.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

167

Occurrence. — LASsen : Hot Springs Valley; Warner Valley; Kings Creek along
tiail to Twin Lakes. YOSEMITE, common, 4,000 to 8,500 feet: junction of Clark and
Gray Creeks; Mirror Lake; Sunrise trail; Mariposa Grove of bigtrees; Glacier Point;
Sentmel Dome; Little Yosemite; Merced Lake trail; Tuolumne Grove of bigtrees.
KINGS CANYON, common: near Sphinx Creek. sequo:a, abundant, 6,300 to 8,500 feet:
south of Redwood Meadows; Round Meadow, Giant Forest; Garfield Grove of big-
trees; Trout Meadow; west of Little Baldy; lower Bearpaw Meadow.

3. Fendler Ceanothus (Ceanothus Fendleri Gray). — Dwarf shrub
1/3 to 3 feet high with some of the branchlets spine-tipped; leaves alternate,
oblong to elliptic, green and somewhat hairy above, grayish and often silky-
hairy below, 1/3 to 1 1/3 inches long, with 3 prominent veins and nearly un-
toothed margins; flowers white, borne in small unbranched clusters at the ends
of the branchlets; fruits nearly round, 3-lobed, about 1/5 inch in diameter.

Because of its wide distribution and abundance, this species is one of the
most important browse plants in the Southwest. 3 6

Occurrence. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN, rare: Beaver Point. MESA VERDE, present along
entrance highway. ZION, on the plateau, 5,500 to 7,000 feet: West Rim trail near
Angel's Landing. GRAND CANYON, on the North Rim and just below; Kaibab trail
below rim; Bright Angel Point; Greenland Springs.

4. Trailing Ceanothus {Ceanothus diversifolms Kell.). — Grayish-
green, evergreen, matted-looking shrub with prostrate or trailing stems 2 to 4i/2
feet long; leaves roundish, 1/2 to 1 inch long, green above, pale below, softly
hairy on both sides, the margins very finely toothed and sometimes wavy;
flowers blue or almost white, only a few in small clusters; fruits small, about
1/6 inch in diameter, with 3
small wing-like ridges near the
top.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, occa-
sional, 3,000 to 6,000 feel:^ from
Hetch Hetchy to Merced Grove;
near Wawona; Mariposa Grove;
Crane Creek. SEQUOIA, 6,300 feet:
head of Burnt Camp Creek.

5. Martin Ceanothus
(Ceanothus Martini Jones),
fig. 96. — Low, open, rigidly-
branched shrub 3 to 6 feet
high; branches and twigs gray-
ish, without spines; leaves al-
ternate, 1/3 to 1 inch long, el-
liptic to oval or almost round,
smooth, green on both sides,
with 3 prominent veins from
the base, minutely toothed or

Fig. 96. Martin ceanothus (Ceanothus
Martini) .

36 Kearney, T. H., & Peebles, R. H., Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona, p.

559. 1942.

168 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

not toothed; flowers white, in small, usually simple clusters about ^2 to 1 1/3
inches long. The species is not common, but it is important as a browse
plant wherever found.

Occurrence. — BRYCE CANYON, common on the plateau: near Lodge; Bryce Point;
Farview; side road west of Bryce Canyon. ZION, present on plateau. GRAND CANYON,
6,500 to 8,500 feet. North Rim, common: Bright Angel Point; McKinnon Point;
Walhalla Plateau along road to Cape Royal ; Uncle Jim Pomt. Canyon, on north side
of Colorado River a little below the rim.

6. LiTTLELEAF CeanoTHUS (Ceanothus parvifolius Trel.). — Low, flat-
topped shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, with slender, flexible branchlets; leaves alter-
nate, oblong, smooth, thin, 1/3 to 1 inch long; flowers blue, borne in short
clusters 1/2 to 1 inch long (or sometimes longer) at the ends of slender
branches; fruits small, about 1/6 inch in diameter, almost smooth; an ex-
cellent browse plant.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, 5,000 to 7,000 feet: near Chinquapin; Wawona;
Yosemite Valley; Tuolumne Grove; 3 miles south of Gm Flat; Grouse Creek; Mari-
posa Grove. SEQUOIA, 4,000 to 7,000 feet: 1 mile south of Redwood Meadow ranger
station; Kern Canyon; Marble Fork Kaweah River; trail to Alta Meadows.

7. Deerbrush Ceanothus (Ceanothus mtegerrimus H. & A.). — Loose-
ly branched shrub usually 3 to 12 feet high with long slender branches and
yellowish-green bark; leaves alternate, not toothed, thin, oval, 1 to 4 inches
long, with 3 conspicuous main veins, green above, paler below; flowers white,
pale blue or pinkish, sweet-scented, borne in more or less branched clusters
3 to 6 inches long; fruits small, about ^ inch in diameter, round, faintly
3-lobed with an oblong swelling on the back of each lobe.

This shrub is very common in the ponderosa pine belt of the Sierra
Nevada Mountains of California, extending north into Washington. The
stumps sprout after cutting or lire, which helps to account for the abundance
of the species. The large thin leaves and tender stems make this one of the
most important browse plants for deer, hence the common name, deerbrush.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, rare: lower Red Blanket Canyon. YOSEMITE, common,
2,500 to 6,000 feet: Wawona; Crane Creek; mouth of Indian Canyon; near El Por-
tal; Yosemite Valley; near foot of Yosemite Falls; near Mirror Lake; Hetch Hetchy
Valley. KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek. SEQUOIA, common, 2,500 to 6,500 feet:
Colony Mill ranger station; Cliff Creek; River Valley; Ash Mountain; Advance
Camp highway; near Redwood Meadow; Clough Cave; Cedar Creek, North Fork
Kaweah River; South Fork Kaweah River; Lodgepole campground; Buck Canyon.

8. Redstem Ceanothus {Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh). — Tall shrub
3 to 8 (or 9) feet high with slender, flexible, usually reddish branchlets;
leaves elliptic to oval, 11/2 to 3 inches long, thinnish, smooth and green above,
paler and slightly hairy below, with 3 main veins, the margins finely and ir-
regularly toothed; flowers white, borne in branched clusters 2 to 4 inches long
in the leaf-axils of the old stems; capsules small, scarcely 1/6 inch in diameter,
shallowly 3-lobed.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Elwha River north of Wildrose Creek, 2,500 feet; Mount
Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER, rare: upper valley of the Nisqually. GLACIER, rare, 3,200
feet: Belton Hills; Apgar Peak.

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

169

9. Jersey Tea Ceanothus {Ceanothus amencanus L.). — Erect shrub
to 3 feet high; leaves egg-shaped to oblong-egg-shaped, 1 to 3 inches long,
pointed at tips, finely and irregularly toothed, dull green above, finely hairy or
smooth below; flowers white, borne in large spreading clusters at the ends of
the new branches of the season; fruits about "^/^ inch across.

Occurrenc&. — ISLE rovale.

10. Desert Deerbrush {Ceanothus mol'ssimus Torr.). — Low, compact
shrub 2/3 to 3 feet high, the foliage dull and dingy-looking with fine gray-
ish hairs; leaves thin, broadly elliptic, with 3 main veins from the base, about
2/3 to iy2 (or 2) inches long, finely toothed; flowers white, borne in un-
branched clusters near the ends of the branchlets; capsules smooth, nearly
round, somewhat 3-lobed at the top, about 1/5 inch in diameter.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE: upper Morfield Canyon.

11. Snowbrush Ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.), fig. 97. —
Usually a rather low, rounded shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, with several or many
stems from the base; leaves thick and leathery, egg-shaped to elliptic, 1 to
21/2 inches long, with 3 main veins, shiny
dark-green as if varnished on the upper sur-
face, or sticky in var. laerigatus, paler be-
neath, the margins with very fine glandular
teeth, the veins hairy below; flowers white,
borne in oblong clusters 1 to 4 inches long;
fruit small, sticky, about 1/6 inch across,
3-lobed.

A form, smaller in all respects and with
thinner, less varnished leaves has been re-
corded from the upper Kern River and
named var. Lorenzeni Jepson.

Snowbrush ceanothus, so-called because
of the fluffy masses of white flowers, is one
of the most widely distributed and most
abundant of all our species of Ceanothus,
being found on the Pacific slope from Brit-
ish Columbia to California and as far east
as Rocky Mountain National Park in Colo-
rado. The bushes may grow 8 to 10 feet
high with several ascending stems, or they
may be only sprawling shrubs due to the

heavy snows which hold the branches down during the winter. They often
form impenetrable thickets over extensive areas on mountain summits and
plateaus. At Crater Lake this species, along with greenleaf manzanita, fre-
quently forms the dominant undercover on slopes and in open forests. It is
often a pioneer species in burned-over areas. The large, leathery leaves with
their somewhat sticky or varnished-looking upper surface and often a strong
cinnamon odor distinguish this shrub from red stem ceanothus with which it

Fig. 97. Snowbrush ceanothus
(Ceanothus velutinus) .

170

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

may be confused. Elk and deer browse the foliage to a certain extent during
the winter when more palatable feed is not available.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: trail to Constance Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, rare, 3,000 to
5,500 feet: Crystal Lake trail; Stevens Canyon. CRATER LAKE, common, 5,200 to 7,200
feet: valley adjacent to Wheeler Creek, southeast corner of park; slopes around rim of
lake; along south entrance highway. LASSEN, occasional, 6,000 to 8,500 feet: Manzan-
ita Lake. YOSEMITE: Mount Dana. SEQUOIA, occasional: Kern Canyon above Junction
Meadows. GLACIER, common en open slopes and in old burned-over areas, 4,000 to
4,800 feet: Belton; St. Mary Lake near Baring Falls; Otokomi Lake trail; Logging
Mountain; between Josephine and Swiftcurrent Lakes; Dry Fork Two Medicine Val-
ley. YELLOWSTONE, common throughout the lodgepole pine belt. GRAND TETON, common,
6,500 to 9,500 feet: mouth of Granite Canyon; mountain sides back of national park
headquarters; Cascade Canyon along trail; Jackson Lake. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common
m open woods at the upper elevations.

12. Fresno Mat (Ceanothus fresnensis Dudley). — Low, nearly pros-
trate shrub with thick, spreading branches, forming mat-like clumps sometimes
10 feet across; leaves opposite, small, 1/6 to % inch long, thickish, oblong,
slightly broader and shallowly toothed at the tip; flowers bright blue, borne
in small clusters; fruits small, about 1/6 inch long, with 3 short horns on the
sides near the top; occurs on mountain ridges in the ponderosa pine belt of
the middle Sierra Nevada of California.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, 5,000 to 6,200 feet: I '/i miles northeast of Alder
Creek ranger station: south of Gin Flat; 1 mile south of Chinquapin.

Fig. 98. Squaw carpet ceanothus
(^Ceanothus proslralus) ,

13. Squaw Carpet Cean-
othus (Ceanothus prostratus
Benth), fig. 98. — Prostrate
shrubs with branches lying
along the ground, forming
mats; leaves opposite; 1/3 to 1
inch long, thickish, rigid,
green above and white or rusty
below between the veins, more
or less wedge-shaped to oval
with large stiff teeth, especially
above the base; flowers blue,
borne in small, rounded clus-
ters; fruit globose, not lobed,
with 3 large wrinkled horns
at the top.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE:
Garfield Peak trail. LASSEN, up to
7,000 feet: Hot Springs Valley.
YOSEMITE: Panoche Peak, Mari-
posa Co., a little west of park
boundary south of El Portal.

14. Kern Ceanothus (Ceanothus pinetorum Cov.). — Low shrub, i^
to 3 feet high; leaves elliptic to roundish, the margins toothed with 5 to 8
stiff, sharp-pointed teeth, smooth above, some very finely fuzzy below, 1/2 to 1

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 171

inch long; flowers blue (or white) borne in dense rounded clusters; fruits
with prominent stout horns at the top.

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA, abundant over limited areas in Kern Canyon, 6,500 to 8,800
feet: Kern Canyon; Chagoopa Plateau; Grouse Meadows; near Lion Meadow.

15. BuCKBRUSH Ceanothus (Ceanothiis cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.).^
Spreading or sprawling, rigidly-branched shrub 3 to 10 feet high, often form-
ing impenetrable thickets over large areas; foliage bluish-gray, with a strong
balsamic odor; leaves opposite, thickish, 1/6 to 1/2 (of sometimes nearly 1)
inch long, oblong to somewhat wedge-shaped, not toothed, light green above,
paler below, conspicuously net-veined; flowers white or rarely bluish, borne
in small dense clusters 1/2 to 1 inch across; fruits oblong or nearly round,
with 3 horn-like crests at or near the top. This species crown-sprouts after fire.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, about 4,000 feet: V/i miles southeast of Alder Creek
ranger station; Chilnualna trail near creek. SEQUOIA, common, 2,000 to 6,500 feet:
Middle Fork Kaweah River below More Rock; Kern Canyon (a fonn resembling
Mohave Desert ceanothus).

16. Mohave Desert Ceanothus {Ceanothus vestitus Greent) . — Stout,
compact, intricately branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high, strongly resembling buck-
brush ceanothus of the Pacific slope; branches short, rigid, some of them
spine-tipped; leaves grayish-green, elliptic to oval, rather thick, not toothed
or very finely toothed, 1 -nerved, borne in pairs on the branches; flowers white,
borne in small clusters; capsules nearly round, with 3 small horns on the sides,
about I/4 inch in diameter; occurs on open ridges and dry slopes in the pinon-
juniper belt. This species is a fairly important winter browse for deer. (Syn.
C. Greggi Gray as to our area.) 3"

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, 4,500 to 7,250 feet. South Rim. rare: Shoshone Point.
Canyon: Muav and Bass Canyons: Bright Angel Canyon; below Tahula Point.

Grape Family (Vitaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves lobed, not divided into separate leaflets VITIS, p. 171.

Leaves divided into 5 to 7 leaflets - PARTHENOCISSUS, p. 172.

Wild Grape (Vitis L.)
The wild grapes are woody climbing vines found particularly along streams.
Clinging to supports by means of branched tendrils, they straggle over bushes
and climb high into trees. The foliage is rather fragrant and the leaves and
tendrils have a tart flavor when crushed. Inconspicuous whitish or greenish
flowers are borne in branched clusters along the stems opposite the leaves.
The grapes are eaten by birds and small mammals and are often collected
locally for making jelly. The Indians used them both fresh and dried. The
leaves turn a beautiful dark purplish-red in the Fall.

37 Howell, John Thomas. Studies in Ceanothus III. Leaflets West. Bot. 2: 228-

240. 1940.

172

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves 2 to 4 inches across, rather thinnish ; berries covered v^ith a whitish bloom ;

occurs in California parks I. V. calif orrtica.

Leaves mostly I|/2 to 3 inches across, thickish ; berries with scarcely any bloom;

occurs in parks of the Southwest 2. V . arizonica.

L California Grape (Vitis calif ornica Benth.). — Woody vine with
stems 10 to 50 feet or more long; young leaves and twigs usually densely white-
hairy or cottony; leaves roundish, shallowly 3-lobed usually above the middle,
heart-shaped at the base, mostly 2 to 4 inches in diameter, the margins toothed;
flowers small, the whitish petals soon falling, borne in many-flowered clusters
along the stems opposite the leaves; fruits globose, about 1/3 inch in diameter,
dark purple-black with a whitish bloom, the bunches drooping.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare, 2,500 to 4,000 feet: Hetch Hetchy Valley; Yosemite
Valley at John Muir's fern ledge. SEQUOIA: near Ash Mountain, 1,600 feet; North
Fork Kaweah River.

2. Canyon Grape (Vitis arizonica Engelm.), fig. 99. — Hardly to be
distinguished from California wild grape, but the leaves a little smaller; tendrils
smaller; berries a little smaller and without a bloom.

Fig. 99. Canyon grape (^Vitis arizonica).

Occurrence. — ZION, about 4,500 feet: Zion Canyon north of public camp grounds;
Weeping Rock trail; the Narrows trail. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon, 2,500 to 4,700
feet: Indian Gardens and along Garden Creek; Bright Angel Creek above Phantom
Ranch; Roaring Springs; Nankoweap Basin; Cataract Canyon.

Thicket Creeper (Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.) Fritsch.). — Trailing
vine with smooth bark, clinging by means of long tendrils, these with 3 to 5
branches; leaflets 5 to 7, oval to oblong, 1^/2 to 4 inches long, pointed at the
tips, irregularly toothed; flowers borne in flat-topped clusters about 2 inches
across; berries globose, small, about 1/5 to I/4 inch in diameter, bluish-black.
(Syn. P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc.)

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

173

This is similar to the cultivated Virginia creeper except that the tendrils
have usually fewer branches and are without adhesive discs, and the flower
clusters are smaller. Birds are fond of the berries.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE.

Sterculia Family (Sterculiaceae)

The two species representing this group in the national parks could scarcely
be considered members of the same family at first glance. One is a large
coarse shrub or small tree while the other is scarcely, if ever, more than 1 foot
high. Both are evergreen and have the 5 stamens united below into a tube.

Field Guide to the Gener.\

Coarse shrubs 6 to 10 feet high, or a small tree; leaves broadly egg-shaped to

elliptic, ^ to 2 inches long, thickish, mostly irregularly 3-lobecl, the margins
toothed; flowers yellow, 1 to 2 inches across; occurs in Sierra Nevada
parks of California FREMONTIA, p. 173.

Low shrubs or sub-shrubs '/2 'o 1 f°°' high, the stems slender; leaves egg-shaped to
oblong-egg-shaped, ^4 'o Vz ind^ 'o^g, not lobed, the margins finely
toothed; flowers tiny, about 1, 'g inch across, brownish; occurs at Grand
Canyon National Park AYENIA, p. 173.

California Fremontia, Flannelbush
(Fremontia calif oriiica Torr.), fig. 100.) —
Erect, loosely branched shrub, 6 to 10 feet high,
or a small tree up to 15 feet high; leaves V^
to 2 inches long, more or less heart-shaped to
egg-shaped or elliptic, usually with 3 short
broad lobes, thick and leathery, green above,
covered below with dense gray or yellowish
felt; flowers large, 1 to 2 inches across, bright
yellow, with a central column of 5 stamens;
fruits egg-shaped, % to l^g inches long, more
or less pointed at the tip, covered with dense
brown felt and short, stiff hairs. The com-
mon name, flannelbush, is descriptive of the
herbage which is densely felty with a soft
grayish fuzz, especially on the young shoots.
The bush has been cultivated as an ornamen-
tal because of its large, showy, yellow flowers.

Occurrence. — sequoia, occasional, 3,000 to 4,200
feet: 3 miles west of Panorama Point; trail to Ash
Mountain Lookout; Marble Fork Kaweah River,
along Colony Mill trail ; '/2 mile east of Clough
Cave.

Fig. 100. California fremontia
(Fremontia calif ornica).

Dwarf Ayenia (Ayenia pusilla L.). —
Small spreading evergreen plant with slender woody stems at the base; leaves
egg-shaped to oblong-egg-shaped or broadly lance-shaped, ^ to i/^ inch

174

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

long, the margins finely toothed; flowers small, about Yg inch across, brownish;
fruits globose capsules, about 3/16 inch in diameter, covered with dark rough
glandular swellings, splitting from the top into 5 sections.

Occurrence. — grand canyon : Creek trail below Phantom Point, 3,000 feet.

Tamarisk Family (Tamaricaceae)

French Tamarisk (Tamarix gallica L.). — This is a conspicuous shrub

escaped from cultivation and found in many places in the Southwest, especially

along or near water courses, and often forming thickets. The numerous tiny

leaves closely clothing the slender stems is suggestive of a type of cedar. The

species is sometimes called salt cedar because of its ability to withstand the

alkali soil. During the spring and early summer large spreading clusters of

small pink flowers are borne at the ends of the branches.

Occurrence. — ZION : along the Virgin River; Coalpits Wash, 3,665 teet. GRAND
CANYON. Canyon, occasional: along the Colorado River from Nankoweap Creek to
foot of the Tanner trail; Bright Angel Creek near Phantom Ranch.

Ginseng Family (Araliaceae)

American Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridum (Sm.) Miquel.), fig.
101. — Stout thick-stemmed shrub 3 to 6 feet high, the stems and under sur-
face of the leaves densely covered with stout light green or straw-colored
prickles; leaf-blades large, 1/3 to 1 foot across, roundish, the margins deeply
lobed and irregularly toothed, borne on thick prickly leaf-stems; flowers green-
ish-white, borne in oblong clusters at the ends of the stems; fruits bright red
berries forming club-shaped clusters at the tops of the stems. (Syns. Fatsia
horridus (Sm.) B. & H., Echinopanax horridum (Sm.) Dene. & Planch.)

This shrub is well named "devil's club" because of the stout spines or
prickles which thickly cover the whole plant from the ground up, including

Fig. 101. American devil's club (Oplopanax horridum).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 175

even the backs of the large leaves and the thick flowering stalks. The sharp
prickles may make very painful wounds which may become infected. Hence
they are sometimes reputed to be poisonous.

American devil's club has an interesting distribution, being found in widely
separated areas with no known connection between them. It is common
along streams and in wet places in the northwestern part of North America
from southern Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. From there
we find a wide gap to Lake Superior where it occurs on Isle Royale. It is
also found in Japan.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: junction of Godkiii Creek and Elwha River, 2,000 feet;
Canyon Creek. MOUNT RAINIER, common: Longmiie road; Ohanapecosh Hot Springs;
White River. CRATER LAKE, rare: extreme northwest corner of park, 5,500 feet. GLA-
CIER, common, 3,100 to 4,500 feet: Lake McDonald; Avalanche Creek, St. Mary
Lake; trail to Gunsight Lake. ISLE ROYALE, occasional: Blake Point; Smithwick Is-
land; Passage Island; Gull Islands.

Oleaster Family (Eleagnaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves opposite; herbage grayish- or rusty-mealy, or silvery gray; found mostly in

Rocky Mountain and Southwest parks SHEPHERDIA, p. 175.

Leaves alternate; herbage white-silvery, occurs in Rocky Mountain parks

ELEAGNUS, p. 176.

Buffaloberry {Shcpherdia Nutt.)

The buffaloberries may be recognized by the scurfy or mealy leaves which
are rusty-spotted or silvery-gray, at least below. The flowers are inconspicuous
and without petals. The berries of the silver buffaloberry have a pleasant
tart flavor. Travelers crossing the country in the early days made them into a
sauce used as a garnish for buffalo steaks, hence the common name, buffalo-
berry. The Indians dried them for Winter use. The berries of the other
two species are not palatable. Those of russet buffaloberry are insipid and
bitter while those of roundleaf buflfaloberry are dry and silvery-scurfy like
the leaves. All are utilized, however, by birds and small mammals. (Syn.
Lepargyrea Raf.).

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves elliptic; fruits bright red or yellowish, smooth and currant-like, not scurfy;
found in Rocky Mountain and Northwest parks.
Branchlets spine-tipped; leaves densely silvery-scurfy below and thinly so

above; berries tart, edible 1. 5. argenlea.

Branchlets not spine-tipped; leaves dull green above, rusty-scurfy below; ber-
ries insipid and bitter 2. 5. canadensis.

Leaves round to oval, grayish-silvery above, densely white-scurfy below; berries

densely covered with whitish scurf; occurs in parks of the Southwest

3. S. rolundi folia.

1. Silver Buffaloberry {Shepherdia argentea Nutt.). — Stout shrub
or small tree 4 to 15 feet high with spine-tipped branchlets and silvery-gray

176

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 102. Russet buffaloberry
{Shepherdia canadensis).

foliage; young twigs brownish or silvery-
scurfy; leaves borne in opposite pairs on
the stems, oblong, 1 to U/z inches long,
thickly coated below with a silvery-
gray meal or scurf and thinly so
above; flowers small, inconspicuous,
clustered in the leaf-axils; berries ob-
long, about I/4 inch long, bright red,
borne in dense clusters.

Occurrence. — bryce CANYON: near spring
in main canyon, near east boundary.

2. Russet Buffaloberry (Shep-
herdia canadensis Nutt.), fig. 102. —
Thornless shrub, 3 to 6 or 10 feet high;
leaves opposite, % to II/2 inches long,
dull green above, very scurfy below and
dotted with rusty patches; flowers small,
inconspicuous, yellowish, clustered in the
leaf-axils; berries ovoid, red to yellowish,
about the size of a small currant, rather
insipid and bitter; occurs usually in moist
open woods.

Occurrence. — glacier, common, 3,100 lo 3,000 feet: Kinlla Lake; Crossley valley;
Lake McDonald; St. Mary Lake; Swiftcurrent Lake; Red Eagle Lake; Two Medi-
cine valley. YELLOWSTONE, 7,000 to 8,500 feet: near east entrance; Sylvan Pass; West
Thumb. GRAND TETON, 6,500 to 9,000 feet: Open Canyon; eastern park boundary near
Moose. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional. ISLE ROYALE : Rock Harbor, on island near
Rock Harbor Lodge; Tobin Harbor, on trail to Palisades. BRYCE CANYON, higher ele-
vations: southern part of park.

3. RouNDLEAF BuFFALOBERRY (Shepherdia TOtundifoUa Parry) .^Low,
densely branched shrub with silvery-gray branches; leaves opposite, persistent,
round to oval, tending to be somewhat cupped or concave from below, 1/3
to 1 1/3 inches long; olive-gray above, densely white-scurfy or mealy below;
flowers small, borne in clusters in the leaf -axils; fruits round, covered with
a whitish meal.

Occurrence. — BRYCE CANYON : near eastern boundary. ZION : near west entrance,
4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON, 6,500 to 8,000 feet. North Rim, below the rim: Cape Royal.
South Rim : Hopi Pomt ; Lipan Point.

SiLVERBERRY (Eleagnus commutata Bernh.), fig. 103. — Stout bushy shrub
6 to 12 feet high or sometimes a small tree up to 15 feet high, closely related
to the buffaloberries but the leaves alternate instead of opposite; leaves elliptic,
pointed at the tips, 1 to 2^/2 inches long, silvery-scurfy on both sides but more
densely so below; flowers solitary or several clustered in the leaf-axils, 4-Iobed,
about 1/3 to ^2 inch long, tubular, very silvery on the outside, yellowish

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

177

within; petals none; fruits oblong,
silvery, 1/3 to nearly y^ inch long,
dry and mealy. (Syn. Eleagnus
argentea Pursh.) This species is
commonly found along streams.

Occurrence. — glacier, occasional,
3,100 to 4,500 feet: North Fork Flat-
head River road a little south of
Kishenehn ranger station; near mouth
of Logging Creek; shore of St. Mary
Lake near East Glacier campground;
along creek at outlet of St. Mary
Lake; road from Babb to Many Gla-
cier. YELLOWSTONE, rare: near Gar-
diner. GRAND TETON : near eastern park
boundary along Snake River.

SiLKTASSEL Family (Garryaceae)

SiLKTAssEL (Garrya Dougl.)

Silktassel is so called because
of the long silvery-silky tassel-like
flower clusters which hang from
the axils of the upper leaves. The
whole bush usually has a silvery-
gray appearance. The plants are
sometimes grown as ornamentals because of the evergreen leaves and the
showy tassel-like flower clusters. The silktassels have some value as browse
for deer, but the herbage is very bitter. For this reason some species have
been called quinine bush. A decoction made from the bark, leaves and fruits
was used by the early settlers as a tonic or as a fever remedy.

Fig. 103. Silverberry {Eleagnus
commulata) .

Field Guide to the Species

Lower surface of leaves not hairy or with few scattered hairs; fruits usually not

hairy 1 . C. tremonli.

L'^wer surface of leaves silky-hairy; fruits densely hairy 2. G. flavescem.

1. Fremont Silktassel {Garrya Fremonti Torr.), fig. 104. — A much

branched evergreen shrub or small tree 4 to 10 feet high; leaves opposite,

elliptic to oblong-egg-shaped, about 1 to 2i/2 inches long, smooth and green

above, paler below; young leaves and flower clusters silky-hairy; male and

female flowers on separate plants, borne in slender, silky, tassel-like clusters

hanging singly or in bunches from the leaf axils near the ends of the branches;

male flower clusters about 4 to 7 inches long; female flower clusters 1^^ to 4

inches long; fruits dark purple-black berries, about I/4 inch in diameter, usually

not hairy, the flesh dry.

Occurrence. — crater lake, rare: Redblanket Creek; near southwestern park boun-
dary, 4,500 feet. YOSEMITE, up to 6,500 feel: Snow Creek; near head of Nevada Falls.

178

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 104. Fremont silktassel {Carrya Fremonli).

2. Yellowleaf Silktassel (Garrya flavescens Wats.). — Large spread-
ing shrub similar to Fremont silktassel but the bushes usually with a more
grayish appearance and the leaves silky-hairy below; fruits usually densely
hairy; occurs on dry mountain slopes and ridges, especially in parks of the
Southwest. (Syns. G. pallida Eastw., G. mollis Greene.)

Occmrence. — KINGS CANYON: near mouth of Bubbs Creek. SEQUOIA, 3,000 to 6,500
feet: Clough Cave; Kern Canyon just south of park boundary. ZION : Emerald Pool.
GRAND CANYON, 6,200 to 8,500 feet. North Rim: Bright Angel Point; Kaibab Forest.
Canyon, common north of the Colorado River, rare south of river: Bright Angel Trail
about 1 mile above Indian Gardens; Kaibab Trail .ibove Roaring Springs junction.

Dogwood Family (Cornaceae)

Dogwood {Cornus L.)

The Dogwoods are chiefly moisture-loving plants commonly found grow-
ing along streams or in moist forests. The name, Cornus, comes from the
Latin, cornu, meaning horn, referring to the hardness of the wood. The
common name, dogwood, is said to have arisen from the old English practice
of steeping the bark to make a solution to wash "mangy" dogs. A decoction
of the very bitter bark was used by the Indians as a tonic or in the treatment
of fevers.

Field Guide to the Species

Low trailing plant with erect stems 2 to 8 inches high; flower cluster surrounded by

4 white petal-like bracts 1. C. canadensis.

F.rect shrubs or small trees 3 to 15 (or 30) feet high.

Flowers borne in rather loose flat-topped clusters V/2 to 2J/2 inches across;

fruits white or bluish 2. C. slolonifera.

Flowers borne in compact heads surrounded below by 4 to 6 white petal-like

bracts; fruits red 3. C. Nultalli.

I. BuNCHBERRY DoGWOOD (Cornus canadensis L.), fig. 105. — Small

Bailey dc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 179

Fig. 105. Bunchberry dog-
wood {Cornus cana-
densis) .

plant with stems 2 to 8 inches high; leaves 1
to 2 inches long, 4 to 6 in a circle near the top
of the stem, often a single pair below, egg-
shaped, with a short point at the tip; flowers
small, greenish, borne in a dense head at the
top of each erect stem, the head surrounded by
4 white petal-like bracts; bracts 1/3 to % inch
long; fruits bright red, about 1/6 to I/4 inch in
diameter.

This is an attractive little plant usually found
growing in rich moist soil in the woods, often
forming carpets under the trees. It is widely
distributed over the northern part of North
America as far south as northern California and
Colorado. The leaves turn a beautiful red in
the Fall. The berries are eaten by birds and
small mammals.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 1.500 to 4,000 feet:
Mount Angeles; Solduc Hot Springs; Elwha Basin;
Constance Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, common in the open
woods. 2,000 to 3,500 feet : between Stevens Creek and
Canyon Bridge. CRATER lake, rare, near western park
boundaries: Redblanket Creek; Bybee Creek. GLACIER,

common on the west side in wooded areas, 3,100 to 4,600 feet: Lake McDonald Hotel-
Bowman Lake; Kintla Lake; park headquarters; trail to Avalanche Lake. ISLE ROY-
ALE, common in the woods: Rock Harbor Lodge; Mott Island.

2. Red-osier Dog-
wood (Cornus stolonif-
era Michx.), fig. 106.—
Much-branched shrubs 3
to 15 feet high with
smooth, dark brown to
reddish - purple bark;
leaves narrowly egg-
shaped, mostly pointed
at the tip, about 2 to 4
inches long, the margins
not toothed, borne oppo-
site each other on the
stems; flowers small,
white or greenish, borne
in flat-topped clusters
11/4 to 21/2 inches across;
fruits white or bluish,
nearly round, about I/4
inch in diameter, juicy
Fig. 106. Red-osier dogwood and bitter. (Syn. C. in-

(Cornus stolonifera). stolonea Nels.).

180 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Red-osier dogwood is widespread in the United States and abundant in
most of the western national parks and on Isle Royale. Two Pacific coast
forms commonly considered as different species or varieties are so similar to
red-osier dogwood that we are not here distinguishing between them. These
are creek dogwood (Cornus calijornica May.) and its variety pubescens Mcbr.
(syn. C. occidental. s Gov.) The distinctions are based on the character of
the hairiness of the leaves. ^^

The shrubs are conspicuous along streams because of their smooth purplish-
red branches which are especially prominent early in the Spring before the
leaves appear. Later, in the Fall, the leaves become a beautiful dark purplish-
red color. Small white or greenish flowers are borne in more or less flat-topped
clusters without the petal-like bracts which are so conspicuous in the Pacific
dogwood tree and in the small bunch-berry dogwood. The fruits are juicy
white or bluish berries. The herbage is too bitter to be very palatable as a
browse for animals, but it is eaten to some extent by deer and elk.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Lake Crescent. MOUNT rainier, crater LAKE: lower Red-
blanket Creek. LASSEN: Manzanita Creek; Kings Creek. YOSEMITE : Benson Lake;
Lake Merced; junction of Clark and Gray Creeks. KINGS CANYON: Kings River Can-
yon; General Grant Grove. SEQUOIA: Marble Fork Kaweah River; Giant Forest;
Dorst Creek. GLACIER, common, 3,150 to 5,000 feet: Belton; east end of Logging
Lake; McDonald Creek; Avalanche campground; Waferton ranger station; Swift-
current Creek; Two Medicine Lake; St. Mary Lake; Red Eagle Lake. YELLOW-
STONE: Mammoth Hot Springs. GRAND TETON: east of park boundary near Moose,
6,500 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN. ZION : trail from Zion Lodge to Birch Creek, 4,500 feet.
GRAND CANYON, 7,500 to 8,800 feet. North Rim and just below: Neal Spring; Bright
Angel Point; Top of Kaibab Trail; Bright Angel Spring. ISLE ROYALE, common
around lakes and swamps or along streams: Mott Island; Rock Harbor.

