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LIBRARY
ANNEX

MUSHROOM a ‘

PPReEPUTT tet tata

ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

New York STATE COLLEGES
OF
‘ AGRICULTURE AND HomE ECONOMICS

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

‘iim

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000588156

THE MUSHROOM BOOK ,

COPRINUS COMATUS
Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station,
See page gc

Cornell

= , oh

Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk.
See page 55.

THE MUSHROOM

BOOK. a poputar GUIDE TO
THE IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY
OF OUR COMMONER FUNGI, WITH
SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE EDIBLE
VARIETIES

NINA L. MARSHALL

WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR
AND BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHED
FROM NATURE BY J. A. & H. C. ANDERSON

GARDEN City New YorrE
_ DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
IgI0
Lok,

PREFACE

THe author of this book
makes no claim to the discovery
of the facts presented. The ma-
terial has all been drawn from
monographs written by men
who have made specialties of
the different divisions of fungi.
A list of works consulted is
given at the close of this book.
The plates are reproductions of
photographs made by Mr. J. A.
Anderson, and coloured by Miss
H. C. Anderson. They are as
true to nature as it is possible to
make them with the best meth-
ods of reproduction now known,
and by them alone an acquaint-
ance with many species may be
acquired.

Many of the cuts have been
redrawn by the author from vari-
ous reliable sources, and many
have been drawn directly from
nature. With a few exceptions,
the line drawings of sections
were made from the specimens
photographed. It has been the
aim of the author to write a book
simple enough to serve as a
source of knowledge for the
many who, though busy with
other pursuits, yet take an in-
terest in science and wish to
obtain information about the
fungi, either for the sake of
using them as food, or for the

Coprinus comatus

Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell
University,

See page go

Preface

pleasure which an acquaintance with their habits and home life
may give. A great effort has been made not to sacrifice accuracy
in this attempt.

The number of species of the fungi is so great that to de-
scribe them all would necessitate a book of huge dimensions, so
that it has seemed best simply to give a general idea of the
characteristics upon which the larger groups, the classes, orders,
and genera, are based, by describing some of the species in each.
Seven genera of the Spore-sac Fungi are illustrated with ten
species, and thirty-five genera of the Basidiomycetes with
seventy-three species, making a total of eighty-three species
represented by photographs in colour and half-tone.

In addition a number of species are given in rough pen
drawings, with sufficient accuracy for identification, and many
species have been described without illustration.

An effort has been made to describe the species in terms
intelligible to the average reader without constant reference to
an unabridged dictionary, and, whenever possible, the terms have
been illustrated by line cuts.

Although the technical names necessarily used are a serious
hindrance to the popularization of the study of fungi, it has
seemed best, in most cases, to give only the Latin form of the
names of species, since, by so doing, there will be less danger
of confusing harmless species with those which are harmful; and,
also, if their Latin names are adhered to, one will find it much
simpler to consult the scattered literature on this subject, as this
nomenclature is used by all naturalists of whatever nationality.

That the pronunciation of names may be rendered as simple
as possible, each vowel has been marked long or short. These
vowel-marks are not necessarily indicative of the true syllabic
quantity, but are rather diacritical points denoting the popular
pronunciation by the English system. Each word has been
divided into syllables according to the accepted rules, and an
accent has been placed on the syllables to be accented,

The author is under deep obligations to Professor Lucien M.
Underwood, of Columbia University, for aid and encouragement
in the work of this book, and for his cheerful willingness at all
times to assist in the search for material and in the work of.

revising proof.

Preface

Thanks are also due to Professor Charles H. Peck, the New
York State Botanist, for his kind assistance in identifying many
of the specimens illustrated.

A list of books consulted has been placed at the end of the
book, for the benefit of those who may wish to pursue the study
further.

Coprinus comatus.

Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University.

See page 90

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: THe Homes ano Hasits oF Funai
CHAPTER II: THe RELATION OF FUNG! TO OTHER PLANTS
CHAPTER III: From Spore To MusHROooM

CHAPTER IV: Tue Key ;
What a key is, and why a name is is desirable
How a key for fungi is made, and why it is
desirable .
The Key

CHAPTER V: Func witH GILLs

I. WHITE-SPORED SERIES

Genus Amanita :
Death Cup; Poison Amanita.
Fly Amanita .
Orange Amanita
Comparison of Three Yellow “Amanitas .
Genus Cantharellus
Cantharellus floccosus .
Genus Amanitopsts
The Sheathed Ammanitepsis
Amanitopsis parcivolvata
Genus Mycena
Mycena haematopoda
Genus Lentinus .
Scaly Lentinus
Genus Pleurotus .
Oyster Mushroom .
Pleurotus sapidus .
Elm Pleurotus
Genus Hygrophorus
Chanterelle Hvevophuris

Contents

Vermilion Hygrophorus
-Ivory Hygrophorus
Genus Armillaria
Honey-coloured Armillaria
Genus Lepiota
Parasol Mushroom; Tall Lapiota
Smooth Lepiota
Lepiota Friesii
Genus Marasmius
Fairy-ring Mushroom
Genus Collybia
Collybia familia
Genus Panus
Genus Trogia ;
Genus Schizophyllum .
Genus Omphalia .
Genus Russula . ~
Emetic Russula
Green Russula; Verdette
Variable Russula .
Genus Clitocybe .
Clitocybe laccata .
Clitocybe virens
Genus Tricholoma
Masked Tricholoma
Craterellus cantharellus .

2. BROWN-SPORED SERIES

Genus Agaricus .
Comparison of Eight Agarici .
Common Mushroom
Rodman’s Mushroom
Agaricus abruptus

Genus Hypholoma
Perplexing Hypholoma .
Comparison of Six Hypholomas
Uncertain Hypholoma .
Hypholoma sublateritium

Genus Stropharia
x

Contents

Genus Psathyra . ; . . 7 : . 82
Genus Psilocybe . ‘ - : P . . 82
Genus Pilosace . s . é é . 82
Genus Deconica . : ‘ ° - . 82
Genus Chitonia . . «wwe 8B

3. RUSTY-SPORED SERIES

Genus Pholiota . 3 . : ‘ . . 83
Fat Pholiota . 7 F . é . 83
Early Pholiota . é . ‘* : . 84
Pholiota aggericola ‘ : ‘ . . 84

Genus Cortinarius. ‘i q i » 85
Cortinarius alboviolaceus r . . - 86

4. PINK-SPORED SERIES

Genus Pluteus . : E . . - 87

Fawn-coloured Plareus , : ‘ F . 87
Genus Entoloma . J . ; : . 88
Genus Eccilia . : - : é F - 88
Genus Volvaria . ‘ ‘ : 7 is . 88
Genus Clitopilus . : . ‘ . . . 88

5. BLACK-SPORED SERIES

Genus Coprinus . ne - + « 8&8
Ink Caps : - 89
Shaggy-mane; Horsetail; Maned Agaric - 90
Inky Coprinus f ‘ ; , ; - 9!

Glistening Coprinus. a . : - QI
Genus Gomphidius . . : : . - 92
Genus Psathyrella . . . . . - 92
Genus Paneolus . . ; . . . - 92

6. FUNGI WITH MILKY JUICE

Genus Lactartus . - ‘ P 2 ‘i - 92

Peppery Lactarius . ‘ é : : - 92

Lactarius ligniotus . : : : . - 93

CHAPTER VI: Funet with TEETH—HyYDNACEA A « Od
Genus Hydnum . : ; Z : é x. 95
Spreading Hydnum ~~ we QS

White Hydnum . «ew eek QS

Contents

Hydnum imbricatum
Bear’s-head Hydnum
Medusa’s Head .
Hedgehog Hydnum
Coral Hydnum

CHAPTER VII: Fairy CLuss aND CoraL FuNciI—CLa-

VARIACEA .

Genus Physalacria
Genus Pistillaria.
Genus Typhula
Genus Sparassis .
Genus Pterula
Genus Lachnocladium .
Genus Clavaria
Pale Yellow Clavaria
Golden Clavaria
Red-tipped Clavaria
Crested Clavaria

Pistil Clavaria ; Large Club .

Clavaria fellea
Clavaria formosa .

CHAPTER VIII: Funct with Pores—BOLetace ; Poty-

PORACE:

Boletacee . F
Genus Fistulina .
Genus Boletinus .

Painted Boletinus .
Genus Boletus
Boletus glabellus .
Boletus bicolor
Boletus cyanescens
Boletus pallidus
Boletus mutabilis .
Boletus speciosus .
Golden-flesh Boletus
Boletus radicans
Boletus Peckii

Boletus calopus
xii

Purple Boletus
Boletus Satanus
Bitter Boletus
Boletus scaber
Orange-cap Boletus
Chestnut Boletus .
Boletus eximius
Edible Boletus

Boletus subtomentosus .

Boletus Americanus
Polyporacee gr
Genus Merulius
Genus Polyporus .
Polyporus applanatus

Polyporus fomentarius .

Polyporus conchatus
Polyporus velutinus

Polyporus pergamenus .

Polyporus perennis
Polyporus sulphureus

Polyporus squamosus .

Polyporus lucidus .

Polyporus arcularius

Polyporus versicolor

Polyporus circinatus
Genus Trametes .
Genus Lenzites

Lenzites betulina .

Lenzites separia
Genus Dedalea

Deedalea unicolor .

Dedalea confragosa

Dedalea quercina .
Genus Favolus

CHAPTER IX: GELATINOUS AND OTHER FUNGI

Jew’s Ear, or Judas’s Ear
Tremellodon
Guepina :
xu

Contents

Pace

107
107
107
108
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
110
IIo
110
110
111
III
II
11
III
112
112
112
112
113
113
113
113
114
114
114
114
114
115

116

116
116
116

Contents

Pace

CHAPTER X: OFFENsive FunciI—ORDER PHALLALES . - II7

Genus Phallus. ‘i F - ‘ 3 - 117
Stinkhorns. : : = cm a owe TERY
Phallus impudicus : . : ‘ - 119

Genus Dictyophora . : z : S - 120
Dictyophora Ravenelii . ‘ . . - 120
Dictyophora duplicata . : . . - 120
Mutinus caninus . ‘ - ‘ ‘ - 120

Family Clathracee . : F . ‘ é . 121
Latticed Clathrus .-° . si : F . 121
Clathrus columnatus . - - < . I21
Anthurus borealis . ’ : ‘ : - 2121
Simblum rubescens ‘i : ? - . 122

CHAPTER XI: PuFFBALLs Bie oe . ee - 123

Order Lycoperdales . . : é ‘ < . 123
Genus Lycoperdon z i . é . - 124:
Pear-shaped Puffball . - 3 . 125
Pinkish Puffball . ‘ - . . 125
Genus Calvatia . z ‘ 2 é S - 126
Brain-shaped Calvatia . . . ‘ . 126
Giant Puffball : . : ‘ ‘ . 127
Cup-shaped Puffball . . : : - 128
Genus Bovista . “i < . < - 128
Genus Bovistella . ‘ - i 6 : - 129
Bovistella Ohiensis a : - 129
Genus Geaster . : : . : 5 . 129
Earth-stars , f : . - 129

The Smallest Earth-star . , i - 130
Water-measuring Earth-star . ; . - 130
Genus Calostoma ‘4 5 : : : - I31
Calostoma lutescens. : ‘ A - 132
Calostoma Ravenelii . : i j - 132
Calostoma cinnabarinum =. 7 % - 132

Order Nidulariales . . «© «© «© . + 133.
Genus Spherobolus . . és . - 133
Genus Nidularia - 7 . . . - 133
Genus Cyathus . ee ee ©

Genus Crucibulum . - ° . . + 133
xiv

Contents

Pace

Order Sclerodermatales ; . ‘ : F « 133
Genus Scleroderma . , ‘ . : - 133
Scleroderma vulgare. ‘ F - - 134

CHAPTER XII: Spore-sac FUNGI—ASCOMYCETES . - 135
Order Tuberales—Truffles . ‘ e : 3 » 135
Order Hypocreales . : F 3 . é . 136

Genus Xylaria . ‘“ < 5 - s - 136
Order Spheriales 5 : : : : . 136
Order Pezizales—Cup fungi A . . : - 137

Peziza odorata . : . . . - 137

Golden Peziza ‘ : < . ‘i - 138

Order Helvellales a a - ow 138
Family Geoglossacew—Earth Tongues F é - 138
Genus Spathularia : ‘ : . . 138
Velvety Spathularia . . - . - 138
Spathularia clavata . : . . - 139

Genus Geoglossum : z fs : j - 139
Geoglossum hirsutum . e . r - 139
Geoglossum glabrum_ . . . j - 139

Genus Vibrissea . ‘ : . “ ‘ - 139
Vibrissea truncorum c A ‘ - 139
Vibrissea circinans ‘ : ‘ . - 140

Genus Mitrula . F é é é ‘ - 140
Irregular Mitrula . . é ‘ 3 - 140
Family Helvellacee—Morels . . . . - 140
Genus Gyromitra . : ‘i . . . - I41
Gyromitra esculenta. : é 7 - I4!
Genus Morchella . : . B38 ‘ - I4I
Genus Helvella_ . 3 3 ‘ . .~ 142
Helvella elastica . 5 ‘ é 5 - 142
Helvella lacunosa . : é 7 ‘ - 143

CHAPTER XIII: Stime FuNGI—MyYXomMYcETES . . - 144

CHAPTER XIV: Funct FoR THE HERBARIUM . - - 145
Collector’s notes . ; : é . 7 . - 145
Collector's outfit. . . . . . . - 147
Care of specimens ‘ . . . fe : - 147
Collecting spores . . . . . ‘ - 147
The search fora name. re er re 7°)

Contents

Pact
The preparation of rough-dried plants for the herbarium 149
Mounting . : : . : . . : - 149

Sections. : : : . - 150
Poisoning herbarium specimens ' : : z - 150
CHAPTER XV: Func FOR THE TABLE . . : - 151
Cautions for the inexperienced . : z ? . 151
The food value of fungi. : ‘ 5 . 152
To keep mushrooms temporarily ; : F - 153
To prepare the edible agarics for cooking . ‘ - 153
To toast agarics . : ; j ‘ . ‘ - 153
To bake agarics . : : ‘ ‘ : ‘ - 153
To broil agarics . ; : : : . ‘ » 153
Mushrooms stewed. : é . ‘ : . 153
To prepare russulas_ . . F , : . 154
To prepare fungi with milky j juice . ‘ ‘ . 154
Lactarius deliciosus i . , . - 154
Lactarius volemus ‘ 2 a A Fs - 154

To prepare amanitas . : : . : ‘ - 154
To prepare chanterelles . . . : - - 154

To fry chanterelles. : : F . . . 154
To prepare coprini—ink caps. a : - - 154
To prepare boleti d : F . . , - 154
To prepare Hydnum repandum . . ‘ - 154
To prepare morels’. * F : E - 154
To prepare beefsteak fungus . : . . » 155
For salad. . ‘ . : . . - 155
Minced . ‘i . F : F ‘i - 155

To prepare gyromitras . » 155
To prepare woody pore-bearing fungi—Poly pore: - 155
To prepare clavarias and branched hydnums_ - 155
To cook clavarias . . ‘ ‘ 3 : - 155
To prepare puffballs. : : ; ‘ . » 155
To cook puffballs . . : . . : - 155
To cook the giant puffball . : ; P : - 155
Puffball salad. : : : . : . » 155
List oF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED ‘ : ‘ : - 157

ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF BOTANISTS WITH EXPLANATIONS . 159

INDEX AND GLOSSARY . ‘ 5 F ‘ : : . I61
xvi

XI.

XII.
XIII.

XIV.

LIST OF PLATES

Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk. (see p. 55) Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

. Death Cup; Poison Amanita (Amanita phalloides, Fr.)
. Fly Amanita (Amanita muscaria, L.), poisonous
. Orange Amanita (Amanita Cesarea, Scop.), edible .

Strangled Amanitopsis (Amanitopsis strangulata, Fr.
Roze), edible

. Sheathed Amanitopsis daswsanost apna: Riaze},

edible F F . ‘
Helmet Mycena Giveate poaiericdtatas Scop.), edible
. Scaly Lentinus (Lentinus lepideus, Fr.), edible

. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Fr.), edible

(see p. 57) : F :
Golden-flesh Boletus (Boletus een Fr.)
(see p. 106) :
Vermilion Hygrophorus ne Paintdeas Fr. )
edible - : . S

Chantarelle Hygrophorus (iversplinrts canitharelliss
Schw.), edible (see p. 59) ‘

Fat Pholiota (Pholiota adiposa, Fr.), edible (see p. 83)

Honey-coloured Armillaria (Armillaria mellea, Vahl.),
edible ‘

Grainy Lepiota fhpiotaies granosa, ais ), :

Smooth Lepiota (Lepiota naucinoides, Pk.), edible

Parasol Mushroom (Lepiota procera, Scop.), edible
(see p. 63) : : : 7

Lepiota Friesii, Lasch : : : is é

Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr. (see p. 86) ‘
xvii

48
49
50
53

55
56

58
60

List of Plates

PLATE

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVIL

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.
XXXII.

FACING PAGE

Spotted Collybia (Collybia maculata, A. and S.)

Broad-gilled Collybia (Collybia platyphylla, Fr.)

Collybia familia, Pk. (edible) .

Clitocybe laccata, Scop., edible (see p. aa

Emetic Russula (Russula emetica, Schaeff.),
(dangerous ) : , ‘ , ‘

Green Russula (Russula virescens, Fr.), edible 2

Deceiving Clitocybe (Clitocybe illudens, Schw.)

Clitocybe virens, Scop. (edible) .

Masked Tricholoma (Tricholoma_personatum,
Fr.; var. bulbosum, Pk.), edible . 8 .

Pholiota aggericola, Peck (see p. 84) . . .

Craterellus cantharellus, Schw. (edible)

Agaricus campestris, L., edible (see p. 76)

Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible) .

Field Mushroom (Agaricus campestris, L.), edible
(uncultivated) a a

Rodman’s Mushroom (Agaricus Rodmani, Pk.),
young -

Rodman’s Mushroom (mature)

Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible) : .

Perplexing Hypholoma (Hypholoma eae me
Pk.), harmless

Uncertain Hypholoma (Hypholomad incertum, Pk. ),
edible . 3 F

Brick Top (Hypholoma dablatedtiutn, Schaef),
edible .

Ivory Hygrophorus (Sigceaphends sbieatus Fr. ),
edible (see p. 61)

Early Pholiota (Pholiota pracox, Pers. ), edible

Dog Cortinarius (Cortinarius caninus, Fr.) .

Zoned Cortinarius (Cortinarius armillatus, A. and
S., Fr.) . : ‘ ‘ j

PLATE

XXXII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVIL

XXXVIII.
XXXIX.

XL.
XLI.

XLII.
XLII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.
L.
LI.

List of Plates

FACING PAGE

Fawn-coloured Pluteus (Pluteus cervinus,
Schaeff.), edible i . : :
Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius, Fr. ; var.

Silvestris, Pk.), edible (see p. 91)
Inky Coprinus (Coprinus See Fr.),
edible F ‘

Peppery Lactarius (Lactarius pperatus Sachs ds
edible : : . .

Mycena hematopoda, Pes: eg p. =) : .
Lactarius ligniotus, Fr. ‘
Bear’s-head (Hydnum caput-ursi, Fr.), edible

Coral Hydnum (Hydnum coralloides, oP
edible : :

Little Tongue Clavaria (Clavatia Hele Fr.)

Golden Clavaria (Clavaria aurea, Schaeff.),
edible 7 ‘i . . .

Clavaria formosa, Pers., edible . . -

Cone-like Boletus Sra iis strobilaceus,
Berk.) : y e

Painted Boletinus (Boletinus tees, Pk. ), edible
Spreading Hydnum (Hydnum a L.),
edible (see p.95) . :
Bitter Boletus (Boletus felleus, Bull. ; var. obesus,
Pk.) . “ . :
Scabrous-stemmed Boletus (Boletus seater Fr.;
var. niveus, Gill.) , ® ‘i . :
Tinder-wood Polyporus (Elfingia fomentaria, L.,
Fomes fomentarius, Gill., Polyporus fomen-
tarius, Fr.) . ‘ ? - . ‘
Polyporus versicolor, Fr... we
Polyporus circinatus, Fr. (see p. 113) .
Lenzites betulina, Fr. ‘ . ° .
Dedalea quercina, L., Pers. : - .

Jew’s Ear (Hirneola auricula-Judz), L., Berk. .
xix

89
gl

92
93
93
96

97
98

100
10!

102
103

103

107

108

110
112
112
113
114
116

List of Plates

PLATE

LI.
LII.
LIII.

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

LX.

LXI.

FACING PAGE

Xylaria (see p. 136). . . os

Phallus impudicus, L. . . ‘ . : :

Pear-shaped Puffball (Lycoperdon pyriforme,
Schaeff.), edible . 5 F ‘

Brain Puffball (Calvatia craniformis, Schw.),
edible

Bovistella Ohiensis (Ellis aiid Morgan, edible

3 (see p. 129) . ‘

Cup-shaped Calvatia (Calvatia eyattiformis; Bose);
edible . F . z i ‘ :
Least Earth-star (Geaster minimus, Schw.) . .
Water-measuring Earth-star (Geaster hygromete

ricus, Pers.) . ‘ é - 5
Bird’s Nest (Cyathus vernicosus, D. C) (see
- 133). : : 7 é s
Gia Ravenelli, Berk., oe : é .
Calostoma lutescens, Schw., Burnap . .
Calostoma cinnabarinum, Desv. . : .

Spathularia velutipes, C. and F. (see p. 1 38) :
Flesh-coloured Puffball (Lycoperdon subincar-
natum, Pk.), edible (see p. 125) . :
Young Pear-shaped Puffball (Lycoperdon pyri-
forme, Schaeff.), edible (see p. 125)-
Hard-skinned Puffball (Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.)
Cordyceps capitala (Holmsk., Lk.), parasitic on
Elaphomyces ‘ :
Lycogola epidendron (see o: 144) eG :
Floccose Chanterelle (Cantharellus floccosus,
Schw.), edible (see p. 53). : ‘: .
Mutinus caninus, Huds. (see p. 120) . . .
Slippery Leotia (Leotia lubrica), edible . * :
Jelly-like Tremellodon (Tremellodon gelatinosum)

Golden Peziza (Peziza aurantia, Pers.), edible .
ax

116
11g

125

126

128

128
130

130

130
132
132
132
132

134

134
134

List of Plates
PLATE FACING PAGE
LXI. Peziza odorata, Pk., edible (see p. 137) ‘ . 138
LXII. Helvella elastica, Bull. (see p. 142) z . . 140
Helvella lacunosa, Holm. (see p. 143) . ; . 140
Mitrula vitellina, Sacc., var. irregularis, Pk. . . 140
LXIII. Delicious Morel (Morchella deliciosa, Fr.), edible . 142
Polyporus arcularius, Batsch, Fr. (see p. 112) . 142

LXIV. Bristly Panus (Panus strigosus, B. and C.) (see

PrOj a ws © “ a ae 145

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

Coprinus comatus, Fr. (old) . . . «© .« -« i
Coprinus comatus, Fr. (mature) . F - . ji : Vv
Coprinus comatus, Fr. (young) . - ‘ . . os Viti
Puffball . ‘ . , . . . . . - 4, 25
Corollas and honey, attractive to insects . . . -« 5
Ingenious stamens . - . . . ° . . 5
Pistil of violet . s . 7 ‘ « @ s « 6
Seed-box of iris . eo . =. * = & » 6
Pistil of St. Johnswort oe +. “eo = » <« “6
Seed-box of sacred bean. 7 . : : . ‘i 6
Winged seed ofthe silver fir . . . . « « 6
Fern with spores (Polypodium vulgare) . . is 6
Grass spikelet . é . F : ‘ . 7
Liverwort (Marchantia diprieeBRA 7
Bean seed to show embryo ‘ A s . . . 7
Indian pipe A és . . . . 7
Moss (Dicranum scoparium) dicarral size) 8
White mould on dead fly . 8
Spores borne in delicate membranous sacs . . ‘ -9, 17

Bread mould. a . c . : ‘ . 9
Spores borne on little spilovies x oe wR se Only
Spores as simple cells : A . : ‘ F e) EE
Spores divided into several cells oe: a ke e

Mycelial threads ei: oe ee ee eo
Mushroom buttons . . . . ‘ . F . Ul
Young mushroom. . . ° : ‘ ‘ >
Puffball . : . ° . . ° . ° » 12

List of Illustrations in Text

Mushroom to show veil. é 7 . . .
Mushroom to show cap, ring, gills, and stem
Mushroom to show veil on stem and cap .

Section across gill (magnified)

A smali portion of section of gill (highly awnnniedl F

Corn smut . : 4 . F : ‘i :
Leaf rust on Hepatica triloba : . ‘i
Pouch-fungus, section to show spores in hollow rind
Section to show gills .

Section of a Boletus, to show pores

Clavaria with spores on spines .

Section of Hydnum, to show teeth

Section of stroma with perithecia (magnified)
Perithecium (highly magnified) . :

Outer surface of truffle . : : : i
Section of truffle F : : : . : :
Fleshy cup-like fungi . . - qi :
Club-shaped fungus . a a . : .
Conic, convex, and pitted fungus. ‘ . :
Fungus with gyrose furrows

Saddle-shaped fungus

Pace

Fungus with spore surface flat, running down the sides . 21

Fungus with gills. ; , ‘ . :
Fungus with pores. . : A :
Fungus with spines . 3 . : = oe %

Calostoma Z : é : ; : zs :
Geaster . 2 F Pe 2 ‘ g é .
Nidularia . F . : : 5 :

Clathrus cancellatus . : A . : ‘
Simblum rubescens . : ‘ z :

Anthurus borealis. é : : .

Mutinus . ‘ ¢ e j é 7 ‘ i
Phallus impudicus . . é : : :

xxiv

List of Ulustrations in Text

Embryo plant of Mutinus caninus. ‘
Scleroderma vulgare . ee Tg . .
Section of Scleroderma vulgare . : .
Mutinus caninus, young plant; embryo plant
Bovista ‘ : 3

Section of Bovista (diagrammatic)
Calvatia. ‘ 3 . : . 7
Section of Calvatia. i ; : Fi
Geaster . ‘ : : . A .
Lycoperdon Fi ‘ : , ‘
Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic) ‘
Bovistella . :

Section of Bovistella . . .
Clavaria. F ‘ 5 . c
Section of Hydnum . : : . .
Cap of Hydnum imbricatum

Cap with striations on the margin

Bracket fungus . . :
Resupinate fungus. . ‘ . .
Boletus Satanus. ‘ : . ‘
Polyporus quercina . . : : -
Pleurotus, stem central

Pleurotus, stem eccentric . , ‘ é
Pleurotus, stem wanting

Gills toothed, Lentinus 3 i

Lamelle entire . . . : .
Stem eccentric . A j . 3
Lamelle simple . :

Fungus with volva and annulus .

Volva, but no annulus . : - i
Annulus, but no volva

Lamelle free from stem. : : é
Annulus movable. . . : 7

XXV

PAGE

24,

25,

30,

120
25
134
120
128
128
126
126
28
29
124
29
129

30
96

- 30, 40, 50

31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
33

List of Illustrations in Text

Pace
Lamelle united with stem . . . ‘ - F - 34

Lamelle decurrent . ‘: . . : - 35, 37, 39, 40
Lamelle adnate . 3 "i . y : - 35, 37) 39
Lamellz sinuate F 3 : é ‘ . F . 35
Volva wanting; annulus wanting . ‘i . 3 - 35
Lamelle in shallow folds . : 3 : ‘ , - 36

Volva present; annulus wanting ‘ : ‘ : - 37
Volva none; annulus none. s . ‘ : ‘ - 37
Annulus arachnoid . ‘i 2 i ‘ . - 38
Lamellz adnate F 7 2 . . 7 . . 38
Veil remaining on stem as annulus. : : : - 39
Volva none 3 F ; B : ‘ : - 39

Veil attached to margin of pileus . . - . - 39
Lamellz deliquescent . . : is . . - 40
Spores fusiform . ‘ : : : F . é - 40
Spores globose . . F - 7 . . F - 40

Hydnum with central stem . 7 . ‘ : - 4!
Branched Hydnum . A - . . ; : - 4i
Lamelle labyrinthine, woody . : . . . - 43
Lamelle radial, woody . . . - F ‘ - 43
Pores long-hexagonal A F r : 7 - 4B

Pores in the form of tubes, stem lateral ‘ ; . - 44
Pores in the form of tubes, stem central . 7 ‘ - 44
Section of young Amanita in wrapper A . : - 47
Young Amanita in wrapper - 3 - é ‘ - 47
Young Amanita in ruptured wrapper : . . - 47
Section of Amanita muscaria. : : A 5 - 47
Cap striate, and free from warts. < Go Si “3 Ge (50
Section of Amanita Czsarea : e ‘ - ° - 50
Young plant of Amanita Cesarea . . + - 50
Section of Cantharellus floccosus . i. . . - 53
Section of Amanitopsis vaginata . ° . . - 54
Section of Amanitopsis parcivolvata. . «© . «+ 55

xxvi

Section of Lentinus lepideus .
Section of Pleurotus ostreatus .
Section of Pleurotus sapidus.
Section of Pleurotus ulmarius .
Section of Hygrophorus miniatus
Section of Hygrophorus eburneus
Section of Armillaria mellea

Section of Lepiota procera . :
Section of Lepiota naucinoides .
Section of Collybia familia . .
Section of Russula emetica ‘A
Section of Russula virescens.
Section of Clitocybe laccata :

Section of Tricholoma personatum (var. bulbosum)

Section of Craterellus cantharellus
Section of Agaricus Rodmani .
Section of Agaricus abruptus .
Section of Hypholoma perplexum
Section of Hypholoma incertum
Section of Hypholoma sublateritium

Section of Pholiota adiposa c
Section of Pholiota preecox is
Section of Cortinarius violaceus .
Section of Pluteus cervinus 7

Section of Lactarius piperatus .
Section of Hydnum repandum .
Section of Hydnum caput-ursi .

Boletus Satanus ‘ A
Under surface of Lenzites betulina
Favolus areolarius . : ‘

Section of young phallus . .
Mutinus bambusinus . F .
Lycoperdon Fe . . .

List of Illustrations in Text

Pacs
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

List of Illustrations in Text

Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic) . ye . 124
Asci and paraphyses . : : . @ . . . 135
Section of truffle to show position of asci. =. 6 ws 1:35
Truffle, ascoma 2 te 25 ve oe se cee SES
Fungus growing on caterpillar . . ‘ . 7 - 136
Section of Peziza odorata to show two layers. i. . 137
Gyromitra esculenta . F . - : . . - 141
Morchella esculenta . - ; : . ‘4 A - I4!
Section of Morchella deliciosa . F F . 5 . I4!
Helvella . : ‘ . ‘ si : F . 142
Helvella lacunosa (diagrammatic) . . .« «© «© 143

THE MUSHROOM BOOK

CHAPTER I: THE HOMES AND HABITS
OF FUNGI

For centuries epicures have used certain fungi for food.
The Greeks and Romans esteemed them highly, and gave a great
deal of consideration to favourable times and places for gathering
them, and to choice methods of preparing them for the table.
Juvenal tells us of one old Roman enthusiast who was so carried
away by his love for them as to exclaim, ‘‘Keep your corn, O
Libya, unyoke your oxen, provided only you send us mush-
rooms!” Horace says that mushrooms which grow in the fields
are the best, and that one can have but little faith in other kinds.
Mushroom eaters of the present day would perhaps not agree
with him, for they find edible species in every imaginable place
where fungi grow, and are constantly adding to their list new
varieties which they esteem delicious.

