The youthful Franklin; an address delivered at the unveiling of a statue to Benjamin Franklin at the University of Pennsylvania, on June 16, 1914

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YOUTHFUL
FRANKLIN

YOUTHFUL
FRANKLIISr

(^^^^y^n address delivered
at the unveiling of
a statue to Be^tjamin
Franklin at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania^
on June 16 ^ 1914

by ^^

JAMES M. BECK, LL.D.

• \

of the Philadelphia and New York bars

Printed at the Shop of

Franklin Printing Company

Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 172J

Philadelphia, U. S. A.

E3oZ
.4

Copyright, 1914

Franklin Printing Company

Philadelphia

JAN 16 1915

> FOREWORD

THE Franklin Printing Company,
successor to Benjamin Franklin,
printer and philosopher, being inter-
ested in anything that pertains to the his-
tory of our founder, presents an address
by the Honorable James M. Beck at the
unveiling of the statue of Benjamin
Franklin, by Professor R. Tait McKenzie,
at the University of Pennsylvania, June i6,
1914. Mr. Beck is acknowledged one of the
great students of Franklin, and we feel that
this address is of sufficient merit to warrant
reproduction in permanent form. We are
glad to be able to present it to the admirers of
this great American Printer in a form which
we believe will be worthy of preservation.

Ike

YOUTHFUL
FRANKLIN

Mr. Provost and Gentlemen of the University :

I CONGRATULATE you on a notable achieve-
ment. You have "builded better than you knev^r."
By this noble gift the class of 1904 has not only
attested its loyalty to Alma Mater but has given to
the future sons of Penn a lasting lesson and a potent in-
spiration. Who can number the students of the future,
as yet unborn, who, standing where we now stand, will
gaze upon this faithful effigy of the youthful Franklin
and, taking fresh courage, will press more eagerly to the
mark of their high calling? Here we see the youthful
Franklin "in his habit as he lived." No higher praise
can be given the sculptor than that his work is worthy
of its subject. Does not this Franklin with his staff in
one hand and his meagre possessions in the other, with
uplifted eyes, alert, vigorous carriage and smiling, reso-
lute face, nobly symbolize the youth of America, as they
end their apprenticeship, and bravely face on the threshold
of manhood the rude challenge of the world?

It is true that Franklin was not a college student.
His only elementary training was the reading of borrowed
books by the flickering light of a tallow dip. His only
college was the printing shop; his graduation was flight
from harsh and intolerable treatment, and his diploma
may have been an advertisement calling upon the public
to apprehend a fugitive apprentice. As now portrayed
in lasting bronze, he typifies not only the unnumbered
American boys, who have faced an unknown future with
undaunted resolution and proud elation of spirit, but
especially that sturdy breed of self-made men, in which

America has been so productive and of which Franklin
was the first and greatest example.

No ship ever brought so rich a cargo to Philadelphia
as the little sloop from Bordentown which disembarked
the youthful Franklin on Market Street wharf one hun-
dred and ninety years ago. Why narrate the story of
that first entrance into Philadelphia? The world knows
it almost by heart. With his genius for simple narration
— worthy of Bunyan or Defoe — Franklin has told us how
he first trod its streets, when with a huge roll of bread
under each arm, and his capacious pockets stuffed with
his surplus wardrobe, he sought work and opportunity.
Whether it was the genius of the narrator, or the dra-
matic contrast between this humble beginning and those
later days when he stood the guest of honor at the Court
of Versailles, and shared the honors of the Academy
with Voltaire, I know not, but Franklin's simple account
of his entry into Philadelphia has so deeply touched the
imagination of men that it is a household tale throughout
civilization. Whittington turning back to London at the
sound of Bow-bells, the Pilgrim leaving the City of
Destruction and passing onward to the Delectable Moun-
tains, the shipwrecked Crusoe finding the footprints on
the sand, are hardly more familiar to men of all nations
and classes than the runaway apprentice challenging des-
tiny in Penn's "green country town."

