PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY
PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST
ACADEMY
MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA.
TWENTIETH YEAR—1922-1923
BULLETIN 25
APRIL, 1922
GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner
LIBRARY OF CONGitF SS
RECEIVED
OCT5 1922
MNOCUMENTS
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———— se eee
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTRY
STATE FOREST COMMISSION
GIFFORD PINCHOT,
EDWARD BAILEY
HENRY W. SHOEMAKER
MARY FLINN LAWRENCE (Mrs. John W.)
GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner of Forestry.
ROBERT Y. STUART, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry
(3)
Weistling Hall.
The Faculty Cottage and the
Extreme Right
Dormitory Are at the
FOREWORD.
The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has undertaken the
huge task of restoring the forests of the State to their original pro-
ductive condition. Penn’s Woods formerly yielded abundant revenue
to the owners, steady work for the wage earners, and healthful living
conditions to all. Cheap lumber, pure water supply, stream regula-
tions, and the prevention of erosion are among the benefits the forest
brings.
To develop the forest land purchased by the State, trained fores-
ters were needed, and as no institution in the State could or would
furnish them, the State Forest Academy was organized twenty years
ago to meet the emergency. The State now holds almost a million
and a quarter acres of forest 'and and should acquire five million
more.
This announcement for the 20th year is made to the people of Penn-
sylvania to inform them of the progress and standing of the Academy
and to bespeak their hearty cooperation in the restoration of the
forests of the State. It is not an extravagant claim to say that the
safety and prosperity of the entire State hinge on the success or fail-
ure of this movement.
THE FACULTY.
Edwin Allen Ziegler, A. M.
Director and Professor of Forestry.
Willard M. Drake, A. B., M.S. F.
Professor of Forestry.
George S. Perry, B. F.
Professor of Forestry.
Coleman J. Harris, A. M., M.S.
Professor of Biology.
Roland W. Brown, B. 8.
Professor of Soils and Chemistry.
W. Harold Horning, B. F.
Assistant Professor of Forestry.
Louis C. Loetzer, B. F.
Instructor in Forestry.
SPECIAL LECTURES.
Special courses such as fish and game, and first aid will be given
by special lecturers.
In addition an opportunity is given the studmmts to hear special
lectures on forestry, botanical and other subjects. Among these special
lecturers will be:
Hon. Gifford Pinchot, Commissioner of Forestry.
Dr. John W. Harshberger, University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. O. E. Jennings, University of Pittsburgh.
Mr. R. S. Kellog, Secretary, American Newsprint Associa-
tion.
Mr. John Foley, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, Pennsylvania State Forest
Commissioner.
Mr. J. S. [llick, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry.
Specialists from U. S. Forest Service, and Pennsylvania
Forest Service.
SCHOOL CALENDAR, 1922-1923.
PANUANY Oo LO22 sos. dure Boe 2 ee Or Christmas vacation ends.
Janwary 17-21, 1922. 3)... 2 ane ee First term examinations.
JAD: Ss, WORE whe be weneracis Sees Siem ae Second term begins.
Mebrnary Ao. 192 ag or a pieck ie ras ois: tap pee Washington’s Birthday.
Maran, 1922 er. os « fs HER Sr Baer alas vecesces» - MEMOFAL Dame
Pune ileek 7 AOL fo Meas wont eee Second term examinations.
June 222, 1922 6....55 505s Competitive Scholarship Examinations.
OTHE. 1D, Tae seam dasa oA seeeeeeess-SUMMer session begins.
PA RODD ois sin- vin oqionnps oie mae gan ek eon ee Independence Day.
Avast. 8, LOZE ie a 2 ee ee ee Sommencement Ixercises.
Augiet 4, 1922. 0s Onl Gira s Ag ove yee Summer session ends.
September &, 1922....50% s+ nats uss oh SPOR Shad 7 ae Fall term begins.
Movember. 30, 1022)... i: 2's x es nie Seony a eae ee Thanksgiving Day.
Becember 15, 1922 | i ous Ss oe oe Christmas yacation begins.
SRBUBTY 2. DOs c's cake las vt oe Mea ving el Christmas vacation ends.
January. 16-20; LOZS. 2 ciseiew oc vaics Mee ay ss First term examinations,
January 22, LO23 vicontes sendy bake ees ae vee Second term begins.
February 22, 1928. ....c.scsesecseenaesseg Washington’s Birthday.
May 830, 1928.0. 0... uc cdere scab uw esate a bis beg sa n'a) enn
Susie ALG; 19D B ic sb el Feeble gee ees Second term examinations.
June 21-29) 3028... fi Competitive scholarship examinations.
June 4S LO rags baits wan aes eee ke ee Summer session begins.
Tully 4, 1928. ceeds. nak tee pits ves a eee Independence Day.
August 2, 1928.0... 00. scncacsssmeeasscconys Summer session ends.
September 4, 1928...........065 re kee ee ie eet Fall term begins.
ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY.
As early as 1876, in an address before the recently organized Ameri-
can Forestry Association at Philadelphia, |Burnett Landreth pointed
out the necessity of teaching forestry as a science in itself and not
as a branch of agriculture. From that time, throughout the period of
agitation and public education which preceded the foundation of the
Department of Forestry there continued frequent references to ithe
necessity of such a separate course, or, better still, of a separate
school devoted to the teaching of forestry, The European Forest
Schools were considered as models, but all recognized the necessity
of adapting such a school to American needs and conditions. This
agitation was especially strong in the years'of 1888 and 1889. During
1889 the trustees of the Univarsity of Pennsylvania established a
Chair of forestry to be filled as soon as funds became available, but
the Chair was never filled.
Because of the slow growth of public sentiment in favor of Forestry,
particularly among forest owners, no constructive steps were taken
towards the establishment of a technical forestry course until about
the year 1900. In issues of “Forest Leaves,” in 1901 and 1902, are
found several articles dwelling on the necessity of trained men to
do forestry work upon the large areas of land twhich were rapidly
passing into the control of the Department of Forestry. Dr. J. T.
Rothrock. then Commissioner of Forestry, took the land in this move-
ment, Endeavors were made to have scientific cources in forestry
added to the University of Pennsylvania or to Pennsylvania State
College. These schools refusel at that time to undertake the work.
Appreciating the actual need of men and realizing the great advan-
tages of a practical school connected with actual forest work, Dr.
Rothrock decided to establish such a school under the control of the
Department of Forestry and locate it upon a State Forest.
In the spring of 1902, Geo. H. Wirt, a Biltmore graduate, was sent
to Mont Alto to take charge of the property recently purchased from
the Mont Alto Iron Co., and to establish a forest nursery. Although
the legislature of 1901 had refused to adopt Dr. (Rothrock’s plans,
he felt sure that two years would find a change in sentiment, and, as
a preliminary measure four men were sent to help Mr. Wirt and gct
some instruction in forestry. In January, 1903, Paul E, Arnold, a
German forester, and graduate of the famous Tharandt Vorest
Academy in Saxony, was added to the teaching force. By act of May
13, 1963, the school was formally established and plans were made
for the entrance of the first class. The Forestry Reservation Commis-
sion had, however, previously adopted, on June 4, 1902, a curriculum
and plan of work submitted by Mr. ‘Wirt for the forest school then in
his charge, . ode A
The original idea was that the students admitted should be com-
posed of young men from the wooded districts with practical woods
experience, and the first class was partly composed of such men. It
was soon recognized that these men were often unable to do the men-
tal work required in a study of scientific forestry and the entrance
requirements were made strictly competitive with both physique and
mental ability entering into the test. This plan was adhered to up to
1920, when non-scholarship students were admitted on proof! of
standard college entrance preparation.