Although for centuries it has been known that some fungi
contain most virulent poisons, still, through ignorance of those
points which distinguish the poisonous from the edible, frequent
cases of poisoning occur in all classes of society. The mistakes
resulting in death have been frequent enough to inspire the timid
with an overpowering dread of all fungi, while the damp and
grewsome places in which many fungi flourish have caused them
to be despised by others. The following lines from Shelley very
aptly express the general sentiment :

“¢ And plants, at whose names the verse feels loath,
Fill’d the place with a monstrous undergrowth,
Prickly and pulpous, and blistering and blue,
Livid, and starr’d with a lurid dew.

The Homes and Habits of Fungi

** And agarics and fungi, with mildew and mould,
Started like mist from the wet ground cold ;
Pale, fleshy, as if the decaying dead
With a spirit of growth had been animated.”

Sue.tey: ‘‘ The Sensitive Plant.”

To many people the only growths known as fungi are toad-
stools and mushrooms. They give the name mushrooms to the
species known to them as edible, and regard all other similar
growths as toadstools, things uncanny or poisonous.

‘* The grisly todestool grown there mought I see,
And loathed paddocks [toads] lording on the same.”

SpENsER’s ‘‘ Faerie Queene.”

This distinction has no scientific basis, and in fact most of
the species called toadstools are edible. Fungi are not always
the grewsome things of Shelley and Spenser. In their ranks are
many which delight the eye with their colouring and the sym-
metry of their forms. They are the grotesques of nature; nests,
hoofs, cups, umbrellas, shells, and clubs are represented, together
with spheres, hemispheres, cones, and many other geomet-
rical figures. The mildew on the linen, the mould on food,
the rusts and smuts which blight our fields of grain, ‘and the dry
rot which crumbles our lumber to dust and which causes old
wood in dark places to glow with a weird, pale, flickering light,
are all forms of one group or another of these plants which prey
upon living or dead organic matter. In ordinary observation,
only the simpler and more noticeable fungi are taken into account,
but they are in reality met with in almost every situation imagin-
able. They are found in damp cellars and in rooms shut off
from the light ; in fact, some form of fungus will be found in
every place and on everything which is not exposed to a circula-
tion of fresh air.

In woods and open fields the attractive forms are found. In
shady woods the beautiful white ‘‘ bear’s head” hangs on stately
tree trunks, and the ‘‘destroying angels” gleam white in the
shadows on the ground. Shelving brackets, green or red or
brown, encircle old stumps, or stand out stiff and white from
the crumbling trunks of fallen moss-grown monarchs of the
forest, while wood-brown toadstools huddle in groups among

The Homes and Habits of Fungi

the .allen leaves. On the outskirts of the wood, green and red
Russulas vie with the flowers in the brilliancy of their colouring.
Pink or violet Clavarias, dainty corals, border the wood path, and
golden Clavarias lighten up the sombre wood tints with their
yellow branches. In dry pastures and along wood roads, puff-
balls, large and small, send up their puffs of brown smoke, to the
delight of every passing child who strikes them with a wand.
On lawns and hillsides the Oreades cause fairy rings to grow.
The fairy rings are circles, or parts of circles, of impoverished grass
of a lighter colour and less luxuriant growth than that of the grass
immediately surrounding the circle. Before the existence of fairy
folk came to be doubted, it was firmly believed that these fairy
rings were the dancing grounds of the fairies.

“The nimble elves
That do by moonshine green sour ringlets make
Whereof the ewe bites not ; whose pastime ’tis
To make these midnight mushrooms,”

Rev. GERARD SMITH.

The rings on the commons increase in size until sometimes
two or more rings intersect to form a labyrinth of green network.
Rings appear year after year in the same place, and then disap-
pear, to reappear after an interval of a few seasons. As long as
the fairies existed in the imaginations of the people, it was easy to
account for these strange happenings—the fairies danced in the
moonshine, and the grass was worn down under their feet. If
they were displeased and left the neighbourhood, the rings disap-
peared too. As this fancy was given up, other solutions of the
mystery were sought. Some believed that the ring was caused
by a thunder-bolt entering the ground at this spot, and still others
were confident that it was caused by moles. The true solution
is not hard to find, to one familiar with the habit of growth of the
fungus plant. One fungus plant growing alone upon the lawn
will soon exhaust the soil directly beneath it of all true fungus
food. Of all the spores which fall from the parent plant only
those will grow which fall without this impoverished spot, and
so a ring of toadstools is formed. Again, only those spores
which fall outside the ring will find good fungus food, and so
the ring widens always outward, forming a perfect circle, unless
something on one side or other interferes with its travels. The

The Homes and Habits of Fungi

decaying ring of fungi temporarily stimulates the grass around it,
so that its rich colour stands out in circles or arcs of circles against
the less highly nourished grass. Such rings are conspicuous on
the lawns of the White House at Washington, and are often to
be seen well defined on distant hillsides.

Brackets and mushrooms and puffballs grow in warm, moist
places where they find decaying wood and leaves to feed upon.
Old tree trunks and fallen logs, rich leaf mould, and cattle pastures
are their favourite haunts.

The reason for their choice of place is invariably connected
with the question of food, for fungi can thrive only where they
can obtain organic matter, as they have lost the power which all
green plants have of feeding on inorganic or mineral matter. All
plants must have food with which to form plant flesh. Green
plants by means of their leaf green—the only agent in the world
which has the power to turn lifeless mineral matter into living
matter—take the element carbon from the air, and hydrogen gas
and oxygen gas from water, and with their green granules, by some
mysterious process, make of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and
carbon, compounds of wood and starch and sugar. Fungus plants
have none of this leaf green and must therefore feed on material
which has been manufactured by green plants.

To define fungi simply, so as to include all the varieties, would
be a difficult task ; but in general it may be said that they are
plants which have no leaf green and which do not grow from true
seeds, but from dustlike bodies resembling in appearance the yel-

ae low pollen of roses or lilies.

The fungi have no flowers and produce no
seeds. They produce spores instead, fine dust-like
particles, which are borne in special places on the
mature plant, whether a mould or mildew, a toad-
stool, puffball, or bracket. The cap of a mush-
room placed right side up on a piece of paper under
an inverted glass will print with its spores a pic-
ture of the radiating leaves or gills beneath. A
slight blow on a puffball in the pasture will cause
a puff of smoke-like dust to rise from it—really millions of spores
that have ripened inside the puffball and are now ready to grow
into new puffball plants when they fall on favourable soil.

Puffball

CHAPTER Il: THE RELATION OF FUNGI
TO OTHER PLANTS

A CLASSIFICATION or orderly arrangement of material collected
for study is indispensable to true pleasure and profit. The nature
student must ciassify both his specimens and the knowledge he
may obtain about them ; for, as Spen-
cer has said, ‘‘ When a man’s knowl-
edge is not in order, the more of it
he has the greater will be his confu-
sion of thought.” As he compares his
specimens he sees interesting grada-
tions of resemblance, and becomes fas-
cinated with the pleasure of tracing
their relationships and the gradual evo-
lution of higher forms from lower.

Every lover of nature who haunts
Carelies and honey, ah. the fields and woods acquires a rich

tractive: fo: insects store of facts about plant life, and with-
out, perhaps, recognising that he does

so, distinguishes two great groups of plants—those which have
attractive flowers, and those which have no flowers at all. His
flowerless plants bear no seeds, but quan-
tities of fine, dust-like particles which rise
inthe air as he brushes his stick over their
green leaves. As the powers of observa-
tion develop, he distinguishes the ferns
and Christmas greens among flowerless
plants, and perhaps soon recognises that
the soft green moss bank, too, is composed of small plants,
and that the green mats, the liverworts, on stones and moist
banks and logs, are plants also. His only reason, perhaps, for
calling them plants is that they grow and are green. He may

Weed

Ingenious stamens

The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants

learn with the microscope that the pond scums which he had
thought disgusting frog-spittle are in truth tangles of exquisite
a plants, made up of chains of slender, transpar-

Pistil of Pistilof and afterwards, in succession,

violet St. Johns-
wort

those less and less conspicuous.

They, in reality, present them-
selves in great natural groups, readily distinguished
by well-marked characteristics.

Seed-box of sacred bean

mens, pistils, seed-boxes, and seeds.
The humble grasses, with their close

of the sil-
ver fir

wind.

trust to the breezes to carry
their pollen to its goal.
The pines and their allies
are a step nearer simplic-

ity, and do not enclose
Winged seed their seeds in a seed-box
at all, but provide them
with wings for dissemi-
nation, and leave them exposed to the

It will be seen, as these
pass in review, that they are
conspicuous according as

ent cells finer than silken threads, each cell
containing many tiny green par-
ticles of leaf green, or chloro-
phyll—the cause of the green
colour of all green plants.

At first the most conspicu-
ous plants attract the attention,

‘; :
Seed-box of
iris

they are complex. The gorgeous flow-
ering plants have complicated methods

of reproduction
—corollas and
honey, attrac-
tive to insects ;
ingenious sta-

relatives, dispense with
gay colours and the as-
sistance of insects, and SD

Fern with spores (Polyfo-
dium vulgare)

The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants

The ferns and Christmas greens (Lycopodiums) have no
flowers, and therefore no true seeds. They havea distinct stem,

which grows from the apex and is strength-
ened by woody fibres, which may readily be
seen by breaking the stem across. The
woody fibres so strengthen the tissues of
these plants that they are able to stand erect
and make a conspicuous appearance not pos-
, sible to the
small moss-
es and liv-
erworts,
H which are

” Grass spikelet groups re-
semble each

other in descending degrees, so that they may
be classed in groups under groups. Similar
specimens may form groups of species.
Species may form larger groups, or genera.
Genera with common characteristics may
form families ; and groups of families, orders;
and orders, classes; while classes unite to
form branches, or phyle.

A botanist relies for the classification of
his specimens
mainly upon the
similarity of those
parts of the plant
which produce
the seeds or
spores rather than
upon those parts—the roots and leaves and
stems—which have the work of the plant
household to do. He finds that the seed
and spore producing parts are more con-

Bean seed open to show embryo

Liverwort (Marchantia
polymorpha)

spore-bearing plants with no
woody fibre.
The plants of all these

(

Me Ps
wen

Indian pipe

stant in their forms and habits than the leaves and stems and
roots, which are more exposed, and which are constantly

The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants

being forced to a change of form which will better suit their
changed surroundings.

The novice sees nothing in the brown, or even in the highly
coloured, fungi to war-
rant his calling them
plants. They are to him
“Just toadstools ;” for
green colouring matter
—his first criterion for
plants—is not there, and,
moreover, there is noth-
ing in their shape which
suggests to him the
plants with which he is
familiar. The snow-
white Indian pipe lacks
the green of most plants,
but that does not rule it
for him out of the plant
world ; for although it
is colourless, and depends upon other plants for food, still it
has a flower form and produces a seed-box with well-devel-
oped seeds. Fungi, however, to any but the close student
must seem quite unrelated to all normal plant forms. But the
botanist, by a study of their structure, finds
that they all grow from microscopic, dust-
like particles, which differ from true seeds in
consisting of but one or a few cells, and in
having no embryo plant in them as true
seeds have. He recognises their position in
the kingdom of living things, and classes
them as spore-bearing plants, lower than
the group of mosses, those dainty plants
which delight every one with their graceful-
ness, and which bear their spores in tiny cap-
sules or boxes set up on slender stems. By studying their life
history he decides that they are degenerate members of the low-
est group—the algze—and that they have fostered the habit of
feeding on material constructed by green plants, instead of con-
structing food material for themselves, and have, in consequence,

Moss (Dicranum scoparium) (natural size)

White mould on dead
fly

The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants

lost their power of constructing such food, and also their green
granules by which this work of construction may be carried on.
The life history and structure of fungi
has been studied so minutely that one is
able to arrange them in three well-
marked classes:

The first class, the algal-like fungi
(Phycomycetes), includes bread moulds
and several of those fungi which cause
diseases of plants and animals—the
downy mildew on the grape, the potato
rot, the common white mould which
fastens dead flies to the walls or window PAROS,
panes in the autumn, and the fungus Bread mould (mag-
which grows on salmon piled)
and causes them to die in great numbers. The
plant of these fungi is cobwebby, sometimes
growing within the cells of the plant substance on
which it lives, and sometimes growing both
within and on the surface. A freshly moulded
piece of moist bread shows the bread covered with
exquisitely fine transparent threads, which con-
stitute the plant. Later, spore cases containing
tiny black spores will be seen, which give a del-
Spores borne in del- jcate gray tint to the plant at first, but later form

icate membran- 4 black, repulsive mass as their numbers increase.

fed) (magni- These plants are regarded as descendants of de-

generate alge, which lost their power of inde-

pendent existence through stealing their food
instead of making it for themselves.

The second class, the spore-sac fungi,
produce their spores in delicate membranous
sacs. The spore-sac fungi vary greatly in
size, habit, and structure. Most of them
are inconspicuous members ‘of the plant
world, as the yeast plant, by which our
bread is raised ; the fungus which causes
the peach leaves to curl and the black knots Spores borne on little

spicules (magnified)
to appear on cherry and plum trees.

The third class is made up of all fungi which bear their

z INR

The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants

spores on little spicules standing up on large cells. This con-
tains most of the conspicuous fungi one will care about knowing.
To understand the group one must understand the method by
which a spore grows to be a fungus plant, and to be able to
distinguish the different members of the group one must know

on just what portions of the spore receptacle the spores are
borne.

CHAPTER III: FROM SPORE TO MUSHROOM

Tue way in which a spore grows into a fungus plant is very
simple :

(1) The spore is a single cell, and when it is in a warm,
moist place it swells.

(2) The cell absorbs food through
its cell wall and divides into two cells. © O CO ff

(3) Each new cell absorbs food and

divides until long chains of cells are
aN formed, looking to the unaided eye like

aa threads. Each thread is a hypha, and a

tangle of threads is a mycelium.

(4) In the soil the mycelium nour-
ishes itself on decaying vegetable
matter, and grows; then, at certain
points, the threads mat together to
form little balls the size of pin-
heads (a).

(2) The pinheads grow to the size
of bird-shot.

(5) If the ball
is to become a
stemmed toadstool, a minute stem ap-
pears on the button. The stem and
button increase in size. The button is
lifted above the soil and expands into a
mushroom.

(6) If the button is to become a puff- ,
ball, no stem appears on the button; but

—S—>

From Spore to Mushroom

it grows, and comes out of the ground around puffball. (See
Plate opposite p. 124.)

If one wishes to learn to distinguish the members of the
mushroom or toadstool family, either
for the pleasure he may derive from
:, Knowing them, or from a desire to
s. distinguish the edible from the poison-
ous, he must
be familiar
with the typi-
cal parts of the
fungus _ plant,
and must
know the names of these parts.

The edible mushroom of the market

(Agaricus campestris)
serves well for study,
as it shows some of
the characteristics
which all the toad-
stools, mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs
have in common.

(1) This mushroom is in shape some-

thing like a parasol.
(2) The handle is the stem, or stipe.
(3) The open topis the cap, or pileus. 4:
om (4) Under 26%
Lai \) the cap, radi-
ating from
; the stalk to ring.. &%
uieais wemees the edge of
the cap, are

thin plates—the gills, or lamelle.
(5) When the mushroom is in
t cisiaislaibigt galesamielan Short cells the button stage, the gills are not
Se. Gibied Bats visible, for they are covered with
iS a thin sheet of mycelial threads,
Section across gill (magnified) called the veil. (See coloured plate

of Agaricus campestris.)
(6) As the button grows the veil stretches, and finally breaks,
12

Lanne .-Mycelial threads

From Spore to Mushroom

leaving a ragged edge to the cap, anda ring or annulus of veil
around the stem. The gills of the Agaricus are not fastened to

the stem, but are rounded off at
the end near the stem, while
others, between the long ones,
extend from the edge of the cap
only far enough toward the stem

to fill up the angles formed by |

the long gills.

The surface of the gills is the
fruiting portion of the mushroom.
It is here that the spores are
formed.

The structure of the fungus
plant up to this point has been
similar throughout. A loose tangle

Wh ¢ -
A small portion of section of gill
(highly magnified)

Corn smut

(2) Just outside of this loose
mycelium, on either side, are layers
of short cells (¢), which bear club-
shaped bodies standing out over
both surfaces of the gills (2).

(3) Each club bears two slen-
der processes (s#) at the free end,
and each process bears a spore

(sf).

of threads underground formed the myce-
lium—the food provider. A more closely
matted tangle above ground formed the
stem and cap and veil, and even the central
part of the gill—the fruiting parts of the
plant.

On the surface of the gill a difference
in structure is found, which will be clearly
understood from a picture of a thin section
cut across a gill.

(1) The central portion of the gill is
made by loosely tangled mycelium threads
(ér) draping themselves in thin plates from
the surface of
the cap.

Leaf rust on Hepatica triloba

From Spore to Mushroom

All corn smuts, wheat smuts, leaf rusts, toadstools, puff-
balls, and brackets bear their spores on club-like cells, and for
this reason are put in one group, called
Basidiomycetes.

The fact that corn smuts and leaf
rusts feed on living
plants, while toad-
stools, brackets,
and puffballs feed
on dead plants,
separates them in-
to two groups;
the smuts and rustsforming the lower group,
and the others the higher group. It is the
higher Basidiomycetes which we wish to con-
sider, as this group includes most of the con-
spicuous fungi, most of the edi-
ble, and those fungi which are
dangerous because of their re-
semblance to edible species.

Remembering that toadstools, puffballs, and
brackets all start from spores; that all have the
tangled _ thread - like
plants, seeking the
dark; that they all
have the spore recep-
tacle in the light, and
bear their spores on club-like cells,
one can readily understand their be-
ing put in one group.

With a few exceptions not
Section of Hydnum, to show teeth Necessary for us to consider, all the

higher fungi naturally divide into
two groups—pouch-fungi (Gasteromycetes), which conceal their
spores in a definite rind, or peridium, as the puffballs do;
and membrane fungi (Hymenomycetes), now called Agari-
cales, which bear their spores exposed on the surface of gills,
pores, spines, or teeth, as the garden mushrooms, the Boleti,
the Clavarias, and the Hydnums.

Pouch-fungus section, to show
spores in hollow rind

Section to show gills

Section of a Boletus,
to show pores

Clavaria with
spores on spines

CHAPTER IV: THE KEY

WHAT A KEY IS, AND WHY A NAME IS DESIRABLE

A key in the study of botany is a guide by which a student
may trace a specimen until he finds a name for it. Having found
-a name, he may learn from books or from friends what is known
of its habits of growth, of its value as a food or drug, whether
it is harmful or harmless, whether it is to be protected or
whether war is to be waged against it. He may learn whether
it has figured in history or the myths, and how the poets and
artists viewed it, and may perhaps learn to see it with their
eyes. He may watch similar specimens as they grow, and may
add the results of his observations to the facts already recorded
about his specimen.

HOW A KEY FOR FUNGI IS MADE, AND WHY IT IS DESIRABLE

In the first place, only such plants are considered as grow
from spores and have no leaf-green. (The spore characteristic is
one the amateur must decide upon either by seeing the spores
or by inferring their existence from the fact that seeds do not
appear.) There are some thirty-five thousand species of fungi
known to botanists, so that it would be impossible to find a
name for a specimen if one had to read at random until the right
description for his specimen was found; but since all of these
plants may be put in one or another of three groups, on account
of certain points of resemblance which they have in common,
and since these three groups may each in turn be divided and
subdivided, one may, by selecting groups rather than individual
specimens, find a short path to the name desired. The three
primary groups, called classes, are made as follows :

The first contains many mould-like fungi which resemble
one another in microscopic characters.

The second contains other mould-like fungi and many con-

The Key

spicuous fungi which bear their spores in transparent sacs (see
first page of Key).

The third contains all fungi which bear their spores on en-
larged cells called basidia (see first page of Key).

To even partially understand the inconspicuous fungi is a
task impossible to one who is not familiar with the use of a com-
pound microscope. To acquire a knowledge sufficiently accu-
rate to identify nearly all of the conspicuous fungi is within the
power of any intelligent person, for the two groups or classes
containing the conspicuous species may be divided, on account
of easily distinguished characters, into groups called orders.
The orders may be divided into groups called fam#lies, and the:
families into groups called genera (singular genus), and the
genera into individual specimens called species; and all these
groups may be arranged in such a way that the series of selec-
tions may be quickly made. Such an arrangement of groups is
called a key.

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CHAPTER V: FUNGI WITH GILLS
GENUS AMANITA

Tue fungi with gills all have this characteristic in common—
that they bear their spores on radiating plates or lamella. Their
family name, Agaricacee, is derived from a typical member of the
family, Agaricus campestris. The family is the largest and most
widely distributed of all the families, and contains some five
thousand described species, which are placed in groups or genera,
more or less large, based on such characters as the colour of the
spores; the position and shape of the lamelle; the colour and
texture, as well as the shape, odour, taste, and appendages of the
cap and stem.

The colour of the spores is one of the most important char-
acteristics, as the decision as to whether the plant is wholesome
or not often rests upon it. The colour may be determined by
placing the cap, with spore surface down, on a sheet of white or
black paper, and leaving it for a time under an inverted glass, so
as to cut off all drafts which may blow the spores away. A print
of the radiating gills will then be made in the colour of the spores—
white, pink, rusty brown, or black.

For external characters of the stem, one must be careful to
get the entire stem from the ground; for a most important char-
acteristic, the volva, if present, will be found at the base. The
volva may be membranous and attached to the base, excepting
at the rim, or membranous and loose, or present only in the form
of rings of scales at the base, with perhaps traces on the surface
of the cap.

The surface of the stem may be smooth or rusty or mealy
white. It may or may not have near the cap a ring of the
membrane which covered the gills of the young plant.

The character of the lamellze and the internal characters of
the stem may best be determined by cutting the cap and stem
from top to base with a sharp knife, for then it may be seen
whether the gills are free from the stem or attached to it, or

White-spored Series

whether they grow down on the stem; and whether the stem is
hollow, solid, or filled with web-like mycelium, and whether it is
fleshy or has a tough and hard rind. The lamelle may be of
different or of equal lengths, and their edges may be entire or
toothed or thin or blunt.

To know a genus of the gill-bearing fungi, one must know
the cap, gills, stem, and habit of growth which characterise that
genus.

A very young plant of the genus Amanita is enveloped in a
membranous wrapper. The relation of the young plant to the
wrapper will readily be understood by cutting
a young plant through its length.

As the plant grows, the wrapper is ruptured,

a part is left at the base
to forma cup or sheath,

Gu or a part may be carried

ee up on the cap, to ap-
pear in small patches.

Wrapper. The cap is, as a

wrapper

rule, regular and
broadly convex. It may be almost
flat when mature. The stem has a
conspicuous collar and the gills are
free from the stem.

There are twenty American species in the genus Amantta ;
some of them are the most poisonous patches
fungi known, while others are most
highly esteemed for the table. Since Free gills
the most dan-

Section of young plant in
wrapper

. Ring
eee Cap gerous species
belong to this
ieactareosineie Stem i
genus, it would
be better for the .. Wrapper

remains
...Volva amateur not to

eat of specimens
which havestalks
with a swollen base surrounded by a cup-
like or scaly envelope, especially if the gills are white. In gath-
ering all white-gilled species, care should be taken to get
A-man'-1-t4

A. muscaria (See Plate III.)
Wrapper ruptured

Fungi with Gills

below the base of the stalk ; for it often happens that the bulb
is broken off and left behind, and thus the principal charac-
teristic lost which would mark it as a specimen not to be
eaten.

Death Cup; Poison Amanita (Poisonous)
Amanita phalloides

Cap or Pileus—White or greenish or greyish brown; smooth,
no striations; width, 3-5 inches.

Stem or Stpe—Ring present. Abruptly bulbous at the base ;
bulb margined by the wrapper remains. White in white-
cap forms, tinged with a paler shade than the cap in brown-
cap forms. Pithy when young, hollow when old. 3-6
inches long.

Veit—White in white-cap forms, tinged with brown in brown-
cap forms.

Gills or Lamelle—White, free from the stem, rounded at the
stem end, rather broad.

Spores—Globose and white.

Flesh—W hite.

Time—July to October.

Habitat—W oods, groves, open places, and pastures.

The poisonous principle of the death cup is known as phal-
lin, one of the tox-albumins, the poisons found in rattlesnakes
and other venomous animals, and the poisons which produce
death in cholera and diphtheria.

The phallin acts directly upon the blood corpuscles, dissolv-
ing these, so that the serum of the blood escapes from the blood-
vessels into the alimentary canal and drains the whole system of
its vitality. There is no known antidote by which the effects of
phallin may be counteracted. If one has eaten of the Amanita
phalloides, the only chance of saving life is to remove the undi-
gested parts from the alimentary canal by stomach-pump and
oil purgatives ; then, if the amount of phallin absorbed into the
system is not too great, the remainder may wear itself out on
the blood and the patient may recover.

The amount of the fungus which is necessary to produce
death is small; even the handling of specimens and the breathing
in of spores affect some people unpleasantly.

Phal-loi'-dés
48

DEATH CUP. DESTROYING ANGEL
(Amanita phalloides, Fries)

Reduced. Nat. size: Cap, 314 inches; stem, 74 inches

‘(C7 ‘eueosnu eplueUy)
‘(snouosiod) ejiuewy A/4

White-spored Series
Fly Amanita (Poisonous)

Amanita muscaria

Cap or Pileus—Orange red to pale yellow or almost white. The
young plants are brighter, and fade from the margin inward
as the plant matures. Floccose scales, the wrapper remains,
are scattered on the cap. The margin is often striate. 3-6
inches broad.

Stem or Stipe—White or slightly tinged with yellow. Pithy or
hollow. Base not broad and abrupt, but ovate, covered
with the scaly margins of the wrapper. 4-6 inches long.

Veil and Ring or Annulus—The veil covers the gills of the young
plant, and later is seen as a collar-like ring on the stem.

Gills or Lamelle—White or slightly tinged with yellow. Various
in length ; short ones terminating in length with almost
vertical abruptness.

Spores—W hite, broadly elliptical.

flesh—W hite, tinged with yellow under the epidermis.

Habitat—Along roadsides, on borders of fields, in groves of conif-
erous trees. It prefers poor soil, gravelly or scanty. It
grows singly, not in groups.

Time—June until freezing weather.

Young Plant—This is at first egg-like, then dumb-bell shaped.
As the parts within expand, the wrapper breaks up into
scales, so that the convex, unexpanded cap is densely covered
with more or less concentric fragments of the wrapper, and
the bulbous stem is covered with rings of fringy scales. As
the stem expands, these scales are left on the bulbous base,
while the fragments on the cap are more widely separated
by the growth of the cap.

The fly amanita is a very conspicuous and handsome species.
There are conflicting statements concerning the properties of
this fungus; some claim that it is edible, and yet it is known °
to have caused much sickness and many deaths. It caused
the death of the Czar Alexis of Russia, and of the Count de
Vecchi in Washington. It is said that it is cooked and eaten
by the Russians, and still it is on record that several French
soldiers ate of it in Russia and became very ill.

The Siberians steep dried specimens of the fly amanita+in
whortleberry juice, and thus make a drink which produces an
intoxication similar to that produced by the ‘‘haschisch” and
“‘majoon” of the East.

Miis-ca’-ri-&

3 49

Fungi with Gills

There is something about it particularly attractive to flies,
and yet for them to sip its juices means death, as may be seen
by the circle of dead flies lying on the ground under the shadow
of its cap.

The chief poison of this fungus is an alkaloid called musca-
rine, which paralyzes the nerves controlling the action of the
heart. Injections of atropine in doses of from one one-hundredth
to one-fiftieth of a grain are employed as an antidote for this
poison. In addition, the most powerful emetics are used.

Orange Amanita (Edible)
Amanita Caesarea

Cap or Pileus—Smooth, glabrous, and free from warts or scales.
Red or orange, fading to yellow on the margin or all
over the cap. Margin distinctly striate. When fully ex-
panded, nearly flat. When moist,
slightly sticky and viscid.

Stem—Yellow. When young, fibrous
or cottony within, later hol-
low.

Wrapper or Volua—White and mem-
branous, loosely sheathing the
base of the stem.

Veii—Covers the gills of the young plant. Remains are seen
on the stem only, where it hangs down * ”

HB)
Cap striate, and free from
warts

like a white ruffle.
Gills or Lamelle—Rounded at the stem end and

not attached to the stem. Yellow, an
exception to the
rule that the col-
our of the gills
in mature plants
resembles the
colour of the

spores.
Young FPlant—When Young plant
Section of A. Ceesarea young, the cap ;
PA Gucctucas tS Talon wae and stem are contained in a wrap-
(8) Free gills (rv) Ruffle-like ring per not unlike a hen’s egg in

; shape, size, and colour. As the
cap and stem within develop, the wrapper ruptures in its
upper part, the stem elongates, and the cap is carried up,

C&’-si-ré'-4
50

soyour g-€ ‘yi3ua, wos $ soyour g-£ ‘wep dep
(‘doog ‘vasvsnD vizuvu py)

(aqgida) VLINVWY S3DNVYO

White-spored Series

while the remains of the wrapper are left at the base of
the stem, an open sac.

Spores—W hite, elliptical.

Flesh—W hite stained with yellow under the separable epidermis
and next the line of attachment of the gills.

ZYaste—Mild and pleasant.

Habitat—Thin woods, preferably pine woods and sandy soil.
Abundant in southern Europe, common in the Southern
States, and occasionally found in New York and Massa-
chusetts.

Zime—July, August, September.

The Amanita Cesarea is one of the handsomest species.
The Greeks and Romans esteemed it as an article of food. The
names, ‘‘ Food of the gods,” ‘‘Czbus Deorum,” ‘‘ Imperial mush-
rcom,” ‘‘Czsar’s mushroom,” and ‘‘ Kaiserling,” suggest the
esteem in which it was held.

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SVLINVWVY MOTISA FFYHL AO NOSTYVdWOD

STRANGLED AMANITOPSIS (EDIBLE)

(Amanitopsis strangulata, Fr., Roze)
Cap greyish brown; wrapper fragments dark brown. See Genus, p. 53

White-spored Series

GENUS CANTHARELLUS

The members of the genus Cantharellus differ from all other
gill-bearing fungi in that the gills are in the form of shallow folds
growing down the stem. The folds are generally narrow and
forked or branching. The name Cantharellus, meaning little
cup or goblet, refers to the shape of the fungus, some of the
species being so deeply depressed that a cup not unlike a tall
goblet results.

Cantharellus floccosus (Edible)
(Szz PLate FacinG PacE 136)

Cap or Fileus—Funnel form or trumpet
shaped, depressed even into the
stem. The surface of the depression
is woolly or scaly. The scales some-
times persist and sometimes dis-
appear. Reddish yellow, fading to
yellow.

Gills or Lamelle—Blunt, narrow, close;
forked branched so as to appear as a
network. Yellow to yellow brown.

Stem or Stipe—Short, smooth, or hairy.
Sometimes extending like a root
among fallen leaves.

Spores—W hite.

Flesh—W hite, thin.

Time—July to September.

Habitat—In groups in woods. The
specimen pictured was found grow-
ing in moss by a stream among
laurels and rhododendrons. Section of C. floccosus

GENUS AMANITOPSIS

The genus Amanitopsis has white spores, the gills free from
the stem, and at the base of the stem a volva, the remains of the
wrapper which enclosed the young plant. There 7s no annulus
or ring on the stem, a feature which separates the genus Amani-
topsis from the genus Amanita.