Probably few, if any, on Market Street wharf that
peaceful Sunday morning gave more than a passing glance
to the penniless youth. There was one to greet him, in-
visible to the mortal eyes but plainly visible to the eye of
imagination. Franklin himself, albeit the most far-sighted
of the children of men, only dimly saw that welcoming
figure. It was the Spirit of the Illimitable Future.
Vaguely he may have heard her greeting:

"Welcome, Benjamin Franklin, to the rare Band of
the Immortals! This day you are making history. You
shall vindicate the simple faith of your Puritan father,

who, with the open Bible on his lap, said to you when
as a child you stood at his knees:

'Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall
stand before kings.'

"You shall far surpass that strange prophecy. As
the unconscious incarnation of an avenging democracy you
will, as you stand erect in pompous courts, represent a
mighty revolt against tyranny, which will cost one king
the better half of his kingdom and another both crown
and head. Still another monarch will refuse to meet you,
saying 'that it was his trade to reign and he would not
endanger the craft by playing with Franklin's Lightning.'
A self-educated printer, you will found a great University,
receive degrees from Oxford, Cambridge, St. Andrews,
Yale and Harvard while the learned societies of the world
will crave the honor of j^our fellowship. You will capti-
vate the imagination and win the admiration of the world
for all time by a series of scientific experiments so noble
in conception and far reaching in results as to rank your
name with Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. A modern
CEdipus, you will solve the sphinx-like enigma of the skies
and open to man the infinite vistas of electricity. You will
take high rank in that smaller circle of the myriad-minded
men who have been supremely great in many varying
activities, for when you shall walk the Elysian fields your
true companions in immortality will be Leonardo da Vinci,
Michel Angelo, Francis Bacon and Goethe."

Even we of this later age can appreciate but im-
perfectly all that the future whispered in the ears of the
penniless boy. Franklin's fame expands with the majestic
advance of America and the ever widening boundaries of
science and thus baffles the imagination.

I shall not attempt any formal eulogium. Not only
do the limitations of an out-door speech forbid, but the
subject defies adequate statement in any speech. Fifteen
years ago I attempted at the dedication of the Franklin
statue on the Post Office plaza in this city to summarize

in a formal oration his stupendous genius and varied
achievements. After speaking for a full hour I had barely
scratched the surface of his unequalled career. In diplo-
macy, a Talleyrand; in invention, an Edison; in philan-
thropy, a Wilberforce; in science, a Newton; in phil-
osophy, an Erasmus; in local politics, a Hans Sachs; in
statecraft, a Richelieu; in humor, a Swift; in style, an
Addison; in the power of narration, a Defoe; in the
unequalled sweep of his versatility a Leonardo da Vinci.
What a man ! Where in history is his equal in the varied
scope of his talents and achievements? His closest
analogue seems to be Erasmus. Like the great philoso-
pher of Rotterdam, Franklin was the first author, scien-
tist, humorist and philosopher of his time. Like Erasmus,
his strongest weapon was the printing press, his fa-
vorite medium, humor. Like Erasmus, he was almost
alone as the well-poised conservative of a revolutionary
age.

SuflSce it to say that "tried by the arduous greatness
of things done," Franklin thought more, said more, wrote
more and did more that was of enduring value than any
man yet born under American skies.

I fully appreciate that there are some detractors of
Franklin — especially in this city — who refuse to recog-
nize the inspiring volume of his life because it contains
some errata, of which we chiefly know through his own
open and penitent avowal. His morals were those of his
age, no better, no worse. Are we to shut our eyes to the
wholesome sunshine of his influence, because even this
mighty luminary had its spots? To a few fugitive
Rabelaisian writings and frankly avowed errors of youth
we oppose his consistent and life-long struggle for a use-
ful and noble life. I content myself by citing testimony,
to which Americans never can be indifferent. When
the great philosopher was lying on his death-bed, Wash-
ington thus wrote him: "If to be venerated for benevo-
lence, if to be admired for talents, if to be esteemed for

patriotism, if to be beloved for philanthropy can gratify
the human mind, you must have the present consolation
to know that you have not lived in vain; and I flatter
myself that it will not be ranked among the least grateful
occurrences of your life to be assured that so long as I
retain my memory you will be recollected with respect,
veneration and affection by your sincere friend, George
Washington."