9
The Forest Academy Dormitory
At first there was some thought of moving the school to the Cale-
donia purchase jas possessing better facilities, but this was finally
given up and the administrative buildings of the iold furnace at Mont
Alto were utilized for the school. These were far from being ideal,
and consequently the school was materially handicapped until (1908,
when ground was broken for the first of the present group of modern
buildings.
LOCATION.
The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is located about one mile
from Mont Alto, a village in Franklin County, which is sixty miles
southwest of Harrisburg. on the'Cumberland Valley Division P. R. R
The ground occupied by the school buildings 's a part of the Mont
Alto ‘State F Forest, w hich affords an opportunity for practical instruc-
tion and experimentation, ‘equalled by few, if any, American forest
schools. Onc} of the foremost forestry educators of the United States
called the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, because of its ex-
cellent location, “the gem of American forest schools”. The situation
is healthful and the school is supplied with water from a spring lo-
cated in the interior of the 23,000 acre forest. To the west of the
school lies the Cumberland Valley which is regarded as one of the
garden spots of Pennsylvania, and nearby are some of the most scien-
tifically managed apple and peach orchards of the State.
The forest location of the school stands in strong contrast with
those in larger cities and college towns. Such a situation has advan-
tages which make it not only attractive but also convenient for the
study and practice of forestry in the forest throughout the year.
It enables the student to study forestry rather than about forestry.
BUILDINGS.
Thirteen buildings comprise the Academy group. Weistling Hall
the oldest of the buiidings, is a large three story structure and twas
formerly the residence of ‘Col. George B. Wiestling, a member of the
first Forestry Commission of Pennsylvania. This building has recently
been remodeled and is now used as an ‘administration building. It
also contains the dining room, kitchen, and quarters for the matrou
and servants.
The Main Building was erected in 1908-09. It is the largest build-
ing of the group and constructed of a very attractive native quart-
zite. On the second floor of ‘this building are comfortable living rooms
for all the students. The first floor is devoted to class rooms, labora-
tories, and the library. In the basement are a recreation room, a
wood specimen room, and a furnace room. The building is supplied
with steam heat, illuminatad with electricity, and furnished with nec-
essary toilet rooms and lavatories.
11
The Faculty Cottage.
A double cottage, occupied by the Director and another member o£
the faculty, was built in 1911. Three other single cottages are occu-
pied by instructors or are available for their use. Other buildings,
such as machine shop, log lodge, gymnasium, sawmill, wagon shed,
stable, and seed storage house dot the campus. ;
CAMPUS
A spacious and attractive campus surrounds the school buildings.
Upon it are many native and exotic trees and shrubs. The most dis-
tinctive and impressive features of the campus are the massive Black
and White Oak trees which are remnants of the original forest and
bear mute evidence of many vicissitudes during an existence of more
than two centuries. Amidst these stately trees are carefully laid out
drives and walks, and a meandering brook of pure mountain water.
Overlooking all this picturesqueness is the productive and carefully
managed Mont Alto State Forest.
FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION.
The facilities at Mont Alto for instruction in forestry compare
favorably with any-in America. The laboratory equipment is modern
and complete. The school forest, nursery, and arboretum are easily
accessible and afford object lessons which cover a wide range of for.
estry problems. The proximity of the school to its out-door working
field economizes much time which would otherwise be spent on the
road.
The biological, chemical, and soil laboratories are adequately
equipped with modern appliances and fully stocked with necessary
working material.
Numerous collections have been prepared and are available for
demonstrating lectures, laboratory work, and special investigations.
A herbarium of more than 4,000 specimens of native and exotic woody
and herbaceous plants is . carefully classified and available for study
purposes. A collection of forest tree fruits, seeds, and seedlings is in
progress. Typical specimens of wood destroyi ing and parasitic tree
fungi are on exhibition in a small museum. Many species of forest
insects have been collected and specimens of ‘their work are available
for study and demonstration purposes.
In the basement of the main building is a room 16 x 60 feet contain-
ing a collection of all the important commercial woods tof the United
State and some foreign woods. These woods are used in the course
in Wood Identification.
A collection of tools, instruments, and machines used in lumbering,
silvicultural operations, protective work, and mensuration exercises
is In progress. It contains planting hammers, fire torches, fire rakes,
brush hooks and other implements: designed by Pennsylvania and
. other American foresters. It also embraces representative Huropean
instruments.
The school is adequately equipped with the best and most practical
instruments required in the practice of forestry. The surveying equip-
13
Students Identifying Trees.
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An Exercise in Forest Mensuration.
ment is complete and up to date. The forest mensuration equipment
comprises the best types of American and representative European
_calipers, hypsometers, increment borers, xylometers, chains, tapes,
and other necessary instruments.
The library comprises all the standard texts on forestry in the Eng-
lish language and many publications.:in ‘foreign, tongues. All the prin-
cipal forestry periodicals and representative lumber, trade, and tech-
nical journals are received regularly and filed systematically for fu-
ture references.
A large collection of carefully selected charts and photographs
covering all phases of forestal activities, is available for use and fur-
nishes the best kind of illustrative material for class work. Lantern
slides, covering the major forest operations and typical forest condi.
tions are in stock and are used to illustrate classwork.
For field work in forestry the vicinity of Mont Alto offers unsur-
passed facilities. The latitude and topography favor a rich flora. It
is the meeting ground of northern and southern species. The norther:
follow the mountains towards the South and the southern extend
northward through the valleys. Within one mile of the school build-
ings occur more than 100 species of native woody plants and many in-
troduced species. The richness of the local woody and herbaceous
flora and its proximity to the school make it possible and practical
to give the major part of the instruction in Tree Identification and
Systematic Botany in the forest and nearby field without spending
an excessive amount of time on the road.
A five-minutes walk from the school brings one to a forest nunsery
with an annual capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings. It is well equipped
with modern nursery appliances, and in it the students learn, not by
gengral cbservation but by actual work, nursery practice from the
preparation and sowing of seed beds to the packing and shipping of
seedlings and transplants.
The Mont Alto State Forest has been under careful and business-
like management for the past seventeen years. It is dotted with plan-
tations, experimental sample plots, improvement cuttings, fire towers,
and ranger stations, ramified by roads and trails, covered with fire,
compartment, and telephone lines, and partly divided into blocks.
compartments, and stands. The plantations contain many different
species of trees ranging in\age from 1 to 19 years and cover an aggre-
gate area of over 600 acres. Improvement cuttings have been made
annually since the creation of the forest. A study of the effect of light,
medium, and heavy thinnings has been in progress for five years.
One steel and two wooden towers have been erected at commanding
lookout points. They and the ranger’s houses are connected with the
forester’s headquarters by a state owned metallic circuit telephone
system, whose aggregate length is more than 26 miles.