3. Pacific Dogwood {Cornus Nuttalli Aud.). — Tall shrub or small
tree 10 to 30 feet high with usually smooth reddish or ashy brown bark;
leaves opposite, broadly oblong to oval or roundish, rounded or shortly
pointed at the tips, 3 to 5 inches long; flowers greenish or yellowish, crowded
into heads 1/2 to 1 inch across, the heads surrounded by 4 to 6 conspicuous
white, petal -like bracts 1^4 to 3 inches long; fruits red, ^ inch long, borne
in dense head-like clusters.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional: Lake Crescent; Elwha River; no.th of Wild-
rose Creek, 2,500 feet. MOUNT RAINIER, rare in Douglas fir and western hemlock
lorests: near Ohanapecosh Hot Springs. CRATER LAKE, rare: Redblanket Canyon. YO-
SEMITE, occasional. SEQUOIA, occasional: along the General's Highway above Ash
Mountain; northeast of Marble Falls; Colony Mill; Garfield Forest.

Heath Family (Ericaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

1. Leaves scale-Ul^e or linear, nol more than ^/g inch long, densely
clothing the stems; lotv alpine shrubs.

Leaves less than '74 inch long, awl-shaped or linear; flowers white; found in Pacific

coast parks CASSIOPE, p. 181.

Leaves ]/4 to 5^ inch long, linear; flowers red or whitish to yellow; found in parks

of the Pacific coast and Rocky Mountains PHYLLODOCE, p. 182.

38 Jepson, W. L., Flora of California, vol. 2, p. 678. 1936.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 181

2. Leaves not scale-lil(C, seldom linear, \ 2 to 8 inches long.

Leaves opposite; flowers saucer-shaped, purplish-red; found in parks of the Pacific

coast and Rocky Mountains KALMIA, p. 184.

Leaves alternate, flowers white, pinkish, or copper-red.-
Fruits dry capsules.

Flowers with 5 separate petals.

Flowers white, about '/2 inch across, borne in dense flat-topped clusters

at the ends of the branches; widely distributed ....LEDUM, p. 185.

Flowers copper-red, about I inch across, borne singly at the ends of

the branches; occasional in the Northwest

CLADOTHAMNUS, p. 183.

Flowers bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or funnel-shaped.

Flowers showy, J/'2 to 2 inches long, narrowly bell-shaped to funnel-
shapied, irregularly divided into 5 spreading lobes; fruits dry

capsules; found in parks of the Pacific coast

RHODODENDRON, p. 186.

Flowers small, about '/4 to J/2 inch long, bell-shaped to urn-shaped.

Evergreen shrubs with somewhat leathery leaves; capsules splitting
down backs of cells.

Leaves oblong to elliptic, green above, pale or rusty below,
not whitish.

Shrubs 2 to 3 feet high; leaves smooth on both sides;

found in California parks, LEUCOTHOE, p. 187.

Shrubs 1 to 3 feel high; leaves rusty-scurfy below;

eastern species found on Isle Royale

CHAMAEDAPHNE, p. 187.

Leaves narrowly oblong to linear, mostly curled under from

the edges, dark green above, whitish below

ANDROMEDA, p. 188.

Deciduous shrubs with thinnish leaves; capsules splitting at the

partitions MENZIESIA. p. 188.

Fruits berries or berry-like.

Fruits with calyx remaining at base or surrounded by fleshy calyx which
becomes part of the fruit.

Berries dry, with several stony seeds arctostaphvlos, p. 189.

Berries juicy, with numerous small seeds CAULTHERIA, p. 194.

Fruits crowned by persistent calyx-lobes.

Slender trailing plants with appressed-bristly stems; leaves less than

1/3 inch long; flowers white; berries white.. ..CHIOGENES, p. 196.

Erect or trailing plants with smooth or hairy stems; leaves more than
1/3 inch long, or if smaller, the flowers pink; berries red or
purple VACCINIUM, p. 196.

White Heather (Cas slope D. Don.)
Field Guide to the Species

Leaves awl-shaped, closely appressed to the stems in 4 rows; flowers on slender

stems J/2 to 1 inch long in the upp)er leaf -axils 1. C. Merlenstana,

Leaves linear, spreading; flowers on very short stems at the ends of the branchlets

2. C. Stelleriana.

182 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

1. Mertens Cassiope, White Heather (Cassiope Mertensiana
(Bong.) G. Don). — Low, tufted evergreen shrub, 2 to 15 inches high, the
branches tending to be erect; leaves small, awl-shaped to lance-shaped, thick,
smooth, closely overlapping each other in 4 rows; flowers bell-shaped, white,
borne singly in the leaf-axils towards the ends of the branches on slender
nodding stems 1/2 to I inch long; fruits dry capsules; roundish, splitting into
4 or 5 sections to free the numerous tiny seeds.

Mertens cassiope is a subalpine species found at and just below timberline,
sometimes covering large areas in alpine meadows. The species is of little
importance as a browse. The genus is named after Cassiope, the wife of
Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 5,000 to 6,000 feet: Mount Angeles; Constance
Ridge; Marmot Lake; Deer Lake; Boulder Creek, 5 miles above Olympic Hot Springs;
Hurricane Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, common on open slopes, 4,500 to 6,000 feet: trail to
Reflection Lake; Paradise Park; Mazama Ridge; Finger Peak, near North boundary
of park. LASSEN: Lassen Peak; Bumpas Hell trail. YOSEMITE, occasional, 8,000 to
12,000 feet; upper Young Lake; Smedberg Lake; Mount Clark; Mount Lyell; Muir
Pass; Cloud's Rest; Dana Meadows; Tuolumne Meadows. KINGS CANYON, rare:
Ouzel Basin. SEQUOIA: Heather Lake, 9,000 feet.

2. Starry Cassiope, Alaska White Heather (Cassiope Stelleriana
DC). — Low spreading shrubs forming dense mats several inches high; leaves
narrowly oblong to linear, thickish, densely crowded on the stems, spreading;
flowers bell-shaped, white, ^4 ^o % inch long, borne singly at the ends of the
branchlets, on short stems or almost unstalked; fruits dry capsules, roundish,
splitting into 5 sections. (Syn. Harrimanella Stelleriana (Pall.) Cov.)

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER, rare near the limit of trees: Paradise Valley, cliffs
cverlookmg Nisqually Glacier.

Mountainheath (Pbyllodoce Salisb.).

The mountainheaths are low alpine shrubs with many short branches and
small, thick, linear leaves crowded along the stems. The leaves resemble those
of black crowberry, Empetrum nigrum, hence the specific name, empetrifonnis,
for one of the species. The two red-flowered species are among the most
conspicuous spring and early summer flowers in the high country of the
parks of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific slope. The plants often form
extensive patches in moist open meadows or around lakes.

Field Guide to the Species

Flowers with corolla 5-lobed, the lobes much shorter than the tube; stamens not
exsertcd; found in Rocky Mountain and Northwest parks.

Corolla bell-shaped, red; sepals mostly blunt-pointed 1. P. empetriformis.

Corolla narrowly bell-shaped, light yellow to cream color; sepals usually nar-
rowly pointed ..2. P. glanduUflora.

Flowers with corolla divided to middle into 5 lobes; stamens exserted from the

corolla; found in California parks 3. P. Breiveri.

1. Red Mountainheath (Pbyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) Don.),
fig. 107. — Low, densely-branched, evergreen shrub 6 to 20 inches high; leaves

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

183

dark green, leathery, i^ to 1/2 inch
long, Hnear, with the edges rolled
under, crowded on the stems; flowers
small, bell-shaped, red, borne on slen-
der stems in clusters of several at the
ends of the branches; fruits small
globose capsules, splitting from the
top into 5 sections.

Red mountainheath is one of the
most common and conspicuous of
the alpine shrubs, often covering
considerable areas in high mountain
meadows, particularly in the northern
parks. The plants are low, seldom
becoming more than 1 foot high and
during the spring and early summer
the clusters of red, heather-like flow-
ers furnish a bright and showy ground
cover in the "mountain parks." Para-,
dise Park at Mount Rainier is notable
for its luxuriant growth of red moun-
tainheath.

Fig. 107. Red mountainheath (Phyl-
lodoce empetriformis) .

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 3,000 to 5,000 feet; Mount Angeles; Baldy Peak;
Constance Ridge; Marmot Lake; peak at junction of Elwha River and Godkin Creek;
Hurricane Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, open slopes 5,000 to 8,000 feet: Para-
dise Valley; trail to Reflection Lake; Mazama Ridge. CRATER LAKE: reported from
Llao Rock. GLACIER, abundant in alpine meadows, 5,000 to 9,000 feet: Sperry Glacier;
Logan Pass; Hangmg Gardens; Granite Park; Swiftcurrent Pi'.ss; Iceberg Lake;
Grinnell Glacier; Cracker Lake; Razor Edge Mountain; Piegan Pass; Cut Bank
Pass; Indian Pass. YELLOWSTONE, occasional: upper Yellowstone Falls. GRAND TETON,
common at and above timberline, 9,000 to 10,000 feet: Kmnikmnick Lake; upper end
of Cascade Canyon; Amphitheatre Lake; head of Death Canyon.

2. Cream Mountainheath (Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Gov.).
— Low shrub, 4 to 12 feet high, the branches crowded, ascending; leaves I/4
to ^2 inch long, linear, with inrolled margins, thick and leathery, crowded
along the stems; flowers small, narrowly bell-shaped, light yellow to cream-
color, borne in few- to several-flowered clusters at the ends of the stems, the
flower stems sticky-glandular; capsules small, more or less globose.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional: Mount Claywood near Hayden Pass; Mount
Duckabush. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional, 5,000 to 8,000 feet: Paradise Park; near
Pinnacle Glacier, Tatoosh Range. CRATER LAKE, occasional, 7,000 to 8,000 feet: the
Watchman; Llao Rock, inner slope near summit; Devil's Backbone; east slope of
Union Peak. GLACIER, occasional above timberline: Logan Pass; Sexton Glaciefr;
Piegan Pass; Preston Park; Gunsight Pass; Swiftcurrent Pass. YELLOWSTONE.
GRAND TETON: Cascade Canyon, 10,000 feet.

3. Brewer Mountainheath {Phyllodoce Brewerl (Gray) Hel.). —
Low alpine shrub 1/3 to 1 foot high, with rigid branches; leaves narrow, i^ to

184

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

I/2 inch long, with the margins rolled under; flowers borne in several- flowered
clusters at the ends of the branches, rose-red, deeply saucer-shaped to bowl-
shaped, 1/3 to y2 inch across, divided about i/^ into 5 spreading lobes; capsules
small, splitting from the top into 5 sections.

Occurrence. — LASSEN: Summit Lake, 6,950 feet; Lassen Peak; Bumpas Hell trail;
Kings Creek Meadows. YOSEMITE, 9,000 to 12,000 feet: south side of Mount Conness;
Mount Lyell; base of Mount Clark; Vogelsang Pass; Mount Hoffman; Donohue
Pass; summit of Cloud's Rest. KINGS CANYON: above Reflection Lake; General Grant
Grove. SEQUOIA, 9,000 to 12,000 feet: Alta Peak; Heather Lake; Tocopah Falls;
west of Cyclone Meadow; Twin Lakes; Mount Whitney; Hockett Meadows; Little
Kern River.

Kalmia (Kalmia L.)

Field Guide to the Species and Variety

Plants 1 to 2|/2 feet high; leaves !/2 to l]/2 inches long; found in swamps or bogs

1 . K. polifolia.

Plants 3 to 8 inches high; leaves Y^ to Yl '"ch long; found in alpine meadows

I a. Var. microphylla.

1. Bog Kalmia, Swamp Laurel {Kalmia
polifolia Wang.), fig. 108. — A small, straggling
evergreen shrub, 1 to 2^/^ feet high; leaves oppo-
site each other on the stems, ^2 to 1^^ inches long,
shiny green above, whitish below, elliptic to ob-
long, the margins rolled under so that they appear
narrowly linear; flowers saucer-shaped, about I/2
inch across, purplish-red, borne several on slender
stems at the ends of the branches; fruits small
oblong to globose pods, splitting into 5 sections
from the top.

Bog Kalmia is found growing in swamps or
bogs. The purplish-red, saucer-shaped flowers are
peculiar in that they have 10 small pockets on
the inside of the corolla in which the stamens
are fitted. When the flower is jostled or struck
lightly as by a bee, the stamens are released and
the body of the bee is dusted with pollen. The
bee then flies to another flower, leaving some
pollen, and thus making possible cross-fertiliza-
tion. A form from Mount Rainier with large
Fig. 108. Bog kalmia (Kal- flo^grs and long, narrow leaves has been de-
mia po ijo la). scribed as Kalmia occldentalis Small.

Occurrence.. — OLYMPIC: Lost Lake. MOUNT rainier, occasional on the west side,
5,000 to 6,000 feel: swamp near road to Mowich Lake; Nisqually Valley. CRATER
LAKE, occasional, in the upper forests: 2 miles southwest of the Watchman; Castle-
ciest Garden; near park headquarters; near Annie Spring. LASSEN: King's Creek
Meadow where road crosses, 7,300 feet; Lassen Peak; Bumpas Hell trail. GLACIER, on
the west side, about 3,200 feel: Lake McDonald; sphagnum bog at John's Lake. ISLE
ROYALE, common in the bogs : Molt Island.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 185

la. Alpine Bog Kalmia, Rocky Mountain Laurel (Var. micro-
phylla Hook.). — Differs from bog kalmia in being only 3 to 8 inches high;
leaves oval or egg-shaped to broadly oblong, I/4 to 1/2 inch long; occurs in
open alpine meadows.

Occunence. — MOUNT RAINIER, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: near Nisqually Glacier. LAS-
SEN; Lassen Peak. YOSEMITE, occasional, 7,000 to 12,000 feet; Neall Lake; Vogel-
sang Pass; above Lake Tenaya ; Tuolumne Meadows; west side of Cathedral Peak;
Elizabeth Lake; Donohue Pass. KINGS CANYON: Hairison Pass trail. SEQUOIA, 8,000
to 12,000 feet: Kaweah Peaks; Twin Lakes; Hockett Meadows; near Mineral King;
Panther Meadow. GLACIER, common, 5,000 to 8,000 feet: Sperry Glacier trail; trail to
Hidden Lake; Logan Pass; Granite Park; Swiflcurrent Pass; Iceberg Lake; above
Morning Eagle Falls. YELLOWSTONE, occasional: Spring Creek. GRAND TETON, occa-
sional, 6,800 to 9,500 feet: Kinnikinnick Lake; Amphitheatre Lake; shore of Leigh
Lake. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional, 10,000 ot 11,000 feet: Long's Peak and vicinity;
Dream Lake.

Labrador-tea {Ledum L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves resin-dotted and whitish below, smooth above and below I. L. glandulosum.

Leaves covered below with dense rusty wool 2. L. groenlandicam.

1. Western Labrador-tea (Ledum glandulosum Nutt.). — Rigidly-
branched shrub 1 to 5 feet high; leaves fragrant when crushed, oval to oblong
or oblong-egg-shaped, 1/2 to 2 inches long, leathery, dark green above, pale
or whitish and resin-dotted below, the margins tending to curl under; flowers
white, about 1/2 i"ch across, with 5 separate petals, borne at the ends of the
stems in flattish or round-topped clusters 1 to 2 inches across; capsules oval,
splitting along the partitions into 5 sections.

Occurrence. — LASSL.N : Hot Springs Creek below Devil's Kitchen, 5,700 feet; near
1-orest Lake. YOSEMITE, occasional, 6,000 to 9,500 feet: Tuolumne Meadows; Eagle
Peak Meadows; Nevada Falls trail to Cloud's Rest; Lake Tenaya; Mount Lyeil ;
Clark Creek below Mount Clark; Royal Arch Lake; Yosemite Falls trail; Ireland
Lake trail; near Kibbie Lake, northwest corner of park. KINGS CANYON: Reflection
Lake. SEQUOIA, occasional: Alta Meadows; Alta Peak; Heather Lake trail; Hockett
Meadows. GLACIER, rare, 3,100 to 6,500 feet: Belton, near park headquarters; trail on
west side below Boulder Pass. YELLOWSTONE, occasional, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: near Hot
Springs pool; near Cub Creek Canyon on east entrance road; 2 miles east of Lone Star
Geyser junction; junction of Yellowstone River and Boiling River. GRAND TETON.

2. Labrador-tea Ledum (Ledum groenlandiciim Oeder) . — Similar to
western Labrador-tea but the under surface of the leaves densely rusty-woolly
instead of whitish; a species of the far North, the leaves of which were used
in Greenland and Labrador as a substitute for tea.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, rare. MOUNT rainier, rare: Longmire. ISLE ROYALE, com-
mon in swamps: Mott Island.

Copperbush (Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong.). — Erect deciduous
shrub, 3 to 6 feet high, the leaves often tending to be bunched towards the
ends of short branchlets; leaves oblong to spatula-shaped, rounded or blunt-
pointed at the tip, % to nearly 2 inches long, not toothed, bright green
above, paler below; flowers copper-colored, about 1 inch across, borne singly
or few at the ends of the branchlets; petals 5, oblong, not united; fruits small

186 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

pods, flattened-globose, deeply 5-Iobed, splitting at the partitions into 5
sections.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional: Deer Lake; Mount Baldy.

Rhododendron, Azalea (Rhododendron L.).

Rhododendron is from the Greek rhodon (rose) and dendron (tree) . The
flowers of all the species are large and conspicuous, with irregularly 5-lobed
corollas. The thin-leaved azaleas are poisonous to livestock and the evergreen
tough-leaved coastal species reported to be poisonous. ^9. Honey made from
the blossoms has the reputation of producing a purgative and emetic effect.

Field Guide to the Species

Evergreen shrubs; leaves thick and leathery, glossy-green above; flowers rose-pink;

occurs only in Olympic National Park 1. R. macroph'^llum.

Shrubs not evergreen; leaves thinnish, not glossy above; flowers white or light pink.

Flowers l'/2 to 2 inches long, white or pink, the upper lobe of corolla with

yellow splotch; occurs m Yosemite National park 2. R. occidentale.

Flowers )/2 to I inch long, white or cream, the center greenish ; occurs in parks

of the Northwest 3. R. albiflorum.

1. Coast Rhododendron, California Rose-bay (Rhododendron
macrophyllum Don.). — Erect evergreen shrub 4 to 8 feet high; leaves 3 to 6
inches long, oblong to elliptic; pointed at the tip, thick and leathery, shiny
green above, paler or rusty below; flowers rose-pink, broadly funnel-shaped,
about 1 to 1^2 inches long, irregularly 5-lobed, the upper lobe greenish-dotted
on the inside; capsule ovoid, splitting into 5 sections. (Syn. R. californicum
Hook.)

Coast rhododendron is the most showy of the rhododendrons with its large,

shiny, evergreen leaves and large rose-pink flowers clustered at the ends of

the stems. It is often planted as an ornamental. This is a common species

in the Pacific Coast forests, mostly at the lower elevations near the coast.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, rare in the park: Elwha River Valley on northwest side of
Mount Norton, 3,600 feet; trail to Constance Ridge.

2. Western Azalea (Rhododendron occidentale (T. SC G.) Gray). —
Handsome, widely-branched shrub 2 to 10 (or 14) feet high; leaves thinnish,
1 to 4 inches long, oval to reverse-egg-shaped, tapering to the base and usually
short-pointed at the tip, thinly hairy, tending to be bunched towards the ends
of the branchlets; flowers white or pinkish, with a yellow splotch on the upper
corolla-lobe, 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, funnel-shaped, divided into 5 slightly
irregular lobes, borne in clusters of several at the ends of the branches; fruits
dry pods, ^2 to % inch long, splitting into 5 sections, many-seeded.

Western azalea is a beautiful shrub found along stream banks or in
wooded canyons in Yosemite National Park. The large, fragrant flowers

39 Range Plant Handbook B 128: United Stales Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 1937.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

187

make this an attractive ornamental species although it is not an evergreen.
The foliage has been found to be poisonous to Hvestock.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, occasional, 4,000 to 8,300 feet: Yosemite valley; near
Sentinel Hotel; Mirror Lake; near Glacier Point; Cloud's Rest trail; Illilouelte
Creek; % mile southwest of Crescent Lake; Lake Eleanor.

3. Cascades Azalea {Rhododendron albiflorum Hook.). — Shrub 2 to 4
feet high with erect or clustered branches; leaves thinnish, oblong, pointed at
both ends, 1 to 21/2 inches long, occurring in bunches of 5 to 10 towards the
ends of the stems; flowers bell-shaped, 1/2 to 1 inch long, creamy-white or
yellowish with a greenish center, borne in nodding clusters of 1 to 3; capsule
splitting into 5 sections.

This is a small shrub common in the parks of the Northwest. It is usu-
ally found in scattered patches at the higher elevations, but is sometimes one
of the dominant shrub species in the middle elevation forests. The foliage
is poisonous to livestock.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 3,500 to 6,000 feet: Lake Margaret near Low
Divide; Marmot Lake; Marmot Pass, east of park boundary; Constance Ridge.
MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 4,500 to 5,500 feet: Paradise Park; trail to Reflection Lake.

Black Laurel Leucothoe (Leucothoe
Davlsiae Torr.). — Erect evergreen shrub 2
to 5 feet high; stems yellowish-brown; leaves
oblong to elliptic, % to 3 inches long, most-
ly blunt-pointed, dark shiny green above,
paler below, smooth on both sides, the mar-
gins toothed or not toothed; flowers white,
small, about % inch long, urn-shaped, borne
on short nodding stems on simple erect
branches 2 to 4 inches long; fruits flattened-
globose capsules, splitting down the backs
of the cells.

Black laurel occurs in the California
parks where it is commonly found in wet
places. The herbage has been found to be
poisonous to livestock^^O and it is seldom
browsed.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, occasional, 5,000 to
7,000 feet: west of Crane Flat; Tuolumne
Grove; Merced Grove.

Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calycu-
lata (L.) Moench.), fig. 109.— Erect ever-
green shrub up to 4 feet high, with loose,
widely spreading branches; leaves elliptic or

Fig. 109. Leatherleaf {Chamae-
daphne calvculata) .

40 Range Plant Handbook B 92: United States Department of Agriculture,
Porest Service. Washington, D. C. 1937.

188

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

reverse-egg-shaped to lance-shaped, ^4 to 2
inches long, rounded or blunt at tips, dull
green above, rusty below; flowers white, borne
on one side of slender erect leafy stems 2 to 5
inches long; capsules about 1/6 inch across,
splitting into an inner and outer layer when ripe.
Occurrence. — iSLE ROYALE, abundant in the bogs:
Mott Island.

Downy Andromeda {Andromeda glauco-

phylla Link.), fig. 110. — Low evergreen shrub

about 1 or up to 2 feet high with creeping

root-stocks and erect stems; branches few;

leaves oblong to linear, 2/3 to 1 2/3 inches

long, the margins curled under from the sides,

sometimes almost to the midribs, dark green

above, white-woolly below; flowers white or

pinkish, several in loose clusters at the ends

of the stems; capsules somewhat turban-shaped,

splitting down the backs of the cells. (Syn.

A. polifolia L. var. augustifolia Ait.).

Occurrence. — isle ROYALE, common in the bogs:
Mott Island; Scoville Point.

Rusty Menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea
Sm.), fig. 111. — Erect or straggling shrub, 2
to 8 feet high, with slender erect branches;
leaves thinnish, 1 to 3 inches long, elliptic to
reverse-egg-shaped, pointed at the tips, the mar-

Fig. 110. Downy andiomeda
{Andromeda glaucophylla) .

Fig. 111. Rusty menziesia
{Menziesia ferruginea).

gins very finely toothed, often
covered above with scattered rusty
hairs or nearly smooth, paler be-
low, tending to be bunched
towards the ends of the branches;
flowers small, bell-shaped, white to
dull yellowish or with a pinkish
tinge, one to several on slender
nodding stems in the leaf -axils
near the ends of the branches; fruit
an oblong capsule about -^ to %
inch long, splitting from the top
into 4 sections.

This is a common shrub in the
parks of the Northwest and the
Rocky Mountains, often forming

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 189

thickets in open woods or on moist hillsides. The scientific name, Menziena,
was given in honor of Archibald Menzies, one of the first botanists to visit
Northwestern America, and who first discovered this plant. It has been
called fool's huckleberry because the flowers and foliage closely resemble some
of the western huckleberries (whortleberries or blueberries). It may be dis-
tinguished from these, however, by the leaves which tend to be bunched at
the ends of the stems, by the long finely-hairy flower stems, and by the fruits
which are small woody capsules. The shrub is also sometimes called skunk-
bush because of a mephitic odor given off from the freshly crushed foliage.
It is reported to be poisonous to livestock when eaten in large quantities."* 1
(Syn. Menziesia glabella Gray) .

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, 2,000 to 4,500 feet: Lake Crescent; Elwha River across
from mouth of Buckinghorse Creek; Lake Margaret near Low Divide; northeast side
ol' Anderson Pass. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 2,000 to 5,000 feet: Longmire; head of
Narada Falls; Lake George. GLACIER, abundant, 3,500 feet to timberline: Lake Mc-
Donald; Logging Mountain; Bowman Lake; Kintla Lake; St. Mary Lake; Red
Eagle Valley; Hudson Bay Creek trail; Cut Bank Valley; Two Medicine Valley;
Swiftcurrent Lake; all trails around Many Glacier region. YELLOWSTONE. GRAND
TETON, common, 6,500 to 8,300 feet: Cascade Canyon trail; Jenny Lake; Beaver Dick
Lake.

Manzanita, Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Adans.)

The manzanitas as a group are usually easily recognized because of the
characteristic smooth dark-red bark, the often crooked stems, the thick leathery
evergreen leaves, the waxy pink or white urn-shaped flowers, and the small
fruits resembling tiny apples. The generic name is derived from the Greek
arktos meaning bear, and staphule meaning bunch of grapes or berries. The
common name, manzanita, is Spanish for little apple. The fruits are im-
portant as food for many birds and small mammals. They are also eaten
by bears, hence the common name, bearberry. Indians of various regions ate
the berries raw or used them dried and ground into pinole. Although the
pulp is mealy and seedy, it has an agreeable acid flavor.

In many localities manzanitas are among the first plants to appear in
burned-over areas. Some of the species are able to sprout from the root
crown and thus quickly revive after a fire. Others, although completely killed
by fire, are quick to become reestablished from seed after the hard outer shell
has been cracked by the heat. Whether or not the plants crown-sprout after
fire is frequently used as a character in determining the species. The foliage
is mostly worthless as browse for animals because of the tough thick leaves.
However, the young, tender shoots are sometimes eaten and a few of the
species are of some value as winter feed for deer and mountain bighorn sheep.

Field Guide to the Species
Plants erect, 3 to 10 feet high.

Branchlets and leaf-stems with long, while, spreading hairs; leaves hairy or
nearly smooth (sometimes glandular), grayish-green, I to 2 inches
long; plants of the parks of the Northwest \. A. Columbiana.

41 Van Dersal, W. R., Native woody plants of the United States, p. 168. Wash-
ington, D. C. 1938.

190 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Branchlets and leaf-stems without long spreading hairs, often finely hairy or
sticky-glandular.
Flower stems more or less sticky-glandular.

Branchlets conspicuously glandular-hairy; berries very sticky-glandu-
lar; leaves whitish; common in Yosemite National Park
2. A. mariposa.

Branchlets smooth, not conspicuously glandular-hairy or very finely so;

berries smooth and glandular.

Leaves whitish; stems of flower-cluster all sticky-glandular;

branchlets and leaf-stems mostly smooth, not glandular;

berries sticky-glandular or smooth; common in Sequoia

National Park 3. A. viscida.

Leaves green; only the main stems and branches of flower clusters
sticky-glandular; branchlets and leaf-stems mostly finely
glandular-hairy; berry smooth 4. A. palula.

Flower stems and branchlets not glandular, very finely whitish- fuzzy.

Leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, sharp-pointed at the tip, % to 1]/^
inches long; very young flower-bud clusters short, '/^ to y2
inch long, stoutish, roundish to egg-shaped or club-shaped;
occurs in parks of the Southwest 5. A. pungens.

Leaves oblong to broadly elliptic or roundish, mostly rounded or
blunt-pointed at the tips; I to 2 inches long; young flower-
bud clusters slender, 1/3 to Ys ^^^^ long; occurs in Cali-
fornia parks 6. A. meiDu^^a.

Plants with stems trailing along the ground; leaves bright green on both sides.

Leaves mostly pointed at the tips with a short sharp point; not so narrowly
wedge-shaped at the base; berries often brownish-red; found in parks
of the Pacific slope 7. A. nevadensis.

Leaves mostly rounded or blunt at the tips, wedge-shaped at the base ; berries

bright red; wide-spread in Rocky Mountain and Northwest parks

8. A. uva-ursi.

1. Hairy Manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper.) — Shrub 2
to 10 feet high, much branched; young twigs densely covered with white, stiff
hairs; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, grayish-green, hairy to nearly smooth, oblong-
egg-shaped, pointed at the tip, the margin smooth or very finely toothed;
flowers white, borne in short dense clusters at the ends of the stems, the
flower stalks hairy, sometimes glandular hairy; berry flattish, about I/4 inch
in diameter, light to deep chestnut brovwi; nutlets rough, distinct or more
or less united. (Syn. A. tomentosa Lindl. as to the parks.)

Hairy manzanita is not common in the parks, although it occurs abund-
antly at lower elevations in the Pacific Northwest. The plants do not crown
sprout but are killed completely by fire.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional: l'/2 miles southwest of Windfall Peak, 3,000
feel; trail to Constance Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional: lower Stevens Canyon:
Ohanapecosh River.

2. Mariposa Manzanita (Arctostaphylos mariposa Dudley). — Shrub
3 to 8 feet high with smooth dark reddish-brown bark; branchlets glandular-
hairy (dusty looking in var. bivisa) ; leaves elliptic to roundish, usually with
a short point at the tip, % to 2 inches long, smooth and whitish; flowers light-

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

191

pink, borne in compact clusters at the ends of the branchlets; branches of
flowering clusters sticky-glandular; berries globose, y^ to 1/3 inch in diameter,
very sticky, becoming bright red (or whitish in var. bivisa) ; nutlets ridged on
the back, distinct or some of them united.

Mariposa manzanita is very similar in appearance to whiteleaf manzanita,
the most noticeable difference being in the branchlets which are very glandular-
hairy in Mariposa manzanita and smooth or mostly without hairs or glands
in whiteleaf manzanita. The bushes of both are very striking in appearance,
the whitish leaves making quite a contrast to the reddish-brown stems. The
plants do not sprout from the root crown.

A variety with whitish nutlets (var. bivisa Jepson) has been found at
Hetch Hetchy and at Wawona in Yosemite National Park.

Occurrence. — yosemite, abundant, 3,000 to 6,000 feet: western park boundary at
Lake Eleanor; Hetch Hetchy Valley; Big Oak Flat road; El Portal; talus slopes on
north side of Yosemite Valley; near foot of Yosemite Falls; Royal Arch Falls; south
of Wawona. KINGS CANYON : switchbacks on Bubbs Creek trail.

3. Whiteleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida). — Same as for

Mariposa manzanita except as noted above.

Occurrence. — SEQUOI.A, common, 1,600 to 5,000 feet: Yucci Point, northwest cor-
ner of Park; Marble Fork Kaweah River; along General's Highway above Ash
Mountam.

4. Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patida Greene), fig. 112.
— Shrub 3 to 8 feet high, with crooked, widely spreading branches, the
younger branchlets commonly very finely hairy and somewhat sticky; leaves 1
to 2 inches long, bright green, smooth,

roundish to broadly elliptic, rounded or
pointed at the tip; flowers pink, on
smooth slender stalks 1/6 to I/4 inch
long, borne in dense flattish clusters
towards the ends of the branches; ber-
ries light brown or black, smooth, round-
ish, 1/3 to 1/2 irich in diameter, often
drying very hard; nutlets smooth, more
or less united. (Syn. A. platyphylla
(Gray) Kuntze.)

Greenleaf manzanita is one of the
common manzanitas of the parks of the
Southwest and of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains of California, extending
north to Crater Lake National Park in
Oregon. It is one of the chief associ-
ates in ponderosa pine forests where it
favors dry open slopes or old burns
where the plants can obtain full sun-
light. In areas where it occurs it is fre- Fig. 112. Greenleaf manzanita
quently the dominant species, often (Arcioslaphvlos patula).

192 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

covering wide areas. Branches forced to the ground by heavy snows may
sometimes take root, forming large dense clumps. The ability of the plants
to send up new shoots from the enlarged root-crown and thus to withstand
repeated burnings may account partly for its abundance. Except for fre-
quent fires, this species would easily become shaded out in many localities,
especially by white fir. The young tender shoots and leaves are browsed
to some extent by deer.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE, abundant in the ponderosa pine forests, -1,700 to 7,200
feet. LASSEN, common: Hot Springs Valley. YOSEMITE, abundant. 4,000 to 9,500 feet:
western boundary of park near Eleanor Lake; near Aspen Valley; Big Oak Flat
control road; Crane Creek, north of El Portal; \osemite Valley; Merced Lake trail;
Rainbow View; Glacier Point; near Wawona; Mariposa Grove. KINGS CANYON, up
to 10,000 feet: near Sphinx Creek; between Junction and Charlotte Meadows; near
East Lake. SEQUOIA, abundant, 2,200 to 9,000 feet: Kern Canyon near Junction
Meadow; Bearpaw Mouniain; Redwood Meadow ranger station; west of Little Baldy;
south of Tar Gap on Hockett-Mineral King trail. BRYCE CANYON, common, 7,000 to
8,500 feet: near Bryce Lodge; Bryce Point; along the Rim Drive; Rainbow Point.
ZION, common, especially on the plateau, 4,500 to 6,000 feet: Zion-Mount Carmel
Highway near tunnel; Horse Pasture Plateau; West Rim trail near Angels Landing.
GRAND CANYON, on the North Rim, 8,000 to 8,800 feet: Walhalla Plateau along road
to Cape Royal ; road to Point Imperial.

5. PoiNTLEAF Manzanita (Arctostdphylos pungens H. B. K.). —
Spreading shrub, 2 to 8 (or 10) feet high; the younger branches usually
whitish with a fine close fuzz; leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, pointed at
the tip, % to 1^4 inches long, thick and leathery, dull green or grayish above
and below; flowers white, urn-shaped, borne in clusters towards the ends of the
branches; berries roundish, smooth and shining, dark brown or brick color;
nutlets ridged on the back, separate.

This and greenleaf manzanita are the most common species of manzanita

in the Southwest, the point! eaf manzanita usually ranging at lower elevations

than the greenleaf manzanita. The chief distinction between the two is in

the leaves which are paler, narrower, and more pointed in the former species

than in the latter. Also the very young fiower clusters which appear late in

the summer of the year preceding the blooming season are shorter and stouter

in pointleaf manzanita. Those of greenleaf manzanita are rather slender.

Under favorable conditions branches lying along the ground may take root.