For this reason this statue represents more truly than
any other of which I have knowledge, the spirit and his-
tory of America. It is the effigy of one of the greatest
and most typical of Americans. As Thomas Carlyle once
said on beholding a statue of Franklin: "There is the
true father of all the Yankees." He was the first great
product of the American commonwealth. His career,
unequalled in length and usefulness, spanned the mighty
transition period from the primitive colonial era to this
wonder-working age of steam and electricity.

His famous predecessors in American history were
expatriated Europeans and no more Americans than Clive
was an Indian because he lived in India. The navigators
and pathfinders of our colonial period had laid in the
unbroken wilderness of the New World the firm foun-
dations of a democratic commonwealth, whose basic prin-
ciple was to be equality of opportunity, and it was des-
tined to give birth to a finer breed of men, the true gens
(Uterna, the Americans. Of this mighty race, Franklin
was the first fruit. When Washington, an unknown lad
of sixteen years, v/as surveying the Fairfax estate and
before Hamilton, Jay, Warren, John Paul Jones, Knox
and Marshall were even born, Franklin had become fam-
ous throughout the world by his discovery of the nature
of lightning. He was a mighty power in the Colonies,
moulding the character, thoughts and aspirations of the
pioneers by the lever of his printing press, when the elder
Adams was leaving Harvard, and Jefferson, Hancock,
Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee were little chil-

dren in arms. Long before the fervid oratory of Adams
and Patrick Henry, Franklin was the recognized leader
of the colonists. It was as their champion that he stood
at the bar of the Commons, making the members of that
body, as Edmund Burke afterwards said, seem like a lot
of schoolboys, and it was in their cause that he stood erect
in the Cockpit and met with unmoved countenance the
malicious vituperation of Wedderburn. When the Colo-
nies were a discordant congeries of separate and jealous
governments, he first suggested a concrete plan for an
organic union at the Council of Albany in 1754 and this
was the true germ of the Constitution of the United
States.

He was the mentor of his countrymen. He pre-
pared them for their later struggle with the mother coun-
try by inculcating lessons of thrift and independence.
The homely and epigrammatic wisdom of "poor Rich-
ard," which seems to us in these days of luxury and
opulence so penny wise, was in that day of little wealth
and small beginnings essential to the well being of
America. Indeed Father Abraham's advice to a discon-
tented people could be read with profit even by this gen-
eration. It is still true that while we are sorely taxed
by our governments, national and local, we are taxed
twice as much by our idleness, thrice by our pride and
fourfold by our follies.

He was then, as he remains today, intellectually the
greatest American, and this may be said without any
depreciation of Washington, whose moral grandeur has
justly given him the first place in our aflEections and whose
dramatic struggle on the field of battle appeals most to
our imagination. In the epic of our independence Nestor
must give place to Agamemnon, our "king of men." But
in those larger considerations, which outleap nationality
and have a universal appeal to all races, classes and creeds,
Franklin was, and still is, at least intellectually, the great-
est of Americans.

10

Even in the matter of purely patriotic achievement,
Franklin's invaluable contribution to the cause of inde-
pendence can be measured by the fact that his name alone
among all his contemporaries is to be found upon the
four great documents which made us a free people, viz.,
the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Alliance
with France, the Treaty of Peace with England, and
last, but not least, the Constitution of the United States.

To that great document, which so far has given a
practical realization of the highest ideals of American
liberty, and which is probably the greatest state document
yet penned by man, Franklin's contribution was ines-
timable. Apart from the compromise measures which he
proposed, which saved the Convention from disintegrating
without its glorious result, it v»^as the potent power of
Franklin's personality, with its shrewd union of political
sagacity and tactful savoir fair, which so reconciled the
discordant members of the convention that they finally
agreed to sign the document for submission to the people.

This was the last and perhaps the most useful of his
achievements. Conscious that, like Moses, he could on ac-
count of age only behold the promised land from afar and
not enter therein, it was with the prescience of an inspired
prophet that at the close of the great convention he
pointed to the half disc upon the speaker's chair and said
in substance that while he had often wondered in the
course of the four months' deliberations whether that
picture of the sun represented it as rising or setting, he
now knew that it symbolized "a rising sun." Yes, it
has been hitherto an ascendant sun in the constellation
of the nations, and let us pray God that the darkening
clouds of socialism and even anarchy are not in our day
to obscure this beneficent luminary of civilization.