The utilization operations are among the most interesting and in-
structive on the forest. Fuelwood, posts, and poles are harvested on
a large scale. A state-owned portable sawmill, stave mill, shingle mill,
and lath mill are operated on the forest. The students, as a part of
their course in Lumbering work upon ‘these mills and learn to handle
the different positions from felling the trees and firing the boiler to
head sawer and timber scaler. Briefly, the students are kept in con-
stant contact with all the operations of a forest business, and are
taught the best and most efficient methods of handling a forest prop-
erty both by preccpt and practice.
105;
SPECIAL LECTURES.
The faculty arranges annually a course of free lectures. These in-
structive and helpful talks are given to the students by men of promi-
nence in subjects allied to forestry. They cover travel, history, civies,
literature, first aid, wood craft, personal health, and other timely
topics.
PURPOSE.
The purpose of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is to pre-
pare thoroughly trained foresters for the service of the State in its
forests. The duties of a forester in the employ of the State require a
thorough training and apprenticeship in actual woods work, besides
the usual school studies in forestry, the sciences, and a number of
cultural subjects. The forester must have an equipment covering the
surveying and mapping of his forest; the growing of trees and their
proper management from planting, through thinning, to final logging
and sawing; the protection of the forest from its arch-enemy, the for-
est fire, as well as from insects, disease, and trespass; the building
and improvement of the forest roads, trails, fire lines, telephone lines,
and the fire towers; the estimation of timber and the calculation of its
growth, value, and financial returns; the directing of labor; the keep-
ing of records and accounts; and some knowledge of business and
forest law. This requires an underlying training in Mathematics,
botany, zoology, chemistry, physics, geology, and soils, as well as his-
tory, language and economics.
The practical application of this training is the large feature of the
school, for the entire course may be said to be given in the 70,000 acres
of the Mont Alto and Michaux State Forests in which the school is
located. All the activities of the forester are followed in the woods
from the growing of trees from seed in the; nursery, to the grind-
ing of the forest student’s own axe, the cutting of undesirable trees
into cordwood, and the mature trees into saw-logs, as well as their
manufacture into lumber, lath, staves, and shingles on the school
mills; from the day and night fighting of forest fires and the pick and
shovel building of roads to the preparation of a thorough working
plan fora specified tract of forest land.
Sut beyond all this technical training, the school aims to develop
men who love the forest, for a successful forester must look upon the
forest as more than a mere clump or collection of trees. He must see
in it a complex community or society of living things and be on a
speaking acquaintance with them all. He should know the wild ani-
mals, birds, plants, and rocks so well that he finds interest in them.
A good forester should not be lonesome in the forest, but instead find
continuous contentment in his extensive out-door laboratory.
Last, but not least, the school aims to graduate men who love the
people of the forest, if not for what they are, at least lor what he
hopes they will become. A forester must be a man of parts with whom
the people of the forest communities are glad to associate, willing
to do ordinary business on a reliable basis, and discuss everyday prob-
lems with interest and benetit. :
ADMINISTRATION.
The control of the school is vested by legislative enactment in the
Commissioner of Forestry. The pedagogical supervision and imme-
diate government is delegated to a Director and schoo! faculty.
FACILITIES FOR RECREATION.
The student body maintains an athletic association. Athletic con-
tests are not engaged in so extensively as at some other educational
institutions because the students obtain sufficient physical exercise
in their field work which takes them out of doors at frequent inter
vals during the entire year. A baseball diamond, a double tennis court,
a billiard table, and gymnastic equipment are available for use.
Basket-ball is the most popular game. It is especially adapted toa
small student body and engaged in during the winter when field trips
and forest exercises are few in number and of short duration. \The
schedule comprises games with normal schools and sniall colleges.
Hunting and fishing are among the most popular sports. The Mont
Altoiand Michaux State Forests. of 70,080 acres and adjoining forest
properties and abandoned fields afford excellent and convenient hunt-
ing grounds. Within the forest is a game refuge of 2,000 acres in
which wild animals and game birds are propagated systematically.
Deer, opossums, raccoons, wood chucks, squirrels, rabbits, pheasants,
and quail are plentiful, and wild turkeys and foxes, are occasionally
seen. It is not unusual to see a herd of fifteen deer, and occasionally a
herd of 25 and in one instance 31 have been observed, In spring time
troutfishing offers an enjoyable form of recreation. The nearby moun-
tain streams are numerous and well stocked.
Many ‘points of historic interest are the objectives of week-end
walking trips. Among these may be mentioned the Gettysburg aud
Antietam battlefields, President Buchanan’s birthplace, and Pen Mar,
a summer resort located on a high mountain at a point crossed by
the Mason and Dixon line. Waiks to local high points and command-
ing lookout towers are frequently scheduled. On the Mont Alto forest
are one steel and two wooden towers 56 feet in height, affording ex-
cellent views of the extensive timbered mountain slopes and the fer-
tile Cumberland Valley, which is surpassed in Pennsylvania only by
the Lancaster Valley in its agricultural capacity.
FOREST CLUB.
The Rothrock Forest Club is a student organization named in
honor of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the founder of the school and for many
years the leader of the forestry movement in Pennsylvania, and in the
United States. The meetings are held in Log Lodge, a commodious
log building finished in southern yellow pine and heated by a spia-
cious fire-place. The program of the meetings is similar to that of
literary societies at other educational institutions. The club js
also the agency through which the students are introduced to prom-
inent men in forestry and other professions. .
: BG
SCHOOL YEAR.
The school year is divided into the first and second terms and the
summer session. The first term begins on the first Tuesday of Sep-
tember and extends to the latter part of January. The second term
begins the last week in January and extends to the middle of June.
The summer session begins immediately upon the termination of the
second term and extends to the early part of August, when a four
weeks recess begins.
A two weeks recess during the Christmas Holidays is provided each
year. Four weeks in April and May are devoted entirely to planting
and nursery work. The school year thus covers 46 weeks. This is
a considerably heavier course than is given in any other four-year
forestry school in the United States.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.
The general requirements for entrance to this school are as follows:
1. Applicants for admission to the Freshman class must be at
least 17 vears of age and must submit to the Director of tie
School proper te stimonials of a good moral character.
2. Every applicant for admission shall have completed a 4 year
High School course or satisfactory equivalent.
3. Students desiring to enter with advanced standing must pre-
sent properly signed certificates from other colleges cover-
ing the subjects “pursued at such institutions.
4. Students must enter at the beginning of the fall term and
not later than September 19, 1922, unless they have advanced
standing to cover the work done by the classes they wish to
enter.
SPECIFIC SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS:
The scholarship required of all applicants for entrance to the Fresh-
man class is evidence of thorough preparation in fifteen units of
High School work or its equivalent. A unit of High School work
is the amount of work represented by five recitations a week for a
school year of at least eight months or a minimum of 160 hours of
recitation work or equivalent laboratory work,
The required units for entrance to the Freshman class are as fol-
lows:
Bineliak “si 's is ssi Pars Re bas 61 Ae 3 Units
Mathematies (Elem, Algebra, Plane Geometry
Advanced Alegebra, Solid Geometry ....... 3 Units
Science (Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Physical
Geopraphiy -etely) . . divisive: ilasay hs ewan e a en 1 Unit
FEIBGONY. OG .o nies pe Shai cl ee | Uni
s
The elective units to make up a total of 15 should be selected from
the following subjects:
English
Language, other than English
Mathematics.