Can-th4-rél’-liis Fldc-cd'-stis A-min’-1-tdp'-sts
53

Fungi with Gills

The Sheathed Amanitopsis (Edible)
Amanitopsis vaginata

Cap or Pileus—Variable in colour, ranging from white to reddish
brown. Thin, fragile, smooth; or, when young, with a few
fragments of the wrapper adhering to its surface. Margin

distinctly and
deeply _ striated.

r\ 2-4 inches broad.

Stem or Stipe—Hol-
low or stuffed;
smooth, or
sprinkled with
minute mealy
particles or woolly
scales. Not bul-
bous at the base.
3-5 inches long.

Spores—W hite.

Ring or Annulus—
None.

Wrapper or Volva—
Soft, flabby,
white, adhering
slightly to the
base.

Gills or Lamelle—Free
from the stem.
White or whitish,
close, irregular.

Flesh—White, or
sometimes
stained under the

\Y easily separating
skin.

Section of A. vaginata Time— June to Oc-
tober.

Habitat—In woods or open places, in damp vegetable mould,
widely distributed. Specimen pictured was found growing
in mountains of New Jersey.

A. vaginata, var. alba, has the whole plant white.
A. vaginata, var. fulva, has the cap tawny yellow.
A, vaginata, var. livida, has the cap leaden brown, and gills
and stem tinged with smoky brown.
Vag-In-a'-ta Filv'-a Liv'-1-d&
54

SHEATHED AMANITOPSIS (EDIBLE)

(Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze)

HELMET MYCENA (EDIBLE) .

(Mycena galericulata, Scop.)
Cap greyish; gills white; stems firm, hollow, hairy at the base. See p. 55

White-spored Series

Amanitopsis parcivolvata (Sze Frontispiece)

Cap or Pileus—Convex, then expanded ; smooth, free from warts.
Colour brilliant orange red over
the whole cap; not yellow on
the margin, not fading with (
age. Uniform in colour in
young and old_ specimens.
Margin with striations deep and long.
Gills or Lamelle—Lemon yellow, free from
stem, and rounded at the outer extremity.
Stem—Slightly tapering toward the cap; hol-
low. Clear lemon yellow, covered with
meal-like particles.
Ring or Veil—None in old or young specimens.
Volva—Present; not large and loose. White;
clinging closely to the stem in the form
of scales.
Spores—W hite.
flesh—Unpleasant raw odour. White, stained
with orange red immediately under the

skin.
Habitat—Mixed woods. New Jersey, North
Carolina.
Time—July.
The caps of the specimens found Section of A.

in North Carolina varied in colour from Parcivolvata (reduced)
almost white to white with a red centre, and from orange or
shades of orange to brilliant red.

GENUS MYCENA

The members of this genus have white spores ; no volva nor
annulus ; lamelle thin, with acute edges ; gills with a little bay
cut out near the stem, sinuate, and the stem with a cartilaginous
rind. Cap membranous and striate on the margin—that is, with
depressed parallel lines.

Mycena hzematopoda (See Ptare Facine Pace 93)
Cap or Pileus—Bell-shaped ; reddish brown, deeper shade on

margin. :
Gills or Lamelle—Paler tint of colour of cap ; adnate.
Par'-¢i-vol-va'-t4 My-cé'-n Hém'-4-tép'-8-da

Fungi with Gills

Stem or Sipe—Colour of cap; hollow; a mere tube, with thin
walls. When cut quickly, it changes to a deep red brown
and exudes a purple juice. Flexible, fragile.

Spores—W hite.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Time—September.

ffabitat—Decayed wood in forest.

GENUS LENTINUS

The genus Lentinus has white spores, no annulus, and no
volva. The stem is central or lateral, and the lamelle are nor-
mally toothed on their margins. The species are leathery, fleshy,
and tough ; will stand drying, and revive when moist.

Lentinus lepideus is one cause of the decay of telegraph poles,
railroad ties, and bridges.

Scaly Lentinus (Edible)

Lentinus lepideus

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, firm, convex or
expanded. Creamy white, spotted
with dark brown appressed scales.
3-5 inches.

Gills or Lamelle — Rather broad, not
crowded; growing down the stem.
White edges, irregularly toothed.

Stem or Stipe—Whitish. Sometimes ec-

Section of
L. lepideus

Lén-ti’-ntis Lép-td’-&-tis
56

(9ZIS "JEN ‘Slay ‘suapzga7 snuzzuaT)

(379103) SANILN3S7 AIvVOS

White-spored Series

centric, straight, or curved; firm, solid, equal, or tapering at
the base. 2-4 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Spores—W hite.

Filesh—W hite.

Time—June to August.

Habitat—On wood; common on railroad ties.

GENUS PLEUROTUS

In the genus Pleurotus the stem is attached to the cap at
some point to one side of the centre. The stem may be on the
very margin of the cap, or may be wanting altogether. The
three species to be mentioned all grow on dead wood—either on
dead trees or on dead branches of living trees.

The name Pleurotus comes from a Greek word meaning
side, and has reference to the position of the stem.

Oyster Mushroom (Edible)

Pleurotus ostreatus

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, convex, smooth, and moist. White,
or tinted with ash colour or brown.
Gills or Lamelle—W hite, or tinted with ash; broad; growing down
the stem, and
branching again
and again at the
base.
Stem or Stife—Short
or wanting.
Spores— White, ob-
long.
Flesh—W hite, tough. Section of P, ostreatus
Time—September.
Habitat—On dead wood. The specimens pictured were found
growing on a dead forest tree at Lake Placid. The largest
shells measured four inches across.

Pli-rd'-tiis Os-tré-a’-ttis

Fungi with Gills

Pleurotus sapidus (Edible)

Cap or Pileus—Convex or depressed, smooth, often irregular.
White, yellowish, ashy grey, dull lilac, or even brownish;
overlapping each other. 2-5 inches broad.

Gills or Lamelle—Whitish, rather distant, growing down the
stem, branching and connecting again at stem end.

Section of P. sapidus

Stem or Stie—Stems more or less united at the base, eccentric or
lateral, smooth, whitish. 1-2 inches long.

Spores—Lilac, oblong.

Time—June to November.

Flesh—W hite, tough.

Habitat—In clusters, often from a common stem, growing on
decayed ‘vood.

Elm Pleurotus (Edible)

Pleurotus ulmarius

Cap or Pileus—Convex or nearly flat, firm, smooth. White,
tinted at the centre with reddish yellow or brownish yellow.
2-5 inches broad.

Gills or Lamelle—Broad, not crowded, notched at the stem end,
growing down the stem. White, turning yellow with age.

Stem or Stipe—United to the cap one side of the centre. Usually
curved ; solid, smooth, or downy. White or whitish. 2-4
inches long.

Sap’-{-dtis Ul-ma'-ri-tis

Bi ali ba nh oa

Oyster Mushroom (edibie,

(Pleurotus ostreatus, Fr.)
Reduced. See page 57.

White-spored Series

Section of P. ulmarius

Flesh—-White, not tender, agreeable flavour.

Spores—White, globose.

Time—September to November.

Habitat—Conspicuous on dead parts of standing elms. Large and
white. Sometimes found on other than elm trees.

GENUS HYGROPHORUS

The members of this genus may be recognized by their moist
caps and by the waxy nature of their gills, which usually grow
downward on the stem (decurrent), and are not very closely
placed side by side. No species is known to be dangerous.

Chantarelle hygrophorus (Edible)
Hygrophorus cantharellus (See Patz Factna Pace 60)

Cap or Pileuws—Thin, convex at first, but later depressed. Cov-
ered with minute scales. Moist, bright red, becoming crange
or yellow. 4-1 inch broad.

Hy-gréph’-8-riis
59

Fungi with Gills

Gills or Lamelle—Distant, somewhat arched, growing downward
on the stem (decurrent). Yellow, sometimes tinged with
vermilion. Unequal.

Stem or Stige—Smooth, not truly solid, sometimes hollow.
Coloured like the cap, whitish within. 2-4 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Spores—W hite.

Flesh—Disagreeable in flavour.

fabitat—Swamps and damp, shaded places ; in fields or woods.
Common. The specimen photographed was found in
dense mixed woods, Lake Placid.

Var. H. rosea has the cap expanded and the margin wavy.

Var. H. flava has the cap and stem pale yellow, the gills
arched and strongly decurrent.

Var. H. flavipes has the cap and stem red or reddish.

Var. H. flaviceps has the cap yellow and the stem reddish.

Vermilion Hygrophorus (Edible)
Hygrophorus miniatus

Cap or Fileus—Thin, fragile at first, convex, becoming nearly
flat. Smooth or minutely scaly. Often depressed. Red,
fading to yellow or orange. 1-2 inches broad.

Gills or Lamelle—Distant. Usually yellow, sometimes tinged
with red. Notched at the
stem end, or growing down
the stem, or fastened to the
stem by the entire width of
the inner extremity of the gill.

Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth.
Coloured like the cap. Solid
when young, hollow when
old. 1-2 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Spores—W hite, elliptical.

Flesh—Tender, and of agreeable
flavour.

Zime—June to September.

Habitat—Adapts itself to varying
conditions. Singly, in groups,
or in clusters, in bogs or on

dey hillocks. The specimen photographed was found in

woods, among fallen leaves and decayed wood, Lake Placid.

Flav'-\-pés Flav’-1-céps Min-1-a'-tis
60

Section of H. miniatus

Vermilion Hygrophorus (edible)

~ Chanterelle Hy grophorus (edible).
Reduced.

(Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr.). Reduced.

(Hygrophorus cantharellus, Schw.)
See page 59

Fat Pholiota (edible). Pholiota adiposa, Fr. - See sae 83,

Honey-coloured Armillaria (edible)
(Armillaria mellea, Vahl).

White-spored Series

Ivory Hygrophorus (Edible)

Hygrophorus eburneus (Ses Prats Facinc Pace 84)

Cap or Pileus—W hite,
thin, fleshy,viscid.
Stem or Stipe—White,
unequal, long,
slender, stuffed,
orhollow; viscid.
Gills or Lamelle—
White, waxy,
unequal, distant,
growing down
the stem (decur-
rent), thick and
firm.
Volva and Annulus —
Wanting.
Spores—W hite.
flesh—O dour and
taste grateful.
Time—September.
Habitat— The speci- Section of H. eburneus
men photo-
graphed was found growing among moss and fallen leaves
in dense wood, Lake Placid.

GENUS ARMILLARIA

The members of this genus have white spores, and the gills
attached by the inner extremity to the stem. The stem has a
collar, but no wrapper at the base. The name is derived from the
Latin armilla, a bracelet, referring to the ring upon the stem.

Honey-coloured Armillaria (Edible)
Armillaria mellea

Cap or Pileus—Colour from almost white to dark reddish brown.
Young plants have numerous minute tufts or scales of
brownish or blackish hairs. Margins sometimes striated.
1-6 inches broad.

Eb-iir'-né-tis Ar’-mil-la'-11-4 Meél'lé-4
61

Fungi with Gills

Stem or Stite—Usually reddish brown, paler above than below.
Uniform in thickness, narrowed or slightly thickened at the
base. Firm externally; soft and spongy, or hollow

within. 1-6 inches long.
Ring or Annulus—Cottony to
membranous, sometimes
lacking in old plants.
Gills or Lamelle — Simply
joined to the stem or run-
ning down it. White or
whitish ; sometimes va-
riegated with reddish-
brown spots.
Spores—White, elliptical.
Flesh—White or whitish.
Section of A. mellea Taste unpleasant or acrid.
Quality inferior.

Habitat—Common in woods or in cleared land, on the ground or
on decayed wood. Solitary or clustered.

Zime—Abundant in September. Found in June.

Var. obscura has cap covered with numerous small, blackish
scales.

Var. flava has cap yellow or reddish yellow.

Var. glabra has cap smooth.

Var. radicata has tapering stem which penetrates the earth
deeply.

Var. bulbosa has bulbous base.

Var. exannulata has cap smooth, margin even, stem tapering,
annulus slight and evanescent, or wholly wanting.

The Armillaria mellea has a disagreeable taste when raw, but
when cooked it is thought by some to'be very good. Dr. Peck says
he does not know of any unwholesome species for which it may
be mistaken. The Armillaria mellea has the habit, very unusual
for a member of the group of Agaracales, of producing from its my-
celial threads tuber-like masses of fungal substances from which
the fruiting capsarise. The fungal masses of the Armillaria,
the so-called sclerotia, are ribbon or string like, and may be
found between the wood and bark of cone-bearing trees. These
sclerotia send out cylindrical branches, called rhizomorphs,
which may penetrate the soil and attack the roots of other trees,
and so continue their work of destruction in the forest.

Ob-scii’-r& Gla’-bri Bul-bd'-si
Flav'-4 Rad-1-ca'-t& Ex-Sn!-nii-14'-t&
62

€g'd ‘snuaxg sag ‘aTIqM STIS tumosq-Mo[aA Ways pue dey
(B10 ‘vsounsF 170297)

VLOIdS1 ANIVYD

White-spored Series

Itis to the luminosity of these mycelial threads, which per-
meate the decaying wood, that the weird phosphorescent light in
dense woods is due.

GEN US LE. PI OTA (See Pirate Facinc Pace 64)

The members of this genus have the gills free from the stem,
and have no wrapper remains at the base of the stem. In some
species the cap or pileus has the surface scaly, owing to the rup-
ture of the fibres which compose it. It is this feature which has
suggested the name Lepofa, from the Latin word Jepis—a scale.
There are about thirty
species represented
in the United States,
of which a few are
commonly eaten.

Parasol Mush-
room; Tall
Lepiota (Edi-
ble)

Lepiota procera

Cap or Pileus—Con-
vex, like an open
umbrella. Thin,
umbonate, cov-
ered with closely
pressed scales.
3-5 inches broad.

Stem or Stipe—Long,
hollow, or with
cottony pith;
bulbous at the
base; usually
covered with
closely pressed
scales. 5-10
inches long.

Vetl or Ring—Thick
and firm ; often
movable on the
stem. Section of L. procera

Lép-t-0'-t4 Prég'-€-r4
63

Fungi with Gills

Gills or Lamelle—Closely placed, side by side. Whitish, or
tinged with yellow. The inner extremity remote from the
stem.

Spores—White, elliptical.

Filesh—W hite, soft, and dry.

Time—July to September.

Habitat—Thin woods, pastures, and by roadsides.

The specific name, Procera, from the Latin procera (tall),
refers to the length of the stem.

There is no poisonous species for which it can be mistaken
if one bears in mind that it has a long stem with bulbous base,
a brownish, spotted cap with dark apex, and a broad basin
about the insertion of the stem.

Smooth Lepiota (Edible)
Lepiota naucinoides

Cap or Pileus—Smooth, white ;
rarely the central part of
the cap is tinged with a
smoky hue. 2-4 inches
broad. f

Stem or Stipe—Coloured like the
cap ; thickened at the base.
Hollow or webby. 2-3
inches long.

Veil or Annulus—White. Exter-
nal edge generally thicker
than the inner ; often mov-
able on the stem.

Gills or Lamelle—White when
young ; when old, pinkish
orsmoky brown. Rounded
at the inner extremity and
not attached to the stem.
Narrower toward the stem
than in the middle.

Spores—White, sub-elliptical.

Flesh—Thick, white, and ten-

- der. Section of L. naucinoides
Time—August—November.

The smooth lepiota resembles the chalk agaric (Agaricus
crelaceous), which has brown spores, and the meadow mush-
Nau’-¢in-oi’-dés

SMOOTH LEPIOTA (EDIBLE)
(Lepiota nanctnoides, Peck)

Nat. size: Cap diam., 314 inches; stem length, 4% inches.

PARASOL MUSHROOM, TALL LEPIOTA (EDIBLE)
(Lepiota procera, Scop.)
Nat. Size: Cap Diam., 3% inches; stem length, 4%4 inches
See page 63

iota Friesii, Lasch. (edible).
See page 65.

Lep

Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr.
Reduced. See page 86.

White-spored Series

room (Agaricus campestris), which has darker gills, a persistent
collar, and a stem tapering at the base. No harm can come from
confusing these for edible purposes. Great care should be taken
to be sure that a specimen thought to be a smooth lepiota has no
volva or wrapper at the base, for the absence of a volva is the
most marked difference between it and the poisonous vernal
amanita (Amanita verna). The gills of the smooth lepiota turn
a dingy brown or pink, and those of the vernal amanita remain
white ; and the cap of the smooth lepiota has not the moist
smoothness and the brilliant whiteness of the vernal amanita,

Lepiota Friesii

Cap or Pileus—Rather thin, convex, or nearly plain, with soft,
tawny fibres forming small patches over the surface. 1-4
inches wide.

Stem or Stipe—Tapering toward the cap, slightly bulbous at the
base. The lower part of the stem coloured like the cap, and
with similar fibrils. Hollow. Powdery white above the
ring. 2-5 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—Present and pendulous,

Gills or Lamelle—Narrow, crowded, free from stem ; white ; some
Sorked,

Spores—W hite.

Flesh—Soft, white, with a slight odour when bruised.

Ring or Annulus—Well developed, drooping. White above, and
tawny or scaly below.

Habitat—Soft, loose soil in bushy places.

Zime—July to September.

GENUS MARASMIUS

The genus Marasmius belongs to the white-spored series.
The plants are small, and wither and shrivel in dry weather, to
revive again when wet. The gills are thin, and have acute
edges.

The generic name comes from the same Greek word as the
word marasmus, the name applied to a disease from which the
patient wastes away without any apparent cause. The signifi-
cance of the name will be apparent to one who watches the
fleshy little plant shrink away when the sun shines.

Fré’-s!-i M4-ris'-mi-uis
5 65

Fungi with Gills

Fairy-ring Mushroom (Edible)
Marasmtus oreades

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, tough, smooth, convex, or nearly plane,
often with the centre higher than the space between it and
the rim. Reddish ; fading, as it ages or dries, to pale yellow
or buff. 1-2 inches broad.

Gills or Lamelle—Broad and wide apart, creamy or yellowish,
rounded at the stem end, unequal.

Stem or Stife—Whitish, slender, tough, solid, coated with dense
woolly hairs. 1-2 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Spores—W hite.

Flesh—Thin, white, tough.

Time—May to October.

Habvitat—In circles or groups.

Dangerous fungi somewhat resembling the M. oreades, and
found in company with it, may be distinguished by their dark-
coloured spores.

GENUS COLLYBIA

The members of this genus have white spores, and the
lamellz with thin edges attached to the stem by their inner ex-
tremity. The stem hasa cartilaginous rind; that is, it is hard and
of a tough texture. The genus contains fifty-four American
species, some of which are regarded as edible, while others are
regarded as deleterious. The velvet-stemmed collybia, or Col-
lybia velutipas, is edible, and remarkable for its habit of growing
long after the frosts of winter have come. It is easily recognised
by its yellowish and viscid cap, and its habit of growing in tufts,
and developing on the stem a dense coat of velvety hairs. The
rooted collybia, Collybia radicata, may be recognised by the char-
acter of its stem, as the lower part is like a slender tap root, gener-
ally penetrating the earth to a depth equal to the length of the
stem above the surface.

O-1é'-4-dés Cél-l¥b'-1-4
66

SPOTTED COLLYBIA (EDIBLE, Mcl.)

(Collybia maculata, A. & S.)
Cap and stem white with rusty spots; gills white. See Genus, p. 66

BROAD-GILLED COLLYBIA (EDIBLE, Mcl.)

(Collybia platyphylla, Fr.)
Surface of cap brownish, fibrillose; gills white. See Genus, p. 66

Collybia familia, Peck. Reduced (Edible)

WAXY CLITOCYBE (EDIBLE)
(Clitocybe laccata, Scop.)
See page 70

White-spored Series

Collybia familia (Edible)

Cap or Pileus—Greyish, with centre darker. Smooth margin,
often cracked. Slightly striate.
Gills or Lamelle—Slightly greyish, soft, un-
equal, free, not crowded.
Stem or Stipe—Greyish, hollow. Lower
part covered with white woolly sub-
stance.
Spores—W hite.
flesh—Greenish grey.
Time—September. Section of C. familia
Habitat—The specimen photographed was
Let growing upon a prostrate evergreen tree near Lake
Placid.

GENUS PANUS (Sz Prate Facine Pace 145)

The members of this genus are leathery plants, with the
stems lateral or wanting. The gills are simple, not forked, and
the spores are white. Panus stypticus is common on rotten
wood, and gives out a weird, phosphorescent light.

The species of the genus Panus so much resemble species
of the genus Lentinus, which do not have toothed margins, that
Panus and Lentinus are considered by some as one genus, with
the name Leniinus.

GENUS TROGIA

But one American species is reported; this is small and
leathery, brownish in colour, with the spore-bearing surface
white. The lamelle are obtuse on their edges, and are not hairy.
The spores are white. This plant is common on fallen branches
of the alder.

GENUS SCHIZOPHYLLUM

The members of this genus have white spores and a leathery
pileus, with the lamelle hairy and grooved, or split. Schizo-
phyllum commune is common on twigs or branches. It varies
from % to 2 inches across, appearing as fluted shells on the

bark.
Fa-mil'-¥-4 Pa'-nis Trdg’-Y-& = Skiz-d-phyl'-Itim = Cém-mii’-né

Fungi with Gills

GENUS OMPHALIA

The members of this genus have white spores, and the gills
growing down onthe stem. They have a hard, tough rind to the
stem, which distinguishes them from the genus Cilitocybe, which
has fleshy stems. Omphalia umbellifera is a small species, with
a cap about an inch broad. Itis the common mushroom on the
top of Mount Marcy, the highest mountain in the State of New
York.

GENUS RUSSULA

The genus Russula may usually be recognised by its brittle
character, added to its fleshy stem and the fact that the lamelle
are usually joined to the stem. Bright clear reds and purplish
hues prevail, but several species exhibit a green colour, or an
approach to green. The spores are white or yellowish, and the
flesh never exudes a milky or coloured juice.

Emetic Russula (Dangerous)
Russula emetica

Cap or Pileus—Rosy tint to rich red. Flesh thin. The margin
furrowed with parallel
lines. Skin separable,
somewhat viscid. Cap
diameter of specimen
photographed, 3%
inches.

Gills or Lamella—White.
Usually uniform, occa-
sionally unequal;
broad and_ brittle.

Stem or Stipe—Rosy.: Swol-
len near the base.
Specimen photo-
graphed, 232 inches

Section of R. emetica long.
Spores—W hite. :

Flesh—White, unless just under the skin, where it may be pink.
Very fragile. Peppery to the taste.

Om-pha’-Ii-4 Um-bél-lt’-f8-r4 Riis'-st-14 E-mit'-1-c4
68

Emetic Russula (dangerous).
(Russula emetica, Schaetf).

Green Russula (edible).
(Russula virescens, Fr.).

See page 69.

White-spored Series

Taste—Acrid and biting.

Time—July to November.

Habitat—In damp meadows, in woods, in grassy places, under
pine trees and firs. :

Green Russula; Verdette (Edible)

Russula virescens

Cap or Pileus—Greyish green. At first globose, then expanded 3.
convex or depressed at the centre. Firm and dry. Not
viscid, but adorned with flaky greenish or yellowish
patches, produced by the cracking of the skin. 2-4 inches
broad. Margin marked with impressed lines.

Section of R. virescens

Gills or Lamelle—White. Moderately close; free, or nearly so;
narrow as they approach the stem. Some forked, others

not.

Stem or Stipe—Shorter than the diameter of the cap. Smooth,
white, and solid, or somewhat softer within. 1-2 inches
long.

Spores—White, rough, nearly globose.

Flesh—White ; mild in taste.

Vi-rés’-céns
69

Fungi with Gills

Time—July and August.
Habitat—Grassy grounds, groves, and open woods.

No milky nor coloured juice, no coloured circular zones.

Variable Russula (Edible)
Russula heterophylla

Cap or Pileus—Variable in colour. Greenish or pinkish grey, but
fleshy, firm ; slightly convex, then depressed ; smooth, and.
polished, the very thin skin disappearing. Margin thin,
smooth, or with slightly depressed lines closely placed.

Stem or Stipe—Solid, firm, smooth, shining white, the apex oc-
casionally dilated in the form of a cup.

Annulus or Volua—None.

Gills or Lamella—Narrow, crowded, forked ; white ; of different
lengths.

Spores— White.

Filesh—White ; mild in taste.

Habitat—Woods. Common.

Zime—July to October.

The specific name refers to the difference in the lengths of
the gills.

GENUS CLITOCYBE

The members of the genus Ciitocybe have the spores white,
no volva nor annulus, the gills with thin edges not notched on
the edge near the stem, and generally decurrent.

Clitocybe laccata (Edible) (SEB Plate Facine Pace 67)

Cap or Pileus—When moist, pale red, buff red, or flesh red;
when dry, greyish to pale yellowish brown. Surface cov-
ered with tiny tufts of hair. Convex when young, flattened
ee margin when old ; often depressed. 14-2 inches

road.

Gills or LameHle—Broad, distant, unequal. Flesh colour. Slightly
decurrent.

Veil and Annulus—None.

Stem or Stife—Slender, stiff, fibrous, stuffed, or hollow. Colour
like cap. Often twisted. 1-3 inches long.

Spores—White, rough, globose.

Flesh—Thin, pale flesh colour, leathery, tasteless.

Hét’ér-d-phyl'-la. Cli-té-c7'-bé Lac.ca’-t&
70

DECEIVING CLITOCYBE (UNWHOLESOME)

(Clétocybe illudens, Schw.)
Dull orange; phosphorescent. See Genus, Pp. 70

White-spored Series

Sections of C. laccata

Zime—Spring to autumn.
Habitat—W ood, swamps, or open fields, naked ground, mossy
or grassy places.

Var. amethystina has cap darker, gills amethyst, quite
decurrent.

Var. pallidifolia, gills paler than laccata.

Var. striatula, plants small, gills showing as lines through
the thin cap.

Clitocybe virens

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, convex, expanded, obtuse. Pale greenish
blue. ;

Gills or Lamelle—White, crowded, thin, slightly decurrent.

Stem or Stipe—White, with occasional rusty spots ; stiff, solid.
Sometimes two stems are found growing together at the base.

Spores—W hite.

Flesh—White.

Zime—Autumn.

Habitat—The specimen photographed was found growing in
mixed woods in Pennsylvania.

Am-&-thYs'-tl-n& PAl-l-dt-f6'-N-% Stri-&t'-8-ld Vi'-réns
71

Fungi with Gills

GENUS TRICHOLOMA

The members of genus Tricholoma have white spores, and
no collar on the stem. The gills are attached to the stem, and
are notched on the edge at or near the stem.

Masked Tricholoma (Edible)

Tricholoma personatum (var. bulbosum)

Cap or Pileus—Nariable in colour; pale lilac, with yellowish tint;
brighter in young specimens; sometimes whitish or pale
greyish. Thick, fleshy, convex when young, with margin

Section of T.

Flesh—Firm.

Gills

rolled in, and
slight bloom or
mealiness on
the surface.
When mature,
smooth ; mar-
gin wavy or
turned upward.

or Lamelle—
Faint lilac col-
our, with tint
of violet. Nar-
row, unequal,
free, close, and
rounded at the
stem end.

Stem—Faint lilac

personatum (var. bulbosum)

Habitat—Thin woods, open. grassy places. -
Zime—September to freezing weather.

Tri-chd-16'-ma

tint. Surface
rather fibrous ;
short, stout,
solid, bulbous.

Spores—Sordid

white,

ellipti-
cal.

Pér-sén-a'-ttim

‘Cxd ‘uinsoging wea .'14 “uin}euosind eworoyoiy )
AS(S1P2) LUO] OUS'.|. Dexse lA)

Pholtota aggericola, Peck

Reduced slightly
See page 84

Craterellus cantharellus, Schw.

(Edible.) Reduced slightly

Brown-spored Series

Craterellus cantharellus (Edible)

Cap or Pileus—Margin wavy. Yellow or pinkish
yellow. Fleshy, firm, convex, then centrally
depressed.

Gills or Lamelle—Blunt, running down the stem,
forking many times.

Stem—Solid, yellow, and smooth.

Spores—Y ellowish.

flesh—White, slightly stained in places. Taste

_ slightly peppery ; no odour.

Time—Summer and autumn.

Habitat—Specimen photographed was found grow-
ing in moss and earth on an old wood roadin _ Section of C.
mixed woods, New Jersey. Canebarallits

Craterellus is at present classified as one of the family
Thelephoracee. For convenience we have placed it under
‘Fungi with Gills.” It is interesting, as it forms a connecting
link between fam. Thelephoracee and fam. Agaricacee.

GENUS AGARICUS

The genus Agaricus includes all brown-spored species which
have free gills and astem with a collar. The distinctive features
of several edible species may be quite satisfactorily seen by refer-
ence to the table with parallel columns.

Mushroom-growing is becoming quite an important industry
in this country ; both professional horticulturists and amateurs
successfully engage in it. It is not a difficult matter to raise the
common mushroom, as the conditions necessary are easily ob-
tained. Mushrooms will grow almost anywhere out of doors,
and also in cellars, caves, and tunnels where a uniform and mod-
erate temperature of from 50° to 60° Fahr. can be maintained. The
part of a cellar devoted to mushrooms must be darkened some-
what, must have a dry floor, and must be protected from wet
overhead and from winds. These conditions are common in cel-
lars which are rather dark, but sufficiently well ventilated not to
be musty. The bed for the mushrooms is prepared in a manner

Cra'-tér-él'-liis Thél-é-phd-ra'-¢é-2e A-gir'-I-ciis
73

Fungi with Gills

similar to that employed in making a hot-bed, care being taken
that the conditions are such that too great heat is not generated.
Any one desiring to experiment will find it helpful to have the
‘Farmers’ Bulletin,” No. 53, ‘‘How to Grow Mushrooms,”
which may be obtained from the United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Agaricus campestri, L. (edible).
Reduced. See page 76.

Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible).
Reduced. See page 77.

FIELD MUSHROOM (EDIBLE)

(Agaricus campestris, L.)
This is the uncultivated variety of the common mushroom. See p. 76

Brown-spored Series

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Fungi with Gills

Common Mushroom (Edible)

Agaricus campestris (See PLates Facinc PAGES 74 AND 75)

Cap or Pileus—Silky, or with fine fibres. The young plants—
“‘buttons”—are hemispherical or almost globose. The
mature plants are convex or nearly flat. White, or tinged
with dingy browns. Skin separable. Margin extending
beyond the gills.

Gills or Lamelle—Delicate pink, then dark brown, covered by a
veil in young plants. Crowded, rounded at the inner ex-
tremity. Not attached to stem

Stem or Stipe—White, smooth; stuffed; that is, softer within than
without. Shorter than the diameter of the cap.

Ring or Annulus—Delicate, often disappearing with age.

Flesh—White. Much esteemed.

Spores—Brownish, elliptical.

Time—Late summer and autumn.

Habitat—In pastures, lawns, and open places.

Agaricus campestris is the mushroom ordinarily seen in the
markets, either fresh from the growers or preserved in cans.

Rodman’s Mushroom (Edible)
Agaricus Rodmani

Sections of A. Rodmani
C4m-pés'-ttis Rdd-min'-3
76

RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, YOUNG (EDIBLE)
(Agaricus Rodmani, Peck. Reduced)

RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, MATURE (EDIBLE)
(Agaricus Rodmani, Peck)

Nat. size: Cap diam., 3% inches ; stem length, 2 inches

(Edible)

Agaricus abruptus, Peck.

Brown-spored Series

Cap or Pileus—Creamy, with brownish spots. Firm, surface dry.
Mature specimens frequently have the surface or the cap
broken into large, brownish scales. 334 inches broad.

