Workshop on Ultraviolet Radiation and Biological Research in Antarctica : June 7-8, 1988, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

WORKSHOP ON

PT 34

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KW 1002009

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

AND
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN

ANTARCTICA

DOCUMENT
LIBRARY

Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution

June 7-8,1988

National Science Foundation
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WORKSHOP ON

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA

June 7-8, 1988

National Science Foundation

1800 G St. N.W., Washington, D.C.

CO-SPONSORED BY:

Division of Polar Programs

National Science Foundation

and

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis

ORGANIZED AND EDITED BY:

C.S. Weiler

Division of Polar Programs

National Science Foundation

Washington, D.C. 20550

INTRODUCTION

C. SUSAN WEILER

Division of Polar Programs

National Science Foundation

1800 G St. NW

Washington, D.C. 20550

WORKSHOP GOALS:

Over the past 10 years, ozone values over the Antarctic continent have dropped
dramatically during the austral spring. Because ozone absorbs strongly in the
UV-B (280-320 nm) portion of the solar spectrum and because UV-B radiation is
known to be injurious to life, it is important to assess the biological
consequences of enhanced UV-B radiation resulting from stratospheric ozone
depletion. In order to inform and educate the scientific community about
Antarctic UV research, the National Science Foundation's Division of Polar
Programs and the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental
Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon co-sponsored a workshop on ultraviolet
radiation and biological research in Antarctica. The workshop was held in
Washington, D.C. on June 7-8, 1988.

The goals of the workshop were to: provide an overview of UV-B effects on
organisms and UV radiation measurements for individuals interested in conducting
research on the consequences of enhanced UV-B radiation for Antarctic organisms
and personnel; describe the network the United States Antarctic Program is
developing for monitoring ultraviolet radiation; and provide a forum for
discussions among researchers interested in conducting UV research in Antarctica
and established UV researchers.

The workshop began with presentations on the status of present knowledge
concerning biological UV effects. The presentations were followed by discussions
on the United States Antarctic Program's UV radiation monitoring equipment (led
by G.W. Harris) and UV monitoring program (led by C.R. Booth), and a tutorial and
discussion on UV lights, filters, and measurements for use in biological research
(led by M.M. Caldwell). Fifty one scientists from Australia, Chile, Argentina,
and a variety of U.S. research institutions and federal agencies participated in
the workshop, which was attended by over 70 individuals.

To stimulate greater community awareness and provide an introduction to the field
of UV effects on organisms, NSF has compiled this summary of the workshop
presentations; an abstract and short list of key references from each talk is
provided.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION MONITORING PROGRAM:

While it is known that decreases in total ozone will increase the amount of UV-B
radiation reaching the earth's surface, models have not yet been developed that
can accurately predict ultraviolet radiation levels at the earth's surface for
high latitudes. In order to obtain direct measurements of predicted changes in
ultraviolet radiation levels resulting from the Antarctic "ozone hole", the
United States Antarctic Program (USAP) is developing a network for monitoring
ultraviolet radiation. Equipment systems have been installed at three Antarctic

1

locations (South Pole, McMurdo, and Palmer Stations), and a system is planned for
installation at Ushuaia, Argentina. Data from this network will be used to
determine the extent of ultraviolet radiation enhancement due to Antarctic ozone
depletion and to estimate the health and biological consequences of stratospheric
ozone depletion for Antarctic organisms and personnel.

WORKSHOP SUMMARY:

Because so little biological UV research has been conducted in Antarctica,
workshop speakers reviewed research results from lower latitudes. Where
possible, speakers and participants commented on the implications of UV trends
for Antarctic organisms; these insights are summarized below.

Both Martyn Caldwell and Richard Setlow stressed that there are considerable gaps
in our knowledge of UV effects on organisms (and Antarctic organisms are
virtually unstudied at this time). Caldwell established the importance of
obtaining accurate and biologically relevant action spectra for UV damage. He
pointed out that different cellular processes have different action spectra and
that ozone reduction causes damage for a particular system or organism only if
the relevant biological action spectrum/spectra has certain characteristics, such
as increasing detrimental effect with decreasing wavelength over the ozone-
absorbing (UV-B) region. In addition to obtaining accurate dose-response curves,
Setlow urged Antarctic researchers to establish the relationship between UV dose,
dose rate, and biological effect.

Arlin Krueger noted that in October 1987, ozone values in some areas were close
to zero at the altitude where the ozone maximum usually occurred. This implies
column ozone may not fall much below the 1987 ozone minimum (109 DU) unless it is
removed from other altitudes. Krueger and John Frederick pointed out that solar
elevation has a strong effect on UV-B penetration; solar elevation at midday
increases between June 21 and Dec. 21, and toward the equator. Therefore, even
if ozone levels are the same or higher than the October 1987 ozone minimum
values, increases in the size of the ozone hole or in its duration will
significantly increase the amount of UV-B penetrating to the earth's surface.
Because UV penetration varies so strongly with latitude, maximum UV penetration
in the Antarctic will not necessarily coincide with the ozone minimum. Because
photoperiod changes rapidly and dramatically between June and December in
Antarctica, it will be important to monitor organism responses to both the
maximum daily UV-B dose and the integrated daily UV-B dose. Frederick's model
calculations indicate that UV-B levels for the ozone minimum (October 5) were
comparable to summer solstice values at that location; Antarctic organisms
presumably have not experienced "record" UV-B levels, though spring UV-B levels
were higher than normal.

Data on the motion of the ozone hole show changes in the position of the hole
relative to geographical locations. In a matter of days, a particular region may
experience dramatic changes in UV-B radiation (column ozone changes of more than
150 DU have already been observed over this time scale). Ray Smith coined the
term "Middle-UV front" for this phenomenon. Because it is so difficult to
reconstruct the solar UV-B spectrum with artificial light sources, the UV front
provides a unique opportunity to study the response of organisms to large changes
in solar UV-B. Smith noted that organisms adapted to gradual seasonal changes in
UV-B may not be able to respond equivalently to similar or greater changes

condensed over a short period.