History.
Science.
Civics.
Vocational Subjects.
The number of units to be allowed will be determined by the Direc-
tor of the Academy. If students do not maintain the scholarship
standards of the school, they will be dropped.
e
Application Forms:
Each applicant is required to submit a properly executed applica-’
tion for admission. Application forni may be obtained from the
Director, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pa.
State Scholarships:
The State Departmont of Forestry offers not to exceed ten four-
year scholarships annually. The candidates for these scholarships
must be “Citizens of Pennsylvania, not less than 17 or more than 25
years of age on the first day of September of the year of entrance,
must be physically sound as shown by physical exnmination and must
take a mental examination in Scholarship which ‘overs the following
branches: English (Grammar, Composition and Rhetoric); United
States History; Civil Government; Arithmetic with special emphasis
on Mensuration, Interest, Proportion, and Progression ; Algebra (com-
plete High School Algebra) ; Plane Geometry, and Biology (including
Human Physiology)’’.
The examinations for 1922 will be held on June 22 and 23 at Har-
risburg. Candidates will report at the Department of Forestry,
Capitol Building, 9 to 12 A. M. June 22.
The mental examination will begin at 1:30 p. m. June 22 and will
be completed June 23 by 2:00 p. m. The examination is held by a
selected committee of high school teachers ‘who correct and grade
the papers.
The highest ten men who pass the examinations are assigned to
certain State forests for six weeks practical work beginning July
1 for instruction and observation, during which their attitude toward
and their fitness for the work of a forester is determined. Those
who prove satisfactory in this work will be offered ‘the scholarships
by the Commissioner of Forestry. During this field-test applicants
will pay transportation charge to and from the forest to which jthey
are assigned and the Department will pay their board and lodging.
Camping may be required.
Conditions of Scholarships:
After appointment each scholarship student must furnish bend of
$500 that he will complete the four year course and remain jn the
State Forest Service, in case his services are needed, for three years
at such salary as the departinent may reasonably offer. C1 its
part the State Department of Forestry contracts to provide the
student, free of charge, the following for the four year course: tuition,
board, room, heat, light, stationery and plain washing.
19 :
Estimated Minimum Expenses Per Year:
Non-scholarship Scholarship
: students. students.
Outside
Penna. State
Tuition . ree $150 Free
Board, 46 weeks (@ $514 $250 253 a
Room, furnished, heat, light,
46 weeks, ($2 92 92 ‘“
s00ks and Instruments BD BD S35
Laundry, 46 weeks @ .50 23 23 Free
Forestry Club, Athletic & Social 25 25 25
Expenses on field & Inspection trips 10 10 10
Deposit-Breakage a) 5 5
Clothing, personal and travelling expenses are impossible to
generalize,
Students using school laundry will provide themselves” with
red woven laundry marks giving full name. (Order before entering
from Book-Room, Forest Academy).
Deposit:
When a student enters the Academy he must make a deposit
of $5 with the Director, against which will be charged all items of
unnecessary, careless, or wilful breakage or damage to State property.
Whenever deposit is lowered by reason of charges against it, the stu-
dent will be required to increase the deposit at the beginning of each
school year to the full amount of $5. At the time of graduation there
will be returned to him whatever balance may remain to his credit.
Degree:
or the satisfactory completion of the full four yoars course as
prescribed, the degree of Bachelor of Forestry is conferred.
COURSE OF STUDY.
Freshman Year.
First Term, Second Term.
Number Credit Number Credit
of Subject. hours. of Subject. hours.
COUTTS, COUrse,
Il) = Botany | 12) Botany I
1S Chemistry o 19 Chemistry 3
I’ 1 Mlementary Forestry 2 22 Drawing
l English o I’ 2 Elementary Forestry 2
24 ,German or French 2 > German or French 2
210 Mathematics I 2 Mnelish 3
27) ‘Trucks & Mechanics 2 230-6 Plane. Surveying I
29 Physics 3
28 Shop 1
20
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Summer Session.
Botany
Silviculture
Torest Mensuration
Sophomore Year.
First Term.
Botany
Chemistrv
English
Geology
German or French
(Elect) Pa. History
Physics
Surveying
2
5
2
D)
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me CS Rt lS Ce Lc tct
Second Term.
Dendrology
English
German or French
Meteorology
Soils
Surveying
Zoology
Forest Mensuration
Summer Session.
Dendrology
Forest Mensuration
Worest Map
First Term.
Accounting
Dendrology
Forest Engineering
ss Entomology
sf Protection
Mech. Properties wood.
Silviculture
Wood Morphology
Loology
Summer Camp.
Logging & Milling
First Term.
Forest Keonomics
& Policy
Forest Finance
Forest Regulation
Game Propagation
General Economics
Silviculture
Wood Utilization
Seminar 5
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Senior Year.
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Business Law
Forestry History
Forest Pathology
General Economics
Lumbering
Silviculture
Wood Identification
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Forest Administration :
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Seminar
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A Forest Surveying Crew.
Students Identifying Wood.
DESCRIPTION OF COURSES.
F 1. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY.
2 Credit [ouwrs. First Perm, Freshman Year.
A course to give the student a broad introduction to ‘all phases of
work in forestry, and of the relation of forestry to other sciences and
to the nation’s economic life. Text work and field trips in state forest
are required. Moon & Brown’s Llements of Forestry is used as text.
F 2. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY.
2 Credit Hours. Second Term, Freshman Year.
The course aims to give the student a through knowledge of
the distribution of Forests in the United States and the development
of the forestry idea in United States and in Pennsylvania.
F 3. FOREST MENSURATION.
2 Credit Hours. Summer Session, Freshman Year.
Introduction to the subject; lectures and field work on the meas-
urement of felled trees in various units.
F 4, FOREST MENSURATION.
1 Credit Hour. First Term, Sophomore Year
The course aims to give the student a through knowledge of
methods used in ineasuring volumes of single trees, either felled or
standing, and of the determination of growth and yield, Graves’
lorest Mensuration is used as text.
F 5. FOREST MENSURATION.
2 Credit Hours. Summer Session, Freshman Year.
This course consists of field work in measuring stands of timber,
and study of growth and yield of stands, especially in collecting data
for a working plap
24
Students
Measuring Tree Height
*
with Instruments.
F 6. SILVICULTURE & NURSERY PRACTICUM.
2 Credit Hours, Swimmer Session, Freshman Year,
Operations on the Mont Alto State Forest of 23,000 acres permit
students from time to time throughout their course, to take part in
practical improvement, liberation and reproduction cuttings, clean-
ing and protection of the extensive plantation areas; but these ac-
tivities, together with planting, serve especially to introduce future
foresters to actual silviculture in the woods. The nearby state forest
nursery of eleven acres under intensive cultivation produces annually
2,000,000 trees for reforestation work. Students take an important
part in soil preparation, seed sowing, transplanting, cultural and pro-
tective measures, together with lifting, grading and packing trees for
transportation. An instructor and skilled workmen are always present
to make this work instructive as well as practical.