Occurrence. — ZiON, in the canyons, 4,000 to 5,000 feet: trail to Emerald Pools.
GRAND CANYON, 4.200 to 8,250 feet. North Rim, at edge of rim: Bright Angel Point;
McKinnon Point; Uncle Jim Point; Swamp Point. South Rim, rare: Yj, mile east of
Yavapai Point. Canyon, north of the Colorado River: Kaibab Trail above Cottonwood
Camp; above Roaring Springs.

6. Indian Manzanita (Arctostaphylos mewukka Merr.). — Shrub 3 to
6 feet high; leaves pale green or whitish, elliptic to oblong, mostly pointed at
the tips, 1 to 2 or 2i/2 inches long, smooth; flowers white, borne in loose,
erect or somewhat drooping clusters; berries smooth, round, dull white or
brownish, 1/3 to ^2 or sometimes 2/3 inch in diameter; nutlets 4 or 5, some-
times united into a single stone. (Syn. A. pastillosa Jepson.)

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE: lower Merced Valley; Hatch Hetchy Valley; western

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

193

boundary of park near Eleanor Dam, 5,300 feet. SEQUOIA, common, 2,500 to 5,500
feet: Flapjack Creek, along road to Mineral King; old Colony Mill road to Giant
Forest.

7. PiNEMAT Manzanita (Arctostapbylos nevadensis Gray). — This is
a prostrate shrub very similar to kinnikinnick with its traihng stems often
rooting where they touch the ground. The two plants may usually be dis-
tinguished by their leaves, those of bearberry being mostly rounded or blunt-
pointed at the tips, while those of pinemat manzanita are mostly sharp-
pointed. Pinemat manzanita occurs most commonly in pine forests of the
parks of Washington and Oregon and in the Sierra Nevada parks of Cali-
fornia. The erect branches of this species sometimes become 1 foot high.
Bearberry is the prevailing species in the parks of the Rocky Mountains. It
seldom grows over 6 inches in height. Both species commonly occur at high
elevations, but the bearberry often extends down nearly to sea level on the
Northwest coast.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC. MOUNT rainier, common, 2,500 to 6,500 feet: Longmire
Springs; head of Stevens Canyon; Ciystal Lake trail; Ipsut Pass. CRATER LAKE, com-
mon. Union Peak, 6.000 feet. LASSEN, 7,000 to 8,000 feet: Mount Lassen; Flatiron
Ridge; Manzanita Lake checking station; Manzanita Creek; trail to Bumpas Hell.
YOSEMITE, common, 7,000 feet to timberline: Illilouette Falls; Cloud's Rest; Glacier
Point; west of Mount Watkins; Gin Flat; Mount Dana; Osfrander Lake; Eagle
Peak; Isberg Lake. SEQUOIA, common, 8,000 feet to timberline: ridge east of Panther
Peak; trail from Eagle Lake to Mineral King.

8. Bearberry, Kinnikinnick {Arctostapbylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.),
fig. 113. — A prostrate or trailing evergreen shrub 6 to 12 inches high, with
thin, shreddy, reddish-brown bark; leaves smooth, thick and leathery, light
green, 1/2 to 1 inch long,
with an untoothed mar-

usua

lly

roun

ded

gin,

blunt-pointed at the tip;
flowers small, waxy-
white or pinkish, bell-
shaped, borne in few-
flowered clusters at the
ends of the stems; berry
round, red, smooth, the
ripe pulp dry and mealy,
with several hard seeds.
Bearberry is our most
widely distributed man-
zanita and the only spe-
cies found outside of
western North America.
It is found around the
world in the northern re-
gions. The plant is a
low trailing shrub, often

Fig. 113. Bearberry {Arctostaph^los uvn-ursi).

194 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

forming carpets in the forests. It is a pioneer in rocky barren areas and often
one of the first to come into recently burned areas. The stems traiUng along
the ground help to hold the seeds of tree species and act as a protection to
the seedlings until they become established. The common name, kinnikinnick,
comes — from an Indian expression applied to a mixture of the dried leaves
or bark of certain plants used with or in place of tobacco. This species was
one of the plants most commonly used. The leaves are often browsed by
ieer and mountain sheep and many species of wild life are fond of the berries.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, occasional on rocky canyon sides and ridges, 2,000 to 6,000
feel: Elwha River Valley on lower slope of Mount Dana; Hurricane Ridge; summit
of Mount Storm King; Constance Ridge; Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional
in rocky places, 5,000 to 8,000 feet. GLACIER, common, 3,000 to 8,000 feet: Kintla
Lake trail to Boulder Pass; Bowman Lake; park headquarters at Belton; Lake Mc-
Donald; trail to Sperry Chalet; Avalanche Lake trail; Dry Fork Two Medicine
Creek; Cut Bank Pass; below Cut Bank Chalet; Atlantic Creek valley below Triple
Divide Pass; Mount Stimpson; Swiftcurrent Lake; Mount Altyn; Crossley Lake.
YELLOWSTONE: Old Faithful; near Tower Falls; upper Geyser Basin; Mammoth Hot
Springs. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common on rocky ground, particularly in
burned areas. ISLE ROYALE, common in rock openings: Mott Island.

Wintergreen (Gaiilther'.a L.)

Except for one species, salal, which is found in the Pacific Northwest, the
species of Gaultheria are small prostrate or trailing plants only a few inches
high. These small species, commonly known as wintergreen, have an aromatic
fragrance to the herbage and berries. The eastern species has been used to
furnish some of the commercial "oil of wintergreen" used in flavoring and
medicine. The fruits are interesting and unique in that the calyx becomes
enlarged and colored in fruit, forming part of a fleshy berry. These furnish
food for birds and small mammals.

Field Guide to the Species

Conspicuous shrubs I to 6 feet high; flowers borne along slender stems near the ends

of branches; berries purple 1. G. shallon.

Small trailing or prostrate herb-like plants 1 to 8 inches high ; flowers borne singly
in the leaf axils; berries red.

Corolla urn-shaped, shorl-lobed; anthers of stamens with awns; eastern species

2. C. procunibens.

Corolla bell-shaped, deeply iobed; anthers without awns; western species.

Matted shrub up to about 4 inches high; leaves to about % inch long;

corolla slightly longer than calyx 3. C. humifusa.

Loosely spreading shrub up to 8 inches high ; leaves to about 1 l/i inches

long; corolla much longer than calyx 4. C. ovalifolia.

I. Salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh), fig. 114. — Evergreen shrub, com-
monly 1 to 6 (or 10) feet high, with erect or spreading branches; leaves
egg-shaped, with a rounded base and pointed tip, 1 to 4 inches long, thick,
glossy, the margins finely toothed; flowering stems 3 to 6 inches long, the
flowers bell-shaped, white or pinkish, 1/3 to I/2 inch long, borne on short
stalks curved towards one side of an unbranched stem; berries dark-purple

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

195

nth

juicy, with many tiny

or nearly black,
seeds.

Salal is a common shrub in the low-
land woods of the Pacific Northwest.
It grows in moist, shaded Douglas fir
and Sitka spruce forests or sometimes in
drier locations along with the holly-
grape, huckleberries or other shrubs. The
species name, shallon, and the common
name, salal, are derived from the Indian
name of the plant which the early ex-
plorers understood as sallon, shalal, or
shallon.^- The plant is ordinarily about
3 feet tall but along the coast in the
northern end of its range it may form
extensive thickets 6 or more feet high.
The berries are of good flavor. They
were eaten raw by the Indians of the
Northwest and used to flavor soups.
Local residents often gathered them for
making jelly. Deer and elk browse
the herbage, especially during the winter.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant at the lower elevations; Elwha River, above mouth
of Lost River; Mount Angeles. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 2,000 to 4,500 feet: Kautz
Creek; between Longmire and Paradise Park.

Fig. 114. Salal (Caultheria shallon).

2. Checkerberry Wintergreen (Gaulthena proaimbens L.). — Small
evergreen plants with stems creeping below the ground and erect flowering
branches up to about 6 inches high; herbage aromatic; leaves oval to reverse-
egg-shaped, 2/3 to 11/2 inches long, blunt-pointed, bright green above, smooth;
flowers white or slightly pinkish, nodding from the axils of the leaves; berries
nearly globose, ^ to 2/3 inch in diameter, dark red.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, occasional: trail to Mount Franklin; north side of Angle-
worm Lake; northwest of Hay Bay.

3. Western Wintergreen (Gaultheria humijusa (Graham) Rydb. —
A small prostrate evergreen shrub 1 to 4 inches high; leaves I/4 to % inch
long, oval to egg-shaped or somewhat roundish, rounded or blunt-pointed at
the tip, the margin scarcely toothed; flowers small, white, bell-shaped, borne
singly on short stalks in the leaf -axils; berries bright red, small, globose, with
a sweet flavor.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Deer Lake; Anderson Pass just above shelter, 4,400 feet.
MOUNT RAINIER. CRATER LAKE, rare: upper Annie Creek; Boundary Spring. YOSEM-
ITE: Gaylor Lakes; Elizabeth Lake; Young Lake; Snow Flat. KINGS CANYON:
Gianlte Basin, Kings River. SEQUOIA: Long Lake in Little Five Lakes Basin. GLA-
CIER, occasional in meadows above timberline, 6,000 to 7,500 feet: Iceberg Lake;

42 Range Plant Handbook B 83: United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest service, Washington, D. C. 1937.

196

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Granite Park; Sexton Glacier, below Siyeh Pass; near Logan Pass. YELLOWSTONE,
common: Burning Mountain; Frying Pan. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, rare in
damp places at higher elevations.

4. Oregon Wintergreen (Gaulthena ovatifolia Gray). — Low, herb-
like trailing plant, 2 to 8 inches high; stems and leaf-stalks more or less
hairy; leaf-blades oval to egg-shaped or roundish-egg-shaped, 1/2 to II/2 inches
long, pointed at the tips, the margin finely toothed; flowers small, white, bell-
shaped, borne singly; berries globose, red, sweet.

Occurrence.— OLYMPIC: Mount Angeles; Elk Lake, 2,500 feet; Canyon Creek.
MOUNT RAINIER, occasional in open woods, 3,000 to 4,500 feet: Cowlitz River south of
Canyon Bridge. CRATER LAKE: south of boundary spring, northwest corner of park;
Whiskey Creek, near west entrance.

Creeping Pearlberry (Chiogenes his-
pidula T. & G.), fig. 115. — Evergreen trail-
ing plant with slender slightly woody stems;
leaves alternate, small, mostly less than %
inch long, egg-shaped, the lower surface
and the stems covered with stiff rusty bris-
tles closely appressed to the surface; flowers
white, small, with deeply 4-cleft corollas,
borne singly on very short stems in the axils
of the leaves; berries white, crowned by 4
calyx teeth, about I/4 inch in diameter,
many-seeded. The herbage has aromatic
flavor similar to that of wintergreen.

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common in bogs
and moist forests: Mott Island; Washington Har-
bor along trail to Windigo Mine.

Blueberry, Bilberry, Whortleberry,
Cranberry (Vaccinium L.)

Fig. 115. Creeping pearlberry
(C/iiogenes hispidula).

There are many species of Vaccimum
in our national parks, found mostly in the
more northern parks where they are among
the most sought after of all the wild berries. Most of the species bear an
abundance of sweet berries delicious in pies or when eaten fresh. Many are
collected each year by local residents for preserving or jelly. Bears and small
mammals are also fond of them. In certain localities many of the species
have been commonly called huckleberry but this is the name given to an
eastern genus, Gaylussacia, which is very similar to Vaccmium except that its
berries have hard stony seeds. The fruits of Vaccinium have numerous
tiny seeds.

The herbage of most of the species furnish valuable browse for wild life.
The foliage of the evergreen species found on the Pacific coast provides beau-
tiful greenery and is often planted as an ornamental. Among the evergreen
species are the small trailing cranberry plants which grow in sphagnum bogs

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 197

of the northern states, including the species from which we obtain our com-
mercial cranberries. The cranberries are grouped by some botanists into a
separate genus, Oxycoccus, since the plants are in many ways so different
from the other species of Vacctniiim. The common name comes from crane-
berry because the flower and its stem are fancied to resemble the head and

neck of a crane.

Field Guide to the Species

Evergreen shrubs; leaves thick and leathery, smooth and dark green above.

Slender trailing shrubs; leaves [(^ to S/g inch long; corolla deeply divided into
4 pietal-iike lobes.
Flowers borne on erect or ascending branchlets with a long leafy shoot
above the Rower cluster; berries % to % in in diameter; stems

rather coarse 1. V. macrocarpon.

Flowers borne near the ends of the branchlets; berries '74 to Ys '^ch in

diameter 2. V. oxXicoccus.

Erect or spreading shrubs 3 to 8 feet high; corolla bell-shaped; Pacific coast

species 3. V. ovaium.

Deciduous shrubs; leaves mostly dull green and thinnish.

Flowers borne in clusters at the ends of the branches; low shrubs.

Stems and leaves softly hairy all over 4. V. canadense.

Herbage smooth, or sometimes the leaves hairy below.

Leaves green on both sides, finely toothed 5. V. anSusiifolium.

Leaves whitish at least below, mostly not toothed 6. V. pallidum.

Flowers borne singly (or sometimes 2 or 3 together) ; low or tall shrubs.

Branchlets rounded, not angled; leaves tapering to a wedge-shaped base.
Corollas mostly 4-lobed; leaves not toothed.

Shrubs to \Yl feet high; leaves oval to reverse-egg-shaped;

eastern species 7. V. uUginosum.

Shrubs to 3 feet high ; leaves narrowly reverse-egg-shaped to

reverse-Iance-shaped ; western species 8. V. occidenlale.

Corollas 5-Iobed; leaves finely toothed.

Leaves reverse-egg-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, green en both
sides; corolla ellipsoid; berries '74 inch in diameter
_ 9. V. caespilosum.

Leaves oval to reverse-egg-shaped, pale or whitish below; corolla
nearly globose; berries to about % inch in diameter
10. V. deliciosum.

Branchlets more or less angled; leaves not wedge-shaped at base.

Low plants 3 to 8 inches high ; leaves small, not more than % inch
long.
Leaves oblong to narrowly egg-shaped, I/4 to '/2 inch long;

berries red, about l/g, inch in diameter

1 1. V. scoparium.

Leaves oval to egg-shaped, '/2 to % inch long; berries about 3/16
inch in diameter, dark red to purplish-black with a

bloom 12. V. oreophilum.

Plants taller, 1 to 10 feet high; leaves mostly more than ^4 inch long,
if smaller then the shrubs at least 3 feet high.
Rather tall shrubs with widely spreading branches; leaves oval
to oblong egg-shaped, rounded or blunt-pointed at tips,
not toothed or rarely few-toothed ; berries globose.

198

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves I/4 to 1'/4 inches long, light yellowish-green; berries

red 13. V. parvifolium.

Leaves ^4 to 2 inches long, bluish-green ; berries dark-blue

with a bloom 14. V. ov all folium.

Low or tall shrubs with ascending branches; leaves oval to egg-
shaped or reverse-egg-shaped, mostly pointed at the tips,
the margins finely toothed; berries flattened-globose,

red-purple to black, with or without a bloom

15. V . membranaceum.

hig. 116. Cranberry {Vaccinium
macrocarpon).

I. Cranberry (Vaccinium
macrocarpon Ait.), fig. 116. — -
Trailing or creeping evergreen
plants with slender more or less
woody stems; leaves narrowly el-
liptic to oblong, y^ to y^ inch
long, thickish, dark green above,
whitish below, often curled under
at the edges; flowers pink, the
corolla divided into 4 spreading
linear-oblong lobes ^ to % inch
long, borne in clusters of several
on short erect leafy branchlets,
these with a leafy shoot extending
beyond and above the flower-clus-
ter; berries globose to oblong, %
to % inch in diameter, dark red.
(Syn. Oxycoccus macrocarpus
Pers.) .

OccuTTence. — isle ROYALE, widespread in bogs:
head of Rock Harbor near start of Lake Richie
trail; Forbes Lake; Sumner Lake.

2. Small Cranberry {Vaccinium oxy-
coccus L.), fig. 117. — Similar to V. macro-
carpon but the stems more slender; leaves 3/16
to % inch long, egg-shaped to oblong-egg-
shaped, the margins strongly curled under;
flowers smaller, the petal-like lobes not more
than 14 i"<^h Io"g) borne in clusters of 1 to 4
at the ends of the branchlets, without a leafy
shoot extending above the flower-cluster; ber-
ries globose or somewhat pear-shaped, /4 to %
inch in diameter, dark red.

A somewhat coarser variety. Western small
cranberry (var. intermedium Gray), with
leaves up to % inch long, and with more

Fig. 117. Small cranberry
(^Vaccinium ox}^cocciis).

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

199

flowers in the cluster, often 8 to 10, is found also with the species.
Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, widespread in bogs: Mott Island; near Lake Desor.

3. Box Blueberry, California Huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum
Pursh). — Spreading evergreen shrub 3 to 8 feet high; leaves oblong to elliptic,
pointed at the tips, y2 to 1 inch long, thick and leathery, dark green and
shining above, paler below, the margins toothed; flowers white or pink, the
corolla 5-lobed, borne in small clusters in the leaf axils; berries ovoid, /4 to /4
inch long, bluish-black with a bloom. The luxuriant shiny evergreen leaves
make this shrub beautiful for greenery and it is often planted as an ornamental.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common outside of park and probably occurs within the
park boundaries. MOUNT RAINIER, rare in the park but common west of park boundaries.

4. Canada Blueberry {Vaccinhim canadense Kalm.). — Low shrub i^
to 2 feet high, the herbage softly hairy; leaves elliptic to oblong, somewhat
pointed at both ends, % to I1/4 inches long; flowers pinkish, borne in several-
flowered clusters at the ends of the stems; berries globose, about Ys ^o y^ inch
in diameter, dark purple-blue with a bloom. This is an eastern species which
comes as far west as Montana.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, occasional at low elevations on the west side, 3,100 feet:
park headquarters at Belton ; along Flathead River below Apgar lookout. ISLE ROYALE,
common in rock openings in the forest: Mott Island; Lake Richie trail; Washington
Harbor.

5. LowBUSH Blueberry
(Vaccin 111771 angustifoliu77i

Ait.), fig. 118. — Low shrubs
about 1/2 to 2 feet high; leaves
lance-shaped, I/2 to 1 inch long,
pointed at both ends, the mar-
gins finely toothed, green and
smooth on both sides; flowers
greenish-white, borne in short
dense clusters at the ends of
the branches; berries black with
a whitish bloom, Y^ to 1/2 inch
in diameter. (Syn. V. pemi-
sylvaTiicnTn Lam.).

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, com-
mon in rock openings: Mott Island;
Old Siskiwlt Mine; Like Richie
trail ; Sumner Lake.

6. Blueridge Blueberry
(Vacci77iu77t pallidu77i Ait. var.
cri7iatu777 Fern.). — Low shrub
up to 2 or 3 feet high with
yellowish-green branchlets;

Fig. 1 18. Lowbush blueberry (^Vaccinium
angusti folium) .

200

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

leaves oval to egg-shaped, 1 to 2 inches long, pointed at the tips, dull green
above, whitish below, smooth at least above; flowers white or tinged with red,
the calyx usually reddish; berries blue with a bloom, about ^ inch in diameter.
(Syn. V. vacillans Kalm. var. crinatum Fern.)

Occurrence. — isle ROYALE: Rock Harbor; Sccville Point.

Fig. 119. Bog bilberry {Vaccinium
uliginosum) .

7. Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uli-
ginosum L.), fig. 119. — Low shrub up
to about I1/2 feet high, the branches
smooth or slightly hairy, not angled;
leaves oval to reverse-egg-shaped, % to

1 inch long, pale or whitish on both
sides, slightly hairy below; flowers white
or pink, borne singly or in groups of

2 or 3; berries blue-black with a bloom,

i/^ inch in diameter, sweet.

Occurrence. — isle royale, common in
rock crevices and along margins of rock
pools: Mott Island; Scoville Point.

8. Western Bog Blueberry ( Vac-
cinium occidentale Gray) . — Compact
shrub 1 to 3 feet high; leaves oblong to
narrowly wedge-shaped, not toothed,
more or less pointed at the tips, i/^ to 1
inch long, green above, paler below;
flowers white, small, narrowly bell-
shaped, borne singly or in groups of 2 to 4; berries ^4 i^ich or less in diameter,
blue-black with a bloom, sweet but with a slightly bitter quality. The foliage
is browsed to a considerable extent by deer, especially late in the season.

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER. CRATER LAKE, common en west side of park: near
Annie Spring; Boundary Spring, western park boundary. LASSEN: Long Lake. 'iOSEM-
ITE, 6,000 to 9,600 feet: Lyell Fork, Tuolumne River; Clark Creek; Tuolumne
Meadows; lake on Matterhorn Canyon rim; Mount Lyell. K.INGS CANYON: Reflection
Lake; General Grant Grove. SEQUOIA: Giant Forest; Clover Creek pasture. YELLOW-
STONE, common: Yl ni'le north of Chocolate Pot, south of Norris ; Gibbon River; Lone
Star Geyser. GRAND TETON.

9. Dwarf Blueberry {Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.). — Low spread-
ing shrubs 2 to 12 inches high; branchlets scarcely if at all angled; leaves ^
to 1 inch long, oblong-wedge-shaped, rounded or blunt-pointed at the tips,
the margins very finely toothed to not toothed; flowers white or pinkish,
small, ovoid, borne singly on slender nodding stems in the leaf-axils; berries
globose, about I/4 inch in diameter, bluish-black with a bloom, sweet and juicy.
The foliage takes on a dark red coloration in late Summer or Fall, often
forming conspicuous red patches on open hillsides. (Syn. V. caespitosum
var. cuneifolium Nutt.).

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Hoh River; Home Sweet Home Camp. MOUNT RAINIER:
Eunice Lake. CRATER LAKE, common, 5,500 to 7,000 feet: Castlecrest Gardens; Annie

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

201

Spring; Vidae Falls; Pole Bridge; Wheeler Creek. LASSEN: Long Lake; Dersch
Meadows. YOSEMITE: Lyell Fork Tuolumne River; Crescent Lake; Tuolumne Mead-
ows; Donohue Pass; Mount Dana. KINGS CANYON: Harrison Pass trail. SEQUOIA,
occasional, 7,000 to 11,000 feet: Hockett Meadow; northeast of Pear Lake; Big
Arroyo-Kern Divide. GLACIER, common: Belton, near park headquarters: Kintla Lake
road. ROCKY mountain, occasional on the west side.

10. Delicious Blueberry (Vaccinium deliciosum Piper). — Low shrub
4 to 12 inches high, the branches practically round; leaves 2/3 to 1^/2 inches
long, pale green or whitish, reverse-egg-shaped to elliptic, mostly blunt-pointed,

the margins finely toothed; flowers
pinkish, somewhat globose; berries
usually globose, 1/4 to % inch in
diameter, bluish-black with a
bloom, sweet and juicy. This is
the common species in the moun-
tain parks and alpine meadows of
the Northwest. It is a favorite
with local residents for blueberry
pies.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant,
3,500 to 5,000 feet: Low Divide: An-
derson Pass; Marmot Lake; Home
Sweet Home camp ; Seven Lakes
Basin; Deer Lake. MOUNT RAINIER,
abundant, 4,000 to 6,000 feet: Eunice
Lake; west of Windy Gap; Seattle
Park; Paradise Valley; trail to Re-
flection Lake.

11. Grouse Whortleberry

{Vaccinium scoparium Leib.), fig.

120. — Low shrub 4 to 8 inches
high; branches bright green,
angled, erect, densely clustered
and broom-like; leaves small, I/4
to 1/2 inch long, oblong to nar-
rowly egg-shaped, the margins
usually very finely toothed; flow-
ers small, white or pinkish, nod-
ding on short stems in the leaf-
axils; berries small, about i/g inch
in diameter, bright red, some-
times drying dark reddish-purple,

rather tart and agreeable. (Syn. V. m'laophyllum Rydb.).

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER, common, 4,000 to 5,000 feet: Ohanapecosh Hot
Springs; Mowich Lake trail to Eunice Lake. CRATER LAKE, common, 5,500 to 6,500
feet: northeast of Union Peak; Annie Spring; park headquarters; the Pinnacles;
Boundary Spring, glacier, occasional. 3,100 to 6,500 feet: North Fork Flathead
River road near Lake McDonald; Mount Brown trail; Cut Bank Valley; above Lake
Ellen Wilson. YELLOWSTONE, common: east of Cub Creek camp; east entrance road;

Fig. 120. Grouse whortleberry
{Vaccinium scoparium).

202

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

south of Beryl Spring, south of Norris; West Thumb; road between Old Faithful and
Thumb. GRAND TETON : two miles east of Eagles Rest. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, common,
10,000 to 1 1,000 feet: ^ mile southeast of Dream Lake.

12. Rocky Mountain Whortleberry (Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb.).
— Low spreading shnab, 3 to 12 inches high with slender, green, angled
branches; leaves thin, oval to egg-shaped, ^ to % inch long, the margins
usually very finely toothed; flowers pinkish-white, bell-shaped, borne singly
in the upper leaf -axils; berries nodding, about 3/16 inch in diameter, at first

red, becoming purple-black
with a bloom. (Syn. Vaccin-
ium myrtillus as to Rocky
Mountain plants, not L.).

OccuTTence. — GLACIER, c o m ■
mon, 3,100 to 7,200 feet: Belton;
Logan Pass; Logging Lake; North
Fork Flathead River road; Swift-
current Lake; above Kmtla Lake;
Cut Bank Valley; trail from Cros-
sley Lake to Indian Pass. ROCKY
MOUNTAIN, common.

13. Red Whortleberry
(Vaccinium parvij oliuiji
Smith), fig. 121. — -Slender,
spreading shrub 3 to 12 feet
high with somewhat zigzag
branches forming more or less
horizontal sprays; herbage yel-
low-green, the stems sharply
angled; leaves mostly oval with
blunt points, ^ to 1^ inches
long, untoothed; flowers white
or pinkish, bell-shaped, borne
singly on slender stems in the
leaf-axils; berries bright red,
about y^ to 1/3 inch in di-
ameter, juicy, tart and agreeable, often collected for canning and preserving.
The foliage is browsed by deer and elk.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common in the lower forests: Elwha River Valley; Lake
Crescent. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 1,750 to 4,000 feet: Carbon River near ranger
cabin; Ohanapecosh Hot Springs; Puyallup River. YOSEMITE, rare: North Crane
Creek, 5,700 feet.

Fig. 121. Red whortleberry (Vaccinium
parvi folium) .

14. Oval-leaf Whortleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolnun Smith). —
Erect shrub 3 to 6 feet high with spreading branches forming open flatfish
sprays; branchlets somewhat angled; foliage bluish-green; leaves oval to oblong
or narrowly egg-shaped with rounded or blunt-pointed tips, % to nearly 2
inches long; flowers pinkish, bell-shaped, borne singly on slender nodding

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

203

stems; berries globose, about ^ to 1/3 inch in daimeter, dark blue with
a bloom.

This is common as an understory shrub in the lower forests of the North-
west, often in association with red whortleberry. The foliage is browsed to
some extent and the fruits are relished by birds and small mammals. The
berries are gathered in considerable quantities by local residents and used for
canning. The rather strong acid flavor makes them especially good for jelly.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, abundant, up to about 4,000 feet: Holi River near Olympus
Guard Station; Elk Lake; Elwha River; Deer Lake; northeast side of Anderson
Pass. MOUNT RAINIER, abundant, 2,000 to 4,500 feet: top of Naiada Falls; Nisqually
Valley; Carbon River near ranger cabin; Ohanapecosh Hot Springs.

A form with leaves more pointed,
sometimes few-toothed, and the ber-
ries purple-black, sometimes without
a bloom, is found in Olympic Na-
tional Park. It answers the descrip-
tion of Vacctnmm oblatum Henry
which has been recorded from Van-
couver, British Columbia.

15. Big Whortleberry {Vac-
cinium membranaceiwi Dougl.), fig.
122. — Bushy shrub 2 to 6 feet high
with ascending branches; leaves re-
verse-egg-shaped, mostly pointed at
the tips, 1 to 2 inches long, the mar-
gins finely toothed, green on both
sides; flowers globe-shaped, greenish-
white or pinkish; berries flattened-
globose, large, sometimes ^^ inch in
diameter, dark wine-red to purple-
black, shiny, mostly without a bloom,
the calyx forming a conspicuous
flange at the top. The sweet juicy
berries are delicious in pies or when
eaten fresh with sugar and cream. In
places where the bushes are abundant

the berries are gathered by local residents for the market. It is said that
for this fruit the Klamath Indians used to make an annual pilgrimage to
Huckleberry Mountain southwest of Crater Lake.^3 y^g foliage is browsed
by deer to a certain extent. (Syn. V. macro phyllum Piper.)

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 3,200 to 5,000 feet: Mount Angeles; North Fork
Quinault River trail below Low Divide; Low Divide below Mount Seattle; Olympic
Hot Springs; Boulder Creek; near shelter north of Anderson Pass. MOUNT RAINIER,
common, 4,000 to 5,500 feet: head of Stevens Canyon; Ipsut Pass near Mowich Lake.

43 Coville, F. v.. The August vegetation of Mount Mazama: Mazama vol. 1, no.

2, p. 196. 1897.

Fig. 122. Big whortleberry {yaccimum
membranaceum) .

204 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

CRATER LAKE, common, 5,000 to 6,500 feet: near park headquarters. GLACIER, abun-
dant, 3,100 to 6,500 feet: Belton, near park headquarters; abovs Lake Ellen Wilson;
trail to Trout Lake above Lake McDonald; Going-to-the-Sun Highway below the
hairpin turn; Cut Bank Valley; above St. Mary Lake; trail above Elizabeth Lake.
YELLOWSTONE: West Thumb. GRAND TETON: Jackson Lake; near mouth of Death
Canyon.

The low fotm usually less than two feet high found in Rocky Mountain
parks has been described as Vaccmium globulare Rydb. It differs from V.
membranaceum in having smaller leaves, % to I1/4 inches long, usually pale
below, the berries smaller, globose, purple-black, usually with a bloom. Al-
though the extremes are quite distinct, in places where both forms occur it is
difficult to draw the line between them.

Crowberry Family (Empetraceae)

Black Crowberry, Wineberry {Empetrum nigrum L.). — Low creep-
ing evergreen shrub with prostrate stems 6 to 15 inches long and numerous
spreading branchlets; leaves crowded on the stems, linear, blunt-pointed,
grooved on the lower side; flowers small, mostly with 3 sepals and petals,
borne singly in the leaf-axils; berries small, black, containing 6 to 9 seeds
or nutlets.

The generic name, Empetrum, comes from the Greek en, upon, and
petros, rock, alluding to the fact that it is often found growing on rocks, over
which it may form dense clinging carpets. The tiny black berries are eaten
by birds.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: moraine at edge of Blue Glacier, 4,000 feet. MOUNT RAI-
NIER, cominon at about 7,500 feet. ISLE ROYALE, occasional on rocks: Scoville Point;
Passage Island.

Olive Family (Oleaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Fruits seed-like with prominent wing at the tip, borne in loose drooping clusters

fraxinus, p. 204.

Fruits not winged, borne singly or in groups of several.

Small shrubs up to about 1 foot high; leaves mostly linear or lance-shaped,
about 1/2 inch long, the lower broader and larger; fruits small capsules
menodora, p. 206.

Large shrubs up to 5 or 10 feet high; leaves levcrse-egg-shaped or egg-shaped
to iance-shaped, mostly more than J/2 inch long; fruits like small olives
forestiera, p. 206.

Ash (Fraxinus L.)

Ash is well known as large trees usually found growing along streams
and in generally wet places. The shrub species found in our national parks
have a rather different appearance but can be identified as species of ash
because of their narrow wedge-shaped winged fruits hanging in loose clusters.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves divided into 3 to 5 separate leaflets; flowers with white or greenish-white
corollas.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

205

Leaflets toothed; flower clusters leafless, borne in axils of the leaves; corolla

composed of 2 narrow petals; found in California parks

I. F. dipeiala.

Leaflets mostly not toothed; flower clusters terminal on leafy shoots; corolla

divided into 4 linear lobes; found in the Grand Canyon

2. F. cuspidala var. niacropetala.

Leaves mostly not divided into separate leaflets; flowers green, the petals none

3. F. anomala.

L Two-petal Ash (Fraxinus dipetala H. & A.). — Spreading shrub

5 to 25 feet high with numerous slender stems from the base; leaves opposite,

divided into usually 5 leaflets; leaflets % to I1/2 inches long, broadly elliptic

to egg-shaped, the margins toothed; flowers white, the petals 2, about I/4 inch

long, borne in narrow clusters 2 to 4 inches long, the clusters usually several in

the leaf-axils; fruits small winged seeds % to 1 inch long, the wings oblong,

sometimes notched at the tips. This species occurs principally in canyons or

on mountain slopes in the foothill regions of California where it is also

known as flowering ash. The herbage is browsed by deer.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare near western park boundary: El Portal, 2,500 feet.
SEQUOIA, occasional: west of Panorama Point, 3,000 feet.

44=^;^=^

2. Southwestern Fragrant Ash (Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. var.
macropetala (Eastw.) Rehd.), fig. 123. — Tall spreading shrub with ash-
colored bark; leaflets 3 to 5, egg-
shaped to oval or roundish, ^2 to
II/4 inches long, the terminal leaf-,
let often larger than the lateral,
mostly not toothed; flowers frag-
rant, borne in loosely branched
clusters at the ends of leafy
branchlets, the clusters erect in
flower, drooping in fruit; corolla
about I/2 inch long, divided into 4
linear lobes, green at first, becom-
ing white; fruits narrowly oblong,
% to 1 inch long. (Syn. F.
macropetala Eastw.).

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, in
the canyon, on the redwall limestone
formation on both sides of the Colo-
rado River, 4,500 to 6,000 feet: Bright
Angel trail; below Huxley Terrace; Pig. 123. Southwestern fragrant ash (Fraxinus
Kaibab trail above Devil's Backyard, cuspidata var. macropetala).

3. Singleleaf Ash (Fraxinus anomala Wats.), fig. 124.— Shrub or
small tree 5 to 30 feet high, the branchlets 4-sided; leaf-blades roundish to
broadly egg-shaped with broad wedge-shaped base, % to 2 inches long, some-
times divided into 3 leaflets, dark green, smooth, somewhat leathery, not
toothed or with few coarse teeth; flowers green, borne in clusters in the leaf-

206

American Midland Naturalist Monogra.>h No. 4

Fig. 124. Singleleaf ash {Fraxinus
anomala).

axils, the petals none; fruits oblong, i^ to
% inch long. The herbage is browsed to
a certain extent by animals.