Franklin was not only the first and intellectually the
greatest of Americans, but he was also the most typical.
Both his virtues and his failings were characteristic of
the American character as it has since developed. His

11

shrewdness, utilitarianism, philosophic good humor, poise
of judgment, tolerant spirit, democratic temperament, in-
ventive genius, intellectual inquisitiveness, love of industry
and pride in achievement are all characteristically Amer-
ican qualities.

7^he two Americans who seem to me to come most di-
rectly from the very heart of America, and best typify
the average American character, are Franklin and Lincoln.
Both unite in their personalities the qualities of good
humor, generous tolerance, philosophic optimism, intellec-
tual versatility, freedom from conventionality, simplicity
of ideas, and last, but not least, common sense. Franklin,
like Lincoln, was the very genius of common sense. The
great philosopher was possibly more versatile than pro-
found. Certainly his was a telescopic, not a microscopic,
vision. He was wonderfully clever and resourceful, but
not a master of details. He resembled Erasmus rather
than Darwin, Hans Sachs more than Goethe.

He accomplished all he did by his freedom from
intellectual conventionality and his sustained and intelli-
gent application of common sense to the problems that
confronted him. That is not only a rarer but a higher
gift than many suspect. Common sense is the instinctive
appreciation of the nice relation which things bear to
each other, without which the most learned man may be,
like King James, justly characterized as "the wisest fool
in Christendom." With common sense a man, who like
Franklin has but a meagre education and whose learning
has been distributed — in this day of specialization we
would say dissipated — over an almost infinite field of
thought may yet accomplish veritable miracles.

Oh, for a breath of Franklin's sanity and common
sense in this hysterical generation, when the whole world
seems topsy turvy, when many classes are in revolt against
the institutions which make for stability, when women are
growing masculine in the frenzied and violent advocacy
of new privileges and men are becoming feminine in sub-

12

mitting to intolerable wrongs, when the councils of men
are darkened with vain imaginings and legislators, admin-
istrators and, alas! even judges are fleeing in abject cow-
ardice before the rising dust of an advancing windstorm!
Franklin had too keen a sense of humor to be swept away
by this spirit of hysteria and too fine a sense of justice to
accept the present-day cowardly surrender of principle
to political expediency. If he had been able, as he humor-
ously hoped, to float in a state of suspended animation
in a cask of Madeira for more than a century and then
revisit the scene of his achievements, what would not be
to-day his amazement, admiration and, we must add, dis-
gust? The greatness of the nation, which he had helped
to bring into existence, would satisfy even his universal
spirit. The growth of his beloved city would delight him
beyond power of expression. The expansion of science
would stagger even his comprehension, but I fear he would
have only contempt for the petty politicians in city, state
and nation, who betray the most sacred principles of lib-
erty, to which he gave the mighty labors of his life, to
gratify the base passions of the mob.

He sympathized with people and especially with the
working classes, of which he himself as a printer was a
shining example, but his ideal of the worker was to work
and not to idle. He would have scorned a movement,
whether by law or otherwise, which would sink the in-
dustrious and skillful worker to the level of the idle and
the thriftless, and he would have regarded with equal
loathing the intellectual demagogues, who play upon the
passions of the masses, and the sordid grafters, who be-
tray the great cause of civic improvement to enrich
themselves.

He was a man of the people, simple in his tastes,
companionable to high and low and with scant regard to
the prejudice of class — a cross indeed between the in-
tellectual Erasmus and the democratic Hans Sachs.
When loaded down with honors received from titled and

13

royal hands, he could still remember his modest beginning
and the days of his early married life, when he was
clothed in homespun of his wife's spinning. When in
his later years he had ceased for nearly forty years to be
a printer by occupation and was universally acclaimed
as among the first, if not the first man of his age, he
proudly described himself as "Benjamin Franklin, printer,
of Philadelphia."

To that city he was as Prospero in the wondrous
island of Shakespeare's fancy. He was its wonder worker
and even to this day its noblest institutions are born of
his thaumaturgic genius. If he could not, like Prospero,
conjure "Jove's lightnings" and "call forth the mutinous
winds and twixt the green sea and the azured vault, set
roaring war," he could at least curb the destructive fury
of the lightning and solve its baffling mystery. His Ariel
was his swift intelligence; his working wand, science;
his magic mantle, imagination. In him was that rarest
of combinations, a prescient and sweeping imagination
coupled with the finest common sense and poise of judg-
ment.