Bruce Chalker noted that many tropical organisms protect themselves from UV-B
with mycosporine-1 ike amino acids which absorb strongly in the UV-B region.
Chalker urged that Antarctic organisms be tested for the presence of UV-absorbing
compounds. Because organisms may synthesize UV-absorbing compounds only when
needed, he suggested that organisms be preconditioned on ecologically appropriate
time scales when conducting UV-enhancement experiments.

Frederick's calculations indicate that UV-B levels over Antarctica have not yet
exceeded those in the United States; Antarctic personnel are therefore not
presently at particular risk. The United States Antarctic Program will monitor
UV radiation beginning in 1988, and a panel of experts will be assembled to
evaluate the health and biological consequences of the data. Hugh Taylor advised
that Antarctic personnel obtain and use sunglasses coated with a compound that
absorbs 100% of wavelengths below 400 nm. Because sunglasses are not uniformly
labelled, he urged that sunglasses be purchased from a knowledgeable source such
as an optometrist.

Caldwell led a tutorial and discussion on UV lights, filters, and measurements
for use in biological research. His presentation drew on the following
reference: Caldwell, M.M., W.G. Gold, G. Harris and C.W. Ashurst, 1983; A
modulated lamp system for solar UV-B (280-320 nm) supplementation studies in the
field (Photochem. Photobiol. 37: 479-485). Caldwell stressed that it is
exceedingly difficult to mimic solar UV with artificial light sources and to
accurately measure UV dose. To ensure meaningful and reproducible results, an
experienced photobiologist should be consulted before conducting UV research.
Participants agreed that efforts should be made to establish a standard protocol
for UV lights, filters and measurements; lack of standardization has made it
difficult and sometimes impossible to compare results from different studies.

Participants agreed that the first priority for Antarctic biological UV research
should be to evaluate the consequences of enhanced UV-B for marine phytoplankton,
since the marine ecosystem accounts for most Antarctic production and
phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. Because water movements
prevent long-term monitoring of the same water mass, another priority should be
the establishment of terrestrial plots to monitor the effect of UV-B changes
within and between years.

Participants concurred that it is essential to monitor Antarctic UV-B radiation
with wavelength-specific equipment and applauded the United States Antarctic
Program for establishing a UV monitoring network. They also unanimously agreed
that a similar program should be instituted for monitoring UV radiation within
the United States and in other countries. NOAA has been monitoring UV radiation
with Robertson-Berger meters since 1974. Participants agreed that these sensors,
which integrate dose over 290-330 nm and are biased towards wavelengths which are
not strongly absorbed by ozone, should be replaced with spectroradiometers such
as those used for the United States Antarctic Program. Participants urged that
the Robertson-Berger network be continued until new and better equipment is in
place.

*SOLAR UV AND THE ROLE OF ACTION SPECTRA IN ASSESSING THE
BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOLAR UV-B RADIATION

MARTYN M. CALDWELL

Department of Range Science

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322-5230

♦Abstract taken from Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint,
1986. Action spectra and their key role in assessing biological consequences of
solar UV-B radiation change. In, NATO ASI Series, Vol. G8: Stratospheric Ozone
Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life (R.C. Worrest and M.M.
Caldwell, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 87-111.

ABSTRACT: Action spectra of UV damage to plants must be used as weighing
functions to (1) evaluate the relative increase of solar UV radiation that would
result from a decreased atmospheric ozone layer, the radiation amplification
factor--RAF, (2) evaluate the existing natural gradients of solar UV irradiance
on the earth, and (3) compare UV radiation from lamp systems in experiments with
solar UV radiation in nature. Only if the relevant biological action spectra
have certain characteristics is there a potential biological problem that would
result from ozone reduction. Similarly the existence of a natural latitudinal
solar UV gradient is dependent on action spectrum characteristics.

Several UV action spectra associated with different basic modes of damage to
plant tissues all have the common characteristic of decreasing effect with
increasing wavelength; however, the rate of decline varies considerably.
Extrapolation from action spectra that have been measured on isolated organelles
and microorganisms using monochromatic radiation to effects of polychromatic
radiation on intact higher plants is precarious. Development of action spectra
using polychromatic radiation and intact higher plant organs can yield spectra
that are of more ecological relevance for weighing factors in assessment of the
ozone reduction problem. An example of an action spectrum for photosynthetic
inhibition developed with polychromatic radiation is provided in this chapter.
This action spectrum has different characteristics, and results in a greater RAF
than do action spectra for inhibition of a partial photosynthetic reaction, the
hill reaction, developed with isolated chloroplast and photosynthetic bacteria.
Circumstantial evidence from experiments with plants originating from different
latitude also supports the notion that action spectra with characteristics
similar to that of the provisional spectrum, developed with polychromatic
radiation, are appropriate. Further work with polychromatic radiation is
encouraged.

There are two basic types of error that are associated with the use of action
spectra in biological assessments of the ozone reduction problem, the RAF errors
and the enhancement errors. The former are those associated with calculation of
the RAF, and the latter are those derived from calculation of the UV radiation
enhancement used in experiments with lamp systems. While the RAF errors are
recognized, the enhancement errors have not been generally appreciated. An error
analysis is presented showing that the enhancement errors will typically be
larger and in the opposite direction than the RAF errors. The enhancement error

should be considerably less in field UV supplementation experiments than in most
laboratory experiments which employ fluorescent lamps as the primary UV-B
radiation source.

REFERENCES:

Caldwell, M.M., 1981. Plant response to solar ultraviolet radiation. In,
Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 12A, Physiological Plant Ecology. I.
Responses to the Physical Environment (O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and
H. Ziegler, eds.). Springer, New York, 169 pp.

Caldwell, M.M., L.B. Camp, C.W. Warner, and S.D. Flint, 1985. Action spectra and
their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B radiation
change. In, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 8: Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life (R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell, eds.).
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 87-111.

Caldwell, M.M., W.G. Gold, G. Harris and C.W. Ashurst, 1983. A modulated lamp
system for solar UV-B (280-320 nm) supplementation studies in the field.
Photochem. Photobiol. 37: 479-485.

Caldwell, M.M., R. Robberecht, and W.D. Billings, 1980. A steep latitudinal
gradient of solar ultraviolet-B radiation in the arctic-alpine life zone.
Ecology 61: 600-611.