Occurrence. — ZION, occasional: road below
Temple of Sinawaya. GRAND CANYON, 4,400 to
6,700 feet. South Rim, rare: between Yaki Point
and Shoshone Point; Grandview trail. Canyon,
common: Bright Angel trail; Hermit trail; Ha-
vasu Canyon; Bright Angel Canyon; Kaibab
trail above Roaring Springs.

Rough Menodora {Menodora scabra
Gray) . — Low herb-like shrubs 1/2 to 1 (or
2) feet high, with numerous slender stems
clustered at the woody base; leaves some-
what leathery, sparsely hairy, alternate or
the lower opposite, not toothed, oblong-
to linear-lance-shaped, about ^2 irich long
or the lower larger and broader, up to
about lya inches long; flowers yellow, the
corolla with short tube and 5 oblong
spreading lobes; fruits small 2-lobed cap-
sules, the cells ovoid to globose, each 2-
seeded.

Occurrence. — ■ GRAND CANYON, rare on the
South Rim : Pasture Wash.

New Mexican Forestiera, Paloblanco (Forestiera neomexicana
Gray). — Much-branched shrub 5 to 10 feet high with opposite leaves and
often spine-tipped branchlets; bark smooth, grayish or yellowish; leaves gray-
ish-green, reverse-lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped, tapering to a point
at the base, usually not more than twice as long as wide, ^ to 1^/^ inches
long, smooth, the margins finely toothed, often tending to be clustered at the
ends of the branches; flowers small and inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, clus-
tered along the stems before the leaves appear; petals none, or rarely 1 or 2,
white; fruits oblong, i^ ^o 1/3 inch long, bluish-black when ripe, 1 -seeded,
borne on slender stems in clusters of few to several in the leaf-axils.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE, occasional: north-facing slopes of Long Canyon near
junction with Navajo Canyon.

Phacelia Family (Hydrophyllaceae)
Yerba-santa {Eriodictyon Benth.)44

The generic name, Eriodictyon, is from the Greek, erion, wool, and dic-

44 A very showy species, Eriodictyon Parryi (Gray) Greene (Syn. Nama Parryi
Gray), is found at Horseshoe Bend along the entrance highway to Kings Canyon
National Park.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 207

tuon, network, referring to the dense felt covering the lower surface of the
leaves between the very prominent net-work of veins.

Field Guide to the Species

Herbage white-woolly; leaves not glutinous above; flowers in dense, leafy, more or

less head-like clusters 1. E. Lohbi.

Herbage not white-woolIy ; leaves more or less glutinous above; flowers in branched
spreading clusters, the clusters with few leaves.
Leaves oblong to lance-shaped, 2 to 8 inches long, the margins very slightly, if

at all, inrolled; occurs in Califorina parks 2. E. calif oriiicum.

Leaves linear, 1 to 4 inches long, the margins conspicuously inrolled; occurs in

the Southwest parks 3. E. an gusli folium.

\. Woolly Yerba-santa {Eriodictyon Lobbi (Gray) Greene). — Low
spreading shrub, 1/2 to I1/2 feet high, the stems creeping or somewhat erect;
lower leaves % to 1 inch long, linear or narrowly spatula-shaped, white-
woolly at least below, the margins more or less inrolled, crowded and bunched
along the stems; leaves of flowering stems 1 to 2 inches long, spatula-shapeid,
scattered on the stems; flowers purple, tubular, about 1/3 to 1/2 inch long,
borne in clusters of a few in the axils of the upper leaves; fruits tiny capsules
splitting into 4 sections. (Syn. Nama Lobbi Gray) .

Occurrence. — LASSEN : Lassen Peak.

2. California Yerba-santa (Eriodictyon calijornicum H. & A.
Greene) . — Erect evergreen shrub 2 to 8 feet high; leaves oblong to lance-
shaped, 2 to 8 inches long, smooth and usually somewhat sticky or varnished-
looking above, densely grayish-felty below, the margins shallowly toothed
and sometimes slightly inrolled; flowers with tubular corollas, % to % inch
long, blue to lavender or almost white; fruits small hard capsules about Yg
inch long, splitting into 4 sections.

California yerba-santa is considered a valuable honey plant for bees and
the herbage is browsed to a certain extent by deer. Early settlers considered
the crushed leaves as helpful in treatment of colds, catarrh, and asthma.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, occasional, 2,500 to 5,000 feet: west entiance to park;
Mirror Lake; Wawona. SEQUOIA, occasional, 2,000 to 6,000 feet: Giant Forest;
Marble Fork Kaweah River.

3. Narrowleaf Yerba-santa (Eriodictyon angusttfolium Nutt.). —
This species differs from California yerba-santa in having the leaf margins
inrolled to form linear leaves. The leaves also tend to be bunched along
the stems more than in the California species.

Occurrence. — ZION : j/2 mile north of Silver Reef Mine.

Verbena Family (Verbenaceae)

Wright Lippia (Lippia Wrighti Gray). — Erect aromatic shrub, 2 to 4
feet high, with widely spreading opposite branches; bark of young stems
stringy, soon peeling, the old bark roughened; leaves small, mostly ^ to ^2

208 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

inch long, egg-shaped to oval, roughish above, softly and densely hairy below,
the margins toothed; flowers small, white, borne in long slender clusters, 1 to
21/2 inches long; corolla 2-lipped; fruit becoming 2 small seed-like nutlets.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, in the canyon: Clear Creek trail below Phantom
Point; Kaibab Trail along switchbacks below Tip-off; Bright Angel Creek about 2
miles above Phantom Ranch.

Mint Family (Menthaceae)

Desert Sage {Salvia carnosa Dougl.). — Low compact, densely branched
shrub, % to 2i/4 feet high; leaves Y^ to Y^ inch long, elliptic to broadly
wedge-shaped, tapering towards the base into short slender leaf-stalks, the
whole finely white-felty; flowers borne in the axils of reddish-purple leaf-like
bracts crowded into dense cushion-like clusters borne at intervals along the
upper part of the branches; corolla light violet-blue, tubular, the tube ^4 ^° /^
inch long and divided near the top into two unequal lips, the stamens stand-
ing far out from the tube; fruits small, dividing into 4 tiny nutlets.

Occurrence. — ZION. GRAND CANYON, occasional in the canyon, 3,800 to 6,200 feet;
Cedar Ridge near the fossil fern quarry on the Kaibab trail; Bright Angel trail just
btlow Indian Gardens.

Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)

WOLFBERRY, DeSERT-THORN {Lycium L.)

Field Gu:de to the Species

Leaves J/2 to 2 inches long, J/g to '/4 inch wide ; berries globose.

Flowers large, '/2 to % inch long, trumpet-shapyed ; the corolla lobes not hairy;

berry dull white to purplish-blue I. L. pallidum.

Flowers smaller, about ]/2 inch long; the corolla lobes with hairy margins; berry

red 2. L. Torrent.

Leaves J/j to I/2 inch long, linear-spatula-shaped, thick and fleshy; berry elliptic,

yellow to red 3. L. AnJersom.

L Pale Wolfberry (Lycium pallidum Miers), fig. 125. — Widely
spreading shrub 11/2 to 3 feet high with stout thorny branchlets; leaves smooth
or very finely hairy, whitish, egg-shaped to elliptic or oblong, rounded at tips
and tapering to base, 1 to 2 inches long, tending to be clustered at the joints
of the stems; flowers broadly funnel-shaped, about ^2 to % inch long, pale
greenish or yellowish or tinged with purple, usually borne singly in the leaf-
axils and hanging from the underside of the stems; berries globose, 1/3 to 1/2
inch in diameter, white to purplish with a bloom.

The berries were eaten by the American Indians and are much relished
by birds and small mammals. In some regions the herbage is browsed to a
considerable extent in spite of the thorns. The stumps sprout readily when
the stems are cut down, often forming thickets.

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE: near Far View House. ziON : hill above Coalpits Wash,
near west entrance, 4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON, on the South Rim : Pasture Wash.

2. Torrey Wolfberry, Squaw Desert-thorn {Lycium Toneyi

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

209

Gray) . — Spreading shrub 3 to 8 feet high
with large stout thorns or nearly thorn-
less; stems and leaves smooth; leaves ob-
long to spatula-shaped, 1/2 to I1/2 inches
long, tending to be clustered at the stem
joints; flowers narrowly funnel-shaped, about
14 inch long, lavender-purple, mostly several
in a leaf-cluster; berries globose, red, about ^4
inch in diameter.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON : found in Grand
Canyon National Monument just west of park.

3. Anderson Wolfberry {Lycium An-
dersoni Gray), fig. 126. — Intricately branched
spiny shrub 1 to 4 feet high, with whitish bark;
leaves spatula-shaped, mostly ^ to I/2 inch
long, at first thick and fleshy, borne along the

Fig. 126. Anderson wolfberry
{Lycium Andersoni).

Fig. 125. Pale wolfberry
{Lycium pallidum).

Stems in bunches of several;
flowers slender- f unnelf orm,
about 14 to % inch long, the
corolla tube yellowish, the
lobes lavender; berries elliptic,
small, less than Y^ inch long,
yellow to red.

During the flowering pe-
riod and before, the leaves are
very turgid and almost cylin-
dric, but later, after the ripen-
ing of the fruits or during pe-
riods of drought, they become
flattened and limp. They act
as reservoirs of water, as is

210 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

true of many desert plants, and the developing fruits, which are quite juicy

when ripe, quickly deplete this supply.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, commcn in the canyon on the Tonto, about 4,000
feet: Hermit trail; Kaibab trail on both sides of the Colorado River; Bright Angel
trail below Indian Gardens.

FiGWORT Family (Scrophulariaceae)
Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves sticky-glutinous above; flowers yellowish salmon-color; found in Sequoia

National Park DIPLACUS, p. 210.

Leaves not sitcky-glutinous; flowers blue, purple, red, whitish, or yellowish; wide-
spread in the parks PENSTEMON, p. 210.

Bush Monkeyflower (Diplacus longiflorus Nutt. var. calycinus Jep-
son) .- — Widely branched shrub 1 to 3 feet high; young stems and flower
stalks white-woolly with sticky-glandular hairs; leaves broadly lance-shaped
to oblong-egg-shaped, 1 to 3 inches long, yellowish-green, sticky-glutinous
above, hairy below, the margins not toothed or slightly toothed; flowers li^
to 2% inches long, the corolla yellowish salmon-color, tubular, the tube slender
below and expanding into a broad throat, the lobes 2-lipped; calyx 5-angled,
cylindric; capsule oblong, about % inch long, 2-valved, many-seeded.

Occurrence. — sequoia.

Penstemon, Beardtongue (Penstemon Mitch.)

The name, Penstemon, is derived from the Greek pente, five, and stemon,
stamen. Ordinarily in this genus there are four pollen-bearing stamens and
a fifth sterile stamen which is merely a stalk or filament without an anther.
This is sometimes bearded on the end, hence the common name, beardtongue.
The broadly tubular or funnel-shaped corolla is 2-lipped as in the flowers of
a snapdragon except that the throat is not closed. The oblong, 2-valved,
many-seeded capsules sometimes remain attached to the dried stems all winter.
The flowers are among the most attractive in the western national parks
and many species are cultivated as ornamentals. Only a few species are truly
shrubby but several of the woody-based species are considered here also.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves oblong, oblong-lance-shaped or spatula-shaped to egg-shaped or roundish.

Flowers % to J/2 inch long, yellowish to whitish or tinged with pink or purple;
sterile filament not bearded; anthers not woolly.

Flower-clusters unbranched, spike-like; leaves egg-shaped to oblong, '/4 to

% inch long, somewhat heart-shaped at base I. P. Rolhroc}(i.

Flower-clusters loosely branched ; leaves oblong to narrowly lance-shaped,

!/2 to 2 inches long, not heart-shaped at base 2. P. breviflorus.

Flowers % to 1 J/2 inches long, purple-blue or red; sterile filament bearded or
not bearded; anthers woolly or not woolly.

Leaves narrowly elliptic to broadly egg-shaped or roundish, J/4 to IJ/4 inches
long; anthers densely woolly; sterile filament bearded or not.

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 211

Flowers blue to lavender-purple; sterile filament bearded or not.

Plants j/2 to 2 feet high; leaves usually finely toothed; sterile

filament not bearded 3. P. frulicosus.

Plants 2 to 6 inches high; leaves mostly not toothed.

Sterile filament not bearded; occurs at Glacier National

Park 4. P. elUpiicus.

Sterile filament bearded; occurs in Pacific Coast parks

5. P. Davidsoni.

Flowers red; sterile filament bearded.

Leaves toothed or not toothed; occurs in California parks

6. P. Nervberr^i.

Leaves mostly toothed; occurs in Oregon and Washington parks

7. P. rupicola.

Leaves mostly narrowly oblong to spatula-shaped, % to 3 inches long;
sterile filament not bearded; anthers woolly or not.

Flowers lilac-purple, broadly funnel-shaped; leaves finely toothed;

anthers woolly 8. P. Scouleri.

Flowers red, tubular funnel-shaped; leaves not toothed; anthers not

woolly 9. P. Dridgesi.

Leaves linear or awl-shaped, pointed; flowers about j/4 to % inch long; anthers not
woolly.

Flowers pink or rose-color; leaves 1 to 2 inches long; sterile filament not

bearded 10. P. ambiguus.

Flowers blue; leaves !/4 to J/2 inch long; sterile filament bearded

1 1 . P. Unarioides.

1. RoTHROCK Penstemon (Penstemon Rothrocki Gray). — -Bushy
shrub, 1 to 2 feet high; leaves egg-shaped to oblong-egg-shaped, somewhat
heart-shaped at base, I/4 to % inch long, grayish with short stif? hairs, the
margins toothed or not toothed, often wavy; flowers dull yellow, sometimes
tinged with pink or purple, ^g to 1/2 inch long, borne on an unbranched stem
to form a spike-like flower cluster; sterile filament not bearded; anthers
not woolly.

Occurrence. — SEQUOIA.

2. Stubflower Penstemon (Penstemon brevifloms Lindl.). — Loosely
branched evergreen shrub, 1 to 3 feet high; leaves oblong to narrowly lance-
shaped, ^2 to 2 inches long, pale green, the margins finely toothed or the
upper scarcely toothed; flowers usually whitish with pink or purple markings,
about 1/2 inch long, borne in loosely branched clusters; sterile filament not
bearded at tip; anthers not woolly.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE.

3. Bush Penstemon (Penstemon fniticosus (Pursh) Greene). — Erect
shrub ^2 to 2 feet high; leaves leathery, the lower spatula-shaped, or reverse-
egg-shaped to lance-shaped, % to 1 inch long, finely toothed, the upper
smaller, egg-shaped; flowers purple, about 1 to ly^ inches long; anthers
woolly; sterile filament not bearded.

Occurrence. — mount rainier.

212 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

4. RoCKViNE Penstemon (Penstemon ellipticus Coult. &: Fish.). —
Prostrate woody-based plants about 6 inches high, often forming dense mats
2 feet across; leaves thickish, egg-shaped to roundish; flowering branches cov-
ered with short, sticky-glandular hairs; flowers about 1^2 inches long, purple
or violet; sterile filament not bearded; anthers woolly.

Occurrence. — glacier, common, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: Hanging Gardens near Logan
Pass; Skyline trail to Granite Park; above Lake Ellen Wilson; Sp>erry Glacier trail;
trail to Swiftcurrent Peak; Iceberg Lake; above Ptarmigan Lake; Brown's Pass.

5. Davidson Penstemon (Penstemon Davidsoni Greene). — Prostrate
woody-based plant often forming broad dense mats; leaves thickish, reverse-
egg-shaped to almost round, ^ to ^ inch long, smooth, not toothed; flowers
lilac-purple, 1 to 1^/2 inches long, 1 to 5, borne along short flowering stems;
sterile filament bearded at the tip; anthers woolly. (Syn. P. Menziesi Hook,
var. Davidsoni Piper) .

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, common, 5,000 to 6,000 feet: Queets Divide; Martins Park.
MOUNT RAINIER: near Mowich Lake. CRATER LAKE, common on the upper slopes and
ledges: around the crater rim; Garlield Peak trail; Union Peak. LASSEN: Cinder
Cone. YOSEMITE, timberline to 12,500 feet: Mount Conness ; ridge southeast of Eliza-
beth Lake. KINGS CANYON: Mount Brewer; Harrison Pass trail. SEQUOIA, above tim-
berline: Little Five Lakes; Mount Kaweah.

6. Newberry Penstemon, Mountain Pride {Penstemon Newberryi

Gray). — Low, somewhat shrubby plant, % to ly2 feet high; leaves thickish,

narrowly elliptic to almost round, ^ to 1^4 inches long, covered with a whitish

bloom, finely toothed or not toothed; flowers bright red, 1 to II/4 inches long,

borne in unbranched clusters at the ends of the branches; sterile filament

bearded; anthers densely woolly. (Syn. P. Menziesi Hook. var. Newberryi

Gray).

Occurrence. — LASSEN : Cinder Cone, 7,200 feet. YOSEMITE. KINGS CANYON : Harri-
son Pass trail. SEQUOIA.

7. Cliff Penstemon {Penstemon rupicola Howell) . — Low spreading

woody-based plant about 6 inches high; leaves thickish, elliptic to roundish,

about I/2 inch long, smooth, covered with a whitish bloom, mostly toothed;

flowers red; sterile filament bearded; anthers woolly; occurs on rocky ledges

and ridges.

Occurrence. — MOUNT RAINIER. CRATER LAKE: Garfield Peak trail; Llao Rock;
ridge west of Pumice Flat.

8. Scouler Penstemon {Penstemon Scouleri Dough). — Low shrub
9 to 20 inches high; leaves lance-shaped to narrowly reverse-lance-shaped, %
to I1/4 inches long, toothed; flowers lilac-purple, 1 to 1 1/2 inches long; anthers
woolly; sterile filament not bearded. (Syn. P. Menziesi Hook. var. Scouleri
Gray) .

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE, reported.

9. Bridges Penstemon {Penstemon Bridgesi Gray). — Somewhat shrub-
by plant, 1 to 2i/2 feet high; leaves linear to spatula-shaped, 1^/2 to 3 inches

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 213

long, the margins not toothed; flowers scarlet, 1 to II/4 inches long, borne in
narrow branched clusters; sterile filament not bearded; anthers not woolly.

Occurrence. YOSEMITE. RINGS CANYON: East Lake. SEQUOIA. MESA VERDE. ZION.

GRAND CANYON.

10. Cow-tobacco {Penstemon ambtguus Torr. subsp. laevissimus
Keck) . — Much-branched bush with stems woody at the base, 2 to 5 feet high;
leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, green, smooth or very finely hairy; flowers
pink or rose-color, about 1/2 inch long, borne in narrow branched clusters;
sterile filament not bearded; anthers not woolly.

Occurrence. — BRYCE CANYON. ZlON.

11. Toadflax Penstemon {Penstemon linarioides Gray). — More or
less prostrate woody-based dwarf with leaves closely covering the lower stems;
leaves linear or awl-shaped, I/4 to ^4 inch long, pointed at the tip; flowers
blue, about % inch long; sterile stamen more or less bearded; anthers not
woolly. Two subspecies are recognized in the national parks. (Syn. P.
abietinus Pennell.)

11a. Siler Toadflax Penstemon (Subspecies Silen (Gray) Greene).

— Plants green, smooth or thinly hairy; sterile filaments bearded.

Occurrence. — BRYCE canyon, 6,000 feet. ZlON : south of junction of highway no.
89 with Alton road, 7,000 feet. GRAND CANYON, common in the forest on the South
Rim, about 7,000 feet: Grand Canyon Village; Grandview Pomt; 2 miles south of
Yaki Point.

lib. Colorado Penstemon (Subspecies coloradoensis Keck). — Plants
whitish or grayish with fine appressed hairs; sterile filaments not bearded.
(Syn. P. coloradoensis Nels.).

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE.

Catalpa Family (Bignoniaceae)

Desert Willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet). — Large shrub to
small tree, 10 to 20 feet high, branched from the base with many slender
willow-like stems; leaves mostly alternate, linear or linear-Iance-shaped, 2 to 5
inches long, sharp-pointed, green on both sides, not toothed; flowers pink to
whitish, showy, 1 to 2 inches long, broadly funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, borne in
few-flowered clusters at the ends of the branchlets; capsules linear, 4 to 10
inches long; many seeded; seeds oblong, flattish, with long silky hairs at
both ends.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, rare m the canyon: Havasu Canyon, 3,500 feet.

Madder Family (Rubiaceae)

Bedstraw (Galium stellatum Kell. var. eremicum Hilend 8C Howell). —
Low, much-branched plant 5 to 12 inches high, with slender woody lower
stems; stems 4-angIed; leaves narrowly egg-shaped to lance-shaped, about Y^
to y2 inch long, the older stiffish and sharp-pointed, borne in circles of 4;

214 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

flowers tiny, 4-Iobed, white, crowded in clusters of several in the leaf-axils;
fruits small, divided into 2 seed-like structures, white-hairy with long stiff
hairs longer than the diameter of the fruit.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the canyon, 2,500 ot 6,500 feet: Bright Angel
trail near the Colorado River and several miles above; Kaibab frail above Roaring
Springs; Bright Angel Creek above Phantom Ranch.

Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)

Field Guide to the Genera

Leaves with unloothed margins, mostly rounded or blunt-pointed at tips.

Corollas bell-shaped to funnel-shaped, with short lobes, regular, white to pink-
ish; berries dry, spongy, white SYMPHORICARPOS, p. 214.

Corollas tubular, rather deeply lobed or 2-lipped, white, yellow, orange, red, or
purple, the tubes usually with swelling on one side; berries juicy, not

white LONICERA, p. 218.

Leaves with margins toothed, p>ointed at tips.

Corollas yellow, funnel-shaped, rather deeply lobed; fruits dry capsules; low

shrubs mostly less than 3 feet high DIERVILLA, p. 223.

Corollas white, saucer-shaped with short tubes; fruits berry-like; tall shrubs
mostly more than 3 feet high.

Leaves simple; fruits red, containing a single flattened seed

VIBURNUM, p. 224.

Leaves divided into several pairs of leaflets; fruits small red or purple-
black berries wdth 3 to 5 seed-like nutlets SAMBUCUS, p. 225.

Snowberry {Symphor'tcarpos L.)

The snowberries are rather low shrubs with slender branches, usually gray-
ish-green foliage, and inflated-looking waxy-white berries. The flowers are
small and not very conspicuous, but because of the attractive fruits which
remain on the bushes for a long time, snowberries are often cultivated as
ornamentals. The foliage is browsed by deer and birds eat the berries.

Field Guide to the Species

Flowers broadly bell-shaped, about J,^ inch long, hairy in the throat; leaves mostly
elliptic to egg-shaped or roundish.

Leaves mostly smooth, at least above; flowers densely hairy in the throat; erect

shrubs - - 1 . 5. alius.

Leaves finely and softly hairy; flowers sparsely hairy in the throat; low spread-
ing or prostrate shrubs 2. S. mollis.

Flowers narrowly bell-shaped to funnel-shaped or tubular, I/4 to ^g inch long, the
throat hairy or not hairy inside; leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic or oval.

Flowers J/^ to 5/2 inch long, the corolla-tubes hairy or not hairy inside

3. 5. roiundifoUus.

Flowers % to 5^ inch long, the corolla-tubes scarcely hairy inside

4. 5. longiflorus.

I. Common Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake), fig. 127.
— Spreading shrubs 2 to 5 feet high; leaves thickish, oval to egg-shaped or
roundish, broadly lobed or wavy-margined, mostly smooth above, sometimes

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 215

Fig. 127. Common snowberry (^Symphoricarpos albus).

hairy below, I/4 to I1/2 inches long; flowers white or pinkish, the corollas
densely hairy within, borne few to several in rather crowded clusters at the
ends of the branches and in the leaf-axils; berries white, round or oval, 1/3
to 1/2 inch in diameter. (Syn. S. racemosus Michx.) .

The leaves, particularly of the sterile shoots, are very variable and there
is considerable variation in type and amount of hairiness of the herbage.
Several different forms have been named, such as S. occidentalis Hook., with
protruding stamens and styles, and the dwarf hairy S. pauciflorus Blake with
fewer flowers. Also, there is the more luxuriant Pacific coast variety laevigatus
Blake (syn. S. rividaris Suksd.), a generally taller form with mostly smooth
leaves and larger fruits. This is the variety most commonly cultivated in
gardens. It is native west of the Continental Divide.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC, at lower elevations: Mount Angeles; Elwha River; En-
chanted Valley. CRATER LAKE, rare: south entrance. GLACIER, common, 3,000 to
5,000 feet: Swiftcurrent Lake; trail to Iceberg Lake; St. Mary Lake; Cut Bank
Valley; Belton; Lake McDonald. YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth; lower slopes of Electric
Peak. MESA VERDE. GRAND CANYON, On the North Rim. isLE ROYALE, common: trail
to Lake Richie; Daisy Farm; old Rock Harbor lighthouse; Greenstone Ridge between
Mount Ojibway and Monument Rock.

2. Spreading Snowberry {Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt.).^ — Low
spreading or more or less trailing shrubs 1 foot high; leaves oval to elliptic,
pointed at the tips or rounded, i^ to 2/3 inch long, often lobed or irregularly
toothed, hairy on both sides, especially below; flowers white or pink, borne
towards the ends of the branches in small clusters in the leaf-axils; berries
white, globose, about I/4 inch in diameter.

As is true of all the species of snowberry, this trailing form is very variable
in leaf-shape and in the type and quantity of hairiness. Hence it has been
divided into several species. Washington snowberry {S. hesperius G. N.

216

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fig. 129. Roundleaf snowberry
{Syimpboricarpos rotundlfolius) .

Fig. 128. Washington snowberry
{S^mphoricarpos hesperim) .

Jones), fig. 128, with thinnish oval
pointed leaves and nearly smooth
twigs, is the form found in the
Northwest, at Olympic and Mount
Rainier National Parks. Sharpleaf
snowberry (S. acutus (Gray) Dieck), with densely hairy twigs and leaves,
occurs in the southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada parks from Crater Lake
south to Kings Canyon. S. mollis is a CaUfomia form with firm roundish-
oval leaves not pointed at the tips.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: trail to Constance Ridge. MOUNT RAINIER: Longmire; Nis-
qually Valley; Mount Wow; White River, near old camp. CRATER LAKE: south
entrance to park; Trapper Creek. LASSEN: Lassen Peak. YOSEMITE, common, 4,000 to
8,500 feet: Yosemite Valley; Ledge trail; Pohono trail; Gray Creek; Crane Flat
road north of Merced Grove; Muir Gorge. KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek.
SEQUOIA, 5,000 to 7,000 feet: Black Rock Pass; head of Bennett Creek; near Colony
Mill.

3. Roundleaf Snowberry {Symphoricarpos rotundlfolius Gray), fig.
129. — Spreading shrubs 1 to 4 feet high, the stems sometimes nearly pros-
trate; leaves smooth or hairy, oblong to elliptic, broadly oval, or egg-shaped,
i^ to 1 inch long, those of sterile shoots sometimes rounded and few-toothed;
flowers y^ to i^ inch long, the corolla narrowly bell-shaped, white with a
pinkish or yellowish tinge, hairy on the inside or in some forms smooth, with
5 glandular areas at the base; styles smooth; berries waxy-white, globose or
oblong.

As considered here, this species is very variable. Jones in his monograph

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

217

on Symphoricarpos^l •"> considers several species not included here. He in-
dicates that S. rotundijolius is confined to the southern part of the range.
S. Parishi Rydb., a dwarf spreading form with the corollas shorter, scarcely
more than 1/4 inch long, and hairy on the inside, occurs at Grand Canyon
and in the southern Sierra Nevada parks. Two other species are similar to
vS". Parishi but with slightly larger flowers. S. tetonensis Nels., with smooth
leaves and twigs and the corolla-tube smooth on the inside, occurs at Grand
Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. S. vaccitiioides Rydb., with hairy
twigs, numerous small pointed leaves, and the inside of the corolla-tubes hairy
on the lower half, is listed from Yellowstone and Kings Canyon National
Parks.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, occasional, 6,000 to 9,000 feet: Rainbow Falls; Tuolumne
Meadows; Mount Dana; near junction of Pleasant Valley and Pate Valley frails;
Matterhorn Canyon. KINGS CANYON: East Lake; Junction Meadow; between Charlotte
Creek and Junction Meadow. SEQUOIA, occasional, 5,000 to 10,000 feet: Mount Whit-
ney trail; between Little Kern River and Farewell Gap. YELLOWSTONE, common: near
c.'ist entrance; Sylvan Pass; north of Canyon Junction; Specimen Ridge; Yeilowttone
Falls. GRAND TETON, about 6,500 feet: 1 mile south of park headquarters; Jackson
Lake; east of Moran Bay snowshoe cabin; above Whitegrass Ranch. ROCKY MOUN-
TAIN. MESA VERDE, occasional, 6,000 to 7,700 feel: near lower end of Spruce Canyon;
Navajo Canyon. BRYCE canyon, 7,000 to 9,100 feet: near Bryce Lodge; Far View;
Rainbow Mountain. ZION, on the plateau: East Rim trail near mouth of Hidden Can-
yon. GRAND CANYON, 5,000 to 8,500 feet. North Rim, common: Thompson Canyon;
Bright Angel Point; Neal Spring; Walhalla Plateau; Swamp Point. South Rim, com-
mon: Grand Canyon Village; Grand View; 2 miles south of Yaki Point. Canyon,
common: Bright Angel trail; Hermit trail; Kaibab trail below both rims.

4. LoNGFLOWER Snowberry (Sym-
phoricarpos longiflorus Gray), fig. 130. — ■
Spreading shrubs 1 to 4 feet high with nu-
merous short branches and smooth or nearly
smooth herbage; leaves reverse-lance-shaped,

mcr

h long, covered with a whitish

bloom; flowers tubular-funnel-shaped, % to %
inch long, scarcely if at all hairy on the in-
side; with a single glandular area at the base;
style hairy.

Mountain snowberry (S. oreophilus
Gray) is similar, but with 5 glandular areas
at the base of the corolla on the inside and
the styles not hairy. Utah snowberry (S.
iitahensis Rydb.) is similar to S. oreophilus
but the young twigs are hairy and the corolla
tubes slightly shorter and hairy on the
inside.

OccuTTencc. — ZiON, 4,000 feet: near south en-
trance. GRAND CANYON: Kaibab Plateau; Kaibab
trail below both rims; Bright Angel trail a little be-
low South Rim.

Fig. 130. Longflower snowberry
{Symphoricarpos longiflorus).

4 5 Jones, G. N. A monograph of the genus Symphoricarpos. Arnold Arboretum

Jour. 21: 201-252. 1940.

218 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Honeysuckle {Lonicera L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Upright shrubs; flowers in pairs, rarely soHtary; leaves distinct.

Corollas yellow or yellowish, regular or nearly so, the lobes distinctly shorter
than the tubes.

Bracts below flowers large, more or less enveloping the ovaries, becoming

red and conspicuous in fruit; ftuits purple-black

I . L. involucrata.

Bracts below flowers small, usually awl-shaped; fruits black or red.

Ovaries enclosed by sac-like united bractlets which becomes juicy and
colored in fruit, appearing as a single black berry.

Corollas usually finely hairy outside; found in western parks

2. L. coerulea.

Corollas usually smooth outside; found on Isle Royale

3. L. villosa var.

Ovaries slightly joined below, appearing as twin berries, red when
ripe.

Leaves somewhat pointed at the tips, the margins thinly hairy;
corolla-tubes strongly swollen on one side at the base;
eastern species 4. L. canadensis.

Leaves smooth or slightly hairy on margins at very base; corolla-
tubes slightly swollen on one side at the base; western
species 5. L. utahensis.

Corollas dark purple-red, 2-lipped, the tubes mostly shorter than the lobes

- 6. L. conjiigialis.

Bushy or high climbing shiubs with trailing or twining branches; flowers borne in
circles along the stems near the ends or in head-like clusters; upper leaf
pairs usually joined into saucer-like structures.

Low shrubs with stems trailing along the ground; corollas slightly 2-lipped, the
tubes swollen on one side above the base.

Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; found in Northwest ..7. L. ciliosa.

Leaves ^4 to 2 inches long; found in Southwest 8. L. arizonica.

Bushy or climbing shrubs with twining branches; corollas strongly 2-lipped,
the tubes swollen on one side at the base.

Leaves dull green, hairy on both sides; corollas glandular outside

9. L. hirsula.

Leaves green above, paler or whitish below, smooth, or hairy only below;

corollas smooth or sparingly hairy outside.

Leaves oblong, 2 to 4 inches long; eastern species 10. L. dioica.

Leaves roundish to egg-shaped or elliptic-oblong; % to 1 inch long;

western species II. L. intemipia.

I. Bearberry Honeysuckle, Black Twinberry (Lonicera involu-
crata (Rich.) Banks), fig. 13 L — Widely branching shrub 1 to 6 feet high
with 4-angIed branches; leaves narrowly egg-shap>ed to oblong, pointed at the
tips, with a prominent midrib, the margins not toothed, 2 to 5 inches long,
dark green; flowers yellow, about ^ to % inch long, tubular, scarcely 2-Iipped,
with a swollen pouch at base of tube, borne in pairs and surrounded at the
base by a cup-like involucre composed of two broad leaf-like bracts; berries

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 219

shiny black, surrounded by the persistent involucre which becomes dark red
in fruit and expands to expose the berries. The twigs are browsed to a cer-
tain extent by deer and elk during the winter.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC: Lake Quinault; Beaver Creek. MOUNT RAINIER, occasional
In wet places. 2,000 to 4,500 feet: Longmire. CRATER LAKE. YOSEMITE, -4,500 to
9,500 feet: Yosemite Valley; Inspiration Point; Cloud's Rest; Pohono trail; Con-
ness Creek; Tuolumne Meadows; Vogelsang Pass; Dana Meadows; Porcupine Flat
tiail. KINGS CANYON: East Lake. SEQUOIA, occasional in meadows and moist locations,
6,000 to 9,000 feet: between Lion and Tamarack Lakes ; Tocopah Falls. GLACIER,
common in the woods, especially along streams, 3,000 to 6,000 feet: Three-top Moun-
tain trail; west of Logging Lake; Lake McDonald; Avalanche Lake; west of Logan
Pass; Two Medicine Lake; Cut Bank Valley; Hudson Bay Creek trail; Swiftcur-
rent Lake; Josephine Lake. YELLOWSTONE, occasional; east entrance; Firehole River;
near Old Faithful. GRAND TETON, occasional in moist areas, 6,500 to 7,000 feet; Gran-
ite Canyon; south of park headquarters. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, occasional at higher eleva-
tions: north of Mount Acoma, 9,100 feet. ISLE ROYALE, in the woods: Mott Island;
Lake Richie trail ; Tobin Flarbor.