Gills or Lamelle—Whitish, then pink, becoming dark brown.
Narrow, close, unequal.

Stem or Stipe—Fleshy, solid, short, thick. 2 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—Double.

Spores—Brown.

flesh—Firm, whit>, assuming a pinkish or salmon tint. When
cut, agreeable nutty flavour.

Time—May to July.

Habitat—Grassy grounds, crevices of unused pavements. The
specimen photo-
graphed was
found growing in
a cluster between
broken stone in

the gutter of a ()
village street in
New Jersey.

Agaricus ab-
ruptus (Edible)

Cap or Pileus—Cream y
white, dry, and
silky. Irregular
in shape when
young. Yellow
when bruised.

Gills or LameHe—
Slightly pinkish
when the veil
first breaks;
deeper pink in
mature speci-
mens, becoming
brownish. Soft,
free from the
stem, crowded,
unequal.

Stem or Stipe—Creamy
white, deeper
cream, or brown-
ish near the base.
Hollow, stiff,
brittle, sometimes Section of A. abruptus

Ab-rtip’-tiis
77

Fungi with Gills

splitting lengthwise. Abruptly bulbous at the base,
tapering toward cap. 3 inches long.

Spores—Brown.

Veil and Annulus—Frail, part adhering to the margin of the cap,
part forming aring on the stem.

Flesh—White, solid. Decided taste of pistachio-nut.

Time—September.

Habitat—The specimen photographed grew by the trail along
Lake Placid.

GENUS HYPHOLOMA

This genus has brown spores, and no volva at the base of
the stem. The veil remains as a fringe attached to the margin
of the pileus, but is not always apparent in old specimens; no
portion remains as aring onthestem. The gills are attached or
grown fast to the stem at their inner extremity. In this respect,
and also in having the stem destitute of a collar, the genus differs
from the genus Agaricus.

Perplexing Hypholoma (Harmless)
Hypholoma perplexum

Cap or Fileus— Convex or nearly plane, smooth, sometimes
slightly umbonate. Reddish or brownish red, fading to yel-
low on the margins.

Stem or Stipe—Firm and hollow, slightly covered with fine
threads. Whitish or yellowish to rusty red or red brown.
2-3 inches long.

Veil or Ring—Veil remains attached to the margin. No ring on
the stem.

Gills or Lamelle—Thin, crowded, slightly rounded at the stem
end. At first pale yellow, then tinged with green or purplish
brown.

Spores—Purplish brown, elliptical.

Flesh—Mild, not clearly bitter, white.

Zime—Autumn to freezing weather.

Habitat—Grows in clusters, sometimes singly, on stumps, in the
woods or in the open.

Six allied species of Hypholoma may be readily distinguished
by reference to the table.

HY’ -phé-13'-ma Pér-pléx'-tim
78

Perplexing Hypholoma (harmless). -
(Hypholoma perplexum, Pk.)

Section of H. perplexum

Brown-spored Series

I—TASTE MILD OR NOT CLEARLY BITTER

H. epixanthus
Gray-gilled Mush-
; room

H. capnoides

H. perplexum
Perplexing Mush-
room

Gills—Y ellow, be-
coming grey;
neither ‘green nor
purplish.

Cap—Yellow or
slightly tawny on
disk only.

Gills—Grey to purple-
brown.

Cap —Yellow or
slightly tawny on
the disk only.

Gills—Y ellow, green,
or purple brown.

Cap—Brick red, yel-
low onthe margin.

Taste—Mild. Taste—Mild. Taste—Mild or not
clearly bitter.
Regarded as edible,
B-pi-xin’-thiis Cap-noi’-dés

Fungi with Gills

I—TASTE BITTER

H. elaodes

H. fasciculare

Tufted Yellow Mush-
room

H. sublateritium
Brick-red Mush-
room

Gills—Green to olive.
Cap—Brick red.
Stem—Hollow, rusty.

Flesh—Y ellow.

Taste—Bitter.

Gills—Yellow to
green.

Cap—Yellow tinged
with tawny.

Siem — Hollow, yel-
low.

Filesh—VY ellow.
Taste—Bitter.

Reputed poisonous.

Gils—W hitish to
sooty olive.

Cap—Brick red.

Stem—Solid or
stuffed.

Flesh—W hitish.

Taste—Bitter.

Reputed poisonous and
edible.

Uncertain Hypholoma (Edible)

Hypholoma incertum

Cap or Pileus—Thin,

and adorned
with the frag-
ments of the
woolly whiteveil.
Opaque when
dry, transparent
when moist.
Ovate at first,
then broadly
spreading. 1-2%
inches wide.

Gills or Lamelle—
Thin, narrow,
close; fastened to
the stem at their
inner extremity.
White at first,
then purplish
brown.

El'-z-0'-dés

Fasc’-1c-t1-1a’-ré

fragile,

whitish. Margin often wavy

Section of H. incertum

Sib-la-tér-1’-shi-tim

Tn-cér’-tiim

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sayou) + ‘yjJua] wa3s t soyouT F ‘‘weIp ded :azis‘jeN “peonpsy
Cyeeyosg ‘znzz24agvzqns viuaozoygr pz)
(aqgiaa) do. yowa

Brown-spored Series

Stem or Stife—Hollow, white, and slender. 1-3 inches long.
Spores—Purplish brown, elliptical.

Filesh—Tender.

Time —Throughout a moist season.

Habitat—In clusters, in lawns, gardens, thin woods, and pastures.

Brick Top (Edible)
Hypholoma sublateritium

Cap or Pileus—Brick red, with pale yellowish border. Surface
covered with fine silky fibres. Fleshy, firm, moist. 234-4
inches broad.

Stem or Stipe—Creamy when young, lower part slightly tinged
with red.
Hollow. or
stuffed. Silky
fibres on the
surface. 2%-
4inches long.

Gills or Lamella—
Creamy
when young,
olive when
old. Attached
to stem at
innerextrem-
ity. Rather
narrow,
crowded, un-
equal.

Ring or Annulus—
None. Rem-
nants of veil
often seen on
edge of cap.

Spores—Brown.

Flesh—Creamy,
firm, bitter.

Time —Septem-
ber.

Habitat— The
specimen
photo-
graphed
grew in clus-
ters ona
mossy stump

Section of H. sublateritium in the open.

6 81

Fungi with Gills

GENUS STROPHARIA

There are about seven species of this genus in America. The
spores are brown, there is no volva, the stem has a collar, and
the lamella are united with the stem. They have no special
economic importance.

GENUS PSATHYRA

Two American species are reported for this genus. The
spores are dark brown, there is no volva, the veil is inconspicu-
ous or wanting, and the lamellz attached to the stem or notched
at the inner extremity. The margin of the cap in the young
plant and mature plant is always straight.

GENUS PSILOCYBE

Eleven American species are reported for this genus. The
spores are dark brown. There is no volva, the veil is incon-
spicuous or wanting, and the lamelle are attached to the stem
or notched at the inner extremity. In the young plant the cap
curves in at the margin.

GENUS PILOSACE

This genus has but one American species recorded. The
spores are dark brown. There is no volva, and the veil is incon-
spicuous or wanting. The lamellz are free from the stem.

GENUS DECONICA

But one American species is reported. This has dark brown
spores, and the lamellae growing down on the stem. The veil
is inconspicuous or wanting, and there is no volva.

Stréph-a'-ri-4 Psa-thy’-ra Psi-l6-cy'-bé
Pi-16-sa’-¢é Dé-cén’-1-cd
82

Rusty-spored Series

GENUS CHITONIA

One American species is reported in this genus, Clarkeinde
plana, from Nebraska. The spores are brown, and the stem has
a volva at the base, but no ring.

GENUS PHOLIOTA

The members of this genus have rusty spores, and an annulus
on the stem. There are about twenty known species, and
some of these are edible.

Fat Pholiota (Edible)

Pholiota adiposa (See Prats Factne Pace 61)

Cap or Pileus—Showy, deep yellow,
with little scales of reddish
brown. Fleshy, firm. At first
hemispherical, then convex.
Sticky when moist, shiny when
dry. 2-4 inches broad.

Stem or Stipe—Stem yellow, gener-
ally rusty at the base. Equal in
diameter, or slightly thickened
at the base. Stuffed or solid. Section of P, adiposa
Tough.

Gills or Lamelle—Yellowish, becoming rusty; close, and at-
tached to the stem.

Ring or Annulus—Slightly radiating, woolly.

Spores—Rusty brown.

Zime—September to November.

flabitat—tIn tufts, on stumps or dead trunks of trees.

Pholiota limonella, \emon-yellow pholiota, has a smaller,
thinner, and more expanded cap, of a lighter yellow, with white
gills.

Chi-té!-n¥-4 Pho-lt-3'-t4 Ad-1-po'-s&
83

Fungi with Gills

Early Pholiota (Edible)
Pholiota precox

Cap or Pileus—Creamy white,
smooth, not shining. Very
thin skin. 1-2 inches long.

Stem or Stipe—Creamy white,
rather scaly. Skin peels
readily. Stuffed or hollow.
1-5 inches long.

Gills or Lamelle—Creamy white
when young, brown when
mature. Soft, close, un-
equal, notched at the inner
extremity, and attached to
the stem.

Veil and Ring—Stretched like a
drumhead from stem to mar-
gin of cap. Variable in
manner of parting. It some-
times separates from cap
margin, and forms a distinct
ring about the stem; again,
but little remains on the
stem, and much on the rim
of the cap.

Spores—Rusty brown.

Flesh—W hite, solid though soft,
moist. Taste slightly bitter.

Time—May to July.

Habitat—Grassy ground. The
specimen pictured grew
about the roots of a poplar

Section of P. preecox tree in New Jersey.

Pholiota aggericola
(See Prate Facinc Pace 73)

Cap or Pileus—Brown, shining when moist. Margin in older
specimens finely and closely impressed with parallel lines.
Cap diameter of specimen photographed, 2 inches.

Gills or Lamelle—Pale brownish when young, darker brown

Pré’-cdx' Ag-gér-e'-8-14
84

IVORY HYGROPHORUS (EDIBLE)
(Aygrophorus eburneus, Fries)
Reduced. Cap diam., 1 inch: stem length, 234 inches
See page 61

_
ee,

EARLY PHOLIOTA (EDIBLE)
(Pholiota pracox, Pers.)

Reduced. Nat. size: Cap diam., 2% inches; stem length, 3{ inches.

$g -d ‘snue+) 99$
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Clg ‘suzun2 snz1mUuzp40))

SNIYVNILYOD DOG

Rusty-spored Series

when mature. Attached to stem when young, free when
older.

Veii—Pale brown, colour of stem.

Stem or Stipbe—

Pale brown-
ish, darker at ae 5 um a
base. Softer

texture with-

in than with-

out. Stem

length of

specimen

photo-

graphed, 2

inches.
Spores — Rusty

brown.
Flesh—Pale

brownish;

brittle. No

taste or

marked

odour. Section of P. aggericola
Time—October.
Habitat—Specimen photographed grew among grass and leaves

in a New Jersey garden.

GENUS CORTINARIUS

This genus contains many species which are distinguished
by the rusty yellow colour of their spores and by the webby
character of the veil. It is of the utmost importance in identify-
ing species of Cortinarius to know the colour of the gills of the
young plant, as the gills of the old plants are almost uniform in
colour, owing to their being dusted with the rusty yellow spores.
In addition, one should carefully note the colour of the young
plant compared with the old; the surface, whether sticky or dry,
smooth or hairy; the taste; and the markings left on the stem by
the retreating.veil. All species have their gills attached to the
stem, and some have them notched at the stem end. They may
be looked for along the borders of woods and groves in hilly
regions, during the latter part of the summer.

Cor-t?-na’-ri-tis
85

Fungi with Gills

Cortinarius alboviolaceus (See Piate Facinc Pace 65)

Cap or Pileus—Lavender, paler in the centre. Surface with rusty
spots. 2% inches broad.
Gills or Lamelle—Crowded, unequal, attached to the stem.

\\\

C. violaceus

Stem or Stipe—Pale lavender, assuming a deeper shade when cut
or bruised. Spongy in the centre, swollen toward the base.
3 inches long.

Veil_—Filmy, stretching from stem to the margin of the cap in
young plant. |

Spores—Rusty brown. |

Al-bd'-vi-6-1a’-¢é-tis
86

ZONED CORTINARIUS

(Cortinarius armitlatus, A. & §., Fr.)
Cap cinnamon-brown; gills paler than cap; stem light brown with fibrous zones of red. See Genus, p. 85

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Pink-spored Series

lesh—Tinged with violet.
Time—Autumn.
Habitat—Thick, damp woods.

C. violaceus differs from c. alboviolaceus in having the cap
dark violet and usually covered with fibres.

GENUS PLUTEUS

The members of the genus Plufeus are fleshy fungi with
pink spores, and gills free from the stem. They have no volva or
wrapper about the young plant, and no ring or annulus on the
stem. Eleven species are known from the United States, of
which Pluteus cervinus, the fawn-coloured mushroom, is the
commonest.

The generic name Pluteus means ail that is joined together
to make a cover for besiegers at their work, that they may be
screened from the missiles of the enemy. The arrangement of
the caps in the group pictured is suggestive of the meaning.

Fawn-coloured Pluteus (Edible)

Pluteus cervinus

Cap or Pileus—Light
brown or fawn
coloured,
streaked with
lines of darker
brown. Sur-
face dry and
shining. Skin
thin and papery.
3% inches
broad.

Gills or Lamella—
Almost white
when young,
flesh colour
when mature.
Broad, unequal
in length, free
from the stem.

Stem or Stipe—
Creamy white, P. cervinus

Pla'-té-tts Cér-vi'-ntis
87

Fungi with Gills

streaked with pale brown. Brittle, pithy in the centre when
mature. 3-6 inches long.
Spores—Pink, with suggestions of yellow; salmon colour.
Flesh—W hite, tasteless.
Time—Early in the season, May.
abitat—Mixed woods, on and around old stumps. New Jersey.

GENUS ENTOLOMA

The members of this genus have pink spores, and the
lamellz attached to the stem, or with a notch near the junction
of gilland stem. The stemis fleshy, and not tough and hard as
in Leptonia and Nolanea, genera with pink spores and adnate
or sinuate lamella. There are some twelve species in this genus,
none of which have any economic interest.

GENUS ECCILIA

The members of the genus Eccilia have neither volva nor
annulus. The gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are
pink, and the stems have a hard, tough rind, not fleshy as in
Clitopilus. There are three species known in America.

GENUS VOLV ARIA

The members of the genus VYolvaria are fleshy fungi, soon
becoming putrescent. The spores are salmon colour. A volva
is present, but no annulus. Distinguished from Amanitopsis by
having salmon-coloured spores instead of white.

GENUS CLITOPILUS

The members of this group have neither volva nor annu-
lus. The gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are
pink, and the stem is fleshy, without a hard and tough rind as
in Eccilia. There are fourteen American species, of which at
least two species are edible.

En-t6-lo’-ma N6-la’-né-4 Ec-cil'-1-8
Lép-to' -nt-4 Vol-va'-ri-4 Cli-td-pi'-lis
88

16 eded cas
(@ZIS "JEN "HOO ‘szezsaazzs "yea ‘snzcvyuauvazy snuzragoD)

(angiaga) SANIYdOD ANI

Black-spored Series

GENUS COPRINUS
Ink Caps (Edible)

The genus Coprinus may be readily recognised from the
fact that the spore-bearing plates dissolve to an inky fluid soon
after the spores mature.

An amateur mushroom hunter may feel perfectly safe in col-
lecting ink caps for his table, as all the species large enough to
tempt the collector are not only edible, but are generally conceded
to be of the best.

Their general appearance is such that even the most un*
trained observer should not mistake them for species of other
groups.

The oblong or nearly cylindrical cap, which does not expand
until ready to dissolve in inky drops, is too striking a character-
istic to permit of any one making a mistake in identifying it as
a specimen safe to eat.

These plants literally grow up in a night and perish in a
day, as their period of growth is spent underground, and it is
not until all the parts of the fruiting portions of the plants are
fully developed that they push themselves above ground. Then
they push and crowd from the ground in such numbers, where
but a few hours before no evidence of them was seen, that each
one is compressed from its cylindrical form to that of a many-
sided prism, so that there would be no chance for the expansion
of those within the group if it were not, that those on the outer
rim so rapidly expand and dissolve away.

Specimens to be eaten should be gathered in the young
stage and should be cooked promptly; for though not poisonous
in the black stage, they are surely not attractive.

Shelley must have had the ink caps in mind when he wrote
of the fungi in the garden of ‘‘ The Sensitive Plant”:

‘Their mass rotted off them flake by flake,
Till the thick stalk stuck like a murderer’s stake,
Where rags of loose flesh yet tremble on high,
Infecting the winds that wander by.”

Co-pri’-niis

Fungi with Gills

Shaggy-mane; Horsetail: Maned Agaric
(Edible)

Coprinus comatus (Sex Paces 1, v, viii)

Cap or Pileus—Cylindrical or barrel-shaped; becoming bell-shaped
or expanded, with split margins, when old. Colour of the
buttons or young plants dark; but that of the older forms
white, flecked with dark patches or scales. Surface shaggy.
14-3 inches long before expansion.

Stem or Stipe—White, smooth, hollow. 3-4 inches long.

fing or Anrulus—Slightly adherent, or movable in the young
plant ; later lying on the ground at the base of the stem,
or wholly disappearing.

Gills or Lamelle—Crowded. White, then tinged with pink ;
finally black, and dripping an inky fluid.

Spores—Black, elliptical.

Flesh—Fragile, tender, digestible, with nutty flavour.

Time—Autumn.

Habitat—Loose, rich earth. By roadsides, in pastures, and in
dumping grounds.

If one study the specimens of the shaggy-mane from the
time it pushes its little brown head above the ground until, as a
tall black umbrella, it melts away into inky blackness, he will
find much that is beautiful and interesting.

A little brown button may be cut with a sharp knife through-
out its length to show the unexpanded gills lying close to the
part which is afterwards to become the stem.

An older button cut in the same way will show the gills
Separated from the stem and the outer cover of the cap at the
lower end of the gills joined to the stem. Astill older specimen
will show the connection of the outer cover broken loose from
the base of the gill and the torn part still remaining on the stem
as a temporary collar.

The outer layer of brown threads which covers the button
will be found to break as the threads within expand, and to re-
main in the older specimens on the surface as patches of brown
threads. Underlying these are broken white threads which in a
younger stage, unbroken, formed a white cover under the brown.
It is these loosely hanging threads which give the shaggy ap-
pearance to the cap of the mature plants and which have
suggested the names of shaggy-mane, horsetails, and comatus
(comatus, in Latin, meaning hairy).

Co-ma’-tiis

(QZIS ‘JEN "SOT ‘sw24vzuauLv4zD snUuzsgoD)

(angiaa) SNNI¥dOD AYNI

Black-spored Series

Inky Coprinus (Edible)
Coprinus atramentarius

Cap or Pileus—Cylindrical at first, broadening by degrees until it
is cone-shaped. Colour greyish or greyish brown, with sug-
gestions of lead colour. Smooth or with a few obscure
scales on the disk. Often suffused with bloom. The mar-
gin sometimes notched or lobed. Deliquescing. 1-3 inches
in diameter.

Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth, whitish, hollow.

king or Annulus—A slight vestige of one may be seen to extend
around the stem near the base as an irregular zigzag ele-
vated line of threads.

Gills or Lamelle—Crowded. At first whitish and flocculose on
the edges, then black, moist, dropping away in inky fluid.

Spores—Black, elliptical.

Flesh—White, quickly deliquescing.

Time—Autumn.

fabitat—Rich soil, waste places, woods.

The form growing in the woods is much more beautiful and
is known as C. atramentarius, var. silvestris. See plate facing

page 89.
Glistening Coprinus (Edible)

Coprinus micaceus

Cap or Pileus—Ovate, then bell-shaped. Striations radiating
from near the centre of the disk to the margin. Glistening
mica-like scales cover undisturbed young specimens. 1-2
inches broad. Colour tan, light buff, or tawny yellow.

Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth, fragile, white, hollow. 1-3 inches
long.

Ring or “nnalis-< Rarely seen except in very young specimens.

Gills or Lamelle—Not as crowded as in the ink cap and shaggy-
mane. Colour white, then tinged with pinkish or purplish
brown, finally black.

Spores—Brown, elliptical.

Flesh—A nutty flavour when raw. In wet weather it melts to
an inky fluid. In dry weather it may dry with all parts
well preserved.

Zime—Common during spring and early autumn.

The glistening coprinus is small and beautiful, and grows in
clusters on decaying woods, stumps, or buried roots.

At'-ri-mén-ta’-rl-tis Mi-ca’-¢é-iis

Fungi with Gills

GENUS GOMPHIDIUS

This genus has black spores. The lamellz are waxy, and
grow downward on the stem.

GENUS PSATHYRELLA

The members of this genus are fleshy fungi, with black
spores. They have no annulus, and the lamellae are not waxy
or decurrent. The cap is striate, and the stem has a hard,
tough rind.

GENUS PAN/EZOLUS

There are six or more species of this genus in America.
They have black ovoid spores, a cap smooth and not striate, a
fleshy stem.

GENUS LACTARIUS

A milky or coloured juice exuding frorn the broken gills of a
fungus marks it as a Lactarius. The species are mostly stout
and fleshy, the cap resembling an inverted cone; the gills are
more or less decurrent, and the stem short and stout. Many of
the species have a hot, acrid taste, and some have zones of colour
on the surface of the cap. The spores are white or yellow. The
juice exuded may be white or orange or blue.

Peppery Lactarius (Edible)
Lactarius piperatus

Cap or Pileus—Creamy white, fleshy, firm, depressed in the cen-
tre. Dry, never viscid, and uncommonly broad. 3-12 inches
in diameter.

Gills or og eos white, narrow, crowded, unequal,
forked, decurrent. Exuding a milky juice when bruised.
Milk white.

Stem or Stipe—Creamy white, short, thick, solid, rounded at and
slightly tapering toward the base.

Gém-phid'-f-tis Sa-thy-rél'-14 Pan-z'-6-liis
Lac-ta’-ri-tis Pip-ér-a'-ttis

‘

PEPPERY LACTARIUS

(Lactarius piperatus, Scop. Nat. size)

PEPPERY LACTARIUS

(Lactarius piperatus, Scop. Nat. size)

Mycena heematopoda, Pers. See page 55

Lactarius ligniotus, Fr.

Fungi with Milky Juice

L. piperatus

Veil and Annulus—None.

Spores—W hite. ;

Flesh—Slightly paler than the surface of the cap. Taste very pep-
pery. Odour quite aromatic.

Time—Summer.

Habitat—Specimen pictured was found in mixed woods, among
dried leaves and sticks, in New Jersey.

Lactarius ligniotus

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy ; brown velvety surface ; convex to plane;
brittle.

Gills or Lamelle—Attached to the stem, distant, unequal. Snow
white to yellowish white. Milk mild and white,

Stem and Stipe—The upper part the same colour as the cap surface,
base lighter ; hollow.

Ring or Annulus—None.

Spores— White.

Llesh—Taste pleasant. Broken flesh reddish white, then yellow
ish.

Time—September.

Habitat—Common among mosses under fir trees. The specimen
pictured was found growing in mixed woods at Lake Placid.

Lig-ni-d'-tiis
93

CHAPTER VI: FUNG! WITH TEETH—
HYDNACE/E

Tue fungi with teeth are so called because, instead of bear-
ing their spores on the surface of gills and pores, they bear
them on the surface of awl-shaped teeth, which project down-
ward. The genera of the family Hydnacee are distinguished
by the size, shape, and attachment of the teeth. Plants with
teeth only, and no basal membrane, make the genus Mucronella.
Plants with flattened, leaf-like teeth attached to a leathery mem-
brane, growing on wood, either in the form of a cap, or simply
spreading over the host, make the genus /rpex. Plants with
thick, blunt, irregular spines make the genus Radulum. Fleshy
or membranous plants with caps and flattened teeth, growing on
the ground, make the genus Sistotrema. Plants which spread
over their host, closely attached to its surface, and have simple,
bristle-like teeth, make the genus Pycnodon. Plants growing
in a manner similar to those of the genus Pycnodon, but having
low-crested wrinkles instead of bristles, make the genus
Phlebia ; while those with smooth hemispherical warts make
the genus Grandinia, and those with crested papillose warts
make the genus Odontium. The typical genus Hydnum has the
teeth cylindrical, so that a cross section would appear circular.
This is the only large genus, and in it are found several impor-
tant edible species. These may be put in two groups, one con-
taining the species with a cap and central stem, and one the
species grc wing in branched masses with no distinct cap. These
are commonly known as Hedgehog Mushrooms.

HYd-na'-¢8-2e Tr'-péx Sts-td-tré’-m4 Phl&b-1'-4
Mi-cré-nél’-la Rad'-t-liim Pyc'-né-ddn Grn-di'-ni-a
O-dént’-!-iim 11 ¥d'-niim

Genus Hydnum

GENUS HYDNUM
Spreading Hydnum (Edible)
Hydnum repandum (See Pate Factne Pace 103)

Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, fragile, moist, smooth or somewhat
scaly in mature specimens. Variable in colour ; light red,
pale buff, or rusty yellow. Convex, plane, or deeply con-
cave by the stem becoming
hollow. Margins often wavy.
1-4 inches broad.

Teeth or Aculei—Pointed, whitish, “Wy
easily detached, leaving little
cavities in the fleshy cap.

Stem or Stipe—Stem solid in young
specimens, hollow in older
specimens. Surface rather
rough ; often eccentric. 1-3
inches long.

Flesh—Watery, lighter colour than
cap.

Spores-Whitish.

Time—July to October.

Habitat—Woods and open places.
Singly or in clusters. The speci-
men pictured was found in
North Carolina in February.

Section of H. repandum

Hydnum rufescens (edible) is redder than the typical form,
is smaller and more regular.

White Hydnum (Edible)
Hydnum albidum

Cap or Pileus—White, fleshy. 1-2 inches broad.
Teeth or Aculei—White, short.

Stem or Stipe—White, solid, short. 1-2 inches long.
Filesh—White.

Time—June to August.

Habvitat—Thin, wet woods.

Ré-pan'-diim Ri-fés’-céns Al-bi’-diim
95

Fungi with Teeth—Hydnacexz

Hydnum imbricatum

Cap or Pileus—Brownish, as if
scorched. Surface cracked in
irregular scales. 6-7 inches
wide.

Teeth—Bluish grey.

Stem or Stie—Short and thick, with

H, inbricagam irregular scales.

a Flesh—W hitish.

Time—Late summer.

Habitat—Dry woods.

Bear’s-head Hydnum (Edible)

Hydnum caput-urst

Plant—White, fleshy.
Branches and Teeth—Short branches covered with awl-shaped
teeth of varying length, pointed toward the ground.

Section of H. caput-ursi

Flesh—White when young, creamy when old.

Habitat—On prostrate or standing tree trunks of decaying de-
ciduous trees. Erect, if on the upper side; ascending or
pendulous or both, if on the side of the trunk.

The bear’s-head hydnum is very variable in form. The

Ym-bri-ca’-titm Ca’ -piit-iir’-si

BEAR'S HEAD (EDIBLE)
(Aydnum Caput-Ursi, Fries)

CORAL HYDNUM

(Hvdnum coralloides, Scop.). See p. 97

Genus Hydnum

essential character is a solid, fleshy body with short protecting
branches bearing numerous simple or branched teeth, which
may vary in length from one-sixth of an inch to two inches.

Medusa’s Head (Edible)
Hydnum caput-meduse

Hydnum caput-medus@ has knob-like branches, with short,
distorted teeth above, and long, uniform ones below. At first it
is white, but later changes toa smoky or ash colour. The change
in colour from white to an ashy tint distinguishes it from H.
caput-ursi, which changes to creamy white.

Hedgehog Hydnum (Edible)
Hydnum echinaceus

The hedgehog hydnum is white at first, and then creamy.
The branches are knob-like, and bear numerous straight, equal
teeth about two inches long.

Coral Hydnum (Edible)
Hydnum coralloides

Plant—Pure white, becoming creamy with age.

Branches and Teeth—Numerous, spreading, angular or flattened.
Terminal branches often curved upwards, terminating in a
crowded mass of spines. Teeth, %6~-% of an inch long.

Stem—Short, dividing into branches almost from the base.

Flesh—Tender, white, with agreeable taste.

Time—July to October.

Habitat—On prostrate trees in mountainous or hilly country.

When amere child Elias Fries was so attracted by this beau-
tiful coral-like fungus, which grew in his native forests in Sweden,
that he was led to take up the study of fungi, and later became
one of the most prominent students in that branch of botany,
and laid the foundation for the study of the Basidiomycetes.

C2&'-ptit-mé-dii'-se Ech-i-na’-gé-tis Cér-al-loi’-dés
7 97

CHAPTER VII: FAIRY CLUBS AND CORAL
FUNGI—CLAVARIACE/A:

Tue fairy clubs and coral fungi belong to the family Clava.
riacee. ‘They are fleshy fungi of upright growth, which have
their spore-bearing surface exposed on the apices of branching
or simple club-like forms. Many are extremely beautiful, re-
sembling corals of exquisite shades of pink, violet, yellow, or
white.

The seven genera are distinguished by the colour of the
spores, by their habit of growth—whether simple or branched,
and, if branching, by the form of the branches; whether club-
like or thread-like, flat or round, cartilaginous or leathery. Many
of the members of this family are edible, and none are known to
be unwholesome, so that it will be safe for a beginner to try any
of them.

GENUS PHYSALACRIA

Plant small, simple, hollow, and enlarged at the apex.

GENUS PISTILLARIA

Plants conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with two
spicules to each spore-bearing cell.

GENUS TYPHULA

Plants conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with four
spicules to each spore-bearing cell.
Clav'-ar'-1-4/-c&-@ = PhYsed-la’-crf-& 0 Pas-tfl-la’-r-4. ss TYph’-i-ld
98

66 ‘d vag ‘AuMe) suamads osnyeur ! mo[jaA suauriseds Juno,
Cag '277n517 viavavzD)

VINVAVID SNONOL FILL

Genus Clavaria

GENUS SPARASSIS

Plants conspicuous, with the branches strongly flattened or
leaf-like.

Sparassis crispa somewhat resembles a yellow cauliflower,
and often forms masses as large as one’s hand. It is considered
an excellent fungus for the table.

GENUS PTERULA

The members of this genus are mostly slender, thread-like
forms, cartilaginous when moist, and horny when dry.

GENUS LACHNOCLADIUM |

The members of this genus are leathery plants covered with
hairs.

GENUS CLAVARIA

The genus Clavaria is the largest genus in the family Clava-
riacee. Many of the species are edible, and so easily recognised
that the beginner may venture without hesitation to eat any of
the branching forms. The club-like forms might be mistaken
for certain club-shaped forms of the sac-fungi unless an examina-
tion of the spores were made. The Clavarias would have the
spores on little spicules, as in the garden mushroom, whereas
the forms for which they might be mistaken would have them
in membranous sacs.

In collecting species of Clavaria, notes should be taken as
to the character of the apices of the branches, the colour of
the branches, the colour of the spores, the taste, and the place
of growth.

Pale Yellow Clavaria (Edible)
Clavaria flava

Plant—White and pale yellow. 2-5 inches high; the mass of
branches 2-5 inches wide.
Spa-rés’-sis Cris’-pa Tér’-ii-ld Lak-né-cla’-di-im = Clay-ar'-1-8— Flav’-&

Fairy Clubs and Coral Fungi—Clavariacee

Branches—Round, not flattened; smooth, crowded, and nearly
parallel, pointing upward. Whitish or yellowish, with pale
yellow tips. Branchlets terminating in from one to three
blunt, tooth-like points.