Natchwey, D.S., and R.D. Rundel , 1982. Ozone change: biological effects. In,
Stratospheric Ozone and Man (F.A. Bower and R.B. Ward, eds.). CRC Press, Boca
Raton, 81 pp.

Rundel, R.D., 1983. Action spectra and estimation of biologically effective UV
radiation. Physiol. Plant. 58: 360-366.

Setlow, R.B., 1974. The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin
cancer: a theoretical analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 71: 3363-3366.

UV PHOTOBIOLOGY AND REPAIR MECHANISMS

RICHARD B. SETLOW

Biology Department

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

ABSTRACT: The ultraviolet component of sunlight is the most potent environmental
agent that alters the structures of macromolecules. It has played an important
role in evolution and is responsible for a wide variety of biological effects,
such as inhibition of macromolecular synthesis, mutation of cells, killing of
cells, as well as deleterious effects on proteins and membranes. The effects on
DNA are probably the most important not only because DNA contains the information
in cells necessary for transcription and translation, but because DNA is the
largest molecule in cells and it has a significant absorption coefficient in the
UV-B region. In this region, the sensitivity of DNA is at least 10-fold greater
than that of other cellular structures.

All biological systems have developed a number of strategies for minimizing the
effects of solar UV. DNA repair mechanisms presumably arose from the
evolutionary pressure of ultraviolet radiation and ameliorate a large fraction of
the ultraviolet effects. Two well -studied strategies are enzymatic
photoreactivation (the direct reversal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA)
and nucleotide excision (the removal of photo-products from DNA by a cut and
patch mechanism operating in the dark). Exposure to sunlight involves the
simultaneous application of UV and photoreactivating illumination. Examples of
the combined effect of this type of treatment will be given.

An understanding of the effects of the range of wavelengths present in sunlight
on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems requires a knowledge of these effects on
representative components of the systems and a basic understanding of the causes
for such effects. From a photobiological point of view, the quantitative answers
to the following four questions are essential:

1. What are the dose-response relations for monochromatic wavelengths?

2. Do low intensities for a long time give the same result as high intensities
for a short time? (Does reciprocity hold?)

3. What is the relative effectiveness of different monochromatic wavelengths in
producing the observed effect (the action spectrum)?

4. Is the sum of the effects of monochromatic wavelengths additive,
antagonistic, or synergistic?

Examples of answers to these questions, and the interpretation of the answers,
will be given for some well studied simple bacterial systems.

The data to be discussed are derived from the references that follow.

This work was supported by the Office of Health and Environmental Research of the

U.S. Department of Energy.

REFERENCES:

Brown, M.S. and R.B. Webb, 1972. Photoreactivation of 365 nm inactivation of
Escherichia col i . Mutat. Res. 15: 348-352.

Freeman, S.E., A.D. Blackett, D.C. Monteleo, R.B. Setlow, and B.M. Sutherland,
1986. Quantitation of radiation-induced, chemical -induced, or enzyme- induced
single-strand breaks in nonradioactive DNA by alkaline gel electrophoresis:
application to pyrimidine dimers. Analyt. Biochem. 158: 119-129.

Harm, W., 1980. Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation. Cambridge Univ.
Press, New York, 216 pp.

Jagger, J., 1985. Solar-UV Actions on Living Cells. Praeger, New York, 202 pp.

NRC, 1982. Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update.
National Academy Press, Washington, pp 37-74.

Peak, M.J., J.G. Peak, M.P. Moehring and R.B. Webb, 1984. Ultraviolet action
spectra for DNA dimer induction, lethality, and mutagenesis in Escherichia coli
with emphasis on the UV-B region. Photochem. Photobiol. 40: 613-620.

Setlow, R.B., 1974. The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin
cancer: a theoretical analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 3363-3366.

Shima, A. and R.B. Setlow, 1984. Survival and pyrimidine dimers in cultured fish
cells exposed to concurrent sun lamp ultraviolet and photoreactivating
radiations. Photochem. Photobiol. 39: 49-56.

Tyrrell, R.M., P. Werfelli and E.C. Moraes, 1984. Lethal action of ultraviolet
and visible (blue-violet) radiations at defined wavelengths on human
lymphoblastoid cells: action spectra and interaction sites. Photochem.
Photobiol. 39: 183-189.

UV RADIATION AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

RAYMOND C. SMITH

Center for Remote Sensing and Environmental Optics

University of California

Santa Barbara, CA 93105

ABSTRACT: The work of numerous investigators provides conclusive evidence that
exposure to Middle Ultraviolet (MUV) Radiation decreases algal productivity.
Indeed, there is convincing evidence that MUV radiation, at present levels
incident at the surface of the ocean, has an influence on phytoplankton as
currently measured by fixed bottle 14-C productivity incubations. These results
suggest, but cannot prove, that ozone reduction may be harmful to phytoplankton
populations in Antarctic waters. The ozone reduction over Antarctic waters
during the Austral spring is now so large that it may be possible to carry out a
definite experiment and provide a direct quantitative assessment of enhanced MUV
on Antarctic phytoplankton populations. Data on motion of the ozone hole show
that there is substantial motion of the position of the hole relative to
geographical locations. The strong gradient in ozone, which characterizes the
ozone hole, causes a corresponding strong gradient in MUV; i.e., a "front" of
MUV. This front, analogous to oceanographic fronts, provides the opportunity to
carry out experiments on either side of the front and to compare the influence of
change in MUV stress in mature phytoplankton populations.

REFERENCES:

Baker, K.S. and R.C. Smith, 1982. Spectral irradiance penetration in natural
waters. In, The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems (J.
Calkins, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 233-246.

Baker, K.S., R.C. Smith, and A.E.S. Green, 1980. Middle ultraviolet radiation
reaching the ocean surface. Photochem. Photobiol. 32(3): 367-374.

Baker, K.S., R.C. Smith and A.E.S. Green, 1982. Middle ultraviolet irradiance at
the ocean surface: measurements and models. In, The Role of Solar Ultraviolet
Radiation in Marine Ecosystems (J. Calkins, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp.
79-91.