2. SWEETBERRY HONEYSUCKLE {Lo7l-

icera coerulea L.) — Low branched shrub 1

to 2 feet high, with brown smooth bark
peeling off in long scales; leaves mostly
oblong, % to I1/2 inches long, smooth or
somewhat hairy; flowers yellowish, the corol-
las funnel-shaped, about 1/2 inch long, fine-
ly hairy outside, deeply divided into 5
parts, the tube somewhat swollen at the
base, borne in pairs on very short stalks
in the leaf-axils; berries separate, but closely
surrounded by a fleshy cup which gives
the appearance of a single purplish-black
berry about I/4 inch in diameter.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare: Crescent Lake;
Tuolumne Meadows, along Creek. YELLOWSTONE,
common: Snow Pass; Mammoth; Gibbon River;
Lone Star; Yellowstone Falls; hillside above
Camp Roosevelt.

Fig. 131. Bearberry honeysuckle
(Lonicera involucrala).

3. Mountain Fly Honeysuckle
(Lontcera villosa (Michx.) R. & S. var.

Solonis (Eat.) Fern.). — Similar to L. coerulea, but the young branchlets
with very fine hairs and long hairs; leaves hairy below; corollas usually smooth.
Occurrence. — isle ROYALE, in wet woods and along margms of bogs: near Feldt-
manii Lake; Grace Harbor; head of Siskiwit Bay; McCargo Cove.

4. American Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis Marsh.), fig.
132. — Erect branching shrub 3 to 41/2 feet high, the herbage light green;
leaves thinnish, oblong-egg-shaped, U/z to 3 inches long, somewhat pointed
at the tips, rounded or heart-shaped at base, the margins hairy, finely hairy
below at first; flowers greenish-yellow or whitish, I/2 to 1% inches long, the
corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, with a swelling at base of tube, borne in pairs

220

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

at the ends of slender
stems about 1 inch long
in the leaf-axils; berries
paired, distinct or light-
ly jointed at base, bright
red. (Syn, L. ciliata
Muhl.).

Occurrence. — isle roy-
ale, common in the woods :
near old Rock Harbor
lighthouse ; Washington
Harbor; Lake Desor trail.

5. Utah Honey-
suckle, Red Twin-
berry (Lonicera utah-
ensis Wats.), fig. 133. —
Spreading shrub 2 to 5
feet high; leaves elhptic
to oblong, rounded at
both ends, short-stalked,
% to 21/2 inches long,
pale green, the margins
not toothed, sometimes
sparsely hairy at base;
flowers pale yellow to
white, about 1/2 to %

Fig. 133. Utah honeysuckle (Lonicera
uiahensis) .

Fig. 132. American fly honeysuckle
(Lonicera canadensis^.

inch long, funnel-shaped, the
tube slightly swollen at base,
borne in pairs at the ends of
short stems in the leaf-axils;
berries in pairs, bright red.

Occurrence. — OLYMP;c : Mount
Angeles, 4,000 feet; trail to Con-
stance Ridge. CRATER LAKE, rare:
Boundary Spring. GLACIER, com-
mon, 3,100 feet to timberline: Log-
ging Lake; Lake McDonald; trail
to Sperry Glacier ; Avalanche
Lake; St. Mary Lake; Swiftcur-
rent Lake; Josephine Lake. YEL-
LOWSTONE, rare, 7,500 feet: Syl-
van Pass; above Lost Lake; Mam-
moth. GRAND TETON : m o u t h o f
Death Canyon, 6,700 feet.

6. PURPLEFLOWER HONEY-
SUCKLE (Lonicera conjugialis
Kell.). — Slender shrub 2 to 5
feet high; leaves % to 21^

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

221

inches long, oblong to elliptic or egg-shaped, rounded or pointed at tips,
smooth or finely hairy; flowers dark purple-red, 1/3 to ^2 inch long, tubular,
2-Iipped, the throat with soft white hairs inside, the tube swollen below the
oblong lower lip, borne in pairs on slender stems in the leaf-axils; berries
red, partly united to form a double berry sometimes ^2 vnch. across. The
berries are eaten by birds, especially grouse.

Occurrence. — crater lake, 5,000 to 6,500 feet: the Pinnacles; near park head-
quarters. LASSEN: Hot Springs Valley; Snag Lake. YOSEMITE, occasional. 6,500 to
9,500 feet: "Vosemite Valley; Mariposa Grove; Glacier Point; Lyell Meadows; trail
above Smedberg Lake; near Tuolumne Meadows; Isberg Pass trail; Laurel Lake near
Beehive. KINGS CANYON: Reflection Lake. SEQUOIA, occasional, 4,000 to 10,000 feet:
Farewell Gap; Hockett Meadows; Mount Silliman; Marble Fork Kaweah River.

Swamp Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook.), a
bushy shrub with somewhat hairy herbage, yellowish-white 2-Iipped corollas,
and red or purplish berries, has been reported from Isle Royale.

7. Western Trumpet Honey'suckle (Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh)

Poir.). — Trailing or climbing shrub with slender twining stems 1 to 6 (or

20) feet long; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, oval, blunt-pointed or rounded at

the tips, smooth and green above, whitish below, the margins finely hairy,

upper pair joined into a saucer-like structure; flowers reddish-yellow or orange,

funnel-shaped, % to 1^/2 inches long, the tube somewhat swollen above the

base, borne in head-like clusters at the ends of the branches; berries orange-red.

Occurrence. — OLYMPX: Skokomish Valley; Port Angeles. MGUNl rainier, in open
woods at lower elevations: Nisqually Valley; Cowlitz River near Canyon Bridge.

8. Arizona Honeysuckle
(Lonicera arizonica Rehd.). —
Similar to L. ciliosa, but the
stems straggling over bushes, sel-
dom twining; leaves % to 1^2
inches long, egg-shap)ed, broadly
oval, or nearly round, whitish be-
low, the uppermost pair joined
into a saucer-like structure some
distance below the flower cluster;
corollas reddish outside, orange
inside, funnel-shaped, I1/4 to 1%
inches long, the tube swollen
above the base on one side, borne
in head-like clusters at the ends
of slender stems; berries red.

Occurrence. — grand canyon.

9 Hairy Honeysuckle
{Lonicera hirsuta Eat.), fig. 134.
— High climbing twining shrub
with softly hairy branches; leaves

Fig. 134. Hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera
hirsuta).

222

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

broadly oval, dull green, hairy on both sides, the upper pairs united; flowers
in circles near the ends of the branches; flowers orange-yellow, hairy, the tube
slender, with a swelling on one side at the base; berries orange-red.

Occurrence. — ISLE royale, common in the woods: head of Rock Harbor; Lake
Richie trail.

10. Limber Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica L.). — Bushy shrub 3 to 9
feet high, the stems twining; leaves oblong, often with wavy margins, 2 to 3
(or 4) inches long, green above, smooth, whitish below, the upper pairs
joined to form saucer-like structures; flowers grenish-yellow, tinged with
purple, funnel-shaped, about % to 1 inch long, the tube hairy inside, swollen
at the base on one side, borne in head-like clusters at the ends of the branches;
berries orange-red. (Syn. L. glauca
Hill.)

Occurrence. — mesa VERDE.

10a. Donald Honeysuckle
(Var. glaucescens (Rydb. Butters),
fig. 135. — Twining shrub with
leaves green on both sides, smooth
above, hairy below; corollas yellow,
about Ya ^^'^^ lo"g> the tube swol-
len at the base on one side; berries
smooth, red or orange. (Syn. L.
glaucescens Rydb.).

Fig. 135. Donald honeysuckle (Lonicera
dioica var. glaucescens).

Fig. 136. Chaparral honeysuckle
(Lonicera interrapla).

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

223

Occurrence. — ISLE ROYALE, common in rock openings and near rocky shores; Mott
Island; Lake Richie trail.

11. Chaparral Honeysuckle {Lomcera interrupta Benth.), fig. 136.
— Evergreen bushy shrub with main stem usually erect, 1 to 3 feet high, the
branches climbing or straggling over bushes; bark smooth, often reddish, with
a bloom; leaves % to I1/2 inches long, elliptic to egg-shaped or roundish,
rounded or blunt-pointed at the tips, green above, whitish below, the upper
1 to several pairs united to form a saucer-like structure; flowers yellow, about
1/2 irich long, 2-lipped, borne in circles along the upper part of the branches,
forming interrupted oblong clusters 1 to 3 inches long, or becoming longer
in fruit; berries red.

Occur-'ence. — YOSEMITE, common, 4,000 to 6,500 feet: Yosemite Valley; Yosemite
Falls trail; Vernal Falls; Indian Creek; Inspiration Point; Bridal Veil Meadows.
KINGS CANYON : switchbacks along Bubbs Creek trail. SEQUOIA.

Dwarf Bush Honeysuckle (Diemlla lonicera Mill.), fig. 137. —
Branching shrubs up to about 3 feet high, the herbage smooth; leaves egg-
shaped to oblong-egg-shaped, 1% to 4 inches long, slender-pointed, the mar-

Fig. 137. Dwarf bush honeysuckle (Diervi7/a lomcera).

224

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

gins toothed; flowers yellow, funnel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped
borne 2 or 3 together on short stems at or near the ends of the branches; cap-
sules slender, about 1/3 inch long, narrowed to a beak at the tips; many-seeded.
Occurrence. — isLE ROYALE: Daisy Farm; Rock Harbor Lodge.

Viburnum (Viburnum L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves shallowly 3-lobed or undivided, the leaf-stalks not glandular; flower-clusters
% to 2 inches across, the flowers in a cluster all alike, small, perfect.
Leaves mostly undivided; flower-clusters l!/2 to 2 inches across, borne on elon-
gated upright branches; fruits purple-black, oval, the stone grooved

- 1 . V. elliplicum.

Leaves mostly 3-lobed; flower-clusters % to 1 inch across, borne on short lateral
branchlets; fruits globose, slightly flattened, the stone not or scarcely

grooved ...2. V. pauciflorum.

Leaves 3-lobed, the leaf-stalks with stalked glands near the fop; flower-clusters 2J/2
to 4 inches across, with the center flowers small and a marginal row of
enlarged sterile flowers; fruits scarlet 3. V. Irilobum.

L Oregon Viburnum (Viburnum elUptkum Hook.). — Slender shrub
4 to 71/2 feet high; leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong to broad-elliptic or round-
ish, thickish, very finely hairy below, at least on the veins, 1 to 2% inches long,
3- to 5-nerved from the base, the margins toothed above the base; flowers
small, about i^ ^^'^^ across, borne in more or less flat-topped clusters at the
ends of the branches, the clusters I1/2 to 2 inches across; berries purple-black,
oval, nearly ^2 vnch. long, with a single grooved stone.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, rare.

2. Mooseberry Viburnum
(Viburnum pauciflorum Raf.),
fig. 138. — Straggling shrub 2 to 6
feet high with smooth bark; leaves
opposite, broadly oval to round-
ish, rounded at the base and usu-
ally with 3 broad lobes near the
tip, smooth or somewhat hairy,
the margins toothed; flowers
small, white, borne in small clus-
ters on short branchlets in the
leaf-axils, the clusters about % to
1 inch across; berries nearly glo-
bose, somewhat flattened, about
1/3 inch long, red and trans-
lucent, quite tart, with a single
flattened whitish stone. Where
Fig. 138. Mooseberry viburnum ^^e ?^^^^ is abundant, the berries

{Viburnum pauciflorum). were gathered and made into a

sauce which was used as a substitute for cranberries.

Occurrence. — OLYMPIC. MOUNT rainier, rare: Ohanapecosh River near Cougar

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

225

Creek. GLACIER, occasional, 3,500 to 4,500 feet: Kintla Lake; Avalanche Lake; Mc-
Donald Valley below Avalanche Creek; along trail at upper end of St. Mary Lake.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN, rare: East Inlet, above Grand Lake and below Mount Wescotl,
9,000 feet. ISLE ROYALE, common in moist places: Mott Island; Passage Island.

3. American Cranberrybush Viburnum {Viburnum trilobum
Marsh), fig. 139. — Erect shrub up to 12 feet high, with smooth grayish
branches; leaves opposite, broadly
egg-shaped, 2 to 5 inches long,
3-lobed, the margins toothed, or
sometimes the middle lobe elon-
gated and not toothed, smooth
above, nearly smooth below or
hairy only on the veins, the leaf-
stalks usually with stalked glands;
flower-clusters showy, flat-topped,
2i/2 to 4 inches across, borne on
short stalks; flowers white, the
inner small and seed-producing,
the outer marginal row enlarged
and sterile; fruits globose or
short-ellipsoid, red, about 1/3 inch
long. (Syns. V. americanum
Auth., not Mill.; V. opulus Am.
auth., not L.).46

Occurrence. — isLE RCiALE, occa-
sional along streams and lake margins:
Daisy Farm; islands m Lake Desor;
flood plain of Washington River.

Fig. 139. American cranberry viburnum
{Viburnum trilobum).

Elder {Sambucus L.)

The elderberries are common shrubs in the western national parks, one
or more species being found in each park. The plants favor moist locations
along streams or moist slopes in open forests. The genus is easily recognized
by the opposite leaves which are divided into separate leaflets, and by the
dense clusters of small whitish flowers or dark blue or red berries at the
ends of the branches. The berries of the blue- or black-fruited species are
edible and are often gathered in great quantities for making pies and jellies
or for elderberry wine. The berries of the red-fruited species are reputed to
be poisonous, but are eaten by birds, small mammals, and bears. Indians
made a decoction of the flowers to be used as a lotion and as an antiseptic
wash. The inner bark yields a strong emetic. 4''' The foliage furnishes good
browse for deer and elk, especially in the Fall.

46 Rehder, Alfred, Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North Amer-
ica; second edition, revised and enlarged, p. 842. 1940.

47 Range Plant Handbook B 144: United Stales Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, 1937.

226 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Field Guide to the Species

Flowers borne in large, flat-topped clusters; berries dark purple-blue.
Leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, abruptly short-pointed.

Herbage smooth or very sparsely hairy 1. 5. coerulea.

Herbage finely hairy la. Var. velutina.

Leaflets 5 to 7, thinnish, gradually long-pointed lb. Var. neomexicana.

Flowers borne in round-topped or oblong clusters ; berries red or black.

Berries red; leaves light green, smooth except hairy sometimes along midrib.

Flower-clusters ovoid, the branches spreading or reflexed; pith brown

2. 5. racemosa.

Flower-clusters about as broad as long, the branches ascending; pith at first
white or light brown.

Leaves often hairy on the midrib; occurs in parks of Northwest

2. Var. callicarpa.

Leaves smooth; occurs in Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, and

Southwest 2b. Var. microbotr^s.

Berries black; leaves dark green, hairy below when young 3. 5. melanocarpa.

I. Blueberry Elder {Sambucus coerulea Raf.). — ■Many-stemmed
shrubs 6 to 10 feet high, or small trees up to 25 feet high; leaflets mostly 5
to 7 (or 9) , oblong to narrowly lance-shaped, 1 to 6 inches long, dark green
above, paler below, smooth, pointed at the tips, the margins coarsely toothed,
unequal-sided at the base; flowers small, white, saucer-shaped, borne in flat-
topped clusters sometimes 10 inches across; berries bluish-black with a whitish
bloom. The berries are often gathered for making pies or jelly. (Syns. S.
glauca Nutt., S. coerulea var. arizonica Sarg.).

Occurrence. — Olympic mount rainier, common, 2,500 to 3,500 feel: Longmire;
Nisqually Valley; White River near old camp. CRATER LAKE: near park headquarters;
Crescent Ridge; southwest corner of park. YOSEMITE: near Awahnee Hotel. KINGS
CANYON: near Sphinx Creek. SEQUOIA: near Ash Mountain. BRYCE CANYON: Rim
Road north of Rainbow Mountain. ZION : near Eart Rim ranger cabn. GRAND CAN-
YON, 6,500 to 8,500 feet. North Rim, occasional : along road to Cape Royale. South
Rim and just below: along railroad west of Grand Canyon Village; Bright Angel trail
cibout !/2 mile below rim; Kaibab trail about 2 miles below rim.

la. Whiteleaf Blueberry Elder (Var. velutina (Dur. 6C Hilg.)

Schwer. ) . — Similar to the species but the young branchlets densely hairy

and the leaflets finely hairy at least below. (Syn. S. velutina Dur. & Hilg.,

S. californica Koch.)

Occurrence. — LASSEN. YOSEMITE, 4,000 to 6,000 feet: Tenaya Lake trail; Nevada
Falls; below Vernal Falls; Ledge trail. SEQUOIA, 6,000 to 7,000 feet: Kern River.

lb. New Mexican Elder (Var. neomexicana (Woot.) Rehd.). — Tall
shrubs up to 8 (or 21) feet high; branchlets smooth or finely hairy; leaflets 3
to 5, narrowly lance-shaped, grayish-green, slightly hairy below, gradually
long-pointed, thinnish. (Syn. S. neomexicana Woot.)

Occurrence. — mesa verde: east end of Knife Edge road. GRAND CANYON.
American Elder (Sambucus canadensis L.) with shiny purple-black ber-

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

227

ries borne in flat-topped clusters has been reported from Isle Royale, but it
has not been found recently.

2. European Red Elder {Sambucus racemosa L.). — Tall shrub 4 to
10 feet high with light brown branchlets and smooth herbage; pith brown;
leaflets 5 to 7, egg-shaped or elliptic to narrowly egg-shaped, 1% to 3^^
inches long, long-pointed, rather coarsely toothed; flowers yellowish- white,
borne in dense ovoid clusters 1^2 to 2y2 inches long; berries red.

Occanence. — LASSEN. YOSEMITE. common, 6.500 to 11,000 feet: Crane Flat; Ray-
mond Mountain; Tuolumne Meadows; Smedberg Lake; Isberg Lake trail; Johnson
Peak. KINGS CANYON: East Lake. SEQUOIA, 8,500 to 11,800 feet: Kaweah Gap;
Mount Guyot; Tuolumne Meadow; west of Black Rock Pass. ISLE ROYALE, common in
the woods: near old Rock Harbor lighthouse; Sumner Lake; Washington Harbor.

2a. Pacific Red Elder (Var. calUcarpa (Greene) Jepson), fig. 140. —

Spreading shrubs 6 to 15 feet high or small trees up to 20 feet high; leaflets

light green, smooth e.xcept for fine hairs along the midribs below, 2 to 4

inches long, long-pointed at tips, the margins toothed; flowers creamy-white,

borne in round-topped clusters I1/2 to 3 inches across; berries bright red, the

clusters becoming 5 inches across.

Occurrence. — Olympic: creeks near Lake Crescent; Low Divide. MOUNT RAINIER,
common, 3,500 to 5,000 feet : Stevens Canyon ; Paradise Park. CRATER LAKE : Sun
Meadows, 6,500 feet; Wizard Island, along shore.

Fig. 140. Pacific red elder (Samhucus racemosa var. calUcarpa).

228 Amhrican Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

2b. BuNCHBERRY Elder (Var. microbotrys (Rydb.) Kearn. Si Peebles).
— Shrubs 1 to 6 feet high with hght brown bark and smooth herbage; leaflets
5 to 7, light green, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed at the
tips, 1 to 4 inches long, the margins coarsely toothed; flowers yellowish-white,
borne in round-topped clusters about 2 inches across, the clusters becoming
larger and more spreading in fruit; berries bright red. (Syn. S. microbotrys
Rydb.).

OcCUTTence. GRAND TETON. YELLOWSTONE, reported. ROCKY MOUNTAIN. GRAND

CANYON, on the North Rim.

3. Blackbead Elder (Sambucus melanocarpa Gray). — Spreading shrub
up to 10 or 12 feet high, with reddish-brown branches; leaflets dark green,
5 to 7, oblong-lance-shaped, 3i/2 to 6 inches long, long-pointed, coarsely
toothed, hairy below when young, becoming smooth; flowers yellowish-white,
borne in broadly egg-shaped clusters 2 to 3 inches across, about as broad
as high; berries black.

Occurrence. — glacier, common, 3,100 to 5,000 feet: foot of Lake McDonald
Avalanche campground; Swiftcurrent Lake; Swiftcurrent valley; Cut Bank valley
Bovk'man Lake; Kintla Lake. YELLOWSTONE: east entrance; west of Tower Junction
Mount Washburn road. GRAND TETON, 7,300 feet: north of Bear Paw Lake. GRAND
CANYON: North Rim. Canyon on north side of the river.

Sunflower Family (Compositae)

Field Guide to the Genera

A. Leaves divided into linear or filiform segments.

Ray flowers present, yellow; herbage without sage odor.

Bracts of involucre about 5, egg-shaped; flowers with pappus composed of sev-
eral papery scales ERIOPHYLLUM, p. 230.

Bracts of involucre more than 5, linear; flowers with pappus of hair-like
bristles.
Involucre cylindnc, composed of a single series of equal erect bracts and
several shorter spreading bracts below; pappus abundant, soft,

white - SENECIO, p. 230.

Involucre hemispheric, composed of unequal bracts overlapping in several

series; pappus scanty, brownish ....Aplopappus spinulosus var. p. 249.

Ray flowers none; herbage with strong sage odor ARTEMISIA, p. 230.

B. Leaves not d:vided, or if so, the lobes or segments never linear-filiform.

Leaf-blades linear to narrowly oblong, spatula-shaped or wedge-shaped, not toothed,
or with 2 or 3 teeth at the tip only.

Herbage with a strong sage odor ARTEMISIA, p. 230

Herbage without sage odor.

Bracts of seed-bearing involucres winged with broad silvery scales ; flowers

greenish and inconspicuous HYMENOCLEA, p. 234.

Bracts of involucres not changed in fruit; flowers yellow.
Involucre composed of 4 to 6 bracts.

Herbage dark green, smooth, the leaves and bracts with dark, ill-
smelling oil glands POROPHYLLUM, p. 234.

Herbage grayish-woolly, without ill-smelling oil glands

tetradymia, p. 235.

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 229

Involucre composed of more than 6 bracts.

Flowers with pappus of papery scales; corollas yellow; leaves

sticky-glutinous GUTIERREZIA, p. 236.

Flowers with pappus of hair-like bristles.

Stems mostly 4-angled; plants nearly leafless

Daccharis sergiloides, p. 255.

Stems not 4-angled; plants leafy at least before flowering
(nearly leafless in Debhia).

Flowers yellow.

Heads cyhndnc to top-shaped; bracts of involucre
herbaceous, sometimes thinnish but not
papery nor fringed.

Bracts of involucre in more or less distinct
vertical rows; ray flowers none.

Plants nearly leafless; heads with scales
on receptacle between the flowers

BEBBIA, p. 237.

Plants leafy at least before flov/ering;
heads without scales on the re-
ceptacle ..CHRYSOTHAMNUS, p. 237.

Bracts of involucre not in distinct vertical
rows; flower heads usually with 1 to
several ray flowers (except in a few
species) ApLOPAPPUS, p. 243.

Heads spherical; involucral bracts papery, the mar-
gins fringed ACAMPTOPAPPUS, p. 249.

Flowers white or purplish-pink.

Tall, erect shrubs; flowers purplish-pink, the heads
in small dense clusters at the ends of
densely leafy branches PLUCHEA, p. 249.

Low, round-topped bushes ; flowers white, the heads
borne singly at the ends of sparsely leafy
branches ..Bricl^ellia oblongifoUa var., p. 251.

Leaf-blades broader, oblong to egg-shaped or triangular, toothed or not toothed, or
if narrow, then the margins always toothed or lobed.

Leaf-blades lance-shaped to broadly linear, the margins finely toothed, crowded

near the ends of the smooth white stems BrickelUa longifolia, p. 251.

Leaf-blades oblong or lance-shaped to egg-shaped or triangular.

Leaf-blades toothed or lobed (except sometimes Trixis) ; pappus present or
none.

Leaves whitish or grayish with a fine felt, toothed or irregularly lobed,
the margins often curled or crinkled; pappus scale-like or
none.

Flowers greenish and inconspicuous; heads borne in the leaf-axils,

in fruit becoming bur-like; pappus none

FRANSERIA, p. 249.

Flowers white; heads borne in flat-topped clusters at the ends of

erect flowering stems; heads not changing in fruit;

pappus of papery scales PARTHENIUM, p. 250.

Leaves green, sometimes hairy but not woolly; pappus of hair-like
bristles.

Leaf-blades broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped or triangular.

230 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Corollas yellow, 2-lipped; involucre compK)sed of a single
series of equal bracts and several broad leaf-like

bracts below; leaves not toothed or few-toothed

TRIXIS, p. 250.

Corollas white or pinkish, not 2-lipped; involucre composed
of unequal bracts overlapping in several series;
leaves toothed BRICKELLIA, p. 251.

Leaf-blades oblong to lance-shaped, toothed or lobed.

Ray flowers none; heads white or yellow.

Flowers white, the male and female heads borne on

separate plants BACCHARIS, p. 253.

Flowers yellow, the heads all alike APLOPAPPUS, p. 243.

Ray flowers conspicuous, purple, the center flowers yellow

ASTER, p. 255.

Leaf-blades not toothed; flowers yellow; pappus none or rarely with 2

slender hairs; low round-topped shrubs ENCELIA, p. 255.

Golden Yarrow Eriophyllum (Eriophyllum confertiflomm Gray). —
Plants % to 2 feet high with white-woolly herbage; stems woody at the base;
leaves 1/3 to 1 inch long, divided into 3 to 7 linear divisions, crowded on
the stems, especially below; flower heads yellow, composed of several central
disk flowers surrounded by 4 or 5 petal-like ray flowers (the latter sometimes
lacking), borne in compact, often head-like clusters at the ends of the stems;
seed-like fruits (achenes) nearly linear, each with a ring of about 8 chaffy
scales at the top.

Occurrence. — VOSEMITE: Wawona, 5,000 feet.

Douglas Groundsel (Senecio Douglasi DC). — Widely branched bush
2 to 6 feet high, the stems densely covered with leaves; leaves 1 to 3 inches
long, divided into several linear divisions, at first white- woolly, later becoming
green; flowers yellow, borne in narrowly bell -shaped heads with a series of
petal-like ray flowers on the outside; involucre composed of a single inner
row of linear bracts of about equal length tightly surrounding the head and
an outer series of short spreading bracts; seed-like fruits (achenes) with a
brush of soft white hairs or bristles at the top.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, up to about 4,000 feet.

Sagebrush, Wormwood (Artemisia L.)

There are several widely different forms of sagebrush represented in the
parks, but all are easily recognized by the silvery-gray color of the foliage
and by the strongly aromatic or "sagey" odor which is so familiar. All the
species are of some value as browse, some being of more use than others. Big
sagebrush is especially widespread and important as food for deer. It is said
that cattle in the sagebrush country often acquire a "sage hunger" and may
feed on sagebrush alone for several days or until this hunger is appeased.
The largest areas covered by big sagebrush are in the dry plains or plateau
regions where it commonly occurs in pure stands. The leaves and twigs of
most of the species have a p>eculiar bitter-aromatic quality which gives them
the reputation of having tonic properties. A decoction of the leaves and
twigs was used medicinally by the Indians of certain regions.

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 231

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves mostly twice-divided along the sides into very narrow or linear segments;

plants 1/3 to l'/2 feet high, sometimes herb-like .1. A. frigida.

Leaves not divided nor toothed, or, if so, cleft or toothed at the tips.

Leaves more or less wedge-shaped, mostly toothed or cleft at the tips, but not
usually divided more than half.

Flower heads with only 2 to 4 flowers; leaves 1/3 to 1 inch long, toothed

or untoothed; found at Grand Canyon National Park

2. A. Digelovi

Flower heads, 3- to 20-flowered; leaves 3- to 5-toothed at the tips, 2/3 to

2 inches long 3. A. tridentaia.

Leaves or leaf-segments linear cr filiform, '/2 to 3J/2 inches long, rarely with 1
or 2 irregular teeth in A. cana ; plants 1 to 4 feet high.

Leaves often divided their length into linear divisions; flowers 3 to 9 in a

head 4. A. filifoUa.

Leaves mostly not toothed nor divided; flowers 6 to 15 in a head

- 5. A. cana.

\. Fringed Sagebrush {Artemisia frigida Willd.).— A low shrub about
1/3 to 2 feet high (often herb-like) ; stems freely branching from the base,
spreading below, with erect annual branches; herbage very fragrant; leaves
silvery hairy, about 1/2 to % inch long, deeply twice divided into linear lobes
so as to appear fringed around the edges; flower heads rather conspicuous,
broad and flattish, brownish or yellowish, nodding, borne in narrow somewhat
leafy clusters 4 to 12 inches long (or much dwarfed).

This is one of the most widespread species of sagebrush in our western
parks. The scientific name frigida, refers to the frigid regions of eastern
Siberia where the plant was first discovered. In the Rocky Mountain region
it ranges from semi-desert valleys up to 11,000 feet and is one of the important
sources of wintei feed for elk in the Jackson Hole country of Wyoming.
This plant was used by the Indians and early pioneers in decoctions for the
treatment of colds or as a mild cathartic. The Blackfeet Indians^ '^ chewed
the leaves as a remedy for heartburn.

Occurrence. — GLACIER, rare: rocky flats about St. Mary Lake; Glacier Park station.
YELLOWSTONE, abundant, up to 8,000 feet: Tower Falls; Mammoth; Upper Geyser
Basin; Old Faithful. GRAND TETON, common. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, abundant: in rocky
ground throughout the park. MESA VERDE: Morfield Canyon, 7,500 feet. BRYCE CANYON,
occasional: checking station, 7,500 feet; White Man's Springs. GRAND CANYON, rare on
the North Rim on rocky points; Point Sublime; Point Imperial.

2. BiGELow Sagebrush, Slender Sagebrush (Artemis'a Bigelovi
Gray.). — A low shrub commonly 2/3 to 1 1/3 feet high with a faintly pleas-
ant odor; stems many, spreading below, with numerous slender erect flowering
branches; leaves silvery hairy, narrowly wedge-shaped, tapering to a narrow
base, 1/3 to 1 inch long, sharply 3-toothed at the tip, or many without teeth;
flowers yellow, 2 to 4 in a head, the heads borne in long narrow clusters with

48 Standley, P. C, Flora of Glacier Park: Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium, vol. 22, pi. 5, p. 433. 1921.

232

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

or without short nodding branches; occurs on rocky banks and in mountain
canyons in the Southwest.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, rare on the North Rim;
Point; Lauzon Ranch.

Point Sublime; Grama

Fig. 141. Big sagebrush (Artemhia
tridentala) .

3. Big Sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata Nutt.), fig. 141. — Shrub
1 to 12 feet high, with a definite
trunk or with several trunk-Uke
branches; herbage silvery -gray or
whitish with dense but thin fine
hairs; bark dark brown or nearly
black, shreddy; leaves narrowly
wedge-shaped, 2/3 to 2 inches long,
usually 3 -toothed (or sometimes 4-
or 5-toothed) at the tip; flowers
mostly 4 to 6 (or 9), borne in small
heads surrounded at the base by a
close cup of finely hairy overlapping
scales; heads yellowish or brownish,
borne in rather loose clusters 1 to 4
inches across.

This is one of the most common
and familiar of western shrubs and
becomes the largest of the western
sagebrushes. It is a very variable
species with numerous varieties, many
of which are often recognized as dis-
tinct species. Big sagebrush occurs
commonly on dry plains but may
also be found in dry open forests,
particularly in the Southwest where
it grows luxuriantly. The species is
generally known as an indicator of
deep soils largely free from alkali.
The plant furnishes an important
fuel in the regions where it is com-
mon. The stringy bark is easily ig-
nited and the burning wood pro-
duces an intense heat. The fruits
were pounded by the California
Indians to make pinole, a kind of
a flour.

Field Guide to the Varieties
F^lants 1 to 12 feet high; leaves 2/3 to 2 inches long, mostly 3-toothed at tip;
flower clusters loosely branched, 1 to 4 inches broad; heads mostly 4- to 6-

flowered; widespread 3. A. iridentata.

Plants 1/3 to 4 feet high; flower clusters often spike-like, about 1/5 to 1 inch broad.
Leaves, or some of them 3-toothed at tip (not cleft).

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 233

Plants ^ to 2 feel high; leaves Yz 'o 2 inches long, often without teeth;
flowers mostly 7 to 20 in a head; found in Sierra Nevada p>arks
of California 3a. Var. Roihrocl(i.

Plants 1/3 to 1 foot high; leaves 1/5 to % inch long; flowers 3 to 5 in a

head; found in Rocky Mountain and Southwest parks

3b. Var. nova.

Leaves, or some of them, 3- to 5-cleft, sometimes about |/2 their length, into
narrow or Imear divisions.

Leaves 3- to 5-cleft; flowers mostly 5 to 9 in a head 3c. Var. arbuscula.

Leaves 3-cleft; flowers mostly 3 to 5 in a head 3d. Var. irifida.

Occurrence {A. Iridentala Nutt.). — CRATER LAKE: near shore of Crater Lake east of
the Wineglass. LASSEN. YOSEMITE, common, 4,200 to 10,500 feet: Yosemite Valley,
along the trails to Glacier Point; Tenaya Canyon; Snow Creek; south of Spiller Lake;
Spiller Canyon across from Red Mountain; west of Surprise Lake; above Fletcher
Lake. KINGS CANYON: near Sphinx Creek; Bubbs. Creek. SEQUOIA, abundant, 4,000
to 10,000 feet: Little Kern River; Mineral King; between Big Arroyo and Chagoopa
Plateau. GLACIER, rare: along North Fork Flathead River road at Round Prairie and
near Big Prairie. YELLOWSTONE, common up to 7,000 feet: meadow near Dragon's
Mouth; hills north of Rainey Lake; north of Tower Falls; Hayden Valley; Gardiner.
GRAND TETON, occasional, 6,600 to 9,500 feet. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, 8,000 to 9,800 feet:
south and west slopes of Deer Mountain; Horseshoe Park; Glacier Basin; southwest
of Mount Bryant; Grand Lake. MESA VERDE, common, 6,000 to 8,000 feet: near Far
View House. BRYCE CANYON, 6,700 to 8,000 feet. ZION : north of Potato Hollow,
6,800 feet. GRAND CANYON, 6,000 to 7,600 feet. North Rim, occasional: Powell Pla-
teau; Cape Royal. South Rim, abundant: 2 miles south of Yaki Point; Rowe Well;
Pasture Wash ; along road between Grand Canyon Village and Desert View. Canyon,
just below South Rim.

3a. RoTHROCK Sagebrush (Var. Rotbrocki (Gray) McMinn). — Simi-
lar to big sagebrush but the plants smaller (I/2 to 2 feet high) and the flower
clusters form narrow spikes not usually more than 1 inch across; leaves nar-
rowly wedge-shaped, often with 3 teeth at the tip, 1/2 to 2 inches long; flower
heads oval, larger and with more flowers (usually 7 to 20) than in big sage-
brush, borne singly or in close bunches along the erect flowering stems; found
on dry plains and plateaus in the high mountains. (Syn. A. Rotbrocki Gray.)