Stem—Short, thick, white.

Spores—Y ellowish.

Flesh—W hite, tender.

Time—July to September.

Habitat—Thin woods and open places.

Golden Clavaria (Edible)
Clavaria aurea

The plant is from three to four inches high, with the
branches of a uniform deep golden yellow, and often longitudi-
nally wrinkled. The stem is stout, but thinner than the Clavaria
flava, which it somewhat resembles.

Red-tipped Clavaria (Edible)
Clavaria botrytes

Plant—From 2-5 inches high, whitish or yellow or pinkish, with
the ¢ips of the branches red.

Branches — Sometimes longitudinally wrinkled, repeatedly
branched.

Stem—Short, thick, fleshy, whitish.

Time—July to September.

Habitat—Thin woods and open places.

Crested Clavaria (Edible)
Clavaria cristata

Plant—Small, not more than 2-2% inches high. White or
whitish, often faintly tinged with dull pink, or creamy yel-
low, or smoky tints.

Branches—Widened and flattened above, and deeply cut into
several finger-like points, which may turn blackish brown
when old.

Stem—Slender, spongy within.

Spores—W hite.

Habitat—W oods and open places, especially in cool, shady, moist
places.

Au'-ré-4 Bo-try'-tés Cris-ta’-t4
10Q

Golden Clavaria (edible).
(Clavaria aurea, Schaeff.).

evans fonmocs Pere (edible).

See page |0!I.

Genus Clavaria

Pistil Clavaria; Large Club (Edible)

Clavaria pistillaris

_ Of the club-shaped clavarias, the pistil clavaria is the
largest. It is of a light yellow tinged with brown or red, and
with soft white flesh. In shape it resembles an Indian club,
being blunt and rounded at the summit, with a diameter of an
inch or less, and a height of five inches or less. It is found
during the summer in grassy open places or in thin woods.

Clavaria fellea

The clubs of this species are about one inch high, light yellow
tinged with brown or red, somewhat divided by pairs from
bottom to top into two forked branches. The stem is round and
solid, and the branches are crowded and nearly parallel, with
blunt tips, and of a uniform colour. The taste is bitter.

Clavaria formosa

The Clavaria formosa has a stout whitish stem, with erect
branches, dividing and subdividing repeatedly, golden to pink,
the branchlets obtuse. The specimen pictured grew on a fallen
tree in dense mixed woods.

Pis'-til-1a’-ris Fél'-18-% For-m6'-s&

tol

CHAPTER VIII: FUNGI WITH PORES—
BOLETACEA:; POLYPORACEAE

THE fungi with pores naturally divide into two groups.
The perishable fleshy fungi with pores easily separating from
the cap and from each other make the family Boletacew. The
perishable fleshy fungi, and the leathery, corky, membranous
or woody fungi, with pores permanently united to the cap and
to each other, make up the family Poly-
») poracee. In each the spores are borne on
the linings of pores or tubes placed close
together, so that on the surface of the cap they
look much like large pin pricks on a stiff
cushion ; but in a sectional view, obtained by cutting the cap
from the upper surface to the lower, they look like tubes placed
side by side.

Among the fleshy forms the genus Fistulina has the stem
lateral and the tubes close together, but distinct from each other.
The genus Boletus has the tubes easily separable from the cap,
and the genera Boletinus and Strobilomyces have the tubes quite
firmly connected. A brief comparison of essential points is
given in the table.

Section of a Boletus

1. Stem strictly lateral. Mouths of the tubes separated from

eachother seca o's sis oi s actmea rene ce Bow eee eee Genus FistuLiNa
2. Stem central. Pores readily separating from the cap..... Genus BoLetus
3. Stem central or eccentric; fleshy. Pores in more or less
TACIAtING TOWS icsareccieieies « saws a gee heasig ete ngewe Genus Bo.etinus
4. Stem central, cough. Pores uniform. Cap woody...... Genus STROBILOMYCES

GENUS FISTULINA

The genus Fistulina contains one notable species, Fistulina
hepatica, so called from its resemblance to a liver. In its early
stages it somewhat resembles a strawberry, and later it may

Bo-1é-ta’-gé-2e Fis-ti-li’-n& Bé-1é-ti’-niis
Pd'-ly-pd-ra'-cé-ae Bé-lé’-tiis Str6-bil-6'-my-gés
102

CONE-LIKE BOLETUS (EDIBLE, Mcl.)

(Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Berk.)
Purplish black ; flesh white, changing to red when bruised. See p. ro2

+; * : % % ;

Painted Boletinus (edible),
(Boletinus pictus, Pk.),

(Hydnum repandum, L.),
See page 95.

Spreading Hydnum (edible).

Genus Boletinus

have the appearance of a big red tongue protruding from a tree
trunk, so that the French call it langue de beuf. It is often
called vegetable beefsteak, from the flesh-like fibre and colour of
the fresh specimens. When young, the upper side is velvety
and of a fine peach colour ; later it becomes liver red and loses
the velvety appearance ; the under surface is flesh coloured, and
is rough, much like the surface of a tongue, owing to the fact
that the tubes are free from one another.

GENUS BOLETINUS

The spore-bearing surface of the genus Boletinus is cum-
posed of broad, radiating lamella connected by numerous nar-
row partitions so as to form large angular pores. The tubes are
not easily separable from each other and from the portion on
which they are borne. They are yellowish in colour, and grow
downward somewhat on the stem. The genera may be distin-
guished by the following table:

He Stem Hollows sisisisisnsaiarsteinvores veins pau Hees aes w os Eo eee BoLeTINUS CAVIPES
2. Stem solid, lateral, or eccentric.......... ... pcataheieianarae thant BoLeTINUS PoROSUS
3. Stem solid, central. Cap pale yellow and silky............ BOLETINUS DECIPIENS
4. Stem solid, central. Cap red...... 2... esses eee e ence eee BOLETINUS PALUSTER
5. Stem solid, central, Cap with red scales..............-.. BoLeTINUS PICTUS

Painted Boletinus (Edible)
Boletinus pictus

Cap or Pileus—Convex or nearly plane; at first covered with red
matted fibres, which soon divide tnto small scales, so as to
reveal the yellow colour of the cap beneath. 2-4 inches wide.

Tubes—Pale yellow, or pale yellow tinged with brown. Not
easily separated from the cap.

Veil—Webby, concealing the tubes of the young plant.

Stem or Stipe—Solid, with scales and colour similar to those of the
cap. 134-3 inches long.

Ring or Annulus—Webby; evident in some specimens.

Spores—Pale yellow tinged with brown.

Flesh—Y ellowish, often assuming reddish tints when bruised.

Habitat—Woods and mossy swamps.

Cav’ -Y-pés Po-ro'-stis Dé-clp’-1-éns Pa-lis’-tér Pic'-tiis
103

Fungi with Pores—Boletacez

GENUS BOLETUS

The species in the genus Boletus are numerous, and many
are extremely beautiful. They are distinguished from the other
pore-bearing fungi by the fact that their tubes are easily separable
from each other and from the portion on which they are borne.

They are to be looked for in the warmest part of the season,
and with a few exceptions will be found on the ground. As it
is difficult to dry specimens so that they will retain their size,
shape, and colour, careful notes should be taken of these points,
together with the colour of the spores, the colour of the tubes,
the colour of the flesh before and after being bruised, the char-
acter of the stem, the presence or absence of hairs and fibres on
the several parts of the plant. The genus Boletus contains many
edible species, and also many which are dangerous; and as the
recognition of the different species is a difficult matter, even for
experts, the beginner should be especially cautious. In general
it will be well to avoid for edible purposes all Bolefié which
change colour on exposure to the air or on being pressed; all
those which have red-mouthed tubes, or mouths of a deeper
colour than the rest of the tube; and all those with a peppery or
acrid taste. Experiment cautiously with the other species.

A detailed description of the species is out of the question in
this book; for such the reader must refer to ‘‘ Boleti of the United
States,” * or to ‘‘ Fuhrer fur Pilzfreunde.” +

Boletus glabelius

Cap—Smoky yellow.
Flesh—White, changing to blue when wounded.
Zubes—Brownish yellow tinged with green, changing to blue
when wounded.
Stem—Reddish at the base, pallid above, with a narrow reddish
circumscribing zone or line at the top.
Habitat—Grassy ground.
Gli-bél’-liis

* Bulletin, New York State Museum, No. 8, 1888. This can be obtained
at a small price of the State Librarian at Albany, New York. In it are described
one hundred and ten species.

+ By Edmund Michael.- A book in German, with sixty-eight coloured plates.

104

Genus Boletus

Boletus bicolor

Cap—Dark red, fading when old ; often marked with yellow.
flesh—Y ellow, slowly changing to blue when wounded.
Tubes—Bright yellow, changing to blue.

Stem—Solid, red, generally yellow at the top.
ffabitat—WW oods and open places.

Boletus cyanescens

Cap—Pale buff or greyish yellow. Covered with woolly scales,
two-fifths of an inch wide.

Flesh—W hite, quickly changing to blue when wounded.

Tubes—White, becoming yellowish, changing to blue when
bruised. ;

Stem—Coloured like the cap. Swollen, stuffed, not covered with
a network.

Habitat—W oods and open places.

Boletus pallidus

Cap—Pallid or brownish white, sometimes tinged with red.

Filesh—W hite.

Tubes—Pale whitish yellow, changing to blue when wounded.

Stem—Long and whitish, sometimes streaked with brown ;
smooth.

Boletus mutabilis

Cap—Brown, becoming blackish ; smooth and shining ; or dry,
somewhat woolly.

Flesh—Bright yellow, promptly changing to blue when wounded.
Tubes—Yellow, changing to greenish yellow, and quickly be-
coming blue when wounded. Mouths large and angular.
Stem—Stout, bright yellow within, covered with brown and

dotted scales.
Habitat—Dense woods.

Boletus speciosus

Caf—Red. 3-7 inches broad.
Flesh—Pale or bright lemon yellow, changing to blue when
wounded.
Bi'-cé-lér = Cy-dn-és'-céns_— Pall’-I-diis_ = Mii-td’-bi-lfs_- Spé-c1-d'-stis
105

Fungi with Pores—Boletacee

Tubes—Bright lemon yellow, becoming dingy yellow with age;
changing to green, then to blue, when wounded.

Stem—Bright lemon yellow without and within, sometimes reddish
at the base. 2-4 inches long.

ffabitat—Thin woods.

Golden-flesh Boletus
Boletus chrysenteron (See Piate Facinc Pace 60)

Cap—Y ellowish brown, reddish brown, brick red, or olive tinted
with reddish chinks.

Flesh—Y ellow, red just under the skin, often changing to blue
when wounded.

Tubes—Greenish yellow, changing to blue when wounded.

Stem—Red or pale yellow. :

fabitat—W oods or mossy banks, common.

Boletus radicans

Cap—Dry, somewhat woolly. Greenish grey, becoming pale yel-
low. Margin rolled under.

Flesh—Pale yellow, instantly changing to dark blue when wounded.

Tubes—Lemon yellow.

Stem—Tapering downward and rooting. Woolly, with a reddish
bloom. Pale yellow, becoming dark with a touch.

abitat—W oods, Ohio.

Boletus Peckii

Cap—Firm, dry. Red, fading to yellowish red or buff brown.
Tubes—Y ellow, changing to blue when wounded.
Stem—Red; yellow at the top.

Habitat—W oods.

Boletus calopus

Cap—Olive tinted, somewhat woolly. 2-3 inches wide.

Flesh—Pallid, slightly changing to blue when wounded.

Tubes—Y ellow.

Stem—Covered with a network. Wholly scarlet, or at the apex
only. Longer than the diameter of the cap.

Habitat—W oods.

Cris-én'-tér-6n Ra’-di-cins Péck'-1-i Cal-d'-ptis
106

BITTER BOLETUS (UNPALATABLE)
(Boletus felleus, Bull.; var. obesus, Pk.), See p. 107

Genus Boletus

Purple Boletus

Boletus purpureus

Cap—Dry, velvety. Purple red.

Flesh—Changing to blue, and then to dark yellow in the young
plant.

Tubes—Yellow or greenish yellow. Mouths minute, orange
tinged with purple, changing to blue where wounded.

Stem—Stout, with purple veins or dots. Apex sometimes covered
with a network. Yellow, reddish within.

Habitat—W oods.

Boletus Satanus

Cap—Smooth, somewhat sticky.
Pale brown or whitish.
3-8 inches broad.

Flesh—Whitish, becoming red-
dish or violet when
wounded. Very poison-

ous.

Tubes—Y ellow. Mouths bright-
red, becoming orange.
Stem—Thick, swollen, marked

above with a red network.
2-3 inches long.
Habitat—W oods.

B. Satanus

Bitter Boletus
Boletus felleus

Cap—Smooth, pale yellowish, greyish brown, yellowish brown,
reddish brown, or chestnut. 3-8 inches broad.

Flesh—White, changing to flesh colour when bruised. Taste
bitter.

Tubes—W hite, becoming flesh colour. Mouths angular. Adnate
to the stem.

Stem—Covered with network. Colour similar to the cap. 2-4
inches long.

Habitat—W oods and open places.

Piir-pi’-ré-tis Sa-ta’-ntis Fél'-lé-tis
107

Fungi with Pores—Boletacez

Boletus scaber

Cap—Smooth, viscid when moist, or minutely woolly, velvety, or
scaly. 1-5 inches wide. Colour ranges from nearly white
to almost black.

Tubes—Free from the stem, white, long. Mouths minute.

Flesh—W hite.

Stem—Long, ground colour whitish, roughened with blackish
brown or reddish dots or scales. 3-5 inches long.

Habitat—Common in woods, swampy and open places.

Orange-cap Boletus
Boletus versipellis

Cap—Orange red. 2-6 inches wide. Dry, minutely woolly,
then scaly or smooth. Margin edged with the remains of
the veil.

Flesh—W hite or greyish.

Zubes—Long. Mouths minute. Greyish-white.

Stem—Solid ; white scaly wrinkles. Whitish colour. 3-5
inches long. :

Habitat—W oods and open places.

; Chestnut Boletus
Boletus castaneus

Cap—Dry, minutely velvety. Cinnamon or reddish-brown. 1-3
inches broad.

Flesh—W hite.

Tubes—White, becoming yellow. Short, and free from the stem.

Stem—Clothed and coloured like the cap. 1-234 inches high.

ffabitat—W oods and open places.

Boletus eximius

Cap—Purplish-brown or chocolate colour, fading to smoky red
or pale chestnut. 3-10 inches broad.
Flesh—Greyish or reddish white.
Tubes—Resembling the cap in colour. Mouths minute.
Stem—Stout, covered with.a meal-like powder. Colour resembling
the cap, grey tinged with purple within. 2-4 inches long.
Habitat—W oods.
Sca’-bér Vér-si-pél'-lis Cas-ta'-né-tis’ Ex-¥m'--tis
108

SCABROUS-STEMMED BOLETUS (EDIBLE)

(Boletus scaber, Fr.; var. nzveus, Gill.)
7
Cap white. Seep. 108

Fungi with Pores—Polyporacez

Edible Boletus
Boletus edulis

Cap—Convex or nearly plane; smooth, moist; compact, then
soft. Greyish red, brownish red, or tawny brown. 4-6
inches broad.

Flesh—W hite or yellowish; reddish beneath the skin.

7ubes—Convex, nearly free, long, minute, round. White, then
yellow and greenish.

Stem—Short or long, straight or curving, sometimes bulbous,
stout, covered with network. Just beneath the stem
whitish or brownish. 2-6 inches long.

fabitat—W oods and open places.

Boletus subtomentosus

Cap—Covered with soft woolly hairs. Somewhat olive green,
uniform in colour under the skin, yellow chinks on the sur-
face.

Flesh—W hite.

Tubes—Y ellow, with large angular mouths.

Stem—Stout, rugged, with minute dots.

fabitac—Common in woods.

Boletus Americanus

Cap—Thin, soft, viscid, slightly woolly on the margin when
young. Yellow, becoming dingy with age; sometimes
streaked with bright red. 1-3 inches broad.

Flesh—Pale yellow.

Tubes—Not free from the stem. Large, angular. Pale yellow,
becoming tinged with brown.

Stem—Slender. No annulus. Yellow, brownish towards the base,
marked with numerous brown or reddish-brown glandular
dots; yellow within. 14%-2% inches long.

Habitat—W oods, swamps.

POLY PORACEZE

The fungi with pores permanently united to the surrounding
tissue and to each other form a large and important group, the
Polyporacee. With but few exceptions they are leathery, corky,
membranous, or woody.

Nearly six hundred species have been reported from America.

Ed'-i-ls Sib’-to-mén-to'-stis 9 A-mér'-1-ca'-ntis PO -l-pd-r'-¢8-B

109

Fungi with Pores—Polyporacese

GENUS MERULIUS

Merulius lacrymans

The simplest of these Polyporacee is the dry-rot fungus,
Merulius lacrymans. The food-seeking portion consists of fine
white threads, mycelium, which penetrate the woodwork of
buildings, causing it to crumble to dust. The fruiting portion
consists of flat, irregular bodies whose under surface bears the
spores in shallow pits separated by narrow ridges. Water is
excreted from these flat disks, which, from the habit of dropping
like tears, has suggested the specific name /acrymans, from the
Latin /acrymare, to weep.

GENUS POLYPORUS

The genus Polyporus andthe genus Trametes have the pores
closely packed and united to together. In Trametes the uniting
substance is the same as the substance of the cap, but in Poly-
porus the uniting substance is different from the substance of
the cap. The genus Polyporus in its widest sense is a large,
one, numbering some five hundred species, and containing every
texture from fleshy or pulpy to woody.

The fruiting portion is often seen in the form of brackets
shelving out from standing or fallen trees. The mycelium pene-
trates the wood, softening it, and causing it to crumble, so that
in the course of time the tree dies. The external evidence that
the tree has been attacked is the appearance of the fruiting por-
tion, which often attains a very great size.

Elfvingia (polyporus) megaloma

Polyporus megaloma is attractive to frequenters of the woods,
as its spore surface when fresh is soft and white, and furnishes
an attractive surface for stencil drawings.

Elfvingia (polyporus) fomentaria

The brackets of Elfvingia fomentaria resemble horses’
hoofs. They are employed in the manufacture of amadou, or
Mér-i'-Ii-tis Lac'-r¥-mans P8-lyp’-6-riis Tra-mé'-tés Még-a-ld'-m4 Fo-mén-ta’-rl-iis

110

TINDERWOOD POLYPORUS

(Elfingia fomentaria, L.; Fomes fomentarius, Gill.; Polyporus fomentarius, Fr.)
Upper surface grey to brown; tube-surface concave. See p. 110

Genus Polyporus

German tinder, which, in the form of sticks or fusees, commonly
known as punk, is used for lighting cigars and pipes in the
wind, or for touching off fireworks.

The fusees are made by beating the fungus substance until
it is flexible, and then dipping it into saltpetre,

Polyporus conchatus

Polyporus conchatus is a beautiful species found on the
under side of fallen trees, growing in such a manner that from
the spore-bearing surface the shells look like rosettes of shim-
mering golden-brown velvet.

Polyporus velutinus

Polyporus velutinus is common in the form of stiff ruffles
with white or creamy spore sutface, and grey or tan-coloured
plush-like upper surface.

Polyporus pergamenus

Polyporus pergamenus has a somewhat Dristle-like, tan-
coloured spore surface, and a velvety drab upper surface, often
tinged with green from a green alga which grows upon it.

Polyporus perennis

Polyporus perennis resembles a slender-stemmed goblet.

Polyporus sulphureus

Polyporus sulphureus is an edible fleshy form. It grows in
clusters, the stemless caps often five or six inches broad and
overlapping. The colour of the young cap is yellowish red or
pale orange, with the margin wavy, and of a beautiful yellow.
It is soft and juicy, and often—when cut—exudes a yellow
juice.

The plants may be found on the dead wood of trees
during showery weather from May to October. The mature
plants become dry and crumbling, and as they dry they lose

Cén-cha'-tiis Vél-i’-ti-niis -Pér-gd-mé’-niis Pér-én’-nfs_—Stil-phii’-ré-tis
Ill

Fungi with Pores—Polyporacee

their attractive colours. They exhibit phosphorescence in early
stages of decay. The tubes are minute and short and of a

bright sulphur colour. Only the young plants should be used
for food.

Polyporus squamosus

Polyporus squamosus is found often on decayed ash trees and
sometimes on others. The cap has a thick lateral dark stem and
is pale yellow tinged with brown, and covered with dark scales.
It is reported to have been found seven feet in circumference,
with a weight of forty-two pounds, and that it attained this
growth in the short time of four weeks.

Polyporus lucidus

Polyporus lucidus has a lateral stem which, with all but the
margin of the cap, is highly polished, as if varnished, and is in
colour a rich mahogany brown.

Polyporus arcularius (Sez Prate Facine Pace 142)

Cap—Dark brown, minutely scaly, depressed in the centre;
margin stiff, edge hairy, no flesh.

Tubes—Dingy cream colour. Openings oblong, almost diamond-
shape, resembling the meshes of a net, drawn from stem to
the margin of the cap, the meshes smaller on the margin,
and simply marked out at the top of the stem.

Stem—Dark brown, minutely scaly, mottled, with a ground
work of cream colour. Older stems are roughened at
the base with whitish hairs. Hollow.

Spores—Creamy white.

Habitat—The specimen pictured was found growing on decayed
branches of an oak tree in North Carolina.

Polyporus versicolor*

Polyporus versicolor has a leathery cap, thin and rigid, plane,
depressed at the attached portion, velvety, shining with varie-
gated two-coloured zones. The pores are minute, round, with
acute and ragged edges. White, then yellowish. It is common
on decaying tree trunks and upon telegraph poles.

Squa-mé'-siis Li'-¢l-diis Ar-cii-la’-ri-tis Vér-ste'-8-18r

* Known also as Polystictus versicolor
112

2 ae -
Polyporus versicolor, Fr.

Polyporus circinatus, Fr.
See page | 13.

Nts ge
Lenzites betulina, Fr.
See page 113

Genus Lenzites

Polyporus circinatus (See Prate Facine Pacz 112)

Polyporus circinatus quite often has one cap within
another. The caps are thick, round, without zones, velvety, and
of a rusty-yellow colour. The lower surfaces of the caps, with
the stems are woody and corky, but the upper surfaces of the
caps are soft and woolly. The stem is swollen and covered
with yellow wool. The pores are decurrent, minute, and un-
broken, and of a dusky grey colour. This is a handsome species,
especially remarkable for its double cap. The stem is an inch
long and almost equally thick. The cap is three to four inches
wide, and the flesh is uniform in colour.

GENUS TRAMETES

Trametes pint is brown, and grows on pines and other cone-
bearing trees. Trametes cinnabarina is bright red, and common
on birch and cherry. Trametes suaveolens is white, and grows
on willows.

GENUS LENZITES

Lenzites betulina

The Lenzites betulina has a somewhat corky, leathery cap,
firm, and without zones,
woolly and pale; the mar-
gin of uniform colour; the
lamellz radial, somewhat
branching, and coming to-
gether again. Sordid white.
This fungus, in the form of
brackets, is found espe-
cially on birch trees, but it
is also found on various
other kinds. It is a wide-
spread species, and is quite
variable. The lamelle are at first thick, corky, and sordid
white; then thinner, with acute edges.

Woy,

Under surface of L. betulina

Cir-ci-na'-tiis Pi’-ni_ Cin’-na-ba-ri’-nd Sii-4-vé'-3-léns_- Lén-zi'-tés Bét-it-Ii'-na
8 113

Fungi with Pores—Polyporacez

Lenzites sepiria

Leathery shells, with the upper surface marked with rough
zones of various shades of brown: the under surface with brown,
radiating, papery gills.

GENUS D/EDALEA

The genus Dedalea has the spore-bearing surface in the
form of winding and labyrinthine lamella, so that instead of
pores there are irregular branching slits on the under surface.
These fungi are normally sessile, woody, and hard.

Deedalea unicolor

Dedalea unicolor is in form like a full leather ruffle with
scalloped edge, so full that the scallops overlap. The branching
slits are very minute, and the upper side is in zones of tan colour,
with a plush-like surface. The zones are often tinged with blue
or green from alge which grow upon them.

Deedalea confragosa

Dedalea confragosa has a rough grey upper surface, and
grows from the centre in the form of depressed sessile caps.
The texture is firm and leathery. fi

Dzedalea quercina

Dedalea quercina is a woody or corky species, rugged, and
without zones on the surface. At first it is porous ; then, by
the breaking down of the walls of the pores, slits are formed,
with blunt partitions. It is common on oak trees.

Sé-pi'-ri-% De-da'-lé-4 Cén’-fri-gd’-s& Quér-ci’-n&
114

Dedalea quercina, (L.) Pers.

Upper side. Reduced

Dedalea quercina, (L.) Pers.

Lower side. Reduced

Genus Favolus

GENUS FAVOLUS

The genus Favolus has but few spe-
cies ; one is very common on beech and
hickory trees. Favolus areolarius has a
lateral stem. The cap is depressed, and
has a smooth, creamy-white upper sur-
face, with long hexagonal pores running
down the short stem.

Fa’-vo-liis F. alveolarius

115

CHAPTER IX: GELATINOUS AND CTHER FUNGI

Jew’s Ear, or Judas’s Ear (Edible)

Hirneola auricula-Jude

THE Jew’s ear is a gelatinous fungus which is so lobed and
folded as to resemble a human ear. It is this resemblance to an
ear which has suggested the names, Jew’s ear and Judas’s ear.
Its habit of growing on elder has given rise to the belief that
Judas Iscariot hanged himself on this tree. This fungus is prized
by the Chinese as an article of food, and is imported by them from
the South Sea Islands.

Its manner of bearing the spores on basidia places it in
Class Ill, Bastdiomycetes, which contains fungi with gills, teeth,
and pores.

Tremellodon

Tremellodon is a clear fungus, which in colour resembles a
piece of water-soaked snow, but in form resembles a Hydnum,
as it has teeth-like projections on the under surface.

Guepinia

Guepina is a bright yellow fungus, about an inch high, in
form like little spatules or goblets. It is common in cracks of
logs and stumps.

Hir-né’-6-14 Au-ric’-i-18 Tré-mél'-15-ddn Guép-In’-1-4

116

JEW'S EAR. JUDAS'S EAR (EDIBLE)
(Hirneola Auricula-Juda, (L.) Berk.)

XYLARIA
See page 136

CHAPTER X: OFFENSIVE FUNGI—ORDER
PHALLALES

THE Phallales are all terrestrial fungi; that is, they are found
growing on the ground, and not on logs and trees. They are in-
teresting, but too offensive to attract any but the most coura-
geous students.

They are more common in the South than in the North,
where they make themselves too conspicuous by their intoler-
able odour.

They are structurally different from the other pouch-fungi, the
puffballs, in that they do not retain their spores in the skin (pe-
ridium) until they are fully mature, but send them into the light,
exposed on a quickly deliquescing jelly-like mass, the gleba.

The order may conveniently be divided into two families:

Receptacle latticed, sessile, or stalked.

FAMILY I. CLATHRACE Spore mass borne on the inner sur-
face of the receptacle.

Receptacle tubular or cylindric, with a

FAMILY Il. PHALLACEZ cap.

Spore mass on the surface of the cap.

GENUS PHALLUS
Stinkhorns

The genus Phallus may be readily distinguished by the
cylindrical shape of the spore receptacles and the intolerable
odour. No one with his sense of smell developed would think of
eating the members of this group. The botanist and the artist,
however, have braved this lion on his own territory, and have
found much that is beautiful and interesting ; the artist having
the advantage in his task of portraying the handsome specimen,

Phal-la'-lés Clath-ra’-cé-2e Phal-la’-cé-ze Phal-ltis
117

Offensive Fungi

in that he can inclose it in a sealed glass case and work in
comfort. The experience of the botanist must be realised to be
appreciated.

An overpowering fetid odour suddenly evident upon the
premises has many times filled with consternation the guests at
summer resorts, causing among them much speculation, with
suggestions of bad sewerage, and carelessness on the part of their
host, together with other comments equally disastrous to the
reputation of the place.

The distracted householder searches in vain for a solution of
the difficulty, and the odour disappears as mysteriously as it came.
If he is one of the initiated, however, he will search until he finds
the haunt of the offender, and will destroy all chance of a repeti-
tion of the nuisance—for one summer, at least.

The mischief-maker is a handsome specimen, as its plate
shows. The white stem, bearing at its summit a mass of gela-
tinous green substance capped with a yellow-white ring, and
emitting its intolerable odour, has surely come into existence fora
purpose—a purpose soon suggested—as hundreds of flies wing
their way hither to sip the semi-fluid mass.

The botanist tells us that the spores of this plant are mixed
in the green fluid, and that they are carried away on the feet and
in the bodies of the flies to other places, where new colonies may
be started.

The plant has undoubtedly emerged from the ground for the
sole purpose of disseminating its spores, and all its parts have
been developed to accomplish this function in the most effectual
manner. ,

The banquet for the flies is prepared underground, and the
table, with its viands all ready, is pushed into the light, while the
invitation to the guests is wafted swiftly on the breeze.

One is curious to learn the mechanism by which so much is
accomplished in apparently so short a time, and finds in this
instance, as in all others where great things are accomplished
with ease, that many forces have been slowly at work to insure
everything being in readiness for the success of a final flourish.
A search underground shows the mycelial threads to have per-
meated the soil for many feet in every direction in search of
building material, and a glance at a vertical section of one of the
pink eggs which has pushed its way out of the soil will show

118

Phallus impudicus,

Genus Phallus

in outline the plan of what is to be. The pink ‘‘ eggshell,” or
peridium, is lined with a jelly-like substance, which has un-
doubtedly
served as a
safe packing
to what is
within, a
protection
against
blows and
insect rav-
ages. Within
this coat, in
section, ap-
Section of young phallus pears as two
dark-col-
oured saddle-bags that which later is to form the green mass on
the cap of the fully developed spore table. Between these dark
masses lies in section the future stem ; it is hollow, and bears on
its rim the spore-bearing cap. The walls of this cap consist of
flattened cells, which by extraordinary growth and expansion are
to force the stem through the eggshell and carry the banquet of
spores several inches into the light, leaving the torn wrapper
as a volva at its base, a natural ‘‘ Jack-in-the-box.”

Pink_ eggshell
Future green mass of Cap —
delly-like substance

Future stem
Compressed cells

Phallus impudicus

Cap or Pileus—Outer surface bearing the
spores in a jelly-like mass, gleba.
Conic-campanulate. Outer surface Reticulated
sculptured with reticulated ridges after =~
the green spore mass has disap-
peared.

Stem—Hollow, tapering at each end; upper
end joined with the cap by a recurved
border.

Veil—Wanting.

Volva—Pinkish.

Habitat—Low ground. P, impudicus

Im-piid’-1-ctis
119

Offensive Fungi

GENUS DICTYOPHORA

The genus Dictyophora differs from the genus Phallus in
having a veil suspended from the apex of the stem, underneath
the pileus or cap.

Dictyophora Ravenelii

Stem—Tapering at both ends.
Veit—Short, not reaching below the cap.

Dictyophora duplicata
Vei/—V oluminous, hanging for several inches below the cap.

It is thought that this delicate white network, which hangs
like a lace skirt below the cap, renders the fungus additionally
conspicuous after dark, thus attracting the night moths and other
night-flying insects.

Mutinus Caninus (Sze Prats Facine Pace 136)

Cap or Piteus—Flesh coloured. The spore-bearing mass, oblong,
ovoid, or conical, occupying one-third to one-sixth the total
length of the stipe.