Kubitschek, H.E., K.S. Baker and M.J. Peak, 1986. Enhancement of mutagenesis and
human skin cancer rates resulting from increased fluences of solar ultraviolet
radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 43: 443-447.

Smith, R.C, 1974. Structure of solar radiation in the upper layers of the sea.
In, Optical Aspects of Oceanography, Chapter 5 (J.G. Jerlov, ed.). Academic
Press, New York, pp. 95-119.

Smith, R.C. and K.S. Baker, 1979. Penetration of UV-B and biologically effective
dose-rates in natural waters. Photochem. Photobiol. 29: 311-323.

Smith, R.C. and K.S. Baker, 1980. Stratospheric ozone, middle ultraviolet
radiation and 14-C measurements of marine productivity. Science 208(444): 592-
593.

Smith, R.C. and K.S. Baker, 1981. Optical properties of the clearest natural
waters (200-800 nm) . Applied Optics 20: 177-184.

Smith, R.C. and K.S. Baker, 1982. Assessment of the influence of enhanced UV-B
on marine primary productivity. In, The Role of Solar Ultraviolet in Marine
Ecosystems (J. Calkins, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 509-537.

Smith, R.C, K.S. Baker, 0. Holm-Hansen, and R. Olson, 1980. Photoinhibition of
photosynthesis and middle ultraviolet radiation in natural waters. Photochem.
Photobiol. 31(6): 585-592.

Smith, R.C. and J. Calkins, 1976. The use of the Robertson meter to measure the
penetration of solar middle ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) into natural waters.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 21: 746-769.

Smith, R.C, R.L. Ensminger, R.W. Austin, J.D. Bailey and

G.D. Edwards, 1979. Ultraviolet submersible spectroradiometer. Proc. of the

SPIE Ocean Optics VI 208: 127-140.

Smith, R.C. and J.E. Tyler, 1976. Transmission of solar radiation into natural
waters. In, Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews Vol. 1 (K.C Smith, ed.).
Plenum Press, New York, pp. 117-155.

UV EFFECTS ON MARINE ORGANISMS

JOHN T. HARDY

Department of General Science

Oregon State University

Weniger Hall 355

Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6505

ABSTRACT: The marine environment covers 71% of the Earth's surface and is
important in the global cycling of carbon as well as many other elements. Also,
marine fisheries supply a major part of the diet for much of the world's
population. Stratospheric ozone depletion, especially at levels now occurring
during springtime over Antarctica, poses a real threat to important
biogeochemical cycles and biotic resources in the marine environment.

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) penetrates to about 10% of the euphotic zone. In
pelagic ocean water this may exceed 20 meters in depth. Research has
demonstrated that enhanced UV-B radiation exposures, simulating realistic future
ozone depletions, can produce a number of detrimental effects on marine organisms
or communities. Responses include reductions in the growth and photosynthesis of
photoautotrophs (phytoplankton and seagrass), acute mortality, and reduced
fecundity in copepods, increased abnormalities in shellfish larvae, decreased
survival in shrimp and crab larvae, and inhibition of growth and induced lesions
in fish larvae.

Despite the evident sensitivity of marine organisms to UV-B radiation, great
uncertainty remains in extrapolating from effects on individuals to those on the
population or community. These uncertainties arise from: 1) the difficulty in
defining the in situ exposure regime; 2) the presence of compensatory mechanisms
in the population; and 3) the occurrence of indirect (food web) effects. Given
this uncertainty, an overall assessment of the ecological effects of increasing
UV-B radiation in the marine environment is not currently possible. Dose-
response data is needed on the effects of UV-B radiation on plankton,
biogeochemial cycles, fish eggs and larvae, corals, and on mixed community
mesocosms. In many cases, basic habitat and population distribution data will be
needed to build predictive models.

REFERENCES:

Calkins, J., 1982. Some considerations on the ecological and evolutionary effects
of solar UV. In, The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems
(J. Calkins, ed.j. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 685-689.

Worrest, R.C., 1982. Review of literature concerning the impact of UV-B
radiation upon marine organisms. In, The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in
Marine Ecosystems (J. Calkins, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 429-457.

Worrest, R.C. 1986. The effects of solar UV-B radiation on aquatic systems: an

overview. In, Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Vol.

1: Overview (J.G. Titus, ed.). Environmental protection Agency and United
Nations Environment Programme, pp. 175-191.

10

UV-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS

BRUCE E. CHALKER

Australian Institute of Marine Science
P.M.B. No 3.
Townsville 4810
Queensland, Australia

ABSTRACT: Marine algae and invertebrates living in exposed locations on coral
reefs are subjected to high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. Many of these
organisms protect their tissues from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet
radiation (UV) by synthesizing specific UV-absorbing compounds. In most cases
the identities of these compounds are as yet unknown. An exception is the
mycosporine-like amino acids which have been identified in a variety of marine
algae and invertebrates, including reef-building corals. Reef corals typically
contain a suite of these compounds, each of which has an absorption maximum at a
wavelength between 310 and 360 nm. The UV absorption spectra for the combined
compounds overlap to form a broad-band filter in the UV-B region, and thereby
intercept physiologically damaging wavelengths of solar ultraviolet radiation.
The effectiveness of the mycosporine-like amino acids has led to their
consideration as model compounds from which a variety of synthetic analogues are
now being developed for use in personal suncare preparations and protective
coatings.

Sequestering UV-absorbing compounds is one adaptive strategy which is available
to many, but not all, marine algae and invertebrates. Specific UV-absorbing
compounds have also been identified in the eggs of some fish. The extent to
which this UV photoadaptation might ameliorate the potential damage caused by
increasing solar ultraviolet radiation in the Antarctic is completely unknown.
It follows that researchers wishing to assess the biological impact of increased
solar ultraviolet radiation should screen their experimental organisms for the
presence of these compounds, and determine the types and quantities of compounds
when they are indicated. Ecologically appropriate time for photoadaptation prior
to exposing organisms to abnormally high levels of UV radiation should also be
provided.

REFERENCES

Dunlap, W.C, and B.E. Chalker, 1986. Identification and quantitation of near-UV
absorbing compounds (S-320) in a hermatypic scleratinian. Coral Reefs 5: 155-
159.