Occurrence. — YOSEMlTE, occasional, 8,500 to I0,5C0 feet: Monj f-'ass; west slopj of
Mount Gibbs; southwest of Grouse Lake; Crescent Lake; near Irving Bright Lake;
Matterhorn Canyon; near Ireland Lake; east of Mount Florence; Mount Dana.
SEQUOIA: Siberian Outpost, 10,500 feet; near Whitney Meadows; Chagoopa Plateau.

3b. Black Sagebrush (Var. nova (Nels.) McMinn). — Similar to big
sagebrush but much smaller; low shrub, usually 1/3 to 1 foot high, with
numerous erect branches from a spreading base; leaves finely silvery hairy,
1/5 to % inch long, 3-toothed at the tip; flower heads light brownish, borne
in narrow clusters about 1^4 to 1 inch broad; occurs on hillsides, ridges and
plateaus, mostly in sandy or gravelly soils and is often one of the most
common and abundant undershrubs of the Southwest at fairly high elevations.
(Syn. A. nova Nels.).

Occurrence. — ROCKY mountain, bryce canyon, grand canyon.

3c. ScABLAND Sagebrush, Low Sagebrush (Var. arbuscula (Nutt.)
McMinn) . — Similar in appearance to dwarf forms of big sagebrush; low
shrub 1/3 to 1 1/3 feet high; branches stiff and irregular, the lower often with

234 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

spine-like tips; twigs slender, erect, silvery with fine gray hairs; leaves mostly
wedge-shaped or somewhat fan-shaped, % inch long or less, with 3 to 5
teeth at the tip, the teeth often 1/3 inch long; flower heads brownish-yellow,
mostly 5 to 9-flowered, borne in long narrow clusters, with or without short
branches; occurs on dry rocky hillsides and plains at higher elevations. (Syn.
A. arbuscula Nutt.)

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: along Yellowstone River below Yellowstone Lake.
GRAND TETON, in rocky locations on exjxjsed mountain sides. ROCKY MOUNTAIN. MESA

VERDE.

3d. Threetip Sagebrush (Var. trifida (Nutt.) McMinn). — Very
similar to scabland sagebrush; leaves 3 -cleft into linear divisions; flowers
mostly 3 to 5 in a head. (Syn. Artemisia tripartita Rydb.).

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Upper Geyser Basin. GRAND TETON: common around
Jjickson Hole. ROCKY MOUNTAIN. ZION.

4. Sand Sagebrush (Artemisia j'.lijolia Torr.). — A round-topped
shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, the twigs and herbage covered with fine white hairs;
bark of older stems smooth, dark gray or blackish; leaves very narrowly linear
or filiform, 1 to 3y2 inches long, the lower sometimes divided into long linear
divisions; flower heads yellowish, crowded in dense narrow leafy clusters 4 to
12 inches long.

Occurrence. — ziON .

5. Silver Sagebrush {Artemisia cana Pursh). — Low, silvery-gray or
yellowish-green shrub commonly 1 to 3 feet high (sometimes 5 feet), with
pungent turpentine-like odor; stems freely branching, forming rounded bushes;
older stems with dark brown fibrous bark; leaves silky-hairy, 2/3 to 1 (or 2)
inches long, narrow with pointed tips, sometimes with 1 or 2 irregular teeth;
flower-heads yellowish, borne in narrow leafy clusters 5 to 12 inches long, 2/3
to 2 inches wide; occurs usually in more or less moist and sheltered sites on
the plains or in mountain valleys.

Occurrence. — glacier, rare: plains around the east entrance. YELLOWSTONE, abun-
dant: near east entrance; Canyon Camp; meadow near Lake ranger station; Hayden
Valley. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, rare: Southwest of Mount Bryant, 8,500 feet. ZiON : The
Narrows.

White Burrobrush (Hymenoclea salsola Torr. 8C Gray). — Diffusely
branched shrub 1 to 3 feet high with a grayish-white aspect; leaves about %
to \y2 inches long, linear or the lower divided into slender filiform divisions;
male and female flowers borne in separate heads, the female heads surrounded
by an involucre composed of 6 roundish, silvery-papery scales often ^
inch across.

Occurrence. — ZION. GRAND canyon.

Slender Poreleaf (Porophyllum gracile Benth.). — Widely branching,
ill-smelling plant about 1 to 2i/^ feet high, the stems woody only at the base;

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 235

herbage dark green; leaves linear, about 1/2 to U^ inches long, smooth;
flower heads borne singly, about y^ to 1/2 inch high, the flowers few, yellow;
petal-like ray flowers none; bracts of involucre few, borne in one series, oblong,
dotted with dark-colored oblong oil glands; seed-like achenes linear; pappus
composed of rough hair-like bristles.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, common in the canyon, 3,000 to 4,000 feet: Kaibab
trail below the Tonto; Bright Angel trail along Pipe Creek; Kaibab trail along Bright
Angel Creek.

HoRSEBRUSH (Tetradymia DC.)

Field Guide to the Species

Plants not spiny; flower heads borne in more or less flat-topped clusters at the ends

of the stems; seed-like truits (achenes) smooth or thinly hairy

1. T. canescens var. mermis.

Plants spiny; flower heads borne along the stems in the leaf -axils.

Stems densely white-felty; seed-like achenes densely soft white-hairy, the hairs
nearly as long as the tufts of white pappus bristles, the heads thus
appearing as soft cotton)' balls 2. / . spinosa.

Stems white cottony or woolly; seed-like achenes densely hairy, but the hairs

much shorter than the tuft of pappus bristles 3. T. axillaris.

1. Spineless Gray Horsebrush (Tecradymia canescens DC. var. in-
ermis Gray). — Densely branched shrub 1/3 to 2 feet high with white felty
herbage; leaves about ^4 to 1/2 inch long, linear or with broader tips, densely
white-felty, bunched at the stem joints; flowers yellow, about 4 to a head,
surrounded by 4 or 5 involucral bracts; heads about 1/2 inch high, borne in
compact more or less flat-topped clusters at the ends of the stems; seed-like
fruits (achenes) smooth or thinly hairy, each with a tuft of grayish bristles
(pappus) at the tip. It is reported that the Hopi Indians use the stems
and roots as a tonic.

OccuTTence. — YELLOWSTONE, mesa VERDE. BRYCE CANYON, commcn along the rim:
Sunset Point; near Inspiration Point. ZION.

2. Cotton Thorn (Tecradymia spinosa H. & A.). — Rigidly branched
spiny shrub, about 2 to 4 feet high, with white-felty stems; spines straight or
curved, I/4 to I1/2 inches long, rather crowded along the stems; leaves linear,
broadening slightly at the tips, bunched in the axils of the spines; flowers
yellow, usually 6 to 7 in a head surrounded by 5 or 6 involucral bracts, the
heads borne on short stems in the axils of the leaves, appearing as small cot-
tony balls because of the long, soft, white hairs on the seed-like achenes.

Occurrence. — ZION : near western park boundary on road to Petrified Forest.

3. Longspine Horsebrush (Tetradymia axillaris Nels.). — Spiny shrub
up to about 21/4 or 3 feet high; stems white-fuzzy or finely woolly but not cov-
ered with a dense felt, the upper tending to be bunched and broom-like; spines
straight, rigid, % to 1% inches long, at first somewhat white-woolly; leaves
linear, ^ to 1/2 inch long, green, somewhat fleshy, bunched in the axils of the

236

American Midland Naturalist MoNOGRAt-H No. 4

spines; flowers yellow, borne in heads of about 5 surrounded by an involucre
of 5 bracts; bracts about 1/3 inch long, smooth; seed-like fruits (achenes)
densely hairy, but the hairs much shorter than the tuft of long hair-like
bristles (pappus) at the tip; heads borne singly in the axils of the leaves.
Occurrence. — ZION : hill at mouth of Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet.

Snakeweed (Gutierrezia Lag.)
Field Guide to the Species

Bushes broom-like; stems densely leafy, the leaves somewhat sticky; ray and disk

flowers 3 1o 7 each I. C. saroihrae.

Stems straggling, more sparsely leafy, the leaves very sticky; ray and disk flowers I

or 2 each 2. C. lucida.

1. Broom Snakeweed
{Gutierrezia sarothrae Britt. &
Rusby), fig. 142. — Low bushy
plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with nu-
merous erect stems from a woody
base; leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches
long, somewhat sticky-resinous,
thickly clothing the branches;
flowers yellow; flower heads
small, narrowly cylindric, com-
posed of 3 to 7 petal-like ray
flowers and 3 to 7 tubular disk
flowers, several heads borne in
loose, more or less flat-topped
clusters at the ends of the stems;
seed-like achenes silky, tipped with
a circle of small papery scales.

This is one of the common
shrubs in the dry, semi-desert
areas in the Southwest and ex-
tending northward into the Great
Basin region. The plant, which
is quick to come into burned
areas or into areas which have
been depleted of vegetation due to
over-grazing or drought, serves as
a valuable protection against ero-
sion. It is generally considered
worthless as forage, but is some-
times browsed when other food is
scarce. It has been reported, in
some instances, to be poisonous to livestock.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE. GRAND TETON. MESA VERDE. BRYCE CANYON. ZION:
hills around Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON. South Rim, occasional: Grand

Fig. 142. Broom snakeweed
(^Cutierrezia saroihrae) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 237

Canyon village; trail from El Tovar to Yavapai Point. Canyon, abundant: Bright
Angel trail; Kaibab trail on both sides of the Colorado River; Phantom Ranch.

2. Sticky Snakeweed (Gutierrezia Uicida Greene). — Straggling shrub
1 to I1/2 feet high; similar to broom snakeweed but with very sticky herbage;
stems only sparsely leafy; ray and disk flowers 1 to 3 each, the heads sur-
rounded by a very narrowly cylindric involucre. (Syns. Gutterrezia glomer-
ella Greene, G. microcephala (DC.) Gray.)

Occurrence. — ziON : reported, grand canyon. North Rim: Powell Saddle. South
Rim: east of Grand Canyon Village.

Rush Bebbia (Bebbia jimcea (Benth.) Greene). — Rounded bushy shrub
1 to 4 feet high, with almost leafless rush-like branches; leaves linear, I/2 to 1^2
inches long, alternate or the lower opposite; flowers yellow; ray flowers none;
heads about 13 inch high, the involucral bracts lance-shaped, unequal and
over-lapping in several series, the outer somewhat fuzzy-hairy; heads with
papery scales on the receptacle between the flowers; seed-like achenes linear
to top-shaped, densely hairy, crowned with a pappus of hair-like bristles as
long as the corolla.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, ir. the canyon, 2,500 feet: Phantom Ranch.

Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus Nutt.)

Many species of rabbitbrush are found in the western United States, the
species being most abundant in the open forests or in the dry op>en sage-
brush country. The plants are ordinarily rather unattractive and straggly
looking until late summer when the bushes become covered with numerous
heads of golden yellow flowers. This character is suggested by the generic
name, Chrysothammis, from the Greek chrysos, meaning gold, and thamnos,
a shrub. In this and other respects the rabbitbrushes resemble many of the
gcldenbushes, Aplopappus, from which they may be distinguished by the
bracts of the involucre which are usually ridged down the back and arranged
in vertical rows. Also, the flower heads of rabbitbrush lack ray flowers
present in most of the goldenbushes. The seed-like achenes are crowned by
numerous soft white pappus hairs. Some of the species are browsed to a
certain extent during the Fall or when other food is scarce. Sometimes the
bushes are leafless during most of the year. The flowers of certain species
were used by the Navajo Indians for making a yellow dye for their wool.

Field Guide to the Species

Stems covered with a dense greenish or whitish felt, at least when young.

Bracts of involucre rather loosely arranged, the outer with slender green her-
baceous tips; flower clusters narrowly oblong, leafy I. C. Parr'^l.

Bracts of involucre arranged in more distinct vertical ranks, the lips not green-
herbaceous; flower clusters mostly more or less flat-topp>ed (elongated
in var. consimdis) 2. C. nauseosus.

Stems smooth or finely fuzzy or hairy, not felty.

Bracts of involucre in sharply defined vertical rows; achenes smooth or only
minutely hairy.

238 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Leaves spatula-shaped to reverse-lance-shaped, up to 2 mm. wide; flower
heads small, about % inch high; low shrubs mostly 4 to 12
inches high 3. C. depressus.

Leaves narrowly linear or filiform; flower heads large and showy, about

!/2 inch high; shrubs 1 to 3 feet high 4. C. pulchellus.

Bracts of involucre not in sharply defined vertical rows; achenes mostly densely
hairy.

Bracts of involucre short-pointed 5. C VtsciJiflorus.

Bracts of involucre (or some of them) with long slender pwints

- 6. C. Creenei.

I. Parry Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus Parryi (Gray) Greene). —
Shrub 2/3 to 2 feet high, the branches densely covered with white or rarely
greenish wool when young, later becoming smooth and yellowish-green; bark
of main stems brown and stringy; leaves narrowly to broadly linear or some-
times broader above the middle, pointed at the tip, % to nearly 3 inches long,
usually exceeding the flower cluster, 1- to 3-nerved, only one nerve prominent;
flower heads erect, borne in narrowly oblong leafy clusters; flowers 10 to 20
in a head (or fewer in some varieties) ; involucre 1/3 to i^ inch high (or
higher in some varieties) ; bracts of involucre in more or less obvious vertical
rows, papery, the outer with slender green herbaceous tips; seed-like achenes
4-angled, covered with appressed hairs; occurs on hills and in dry valleys at
medium high elevations in the Rocky Mountains and in the Southwest.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Leaves mostly 1 to 'iYi inches long; flowers mostly 10 to 20 in a head 1. C. Parryi.

Leaves Yi to 1-3/5 inches long; flowers mostly 5 to 7 (or 11) in a head.

Leaves very narrow, '/g inch or less wide.

Involucres !/2 to 5^ inch high, the bracts tending to be recurved at the tips

1 a. Var. uevadensis.

Involucres % to !/2 inch high, the bracts usually straight and erect at the
tips.

Bracts of involucres 13 to 20, rather strongly keeled, the vertical rows

obvious lb. Var. alteimaius.

Bracts of involucres 9 to 12, not strongly keeled, the vertical rows

rather obscure Ic. Var. vulcanicus.

Leaves mostly 1/6 inch or more wide; rare species known only from Mono Pass

on eastern boundary of Yosemite National Park Id. Var. Bolanderi.

Occurrence (C. Parryi). — rocky mountain, rare, 7,200 to 8,500 feet: western
boundary of park; 2 miles southwest of Mount Bryant. MESA VERDE. z:oN, Coalpits
Wash, 3,600 feet.

la. Nevada Rabbitbrush (Var. nevadensis (Gray) Jepson). — Usually
smaller than the species; leaves ^2 to li/^ inches long, 1 -nerved; flowers mostly
5 to 7 in a head, involucre y'2 to Yg inch high, the bracts tending to be re-
curved at the tips.

Occurrence. — LASSEN, grand canyon, reported from the South Rim: Long Jim
Canyon, south of Shoshone Point, 6,800 feet.

lb. Narrowleaf Rabbitbrush (Var. attenuatus (Jones) Hall). — Low

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 239

shrubs, the leaves green and somewhat sticky, not fuzzy; wool on stems whit-
ish or greenish; bracts of involucre 13 to 15, with slender, usually erect tips;
flowers 5 to 7. (Syn. Chrysothamnus Newberryi Rydb.).
Occurrence. — brvce canyon, common.

Ic. Volcano Rabbitbrush (Var. vulcanicus (Greene) Jepson). —
Small shrubs usually about 6 or more inches high; herbage green, somewhat
sticky; leaves linear, the upper scarcely equalling the flower clusters; flower
heads numerous, borne in long narrow clusters; flowers 5 to 7 in a head;
bracts of involucre 9 to 12, thin with straight pointed tips.

Occurrence. — kings canyon : Kings River Canyon.

Id. BoLANDER Rabbitbrush (Var. Bolanderi (Gray) Hall.) — This
variety is similar in appearance to Aplopappus macronema because of the
densely white-woolly stems and the rather broadly lance-shaped leaves, but
the heads are narrower and the bracts of the involucre keeled and arranged
in vertical rows. In Ap-
lopappus the bracts are
flatter, broader, and
more loosely arranged,
not in vertical rows.
From typical specimens
of C. Parryi this variety
differs in having fewer
flowers, only 5 to 1 1 in
a head, and in having
wider leaves which are
thick and rigid. Bo-
lander rabbitbrush is
known only from the
type locality.

Occurrence. — yosemite.
rare at the eastern boundary
of the park, 9,000 to 10,000
feet: Mono Pass.

2. Rubber Rabbit-
brush [Chrysothamnus
nauseosus ( P a 11 a s )
Britt.), fig. 143. —
Round - topped bushes,
11/2 to 8 feet high
(rarely tree-like) , the
stems whitish or gray-
ish-cottony or f e I t y;
leaves 1 to 21/2 inches
long, broadly-linear to
narrowly - filiform, cot-

Fig. 143. Rubber rabbitbrush (C/irpso-
ihamnus nauseosus).

240 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

tony or nearly smooth; flowers yellow, covering the bushes with golden color
during the summer; flower heads borne in dense, spreading, usually flat-
topped or rounded clusters; bracts of involucre arranged in distinct vertical
rows.

The common name comes from the fact that the plants have a high
rubber content. They have been shown to contain a fairly high grade of
rubber which vulcanizes easily. The species occurs commonly on alkaline
soil. The herbage is not ordinarily palatable to animals, probably because
of the disagreeable rubbery taste. The Indians of certain areas used the
plant to make a crude chewing gum.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Twigs usually densely leafy; flower clusters flat-topped, rounded, or elongated;
achenes densely hairy.

Bracts of involucre gradually pointed or blunt, not abruptly pointed.

Involucres somewhat hairy or fuzzy (at least the shorter outer bracts) ;
plants about 2/3 to 2 feet high, usually rounded.

Involucres mostly '/4 to 1/3 inch high, the bracts blunt, not strongly

ridged en the back; plants woody only at base

2. C. nauseosus.

Involucres mostly 1/3 to 2/3 inch high, the bracts pointed, strongly

ridged on the back; plants distinctly shrubby

2a. Var. speciosus.

Involucres smooth, the bracts pointed, ridged on the back; shrubs commonly
2 to 5 feet high, taller than broad.

Flower clusters rounded or flat-topped 2b. Var. graveolens.

Flower clusters elongated or cylindric 2c. Var. cojisimilis.

Bracts of involucre abruptly pomted; occurs only in California parks

2d. Var. occidentalis.

Twigs rush-like, leafless or very sparsely leafy; flower clusters flat-topped; achenes
hairy or smooth; species of the Southwest.

Shrubs 2 to 3 feet high; bracts of involucre pointed, smooth; achenes densely

hairy 2e. Var. jiinceus.

Shrubs about 1 foot high; bracts of involucre blunt, margins hairy, the backs

fuzzy; achenes smooth 2f. Var. glareosus.

Occurrence (C. nauseosus). — Yellowstone, rare: Gardiner; Mammoth Hot
Springs; Tower Falls. GRAND TETON. GRAND CANYON. South Rim. Canyon: Bright
Angel trail along Garden Creek; Kaibab trail about 1 mile below South Rim; Bright
Angel Creek several miles above Phantom Ranch.

2a. Tall Rabbitbrush (Var. speciosus (Nutt.) Hall). — Shrubs mostly

about I1/2 feet high; leaves 2/3 to 2 1/3 inches long, up to ^ inch wide, 1-

nerved; heads borne in more or less rounded or somewhat elongated spreading

clusters at the ends of the branches; involucres 1/3 to 2/5 inch high, the bracts

pointed, strongly ridged down the backs; seed-like achenes densely hairy.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: Pumice Point; around the lake at about 8,250 feet.
YOSEMITE, 4,000 to 9,000 feet: south of Mather (near park); Mono Pass. YELLOW-
STONE.

2b. Greenplume Rabbitbrush (Var. graveolens (Nutt.) Piper). —

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 241

Shrub commonly 2 to 5 feet high; herbage felty only when young; leaves
smooth and green, 1 to 21/2 inches long; flower clusters rounded or flat-topped,
the heads crowded; involucres i^ to 1/3 inch high, the bracts smooth, pointed,
ridged down the back; achenes hairy; occurs in canyons and on dry hills
bordering the deserts. A tea made from the leaves was used by the Indians
to relieve coughs and pains in the chest.

Occurrence. — GRAND TETON. ROCK.Y MOUNTAIN: Cache La Poudre Creek. MES\
VERDE: 7,200 feet. ZION, 3,500 to 5,000 feet: Coalpits Wash; switchbacks below Zion
tunnel. GRAND CANYON, on the South Rim: rim drive; Desert View.

Variety abbreviatus (Jones) Blake, found on the south side of the Grand
Canyon, is similar, but with shorter leaves, which are often reduced and scale-
like, and with smooth achenes.

2c. Var. consimilis (Greene) Hall. — Erect shrub, 2 to 5 feet high; twigs
very leafy, the felt greenish; leaves nearly filiform, 1 to 2 inches long; flower
cluster pyramidal or cylindric; involucre about I/4 inch high; bracts pointed,
ridged on the back, smooth; achenes densely hairy.
Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Tcwer Falls.

2d. Western Rubber Rabbitbrush (Var. occidentalis (Greene)
Hall). — Low shrub with numerous short erect branches; twigs grayish- woolly;
leaves mostly narrowly linear or filiform and not usually more than 1%
inches in length; flower cluster densely round-topped, 1 to 2 inches across;
involucres ^ to 1/3 inch high.

Occurrence. — LASSEN. 'iOSEMlTE, 4,000 feet: Yosemite Valley; south of Mather
(near park). SEQUOIA, in rocky places up to 9,500 feet: Little Kern River; Big Arro-
yo; Kaweah River Basm.

2e. Broom Rabbitbrush (Var. jiinceus (Greene) Hall). — Bushy shrub
2 to 3 feet high with erect broom-like branches; stems covered with a yellowish-
green felt; leaves smooth, linear-filiform, soon falling from the stems and
leaving them leafless and rush-like at flowering time; flower heads borne in
dense, more or less flat-topped clusters; involucres about 2/5 inch high, the
bracts pointed, smooth.

Occurrence. — ZION. grand canyon, up to 7,000 feet. South Rim, common: rim
drives; Pasture Wash. Canycn: Bright Angel trail.

Mohave Rabbitbrlish (Var. moharensis (Greene) Hall) is a form
closely resembling broom rabbitbrush, especially as the plants are often leaf-
less and broom-like. The main distinction is supposed to be in the corolla-
lobes which are hairy in var. junceus but smooth in var. mohavensis. This
variety is reported from Zion and Grand Canyon National Parks.

2f. Showy Rabbitbrush (Var. glareosus (Jones) Hall). — Many
steiTimed shrub about 1 foot high; stems sparsely leafy; leaves linear, slightly
widened above; flower cluster flat-topped; involucre about 2/5 inch high;
bracts blunt, somewhat ridged and fuzzy on the backs, the margins somewhat
gnawed and hairy; achenes smooth.

Occurrence. — grand canyon : Little Colorado River and perhaps in the park.

242 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

3. Dwarf Rabbitbrush {Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt.). — Dwarf
shrub, 1/3 to 1 foot high, usually with whitish branches and leaves; leaves
short, thickish, narrowly oblong to lance-shaped, 1/6 to % inch long, rather
sharp-pointed; flowering heads about % inch high, few-flowered (about 5 in a
head), borne in flat or round-topped clusters; bracts of involucre boat-shaped,
short-pointed, arranged in 5 sharply defined vertical rows: achenes more or
less 4-angled, tapering to the base, smooth or obscurely hairy towards the
summit; occurs only in parks of the Southwest. This species is often closely
browsed, but it is not usually found in great abundance.

Occurrence. — MESA verde : head of old Switchback road, 8,100 feel. GRAND CAN-
YON. South Rim, about 7,000 to 7,500 feet: 2 miles south of Moran Point; Grand
X'lew. Canyon: Bright Angel trail.

4. Southwest Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus pnlchellus (Gray)
Greene) . — Similar in appearance to dwarf rabbitbrush; differs in having nar-
rower filiform leaves and in having somewhat larger flowers (about i/4 inch
high) ; the heads in fruit appearing as tiny brooms because of the long,
straw-colored pappus bristles (sometimes nearly i/^ inch long) .

Occurrence. — ZION.

5. Douglas Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus vlscidiflorus (Hook.)
Nutt.). — A very variable species with many varieties; shrub 1^/2 to 4 feet
high, the stems white or pale green; leaves narrowly linear to oblong-lance-
shaped, % to 2^4 inches long, 1- to 3-nerved (or 5-nerved in variety), often
twisted, smooth but sticky; flower heads borne in broad spreading, oblong to
rounded or flat-topped clusters, the flowering branches rather glutinous; in-
volucre about y^ inch high, the bracts oblong to linear, boat-shaped, not ridged
on the back, arranged in poorly defined vertical rows; flowers about 5 to a
head; seed-like achenes usually densely hairy. A chewing gum made from the
roots of this plant was used by the Indians of certain regions of the Southwest.

Field Guide to the Varieties

Leaves somewhat glandular or sticky-glutinous, not hairy or hairy only on the mar-
gins; branches of flower clusters not hairy.
Leaves dark green, 4/5 to 2 inches long, linear or linear-lance-shaped.

Plants mostly more than V/j feet high 5. C. viscidiftorus.

Plants less than l'/2 feet high 5a. Var. pjmilus.

Leaves pale green, narrowly linear-filiform, % to 1-1/5 inches long, the mar-
gins usually inrolled 5b. Var. slenophpllus.

Leaves, at least the upper, more or less hairy; branches of flower-clusters hairy.

Leaves densely rough-hairy, usually not twisted; bracts of involucre not thick-
ened at tips 5c. Var. lanceolalus.

Leaves finely hairy, usually twisted; bracts of involucre with a somewhat thick-
ened spot at tips 5d. Var. elegans.

Occurrence (C. viscidiftorus). — LASSEN. YOSEMITE: east of Yosemite Valley. YEL-
LOWSTONE: north of Mammoth auto camp. GRAND TETON. ROCKY MOUNTAIN, rare:
near Eagle Cliff; Estes Park, 7,500 feet. BRYCE CANYON.

5a. Mountain Rabbitbrush (Var. pumilus (Nutt.) Jepson). — Low

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 243

shrubs up to about 12 (or 15) inches high with shghtly sticky-glandular
foliage; leaves linear or linear-lance-shaped, 4 5 to I1/2 inches long, often
twisted, the margins with short stiff hairs; flower-clusters small, but sometimes
open, the branches smooth; dry hills and plains.

Occurrence. — YELLOWSTONE: Mammoth Hot Springs. ROCKY mountain. KRYCE

CANYON.

5b. Small Rabbitbrush (Var. stenophyllus (Gray) Hall). — Low
shrubs 4 to 12 inches high with rather pale green, sticky-glandular foliage;
leaves % to 1 1/5 inches long, narrowly linear with inrolled margins, 1 -nerved,
not hairy; flower-clusters small, compact, the branches smooth; rocky slopes
and dry ridges.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON.

5c. Lanceleaf Rabbitbrush (Var. lanceolatus (Nutt.) Hall). — Low
shrub 2 3 to 2 feet high; herbage densely hairy; leaves broadly linear to linear-
lance-shaped, % to 1% inches long, 3- to 5-nerved, usually not twisted; flower
clusters small, compact, the branches densely hairy.

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE.

5d. Var. elegans Greene. — Plants rarely more than II/2 f^et high; leaves
linear, sharp-pointed, 2/3 to I1/2 inches long, 1- to 3-nerved, finely hairy above,
usually much twisted; bracts of involucre lance-shaped, with a greenish or
brownish thickened spot just below the tip; flower clusters small, compact, the
branches densely hairy; in dry valleys and on plains.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON.

6. Greene's Rabbitbrush {Chysothamnus Greenei (Gray) Greene).
— Similar to Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, particularly the variety stenophyl-
lus, because of its low bushy form, the white-barked stems and narrowly fili-
form leaves, but differs in having the bracts of the involucre tapering to a
slender point.

Occurrence. — crater lake, grand TETON.

Goldenweed (Aplopappus Cass.)

There are numerous species of goldenweed in the western United States,
only a rather small proportion of them being shrubs or semi-shrubs. Most
of the shrubby species are conspicuous usually during late summer when the
bushes are covered with heads of golden-yellow flowers, hence the common
name, goldenweed. Some of the species are compact, round-topped bushes;
others are erect and more loosely branched. The leaves may be linear, wedge-
shaped, or oblong and may be toothed or lobed or not toothed. Some of the
species might be confused with the rabbitbrushes which have numerous small
heads of yellow flowers, but the heads of the goldenweed are usually broader,
more top-shaped or bell-shaped and the involucral bracts are not arranged in
such distinct longitudinal rows. In most of the species the petal-like ray
flowers are present, but there are some exceptions. The goldenweeds could

244 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

never be confused with sagebrush which has a strong aromatic odor nor with
Acamptopappus which has conspicuous globose heads with fringed invoiucral
bracts. They may be distinguished from the snakeweeds by the numerous
white hair-like pappus bristles. The pappus of the snakeweeds consists of
several short scales. (Syn. Haplopappus.)

Field Guide to the Species

A. Leaves not toothed, lobed, nor divided.

Flower heads small, mostly 1/6 to nearly 1/3 inch high, borne m compact flat-
topped clusters; involucres surrounding the flower heads narrowly top-
shaped; leaves conspicuously dotted with small resm pits; petal-like ray
flowers lacking (rarely present in A. cuueatus) ; found in California parks.

Leaves narrowly linear 1. A. arborescens.

Leaves spatula-shaped or wedge-shaped 2. A. cunealus.

Flower heads larger, mostly 1/3 to % inch high, borne singly or in loose clusters;
involucres narrowly bell-shaped to broadly hemispheric ; leaves not dotted
with resin pits (except A. Unearif olms) ; species not restricted to Califor-
nia parks.

Leaves dotted with conspicuous resin pits; petal-like ray flowers present; bracts

of involucre papery white; large or medium-sized shrubs

3. A. Unearif alius.

Leaves not dotted with resin pits, sometimes sticky-glandular; low shrubs or
semi-shrubs.

Heads borne singly on nearly naked stems; involucre of pule papery
bracts; plants low, scarcely shrubby; ray flowers present.
Invoiucral bracts sharp-pointed at the tips, often with middle part
greenish, not green at tips; outer bracts not regularly shorter
4. A. acaulis.

Invoiucral bracts blunt at tips, the outer regularly shorter, greenish at

the tips 5. A. armerioides.

Heads borne on leafy stems or in leafy clusters; involucre of loose bracts,
these often leaf-like.

Stems densely white-felty; leaves green, glandular; petal-like ray

flowers lacking 6. A. macrouema.

Stems only thinly if at all while-woolly (white-woolly in one var. of

A. Bloomeri) ; ray flowers usually present.

Heads large, 20- to 40-flowered; bracts of involucre not overlap-
ping in unequal rows 7. A. suffruticosus.

Heads smaller, 6- to 23-flowered; bracts of involucre loosely
overlapping in unequal rows.

Bracts of involucre papery, only the tips green, the margins
frayed; leaves usually not more than about 1/6
inch wiae 8. A. Bloomeri.

Bracts of involucre mostly green and herbaceous, the outer
often leaf-like; leaves up to '/4 inch wide; found
at Crater Lake National Park 9. A. Creenei.

B. Leaves toothed, lobed or divided.

Plants tall shrubs; flower heads small, cylindric, less than }/4 inch broad; ray flowers

none 10.^. acraJenius.

Plants scarcely shrubby; flower heads large, the involucres % to % inch broad, ^/^
to I/2 inch high.

Bailey ac Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 245

Leaves oblong-spatula-shaped, toothed, not lobed nor divided; ray flowers none

11. A. NulialU.

Leaves deeply divided into several linear lobes; petal-like ray flowers showy

12. A. spinulosus var. Cooddingi.

1. Fleece Goldenweed (Aplopappus arborescens (Gray) Hall). —
Dense round-topped shrubs, 1 to 7 (or 10) feet high, the main stems some-
times trunk-like; branchlets numerous and densely clustered; young stems and
foliage somewhat resinous-spotted with fine punctate dots; leaves thickish,
narrowly linear, the margins often rolled under so as to make them appear
filiform, i/^ to 2i/2 inches long, becoming smaller near the ends of the stems;
flower heads about I/4 inch high, borne in dense rounded or more or less
flat-topped clusters; involucral bracts lance-shaped, pointed, straw-coiored,
papery, borne in 3 or 4 series and overlapping; petal-like ray flowers lacking;
achenes densely appressed hairy; pappus bristles dull white. This shrub
occurs in the foothills in the southern Sierra Nevada parks of California, com-
monly in association with digger pine.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE : El Portal, 2,000 feet; Big Oak Flat road. SEQUOIA, from
lower elevations up to 4,500 feet: Colony Mill road; East Fork Kaweah River near
Oak Grove (just west of park boundary).

2. Wedgeleaf Goldenweed (Aplopappus cuneatus Gray). — Compact,

flat-topped shrub, 1/3 to 3 feet high; bark green, changing to brown and

becoming irregularly broken in old stems; leaves cuneate (wedge-shaped), about

i^ to y2 inch long, resinous, marked with numerous small punctate dots,

crowded on the steins; flower heads about 1/3 to 1/2 inch high, borne in groups

of several in small flat-topped clusters at the ends of the branchlets; involucres

top shaped, composed of numerous linear to oblong bracts overlapping in

about 5 series; bracts papery, the inner with white membranous margins,

sometimes resinous; petal-like ray flowers 1 to 3 or usually lacking; achenes

somewhat 4-angled, silky-hairy; pappus bristles brownish. (Syn. Ericameria

aineata (Gray) McCl.).

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 3,600 to 7,000 feet: Hetch Hetchy; Yosemite Valley, near
museum; Wawona Point, Mariposa Grove. SEQUOIA: Mount Whitney.

3. Desert Goldenweed (Aplopappus I'meartjolius D. C. var. interior
(Gov.) Jones). — Rigidly-branched shrub, 1 to 1^/^ feet high; bark greenish
to grayish, becoming stringy on older stems; foliage covered with numerous
small resin dots, more or less glutinous; leaves linear, y^ to 1 inch long,
crowded on the branchlets; flower heads about ^4 to % inch high, with 10
to 18 petal-like ray flowers about ^2 to % inch long; involucre surrounding
the head about 1/3 inch high, composed of several series of papery bracts, the
bracts lance-shaped to linear, pointed at the tips; achenes nearly linear, nar-
rowed towards the base, densely covered with silvery hairs; pappus composed
of fine soft white bristles.