He was a believer neither in the simple nor the stren-
uous, but in the sane life. He not only preached philos-
ophy, he practiced it. Like Horatio, he was one who

"in suffering all that suffers nothing;
A man that fortune's buffets and rewards
Hast ta'en with equal thanks. And blest are they
Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled.
That they are not a pipe for Fortune's finger
To sound what stop she please."

Franklin was also a typical American in his love of
work — not as a mere means to an end, but for the love
of work, the joy of achievement. He was the most useful
and industrious citizen that Philadelphia or America has
ever known. His period of public service, which reached

14

nearly seventy years, was unexampled in length. No bur-
den seemed to be too great for him, no sacrifice too severe.
He loved to do things. To him the work-a-day world
was a glorious arena and he disdained to triumph sine
pulvere.

This is, or at least was, the American spirit. Our
very name implies it. The word "America," or Italian
"Amerigo," is derived by Humboldt from two Gothic
words, "Amal," meaning "work," and "Ric," the root of
"to conquer." All conquering work! This was ever
Franklin's ideal. Even when he seemed most idle, his
brain was germinating mighty thoughts. His broad toler-
ant nature had contempt only for the thoughtless and the
idle. When like Prospero he laid down his wand and
mantle, he could look with just complacency upon the
mighty results of his tireless industry, a great city vivified,
a nation brought into being, science expanded, and the
whole human race benefited because he had lived. Well
may we paraphrase that stone-worker of Westminster
Abbey and say:

"O rare Ben Franklin!"

But this statue of Franklin best typifies the spirit and
achievements of America because it represents the "youth-
ful Franklin." In this it is unique. The venerable and
patriarchal Franklin has so powerfully impressed the im.-
agination of man that every public effigy of him, of which
I have any knowledge, represents him in his mature age.
This, however, is the Franklin in the "May morn of
youth," the time which on high authority is said to be
"ripe for exploits and mighty enterprises." To maintain
a just equilibrium in society, the conservative judgment of
age is doubtless necessary, but without the radical spirit,
the indomitable energy and courage of youth, the best of
history had not been.

All that Franklin subsequently became was latent in
him as he stood a boy of seventeen on Market Street
wharf. It was more than merely latent. By tireless

15

industry and unwearying study under adverse conditions,
he had prepared himself for his future work in the great-
est of all universities, the University of Gutenberg. In
this age, when the average boy seems to have lost his love
of reading, unless we except the ephemeral newspaper or
current magazine, it is well to be reminded that his won-
derful career was largely due not only to his self-acquired
\ wealth of ideas but his self-taught and unequalled power
of expression. It is most fitting that this Franklin should
be represented in the "kingly state of youth," especially
^ as it will stand in the classic shades of this historic uni-
versity as an incentive to future generations of young
Americans.

When I spoke on Franklin fifteen years ago in this
city, I recalled that he regarded all rhetoric as mere
"sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal" unless it served
some useful purpose. I then ventured to make several
suggestions, of which at least one bore immediate fruit.
With your indulgence I shall again refer to them.

I first suggested that as Franklin had rendered some
of his greatest services to America and to civilization in
the city of Paris that a replica of the Boyle statue should
be erected in that queenly city on the Seine as a token of
good will from America to France. The lamented John
H. Harjes of Paris accepted this suggestion, and it was
through his generous gift that a replica of Franklin sits
in patriarchal dignity in an admirable position near the
Trocadero and within sight of Passy, wherein he passed so
many useful and happy years. May I now suggest that
a replica of the McKenzie statue could be fittingly given
by this famous University, especially at this time when we
are celebrating the centenary of peace between England
and America, to the city of London to commemorate the
fact that in that great metropolis Franklin also worked
for a time as a journeyman printer and later rendered
distinguished services as the agent of the Colonies.