Dunlap, W.C, B.E. Chalker and J.K. Oliver, 1986. Bathymetric adaptation of
reef-building corals at Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. III. UV-B
absorbing compounds. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol . 104: 239-248.

Hirata, Y., D. Uemura. K. Ueda and S. Takano, 1979. Several compounds from
Palvthoa tuberculosa (Coelenterata) . Pure and Applied Chem. 51: 1875-1883.

Jokiel, P.L., 1980. Solar ultraviolet radiation and coral reef epifauna.
Science 207: 1069-1071.

11

Jokiel, P.L., and R.H. York, Jr., 1982. Solar ultraviolet photobiology of the
reef coral Pacillopora damicornis and symbiotic zooxanthellae. Bull. Mar. Sci.
32: 301-315.

Leach, CM., 1965. Ultraviolet-absorbing substances associated with light-
induced sporulation in fungi. Can J. Bot. 43: 185-200.

Nakamura, H., J. Kobiashi and Y. Hirata, 1982. Separation of mycosporine-1 ike
amino acids in marine organisms using reversed-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 250: 113-118.

Shibata, K., 1969. Pigments and a UV-absorbing substance in corals and blue-
green alga living in the Great Barrier Reef. Plant Cell Physiol. 10: 325-335.

Siebeck, 0., 1981. Photoreactivation and depth-dependent UV tolerance in reef
coral in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Naturwissenschaften 68: 426-428.

Sutherland, C.S. and K.P. Griffin, 1984. P-aminobenzoic acid can sensitize the
formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA: direct chemical evidence. Photochem.
Photobiol. 40: 391-394.

12

UV EFFECTS ON EYES

HUGH R. TAYLOR

The Wilmer Institute

Johns Hopkins Hospital

600 Wolfe St.

Baltimore, MD 21205

ABSTRACT: To investigate the association between exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation and cataract, we undertook an epidemiologic survey of cataract among
838 watermen who work on the Chesapeake Bay. Their individual ocular exposure
was calculated for each year of life over the age of 16 by combining a detailed
occupational history with laboratory and field measurements. Cataracts were
clinically graded by both type and severity. Those people with cortical lens
opacities had a 21% higher UV-B exposure at each year of life, and a UV-B
exposure above the median increased the risk of cortical cataract by over
threefold. No association was found between nuclear lens opacities and UV-B
exposure. Neither cortical nor nuclear opacities were associated with UV-A
exposure. Simple measures such as wearing a hat or spectacles protect the eye
and could potentially reduce the amount of cortical cataract attributed to UV-B
exposure.

REFERENCES:

Cameron, L.L., 1985. Association of senile lens and dermal changes with
cumulative ultraviolet exposure. Ph.D Dissertation. The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland, 292 pp.

Hiller, R., R.D. Sperduto and F. Ederer, 1983. Epidemiologic associations with
cataract in the 1971-72 national health and nutrition examination survey. Am. J.
Epidemiol. 118: 239-249.

Hiller, R., R.D. Sperduto and F. Ederer, 1986. Epidemiologic associations with
nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am. J. Epidemiol. 124:
916-925.

Hollows, F. and D. Moran, 1981. Cataract--the ultraviolet risk factor. Lancet
2: 1249-1250.

Rosenthal, F.S., A.E. Bakalian, C. Phoon, S. West and H.R. Taylor, 1987. Senile
eye changes: determination of ocular exposure to ultraviolet light. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 (suppl): 397.

Rosenthal, F.S., A.E. Bakalian and H.R. Taylor, 1986. The effect of prescription
eyewear on ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Am. J. Public Health 76:
1216-1220.

Rosenthal, F.S., C. Phoon, A.E. Bakalian, and H.R. Taylor, 1988. The ocular dose
of ultraviolet radiation to outdoor workers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29:
649-656.

13

Rosenthal, F.S., M. Safran and H.R. Taylor, 1985. The ocular dose of ultraviolet
radiation from sunlight exposure. Photochem. Photobiol. 42: 163-171.

Taylor, H.R., 1980. The environment and the lens. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 64: 303-
310

West, S., F.S. Rosenthal, E.A. Emmett, H. Abbey, B. Munoz and H.R. Taylor, 1987.
Senile eye changes: ultraviolet light and risks of cataract. Invest. Ophthalmol.
Vis. Sci. 28(suppl): 397.

Zigman, S., M. Datiles and E. Torczynski, 1979. Sunlight and human cataracts.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18: 462-467.

14

UV EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

MARGARET L. KRIPKE

Department of Immunology

The University of Texas

M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

1515 Holcombe Boulevard

Houston, Texas 77030

ABSTRACT: The major consequence of stratospheric ozone depletion is to increase
the amount of UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation in sunlight reaching the earth's
surface. There is considerable evidence that repeated exposure of light-skinned
individuals to the UV-B radiation in sunlight leads to the development of basal
and squamous cell cancers of the skin. Around 500,000 new cases of skin cancer
are diagnosed each year in the United States, making this the most common type of
cancer in the United States. The majority of these cancers are thought to be
caused by UV-B exposure. Thus an increase in the amount of UV-B radiation in
sunlight would further increase the incidence of these skin cancers, which are
associated with a low level of mortality (between 1 and 2%) but significant
morbidity.

There is growing indirect evidence that UV-B radiation also contributes to the
incidence of cutaneous melanoma. This cancer of the pigment cells in skin is
much less common than the other forms of skin cancer (approximately 25,000 new
cases per year in the United States), but causes lethal disease in around 25% of
persons affected. The role played by UV-B radiation in the incidence of
cutaneous melanoma is not well understood, and it is clear that factors other
than sunlight exposure are also involved. Because UV-B radiation is thought to
contribute to the development of at least some cutaneous melanomas, an increase
in the UV-B radiation in sunlight is expected to increase the incidence of these
cancers as well .

Other effects of UV-B radiation on human health include ocular changes leading to
the formation of cataracts and other abnormalities and perturbations of the
immune system. Studies on laboratory animals have shown that exposure to UV-B
radiation interferes with several immune responses, including those directed
against skin cancers.