Occurrence. — ZION : Coalpits Wash.

4. Stemless Goldenweed (Aplopappus acaulis (Nutt.) Gray var.
glabratus D. C. Eaton) . — Low compact plant about 6 inches high, the stems

246 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

many from a branched woody base, often forming mats; leaves broadly re-
verse-lance-shaped, 1/3 to ly2 inches long, densely crowded near the base,
becoming smaller and less crowded above until the stems are naked below
the flower heads; heads usually borne singly at the ends of the branchlets, the
involucres about 1/3 inch high and rounded at the base; bracts of involucre
in 3 series, the outer shorter than the inner, more or less egg-shaped or nar-
rowly so, tapering to a point at the tip, usually papery, sometimes greenish;
petal-like ray flowers about 6 to 15; achenes more or less 4-angled, slighdy
tapering to the base, usually smooth or sometimes silky-hairy; pappus bristles
soft and white or pale brownish. (Syn. Stenotus falcatus Rydb.).
Occurrence. — Yellowstone: Mammoth Hot Springs.

5. Dwarf Goldenweed {Aplopappus armer'.oides (Nutt.) Gray). —
Low, scarcely shrubby plant 4 to 8 inches high, the stems arising from a
woody base; leaves mostly basal, linear-spatula-shaped, tapering to the base,
pointed at the tip, 1^4 to 3 inches long, 3 -nerved, smooth but sometimes
resinous; flower heads large, the involucres broadly bell-shaped, about % to 1/2
inch high and about as broad; involucral bracts overlapping in 3 or 4 series,
broadly oblong to oval, smooth and slightly glutinous, pale, the blunt tips
greenish; petal-like ray flowers 8 to 15, about 1/2 inch long; seed-like achenes
flattened, about 4^2 mm. long, densely silky hairy; pappus bristles soft, white,
abundant. (Syn. Stenotus armerio.des Nutt.)

Occurrence. — MESA VERDE. BRYCE CANYON.

6. Whitestem Goldenweed {Aplopappus macronema Gray). — Low
round-topped shrub ^2 to 1^/2 f^^t high with numerous short clustered
branchlets; twigs densely white-woolly, the wool becoming thinner or alto-
gether lacking near the heads, then somewhat glandular; leaves oblong, pointed
at the tips, 1/3 to 1 1/3 inches long, glandular, linear and somewhat white-
woolly in var. linearis (Rydb.) Hall; heads borne singly or several at or
near the ends of the branchlets; involucre 1/3 to 1/2 inch high, the bracts
oblong to lance-shaped, pointed, papery or the outer green herbaceous, all
exposed parts glandular or woolly; petal-like ray flowers lacking; achenes
densely hairy; pappus bristles soft, dull white. (Syns. H. discoideus Gray,
Macronema discoidea Nutt.)

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, 8,000 to 11,000 feet: Half Dome; summit of Cloud's
Rest; Mount Dana; above Fletcher Lake. KINGS CANYON: Harrison Pass frail. SE-
QUOIA, 10,000 to 12,000 feet: Siberian Pass. YELLOWSTONE (var. linearis): Yellow-
stone Lake. GRAND TETON (var. linearis).

7. Singlehead Goldenweed (Aplopappus siiffruticosus (Nutt.)
Gray). — Low, broad bush, ^2 to 11/2 f^et high, with many branches from a
woody base; bark at first green, becoming brown or reddish, at first smooth,
becoming scaly in the older stems; twigs somewhat glandular-hairy especially
near the heads; leaves oblong (or linear in var. tenuis), ^ to 1^/^ inches long,
finely glandular; flower heads borne singly or in groups at the ends of the
stems which are leafy to the tips; involucre usually about 1/3 inch high with
the bracts all about the same length, oblong (or linear in var. tenuis), green.

Bailey &: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 247

herbaceous; petal-like ray flowers usually present but not conspicuous; achenes
silky-hairy; pappus bristles fine, soft and white.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE. about 10,000 feet: above Fletcher Lake; 5 miles west of
Ireland Lake. SEQUOIA: near Farewell Gap (outside Park boundary). YELLOW.STONE:
Electric Peak, 8,500 feet. GRAND TETON : Taylor Peak, 7,800 feet.

Var. tenuis, with linear leaves and smaller heads. YOSEMITE: Mount Hoffmann,
near May Lake, 9,800 feet; Mono Pass; Mount Gibbs ; Mount Dana. SEQUOIA: Mount
Guyot, 10,950 feet; near Farewell Gap (outside park boundary.).

8. Rabbitbrush Goldenweed (Aplopappus Bloomeri Gray) . — Low,
round-topped shrub, 1 to 2 (or 3) feet high, with numerous clustered ascend-
ing branches; bark reddish-brown, becoming dull and shreddy on old stems;
leaves green, the upper somewhat sticky-glandular or white-woolly (all white-
woolly in var. Sonnet), narrowly oblong to linear (filiform and often curved
in var. angustatus), % to 2 inches long; flower heads borne along the upper
part of the branchlets, forming oblong leafy clusters; involucre about 1/3 to
1/2 inch high, the bracts loosely imbricated in several series, the outer linear
lance-shaped with green, herbaceous, usually spreading tips, the inner oblong-
lance-shaped, pointed, papery, the margins somewhat frayed; petal-like ray
flowers 1 to 5 or lacking; achenes densely hairy to glabrous; pappus bristles
fine, soft, white or becoming dingy-looking. (Syn. Chrysothamnus Bloomeri

(Gray) Greene.)

Field Guide to the Varieties

Leaves green, the upper somewhat glandular or white-woolly.

Leaves narrowly oblong to linear 8. A. Bloomeri.

Leaves very narrowly linear or filiform 8a. Var. angustatus.

Leaves all white-woolly 8b. Var. Sonnei.

Occurrence {A. Bloomeri). — CRATER LAKE, 6,000 to 7,500 feet: rim of Crater
Lake; flat below Crater Lake Lodge; park headquarters; Bald Crater; Sand Creek
above the Pinnacles; Timber Crater; Copeland Creek. LASSEN, common, 6.C00 to
7,000 feet: mouth of West Fork Hat Creek; Cinder Cone area; Lost Creek below
Raker Peak. YOSEMITE, 6,000 lo 9,500 feet: South Fork Illilouette Creek; Little Yo-
semite; Merced Lake trail; north of Irving Bright Lake; Sentinel Dome; southeast
corner of park on ridge between Buena Vista and Ottoway Creek. SEQUOIA: Chagoopa
Plateau, 10,000 feet.

8a. Narrowleaf Goldenweed (Var. angustatus Gray). — Leaves very

narrowly linear or filiform; usually curved and spreading.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: Wheeler Creek at the Pinnacles; Sand Creek; Sun
Creek; Annie Creek at south entrance to park; vicinity of Crater Peak. LASSEN: Las-
sen Peak; Devastated Area. YOSEMITE: most of the specimens listed under the rpecies
are very close to var. angustatus. SEQUOIA: Soda Spring Meadow, Kaweah River Basin,
1 1 ,000 feet.

8b. Woolly Goldenweed (Var. Sonnei Greene) . — Leaves densely
white-woolly.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE: Clark Creek drainage, 7,600 feet.

9. Greene's Goldenweed (Aplopappus Greenei Gray). — Similar to
Aplopappus Bloomeri, but plants usually smaller; involucral bracts mostly

248

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

green and herbaceous, the outer sometimes leaf -like; leaves wider than in A.
Bloomeri, I/3 to 1/3 inch wide. At Crater Lake National Park this species
intergrades with A. Bloomeri.

Occurrence. — CRATER LAKE: rim of Crater Lake, near Lodge.

10. Paleleaf Golden-
weed (Aplopappus acra-
denius (Greene) Blake),
fig. 144. — Erect shrub 2 to
3 feet high, the branches
leafy to the tip; bark light
straw-color, smooth or be-
coming grayish and shred-
dy; leaves 1 to 2% inches
long, oblong, tapering to a
narrow base, the margins
sharply toothed with broad
teeth or irregularly divided
into several spreading nar-
row lobes sometimes as
much as 1/2 inch long, the
teeth or lobes tipped with
a slender point; stems usu-
ally with several reduced
leaves clustered in the axils
of the main leaves; flower
heads few to several, borne
at the ends of short leafy
branches on very short
stalks or without stalks; in-
volucral bracts overlapping
in several lengths, stiffly
papery, shiny, the margins
thin; outer bracts somewhat

thickened and greenish at the tips; petal-like ray flowers none; seed-like
achenes slightly tapering to the base, densely covered with white hairs, pappus
bristles numerous, unequal, brownish.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, common along streams and in gullies in the canyon,
2,500 to 4,000 feet: Bright Angel trail below Indian Gardens; Phantom Ranch; bridge
near mouth of Bright Angel Creek; Kaibab trail along Bright Angel Creek for several
miles above Phantom Ranch.

Fig. 144. Paleleaf goldenweed
(^Aplopappus acraJenius).

11. Nuttall Goldenweed (Aplopappus Nuttalli T. &: G.). — Low
plant with spreading stems woody only at the base; bark gray to nearly white;
leaves oblong-spatula-shaped, % to I1/2 inches long, hairy to rough-glandular
or nearly smooth, the margins with low bristle-tipped teeth; heads borne
singly or several at the ends of the branches; involucre ^ to % inch high,
about as broad; bracts few, overlapping in about 3 series, lance-shaped to

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 249

linear-oblong, sharp-pointed at the tips, mostly green, especially towards the
tips, rough-glandular; ray flowers none; seed-like achenes densely hairy; pappus
bristles unequal, some slightly flattened, reddish-brown.

Occurrence. — BRYCE canyon. GRy\ND canyon, on the North Rim.

12. Ironplant Goldenweed (Aplopappus spinulosui (Pursh) DC.
var. Gooddmgi (Nels.) Blake). — Stems erect or somewhat spreading from
a woody base, 1 to I1/2 feet high, the herbage bright green; leaves 1/2 to 2
inches long, deeply divided into several linear bristle-tipped lobes, the lobes
often again toothed with narrow teeth; upper leaves smaller than the lower;
heads borne singly at the ends of leafy or nearly leafless branches; involucre
hemispheric, I/4 to nearly 1/2 inch high, 1/2 to % inch across; involucral bracts
numerous, linear, pointed, usually bristle-tipped, thin, the middle portion
green; petal-like ray flowers 15 to 50, about % to 1/2 inch long; seed-like
achenes narrowly top-shaped, densely hairy; pappus bristles unequal, rather
scanty, brownish.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, in the canyon, 3,000 to 4,000 feet: Kaibab trail on
the Tonto south of the Colorado River.

Rayless Goldenhead (Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus Gray). — Low,
round-topped bush, 1 to 2 (or 3) feet high, much-branched, the older stems
whitish, the bark becoming stringy; leaves small, about y^ to % inch long,
oblong to linear, more or less erect along the branches; flower-heads more or
less rounded, about I/4 to 1/2 inch wide, the heads borne along the upper parts
of the stems and forming large more or less flat-topped clusters; flowers yellow;
petal-like ray flowers lacking; bracts surrounding the heads papery, straw-
colored or greenish, with fringed membranous margins, mostly rounded at
the tips, loosely overlapping each other; small seed-like fruits (achenes) nar-
rowly top-shaped, very densely white-hairy, the pappus bristles at the top
of the achene white or somewhat tawny.

Occurrence. — ZION : hills above Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON.

Arrow- WEED Pluchea (Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Gov.). — Slender erect
shrub 3 to 10 feet high; leaves silvery-white but scarcely hairy, linear to lance-
shaped, 1/2 to about I1/2 inches long, not stalked; flowers purplish-pink; heads
about I/4 to 1/3 inch high, hemispheric, borne in more or less oblong to
rounded or flat-topped clusters at the ends of the branches; involucre com-
posed of overlapping scales; seed-like achenes crowned with a single row of
hair-like pappus bristles, occurs commonly on sandy washes or sand bars.

Occurrence. — ZION : mouth of Coalpits Wash, 4,000 feet. GRAND CANYON, in the
Canyon, 2,500 feet: sandy wash along the Colorado River near the mouth of Bright
Angel Creek; forms tall thickets at edge of trail along Bright Angel Creek near Phan-
tom Ranch.

Bur-sage (Franseria Cav.)

There are two species of bur-sage in the parks, both found at Grand
Canyon. The plants are low, rigidly-branched shrubs with a grayish aspect
typical of many of the desert plants. The male and female flowers occur

250 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

separately on the same bushes. The male or staminate heads are borne in
slender, nodding clusters or catkins while the female or pistillate heads, borne
singly, become spiny bur-like structures which may adhere to fur of animals
and thus aid in the dispersal of the seed.

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves deeply once-to three-limes divided; burs smooth or sparsely hairy

1. F. dumosa.

Leaves merely lobed; burs white-cottony 2. F. eriocenira.

L White Bur-sage (Franser.a dumosa Gray). — Low, round-topped
shrub; branches rigid, the older white, becoming spine-like at the tips; stems
and herbage grayish-white with a fine close wool; leaves about I/2 to 1 inch
long, deeply and irregularly divided along the sides into several rounded
lobes, these often again divided; fruiting heads with long straight spines, these
sometimes sparingly hairy.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the canyon.

2. Woolly Bur-sage (Franseria eriocentra Gray). — Similar to Fran-
seria dumosa but the shrubs becoming 3 feet high; leaves egg-shaped to oblong,
simple or irregularly divided into broad, shallowly toothed lobes, but not
divided to the midrib; burs with long straight spines, covered with long,
white hairs.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the canyon: Clear Creek trail above Phantom
Ranch.

Mariola Parthenium, Rubber Plant (Parthenium incanum H. B. K.).
— Low shrub about 8 to 12 inches high; leaves mostly basal, oval to elliptic,
about ^2 to % inch long, irregularly few-lobed, whitish with a very fine felt;
flower heads small, borne in flat-topped clusters at the ends of erect leafless
flowering stems; flowers white; petal-like ray flowers very small and inconspicu-
ous, scarcely exceeding the involucre, these the only fertile flowers; disk flowers
in center not producing seeds; seed-like achenes hairy; pappus of 2 papery
awns or scales.

This is a low inconspicuous shrub with whitish leaves mostly at the base.
It belongs to the same genus as the Mexican rubber plant or "guayule" (Par-
thenium argentatum) from which rubber is obtained commercially. P. incanum
has been used for the production of rubber also, but it is far less valuable
than the Mexican species. 4^

Occurrence. — grand canyon, in the canyon, 2,500 to 5,000 feet: Kaibah trail
along switchbacks below Tip-off ; near Phantom Ranch.

American Trixis (Trixis calif arnica Kell.). — Bushy shrub 1 to 3 feet
high, the stems very leafy up to the flower heads; bark smooth, straw-colored
or whitish; leaves narrowly egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, % to 2i/2
inches long, very finely glandular-hairy, margins not toothed or with few

49 Wooten, E. O., and Standley, P. C, Flora of New Mexico: Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium, vol. 19, p. 699. 1915.

Bailey &. Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 251

teeth; flower heads about Yz to % inch high, these usually few in close clus-
ters at the ends of the stems; flowers yellow, the corollas tubular, 2-lipped;
involucral bracts oblong, of equal length, borne in a single series of 8 to 12,
rather stiff and becoming straw-colored, surrounded below by several leaf-like
bracts; seed-like achenes narrow, tapering towards the tip, finely glandular-
hairy; pappus bristles soft, numerous.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, common in the canyon, 2,500 to 3,700 feet: Bright
Angel trail below Indian Gardens; Kaibab trail below the Tonto on both sides of the
Colorado River.

Brickellia (Brickellia Ell.), (Syn. Coleosanthus Cass.)

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves linear to oblong-lance-shaped, toothed or not toothed; flowers white.

Leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped, dark green, smooth, sticky-glutinous, 2
to 4 inches long, the margins finely toothed; heads 3- to 7-flowered

I . B. longifolia.

Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, grayish-hairy and somewhat glandular, Yz io V/i

inches long; heads many-flowered 2. D. ohlongifolia var. linifolla.

Leaves triangular or egg-shaped to rounded, coarsely toothed.

Leaf-blades j/4 to |/2 inch long, 1 -nerved; flowers white 3. D. Jeseriorum.

Leaf-blades mostly J/2 to 2 inches long, 3-nerved; flowers white to whitish, or
yellow.

Leaves roughish, not sticky; flowers white or whitish 4. B. californica.

Leaves smooth or sticky and hairy.

Herbage sticky and hairy; flowers white or whitish 5. B. Creenei.

Herbage not sticky nor hairy, the leaves crisp and smooth, yellowish-
green, with very prominent veins on both sides; flowers
yellow 6. B. atracl^loides.

1. LoNGLEAF Brickellia {Buckdlia longifolia Wats.). — Erect shrubs 2

to 6 feet high, usually with several straight stems from the base; old stems

white, leafless during the winter, very conspicuous in the spring as the leaves

begin to appear; leaves numerous, drooping, tending to be clustered towards

the ends of the stems, lance-shaped to linear, about 2 to 4 inches long, smooth,

dark green and glutinous above, paler below, the margins toothed; heads borne

in small clusters along the flowering branches, 3- to 7-flowered, the flowers

white; involucral bracts overlapping in several series; seed-like achenes crowned

with a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles.

Occurrence. — ZION : Narrows trail near Zion Stadium. GRAND CANYON, abundant in
the canyon, 2,500 to 6,000 feet: Bright Angel trail near trail shelter II/2 miles above
Indian Gardens; Garden Creek; River Trail; Kaibab trail just below Cedar Ridge;
Kaibab trail between Phantom Ranch and junction of Roaring Springs trail.

2. Mohave Brickellia (Brickellia oblongifolia Nutt. var. linijolia
Rob.). — Round-topped bush ^ to 1 foot high, woody at base; herbage grayish-
hairy and somewhat glandular; leaves broadly oblong-lance-shaped to linear,
blunt-pointed at the tips, ^2 to lya inches long, sometimes with 1 or 2 short
teeth; flowers white, many in a head surrounded by a bell-shaped involucre;
bracts of involucre linear, with 2 to 4 longitudinal striations, the inner longest

252

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

with very slender tips; heads ^2 to % inch high, borne singly at the ends
of sparsely leafy stems.

Occurrence. — ZION. GRAND CANYON, in the canyon just below the rims, 6,500 to
7,500 feet: upper Bass Canyon; Point Sublime.

3. Desert Brickellia (BrickelUa desertorum Gov.). — Low spreading
shrub about 4 feet high; bark finely white-woolly; leaves egg-shaped, coarsely
toothed, blunt-pointed; 1/6 to 1/3 inch long; flowers white, 8 to 12 in a head;
heads I/4 to 1/3 inch high, borne in small rounded clusters at the ends of
short side branches.

Occurrence. — ziON.

4. California Brickellia (Brickellia calif ornica Torr. SC Gray) . —
Bushy shrub 2 to 3 feet high; herbage rough-hairy with fine hairs; leaves
rounded to triangular, with 3 prominent veins, irregularly toothed, y2 to 2^4
inches long; flowers whitish, the heads in glomerules of several, these borne
along the stems and forming rather narrow more or less leafy clusters; heads

Fig. 145. Stiff-leaf brickellia {BrickelUa atract^loiJes) .

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 253

about 14 inch high, 10- to 15-flowered, often somewhat nodding; bracts of
involucre with thin blunt tips; seed-Hke fruits (achenes) with hair-like pappus
bristles white or more or less tawny.

Occurrence. — YOSEMITE, near western park boundary up to about 3,000 feet. KINGS
CANYON: Kings River Canyon. SEQUOIA: Paradise-Castle Creek trail, 5,000 feet.
ZION : The Narrows, along trail, grand CANYON, common in the canyon, 3,200 to 6,500
feet: Bright Angel Trail; Indian Gardens; Kaibab Trail along ridge above Tip-off;
above Roaring Springs.

5. Mountain Brickellia (Bnckellia Greenei Gray). — Low bushy plant
%. to 1^ feet high, woody below; herbage sticky-glandular; stems very leafy;
leaves egg-shaped, mostly toothed, 1/2 to 1 inch long, on very short stalks;
flowers whitish, the heads borne singly at the ends of the stems or arranged in
flat-topped clusters at the ends of side branches; involucres about 1/2 inch high,
the bracts linear, slender-pointed, with 2 to 4 longitudinal striations.

Occurrence. — LASSEN : Lassen Peak, to 8,000 feet.

6. Stiff-leaf Brickellia {Brickellia atractyloides Gray), fig. 145. —
Low round-topped shrub 1 to I1/2 feet high with slender brittle branches; bark
shreddy-scaly; leaves egg-shaped to triangular, 1/2 to 1 inch long, crisp, light
yellowish-green, with very prominent veins, the margins irregularly toothed;
heads about 1/2 inch high, broadly cylindric, the flowers yellow, fading to a
dingy white upon drying; involucral bracts somewhat unequal in length, the
outer oblong to elliptic, blunt-pointed, the inner a little longer, lance-shaped
to linear; seed-like achenes linear, dark brown, the longitudinal ridges finely
rough-hairy; pappus of numerous white hair-like bristles.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, common in the canyon, 2,500 to 3,500 feet: Bright
Angel trail near the Colorado River; Kaibab trail just belcw the Tonto south of the
river; Bright Angel trail about 2 miles above Phantom Ranch; Clear Creek trail below
Phantom Point.

Baccharis (Baccharis L.)

Field Guide to the Species

Plants erect, 5 to 12 feet high; twigs not 4-angled; leaves conspicuous.

Leaves lance-shaped, dark shiny green and sticky-glutinous above, ihe margins

toothed; flower clusters more or less flat-topped or rounded

1 . B. glulinosa.

Leaves mostly oblong, pale green, not glutinous, the margins irregularly ffw-

toothed; flower clusters oblong, spreading 2. B. hmory^i.

Plants intricately branched bushy shrubs, 1 '/ 2 'o 4 feet high; stems 4-angied; leaves

small and inconspicuous 3. B. ser^tloides.

1. Seepwillow Baccharis (Baccharis glutinosa Pers.). — Erect or strag-
gling bushes 3 to 12 feet high with slender erect stems clumped at the base;
leaves narrowly oblong to lance-shaped, I1/2 to 6 inches long, dark shiny
green and sticky-glutinous above, 3 -nerved from the base, the margins toothed;
flowers white or greenish, borne in small tight heads, the male and female
heads on separate bushes; seed-like achenes very small, with a tuft of silky
white hairs at the top, packed together into soft brush-like heads and the

254

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

heacls forming more or less flat-topped clusters at the ends of the branches.

This is a shrub of the Southwest, occurring typically around springs, along
streams, or on alluvial plains, where it is found growing in clumps or forming
extensive thickets. The leaves resemble willow leaves but with a rather sticky-
glutinous upper surface. The foliage is poor or worthless as forage but the
deep and wide-spreading roots make the species useful as a soil binder on the
sandy washes in the Southwest. The Indians sharpened the pithy stems and
used them as brushes for decorating pottery. 50

Occurrence.- — ZION, 3,600 to 4,500 feet: Coalpits Wash near south entrance road;
along river in front of Zion Lodge. GRAND CANYON, common along streams in the
canyon, 2,500 to 3,500 feet: Bright Angel trail along Pipe Creek; Havasu Canyon;
Phantom Ranch; Bright Angel Creek for several miles above Phantom Ranch.

2. Emory Baccharis,
Water Willow (Baccharis
Emoryi Gray) . — Erect shrub
5 to 12 feet high with slender
branches, or sometimes almost
tree-like; upper leaves mostly
linear or oblong; lower leaves
elliptic to oblong, 1 to ly2
inches long, 3 -nerved from the
base, the margins irregularly
few-toothed; flowers white, in
small tight heads; heads borne
in large oblong leafy clusters
at the ends of the branches,
the staminate (male) and pis-
tillate (female) on separate
plants; seed-like achenes small,
tipped with numerous silky
white hairs and packed to-
gether into slender brush-like
heads about 1/2 ifich long.

This shrub favors moist
situations but may be found
also in dry gravelly or clay
soils. It is generally not con-
sidered a good browse plant
but animals eat the herbage
sparingly.

Occurrence. — ziON, present at
low elevations along streams: Coal-
pits Wash, 3,600 feet. GRAND
CANYON, common along streams in

Fig. 146. Mohave aster {Aster ahaius).

50 Range Plant Handbook. B
33: United States Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937.

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 255

the canyon, 2,300 to 3,800 feet: Garden Creek near Indian Gardens; Pipe Creek;
Shinumo Creek; Bright Angel Creek at Phantom Ranch and for several miles above.

3. Squaw Baccharis, Squaw Waterweed (Baccharis sergiloides
Gray) . — Much-branched broom-like shrub little resembling the other species
of Baccharis; bushes li/4 to 4 feet high in our area; branches green, 4-angIed;
herbage glutinous; leaves rather sparse, narrowly oblong to spatula-shaped,
1/2 to 1 inch long, the margins not toothed or with few teeth; flower heads
small, borne in nearly leafless branched clusters; involucral bracts stiff, oblong-
egg-shaped; seed-like achenes smooth; pappus bristles rather stiff and sparse
in the staminate (male) flowers, becoming slightly wider towards the tip, that
of the pistillate (seed-bearing) flowers hair-like and the bristles more copious.

Occurrence. — GRAND CANYON, occasional in the canyon, 2,500 to 3,5CO feet: Bright
Angel trail along upper switchbacks above Pipe Creek; Kaibab trail along switchbacks
below the Tip-off; Phantom Ranch; Kaibab trail along Bright Angel Creek about 2J/2
miles above Phantom Ranch.

Mohave Aster (Aster abatus Blake), fig. 146. — Low bushy plant 1 to 2
feet high, with wiry branches spreading from a woody base; bark smooth,
whitish; leaves I1/2 to 3 inches long, lance-shaped to oblong, the margins
spine-toothed; flower heads showy, about 2 inches across; ray flowers bluish-
violet, the centers yellow. (Syn. Aster tortifolius (T. & G.) Gray.)

Occurrence. — GRAND canyon, in the Canyon: Kaibab Trail below the Tonto on
the south side of the Colorado River.

Brittlebush, Incienso (Encelia Adans.)

Field Guide to the Species

Leaves green, roughish; flower-heads without ray flowers, borne singly at the ends

of the branches I. E. frulescens.

Leaves white-woolly; flower-heads with ray flowers, borne several on short branciilets

at the ends of the stems 2. E. farinosa.

1. Smooth Brittlebush (Encelia frutescens Gray). — Low round-
topped shrubs, mostly 1 to 3 feet high; leaves green, egg-shaped to oblong,
with 3 main veins from the base, the margins not toothed; flowers yellow, the
heads about I/2 inch across, without petal-like ray flowers, borne at the ends
of long naked stems which stand out above the rounded and often rather
dense crown of foliage; bracts of involucre surrounding the heads dry and
papery with conspicuous longitudinal striations, the margins hairy; seed-like
achenes black, without a pappus crown or rarely with 2 slender hairs.

Occurrence. — ZION. GRAND CANYON, common in the canyon, 3,000 to 4,000 feet:
Indian Gadens ; Kaibab trail on the Tonto on both sides of the Colorado River.

2. Woolly Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa Gray). — Similar to smooth
brittlebush except the leaves whitish on both sides with a fine white wool;
flower heads several on short branchlets at the ends of the erect naked stems,
with 10 to 18 showy petal -like ray flowers.

Occurrence. — grand canyon, common in the canyon, 2,500 to 3,500 feet: Bright
Angel trail near Colorado River; Phantom Ranch; Kaibab trail several miles north of
Phantom Ranch.

256 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

BIBLIOGRAPHY*

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American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature 1942 — Standard-
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*ASHT0N, R. E. 1933 — Plants of Rocky Mountain National Park. U. S. Dept. Int.,
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Bailey, H. E. and V. L. 1941 — Forests and trees of the western national parks. U. S.
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Coville, F. V. 1897 — The August vegetation of Mount Mazama, Oregon. Mazama
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Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 257

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* 1942 — Base camp botany. Sierra Club expedition to southern Sierra Nevada

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* 1944 — A list of the vascular plants of Tuolumne meadows and vicinity. Sierra

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*JoNES, G. N. 1936 — A botanical survey of the Olympic Peninsula. University of
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* 1938 — Flowering plants and ferns of Mount Rainier National Park. Univer-
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1939 — A synopsis of the North American species of Sorbus. Journ. Arnold

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1935 — The Washington species and varieties of Rosa. Madrono 3: 120-135.

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258 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

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^Weight, K. E. 1940 — Check list of the flowering plants of Bryce Canyon National
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WoOTEN, E. O., AND Standley, P. C. 1915 — Flora of New Mexico. Contr. U. S.
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Bailey a: Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

259

INDEX

Abies

amabills

balsamea

concolor

grandis

lasiocarpa

magnifica

var. shastensis

nobilis 18

Acacia, catclaw 146

Greggi 146

Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus 249

Acer 157

circinatum 1 58

Douglasi (see A. glabrum)

glabrum 1 59

grandidentatum 1 58

macrophyllum 24

negundo var. interius 160

pennsylvanicum 1 60

rubrum 24

saccharum 24

spicatum 160

Aceraceae 1 57

Adenostema fasciculatum 143

Agave utahensis

Aesculus californica

Alder

green, American

mountain

red

Sitka

speckled 58

thmleaf

white

Alnus

crispa

incana

oregona (see A. rubra)

rhombifolia

rubra

sinuata ...---- 58

silchensis (see A. sinuata)

tenuifolia 58

viridis (see A. crispa)

var. sinuaia (see A. sinuata)

Amaryllidaceae 37

Amaryllis family 37

Ameianchier 1 19

alni folia 121

Bal(en (see A. utahensis)

Bartramiana 123

canadensis 122

var. oblongifolia 123

Covillei 123

58
22
57
59
58

22
22

florida 120

ellipiica (see A. florida)
Coldmani (see A. alnifolia)
oligocarpa (see A. Bartramiana)
pallida (see A. alnifolia)
spicala (see A. alnifolia)

utahensis 122

Anacardiaceae 1 53

Andromeda, downy 188

glaucophylla 188

poUfolia var. anguslifolia (see A.
glaucophylla)

Antelope bitterbrush 143

Apacheplume 142

Aplopappus 243

acaulis var. glabratus 245

acradenius 248

arborescens 245

armenoides 246

Bloomeri 247

var. angustatus 247

var. Sonnet 247

cuneatus 245

discoideus (see A. macronema)

Greenei 247

linearifolius var. interior 245

macronema 246

var. linearis 246

Nuttalli 248

spinulosus var. Gooddingi 249

suffruticosus 246

var. tenuis 246

Araliaceae 1 74

Arbutus Menziesi 23

Arctostaphylos 189

Columbiana 190

mariposa 190

var. bivisa 191

mewukka 192

nevadensis 193

pastillosa (see A. mewukka)

patula 191

plalvphylla (see A. patula)

pungens 192

tomeriiosa (see A. columbiana)

uva-ursi 193

viscida 191

Arrow-weed pluchea 249

Artemisia 230

arbuscula (see A. tridentata var.)

Bigelovi 23 1

cana 234

filifolia 234

f rigida 23 1

nova (see A. tridentata var.)