I next suggested that the sacred remains of Franklin

16

and his wife, now in a neglected cemetery which must
some day yield to the needs of modern improvement,
should be reverently exhumed and given more fitting
sepulture. Would it not be most in keeping with Frank-
lin's ideals and character to give his remains a final rest-
ing-place within this great institution whose proudest
boast is that it is the University of Franklin?

Finally, I urged that the truest monument to Frank-
lin should be Philadelphia itself, and especially the great
institutions which Franklin founded, of which this Uni-
versity is beyond question the greatest. He loved this
city with a consuming love. It was not the place of his
birth, but it was the city in which most of his conscious
life was spent, and it was the scene of his greatest achieve-
ments. He was its most useful citizen. However far
afield his public duties carried him, he always regarded
and described himself as "Benjamin Franklin of Phila-
delphia." He gave both to his native and adopted cities
trust funds, which he asked each people to accept as "a
testimony of my earnest desire to be useful to them after
my departure." He expressed a wish that the accumu-
lations of his bequest should from century to century be
used for such public buildings as would "make living in
the town more convenient to its people and render it
more agreeable to its strangers."

If the present generation would only have a revival
of his spirit of individual initiative and enlightened am-
bition the possibilities of this city and its great University
are unlimited.

In proportion to what Philadelphia might have been,
it is a city of wasted opportunities. With an inefficient and
archaic form of government, and at times dominated by
the most sordid of grafters, it has often reminded me of
Gulliver bound down to the earth by petty Lilliputians.
By the Lilliputians I mean the curbstone politicians, who
too often dominate its councils. I would apologize to
the people of Lilliput for the comparison, if that city

17

had ever existed, for while they were small in stature,
Swift nowhere indicates that they were dishonest. Our
professional politicians are the Lilliputians. Philadelphia
and its noble body of citizenship is the sleeping Gulliver,
who will one day awake and break the petty bonds which
check its growth. It might have remained the capital
of the nation, had not its petty politicians of that day
sold the birthright of this historic city of America for a
mess of pottage. This opportunity, which would have
made it one of the four great capitals of the world, was
lost forever, as so many other opportunities have since
been, by the shameful way in which the future of the
city has at times been sold for personal advantage.

Time has not ceased to run and many centuries are
yet before this noble and historic city. Let it but have
the genuine and lofty purposes of its Franklin, let it but
imitate his spirit of individual initiative and indomitable
courage, let it but have his genius for concentration, con-
solidation and co-operative citizenship, and it will come
to pass that Philadelphia will gain that high rank among
the cities of the world to which it is so clearly destined.

When in the infancy of Philadelphia and shortly
after Franklin first walked its streets, Thomas Penn
visited his colony, the leading men of the little city pre-
sented him a petition in which they asked him so to
foster education and culture that Philadelphia would be-
come under his enlightened patronage "the Athens of
America."

Thus early did our forebears "hitch their wagon to
a star." This also was Franklin's ideal for his adopted
city and while he lived it was indeed "the Athens of
America." If it has fallen away from that high estate,
it is because there have been too few Franklins in succeed-
ing generations and too much of the dry rot of excessive
family pride. With the development of our municipal
government we have forgotten the spirit of individual
initiative and have left the noblest projects for the ad-

18

vancement of our city to sordid politicians rather than
to our true intellectual leaders.

The time is past when Philadelphia can become the
commercial metropolis of this country. What of it?
There is something more in life than traffic or commerce.
If Florence had only developed the commercial spirit, it
would not be today a Mecca for all who prefer culture to
mere money-making.

Men and brethren, is it too much to hope that
Philadelphia may again have in full measure the spirit
of her Franklin ? As a master builder he was a true Flor-
entine and a worthy yoke-fellow of the great Leonardo
and Michel Angelo. Let this generation be actuated
by his civic enterprise and it will then build in the lofty
spirit of the Commune of Florence six centuries ago, when
it ordered its illustrious leader, Arnolfo, "to make a design
for the renovation of Sancta Reparata in a style of mag-
nificence which neither the industry nor power of man
can surpass," giving as a reason "that this Commune
should not engage in any enterprise unless its intention
be to make the result correspond with that noblest sort of
heart which is composed of the united will of many citi-
zens."

Such was the spirit of Franklin ! Such should be the
spirit of Philadelphia!

19

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