Exposing animals to low doses of UV-B radiation interferes with the function of
immune cells in the skin, leading to a decreased immune response, and exposure to
higher doses of UV-B impairs certain immune responses occurring at distant,
unexposed sites. Evidence for similar immunologic changes in humans is growing,
which raises the question of whether exposure to an increased amount of UV-B
radiation might interfere with the body's immune defenses against certain
infectious diseases. This possibility is currently under investigation in
several laboratories using various animal models of infectious diseases.

REFERENCES:

Hoffman, J.S., 1987. Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere, Vol. 1: Executive Summary. United States Environmental Protection

15

Agency, 92 pp.

Kripke, M.L., 1984. Immunologic unresponsiveness induced by ultraviolet
radiation. Immunol. Rev. 80: 87-102.

Kripke, M.L., 1988. Impact of ozone depletion on skin cancers. J. Dermatol
Surg. Oncol . In press.

16

TOTAL OZONE CHANGES OVER THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENT AND

SOUTHERN OCEAN

ARLIN J. KRUEGER

Laboratory for Atmospheres

NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, MD 20771

ABSTRACT: Data from the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) are
used to measure the change in total ozone over the Antarctic region. During
September and October in recent years a pronounced minimum in total ozone has
formed over the Antarctic. This minimum, known as the "ozone hole", is a nearly
pole centered feature which has deepened and expanded since 1982. Global record
low amounts were first found in 1983; these records were broken in 1985 and 1987.
The area of ozone hole was larger that the Antarctic continent in the later
years.

Surface fluxes of UV sunlight will increase as the total ozone decreases but the
magnitude of the increase depends on the solar zenith angle. Ozone changes late
in spring thus have a much larger effect than those taking place in late winter.
The average amount of ozone decrease has been computed in October, November, and
December using the respective monthly average for the four year period from 1979
to 1982 as a reference. During October 1987 the greatest decrease was 140 Dobson
units (DU) over the Ross Sea; total ozone over the entire continent decreased by
more than 100 DU and changes greater then 50 DU were present over the entire
region south of 60 S. The November 1987 decreases were similar to the October
decreases in amplitude; the maximum decreases was 140 DU over the coast of Marie
Byrd Land centered on 135 E longitude. By December 1987 the larger decreases had
dissipated, although nearly the entire southern hemisphere exhibited ozone losses
greater than 20 DU; the largest decrease was 60 DU over the Weddell Sea.

REFERENCES:

Krueger, A.J., P.E. Ardanuy, F.S. Sechrist, L.M. Penn, D.E. Larko, S.D. Doiron,
and R.N. Galimore, 1988. The 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment: The
Nimbus 7 TOMS Data Atlas. NASA Ref. Publ . 1201 (March 1988), 245 pp.

Krueger, A.J., M.R. Schoeberl and R.S. Stolarski, 1987. TOMS observations of
total ozone in the 1986 Antarctic spring. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15: 527-530.

Stolarski, R.S., A.J. Krueger, M.R. Schoeberl, R.D. McPeters, P. A. Newman, and
J.C. Alpert, 1986. Nimbus-7 SBUV/TOMS measurements of the spring time Antarctic
ozone hole. Nature 322: 808-811.

17

♦MODELLING ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE OF UV RADIATION

ALEX E.S. GREEN

ICAAS-SSRB
University of Florida
Gainsville, FL 32611

♦Abstract taken from Green, A.E.S., 1983.
radiation to the ground. Physiol. Plant.

The penetration of ultraviolet
58: 351-359.

ABSTRACT: The evolution of analytic formulas for characterizing the ultraviolet
spectral irradiance penetrating to the ground is briefly described. Analytic
spectral functions for the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance, the ozone
absorption coefficients, Rayleigh scattering coefficients and aerosol scattering
and absorption coefficients, which are used as basic inputs, are given. With
Beer's law, these give immediately the direct solar spectral irradiance. A
ratio technique described in quantitative detail gives a procedure for
calculating the skylight component of the UV radiation reaching the ground. The
influence of ground reflectivity, clouds and a possible connection between
photobiology and radiological physics are discussed. Finally the advantages of
multiwavelength monitoring are described, using monochromators similar to those
used in satellite ozone sounding to serve the needs of the photobiology and the
atmospheric science communities.

REFERENCES:

Bjorn, L.O. and T.M. Murphy, 1985. Computer calculation of solar ultraviolet
radiation at ground level. Physiol. Veq. 23(5): 555-561.

Dave, J.V. and P. Halpern, 1976. Effect of changes in ozone amount on the
ultraviolet radiation received at sea level of a model atmosphere. Atmos.
Environ. 10: 547-555.

Green, A.E.S., 1966. The Middle Ultraviolet: Its Science and Technology. Wiley,
New York, 371 pp.

Green, A.E.S., 1983. The penetration of ultraviolet radiation to the ground.
Physiol. Plant. 58: 351-359.

Green, A.E.S., K.R. Cross and L.A. Smith, 1980. Improved analytic
characterization of ultraviolet skylight. Photochem. Photobiol. 31: 59-65.

Green, A.E.S., T. Sawada and E.P. Shettle, 1974. The middle ultraviolet reaching
the ground. Photochem. Photobiol. 19: 251-259.

Nack, M.L. and A. E.S. Green, 1974. Influence of clouds, haze, and smog on the
middle ultraviolet reaching the ground. Appl . Opt. 13: 2405-2415.

Schippnick, P.F. and A. E.S. Green, 1982. Analytical characterization of spectral
actinic flux and spectral irradiance in the middle ultraviolet. Photochem.
Photobiol. 35: 89-101.

18

Shettle, E.P. and A.E.S. Green, 1974. Multiple scattering calculation of the
middle ultraviolet reaching the ground. Appl . Opt. 13: 1567-1581.

Spinhirne, J.D. and A.E.S. Green, 1978. Calculation of the relative influence of
cloud layers on received ultraviolet and integrated solar radiation. Atmos.
Environ. 12: 2449-2455.