F 7. SILVICULTURE, (SILVICS OR FOREST ECOLOGY, AND
FOREST GEOGRAPHY ).
2 Credit Hours. First Term, Junior Year.
The primary effects of heat, light, wind, moisture and soil upon
tree growth and distribution are thoroughly discussed; followed by
the effects of forests on climate and soil, the internal struggle of the
stand, site quality assessment, stand description and forest types.
Application of the basic fact of silvics and dendrology to the actual
forest is made in a series of lectures in forest geography and physic-
graphy; embracing a detailed study of the forest regions and types
of the United States and Canada, with a general survey and diseus-
sion of the important forested areas of the world noting in partieu-
lar their structure, ecology and possibility of economic develop-
ment. Many references are used and abstracts required of each stu-
dent. Considerable material given in the course is derived from
Schlichs Sliviculture, Mayr’s Waldbau, and Bowman's Forest Phy-
siology.
F 8. SILVICULTURE. (SEEDING AND PLANTING).
3 Credit Hours Necond Term, Junior Year.
Seed production, collection, extraction and storage, nursery work
and administration. Direct seeding and plantation establishment.
Reforestation problems and progress are studied in the field
and a planting plan prepared for a definite area of denuded Jand.
Under trained and skilled supervision, students follow the trees
through each stage of nursery practice, from staking out beds to final
shipment or planting in the forest. Vroblems in nursery management,
technique and protection are discussed in detail. Students
participate in various experimental work which is always under
way, ‘and are given experience in directing work in nursery and
planting operations. Costs are calculated for work done and steek
produced ; inventories are made; nursery accounting and plantation
report forms are explained and ‘used, Toumey’s Sceding and Plant-
ing is text used with supplementary notes from other sources,
26
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F 9. SILVICULTURE. (SYSTEMS OF NATURAL- REGEN-
ERATION).
3 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.
Critical comparisons are made between pure and mixed woods,
high and low forest forms; natural and artificial regeneration; the
silvicultural systems; methods of thinning, forest conversion and im-
provement. Cleanings, liberation and damage cuttings, and treat-
ment of wood-lots are considered from an experimental as well as
theoretical and empirical standpoint. The location of the schovi
here where the South Mountains, managed for a century prior to
their acquisition by the state for continuous yields of charcoal for
the iron industry, adjoins an extensive agricultural area with scatter:
ed farm wood-lots, give it a vast natural outdoor laboratory for sil-
vicultural instruction. This has been improved during the past
twenty years by the establishment of more than 600 acres of planta-
tions of many species and upon a. variety of sites. Hawley’s Silvi-
culture and Graves’ Principles of Handling Woodlands are the texts
used, with Schilch’s Silviculture, Mayr’s, Waldbau and Traite Pra-
fique de Silviculture by Jolyet as chief reference works.
F 10. DENDROLOGY.
3 Credit Hours Second Term, Sophomore Year.
A systematic and biological study of the trees of the United States
and introduced species, stressing the important timber producers.
Special attention is given coniferous species native to temperate
climates similar to that of Pennsylvania. Form, distinguishing
characteristics, reproduction, occurrence and range are taken up in
detail. In the first semester tree identification in the field is begun
by a series of brief trips and a collection of winter buds, mounted on
cards and representing 150 species, as required. Keys are worked
out by the students for both winter and summer use, About 100
important trees of the locality are observed thru-out the year by
assigned students and phenological data recorded. The growing
school collection of photos, slides, herbarium mounts and other dried
material of the important forest species adds interest to lecture room
instruction. In addition to numerous references, texts especially
followed are: Illick’s Pennsylvania Trees; Sargent’s Manual of
Trees of North Ameriat; Hough's Handbook of Trees of North-
eastern United States and Canada; Mayr's Fremlandische Wald-
und Park bawmne fur Rurope; publications of the U.S. Forest Serv-
ice, by Geo. B. Sudworth and others,
Fill. DENDROLOGY. (TREE IDENTIFICATION),
1 Credit Hour Summer Nession, Sophomore Year,
A field course embracing the study of all woody vegetation in the
vicinity of Mont Alto, where more than 150 species of trees and
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shrubs are native within a radius of ten miles. Including exotics,
students are familiarized with about 250 species. The Forest Acade-
my is so located that it lies within the ranges of many northern and
southern trees which overlap here, and this naturally advantageous
site has been supplemented by an arboretum, containing the more im-
portant forest trees of the Western U. 8. and temperate foreign
countries. In addition to many half days spent in adjacent forest
and fields, during the course all-day field-trips are made to the
Potomac River, North Mountains, Pen Mar and several localities in
the fertile and historic Cumberland Valley, permitting the study of
trees under widely varying conditions of growth and habitat. Field
tests cover $00 to 960 specimens. Tests used are Ulick’s Pennsyl-
vania Trees and Checklist of Trees of Franklin County.
Fi2. DENDROLOGY.
3 Credit Hours. First Term, Junior Year.
Continuation of course (I 10.)
F13. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year.
A general discussion of the morphology, physiology, development
and classification of insects; the life history of both beneficial and
injurious species, with special reference to those forms which are of
economic importance in the forest. Sanderson and Jackson’s Hle-
mentary Entomology is the text used, supplemented by reference to
various State and National bulletins on insects of economic impor-
tance.
Fi4. BOTANY, FOREST PATHOLOGY.
3 Oredit Hours Second Term, Junior Yoar.
A course considering representative tree diseases caused by cryp-
fegamic parasites and saprophytes and parisitic flowering plants.
Preventive and remedial measures for checking their damage are
discussed. Class and laboratory are supplemented by field exercises.
Rankin’s Tree Diseases is the text used.
15.- FOREST PROTECTION.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year.
Lectures and reference reading covering a complete discussion of
general forest protection with special detailed discussion of protec-
tion against fire. Special reference is made to Pennsylvania condi-
tions and actual field work in forest protection is included in the
course as part of the school work. Ali students are enrolled in ov-
eanized fire crews and take part in the extinction of forest fires on
the Mont Alto and Michaux Forests.
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F 16. FOREST REGULATION,
3 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Yeas.
The broad and general principles of forest management are first
considered. ISvery effort thru-out the course is directed toward the
practical correlation and application of facts, data and rules derived
in other scientific and forestry courses. A proper and clear concept
of the normal or ideal forest with continuous vield and other attri
butes, is held before the student until every phase is firmly grasped.
The fundamentals of increment, growing stock and age classes are
studied in detail; then follows the drafting of formulation of felling
budgets and solution of problems that arise in the effort to attain
normality upon forest areas with given conditions. Oviticai studies
are made of the various formulae and methods whereby an approxt-
mation to the normal forest may be achieved. Texts used are Roth’s
Forest Regulation and Recknagel’s Theory and Practice of Forest
Working Plans.
F 17. FOREST ORGANIZATION AND WORKING PLANS.
4 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year.