260

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Rothroc}(i (see A. tridentata var.)

tridentata 232

var. arbuscula 234

var. nova 233

var. Rothrocki 235

var. trifida 234

tripartita (see A. tridentata trifida)

Ash 204

black 24

desert - 24

fragrant, southwestern 205

singleleaf 205

two-petal 205

white 24

Aspen, bigtooth 21

quaking 21

Aster abatus 255

Mohave 255

tortifolius (see A. abatus)

Atriplex - 76

canescens 77

confertifolia 77

Gardneri 77

Nutlalli (see A. Gardneri)

Ayenia, dwarf 173

pusilla 1 73

Azalea 1 86

Cascades 187

western 186

Baccharis 253

Emory 254

Emoryi 254

glutinosa 253

seepwillow 253

sergiloides 255

squaw 255

Barberry family 70

Bearberry 193

Beardtongue 210

Bearmat 1 00

Bebbia juncea 237

rush 237

Bedstraw 2 1 3

Berberidaceae 70

Derberis (see Mahonia)

Bernardia incana 150

m^ricaefolia (see B. incana)

southwest 1 50

Betula 55

fontinalis 56

glandulosa 56

lenta 23

lutea 23

papyrifera 22

pumila var. glandulifera 57

Betulaceae 55

Bigelovia (see Chrysothamnus)

Bigncniaceae 213

Bigtree 21

Bilberry, bog 200

Birch 55

bog 56

family 55

low 57

mountam 56

paper 22

red 22

sweet 23

water 56

yellow 23

Bitterbrush, antelope 143

Blackberry 101

culleaf 104

Himalayan 1 04

trailing 103

yankee 104

Blackbrush 141

Blackcap 105

Bladdernut, family 157

Sierra 157

Blight, desert 75

Blueberry 196

Blueridge 199

bog, western 200

box 199

Canada 199

delicious 201

dwarf 200

lowbush -..199

Boxelder, inland 160

Bramble, arctic 103

dwarf 103

five-leaved 103

hairy- fruited 103

Brickellia 251

atractyloides 253

California 252

californica 252

desert 252

desertorum 252

Greenei 253

longifolia 25 1

longleaf 251

Mohave 25 1

mountain 253

oblongifolia var. linifolia 251

stiff-leaf 253

Brittlebush J255

smooth 255

woolly 255

Bryce Canyon National Park 14

Buckbrush ceanothus 171

Buckeye, California 24

Buckthorn 161

alder ...162

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

261

birch 162

cascara 162

family 161

hollyleaf redberry 164

redstem 163

Sierra 163

whiteleaf 164

Buckwheat family 68

Buckwheatbrush 68

rosemary 68

slender 70

spmy 70

Wright's 69

yucca 70

Buffaloberry 175

roundleaf 1 76

russet 1 76

silver 1 75

Bunchberry dogwood 178

Burrobrush, white 234

Bur-sage 249

white 250

woolly 250

Buttercup family 77

Caltrop family 151

Calycanthus occidentalis 79

Capri foliaceae 2 14

Cascara sagrada 162

Cassia Covesi 146

Cassiope 181

Mertens 181

Mertensiana 181

starry 182

Stelleriana 182

Castanopsis 61

chrysophylla 62

sempervirens 61

Catalpa family 213

Catclaw acacia 146

Ceanothus 165

americanus 169

buckbrush 1 71

chaparral whitethorn 166

cordulatus 166

cuneatus 171

deerbrush 168

desert, Mohave 171

dt\>aricaius (see C. leucodermis)

diversifolius 167

Fendler 167

Fendleri 167

fresnensis 170

Creggi (see C. vestilus)

integerrimus 168

Jersey tea 169

Kern 170

leucodermis 166

littleleaf 168

Martin 167

Martini 167

Mohave desert 171

molissimus 169

parvifolius 168

pinetorum 1 70

prostratus 1 70

redstem 168

sanguineus 168

snowbrush 169

squaw carpet 170

trailing 167

velutinus 169

var. laevigatus 169

var. Lorenzeni 169

vestitus ....171

whitethorn, chaparral 166

mountain 166

Cedar, Alaska 21

creeping 30

incense 21

red. Rocky mountain 21

western 21

white, northern 21

Celastraceae 1 56

Celtis Douglasi 67

reliculata (see C. Douglasi)
Cercis arizonica (see C. occidentalis)

occidentalis 144

Cercocarpus 137

arizonicus (see C. intricatus)

betuloides 137

intncatus 140

ledifolius 139

montanus 138

parvifolius (see C. montanus)

Chamaebatia foliolosa 100

Chamaebatiaria millefolium 100

Chamaecyparis nutkatensis 21

Chamaedaphne calyculata 187

Chamise, greasewood 143

Checkerberry wintergreen 195

Chenopodiaceae 75

Cherry 124

bitter 126

pin 127

Manitoba 127

red. Rocky Mountain 127

Chilopsis linearis 213

Chinquapin 61

California 61

giant 62

golden 62

Sierra 61

Chiogenes hispidula 196

Chokecherry 124

black 126

262

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

common '25

western '26

Chrysothamnus 237

Bloomeri (see Aplopappus
Bloomeri)

depressus 242

Greenei 243

lanceolatus (see C. viscidiflorus var.)
mohavensis (see C. nauseosus var.)

nauseosus 239

var. abbreviatus 241

var. consimilis 241

var. glareosus 241

var. graveolens 240

var. junceus 241

var. mohavensis 241

var. occidentalis 241

var. speciosus 240

Nervberryi (see C. Parryi var.
attenuatus)

Parryi 238

var. attenuatus 238

var. Bolanderi 239

var. nevadensis 238

var. vulcanicus 239

pulchellus 242

viscidiflorus 242

var. elegans 243

var. lanceolatus 243

var, pumilus 242

var. stenophyllus 243

Cinquefoil, bush 101

Ciadothamnus pyrolaeflorus 185

Clematis 77

alpme 79

brevifoUa (see C. ligusticifolia)
Columbiana (see C. verticillaris var.)

ligusticifolia 78

occidenlalis (see C. verticillaris var.)

pseudoalpina 79

verticillaris 78

var. Columbiana 78

Cliffbush 84

California 84

Cliffrose, Stansbury 141

Coffeeberry 161

Yosemite 1 63

Coleogyne ramosissima 141

Coleosanihus (see Brickellia)

Compositae 228

Condalia lycioides 161

southwestern 161

Copperbush 1 85

Cornaceae 1 78

Cornus 1 78

californica (see C. stolonifera)

var. pubescens (see C. stolonifera)

canadensis 1 78

inslolonea (see C. stolonifera)

NuttalH 180

occidenlalis (see C. stolonifera)

stolonifera 1 79

Corylus cornula (see C. rostrata)

rostrata 59

var. californica 59

Cotton thorn 235

Cottonwood 21

black 22

Fremont 22

narrowleaf 22

valley 22

Covillea (see Larrea)

Cowania Stansburiana 141

Cow-tobacco 2 1 3

Crab apple, Oregon 23

Cranberry, small 198

western 198

Cranberrybush viburnum, American ....225

Crataegus 1 18

chrysocarpa 1 19

Douglasi 118

Crater Lake National Park 5

Creambush 1 30

Creeper, thicket 172

Creosotebush, Coville ....151

Crowberry, black 204

family 204

Cupressaceae 21

Currant 84

black, Colorado 88

trailing 88

western 87

Crater Lake 89

golden 90

gooseberry 92

Hudson Bay 88

prickly 93

red, American 89

red flowering 92

Rothrock 88

Sierra 92

skunk 89

sticky ' 9]

stink 87

squaw 90

wax 90

winter 92

Cypress family 30

Cytisus scoparius 147

Dalea, Fremont 149

Fremonti var. Johnsoni 149

Dasiphora fruiicosa (see Potentilla)

Datil 36

Deerbrush, desert 169

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 263

Deerbrush ceanothus loo

Dendromecon rigida oU

Desert beauty '4"

Desert blight 75

Desert peachbrush '2o

Desert-rue, Mohave 152

Desert sage ^'-'"

Desert-sweet '00

Desert-thorn 208

squaw ^^^

Desert willow 213

Devil's club, American 174

Dewberry, snow 1"4

Diervilla lonicera 2z3

Diplacus longiflorus var. calycinus 210

Dogwood ' '^

bunchberry ' ' "

creek '80

family ' 78

red-osier - ' '"

Pacific - '80

Douglas fir '"

Dryad, mountain - '3d

Drummond - '3/

Mount Washington — - '36

Dryas ' ^6

Drummondi - ---■ '37

octopetala ' 3o

Echinopanax (see Oplopanax)
Edrvinia americana (see Jamesia)

Elder 225

American -^^^

blackhead 228

blueberry ^^^

whiteleaf 226

bunchbeiry ^^^

New-Mexican 226

red, European ...22>

Pacific 227

Elderberry (see elder)

Eleagnaceae ' '5

Eleagnus argenlca (see E. commutata)

commutata ' 'O

Elm family 67

Empetraceae 204

Emf>etrum nigrum 204

Emplectocladiis fasclculaliis
(see Prunus)

Encelia 255

farinosa 255

frutescens 255

Ephedra 32

antisyphilitica 34

Clokeyi 34

family 32

green 33

Nevada 34

nevadensis 34

Torrey 34

Torreyana 34

34
vine - -'^

viridis 33

Ericaceae '80

Ericameria (see Aplopappus)

Eriodictyon ■^Uo

angusti folium 20/

calif ornicum -...207

Lobbi 207

Parryi 206

Eriogonum t)0

aureum (see E. microthecum)
cor^mhosum (see E. microthecum)
Jivergens (see E. microthecum)

fasciculatum var. polifolium 68

microthecum 70

plumatella 70

polifolium (see E. fasciculatum var.)
Simpsoni (see E. microthecum)

sulcatum - 70

Wrighti 69

Eriophyllum confertiflorum 230

golden yarrow 230

Euphorbiaceae 150

Eurotia lanata 76

Fagaceae 6!

Fallugia paradoxa 142

Fatsia (see Oplopanax)

Fendlera 83

falcata 83

rupicola 83

tomentella 83

Fendlerella c\imosa (see F. utahensis)
utahensis 83

Fernbush 100

Figwort family 210

Filbert, beaked 59

California 59

Fir 18

alpine 19

balsam 18

Douglas 19

noble 18

red, California 18

Shasta 18

silver 18

white - 18

lowland 18

Flannelbush 1 73

Forestiera neomexicana 206

New-Mexican 206

Forsellesia spinescens 156

Franseria 249

dumosa 250

eriocentra 250

264

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Fraxinus 204

americana 24

anomala 205

cuspidata var. macropetala 205

dipetala 205

macropetala (see F. cuspidata var.)

nigra 24

velulina var. coriaceae 24

Fremonlia, California 173

californica 1 73

Fresno mat 170

Galium steilatum var. eremicum 213

Garrya 1 77

flavescens 1 78

FremontI .,..1 77

mollis (see G. flavescens)
pallida (see G. flavescens)

Garryaceae 1 77

Gaultheria 194

humifusa 195

ovatifolia 196

procumbens 195

shallon 194

Ginseng family 174

Clossopeialon (see Forseilesia)

Gnetaceae 32

Glacier National Park 9

Goldenhead, layless 249

Goldenweed 243

desert ...245

dv/arf 246

fleece 245

Greene's 247

ironplant 249

narrowleaf 247

Nuttall 248

paleleaf 248

rabbitbrush 247

smglehead 246

stemless 245

wedgeleaf 245

whitestem 246

woolly 247

Gooseberry 84

bitter 94

Canada 95

desert 96

gummy 94

hairystem 95

Lobb's 94

Mount Adams 97

redshoot 96

Sierra 96

blood 97

Siskiyou 97

straggly 94

trumpet 95

Tulare 97

Watson 97

whitestem 95

wooUyflower 96

Goosefoot family (see Pigweed
family)

Grand Canyon National Park 15

Grand Teton National Park 1 1

Grape, California 172

canyon 172

family 1 71

Oregon 73

wild 171

Grayia spinosa 76

Greasebush, spiny 156

Greasewood 75

Greasewood chamise 143

Crossularia (see Ribes)

Groundsel, Douglas 230

Gutierrezia 236

glomerella (see G. lucida)

lucida 237

microcephala (see G. lucida)

sarothrae 236

Hackberry 67

Haplopappus (see Aplopappus)
Harrimanella Slelleriana
(see Cassiope)

Hawthorn 1 18

Douglas 1 18

fireberry ....1 19

Hazel, California 59

Hazelnut 59

Heath family 180

Heather, white 181

Alaska 1 82

Hemlock, mountain 19

western 19

Holly, mountain 73

Hollygrape 70

California 71

cascades 74

creepmg 72

Fremont 71

Piper 74

Hollyleaf redberry buckthorn 164

Holodiscus discolor — 130

var. dumosus 131

var. glabrescens 132

var. microphyllus ....132

dumosus (see H. discolor var.)
microphallus (see H. discolor)

Honeysuckle 218

Arizona 221

bearberry 218

bush, dwarf 223

chaparral 223

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

265

Donald 222

family 214

fly. American 219

mountain 219

swamp 221

hairy 221

limber 222

purple- flower 220

trumpet, western ...221

Utah 220

sweetberry 219

Hophornbeam, Knowlton 60

American 60

Hop-sage, spiny 76

Hoptree. Baldwin 152

Horsebrush 235

longspine 235

spineless gray 235

Huckleberry. California 199

Fool's 189

(see also blueberry, whortleberry,
and bilberry)

Hydrangea family 81

Hydrangeaceae 81

Hydrophyllaceae 206

Hymenoclea salsola 234

Incienso 255

Incense cedar 21

Ironpiant goldenweed 249

Isle Royale National Park 17

Jamesia 83

amencana 84

var. californica 84

Janusia gracilis 161

slender ....161

Jersey tea ceanothus 169

Joint-fir 32

Juneberry 1 19

Juniper 21

common 31

mountain 31

Oldfield 32

Utah 21

western 21

Juniperus 30

communis 31

var. dep.essa 32

var. montana (see var. saxatilis)

var. saxatilis ,. 31

honzontalis 30

occidentalis 21

scopulorum 21

sibirica (see J. communis var.

saxatilis)
utahensis 21

Kalmia 1 84

bog 1 84

alpme 185

occidentalis (see K. pclifolia)

polifolia 184

var. microphylla 185

Kings Canyon National Park 8

Kmnikinnick 193

Kit-kit-dizze 100

Krameria parvifolia var. glandulosa ....145

range 145

Labiatae (see Menthaceae)

Labrador-tea 185

western 185

Larch, alpine 19

eastern 19

western 19

Larix laricina 19

Lyalli 19

occidentalis 19

Larrea glutinosa (see L. tridentata)

tridentata 151

Lassen V^olcanic National Park 6

Laurel, black 187

Rocky Mountain 185

swamp 184

Leatherflower 77

Leatherleaf 187

Ledum glandulosum 185

groenlandicum 185

Leguminosae 144

Lepargvrea (see Shepherdia)

Leucothoe Davisae 187

Libocedrus decurrens 21

Lilac, mountain 165

Liliaceae 34

Lily family _ 34

Lippia. Wright 207

Wrighti 207

Locust, western 148

Lonicera 218

arizonica 221

canadensis 219

ciliata (see L. canadensis)

ciliosa 221

coerulea 219

conjugialis 220

dioica 222

var. glaucescens ..222

glaiica (see L. dioica)
glaucescens (see L. dioica var.)

hirsuta 221

interrupta 223

involucrata 218

oblcngifolia 221

utahensis 220

villosa var. Solonis 219

Lupine 149

266

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

Brewer 1 50

Grays 1 50

Lyall 1 50

mat 150

silver 1 50

spur 1 50

Tahoe 1 50

whitef ace 1 50

Lupinus 149

albif rons 1 50

Breweri 1 50

Grayi 150

laxiflorus 150

Lyalli 150

var. danaus 150

var. Lobbi 150

var. fruticulosus 150

meionanthus 1 50

Lycium 208

Andersoni 209

pallidum 208

Torreyi 208

Macronema discoidea (see Aplopappus
macronema)
lineare (see Aplopappus macronema
var. linearis)

Madder family 213

Madrono 23

Mahogany (see mountain m.)

Mahonia 70

aquifolium 73

cascades 74

creeping 72

dictyota 71

Fremonti - 71

nervosa 74

net vein 71

Piper 74

Piperiana 74

repens 72

Malpighia family 161

Malpighiaceae 161

Malus fusca 23

rivularis (see M. fusca)

Manzanita 189

greenleaf 191

hairy 190

Indian 192

Mariposa 1 90

pinemaf 193

poinlleaf 192

whiteleaf 191

Maguey 37

Maple 1 57

bigleaf 24

bigtooth 1 58

family 1 57

mountain 1 60

red 24

Rocky Mountain 159

striped 160

sugar 24

vine 1 58

Mariola parthenium 250

Meadowsweet 1 33

Meadowsweet spiraea, broadleaf 134

Menodora, rough 206

scabra 206

Menthaceae 208

Menziesia glabella (see M. ferruginea)

ferruginea 188

rusty 188

Mesa Verde National Park 13

Mescal 37

Mesquite, honey 146

Mint family 208

Mock-orange 81

Lewis 81

littleleaf 82

Monkeyflower, bush 210

Mormon-tea 32

Mount Rainier National Park 4

Mountam ash 109

alpine 1 10

Arizona 1 1 1

California (see Pacific)
Cascade (see Pacific)

Greene's I 10

Pacific 1 10

western 1 10

Mountain dryad 136

Mountainheath 1 82

Brewer 183

cream 183

red 182

Mountain lover 156

Mountain mahogany 137

birchleaf 137

curl-leaf 1 39

littleleaf 140

true 1 38

Mountain misery 100

Mountain pride 212

Myrica 66

gale 67

Hartwegi 66

Myricaceae 66

Myrtle, Oregon 23

pachistima 1 56

wax 66

Nama Lobbi (see Eriodictyon)
Parryi (see Eriodictyon)

Nightshade family 208

Ninebark 1 28

Bailey sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 267

common ' -"-"

mallow '■^"

mountain '■^"

Pacific 129

twinpod '^"

Oak 62

black, California 23

evergreen ^-'

blue, California 23

Brewer "^

chaparral - t)J

family "'

Gambel 63

holly 66

huckleberry 64

live, canyon ^3

interior ^^

dwarf 66

shrub 65

Kaweah 64

red 23

scrub OJ

California 65

shin. Rocky Mountain 65

white. Rocky Mountain 23

Oceanspray ' 3(J

Odostemon (see Mahonia)

Oleaceae ^'-'"^

Oleaster family ''5

Olive family 204

Olympic National Park 3

Opiopanax horridum ' ' "^

Opulasler (see Physocarpus)

Orange family '5^

Oregon grape '3

Osmaronia cerasiformis 128

Oso berry '2o

Ostrya Knowltoni 60

virginiana t)U

Ox^coccus macrocarpus
(see Vaccinium)
ox^coccus (see Vaccinium)

Pachistima myrsinites 156

myrtle 1 56

Pacific Slope Region 2

Paloblanco 67, 206

Papaveraceae 8u

Parosela (see Dalea)

Parthenium incanum 250

mariola •^jO

Parthenocissus inserta 1/2

vilaceae (see P. inserta)

Pea family 144

Peachbrush, desert 128

Pearlberry, creeping 196

Penstemon ■^ "^

ahklinus (see P. linarioides)

ambiguus subsp. laevissimus 213

breviflorus ^' '

Bridges ^'^

Bridgesi ^'^

bush 21 1

cliff 212

Colorado 213

coloradoensc (see P. linarioides
subsp.)

Davidson ^'^

Davidsoni - •^'■^

ellipticus ■^ '''

fruticosus ^' '

linarioides 213

subsp. coloradoensis 213

subsp. Sileri 213

Menziesi var. Davidsoni (see P.
Davidsoni)
var. Nervberrvi (see P. New-

berryi)
var. Scouleri (see P. Scouleri)

Newberry ■^'•^

Newberryi - 2lz

rockvine 21/

Rothrock 21 1

Rothrocki - 21 1

rupicola ^ '^

Scouler / '^

Scouleri ^ '^

slubflower 21 I

toadflax 213

Siler 213

Peraphyllum ramosissimum 123

Petrophytum '35

acuminalum (see P. caespitosum)

caespitosum ' 35

Hendersoni 1 33

Phacelia family 206

Philadelphus 81

argenteus (see P. microphyllus)
argprocahx (see P. microphyllus)
californicus (see P. Lewisi)
Cordonianus (see P. Lewisi)

Lewisi 81

microphyllus 82

occidentalts (see P. microphyllus)
serpvllifolius (see P. microphyllus)

Phyllodoce 182

Breweri '83

empetriformis '8Z

glandulifiora 183

Physocarpus ' 28

bracteafus - - '^"

capitatus '2'

malvaceus '^^

monogynus <^^

268

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

opulifolius 1 30

Picea Engelmanni 19

glauca '9

mariana '"

pungens 19

sitchensis 19

Pigeonberry 1 19

Pigweed family - 75

Pinaceae 18

Pine, bristlecone 21

digger 20

foxtail 20

jack 20

Jeffrey 20

knobcone 20

limber 20

lodgepole 20

ponderosa 20

red 20

sugar 20

white, eastern 20

western 20

whitebark 20

Pinon 20

singleleaf 19

Pinus albicaulis 20

attenuata 20

aristata 21

Balfouriana ,. 20

Banksiana 20

contorta 20

edulis ...., 20

flexilis 20

Jeffreyi 20

Lambertiana 20

monophylla 19

monticola 20

ponderosa 20

resinosa 20

sabmiana 20

strobus 20

Platanus racemosa 24

Pluchea sericea 249

arrow- weed 249

Plum, Klamath 127

Poison ivy, western 154

Poison oak. Pacific 154

Polygonaceae 68

Poplar, balsam 22

Poppy, bush 80

family 80

Populus angustifolia 22

balsamifera 22

Fremonti 22

grandidentatum 21

Wislizeni 22

tremuloides 21

trichocarpa 22

Poreleaf, slender 234

Porophyllum gracile 234

Potentilla fruticosa 101

Prosopis chilensis subsp. glandulosa ....146
juliflora var. glandulosa (see P.
chilensis)

Prunus 124

cor^mbulosa (see P. pennsylvanica

var. saximontana)
demissa (see P. virginiana var.)

emargmata 126

var. mollis 127

fasciculata 128

melanocarpa (see P. virginiana)

pennsylvanica var. saximontana 127

subcordata 1 27

virginiana 125

var. demissa 126

var. melanocarpa 126

Pseudotsuga taxifolia 19

Ptelea Baldwini 152

Purshia tridentata 143

PyTus dh'ersifoUa (see Malus fusca)

Quercus 62

borealis 23

chrysolepis 23

Douglasi 23

dumosa 65

Gambeli 63

Garryana var. Breweri 64

var. semola (see var. Breweri)
Cunnisoni (see Q. Gambeli)

Kelloggi 23

morehus 23

pungens (see Q. undulata var.)
iurbinella (see Q. dumosa)

undulata 65

var. pungens 66

utahensis 23

vaccinifolia 64

Wislizeni 23

var. extima 66

Quinine-bush 142

Quixote plant 37

Rabbitbrush 237

Bolander 239

broom 241

Douglas 242

dwarf 242

Greene's 243

greenplume 240

lanceleaf 243

Mohave 241

mountain — ....242

narrowleaf 238

Nevada 238

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

269

Parry 238

rubber 239

western 241

showy - 241

small 243

southwest - 242

tall 240

volcano 239

Ranunculaceae 77

Raspberry 101

boulder 109

red, western 106

New Mexican 109

whltebark 1 05

ivhileftowering (see thimbleberry)

Ratany, range 145

Redberry buckthorn, hollyleaf 164

Redbud, California 144

Rhamnaceae 161

Rhamnus 161

aim folia 162

betulaefoha var. obovata 162

calif ornlca var. tomentella
(see R. tomentella)

crocea var ilicifolia 164

Purshiana 162

rubra var. obfusissima 163

var. yosemitana 163

tomentella 164

Rhamnaceae 161

Rhododendron 186

albiflorum 187

cahfornicum (see R. macrophyllum)

coast 186

macrophyllum 1 86

occidentale 186

Rhus 1 54

cismontana (see R. glabra)
Jiversiloha (see Toxicodendron)

glabra 155

radicans var. (see Toxicodendron)
toxicodendron var. (see
Toxicodendron)

trilobata 1 55

typhina 1 56

uiahensis (see R. trilobata)

Ribes 84

acerifolium (see R. laxiflorum)

amarum 94

aureum 90

binominatum 97

bracteosum 87

cereum - 90

coloradense (see R. laxiflorum var.)

divaricatum 94

erythrocarpum 89

glandulosum 89

hirtellum 95

Horvelli (see R. laxiflorum)

hudsonianum 88

tnchrtaiis (see R. cereum)

inerme 95

lacustre 93

lasianihum (see R. leptanthum var.)
laxiflorum 88

var. coloradense 88

lentiim (see R. montigenum)
leptanthum 95

var. lasianthum 96

Lobbi 94

longiflorum (see R. aureum)

montigenum 92

nevadense 92

oxyacanthoides 95

parvulum (see R. lacustre)

petiolare 87

prosiralum (see R. glandulosum)
Roezli 96

var. cruentum 97

sanguinem 92

saximontanum (see R. setosum)
saxosiim (see R. inerme)

setosum - 96

triste 89

tularense — 97

velutinum 96

viscosissimum 91

var. Halli 91

Watsonianum 97

Wolfi - - 88

Robinia luxunans 148

neomexicanus (see R. luxurians)

Rockmat 135

Henderson 135

tufted ......135

Rockspiraea 130

bush 131

creambush 130

mountain 1 32

smooth 132

Rocky Mountain National Park 12

Rocky Mountain Region -.. 9

Rosa 1 1 1

aciculans 1 15

arizonica (see R. Woodsi)

blanda 114

Bourgeauiana (see R. acicularis)

californica I 16

canina 1 18

Dudlevi (see R. pinetorum)

Eglanteria 1 18

Fendleri (see R. Woodsi)
granulifera (see R. Woodsi)

gymnocarpa 1 14

manca 1 16

melina (see R. manca)

270

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

mirifica (see R. stellata)
neomexicana (see R. Woodsi)

nutlcana ' '"

oreopbila (see R. manca)

pinelorum 1 14

pisocarpa ' 'o

Pringlei (see R. pisocarpa)
p^rifera (see R. Woodsi)
rainierensis (see R. pisocarpa)
rotunda (see R. acicularis)
rubiginosa (see R. Eglanteria)
5api (see R. acicularis)
Sayiana (see R. acicularis)
Spaldingi (see R. nutlcana)

spilhamea 1 17

stellata 117

ullramonlana (see R. pisocarpa)

virginiana 1 18

Woodsi 117

Rosaceae 98

Rose 1 1 1

baldhip 1 14

California 1 16

desert 1 17

dog 1 18

family 98

ground 1 17

Mancos 1 16

meadow 1 14

Nootka 116

peafruit 1 16

pineywoods 1 14

prickly 1 15

sweetbrier 1 18

Virginia 1 18

Woods 117

Rose-bay, California 186

Rubber plant - 250

Rubiaceae 2 1 3

Rubus 101

arcticus 1 03

deliciosus 1 09

var. neomexicanus 109

frondosus - 104

idaeus var. aculeatissimus 106

var. arizonicus 108

laciniatus 104

lasiococcus 1 03

leucodermis 105

var. leucocarpus 106

macropetalus 103

neomexicanus (see R.
deliciosus var.)

nivalis 1 04

nuikanus (see R. parviflorus)

parviflorus 1 08

pedatus 103

procerus 104

spectabilis 1 05

strigosus (see R. idaeus var.
aculeatissimus)

triflorus 1 03

Rutaceae 1 52

Sage, desert 208

Sagebrush 230

big 232

Bigelovk' 23 1

black 233

fringed 23 1

low 233

Rothrock 233

sand 234

scabland 233

silver 234

slender --- 23 1

three-tip 234

Salal 194

Salicaceae 37

Salix 37

anglorum vars. (see S. petrophila)
arclica var. peiraea (see S.

petrophila)
balsamifera (see S. pyrifolia)

Barclayi 49

Barrattiana 48

var. Tweed^i (see S. Tweedyi)
Bebbiana 46

var. perrostrata 46

bella 53

Bolanderiana (see S. melanopsis)

brachycarpa 46

caespilosa (see S. petrophila var.)
califomica (see S. Eastwoodiae)

Candida 54

cascadensis 44

caudata 45

var. Bryantiana 45

var. parvifolia 45

chloroph\)lla (see S. planifolia)

commutata 48

cordata var. lutea (see S. lutea)

var. Macl(enztana (see S.
Mackenziana)

Coulteri 54

Covillei (see S. subcoerulea)

discolor - 52

Dodgeana 43

Drummondiana 53

Eastwoodiae 48

exigua 44

Farrae 50

Fendleriana (see S. caudata var.)
Fernaldi (see S. vestita var. erecta)
fluviatilis (see S. melanopsis)
Geyeriana 46

bAiLEY sc Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks

271

var. argentea 46

glauca var. glab.rescens (see S.
pseudolapponum)
var. orestera (see S. oreslera)
var. villosa (see S. orestera)
glaucops (see S. pseudolapponum)

Gooddingi ^^

Hindsiana 4j

humilis - ^^

irrorata 4j

Jepsoni ^4

laevigata ^^

lancifolia (see S. lasiandra)

lasiandra ^^

lasiolepis -'^

Lemmoni 53

longifolla (see S. melanopsis)

lutea 50

Mackenziana 5(J

macrocarpa (see S. Geyeriana)

melanopsis 44

monica (see S. planifolia)

monochroma 51

monticola 4V

nivalis 43

var. saximontana 43

NuUalli (see S. Scouleriana)

orestera ---- 4/

pedicellaris var. hypoglauca 47

pellita ^5

pennata -'-'

petiolaris 4/

petrophila 43

var. caespitosa 44

ph\)licifolia (see S. planifolia)

Piperi 49

planifolia -'-

var. monica (see S. planifolia)
var. Nelsoni (see S. planifolia)

pseudocordata 5U

pseudolapponum 4/

pseudomonticola 4V

pseudomvrsiniles (see S.
pseudocordata)

pyrifoha 51

reticulata (see S. nivalis)
roslrata (see S. Bebbiana)
saximontana (see S. nivalis var.)

• 45

serissima ^-'

Scouleriana 51

sitchensis 54

var. angustifolia (see S. Jepsoni)
var. Coultcri (see S. Coulteri)

stricta (see S. brachycarpa)

subcoerulea 53

taxifolia 4!>

tenera (see S. cascadensis)

Tweedyi 4V

vestita 51

var. electa 51

IVatsoni (see S. lutea)

Wolfi 48

var. idahoensis 48

Salmonberry 105

Saltbush 76

fourwing 77

Gardner -.-... 77

spiny 77

Salvia carnosa 20o

Sambucus 225

californica (see S. coerulea var.)
calUcarpa (see S. racemosa var.)

canadensis 226

coerulea 22o

var. arizonica (see S. coerulea)

var. neomexicana 226

var. velutina 226

glauca (see S. coerulea)

melanocarpa 22o

microbotr\}s (see S. racemosa var.)
neomexicana (see S. coerulea var.)

racemosa 227

var. callicarpa 227

var. microbotrys 228

velutina (see S. coerulea var.)

Sarcobatus vermiculatus 75

Sarvisberry - ' I"

Saskatoon ' '"

Saxif ragaceae o4

Saxifrage family 84

Scotch broom '4/

Scrophulariaceae 2 10

Seepwillow ^^J

Senecio Douglasi 230

Senna, hairy - - '46

Sequoia gigantea ^i

Sequoia National Park 8

Sericolheca glahrescens (see Holodiscus
discolor var.)
discolor (see Holodiscus)
Schaffnen (see Holodiscus discolor
var. glabrescens)

Serviceberry ---' '"

apple-flowered ^^^

desert '■^^

hairyleaf '22

Pacific 120

Saskatoon '21

shadblow 122

thicket 123

Shadbush 1 19

Shadscale 77

Shepherdia 1 75

argentea ' '5

canadensis 1 76

272

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

rotundifolia 1 76

Silktassel 1 77

family 1 77

Fremont I 77

yellowleaf 1 78

Silverberry 1 76

Skunkbush sumac 155

Snakeweed 236

broom 236

sticky 237

Snowberry 2 1 4

common 214

longflower 21 7

mountain 21 7

roundleaf 2 1 6

sharpieaf 2 1 6

spreadmg 21 5

Washington 2 1 5

Snowbrush ceanothus 169

Solanaceae 208

Sorbus 109

californica (see S. sitchensis)
cascadensis (see S. sitchensis)

dumosa 1 1 1

occidentahs 1 10

scopulina 1 10

sitchensis 1 10

var. densa 110

Southwest Region 13

Spanish bayonet 36

Spicebush 79

Spiraea 1 33

broadleaf meadowsweet 134

caespUosa (see Petrophytum)

densiflora 133

discolor (see Holodiscus)

Douglas 135

Douglasi 135

dumosa (see Holodiscus discolor var.)
Hendersoni (see Petrophytum)

latifolia 1 34

lucida 133

Menzies 135

Menziesi 135

salicifolia (see S. latifolia)

shinyleaf 133

splendens (see S. densiflora)

subalpine 1 33

Spruce 19

black 19

blue 19

Englemann 19

Sitka 19

white 19

Spurge Family 150

Squaw-apple 123

Squaw carpet ceanothus 170

Staff-tree family 156

Staphylea Bolanderi 157

Staphyleaceae 157

Stenolus armerioides (see Aplopappus)
falcalus (see Aplopappus acaulis var.)

Sferculia family 173

Sterculiaceae 1 73

Suaeda Torreyana 75

Sumac 1 54

family 153

skunkbush 155

smooth 1 55

staghorn 156

Sunflower family 228

Sweet-bay 66

Sierra 66

Sweet-gale 67

family 66

Sweetshrub, California 79

Sycamore, California 24

Symphoncarpos 214

acutus 216

albus 2 1 4

var. laevigalus 215

hesperius 215

longiflorus 21 7

mollis 215

occidentalis 215

oreophilus 217

Panshi 217

pauciflorus 215

racemosus (see S. albus)

rividaris (see S. albus var. laevigatus)

rotundifolius 216

tetonensis 2 1 7

utahensis 2 1 7

vaccinioides 2 1 7

Syrmga 81

Tamaricaceae 1 74

Tamarisk, family 174

French 1 74

Tamarix gallica 174

Tansybush 100

Taxus 29

brevifolia 29

canadensis 30

Tetradymia 235

axillaris 235

canescens var. inermis 235

spinosa 235

Thamnosma montana 152

Thimbleberry, western 108

Thornapple 1 18

Thuja occidentale 21

plicata 21

Torreya californica 18

Toxicodendron 1 53

diversilobum 1 54

Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 273

radicans var. Rydbergi 154

Frixis, American 250

calif ornica 250

Tsuga heterophylla 19

Mertensiana 19

Tumion (see Torreya)

Turpentine broom 152

Twinberry, black 218

red ...220

Ulmaceae 67

Umbeliularia californica 23

Vaccmium 196

angustifolium 199

canadense 199

caespitosum 200

var. cuneifolium (see V.
caespitosum)

deliciosum 201

globulare 204

macrocarpon 198

macro phxiUum (see V. membra-
naceum)

membranaceum 203

microphxillum (see V. scoparium)
mvrliUus (see V. oreophilum)

oblatum 203

occidentale 200

oreopbilum 202

ovali folium 202

ovatum 199

oxycoccus 198

var. intermedium 198

pallidum var. crinatum 199

pa rvi folium .202

pennsylvanicum (see V. angusti-
folium)

scoparium 201

uliginosum 200

vacillans var. cnnalum (see V.
pallidum var.)

Verbena family 207

Verbenaceae 207

Viburnum 224

americanum (see V. trilobum)

cranberry bush, American 225

ellipticum 224

opulus (see V. trilobum)

Oregon 224

pauciflorum 224

Mooseberry 224

trilobum 225

Virgin's bower 77

purple 78

western 78

Vitaceae 1 7 1

Vilis 1 7 1

arizonica 1 72

californica 1 72

Waterweed, squaw ...255

Whitethorn ceanothus, chaparral 166

mountain ....166

IVhipplea utahensis (see Fendlerella)

Whortleberry 196

big 203

grouse 201

oval-leaf 202

red 202

Rocky Mountain 202

Willow 37

alpine, dwarf 43

arroyo 50

autumn 45

balsam 51

Barclay 49

Barratt 48

barrenground 46

beautiful 53

Bebb 46

smooth 46

black, narrowleaf 22

western 22

blue 53

bluesfem 45

bog, interocean 47

Bryant 45

Cascade 44

Coulter 54

coyote 44

desert 2 1 3

Dodges 43

Drummond 53

dusky 44

Eastwood 48

Farr 50

family 37

feathervein 53

fire 22

flrmleaf 50

Geyer 46

silvery 46

grayleaf 47

grayleaf Sierra 47

greensides 51

Hind's 45

Idaho 48

Jepson 54

Lemmon 53

Mackenzie 50

mountain 48

false 49

myrtle, false 50

Piper 49

planeleaf 52

prairie 52

274

American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 4

pussy 52

red 22

Rocky Mountain 49

sageleaf 54

sandbar 44

satiny - 55

Scouler 51

Sierra, grayleaf 47

silky-back 51

Sitka 54

skyland 43

tufted 44

slender 47

snow 43

summit 43

Tweedy 49

water 254

whiplash 45

Wolfs 48

yellow 50

yew-leaf 45

Wineberry 204

Winterfat 76

Wintergreen 194

checkerberry 1 95

Oregon 196

western 1 95

Wolfberry 208

Anderson 209

pale 208

Torrey 208

Wormwood 230

Yarrow Eriophyllum, golden 230

Yellowstone National Park 10

Yerba-santa 206

California 207

narrowleaf 207

woolly 207

Yew 29

Canada 30

family 29

western 29

Yosemite National Park 7

Yucca 34

angustissima 36

baccata 36

var. vespertina 36

Daileyi (see Y. angustissima)

chaparral 37

Harrimaniae (see Y. angustissima)

narrowleaf 36

Whipplei - 37

Zion National Park 15

Z(2pp/iu5 (see Condalia)

Zygophyllaceae 1 51

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Full text of "Woody plants of the western national parks; containing keys for the identification of trees and shrubs"

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