«Spore mass

...Spore mass
Embryo
plant.....{ Yoo =f fo. Sere j= | | -ssswwewwes Stalk
Volvaee} Jo \ SY. Volva
vesnoece Volva
Young plant

M. caninus
M. bambusinus

Stem or Stipe—Hollow, cylindrical, fusiform.

Habitat—About buildings, in gardens and thickets.
Dic-t¥-dph’-6-ra Di-pli-ca'-t& Ca-ni’-ntis
Ra'-vén-él'-ii Mi-ti’ niis Bam-bi-si’ -ntis

120

Family Clathracee

FAMILY CLATHRACE/&

The members of the family C/athracee have a volva similar
to the volva of the Pkallacew. The volva ruptures, and the
receptacle issues in a similar manner. The members of this
family have the spore receptacle latticed or branched instead of
tubular or cylindrical, and bear the spores on the inner surface
of the receptacle rather than on the outer surface.

Latticed Clathrus

Clathrus cancellatus

Receptacle not stalked. The
bars of the lattice-work are ob-
lique and transversely wrinkled.
The outer surface may be cinna-
bar red or white or yellowish.
The inner surface of the bars is
red. C, cancellatus

Clathrus columnatus

Receptacle not stalked, consisting of from 2-5 vertical col-
umns, separate below, but jointed at the apex. Columns cinna-
bar red, enclosing the spore mass. Odour very fetid.

Anthurus borealis

«eee Arms
Receptacle stalked, hollow, divided above

into arms, which do not join at their apices, and
which bear the spore masses on their inner sur-
faces, enclosing the spore mass when young,
but later diverging.

teeees Stalk Stem of receptacle white; arms narrow

lance-shaped, with pale flesh-coloured backs,

traversed their entire length by a_ shallow

aiesais Volva furrow.

Clath-ra’ -¢&-2e Cn-cél-la’-ttis An-thi'-ris

A. borealis Clath’-riis Cél-tim-na’-tiis Bo'-ré-a'-lis

121

Offensive Fungi

Simblum rubescens

Receptacle stalked and globular, bars of the
lattice forming meshes of about equal diam-
eter either way. Red or flesh coloured, and
transversely wrinkled.

Sim'-blim Rii-bés'-céns

S. rubescens

122

CHAPTER XI: PUFFBALLS

ORDER LYCOPERDALES

THE pouch fungi include all fungi which have their spores
or seeds in closed chambers until maturity—that is, until they are
fully ripe and ready to be scattered by winds or animals. Col-
lectively, the closed chambers are called the gleba, and this gleba
is surrounded by a definite rind (peridium), which, in different
puffballs, has various and characteristic ways of opening to per-
mit the spores to escape.

The different ways in which the rinds (peridia) open are
explained under the separate examples of the pouch fungi—
puffballs, earth-stars, stinkhorns, birds’ nests, and calostomas.

The Lycoperdales, known in different parts of the country as
smokeballs, devil’s snuffboxes, puffballs, etc., have their spores
enclosed until maturity in closed chambers, surrounded by a con-
tinuous skin or peridium. They spend most of their lifetime
underground, getting their food from decaying vegetable matter,
and are for this reason called subterranean saprophytes. When
they are about ready to scatter their spores, they emerge from the
ground, and are then to be seen in pastures, and on fallen logs in
woods and along roadsides. Every country child has pinched
them to see the ‘‘ smoke” rise, little knowing that he was doing
for the puffball just that for which it had come into existence—
scattering its spores far and wide to grow into new plants.

The plants of the puffballs, the mycelial threads, form an
extensive network of white threads in the decaying vegetable
matter in which they grow ; then little balls appear on the white
threads, as in the Agaricales, with the difference that they in-
crease in size without forming gills and stem. The balls have
a fleshy interior, cheesy and white at first, but afterwards yel-
lowish or pinkish, gradually darkening until the whole or a part

Ly’-c6-pér-da’-les
123

Puffballs

of the fleshy interior becomes filled with dust-like spores, when
the rind of the ball breaks to let the spores escape.

Sometimes the wall breaks off in scales; sometimes it is
punctured at the summit with one hole, sometimes with several,
and sometimes it splits and turns back to form a star on the
ground. Sometimes the balls contain elastic threads (capillitium),
which help to push out the spores, and sometimes they do not.
Sometimes there are threads massed at the base without spores
in them, so that they form a sterile base or sterile subgleba, and
sometimes the threads are massed to form a central column
(columella) in the interior of the ball. These.characters, with
others, form the basis on which the puffballs are separated
into the genera Lycoperdon, Geaster, Calvatia, Bovistella, Bovista,
and Calostoma.

GENUS LYCOPERDON

The Lycoperdons, or true puffballs, produce within the ball
vast numbers of dust-like spores mingled with elastic threads.
When the ball is compressed, the rind or peridium bursts at the
summit to form a single mouth, and the
elastic threads cause the spores to fly out in
puffs like smoke.

The spore-bearing part of the plant is
globe-shaped, obovoid, or top-shaped, and
at the base of the gleba no spores are pro-
duced ; the cells here are coarse and empty.

The rind or peridium of the ball con-
sists of two parts, the outer bark or outer
peridium being adorned with spines or scales or warts or gran-
ules. Sometimes the exterior coat may be peeled off, sometimes
it dries and falls away in fragments.
The inner coat is thin and papery, and
opens on the top with one opening.
At first the ball is fleshy within, the
microscope showing the flesh to con-
sist of a great number of simple or
branched threads and enlarged cells.
The enlarged cells bear usually four Sie soe tvedne a

Ly'-cd-pér'-don (diagrammatic)
124

ze :
Lycoperdon

(azIs "JEN “Yoaeyos ‘amasof24hg uopragork7Z)
(379103) WWvas4nd d3dVHS-YV3d

Genus Lycoperdon

spicules, on the tips of which are the spores. When the plant
is fully developed, the fleshy part becomes so filled with moisture
that water may be squeezed out as from a sponge. As the flesh
becomes moist, the colour changes from white, through yellow,
to olive. After the change in colour, the wet mass becomes dry
and powdery, a mass of globose spores and elastic threads or
capillitium.

The Lycoperdons are of small size, usually found in fields and
woods. A section made by cutting a ball from top to base will
show that the threads form a more or less well developed sterile
base or subgleba underneath the fertile gleba, or mass of threads
containing spores. Sometimes the sterile threads from the base
rise upward in the centre of the fertile mass and form a little
column, the columella. Usually the threads which bear the
spores are in two sets ; one set extending inward from the walls
of the rind, and another set extending outward from the central
columella.

Pear-shaped Puffball (Edible)

Lycoperdon pyriforme

Peridium or Pouch—Pear-shaped. Dingy white or brownish, with
mycelium of long, white, branching fibres. Diameter 34-114
inches. Height 1-2 inches.

Bark or Outer Coat—Thin; of minute, often persistent, scales or
granules, or short, stout spinules. Whitish grey or brownish.

Jnner Coat—Smooth, papery, whitish grey or brownish, opening
by apical mouth.

Subgleba—Small, white, quite compact, the cells minute.

Columella—Present.

Spores—Globose, even, greenish yellow to brownish olive.

Threads—Branched, long, forming a dense tuft in the centre.

Time—July to October.

Habitat—On old timber or on the ground, in groups sometimes
several feet across in extent. The commonest of puffballs,
and found throughout the world.

Pinkish Puffball (Edible)
Lycoperdon subincarnatum (See Prats Facinc Pace 134)

Peridium or Pouch—Globe-shaped, sessile, without a stem-like
base. Rarely over one inch in diameter.

Py'-ri-for'-mé Stib-in'-cdr-na'-ttim
125

Puffballs

Bark or Outer Coat—Pinkish brown, with minute short, stout spin-
ules, which fall away at maturity.

Inner Coat—Ash coloured. Deeply pitted by the falling off of the
spinules of the outer coat, the pits not surrounded with
dotted lines.

Columella—Present.

Subgleba—Small but distinct.

Spores and Capillitium—Spores round, minutely warted. Greenish
yellow, then brownish olive. Threads long, simple, and
transparent.

Time—August to October.

Habitat—Old trunks in woods.

GENUS CALVATIA

The Calvatias are puffballs of large size, all with thick cord-
like mycelium rooting from the base. They all eject their spores
through irregular openings in the upper
part of the peridium, and they all have
a dense
network of
branching
threads
(capillitium)
traversing
the tissues
of thespore-

Calvatia bearing por- Section of Calvatia
tion, the
gleba. These threads are elastic, and project the spores from
the rind or case as they twist and turn. The sterile portion, the
subgleba, is definitely limited and concave above.

ood Sterile base

Brain-shaped Calvatia (Edible)

Calvatia craniformis

Peridium or Pouch—Very \arge, obovoid or top-shaped, depressed
above.

Bark or Outer Coat—Smooth, very thin and fragile, easily peel-
ing off. Pallid or greyish, often with a reddish tinge ; often

Cal-va'-shi-& Cra-nt-fér’-mis
126

BRAIN PUFFBALL (EDIBLE)

(Calvatia craniformis, Schw.)

Genus Calvatia

wrinkling to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain,
whence its name craniformis.

Inner Coat—Thin, ochreous to bright brown, velvety, extremely
fragile. The upper part breaks into fragments.

Subgleba—Occupies half the peridium ; cup-shaped above, per-
sistent.

Spores—Greenish yellow, then olivaceous. Globose, even, with
minute pedicel.

Threads—Long.

Habitat—On ground in woods.

Giant Puffball (Edible)

Calvatia maxima

Peridium or Pouch—Very large, 8-15 inches in diameter, or larger.
Globose, depressed globose, or obovoid, with a thick cord-
like root. |

Bark or Outer Coat—Flocculous or nearly smooth, thin, and fragile.
White or greyish, becoming yellowish or brown; usually
remaining closely adherent to the inner coat.

Inner Coat—Thin and fragile after maturity, breaking up into
fragments.

Subgleba—Shallow or none.

Spores and Threads—Greenish yellow, then brownish olive. Spores
globose, threads long and branched.

Time—August to September.

Habitat—Grassy places.

Calvatia maxima has been known as Lycoperdon giganteum,
and also as Lycoperdon maxima. It has been transferred from
the genus Lycoperdon to the genus Calvatia because it ruptures
the peridium irregularly to discharge its spores, instead of form-
ing a small hole at the apex, as other Lycoperdons do.

It is asserted on good authority that the giant puffball has
been found with a diameter of three feet and a weight of forty-
seven pounds. The giant puffball is considered by many as a
choice article of food when the flesh is white. It is said that
if the flesh of a growing puffball is cut or injured the wounds
will fill up with new tissue. It will be interesting for some one
to try this experiment.

In the days before matches came into use, the dry, spongy
threads were used as tinder to catch the sparks which flew from
the flint-stone when it was struck for fire, and the spore-dust
was used to stanch the flow of blood.

127

Puffballs

Cup-shaped Puffball (Edible)

Calvatia cyathiformis

Peridium—Large, top-shaped.
Bark or Outer Coat—Thin, adherent, smooth, and continuous,
easily peeling off.
Inner Coat—Pale to dark purple, loosely woven, fragile at matur-
ity, breaking up into fragments from above downward.
Subgleba—Short and thick, with cord-like root, persistent, cup-
shaped, occupying %4-% the peridium.

Spores and Threads—Violet to dark purple. Spores globose and
warted, threads long.

Time—August to October.

Habitat—On the ground in meadows and pastures.

The old name was Lycoperdon cyathtforme. Cyathiforme,
meaning cup-shaped, is suggested by the cup-like base which
remains after the dispersion of the spores and threads (capillitium).

GENUS BOVISTA

In the genus Bovisfa the rind or peridium opens by an apical
mouth, as do the species of Lycoperdon, but the species of
Bovista have no
Sterile base.
They are puff-
balls of small
size, growing
in fields and
woods. The
outer coat is
thin and fragile, parse i
and scales off
at maturity. The inner coat is thin, becoming papery, and
then opens by an apical mouth.

Bovista plumbea is esteemed a delicacy. It is shaped like a
flattened globe, with a smooth, white inner coat, and a lead-
coloured outer coat opening by an apical mouth.

GY’ -Ath-t-fér'-mis Bé-vis'-t& Plitm’ -bé-&
128

Bovistella Ohiensis, Ellis and Morgan
(Edible.) Reduced

CUP-SHAPED CALVATIA (EDIBLE)
(Calvatia cyathiformis, Bosc)
Reduced. Nat. size: Ball diam., 2% inches

Genus Geaster

GENUS BOVISTELLA

The genus Bovistella contains but one species.

Bovistella Ohiensis (Edible) (See Prats Face Pacz 128)

Peridium or Pouch—Globose or broadly obovoid, sometimes much
depressed, wrinkled underneath, with thick cord-like base.

Bark or Outer Coat—Dense, floccose, or with soft warts or spines.
White or greyish, drying
to buff colour, and falling
away.

Inner Coat—Smooth, shining, Threads...
pale brown or yellowish
surface. aman

Subgleba—Cup-shaped, broad, ay
ample, occupying nearly
one-half the peridium; a
long, persistent. ee

Spores and Capilliium—Loose,
friable, clay colour.
Threads free, short, twice branching, originating within the
spore mass, and having no connection with the tissue of the
inner coat.

Habitat—On ground in pastures and open woods.

Section of Bovistella (diagrammatic)

GENUS GEASTER

Earth-stars

The Geasters or Earth-stars are the most picturesque forms
of the puffballs. At first they are sunk deep in the soil, and are
connected with it by abundant thread-like mycelium, which
issues from every part of the surface. In the earth-stars the
covering to the pouch is double, the outer cover is thick and
leathery, and at first closely invests the inner coat, but is separate
from it. At maturity the outer coat breaks its connection with
the mycelium in the soil and bursts to form separate lobes, which
become reflexed and lift the inner ball from the ground into the
air, where it remains, seated at the centre of the expanded star-

Bo-vis-tél’-14 O-hi-én'-sis Gé-ds'-tér
9 129

Puff balls

like coat. The coat of this ball is thin and papery, and opens by
one apical mouth. The threads or capillitium, which bear the
spores, project from the tissue of the inner wall and also from a
central columella.

The Geasters have no economic value, but are rather inter-
esting to the nature student on account of their beauty and their
curious methods of discharging their spores.

The Smallest Earth-star

Geaster minimus

Peridium or Pouch—Globose, depressed, not pointed; vaulted
underneath.

Bark or Outer Coat—Segments acute at the apex, many lobed;
the lobes, seven to nine, expanding 34-1 inch.

Inner Coat—Ovoid, 4-1 inch in diameter, white to pale brown,
with a distinct pedicel, seated in a plain circular disk.

Mouth—Lifted on a cone, lip bordered with hair-like fringe.

Spores—Brown, globe-shaped, minutely warted.

Threads—Transparent.

Habitat—Grassy grounds.

Water-measuring Earth-star
Geaster hygrometricus

Peridium or Pouch—Sub-globose, depressed, the bark or skin fall-
ing with the mycelium.

Bark or Outer Coat—Deeply parted; the segments, acute at the
apex, seven totwenty. Strongly hygrometric, expanding to
a breadth of 2-3 inches.

Inner Coat—Globose, depressed, sessile, covered with a network.
Whitish or greyish.

Mouth—Rim irregular.

Spores—Brown, globe-shaped, minutely warted.

Threads—Transparent, much branched and interwoven 5 continu-
ous with the hyphe or threads of the inner coat.

Habitat—Fields and woods, in sandy soil.

The Geaster hygrometricus, or Astraeus hygrometricus as it
is called by some, is found all over the world. When the
Min’-1-mitis Hy’ -gré-mét' -r1-clis
130

LEAST EARTH-STAR

(Geaster minimus, Schw. Nat. size)

WATER-MEASURING EARTH-STAR

(Geaster hygrometricus, Pers. Nat. size)

BIRD'S NEST

(Cyathus vernicosus,D.C. Nat. size)
See page 133

Genus Calostoma

weather is wet, the lining of the points of the star become gelati-
nous and lie flat on the ground, anchoring the plant firmly ; but
when the weather is dry, the soft, gelatinous part becomes hard
and rigid, and curls the segments up around the inner ball; then
the wind rolls it about, and it scatters its spores from the hole in
the apex of the ball as it rolls. It is a fair-weather traveller,
always resting at night and on damp days.

GENUS CALOSTOMA

This genus has but three known American species. The
plants are remarkable in structure and substance. The spore
mass or gleba lies at the centre of a base, and is in its young
stages surrounded by four layers. The outermost coat is gelati-
nous, and soon disappears. This is known as the volva or
wrapper. The layer just within the wrapper also soon disap-
pears ; it is known as the exoperidium. The layer just within
the exoperidium is known as the endoperidium, and is the layer
seen on the exterior of older specimens. Between the exope-
ridium and endoperidium is a layer of red threads, part of which
is torn away when the exoperidium breaks, and a part of which
remains as a red star at the apex of the ball.

The exoperidium is cartilaginous ; it is thin and fragile when
dry, but when wet it is flexible, translucent, and soft. The
endoperidium is hard and rigid when dry, and is conspicuous for
the brilliant red which shows at its mouth. Within the endo-
peridium is a sac which contains the spores; when the spores
are mature, this sac contracts, and forces the spores out into the
air. The mycelium, or vegetative part of the Calostoma plant, is
composed of numerous cord-like fibres, translucent, jelly-like,
and tough, which, branching and anastomosing into a dense net-
work, form a rooting columnar base to the spore-bearing part of
the plant. The name Calostoma means beautiful mouth, referring
to the red star which surrounds the opening through which the
spores escape.

Cal-ds'-t6-m4
131

Puffballs

Calostoma lutescens

Ball or Peridium—Globular, with a thick, entangled, rooting base.

Outer Coat or Exoperidium—Dingy yellow, rupturing so as to form
a ragged collar at the base, a thin cap on the summit, and
small fragments between. The cap is marked on the under
side with a vermilion star outlined with yellow.

Inner Coat or Endoperidium—Smooth, globular. Pale yellow.

Mouth—With several rays of a bright red colour.

Footstalk—Thick, of entangled strands finer than those of C. cin-
nabarinum. Stem long, yellowish green.

Spores—Globular, with protuberances.

Calostoma Ravenelii

Ball or Peridium—Globular, with a thick, entangled, rooting base.

Outer Coat or Exoperidium—Cartilaginous, gelatinous. Fragments
remain upon the inner coat in the form of irregular warts or
scales.

Inner Coat or Endoperidium—Yellowish. Tough when wet, rigid
when dry.

Mouth—Red starred.

Footstak—Short and rooting, composed of mycelial threads netted
to form cartilaginous cords.

Spores—Elliptical, oblong, smooth.

Calostoma cinnabarinum

Outer Coat or Exoperidium—Vermilion within, breaking at the
base and sometimes at the apex.

Inner Coat or Endoperidium—y ellowish, often slightly vermilion.
Smooth.

Mouth—Rays several. Vermilion.

Footstalk—Reddish brown or brownish.

Spores—Elliptical oblong, spined or punctured, pale ochre
yellow.

Lii-tés’-céns Ra'-vén-él'-1-i Cin'-na-ba-ri’-ntim
132

Calostoma cinnabarinum, Desy.

Calostoma lutescens (Schw.), Burnap. Spathularia velutipes, C. & F
Reduced. See page 138.

Genus Scleroderma

ORDER NIDULARIALES

The members of this order, Nidulariales, or bird’s-nest fungi,
are curious fungi of small size. They resemble, when mature, tiny
birds’ nests containing eggs, as the pouch in which the spores are
developed opens at the top to form a nest or bowl or trumpet, and
the globular cases in which the spores are contained have strong
walls, and remain in the open pouch like eggs in a nest.

One genus of the order, Spherobolus, has two walls or layers
to its nest and but one spore case or ‘‘egg.” This ‘‘egg” is
jelly-like, and is forcibly thrown from the nest when the spores in
it are mature. While a part of this action is due to the mechan-
ical working of the teeth, it is thought that underneath the spore
case gases are formed which expand, and so help force out the
“egg.”

The other genera have but one wall to their nests. The
genus Nidularia has ragged edges, the genus Cyathus is trumpet-
shaped, and the genus Crucibulum is bow]l-shaped.

ORDER SCLERODERMA TALES

The puffballs of the order Sclerodermatales have the rind
or peridium thick. The spores remain in the peridium until
maturity, when they escape from an irregular opening in the
rind. The species are not numerous, but some are abundant and
widely distributed.

GENUS SCLERODERMA

The species of the genus Scleroderma, or thick-skinned puff-
balls, represent a transition from the subterranean forms to those
which emerge from the ground and have a definite opening from
which they eject their spores. To illustrate: there is one group
(Hymenogastrales) in which the species remain in the ground,

Nid--18'-r-a'-lés 9 NY¥d-G-la'-rf-d Crii-gYb’-ti-Itim Sclér-3-dér'-ma
Sphé-rdb'-6-liis Cy’ -a-thiis Sclér’-6-dér'-m4-ta’-lés
133

Puffballs

even when mature, unless washed out by rains or nosed out by
animals, and which rely upon being crushed by accident or upon
the disintegration of their rinds to free their spores. All true puff-
balls push themselves out of the ground before the spores are
mature, and then, by rupturing the skin in a definite manner
when mature, disperse their spores. The thick-skinned puff-
ball goes a step farther than the first mentioned and emerges
from the ground; but it remains behind the true puffballs, which
disperse their spores from a definite opening, for it ruptures the
skin irregularly.

Scleroderma vulgare (Edible)

Peridium or Pouch—Rough and warty;
depressed, globose. Pinkish to
buff, remaining solid until the
fungus is quite old. Sessile or
with a rooting base. Ruptures
irregularly to scatter the spores.

Subgleba—None.

Spore Mass—Lead colour marbled with

white.

Section of S. vulgare Habitat—Old stumps and buried roots.

This fungus has been eaten without harm, but is pronounced
very unattractive.
Vil-ga’-ré

134

FLESH-COLOURED PUFFBALL (EDIBLE)

(Lycoperdon subincarnatum, Peck)
See page 125

———— : a : a

YOUNG PEAR-SHAPED PUFFBALL (EDIBLE)
(Lycoperdon pyriforme, Schaeft)
See page 125

HARD-SKINNED PUFFBALL

(Scleroderma vulgare, Fries)

CHAPTER XII: SPORE-SAC FUNGI—
ASCOMYCETES

Att the fungi which belong in the class Ascomycetes de-
velop their spores in little membranous sacs called asci. These
asci are, as a rule, collected, together
with slender empty asci, called para-
physes, in variously shaped bodies,
known in different orders by different
names, such as perithecium, ascoma,
apothecium, and receptacle. This class
includes in its numbers individuals
ranging in size from microscopic one-
celled plants to conspicuous and often
beautiful specimens. We shall con-
cern ourselves with but a few of
those conspicuous ones which are attractive either from an edible
or an artistic standpoint.

Asci and paraphyses

ORDER TUBERALES—TRUFFLES

The order Tuberales contains the truffles, which are subter-
ranean fungi, ranging in size from an acorn to a good-sized po-
tato. The asci or spore-sacs are formed
on the inte-
rior of the
fungus, the
warty truffle
itself being
called an as-
coma, as it
contains the Truffles, ascoma
asci.

Since the time of Pliny and Dioscorides, truffles have been
known and esteemed as a table delicacy. Since they mature

Section to show position of
asci

As'-c8-my-cé’ -tés Ti’ -bér-a'-lés
135

Spore-sac Fungi—Ascomycetes

underground, they must be hunted for by dogs and pigs trained
for the purpose. A pig will scent a truffle at a distance of twenty
feet, and will run quickly to the spot to dig it out with her snout.
An attendant must follow the pig to secure the truffle before the
pig eats it. Edible species have not been found growing in this
country.

ORDER HYPOCREALES

The order Hypocreales contains certain fungi which are
parasitic on other fungi, and also on insects. In the genus
Cordyceps there is a club-like form about an inch long, and
of a rich red colour, which lives as a parasite on the
pupz of various moths buried beneath dead leaves. In
New Zealand a similar fungus lives on caterpillars. The
mycelium in time replaces the body, but maintains out-
wardly the form and appearance of the caterpillar. These
growths are much prized by the natives as food. The
form which grows on the truffle-like Elaphomyces is shown
in the species of Elaphomyces upon which the Cordy-
ceps lives as a parasite grow two or three inches below
the surface of the ground, and somewhat resembles a
truffle in appearance.

ORDER SPH/ERIALES

(SEE PLate FacinG Pace 116)

The Xylaria pictured is a woody fungus which is
common, growing on logs or at the bases of trees or
stumps. The collections of asci (perithecia) are fully im-
bedded in the fleshy part of
the fungus (stroma), which is
formed almost wholly of
hardened mycelium.

Hy-pé-cré-a'-lés Cér’-d¥-céps E’-liph-d’-my-cés | Sphé-rf-d/-lés 9 Zy-la’-ri-4
136

Cordyceps capitala (Holmsk.), Lk.

(Parasitic on Elaphomyces. )
Reduced.

“Floccose Chanterelle (edible).
(Cantharellus floccosus, Schw.)
See page 53.

Lycogala epidendron.
Reduced. See page | 44.

Mutinus caninus, Huds.
See page 120.

SLIPPERY LEOTIA (EDIBLE)

(Leotia lubrica (Scop.), Pers.)

Gelatinous, gristly; spore-bearing body (ascoma), green or yellow; stem yellow
Family, Geoglossace@, Class, Ascomycetes, Order, Helrellales. See p. 138

JELLY-LIKE TREMELLODON (EDIBLE, Mcl.)

(Tremellodon gelatinosum)
Surface white to grey ; teeth white. Class, Basidiomycetes, Order, Tremellales. See Genus, p. 116

Order Pezizales—Cup Fungi

ORDER PEZIZALES—CUP FUNGI

The Pezizales or cup fungi, which are typically disk or cup-
shape, comprise an extensive group, and vary in size from forms
scarcely visible to the naked eye to forms several inches in
diameter. One genus, Peziza, has a smooth ascomata, regularly
saucer-shaped or cup-shaped. The genus contains many species
which are met with chiefly on decaying vegetable matter. The
spore-sacs are situated on the upper surfaces of the cups, and the
spores are ejected with such force and in such profusion that they
form a cloud around the plant from which they are expelled.

Peziza eruginosa is a stalked green form, and is interesting
because it permeates the wood of oaks and beeches with its
mycelium, and gives a rich green colour to-the wood, which
makes it valuable for the manufacture of the famous ‘‘ Tunbridge
ware.” One may often find the wood affected when the fruit
cups are not evident. Peziza Willkommii produces on larch trees
a disease known as the ‘‘larch canker,” which shows itself as a
sunken, blistered hole from which resin flows. This patch is
formed because the mycelium of the fungus attacks and destroys
the cambium or green layer which lies under the brown bark,
and since this is the tissue which builds up the wood of the
trees, the growth of wood in this part is prevented. The fruits
appear above the bark in the form of little cups, white outside
and scarlet within. When branches bearing golden-yellow
needles are seen among the fresh green shoots of a larch, pre-
maturely giving to the tree an autumnal appearance, one may
expect to find Peziza Willkommii at work.

Peziza odorata (Edible)

Cup—Yellowish, translucent, becoming
dull brown when old. The flesh
is moist and watery, and separable
into two layers; the outer layer
rough, and the inner smooth. The
frame is cup-shaped when young,
but flattened and split on the mar-
gin when old.

E'-ra-{{n-6'-sd Wil-kdm’1-iO'-dér-a’-td Section to show two layers
137

Spore-sac Fungi—Ascomycetes

Stem —None.
Habitat—The specimen pictured was found in December, among
the violets in a cold frame in New Jersey.

Golden Peziza (Edible)
Pegiza aurantia

Cup—Orange red within, golden or whitish outside, with a
frosted appearance. Subsessile, irregular.
Habitat—In clusters on the ground, usually in the autumn.

ORDER HELVELLALES—EARTH-TONGUES

The order Helvellales contains the fleshy spore-sac fungi
which have the Spore-bearing body, the ascoma, open from the
earliest stage of its development.

FAMILY GEOGLOSSACE/

The family Geoglossacew, which belongs to this order, con-
tains the earth-tongues, which are club-like forms, green or
black or yellow, and from one to three inches high, common on
the ground, growing in rich wood mould. In consistency they
are fleshy, gelatinous, or waxy, and their asci open by means
of a terminal pore.

GENUS SPATHULARIA

The genus Spathularia has the spore body flattened and
growing down both sides of the stem.

Velvety Spathularia

Spathularia velutipes (See Prate Facinc Pacs 132)

Spore Body—Flattened, tawny yellow, shaped like a spatula, with
the spore surface wavy and growing down two sides of the
stem.

Stm—Hollow, minutely velvety, dark brown tinged with yellow.

Flesh—Firm and tough, shrinking little in drying.

Habitat—Mossy trunks in damp woods.

Au-r&n’-shi-4 Vé-la'-tl-pés
138

Golden Peziza (edible).
(Peziza aurantia, Pers.)

Peziza cdorata. Pk. (edible),
Reduced. See page 137.

Genus Vibrissea

Spathularia clavata

Spore Body—Clear yellow, shaped like a spatula, sometimes tinged
with red. Obtuse or cleft at the apex, the surface wavy,
the margin crisped, growing down the stem some distance
on opposite sides ; hollow.

Stem—Thick, hollow. White, often becoming yellowish.

Flesh—Dry.

GENUS GEOGLOSSUM

The genus Geoglossum has the spore body simple, erect,
and club-shaped, and entirely black. The spore surface is ter-
minal.

Geoglossum hirsutum

Geoglossum hirsutum is black, dry, and everywhere velvety.
Lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or almost round, often irregular. The
spore-bearing portion is one-quarter to one-half the length of the
fungus.

Geoglossum glabrum

Geoglossum glabrum is dry, black, or brownish black, some-
times tinged with olive or purple. Club-shaped or sometimes
laterally compressed. The spore-bearing portion not sharply
distinct from the stem below.

GENUS VIBRISSEA

The genus Vibrissea contains fungi with vertical and simple
stems, and horizontal caps with their thick margins rolled in to-
ward the stem. The spore-sacs are borne on the upper surface.

Vibrissea truncorum

Vibrissea truncorum is a clear orange-red or sometimes yel-
low or brownish-red fungus, about an inch high, found on
decayed wood, branches, or leaves which are submerged in

water.
Clav-a'-t& Hir-si’-ttim Vi-bris’-sé-4
Gé-6-glés'-stim Gla'-brim Trin-cd'-rim

139

Spore-sac Fungi—Ascomycetes

Vibrissea circinans

Vibrissea circinans is a pale yellowish flesh colour, or simply
yellowish fleshy fungus found growing in circles or clusters,
with convex caps and incurved, wavy margins, the concave under
surface often minutely wrinkled. The stem is long, pallid, or
reddish. The plant is found chiefly in pine woods.

GENUS MITRULA

The genus Mitrula has the spore body erect, black or bright
coloured, and dry, spatulate, or cylindrical, often compressed lat-
erally. The spore-bearing surface is sharply distinct from the
scaly or mealy stem below.

Irregular Mitrula (Edible)
Mitrula vitellina, var. irregularis *

Spore Body—Bright egg yellow. Club-shaped, somewhat lobed,

cylindrical or compressed ; apex narrow, obtuse, smooth.
o two plants are quite alike. Length, 1-2 inches.

Stem—Short, white, rather distinct, covered with fibres. Spongy
and white within.

Hatitat—In mossy places in woods during the autumn. The
specimen pictured was found growing among fallen birch
leaves, hemlock needles, and moss, in the dense woods at
Lake Placid.