This course is a continuation of that in Forest Regulation but em-
bodies more field work and takes up geometric, quantitative and
qualitative surveys of a specific forest area, with the theory and prae-
tice of forest subdivision and stand differentiation. A portion of a
State Forest is annually taken np and divided into permanent com-
partments for silvicultural and administrative purposes. Careful
stock surveys, made in conjunction with the sophomore class in men-
suration, furnish a basis for the creation of more or less temporary
sub-compartments, coextensive with some definite and important stand
condition, such as age, species, density, site or future silvicultural]
treatment. The compartment lines are demarcated upon the ground,
while the lines of sub-compartments usually are not. Working plan
reports and maps are required of each student, and all necessary fac-
ilities for efficient work toward this end, such as transportation and
technical instruments, are furnished by the school or forest officers.
References used include Schlich’s Forest Management, Kaiser's Pintei-
lung der Forsten and Wagner's Grundhagen der raumlichen Ordnung
im Walde.
F 18. FOREST HISTORY.
2 Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year.
A course giving more or less detailed information as to develop-
ment of forest property, forest conditions, forest investigation, and
handling of forest properties for timber production in the principal
countries of the world. Special attention is given to development of
forestry in Pennsylvania. TFernow’s History of Forestry is used as
& veXxt.
30
F19. FOREST ENGINEERING.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year.
Principles of forest roads, practical survey and construction. Con-
struction of trails, bridges, telephone lines, fire towers.
Logging railroads, grades and curves.
Finding the flow of springs and streams.
Roads text—Highway Enginecring—Chatburn.
F20. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year.
This course aims to acquaint the student with the physical propevr-
ties of wood, the factors that affect them, and the methods giving
these properties actual values through timber testing. Record’s
Mechanical Properties of Wood is used as text.
F 21. WOOD IDENTIFICATION.
1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Junior Year.
A detailed study of the methods used and practice on actual speci:
mens of the various important commercial woods of the United States.
i 22. LUMBERING.
Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year:
2
This course aims to show in detail how the products of the forests
are harvested, and ‘prepared for the market. It includes actual work
in the woods and in the manufacture, in a state owned plant, of
lumber shingles, lath, ties, etc. The text in use is Bryant’s Logging.
F 23. LOGGING AND MILLING.
4 Credit Hours — Summer Session, Junior Year.
This course includes a 6-8 weeks trip to a large saw-mill operation
and includes a study of methods, costs, ‘etc., from stump to car and
a detailed report on the same.
F 24. WOOD UTILIZATION,
4 Oredit Hours First Term, Senior Year.
This course includes a study of the industries that further manu-
facture the timber and other rough materials removed from the forest
in lumbering operations. It includes a study of the wood using
industries of Pennsylvania. The texts used are Brown’s “Morest Prod-
ucts” and Wood Using Industries of Pennsylvania (Dept. Bulletin
No. 9).
Students Making Chestnut Shingles.
F 25. FOREST ECONOMICS AND POLICY.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year
A study of the social utilities flowing from forests and the, impor-
tance of forests and forest products in industry. The continuing
depletion of our forests; the possibilities for continuous production.
The policy of nations, states and municipalities toward forest prora-
gation. Government ownership, control and cooperative (policies.
Lectures.
F 26. FOREST FINANCE.
4 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.
Forest property from the investment point of view. Calculation
involving principles of eompound interest and annual charges: In-
terest rate; net income; financial maturity; carrying charges; meth-
ods of comparing financial results under different methods of treat-
ment; forestry compared with agriculture; forest taxation. Refer-
ences, Roth’s Forest Valuation and Chapman’s Forest Valuation.
F 27. FOREST LAWS.
3 Oredit Hours Second Term, Senior Year.
A brief review of the Forest Laws in the U. S. Texts, Kinney on
Forest and Timber Law.
Supplemented by a course of lectures on the powers of forest offi-
cers as peace officers.
F 28. FOREST APPRAISAL.
3 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year.
The valuation of forest properties; determination of stumpage val-
uses; assessment of forest damage. Lectures.
KF 29. FOREST ADMINISTRATION.
3 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year.
This course aims to acquaint the student with the principles used
in the organization of the business administration and personnel ‘to
care for forest property. The present status and methods used in the
State Forests, National Forests and Private Forests will be discussed.
Lectures and reading.
F 30. SEMINAR.
1 Credit Hour First and Second Term, Senior Year.
A round table discussion of professional forestry movements, events
and literature. Inclides preparation of papers, reviews and,
leading discussions.
KF 31. THESIS.
5 Credit Hours Last 6 weeks, Senior Year, Second Term.
Each student will make a special field study of a subject approved
at the end of the Junior year. These subjects will generally fall un-
der the heads of transportation, seasoning, preservation, or price
studies of lumber; timber accounting; special product studies; sil-
vicultural or management investigations, etc. ,
1. ENGLISH.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.
This course includes a review of the essentials of English grammar,
the rules for capitalization, punctuation, and business correspond-
ence. Themes on pertinent subjects are required frequently. “Bng-
lish Composition in Theory and Practice” by Canby and others is
the text used. “Wooley’s Handbook of Composition” is used for
reference.
2. ENGLISH.
3 Credit Hours * Second Term, Freshman Year.
The whole field of prose and poetical composition is studied in
general and detail from the standpoint of the three underlying prin-
ciples governing all good composition, unity, coherence, and emphasis.
Themes and other exercises illustrating these principles are required.
The mechanics of writing are continued as in English 1. Represen-
tative classics are read.
3. ENGLISH.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Yea>.
A brief review of world literature as a whole, followed by a sum-
mary of English and Amercian literature with particular attention
given to the study of the scientific writings of such authors as Roose-
velt, Muir, Burroughs, Thoreau, and Fabre.
4. ENGLISH.
3 Credit Hours. Second Term, Sophomore Year.
A continuation of English 8 with emphasis upon the encourage:
ment of the student to put his English into effective, practical use
by exercises in debating, public speaking, and parliamentary practice.
Themes,
56. ACCOUNTING.
1 Credit Hour Junior Year, First Term.
Principles of accounting: Single and double entry procedure:
Different kinds of accounts: Depreciation budgets: Accounting as
applied to forest finances and records: Pennusylyania Dept. of Fores-
try prescribed accounts. Use of checks, drafts, notes, mortgages.
34
6. ECONOMICS.
4 Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Yeur.
Principles of e¢onomics, Capital; Labor; Business Organization ;
Money and Banking; Monopoly; Transportation. Taussig’s Princi-
ples of Bconomics Vols. 1 & 2.
7. ECONOMICS.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.
Continuation of Economics 1, followed by a study of Taxation and
Public revenue.
8.- BUSINESS LAW.
2 Credit Howrs Juntor Year, Second Term.
_ An elementary study of Elements of Business Law with special
reference to contracts, and property. MHuffcut’s The Elements of
Business Law, is the text used. —
9. GAME PROPAGATION.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.
Course of lectures by Specialist from Game Commission. <A state
game preserve located on the school forest is a valuable object lesson
in game propagation. The school forest now contains hundreds of
deer and much smaller game.
10. FISH PROPAGATION.
2 Credit Hours. Second Term, Senior Year.
-Course of lectures by Specialist from the Fish Commission.
PP HISO AUN Y
4 Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.
Morphology of the Spermatophytes..