19

BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT UV RADIATION OVER ANTARCTICA

JOHN E. FREDERICK

Dept. Geophysical Sciences

University of Chicago

5734 S. Ellis Ave.

Chicago, IL 60537

ABSTRACT: Ozone measurements from the Nimbus 7 satellite during September and
October 1987 allowed estimates of the time history of biologically effective
radiation during the most recent "Antarctic ozone hole". Results show that
noontime biologically effective radiation levels over McMurdo in early October
reached levels similar to those characteristic of the December 21 solstice with
an unperturbed ozone amount. This is approximately a factor of 3 above radiation
levels typical of early October. Despite these large enhancements, the radiation
levels remain less than those normally found at low-to-middle latitudes.

REFERENCES;

Frederick, J.E., and D. Lubin, 1988. The budget of biologically active
ultraviolet radiation in the Earth-atmosphere system. J. Geophys. Res. 93: 3825-
3832.

Frederick, J.E., 1985. The ultraviolet radiation environment of the biosphere.
In, Effects of changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate, Volume I:
Overview (J.G. Titus, ed.). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 121-128.

Frederick, J.E. and H.E. Snell, 1988. Ultraviolet radiation levels during the
Antarctic Spring. Science 241: 438-440.

Lubin, D., J.E. Frederick and A.J. Krueger, 198?. The ultraviolet radiation
environment of Antarctica: McMurdo Station during September-October 1987. J.
Geophys. Res., submitted (1988).

20

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC PROGRAM'S
EQUIPMENT SYSTEM FOR MONITORING UV RADIATION

GARY W. HARRIS

Research Instrument Systems

5355 S. El Camino Dr.

Tempe, AZ 85283

The versatile, laboratory-based equipment system developed for the United States
Antarctic Program incorporates a scanning spectroradiometer and is designed for
high sensitivity and long-term stability under conditions of continuous use. The
system can be set to take data, intensity-calibration and wavelength-calibration
scans at preprogrammed times during a 24-hour period. The system can then
operate unattended until disc space on the controlling computer is filled. As
presently configured, the system meets the following specifications:

MONOCHROMETER TYPE: Double 0.1 m; holographic gratings; 250-nm blaze

STRAY LIGHT: 2x10"^ at 8 bandwidths from 632.8-nm laser line

WAVELENGTH RANGE: 250 - 650 nm

WAVELENGTH RESOLUTION: 0.05 nm/step

WAVELENGTH RESOLUTION: 0.05 nm/step

WAVELENGTH ACCURACY: +/- 0.5 nm

WAVELENGTH PRECISION: +/- 0.2 nm

BANDWIDTH: 1.1 nm with 0.167-nm slits supplied

ENTRANCE OPTICS: Integrating sphere with integral wavelength and intensity
calibration sources. When mounted into a roofbox, it includes a shutter
mechanism, and quartz dome to seal out moisture. Entrance optics may be updated
in the future. A teflon diffuser assembly is presently being evaluated to reduce
distortions caused by the quartz dome.

SCAN SPEED: 0.02 - 25 nm/sec; computer controlled

DETECTOR: Photomul tipl ier tube in shielded, cooled housing

AMPLIFIER SENSITIVITY: 10"^^ - 10'^ amps

DYNAMIC RANGE: 10"^

INTEGRATION TIME: 0.001 - 64 sec; computer controlled

HIGH VOLTAGE: 0 - 2000 volts; computer controlled

PHOTON COUNTING: H
computer controlled

PHOTON COUNTING: 10^ counts/sec maximum; count integration time 0.001 - 64 sec;

21

NOISE AT 300 NM: Typically 10'^ - 2x10"-^° W/cm^nm in current mode with 0.5-sec
integration time

CALIBRATION SYSTEM: Internal wavelength and intensity mounted on integrating
sphere; external 200-W standard lamp mounted on jig

COMPUTER SYSTEM: IBM-compatible portable with two 1.4 Mb minifloppy drives;
larger unit is being considered

COMPUTER SOFTWARE: Menu-driven package which allows scheduling any number of
scans at different times during the day for unattended operation. Scans may
include automatic intensity- or wavelength-calibration runs. Scans may be broken
up into any number of segments with different sensitivities, wavelength
increments, etc. for each segment. All data is stored in binary form. A
separate program will print, graph, or convert to ASCII format the raw data for
use in data-base programs.

22

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DATA FROM
THE UNITED STATES ANTARCTIC PROGRAM'S UV MONITORING NETWORK

C. ROCKY BOOTH

Biospherical Instruments, Inc.

4901 Morena Blvd. Suite 1003

San Diego, CA 92117

C. SUSAN WEILER
POLLY A. PENHALE

Division of Polar Programs

National Science Foundation

1800 G St. NW

Washington, D.C. 20550

Ozone levels over the Antarctic continent have decreased dramatically over the
past decade; while it is known that decreases in total ozone will increase the
amount of UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface, models have not yet been
developed that can accurately predict ultraviolet radiation levels at the earth's
surface for high latitudes. In order to obtain direct measurements of predicted
changes in UV-B levels resulting from the Antarctic "ozone hole", the United
States Antarctic Program (USAP) is developing a network for monitoring
ultraviolet radiation. Equipment systems have been installed at the three
Antarctic locations, and a system is planned for installation at Ushuaia,
Argentina. The network, which will span 35 degrees of latitude, was chosen to
include stations located within and outside the "ozone hole" region:

AMUNDSEN-SCOTT SOUTH POLE STATION
Mc MURDD STATION
PALMER STATION
USHUAIA, ARGENTINA

The USAP's UV monitoring network will be coordinated through C.R. Booth. The
equipment is scheduled for operation throughout the austral spring, summer and
autumn to document changes in UV-B resulting from seasonal changes in ozone
concentration. The final sampling schedule has not yet been established;
tentative plans are as follows:

DATA COLLECTION: The preliminary sampling schedule is planned to include hourly
scans during daylight hours at three levels of sensitivity:

SENSITIVITY WAVELENGTH RANGE STEP SIZE

high 280 - 315 nm 0.2 nm

medium 280 - 350 nm 0.5 nm

low 280 - 700 nm 5.0 nm

Calibration scans for wavelength and intensity will be taken daily. The
spectroradiometers will be interfaced with Eppley UV radiometers (290-385 nm) and
Eppley spectral radiometers (300-3000 nm) to account for transient changes in
cloud cover which may occur during the time it takes to complete
spectroradiometer scans (ca. 10 min./scan).