FAMILY HELVELLACEA:—MORELS

A second family Helvellacee contains three important gen-
era, Morchella, Gyromitra, and Helvella, in which are the largest
and most highly prized spore-sac fungi known. They are dis-
tinguished from the earth-tongues by the cap-like form of the
spore body or ascoma, but especially by the character of the
spore-sac, which opens by a little lid instead of by a simple pore.

Gir-cl'-nans Vi'-tél-li’-n& Gy'-r5-mi'-trd
Mit'-rii-14 Mér-kél'-14 Hél-vél’-14

* This species is also described under the names Geoglossum irregulare and

Geoglossum vitellinum.

140

Helvel.a elastica, Bull. Reduced. See page 142.

i gre

Helvella lacunosa, Holm. Reduced See pace |43-

~ Mitrula vitellina, sacc., var. irregularis, Pk edible). Reduced,

Genus Morchella

GENUS GYROMITRA

The genus Gyromitra contains seven species. These have
the ascomata distinctly stalked, and the upper surface covered
with gyrose folds. The largest spore-sac fungi belong in this
genus.

Gyromitra esculenta (Edible)

Capg—Bay red, round, lobed, irregular,
gyrose-wrinkled, attached to the
stem in several places. Hollow,
white, and uneven within.

Stem—Whitish, hollow, scurfy. Two or
more inches long.

Flesh—Edible only when young and
freshly gathered.

Habitat—In sandy soil, during the wet
weather of May and June.

G. esculenta

GENUS MORCHELLA

The genus Morchella has the
cap covered with a network of blunt
ridges enclosing irregular depressed
spaces. The spore-sacs are devel-
oped in both ridges and depressions.
All the species when young are
of a buff yellow tinged
with brown, but later
they are darker. The
stems are rather stout
and hollow, white or
whitish in some spe-
cies, and attached to
the cap at the apex
only ; but in others,

M. deliciosa .
Section to show margin of the cap attached to the rim

united to the stem. as well. All thespecies mM. esculenta
Es'-cti-lén'-t&

141

Spore-sac Fungi—Ascomycetes

are edible and highly esteemed. They must be looked for during
wet weather, early in the season. They may be classed in two
groups, according to the attachment of the stem.

I—MARGIN OF CAP UNITED TO THE STEM

Cap rounded or oval.........ccescccccecceccescececs MoRCHELLA ESCULENTA
Cap oblong or cylindrical. ......... cc cee cee sees eee MOoRCHELLA DELICIOSA
Cap conical or oblong conical ; broader than stem...... MORCHELLA CONICA

Cap conical or oblong conical ; scarcely broader than stem. MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEPS

II—MARGIN OF CAP FREE FROM THE STEM

Cap free from the stem to the middle.........esseeeeee MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA
Cap free from the stem to the top......seeeeeeseeeeeee MORCHELLA BISPORA

GENUS HELVELLA

The genus Helvella contains twelve species. They
all have lobed, irregular, or saddle-shaped caps, which
are fleshy, and attached to the stem at the apex. They
are contorted in such a way that no two of the species
. appear alike.

Helvella

Helvella elastica
(See PLate Facine Pace 140)

Cap—Brownish grey. Cup-shaped, flattening out when mature ;
when young, the under surface is covered with little spines
or hairs. Both surfaces are smooth when mature.

Stem—Slender, of the same colour as the cap, tapering toward
the cap. Solid and white within.

Habitat—The specimen pictured was found growing beneath
hemlocks and yellow birches, in Lake Placid forest, during

September.
Dé-lish-1-0'-s& An-giis’-ti-céps Bi'-spér-&
Cdn’ -1-c4 Sém’-1-lib’-ér-& E-las'-tic-%

142

DELICIOUS MOREL (EDIBLE)
(Morchella deliciosa, Fr.)

Polyporus arcularius, (Batsch) Fries
See page 112

Genus Helvella

Helvella lacunosa (Sze Piate Facine Pace 140)

Cap—Of one piece, thin and flexible like rubber cloth, folded to
saddle the apex of the stem. The two saddle-flaps are at-
tached on_ their
margins at irreg-
ular intervals .
when young, and ™,
are puffed out Z
like a_ balloon;
but when ma-
ture, the pieces
separate. Their
outer surface is
brownish grey,
and their inner
surface light
grey, creased and

folded.
Stem—irregularly and
deeply furrowed.

flesh—Odour _ offen- Section of {Il|| || |...... Stem
j Stem.
sive.

Habitat— The speci-
men pictured was
found growing
imbedded in deep moss on old bark in the Lake Placid
woods.

*
s,

dois aice Se aratereiate gee] eee Attachment
of stem

Trt SE¥-23:
teneacie,
= pty

difurveces Cap flattened
3 out

go =.
ese See
See

H. lacunosa (diagrammatic)

L&c-ii-nd'-s&

143

CHAPTER XIII: SLIME FUNGI—MYXO-
MYCETES

(SzE Prate Facinc Pace 136)

WHETHER the slime fungi are plants or animals is a question
not yet decided. They are living organisms which have no
chlorophyll, or leaf-green, and which in their vegetative state
resemble certain groups of the Protozoa, or unicellular animals,
which live in water. In their manner of reproduction they show
resemblances to certain fungi, and the spore cases or sporangia
of some resemble tiny puffballs in form and manner of ejecting
their spores.

In the growing stage they consist of a naked mass of yel-
lowish or whitish protoplasm, which creeps about in the dark, in
accumulations of dead parts of plants, or under the bark of
rotting stumps or logs. When a spore germinates, the mem-
brane about it bursts, and a bit of naked and slimy protoplasm
escapes. This tiny mass creeps about, absorbing food from its
surroundings, and increasing in size until it may perhaps cover
an area of many inches. After a time spores begin to form, then
either the whole mass is transformed into a single spore case or a
number of spore cases are formed. The spore cases of Lycogala
epidendron are pretty things, resembling pink coral beads. When
fresh, a case is filled with a thin pink paste; but when mature,
with fine brown dust-like spores. When the spore case bursts,
these spores escape, and if they fall in favourable places the life
cycle begins anew.

Myx'-0-my-cé'-tés Pri-td-z6'-4 Ly-cdg'-4-14 Ep-i-dén’-drin

144

BRISTLY PANUS

(Panus strigosus, B. & C.; Lentinus strigosus)
Cap, gills, and stem creamy. See Genus, p. 67

CHAPTER XIV: FUNGI FOR THE HERBARIUM

THERE are no plants more difficult to preserve for an her-
barium than the fleshy fungi, and yet my personal observation
leads me to believe that there are many people who would be
willing to undertake the task if they. knew how to set about it;
and there is no class of plants in which the assistance of the
amateur may help the botanist more than in this, provided that,
at the time of gathering a specimen, full descriptive notes are
made of all the characteristics of the plant.

To aid one in quickly taking notes, it is well to have with
one in the field some printed or written blanks. A convenient
form is suggested by the following outline, which is the one
used by the Boston Mycological Club:

Species
Collected by
No.
Locality
Date

COLLECTOR’S NOTES.

N.B.—When collecting, be sure to get the whole plant, base and all, uninjured;
and to get young as well as mature specimens.

Note here at once the

‘ Tree (kind; dead or living).
Habitat. On { Ground (kind of soil),

Place (wood, field, wet or dry, high land or low, etc.).
Under and near what trees ?

Manner of ees in clusters, troops, or czspitose [growing from one
Growth. root]).

Character. (Viscid, hygrophanous [transparent when moist], dry.)
Smell.
Taste.
Spores. Colour.
Norte.—If the plant is perishable, sketch and describe it fully at once, and look
Io 145

Fungi for the Herbarium

for indications of spore colour. After the plant is described it may be dried in hot
air (over a stove for instance) and preserved or sent in for identification.

Sketch the plant, indicating markings of cap and stem. Draw or trace a vertical
section through the centre of cap and stem, indicating thickness of flesh; shape and
attachment of gills; nature of interior of stem; position of ring, volva, etc. Do this
also for a young specimen (button), showing whether the margin of the pileus is
straight or incurved.

N.B.—lIf not life size, note dimensions,

When the characters vary with age or with moisture, note the changes.

eae (flat, convex, concave, umbonate [raised in the centre],

Pileus. umbilicate [depressed in the centre], etc.).

Is it viscid when moist and fresh; tough, fragile, fleshy, mem-
branaceous; smooth, floccose, scaly, silky, fibrillose; even,
rough, wrinkled, furrowed? etc.

Is the margin entire, wavy, striate, inrolled, upturned, smooth,
woolly, hairy, appendiculate? etc.

Colour and markings.
Gills. Shape.
Attachment (adnate, sinuate, decurrent, etc., or free).

Are they distant or crowded, all of one length, branching or
forked, connected by veins ?

Surface (smooth, powdery, marked in any way).
Colour (young and old).

Texture (thick, thin, brittle, etc.).

Margin (entire, wavy, scalloped, toothed, fringed).

With Bo/et note colour, length, and size of tubes, shape and size
of mouths, relation of pore surface to stem, etc.

Fiesh. Consistency (firm, mealy, punky, etc.).
Colour (in general; just under skin; near gills or tubes).
Juice (taste and colour),

Stem. Texture (tough, flexuous, fragile, fleshy).
Shape (tapering either way, straight or bent, swollen, etc.).
Exterior (cartilaginous, fibrous or not, etc.).

Colour and markings (striate, dotted, pruinose [with a bloom],
fibrillose, or smooth, etc.).

Interior (hollow, solid, stuffed, fistulose [tubular], etc.).
Base (shape, markings, etc.).
146

Fungi for the Herbarium

Mycelium (thread-like, cottony, compact, root-like, sclerotioid
[hard], coloured).

Veil. (Examine young specimens).

= (Relative position, permanent or fugacious [quickly disappearing],
Ring. { etc.).
Volva. (Examine young buttons, base of stem, surface of pileus).
Remarks.

CoLLEcTor’s Outrit.—For collecting fungi there is nothing

better than a cheap splint basket with a cover. The size will
depend upon the ambition and strength of the collector. In ad-
dition, a chisel for woody fungi and a trowel or broad-bladed
knife will be found convenient; also a few small boxes for
fragile species, and a package of thin, tough, uncoloured paper
in which other specimens may be put. Sheets of six inches
square and also of twelve by twenty-four are convenient sizes.
Before the specimens are put in the basket, those of a kind should
be compactly piled in the centre of a sheet, and the four corners
of the sheet brought together and fastened by twisting them.
The slip with the notes may either be put inside the package or
fastened on the outside.
_ Care oF SPECIMENS.—As soon as possible after reaching
home, the packages should be taken from the basket and spread
out in convenient places. If the specimens are to be used imme-
diately for identification, begin with the most perishable, or they
will be lost by decay. If they are to be preserved for future use,
put them in the warmest place available where they will not
burn. This may be under or over the kitchen stove, or in the
furnace-room of the hotei or laundry; or, if any of these places is
not practicable, then a drier may be improvised by placing over
a lamp a frame made of wire screening.

COLLECTING SporES.—At least one specimen of each kind
should be set for spores. This is readily done by thrusting the
stem of one plant through a hole in a disk of gummed paper so
that the paper fits closely against the gills. This disk may be
held in place by thrusting the stem of the fungus through a piece
of thin paper and then bringing the paper above the cap and
twisting the corners. Use white disks for fungi suspected of
having coloured spores, and coloured paper for those suspected of

147

Fungi for the Herbarium

having white spores. If there is any doubt, set two fungi—one
with a coloured disk and the other with a white one.

It is an easy matter to fix spores for future use, but a more
difficult matter to fix them so that they represent a picture of the
radiating gills. In order to do this the stem must be cut from
the cap, and the cap must be so arranged over the paper that no
draughts shall disturb the spores as they fall, and also so that it
may be removed from the paper without disturbing the spores
after they have fallen. The writer would suggest that two fine
wires should be thrust horizontally and at right angles to each
other through the cap, and that the ends of the wires should be
supported in a convenient manner, so that the cap may just
swing free from the paper which is to receive the spores. The
whole must be covered to keep the spores from being disturbed
by draughts. When the spores have fallen, the cover can be re-
moved, the cap raised, and the spore-print fixed.

Various methods of fixing spores for prints are recommended.
The following are quoted from a bulletin of the Boston Mycoiog-
ical Club :

The following directions for fixing spore prints are taken from Herpel (“‘ Das
Prapariren der Hutpilze ”’).

Paper which is somewhat absorbent must be used; unglazed blue or black paper
(of which the colour must be unaffected by the fixative) for white-spored species.
The piece of paper bearing the spore print is to be laid, spores upward, in a flat plate
or platter on which a thin layer of fixative has first been poured. The fixative is al-
lowed to soak up through from below, and should not overflow the edges of the
paper. When it is certain that the spores as well as the paper are thoroughly soaked,
the preparation is removed and dried; sometimes, to prevent sticking, being laid on
moistened blotting-paper. :

The fixative to be used will vary with the species. For instance, the spores of
Cantharellus cibarius and some others may be fixed by water alone. The following
solution is recommended for Boledi and species with coloured spores: One part san-
darac, two parts mastic, and two parts Canada balsam, dissolved in thirty parts of
ninety-five per cent. alcohol. In the use of this it has been found that the time of
soaking necessary to fix the spores-is for Bo/eti,two minutes; Dermini, Coprinarii,
Gomphidius, Paxillus, Russula, and Lactarius, four to five minutes; pink-spored
agarics, also dark brown spored (as the meadow mushroom), and Cortinarit, six to
eight minutes. It is important that the alcohol should be full strength.

A gelatine solution is useful for white-spored species. This is prepared and used
warm. Its strength varies with the species. Lefiota procera, Collybia radicata, and
Clitocybe laccata may be fixed by a solution of one part gelatine to thirty of water.
For species of 7richoloma this is too strong, and one to sixty, or one to two hun-
dred must be the formula. The difficulty arises here from the fact that an excess of

148

Fungi for the Herbariun

gelatine makes the spores transparent and even invisible. Their opacity may be
secured by previous treatment with a solution of one part mastic in thirty of ether.

For certain kinds (Zricholoma personatum, Lepiota granulosa, Amanitopsis
vaginata, and others which experiment will discover), ten to twenty-five per cent.
of alcohol must be added to the gelatine solution in order to make the spores adhere.

Experierice will doubtless show that other fixatives may be used. Gum arabic,
for instance, suggests itself. This, however, if strong, is apt to cake the spores to-
gether. If one method fails, invention and repeated trials must find a successful
means, Reports are requested from all who engage in the amusement of making
spore prints. To these a suggestion not without value is that dry agarics (like
Marasmius and some Collybias) may be kept in a condition to shed spores by putting
moistened blotting-paper under them.

Another method of making spore prints is to spray them
from an atomizer with a solution of white shellac in alcohol.
A saturated solution should be made, and then diluted fifty per
cent. with alcohol.

THE SEARCH FOR A Name.—When looking up a name for a
plant, the best plan is to use fresh specimens, and, if a good
supply can be had, make a careful comparison of all, so as to be
sure that the characteristics are normal and not due to injury.
If the attempt to find a satisfactory description is not successful,
preserve the specimens dried, together with full notes, and send
a part of them to the State botanist for determination.

The name of a fungus is not the vital thing. In pursuit of a
name do not neglect the plant. Observe it as it grows and in
its different stages. Make a friend of it, and you will find it
good company.

THE PREPARATION OF ROUGH-DRIED PLANTS FOR THE HERBA-
rtuM—Put the dried plants in a place where they will absorb just
moisture enough to make them pliant. Either put them ina box
containing something damp, as a wet sponge, sand, or paper; or
spread them where they can absorb the moisture of the atmos-
phere without getting too wet. When pliant, bend the stem and
cap so that they lie in the same plane, and arrange them in as
natural a form as possible; then place them between driers of un-
glazed paper, with a weight just sufficient to keep them from
curling out of shape.

Mountinc—The specimens may be placed loose in envelopes
made by folding paper as for mosses or lichens, or they may be
glued directly to mounting sheets, or they may be kept in boxes
of varying sizes.

149

Fungi for the Herbarium

SecTIONS—A section of a fungus is a very thin slice cut from
the plant by running a thin-bladed knife from the top of the cap
down through the stem. When well made, sections of young
and mature plants are valuable in addition to the notes and dried
specimens. A section to be of any value must show the form of
the cap; the attachment of the gills to the stem; the thickness of
the stem; and the interior, whether solid, hollow, or stuffed.
To preserve the section, it must be placed, while fresh, upon
a sheet of gummed paper, and then covered with a sheet of
waxed paper, and placed between driers, under heavy pressure.

PoIsONING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS—It will be found necessary
to use every means possible to keep insects from the herbarium,
as fungi are particularly subject to such pests. In order that no
eggs and larve may be packed away with the dried plants, it
will be well to apply a poisonous solution to the specimens just
after they have been moistened to be put into press. Professor
Peck, the State botanist of New York, uses a solution made by
dissolving strychnine in warm water, and then adding alcohol
in sufficient quantities to make the mixture spread easily with a
brush.

Sulphate of strychnia. . . . . . . . 3% ounce
Warm water . . . . . w]e 6. «64 OF 5 Ounces
Alcohol. . . . . . . ~« © ~ About 2 ounces

In addition to this precaution, the specimens must be kept
where insects cannot get at them, or the havoc which they make
will be disastrous. An ingenious person can improvise all the
apparatus necessary for a successful collection of moderate size;
and then, if his enthusiasm continues, he can provide himself
with everything of the most improved style from dealers who
make a specialty of botanical supplies.

150

CHAPTER XV: FUNGI FOR THE TABLE

BEFORE you attempt to use fungi for the table be sure that
they are edible ; the consequences which follow a mistake are
too serious to warrant any risks. Unless you are experienced in
making careful observations and comparisons, eat only those
fungi which have been shown to you by some one who has tried
them and knows them to be wholesome. If you are experienced
in making careful observations and comparisons, and wish to
make experiments, make them cautiously, using a small quantity
of the fungus for the first trial, and, if no ill effects are felt, in-
crease the amount until you are satisfied as to its edibility.

There is no general rule by which one may know an edible
species from a poisonous species. One must learn to know each
kind by its appearance, and the edibility of each kind by experi-
ment.

Some edible mushrooms change colour when bruised, some
edible ones do not.

Some poisonous mushrooms change colour when bruised,
and some poisonous ones do not.

Some mushrooms with bright colours, or viscid caps, or
pleasant taste, or agreeable odour are edible, and some are
poisonous.

Some edible mushrooms will turn a silver spoon black, and
so will some poisonous ones.

Cautions for the Inexperienced

Never use specimens which are decomposed in the slightest
degree.

Never use those which are at all burrowed by insects.

Never collect, for food, mushrooms in the button stage, as
it is difficult for a novice to distinguish the buttons of poisonous
species from the buttons of harmless species.

Never use fungi with swollen bases surrounded by sac-like
or scaly envelopes.

151

Fungi for the Table

Never use fungi with milky juice unless the juice is red-
dish.

Never use fungi with caps thin in proportion to the width
of the gills when the gills are nearly all of equal length, especially
if the caps are bright coloured.

Never use for food tube-bearing fungi in which the flesh
changes colour when cut or broken, nor those with the tubes
reddish. Be very cautious with all fleshy tube-bearing fungi.

Never use for food fungi with a web-like ring around the
upper part of the stem.

The novice may safely experiment with Clavarias, coral
fungi, morels, and puffballs.

THE Foop VALUE OF FuNGI.—Many people thoughtful for the
welfare of those with limited opportunities for varying their bill
of fare have hoped to solve the problem by introducing into
more general use the varied and abundant fungi which grow
everywhere throughout our country. In order to accomplish
this object, bulletins have been published by the several agricul-
tural departments, and have been distributed freely to those
wishing to have them. The result has been that a wide-spread
interest has been created in this branch of botany, and fungi
have become a common dish on tables where they were never
before seen.

As accessories, for relish or variety, edible fungi are undoubt-
edly valuable ; but that they can never take the place of meat, as
many fondly hoped, nor rank very high as an essential food, has
been shown by the experiments of Mr. L. B. Mendel in the
Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale University.
Mr. Mendel has demonstrated by chemical analysis and by ex-
periments in artificial digestion that the proportion of proteid
matter—the material which meat supplies—is smaller than it was
formerly supposed to be, and also that a large proportion of that
present is not acted upon by the digestive juices. Since, also,
the proportion of water to solid matter is very great, being from
seventy to ninety per cent. in the most desirable edible species,
it would be necessary that a man should eat a great many
pounds of even the richest fungi in order to obtain the daily
requisite of proteid matter necessary to maintain a healthy
constitution.

The specimens marked edible in this book have been repeat-

152

Fungi for the Table

edly tried by many people, and without ill effects. Some marked
edible are harmless, but poor, while others are extremely de-
licious and appetizing.

A few directions for preparing different species for cooking
are given below, that those who wish to experiment may have
the benefit of the experience of others. Receipts for cooking the
common mushroom, Agaricus campestris, may be found in all
complete cook-books, and these receipts as they are given or
modified may be used for other kinds also, provided that the
directions for the preparation of the different species are fol-
lowed.

To Keep MusHRooMs TEMPORARILY.—Cleanse, remove the
parts to be rejected, rinse in cold water the parts to be used, dry
with a cloth, then put in boiling water and keep boiling for five
or ten minutes. Drain, and wipe dry.

To PREPARE. THE EpIBLE AGARICS FOR COOKING.—Cleanse,
cut off the stems and throw them away. Rinse the caps in
cold water, drain, and leave in cold water acidulated with lemon
or vinegar until just before using.

To Toast Acarics.—Dry with a cloth, dust with flour, put
a little butter, pepper, and salt on the gills. Lay the caps, gills
upward, on a wire-net toaster, over a moderate fire, and cook
from five to ten minutes.

To Bake Acarics.—Dry with a cloth. Line a porcelain pie-
dish with toast, spread the peeled caps on the toast, sprinkle
with pepper and salt, and pour over them a few spoonfuls of
thick cream. Cover with a plate, and place in a moderate oven
for fifteen minutes. Serve hot. Or,

Line the dish with toast dipped in hot water and buttered.
Spread the caps on the toast, with half a teaspoonful of butter on
each one. Cover, and cook in a warm oven for ten minutes.

To Brow Acarics—Broil lightly on both sides over a bright
fire. Arrange on buttered toast, sprinkle with pepper and salt.
Put bits of butter or bits of toasted bacon on each, and set in the
oven a moment. Serve hot.

MusHrooms STEweED—Caps, peeled, one quart; butter, two
tablespoonfuls; salt, one teaspoonful; pepper, one-third of a
teaspoonful; water or stock, one-half cupful. Boil gently in
a covered stewpan for five minutes. Or,

Caps, peeled and cut in pieces, one pint; butter, one table-

153

Fungi for the Table

spoonful; salt, one-half teaspoonful; pepper, one pinch. Simmer
in a stewpan for ten minutes.

To PREPARE RussuLas—Reject the stems and gills, but not
the peel. Cleanse the caps, rinse in cold water, then put for a
moment in boiling water, and dry with a cloth. Cook by the
receipts given for agarics.

To PREPARE FuNGI WITH MiLKy JulcE—Remove the stems,
cleanse, rinse, and scald. Steep for six hours in a liquid pre-
pared by mixing one wineglass of strong vinegar, one table-
spoonful of salt, and one pint of water. Boil for ten minutes in
salt and water. Cook by the receipts given for agarics.

LacTaRIUS DELIcIosus—Known by its greyish-orange cap
marked with brighter zones, and by its orange milk. Also

LacTaRius vOLEMUS—Known by its reddish-brown cap, two
to five inches across, with stems of the same colour, and white
milk. May be prepared by simply removing the bases of the
stems and then rinsing in water.

To Prepare AMANITAS—Reject the stems and peel, and cook
but a short time.

To PREPARE CHANTERELLES—Cut off the base of the stems,
rinse in cold water, soak in warm milk for six hours. Stew a
long time with plenty of butter or stock. Use with meat hashes
and stews, or in omelet.

To Fry CHANTERELLES—Wash, slice, put in melted butter,
and stir for ten minutes, simply keeping them warm. Add more
butter, pepper, salt, crumbs of bread, and minced parsley, and
fry over a hot fire.

To PREPARE CopRINI—INK Caps—-Use only young specimens.
Remove the base of the stems, wipe with a damp cloth. Throw
for an instant into boiling water. Fry in boiling butter or lard.
Remove from the pan as soon as they break or sink. Serve on
toast.

To Prepare BoLtetiI—Remove the tubes with a spoon.
Reject the stems.

To Prepare HyDNUM REPANDUM—Remove the bases of the
stems, and scrape off the spines. They require little cooking.

To Prepare Morets—Cleanse; rinse by shaking them in
several waters, or run the cold water from the faucet over them
until the pits are thoroughly cleansed. They require to be
cooked for a long time.

154

Fungi for the Table

To PREPARE BEEFSTEAK Funcus—Gather when of a light-
red colour. Remove the hard base, cleanse in cold water.

For salad—Cut in thin slices and serve with dressed lettuce.

Minced—Mince fine, put in a stewpan with butter, three
ounces to the pound. Season with salt, pepper, minced parsley,
and onion juice. Stew gently for twenty minutes. Bind with
egg-yolk beaten in cream, and serve with toast. This mince
may be used with veal or chicken hash.

To PREPARE GYROMITRAS.—Cleanse, cut in slices, boil in water
fifteen minutes, then wash by shaking in two successive waters
boiling hot. Dry on cloths, and cook as directed for morels.

To PREPARE Woopy PorE-BEARING FuNGI—PoLyror&.—Take
the soft parts of young specimens, Put in boiling water for a
few moments, rinse in cold water, and dry on cloths. Spread
with butter, lay in a stewpan, and cover; then keep them for ten
minutes just warm enough to melt the butter. Strain, broil for
fifteen minutes, or stew half an hour or more with gravy.

To PREPARE CLAVARIAS AND BRANCHED HypNuMs.—Cleanse,
throw into scalding water for a moment, and then put into cold
water made acid with lemon or vinegar until they are to be
cooked. Divide the large ones, and tie the small ones into
bundles. Place in a stewpan with bits of butter laid on them.
Cover the pan, and expose to heat enough to melt the butter.
Leave for ten minutes, and drain.

To Cook Ciavarias.—Put into a hot stewpan with bits of
butter; season with salt, pepper, and lemon juice. Cover closely,
and stew for half an hour. Thicken with cream and flour, season
to taste, and cook until tender.:

Clavarias may also be cooked as directed for agarics.

To PREPARE PUFFBALLS.—Cleanse, peel, trim off the base.
Cut in two pieces, and reject all those which are not pure white
within.

To Cook PurrsBaLts.—Fry in lard five or six minutes, with
bacon, parsley, onion juice, salt, and pepper; or cook as directed
for agarics.

To Cook THE GIANT PUFFBALL.—Cut in slices half an inch
thick, dip in the beaten yolk of egg, pepper, and salt. Fry in
boiling fat for five or six minutes.

PUFFBALL SALAD.—Cut in strips, and serve with green salad
dressed with mustard, oil, and vinegar.

155

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED

ATKINSON. Studies and Illustrations of Mushrooms, I, II. Bull. Cor-
nell Univ. Expt. Station, 138: 337-366, f. &7-zr2. 1897. 168: 491-516,
J. 83-97. 1899.

BURNAP. Notes on the Genus Calostoma. Bot. Gaz., 23: 180-192,
Pl. 19. 1897.

BURT. A List of the Vermont Helvellacez, with Descriptive Notes. Rhodora,
I: 59-67, Pl. 4. 1899.

— On Collecting and Preparing Fleshy Fungi for the Herbarium. Bot.
Gaz., 25: 172-186, P/. rg. 18098.
The Phalloideze of the United States, I-III. Bot. Gaz., 22: 273-292,
Pl. rr, 12 5 379-391. 1896. 24: 73-92. 1897.

COOKE. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms. 8vo, 78 plates. London,

1894.
—— Illustrations of British Fungi. 8 vols., PZ z-rzg8. London, 1881-1891.
— Mycographia. P/. z-r73. London, 1879. [Pezizales.]
Mycographia. 1-10, 87-104, 179-206, 215-220 ; Pl. 1-4, 41-46, 81-96,
ror, roz, 1879. [Helvellales.]

COVILLE. Observations on Recent Cases of Mushroom Poisoning in the
District of Columbia. U.S. Dep. Agr., 1897.

FALCONER. Mushrooms : How to Grow Them. U.S. Dep. Agr., 1896.
FARLOW. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms. U. S. Dep. Agr., 1898.

FRIES. cones select Hymenomycetum, Holmia, 2 vols. 1867-1884.
HAY. Text-book of British Fungi. 8vo. London, 1887..

MASSEE. A Monograph of the Geoglossee. Annals of Bot., 225-306,
Pl. 12, 13. 1897. ;

—— A Monograph of the Genus Calostoma. Bot. Gaz., 23: 180-192, PZ,
zg. 1897.

—— A Monograptr of the British Gastromycetes. Annals of Bot., Vol. IV,
No. XIII. November, 1889.

MENDEL. The Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of some Edible
American Fungi. Am. Jour. of Physiology, 1: 225-238. 1898.

157

Authorities Consulted

MICHAEL, Fuhrer fir Pilzfreunde. 12mo, 55 plates. Zwickau, 1897.

MORGAN. North American Fungi. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., II:
141-149, PZ. 3. 1889. [Phallales.]

— North American Fungi. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 12: 8-22,
Pl. 1,2. 1889. 163-172, Pi. 76. 1890. 13: 5-21, P22, 2. 1891. 14:
141-148. P/. 5. 1892. [Lycoperdales.]

PECK. Reports of the State Botanist of New York, in the Regents’ Reports
of the State Museum of Natural History, 22-51.
—— Boleti of the United States. Bull. N. Y. State Mus , No. 8. 1888.

STEVENSON. British Fungi. 2 vols.

UNDERWOOD. Moulds, Mildews, and Mushrooms. New York, 1899.
— On the Distribution of the North American Helvellales. Minn. Bot.
Studies, 1: 483-500. 1896.

WEBSTER. Notes on Calostoma, Rhodora, 1: 30-33. 1899.

158

NOTE

It is customary, when writing the name of a fungus for
scientific purposes, to append the name of the author who first
published the appellation. The author’s name, for convenience,
may be abbreviated. A list of such abbreviations as are used
in this book is given below.

A. & S.
BATSCH.
BERK.
B. & C.
Bosc.

BULL.
BurnaP.
Buxs.
D. C.
Desv.

ELLs.

Fr.

HoLmsk.
Hubs.
Lascn.
Lk.

L. or Linn,

Albertini and Schweinitz.

Augustus Batsch (1761-1802), German botanist.

Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley.

Berkeley and Curtis.

Louis Bosc (1759-1828), one of the first collectors
of fungi in the United States.

Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793.

Charles E. Burnap, an American student.

Johann Christian Buxbaum, 1693-1730.

Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (1778-1841), a promi-
nent Swiss botanist.

Nicaise Augustin Desvaux, French botanist, 1784-
1856.

J. B. Ellis. Mr. Ellis is a mycologist in the United
States. The Ellis collection of fungi contains the
largest number of types of any collection of Ameri-
can fungi in existence. It is deposited in the
museum of the New York Botanical Garden.

Elias Magnus Fries (1794-1878), a Swedish botanist,
who laid the foundations for the study of the
Basidiomycetes.

Theodor Holmskiold (1732-1794), a Danish botanist.

William Hudson (1730-1793), an English botanist.

Wilhelm Lasch (1786-1863), a German botanist.

Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767-1851), a German
botanist.