A course specially adapted to the early and fundamental training
of the forester. It comprises a study of the external and internal
morphology and ‘physiology of the six primary parts of the seed bear-
ing plants. Tree material is used where possible to illustrate the dif-
ferent parts of the plant system. Part 1 of Ganong’s “A Text-book
of Botany for Colleges” is used.
12. BOTANY.
4 Credit H ours Second Term, Freshman Year.
Evolution of the Plant Kingdom.
A careful study of the morphology of representative examples a-
mong the algae, fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and
angiosperms is pursued in the laboratory and in the field. Special
35
attention is given to the alternation of generations in the plants stud-
ied and in working out their life histories, the progression and retro-
gression of certain organs and phases in proceeding from the lower
to the higher plants are noted. Field trips areymade once a week
to enable the student to collect and study the plants in their natural
habitats. Part 2 of Ganong’s A Tert-book of Botany for Colleges
is used.
iS. > BOTAN ¥-
2 Credit Hours Summer Session, Freshman Year,
Taxonomy.
A comparative study is made in the field of the families of plaut
groups and special training is given in the methods of collection and
preservation of material. Each student is required to make an her-
barium of at least 125 species of herbaceous plants and to learn com-
mon and scientific names of iat least 180 plants. Emphasis is laid
on the key. for indentification of the plants. Gray's New Manual
of Botany and Britton and Brown’s /llustrated Flora of the North-
ern States and Canada are the text and reference used.
14. BOTANY.
2 Credit Hours. Tirst Term, Sophomore Year.
Plant Ecology.
The course deals with the relation of plants :to their environment.
First, there is a study of the ecological factors, which in general are
grouped under physical, climatic and biotic factors. This is followed
by a discussion of succession, the struggle for existence among plants,
the laws of migration, the analysis of vegetation forms ‘and strue-
tures, plant formations and societies.
In the laboratory different members of the plant are studied as to
their special functions and their relation to environment. The stem,
root, leaf, flower, ete., are carefully examined and their ecological re-
lations pointed out.
The Forest Academy is very favorably located for the field study of
Plant Ecology, as a great variety of plant life conditions may he
found in the immediate vicinity of the school. Therefore, students
ave able to work in the adjoining fields and forests, which is a decid-
ed advantage over the studying of plant life processes in the lahor-
atory.
1h. ZOOLOGY,
3 Credil lTours. Second Term, Sophomore Year.
General Zoology.
In this course a general survey is made of the animal kingdom from
the Protozoa to the Chordata. In the laboratory each student dis-
sects an animal typical of each phylum and makes drawings of the
parts observed. Hegner’s College Zoology is the text used.
.
36
16. ZOOLOGY.
2 Credit Hours. First Term, Junior Yerr.
A review of cordata including Mammals and birds indigenous to
Penna. >
lice SOLAN Y.
2 Credit Hours. First Term, Jumor Year.
Wood Morphology.
A study of the microscopic structural features of wood. Repre-
sentative type specimens of ‘the conifers and broad leaved trees are
studied in detail with compound miscroscopes in order to determin ?}
the occurance, form and structure of the wood elements. <All struc-
tural features which are of value in distinguishing the different woods
are studied under the simple and compound microscope from cross,
radial and tangential sections of the different woods. Record’s
Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States and Jef
frey’s The Anatomy of Woody Plants are used as texts and referene
18. CHEMISTRY.
3 Credit Hours. First Term, Freshmen Year
This course comprises a study of the metals and non-metals. Lec-
tures and recitations are correlated with laboratory experiments to
illustrate fundamental facts and general principles. The acquisition
of a chemical vocabulary and of initiative and 'skill in making obser-
vations receives special emphasis. Kahlenberg’s Outline of Chenistry
is used. -
19. CHEMISTRY.
3 Credit Hours. Second Term, Freshman Year.
The main outlines and general methods of qualitative and quantita-
tive analysis are studied. Stress is laid upon the development of
accuracy and efficiency in method and technique, rather than upon
the mere acquisition of facts.
\
2). CHEMISTRY.
2 Credit Hours. First Term, Sophomore Year.
The general outlines of organic chemistry as a whole are fiisv
studied. Then the methods of deriving and manufacturing the chem-
ical products of forest origin are presented. Reports to the class on
special subjects assigned for experiment or investigation are required
from time to time. Hart’s Organic Chemistry is the text used. The
reading of Slosson’s Crettive Chemistry is required.
21. TRIGONOMETRY.
4 Credit Hours, _ First Term, Freshman Yeas.
The course covers trigonometric analysis, right and oblique trian-
gies, and the use of logarithms and tables. Special stress is laid upon
the solution of practical problems with accuracy and speed. Right,
quadrantal and oblique sperical triangles are covered briefly, em-
37
phasizing the practical application of spherical trigonometry. Philips
and Strong’s Hlements of Trigonometry is followed as a text, but
problems and illustrations from other authorities are frequently
taken up in class and special assignment.
22. DRAWING.
1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Freshman Yeer.
The use of drawing instruments. Lettering. Tracing. Blue-
printing.
Projections. Drawing of simple construction.
The plotting of compass surveys in coordination with Surveying.
23. PLANE SURVEYING.
1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Freshman Year.
_ An elementary course intended to clear the way for advance survey-
ing and improve the students sense of position and direction in the
woods. It gives the student a better grounding for sample plots, strip
surveys, timber cruising and the use of mensuration instruments in
the summer term, and second year course in Forest Mensuration.
Linear measurement-pacing, chain, tape: compass surveying— — —
latitudes and departures, error of closure and area calculation:
Simple traverse-board sketching: Use of aneroid: Use of Abney
level.
24. PLANE SURVEYING
3 Credit Hours. First Term, Sophomore Year.
Advanced work. The engineers transit—traverses by direct angle,
deflection angle, azimuth methods: Stadia surveying: Meridian deter-
mination: Gradienter attachment for road erades: Trigonometric
levelling: Transit for spirit levelling:
The Wye level—in precise levelling. differential levelling, setting
stakes to grade for road, drain and construction work.
Plane table with telescopic alidade, three point determination, the
making of a plane table map.
Testing and adjustment of instruments. Plotting of field notes,
maps and profiles.
20. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING.
2 Credit Hours. Second Term, Sophmore Year.
(a) Rough rapid survey, compass, pacing, aneroid: Principal of
contours.
(b) Accurate mapping. Triangulation-base line. measurement;
determination of angles with methods of repetition and series: Cor:
rellation of different instruments for different parts of a survey.
38
4.5 2 oe
26. FOREST MAP.
2 Credit Hours. Summer Session, Sophomore Year.
The consruction of a contour map of 2590 acres of mountain land—
field work—drafting—tracing and blue printing. Practice for Sur-
veying 25.
27. TRUCKS AND MECHANICS.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.
This course aims to give the student a practical working knowl-
edge of automobile and truck driving and maintenance through work
in class room, garage, and on the road. Steam Engine, sawiuill
equipment, and telephone work, such as might be encountered in the
forest are taken up. Frazer & Jones’ Motor Vehicles and their En-
gines is used as reference.
Poe SLOP:
1 Credit Hour Second Term, Freshman Ycar.
This course aims to give the student a working knowledge of the
tools used in rough construction of wood and metal. Active Shop
work in making of tenons and joints for wood work, and of important
phases of black-smithing will be covered. <A large well lighted work-
shop, well equipped with the necessary tools will be used for instruc:
tion.