23

90°

S

77° 51'

S

166° 40' E

64° 45'

S

64° 03' W

54° 49'

S

68° 19' W

DATA PROCESSING: Data from all systems will be transmitted to Biospherical
Instruments, Inc. where it will be processed to three levels:

RAW DATA: Raw data will be archived after its transmission from the remote
sites. The data will be verified and scan parameters (start wavelength, stop
wavelength, and high-voltage and tube currents) will be specified.

PRELIMINARY DATA: Data from each hourly scan will be processed with
calibration constants applied to provide information in approximately the
following forms:

280 - 350 nm averaged over 1-nm increments
280 - 700 nm averaged over 5-nm increments
UV-B, UV-A, and PAR averaged hourly
Weighted observations using various action spectra
FINAL DATA: Data will be corrected annually, after each site has been visited
for an appraisal of the system's calibration stability.

DATA DISTRIBUTION: Those interested in obtaining data should contact P. A.
Penhale.

24

PARTICIPANT LIST

WORKSHOP, UV RADIATION AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA

PARTICIPANT LIST

BAKER, Dr. KAREN S.

IMR A-018, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093

BIDIGARE, Dr. ROBERT R.

Texas A & M Research Foundation, Box 3578, College Station, TX 77843

BOOTH, Mr. C. ROCKY

Biospherical Instruments Inc., 4901 Morena Blvd. Suite 1003,

San Diego, CA 92117

BOVERIS, Dr. ALBERTO

School of Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

BRUECKNER, Dr. GUNTHER

4160 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5000

CALDWELL, Dr. MARTYN M.

Dept. Range Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322

CHALKER, Dr. BRUCE E.

Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, PMB No. 3, Townsville 4810, Queensland,

Australia

CLARK, Dr. DENNIS

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NESDIS, SRC Mail Stop L,

Washington, D.C. 20233

COOHILL, Dr. THOMAS

Dept. Physics, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101

CULLEN, Dr. JOHN J.

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, ME

04575

DeFABO, Dr. EDWARD C.

Ross Hall Room 101-B, George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I St.

N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037

DeLACA, Dr. TED. E.

Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1800 G St. N.W.,

Washington, D.C. 20550

DeLUISI, Dr. JOHN J.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ERL-ARL-GMCC R329, Bldg. RB3

Room 325, Boulder, CO 80303

25

EL-SAYED, Dr. SAVED. Z.

Texas A & M Research Foundation, Box 3578, College Station, TX 77843

FALKOWSKI, Dr. PAUL G.

Oceanographic Science Division, Brookhaven National Observatory, Upton, NY 11973

FORBES, Dr. DONALD

School of Medicine, Temple University, 3322 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140

FREDERICK, Dr. JOHN E.

Dept. Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago,

IL 60637

FRIEDMANN, Dr. E. IMRE

Dept. Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2043

GREEN, Dr. ALEX E.S.

ICAAS-SSRB, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

HANSON, Dr. ROGER

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, P.O. Box 13687,

Savannah, GA 31416

HARDY, Dr. JOHN T.

General Science Dept., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

HARRIS, Mr. GARY W.

Research Instrument Systems, 5356 S. El Camino Dr., Tempe, AZ 85283

HOLM-HANSEN, Dr. OSMUND

Polar Research Program A-002, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of

California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093

KARENTZ, Dr. DENEB

Lab. Radiobiology and Environmental Health, University of California at San

Fransisco, LR-102, 3rd and Parnassus Avenues, San Fransisco, CA 94143

KLEMPERER, Dr. WILLIAM

Dept. Chemistry, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138

KRUEGER, Dr. ARLIN J.

Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771

KRIPKE, Dr. MARGARET L.

Dept. Immunology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe

Blvd., HMB 178, Houston, TX 77030

KRIZEK, Dr. DONALD

United States Department of Agriculture, ARS Plant Stress Lab., Room 206 Bldg.

001, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705

26

LONGSTRETH, Dr. JANICE D.

ICF-CLEMENT, 9300 Lee Hwy., Fairfax, VA 22031-1207

LUBIN, Mr. DAN

Dept. Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago,

IL 60637

McEUEN, Dr. SCOTT

Harbor Branch Institute, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce, FL 34946

MITCHELL, Dr. B. GREGORY

Polar Research Program, A-002, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of

California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093

ORCE, Dr. VICENTE LUIS

Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Commission, Av. Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos

Aires, Argentina

PENHALE, Dr. POLLY A.

Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1800 G St. N.W.,

Washington D.C. 20550

ROBBERECHT, Dr. RONALD

Dept. Range Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843

ROSENTHAL, Dr. FRANK

Dept. Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA

01605

SALAS, Dr. CARLOS

Dept. Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago, Santiago, Chile

SAUNDERS, Dr. ROBERT

Physics Bldg. Room A-221, Federal Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899

SCOTTO, Dr. JOSEPH

National Cancer Institute, Landow Bldg. 3C18, Bethesda, MD 20892

SETLOW, Dr. RICHARD B.

Dept. Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, NY 11973

SMITH, Dr. RAYMOND C.

Center for Remote Sensing and Environmental Optics, University of California at

Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

STEDMAN, Dr. DONALD H.

University of Denver, University Park, Denver, CO 80208

SULLIVAN, Dr. JOSEPH

Dept. Botany, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

27

TAGUCHI, Dr. SATORU

Dept. Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI

96822

TAYLOR, Dr. HUGH

Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205

WEBER, Dr. LARRY H.

Division of International Programs, National Science Foundation, 1800 G. St.

N.W., Washington D.C., 20550

WEILER, Dr. C. SUSAN

Dept. Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362

WILKNISS, Dr. PETER E.

Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, 1800 G St. N.W.,

Washington, D.C. 20550

YENTSCH, Dr. CHARLES S.

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, ME

04575

YENTSCH, Dr. CLARICE M.

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, ME

04575

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capability, which enables individuals with hearing impairment to communicate with
the Division of Personnel and Management about NSF programs, employment, or
general information. This number is (202) 357-7492.

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