Carl von Linneus (1707-1778), a Swedish botanist,
who revised the principles of classification and
introduced what is known as the binomial no-
menclature. According to his method, the name
of a plant is reduced to two words: the first, or

159

Note

Mass.
Morac.
PK.
Pers.
Roze.

Scuw.

Scop.

SCHAFF.

Sacc.

VaHL.

generic, name 1s a substantive or a word used: as a
substantive ; while the second, or specific, name is
an adjective. Lactarius is the generic name of
those fungi dripping milk, and deliciosus (delicious)
the specific name for one edible species.

George Massee, an English botanist.

A. P. Morgan, an American botanist.

Charles H. Peck (1833- ), the State botanist of
New York.

Christian Hendrik Persoon (1755-1837), a German
botanist.

Ernest Roze, a French botanist.

Lewis David de Schweinitz (1780-1834), an Ameri-
can botanist ; one of the first to make mycology a
serious study.

Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723-1788), an Italian
botanist.

Jacobi Christiani Scheffer (1718-1790), a German
botanist.

P. A. Saccardo (1845- ), an Italian botanist. Sac-
cardo is the compiler of Sy/loge Fungorum, a work
in Latin, containing descriptions of over forty thou-
sand species. It is a most valuable work, as it has
made accessible to workers throughout the world
the greater part of the technical descriptive litera-
ture upon the subject of fungi.

Martin Vahl (1749-1804), a Norwegian botanist.

The diacritical marks used in the pronunciation of the Latin
names indicate the sounds of the same letters in the following

list :

4 as in fat ti as in cut
a “fate ai ‘* cite
é ‘met y ‘“ myth
é ‘* meet y ‘“* my
Y “fin & ‘* gem
i“ fine g “ get
6 ‘* not e ‘cat
6 ‘note ¢ ‘* cent

160

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Adnate, 35; united by
growth ; said of gills
when they are grown

to the stem.
Agaricacez, 30, 32, 40,
46, 73.

Agaricales, 14, 30.

Agaricus, 39, 73.

— abruptus, 77.

— arvensis, 75.

— campestris, 12, 75, 76.

— cretaceus, 64.

— hemorrhoidarius, 75.

— how to grow, 73.

— maritimus, 75.

— placomyces, 75.

— Rodmani, 75, 76.

— subrufescens, 75.

— sylvaticus, 75.

Algze, 9.

Algal-like fungi, 9, 17.

Amanita, 34, 46.

— Ceesarea, 50, 52.

— Frostiana, 52.

— muscaria, 52.

— phalloides, 48.

— to prepare, for cooking,
154.

— verna, 65.

— young plant, 47.

Amanitopsis, 34, 53, 88.

— parcivolvata, 55.

— vaginata, 54.

— — var. alva, 54.

— — var. fulva, 54.

— — var. livida, 54.

Anthurus, 26.

— borealis, 121.

Antidote, 48; anything
that will counteract
the effects of poison.

Arachnoid, 38 ; web-like.

Armillaria, 34.

— mellea, 61.

— — var. bulbosa, 62.

— — var. exannulata, 62.

— — var. flava, 62.

—— var. glabra, 62.

— — var. obscura, 62.

—— var. radicata, 62.

Asci, 18, Ig; the sacs in
which the spores of
the cup fungi are de-
veloped.

Ascoma, Ig, 20, 21; the
disk-like body bear-
ing the spore-sacs
of the cup fungi and
their allies.

Ascomata, 20, 21; plural
of ascoma.

Ascomycetes, 17, 18, 135.

Ascus, 17; singular of asci.

Astreeus hygrometricus,
130.

Basidia, 16, 17; enlarged
cells bearing spores.

Basidiomycetes, 14, 17,
97, 116.

Bean seed to show embryo,

7.
Bear’s head, 2, 96.
Beefsteak fungus, 103.
— for salad, 155.
— minced, 155.
— to prepare, 155.
Bird’s-nest, 24, 133.
Bitter Boletus, 107.
Black knot, 9.
Boletacez, 31, 44, 102.
Boleti, 14.

161

Boleti, care
148.

— to prepare, 154.

—of the United States,
104.

—which change colour,
104.

Boletinus, 45, 102, 103.

— pictus, 103.

— painted, 103.

Boletus, 44, 104.

— Americanus, 109g.

— bicolor, 105.

— calopus, 106.

— castaneus, 108.

— chrysenteron, 106,

— cyanescens, 105,

— edulis, I09.

— eximius, 108,

— felleus, 107.

— glabellus, 104.

— mutabilis, 105.

— pallidus, 105.

— Peckii, 106.

— purpureus, 107.

— radicans, 106,

— Satanus, r07.

— scaber, 108.

— speciosus, 105s.

— subtomentosus, 10g.

— versipellis, 108.

Boston Mycological Club,
145.

Bovista, 128.

— plumbea, 128.

— section of, 128,

Bovistella, 29, 124, 129.

— Ohiensis, 129.

Brackets, 2, 4.

Brain-shaped Calvatia, 126.

Branches, 7.

of spores,

Index and Glossary

Brick top.
p- 81.)

Brick-red mushroom, 80.

Button, 11, 12; the name
given to a young
mushroom.

(Pl. opposite

Czesarea, 50.
Ceesar’s mushroom, 51.

Ceespitose, 145; growing in |’

clumps, many plants
from one root.

Calostoma, 29, 123, 124,
131.

— cinnabarinum, 132.

— lutescens, 132.

— Ravenelii, 132.

Calvatia, 28, 124, 126.

— craniformis, 126.

— cyathiformis, 128.

— fragile coat, 126.

— maxima, 127.

— section of, 126.

Cambium, 137; the deli-
cate young cells be-
tween the wood and
bark. The inner be-
come new wood ; the
outer, new bark.

Campestris, 76.

Caninus, 120.

Cantharellus, 36, 53.

— cibarius, 148.

— floccosus, 53.

Cap, defined, 12.

— membranous, 35.

— ragged edge, 13.

— scaly, 34.

— smooth, 34.

— striate, 50.

— umbonate, 63.

Capillitium, 25, 126; sim-

ple or branched
threads mixed with
spores.

— elastic, 126.
Capitate, 21; having a dis-
tinct head.

Capitila.
136.)

Caput-ursi, 96.

Carbon, 4; an elementary
substance found in
plant and animal
tissue.

Cartilaginous, 36, 146;
similar to the elastic
tissue found at the
ends of fresh bones.

Caterpillar, fungus grow-
ing on, 136.

Cautions, 151.

Cell, 11; a living vegeta-
ble unit.

— spore, II.

— club-like, 13, 14.

Cervinus, 87.

Chalk agaric, 64.

Chanterelle hygrophorus,
59-

— to fry, 154.

— to prepare, 154.

Chemical analysis, 152.

Chestnut Boletus, 108.

Chitonia, 83.

Chlorophyll, 6, 144; the
green coloring mat-
ter of plants.

Christmas greens, 5, 7.

Chrysenteron, 106.

Cibus Deorum, 51.

Cinnabarinum, 132.

Circinatus, 113.

Class, 7, 15, 17.

Classification, 5, 7.

Clathracez, 26, 117, I21.

Clathrus, 26, 121.

— cancellatus, 121.

— columnatus, 121.

Clavaria, 3, 14, 99.

— aurea, 100.

— botrytes, roo.

— cristata, 100.

— fellea, ror.

— flava, 99.

— formosa, Ior.

162

(Pl. opposite p.

Clavaria, golden, 100.

— pale yellow, go.

— pistil, ror.

— pistillaris, ror.

— red-tipped, 100.

— to cook, 155.

— to prepare, 155.

Clavariaceze, 30, 98, 99.

Clavate, 21 ; club-shaped

Clitocybe, 35, 68, 70.

— laccata, 70.

—— care of spores, 148.

Clitocybe virens, 71.

— var. amythystina, 71.

— var. pallidifolia, 71.

—var. striatula, 71.

Clitopilus, 37, 88.

Collector, notes of, 145.

— outfit of, 147.

Collybia, 35, 66.

— care of specimens, 150.

— care of spores, 148.

— familia, 67.

— radicata, 66.

— radicata, care of spores,
148.

— velutipes, 66.

Columella, 125.

Common mushroom, 76.

Context, 42; the tissue
immediately in con-
tact with a specified
part.

Coprinarii. See Coprini.

Coprini,careof spores,148,

— to prepare, 154.

Coprinus, 40, 89.

— atramentarius, 9gI.

— comatus, iii, v, viii, 90

— micaceus, 91.

Coral fungi, 98.

Coral Hydnum, 97.

Cordyceps, 136.

Corollas, 6.

Cortinarii, care of spores,
148.

Cortinarius, 38, 85.

— alboviolaceus, 87,

Cortinarius violaceus, 87.

Count de Vecchi, 49.

Craniformis, 126.

Craterellus cantharellus,
73+

Crested Clavaria, 100.

Crucibulum, 133.

Cup fungi, 19, 137.

Cup-shaped puffball, 128.

Cyathiformis, 128.

Cyathus, 133.

Czar Alexis, 49.

Deedalea, 43.
Death Cup, 48.
Deconica, 39, 82.
Decurrent, 35; growing
down the stem ; said
of gills.
Deliquescent, 26 ; dissolv-
ing or melting away.
Destroying Angels, z. See
Death Cup.
Dictyophorus, 27.
Dissemination, of seeds,
6; the act of scat-

tering.
— of spores, 4, 118, 126,
131, 133, 137.

Early Pholiota, 84.
Earth-stars, 123, 129.
Earth-tongues, 138.
Eccilia, 87, 88.
Edible Boletus, 109.
Elaphomyces, 136.
Elias Fries, 97.

Elm Pleurotus, 58.
Emetic Russula, 68.
Entoloma, 37, 88.

Fairy clubs, 9.

Fairy-ring mushroom, 66.
Fairy rings, 3.

Families, 7, 16.

Fat Pholiota, 83.
Favolus, I15.

— areolarius, 115.

Fawn-coloured Pluteus, 87.

Fernwithspore capsules, 8.

Fertile gleba, 125.

Fibrillose, 146; furnished
with fibres.

Fistulina, 44, 102.

— cavipes, 103.

— decipiens, 103.

— hepatica, 102.

— paluster, 103.

— porosus, 103.

Fistulose, 146; hollow
through the whole
length.

Flexuous, 146; bent alter-
nately in opposite
directions,

Flint-stone, 127; a stone
formerly used for ob-
taining sparks.

Floccose, 45; clothed
with locks of soft
hair or wool,

Flocculent, 52; woolly.

Flowerless plants, 5.

Fly Amanita, 49.

Food of the gods, 51.

Frog-spittle, 6.

Fruiting portion, 12, 13.

Fuhrer fir Pilzfreunde,
104.

Fungi, defined, 4.

— for food, 1, 151.

— forthe herbarium, 145.

— for the table, 151.

— not grewsome, 2.

— habitat, 2.

— how to grow them, 73.

— number of, 15.

— poisonous, I, 48, I5I.

— typical parts, 12.

—with gills, 30, 32-40,
46-92.

— with milky juice, 92, 93.

— with pores, 42, 44, 102,
155.

—with spines, 23, 41,
94-97.

163

Index and Glossary
Fungi with teeth, 94-
97.
Fungus plant, 9.
Fusiform, 40; cylindrical,
tapering gradually to
each end,

Gasteromycetes, 2, 3, 14,
24.

Geaster, 28, 124, 129.

— hygrometricus, 130.

— minimus, 130.

Gelatinous fungi, 116,

Genera, 7, 16.

Geoglossacez, 21, 138.

Geoglossum, 139.

— glabrum, 139.

— hirsutum, 139.

Giant puffball, 127.

Gills, 12.

— forked, 53.

— notched, 58.

— structure, 13.

— toothed, 56,

— waxy, 61.

Glabrous, 50; not hairy.

Gleba, 26, 117; the spore
mass of the pouch
fungi.

Glistening Coprinus, 91.

Globose, 40; having or
approaching a spher-
ical form.

Golden Clavaria, 100.

Golden-flesh Boletus, 106,

Golden Peziza, 138.

Gomphidius, 4, 92.

— fixing spores of, 148.

Grandinia, 94.

Grass spikelet, 7.

Gray-gilled mushroom, 79,

Green Russula, 69.

Greeks, 1.

Guepinia, 116.

Gyromitra,
I4I.

— esculenta, 141.

— to prepare, 155.

20, ‘140,

Index and Glossary

Habitat, 145; the locality
where a plant natu-
rally lives,

Haschisch, 49; an intoxi-
cating preparation of
the Indian hemp.

Hedgehog Hydnum, 97.

— mushroom, 94.

Helvella, 20, 140.

— elastica, 142.

— lacunosa, 143.

— — diagrammatic draw-
ing, 143.

— — section of stem, 143.

Helvellacez, 20, 140.

Helvellales, 19, 138.

Hirneola auricula-Jude,
116,

Honey-coloured Armilla-
ria, 61.

Host, 22; the plant or
animal which sup-
ports a parasite.

Hydnacez, 32, 04.

Hydnum, 14, 32, 41, 94,
116,

—albidum, 95.

-— branched, to prepare,
185.

— caput-medusz, 97.

— caput-ursi, 96.

— coralloides, 97.

— echinaceus, 97.

— imbricatum, 96.

— repandum, 95.

— rufescens, 95.

Hydrogen gas, 4; one of
the elements found
in plant and animal
tissue.

Hygrophanous, 145;
opaque when dry,
and transparent when
moist.

Hygrophorus, 35, 59.

— cantharellus, 59.

— eburneus, 61.

— miniatus, 60.

Hygrophorus, var. flava,
60.

— var. flaviceps, 60.

— var. flavipes, 60.

— var. rosea, 60.

Hymenogastrales, 133.

Hymenomycetes, 2, 14.

Hypha, 11; a thread-like
strand of the vegeta-
tive part of a fungus.

Hypholoma, 39, 78.

— capnoides, 79.

— elzxodes, 80,

— epixanthus, 79.

— fasciculare, 80.

— incertum, 80, 81.

— perplexum, 78, 79.

— sublateritium, 81.

Hypocreales, 18, 136.

Imperial mushroom, 51.
Incertum, 80, 81.
Indian pipe, 7.
Ingenious stamens, 6,
Ink-caps, 89.

Inky Coprinus, gt.
Irpex, 94.

Ivory Hygrophorus, 61.

Jew’s Ear, 116,

Judas’s Ear, 116.

Juice, milky, 32.

— watery, 32.

Juvenal, 1 ;a Roman poet,
first century A.D.

Kaiserling, 51.
Key, 15-45.

Lachnocladium, 99.
Lactarius, 32, 92.

— care of spores, 148.
— channeled, 33.

— crisped, 33.

— deliciosus, 154.

— entire, I.

— ligniotus, 93.

i7— Piperatus, 92.

164

Lactarius, to cook, 154.

— to prepare, 152.

— volemus, 154.

Lamelle, 12.

—acute 35; the edges
thin, not blunt.

— adnate, 35; grown to
the stem.

— brittle, 35.

— decurrent, 35 ; growing
down the stem.

— entire, 47.

— free from the stem, 34.

— obtuse, 36.

— shallow folds, 36.

— simple, 33.

— sinuate, 35.

— splitting deeply, 33.

— toothed, 32.

— villous, 33; with soft
hairs.

— waxy, 35.

Larch canker, 137.

Large club, ror.

Latticed Clathrus, 121.

Leaf-green, 4, 6, 15, 144.

Lentinus, 32.

— lepideus, 56.

Lenzites, 43.

— betulina, 113.

— separia, 114.

Lepiota, 34, 63.

— Friesii, 65.

— granulosa,
spores, 149.

— naucinoides, 64.

— procera, 63.

— — care of spores, 148.

Leptonia, 88.

Light from dry rot, 2.

Liverworts, 5, 7.

Lycogala epidendron, 144.

Lycoperdales, 25, 28, 123.

Lycoperdon, 29, 124.

— cyathiforme, 128.

— giganteum, 127.

— maxima, 127.

— pyriforme, 125.

care of

Lycoperdon, section of,
124.

— subincarnatum, 125.

Lycopodiums, 7.

Majoon, 49 ; an intoxicat-
ing confection of
India.

Maned agaric (see Coma-
tus), ii, v, viii, go.

Marasmius, 33, 65.,

— care of spores, 149.

— oreades, 66.

Marchantia polymorpha,7.

Masked Tricholoma, 72.

Medusa’s head, 97.

Mendel, 152.

Membrane fungi, 14, 22.

Merulius, 110.

— lacrymans, IIo.

Mitrula, 21.

— vitellina, var. irregula-

ris, 140.

Morels, 140, 154.

— to prepare, 154.

Morchella, 21, 140, 141,

142.

— angusticeps, 142.

— bispora, 142.

— deliciosa, 142.

— esculenta, 141, 142,

— section of, 141.

— semilibera, 142.

Mould, 2.

— on bread, g.

— on food, 2.

— on dead fly, 9.

Mould-like fungi, 15, 77.

Mounting, 149.

Mount Marcy, 68.

Mucronella, 94.

Muscaria, 49.

Muscarine, 50; a poison |

found in A. muscaria.
Mushrooms, baked, 153.
— broiled, 153.
— stewed, 153.
— toasted, 153.

Mushrooms, to keep, 15.
— to prepare, 153.
Mutinus, 27.

— bambusinus, 120.

— caninus, 120.

— embryo plant, 120.

— young plant, 120.
Mycelial threads, 117, 123.
— luminosity of, 63.
Mycelium, 11, 110, 136.
— food provider, 13.
Mycena, 35, 55.

— hzmatopoda, 55.
Myxomycetes, 144.

Name, not a vital thing,
150,

— the search for, 150.

Nidularia, 133.

Nidulariales, 24, 133.

Nolanea, 88.

Odontium, 94.

Offensive fungi, 117.
Omphalia, 35, 68.

— umbellifera, 68.
Orange Amanita, 50.
Orange-cap Boletus, 108.
Orders, 7, 16.

Oreades, 3.
Oxygen, 4 ; one of the ele-
mentary substances

which, chemically
united with carbon
and hydrogen, forms
plant tissues.

Oyster mushroom, 57.

Painted Boletinus, 103.

Panzeolus, 92.

Panus, 33, 67.

Paraphyses, 135; jointed
thread-like bodies
found accompanying
the spore-sacs of cer-
tain fungi.

Parasite, 22; that which
lives by taking its

165

Index and Glossary

food from living
plants or animals.

Parasite, Cordyceps, on
Elaphomyces, 136.

Parasol mushroom, 63.

Paxillus, care of spores,
148.

Peach cure, g.

Pear-shaped puffball, 125.

Peridium, 14, 23, 24, 25,
123; the thickened
covering to a puff-
ball.

Perithecium, 58 ; a round-
ed, oval, pear-shaped,
or beaked body in
which the spore-sacs
are developed.

Perplexing Hypholoma,
78, 79.

Perplexum, 78.

Peziza, 22, 137.

— eruginosa, 137.

— aurantia, 138.

— odorata, 137.

— Willkommii, 137.

Pezizales, 19, 20, 137.

Phallacez, 27, 117.

Phallales, 24, 117, 121.

Phallin, 48; a deadly
poison found in cer-
tain fungi.

Phalloides, Amanita, 48.

Phallus, 27.

— impudicus, 117.

— section of young impu-
dicus, 11g.

Phlebia, 94.

Pholiota, 38.

—adiposa, 83.

— limonella, 83.

— preecox, 84.

Phycomycetes, g, 17.

Phyle, 7.

Physalacria, 98.

Pileus, 146; the cap of a
mushroom,

Pilosace, 39, 82.

Index and Glossary

Pinkish puffball, 125.

Pistachio nuts, 78.

Pistil of St. Johnswort,
6.

— of violet, 6.

Pistil Clavaria, 101.

Pistillaria, 98.

Pleurotus, 32.

— ostreatus, 57.

— sapidus, 58.

— ulmarius, 58.

Pliny, 135.

Pluteus, 37.

— cervinus, 87.

Poison Amanita, 48.

Poisoning, cases of, 49.

—of herbarium sheets,
150.

— recipes for, 150.

Poisonous, 48, 49, I5I.

Pollen, 4, 6.

Polypodium vulgare, 6.

Polyporaceze, 31, 42, 102,
TOg.

Polypori, 110,

— to prepare, 155.

Polyporus, 42.

— arcularius, 112.

— circinatus, 113.

— conchatus, III.

— fomentarius, I10.

— megaloma, I10,

— perennis, III.

— pergamenus, III.

— squamosus, II2.

— sulphureus, rit.

— velutinus, III.

Pores, 14; the openings
of the spore-bearing
tubes.

— easily separating from
the adjoining tissue,
44, 102.

— in radiating rows, 102.

—in the form of tubes
whose mouths are
separated, 44, 102.

— long-hexagonal, 43.

Pores, permanently united
to adjoining tissue,
42, 102.

—separating with diffi-
culty, 45.

— to prepare woody, 155.

Pouch fungi, 14, 23, 123.

Pruinose, 146; as if frost-
ed with a bloom or
powder.

Psathyra, 39, 82.

Psathyrella, 40, 92.

Psilocybe, 39, 82.

Protoplasm, 144; the vis-
cid, contractile, semi-

fluid substance of
an animal or vege-
table cell.

Protozoa, 144; unicellular
microscopic animals.

Pterula, 99.

Puffballs, 3, 4, 123.

— salad, 155.

— to cook, 155.

Purple Boletus, 107.

Pycnodon, 94.

Radulum, 94.

Resupinate, 31.

Ring, 12.

— movable, 63.

Rodman’s mushroom, 76.

Romans, I.

Rough-dried plants, 149.

Russia, 49.

Russula, 3, 35.

— care of spores, 148.

— emetica, 68.

— heterophylla, 70.

— to prepare for cooking,
154.

— virescens, 69.

Salmon fungus, 9.
Saprophytes, 123.
Scaly Lentinus, 56.
Schizophyllum, 33, 67.
Scleroderma, 133.

166

Scleroderma vulgare, 134.
Sclerodermatales, 25, 133.
Seed-boxes, 6, 8.
Sensitive plant, 89.
Shaggy-mane, ii, v, viii, go.
Shelley, 1, 2, 89.

Silver fir, 6.

Simblum, 26.

— rubescens, 122.

Sinuate, 35; said of gills
which have a notch or
recess near the stem,

Slime fungi, 144.

Smallest Earth-star, 130.

Smith, Rev. Gerard, 3.

Smokeballs, 123.

Smooth Lepiota, 64.

Smuts, 2, 14, 22.

Sparassis crispa, 99.

Spathularia, 21, 138.

— velutipes, 138.

Species, 7, 16.

Specimens, 7.

— care of, 147.

Spencer, 2, 5.

Spheeriales, 136.

Spheerobolus, 133.

Spines, 14, 41.

Spore-dust to stanch blood,
127.

Spore print, 4.

— receptacle, Io.

Spore-sac fungi, 9, 17, 18,
135.

Spores, 11; single cells
which serve the same
purpose for fungi as
seeds do for flowering
plants.

— black, 32, 46, 89-92.

— brown, 38, 73-83.

— colour, 4.

— collecting of, 147.

— dark brown, 32, 73-83.

—dissemination of, 4,
118, 126, 131,133,137.

— elliptical, 72.

— fusiform, 4o.

Spores, how formed, 12.

— in a definite rind, 14,
23, 123.

— on spicules, 9.

— pink, 36, 46, 87, 88.

— purplish-brown, 32.

— rough, 69.

— rosy, 32, 87, 88.

— rusty brown,
83-87.

— salmon, 32, 87, 88.

— violet, 32, 58.

— white, 32, 46-73.

— yellowish - brown,
83-87.

Spreading Hydnum, 195.

State botanist, 150.

Stem, 12, 13.

— cartilaginous, 35.

— central, 60.

— characters of, 46.

— cup at base, 47, 49, 50,
54, 88.

— eccentric, 56.

— fleshy, 5.

— hollow, 50.

— lateral, 58.

— mealy, 46.

— rusty, 46.

— smooth, 46.

— solid, 56.

— swollen base, 48.

— wantirig, 113.

32, 46,

32,

Sterigmata, 9, 17; the
slender stalks or
spicules upon which
the spores of the
Basidiomycetes are
borne.

Sterile, 29 ; not containing
spores.

— base, 125.
Stinkhorns, 24, 26, 117,123.

Stipe, 12; stem of fun-
gus.

Striate, 35, 50; said of
the cap when marked
with radiating
straight lines on the
margin.

Strobilomyces, 102.

Stroma, 136; a compact
mass of mycelium
which unites the
pear-shaped _ bodies
in which spore-sacs
are contained.

Stropharia, 39, 82.

Sulphury polyporus, 111.

Sistotrema, 94.

Tall Lepiota, 63.

Thelephoracez, 73.

Tinder, 127; dry material
which will ignite
without explosion
when in contact with
a spark,

Toadstool, 2, 8.

Tox-albumins, 48; poi-
sonous proteids pro-
duced by bacteria.

Trama, 42; a middle tis-
sue between two lay-
ers of spore-bearing
tissue.

Trametes, 42, IIO, I13.

— cinnabarina, 113.

— pini, 113.

— suaveolens, I13.

Tremellines, 22.

Tremellodon, 116.

Tricholoma, 35.

— care of spores, 148.

— personatum, care
spores, 149.

167

Index and Glossary

Tricholoma personatum,
var. bulbosum, 72.

Trogia, 33.

Truffles, 18.

Tuberales, 18, 30, 135.

Tufted yellow mushroom,
80.

Tunbridge ware, 137.

Typhula, 98.

Umbilicate, 146 ; provided
with a central depres-
sion,

Umbonate, 63; provided
with a central promi-
nence.

Uncertain Hypholoma, 8.

Variable Russula, 70.

Veil, 12, 113; the mem-
brane which covers
the spore surface of
a fungus in the young
stage.

Velvety Spathularia, 138.

Verdette, 69.

Vermilion Hygrophorus,
60.

Vernal Amanita, 65.

Vibrissea, 139.

—circinans, 140.

— truncorum, I39.

Volva, 34, 46, 52.

— of mutinus, 120.

Volvaria, 36, 88.

Water-measuring Earth.
star, 130.

White Hydnum, 95.

Wrapper, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54+

Xylaria, 136.

Yeast plant, 9.

INDEX OF PLATES

Agaricus abruptus, 74,

77-
— campestris, 74, 75.
— Rodmani, 76.

Amanita Cesarea, 50.

— muscaria, 49.

— phalloides, 48.

Amanitopsis parcivol-
vata, Frontispiece.

— strangulata, 53.

— vaginata, 54.

Armillaria mellea, 61.

Bear’s head, 96.
Bird’s-nest, 130.
Bitter Boletus, 107.
Boletinus pictus, 103.

Boletus chrysenteron,
60.

— felleus, var. obesus,
107.

—scaber, var. niveus,
108,

Bovistella Ohiensis,
128.

Brain puffball, 126.

Brick top Hypholoma,
81.

Bristly panus, 145.

Broad-gilled Collybia,
66.

Calostoma cinnabarina,
132.

— lutescens, 132.

— Ravenelii, 132.

Calvatia craniformis,
126.

— cyathiformis, 128.

Cantharellus floccosus,
136.

Chanterelle Hygropho-
rus, 60.

Clavaria aurea, 100.

— formosa, 1o1.

— ligula, 98.

Clitocybe illudens, 70.

— laccata, 67.

— virens, 71.

Collybia familia, 67.

— maculata, 66.

— platyphylla, 66.

Cone-like Boletus, 1o2.

Coprinus atramentari-
us, gI.

var. silvestris, 89.

Coral Hydnum, 97.

Cordyceps capitala

(Parasitic on Ela-
phomyces), 136.

Cortinarius alboviola-
ceus, 65.

— armillatus, 86.

—caninus, 85.

Craterellus cantharel-
lus, 73.

Cup-shaped Calvatia,
128.

Cyathus vernicosus,
130.

Dedalea quercina, 114.

Death cup, 48.

Deceiving clitocybe,
40.

Delicious morel, 142.

Dog cortinarius, 85.

Early Pholiota, 84.
Elaphomyces, 136.
Elfingia fomentaria,
IIo.
Emetic Russula, 68.
169

Fat Pholiota, 61.
Fawn-coloured Plute-
us, 87.
Field mushroom, 75.
Flesh-coloured puffball,
134.
Floccose
136.
Fly Amanita, 49.
Fomes fomentarius,
Tio.

Chanterelle,

Geaster hygrometri-
cus, 130.

— minimus, 130.

Golden Clavaria, roo.

— flesh Boletus, 60.

— Peziza, 138.

Grainy Lepiota, 63.

Green Russula, 69

Hard-skinned puff-
ball, 134.

Helmet Mycena, 55.

Helvella elastica, 140.

— lacunosa, r4o.

Hirneola auricula-
Jude, 116.

Honey-coloured Armil-
laria, 61.

Hydnum caput-ursi,
96.

— coralloides, 97.

— repandum, 103.

Hygrophorus cantha-
rellus, 60.

— eburneus, 84.

— miniatus, 60.

Hypholoma incertum,
80.

— perplexum, 78.

— sublateritium, 81

Index of Plates

Inky Coprinus, 91.

— — wood variety, 89.

Ivory Hygrophorus,
84.

Jelly-like Tremellodon,

139%
Jew’s ear, 116.

Lactarius ligniotus, 93.

— piperatus, 92.

Least Earth-star, 130.

Lentinus lepideus, 56.

— strigosus, 145.

Lenzites betulina, 113.

Leotia lubrica, 137.

Lepiota Friesii, 65.

— granosa, 63.

— nancinoides, 64.

— procera, 64.

Little-tongue Clavaria,
98.

Lycogola epidendron,
136.

Lycoperdon pyriforme,
125, 134.

—subincarnatum, 134.

Masked Tricholoma,
72.

Mitrula vitellina, var.
irregularis, 140.

Morchella deliciosa,

142. :

Mutinus caninus, 136.

Mycena _ galericulata,
55:

— hematopoda, 93.

Orange amanita, so.
Oyster mushroom, 58.

Painted Boletinus, 103.

Panus strigosus, 145.

Parasol mushroom, 64.

Pear-shaped puffball,
125.

Peppery Lactarius, 92.

Perplexing Hypholo-
ma, 78.

Peziza aurantia, 138.

— odorata, 138.

Phallus impudicus,
119.

Pholiota adiposa, 61.

— aggericula, 73.

— preecox, 84.

Pleurotus ostreatus, 58.

Pluteus cervinus, 87.

Poison Amanita, 48.

Polyporus arcularius,
142.

— circinatus, 112.

— fomentarius, 110.

— versicolor, 112.

Rodman’s mushroom,
76.

Russula emetica, 68.

— virescens, 69.

Scabrous-stemmed Bo-

letus, 108.
Scaly Lentinus, 56.
Scleroderma vulgare,
134.

190

Sheathed Amanitop-
sis, 54.

Slippery Leotia, 137.

Smooth Lepiota, 64.

Spathularia velutipes,
132.

Spotted Collybia, 66.

Spreading Hydnum,

103.

Strangled Amanitop-
sis, 53.

Strobilomyces _ strobi-
laceus, 102.

Tall Lepiota, 64.

Tremellodon — gelatin-
osum, 137.

Tricholoma __ persona-
tum, var. bulbo-
sum, 72.

Uncertain Hypholoma,
80.

Vermilion Hygropho-
rus, 60.

Water-measuring
Earth-star, 130.

Xylaria, 116.

Young pear-shaped
puffball, 134.

Zoned Cortinarius, 86,

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Full text of "The mushroom book : a popular guide to the identification and study of our commoner Fungi, with special emphasis on the edible varieties"

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