20 LEY SLOS
3 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year.
This course includes a study by observation and experiment of the
principal phenomena of matter and energy together with an appli-
cation of general principles to the solution of forest problems. Kim-
ball’s College Physics is the text used.
a0. PHYSICS. F
3 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year.
Continuation of course 29.
Sl. METEOROLOGY.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year.
This course introduces the student to scientific methods used in
determination of the various climatic factors and their relation to
weather changes. United States weather maps are received daily
and methods of forecasting explained, Milham’s Meteorology is
used as text. -
39
32. GEOLOGY.
& Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year,
A course designed to give an introduction to general geologic prin-
ciples. Attention is paid particularly to the dynamical, structural)
and historical geology of Pennsylvania with reference to the pro-
cesses involved in the development of the present topographic and the
soil provinces of the state. Field excursions based on the use of
topographic maps are made from time to time. Chamberlain and
Salisbury’s College Geology is used.
33. SOILS.
3 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year.
This course aims to develop by observation and experiment the
principles governing the properties and management of field and
forest soils. Field work is required to illustrate soil survey methods,
and to harmonize theory with practice in application of the coneln-
sions derived from laboratory experiments. Students are requried
to report on the analysis of one soil sample brought from a typical
locality near their homes. Soils by Lyon, Fippin, and Buckman is
the text used.
7
34. GERMAN.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.
A course comprising a careful drill in pronunciation and the prin-
ciples of German Grammar. , Selected German texts and Thomas’
Practical German Grammar are used.
35. GERMAN.
2 Credit Hours Second Term, F'reshman Year.
Continuation of (84) German with selected texts.
36. GERMAN.
2 Credit Hours First Term, Sophomore Year.
Course in Scientific German, Gore’s German Ncience Reader and
selected texts.
37. GERMAN.
2 Credit Hours Second Term, Sophomore Year.
Continuation of preceding course with selected forestry texts
Hausrath’s Der Deutsche Wald is the first text used.
40
STUDENT REGISTER.
Class of 1921.
Name. - Residence.
igeadley.. Vont: Oswald, 0.0.2 6. lees es ee wees Mercersburg, Pa.
rouse, Hdgar Wrederick, 5... 0 0. c eee ee ee Boalsburg, Pa.
Clepper, Henry Edward, .......... 542 Locust St., Columbia, Pa.
Pi pimiehard Ritchey, 2... sees yew ee tesa’ Mercersburg, Pa.
Kreamer, George Parfeit, ...... 074 Carey Ave., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Kutz, Donald Bentley, .......... 231 Franklin St., Reading, Pa..
Lefkof, Emil Alfred, .......... 422 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
ALTER VAGUE EY Cad 2s 21s Pag eee ene Coudersport, Pa.
Nicholas, Herbert Murray, .......... 5388 E. Market St., York, Pa.
Shaw, Thomas Edward, .............. 207 W. 7th St., Chester, Pa.
Swingler, William Sherman, ........ 544 Cherry St., Columbia, Pa.
Shiney, Chaddeus Irwin, ............. 212 S. 16th St., Reading, Pa.
Taber, William Stone, .......... 725 Wilson St., Williamsport, Pa.
Class of 1922.
August, William A., ........ 1223 E. Pine St., Mahonoy City, Pa.
BIRR AIRC COVA ecco. sls levi eo wets Wee See ee ow ie ae Allenwood, Pa.
adint, TERM Cp GU 0s Gs saeeiek ie ran isan air minicar ira mean arar errr Springville, Pa.
Shulley, Frederick, ....5....% 1650 Muhlenberg St., Reading, Pa.
Sammeesenravle ELAMGTON, 202. 2. ee oe coe ele ea ee ete ws Renton, Pa.
Prouinee avin Brill of oo elk 1608 Perkiomen St., Reading, Pa.
Menivrichard Kuhns, 2.22.4... 1531 Hanover Ave., Allentown, Pa.
Class of 1924. (Four Year Course)
Dunmire, Daniel Edward, .......... 240 Unity St., Greensburg, Pa..
Heuchsel Charles Fo, ........0... 5218 Baltimore Ave., Phila., Pa.
Becomemn eee rae Ss) MP oc. sia bie delete le elt cnw wala Shinglehouse, Pa.
elime@harles: Gey, i. ke ee sees 810 Ridge Ave., McKeesport, Pa.
Relate ETNUS ety io Aeenet oN eee woe de bee wee ees Ashville, Pa.
POMP MUR TROpI Cs he ee seas tiinte Sarees skew vise ots Kast Greenville, Pa.
= OLEIRLG, TM TROTITE TS, 10 so ects eae Pn re Philipsburg, Pa.
Semigier Charles He, 2... 66.085 419 W. King St., Lancaster, Pa.
Pera et re MERG telicg crus) Sci si vie; late ¢ isiincesist aval etavare 0s Tunkhannock, Pa..
Bcioen ohaulki(W 5225.6. ie. 1127 Division St., Scranton, Pa.
Class of 1920.
Anderson, Hartley Kirtland, ........ 4630 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Bowlby, Irving Stickles, ........324 S. River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Warnerie William, 0... 0.2... 1569 Earl St., Wilkinsburg, Pa.
JOHD ig 1G EY el Aa G ae ee oe Washington St., Chambersburg, Pa.
Forsythe, Howard Yost, .......6...... 213 Lockhart St., Sayre, Pa.
brampton, Samuel R.. .<.6...06.. 06.5 1127 Hast St., Wilkinsburg, Pa.
Pennie eA CANIN de ce we sw ae bees oe 109 Canal St., Lebanon, Pa.
Hnghes, Charles: Colling, 4 525009 os B26 www ons Collegeville, Pa.
Kerns, Chester Merrill, ...... 220 Allegheny St., Jersey Shore, Pa.
te Due, BHdmond,~3/5.260. 25s sah aoc ee ee ee Mont Alto, Pa.
McNees, Wayne Anthony, Vika tue ie 616 9th Ave., New Brighton, Pa.
Nixon, Robert Brighton, ...... 2160 N. 19th St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Pardoe, Homer Wes, tee ee 532 Market St. , Williamsport, Pa
Sebring, Harold Martin, fe Se Fe 62 S. Sherman Ave. Allentown, Pa.
Smith; Harry Mrederick,')...'..226%% <= = 416 Main St., Kingston, Pa.
Smith? Ralpl Wilson; ae eh tase els 8 Stout St., Pittston, Pa.
Sipe, Praneis Henry,: i. ono 6. 4 oho sb ae etcetera Somerset, Pa.
Somers, Frances Wilkinson, ..... Sse a bk eS ee Renton, Pa.
Stauffer, sacob. Martins <5 5. 6/2 ant 43 S. 5th Ave., Coatesville, Pa.
Wilcox, Ralph BY 9c tec UC re OTe Oot oe eee New Albany, Pa.
Wood, Cyrus Matt feos is dats ees ee ene eee Mont Alto, Pa.
WV00ds.“Tonatitiseroy, 2-580 ted sss ae she Marienville, Pa.
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