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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


BY 


He MOOK E, DiScs 


ho 
FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, 
AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE 
MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 
OF BENGAL. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
FAMILY NYMPHALIDA. 


SUB-FAMILIES SATYRIN A (continued), ELYMNIINA, AMATHUSIINA, 
NYMPHALIN@ (Group cHARAXINA). 


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a ee, 
ion Or nStity 
t.¢ %, \ 
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4 ; JI Ee é 
Ras Ge ee: 

LONDON: ona, nwo 
i REE Vii sc © ©); 
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 


6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
1893—1896, 


‘ns 
Gp 





DiS CRE MON OlEIATEES. 


PAGE PAGE 
ive 95. Puate 103. 
fic. 1, la. Orinoma Damaris, ¢ ? . ‘ 1 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Davendra, 2 °. 409 
2, 2a. Rhaphicera Satricus, ¢ . 2 3 2, 2a. Maniola latistigma, ¢ 2 . 46 
3, 3a. Rhaphicera Moorei, ¢ 9 : 4 3, 3a. Maniola brevistigma, g 9 . 47 
a 4, 4a. Maniola tenuistigma, ¢ . 7 43 
aig. 1, la. Lasiommata Schakra, g ? ii Prate 104. 
2,2.a, b. Lasiommata Merula, ¢ ? . 8 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Cheena, 2 . 5 a0) 
3. Lasiommata Meroides, 9 9 2, 2a. Maniola Kashmiriea, ¢ 2 SD) 
4, 4a. Lasiommata Menava, ¢ 9 9 3, 8a. Chortobius pulchra, ¢ ¢ . 52 
4, 4a. Chortobius Neoza, 3 ¢ . DS 
Prats 97. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Amecera Cashmirensis, ¢ 9 12 Puate 105. 
2,2 a,b. Chonala Masoni, ¢ 9 15 Fig. 1, la. Chortobius pulchella, 2 9 od: 
2. Chortobius Caenonympha, 2 DA: 
PLATE 98. : , 3, 3a. Chortobius Maiza, 6? . 5 
Fig. 1, la. Eumenis Baldiva, J? . - 418 4, 4a. Chortobius Goolmurga, 9 . 56 
2, 2a. Eumenis Lehana, ¢Q . 2g 
3, 8a. Chazara Shandura, ¢ 2 ail Prate 106. 
4, 4a, Nytha Parisatis, ¢ 2 . eee! Fig. 1. Thymipa Baldus (larva and pupa) 60 
la, b, c, d, e, f. Thymipa Baldus 
PLATE 99. L (Wet-season brood) 7 58 
Fig. 1, la. Aulocera Brahminus, ¢ ? 5 EY 1 g,h, i. Thymipa Baldus (orien 
2, 2a. Aulocera Brahminoides, Q . 29 broud) . f p . e . 59 
3, 3a. Aulocera Chumbica, ¢ 2 . 30 
4, 4a. Aulocera Loha, ¢ ? 4 3 of) Pruate 107. 
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa indecora, ¢ (Wet- 
Prate 100. season brood) : ; 5 OS 
Fig. 1, la, Aulocera Padma, ¢? . y o2 10. Thymipa indecora, g (Dry- 
9, 2a. Aulocera Swaha, 2? . 5 season brood) 3 63 
3, 3a. Aulocera Saraswati, ¢ ? 5 aM | 2,2a,b. Thymipa ATeENOTA 32 (Wet 
season brood : 64 
ee eS ; F 2, c. Thymipa Ge B (Dee Season 
Fig. 1, la. Parceneis pumilus, g ? . mor brood) . ‘ ; 64 
2, 2a. Parceeneis Sikkimensis, ¢ 8 
3, 3a. Karanasa Hubneri, ¢ 2 5 ony Prate 108. 
4, 4a. Karanasa Leechii, g ? . 2 41 Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Dohertyi, ¢ (Wet- 
season brood) : : . 65 
Prats 102. 2, 2a. Thymipa Savana, 3 (Wet- 
Fig. 1, la. Karanasa modesta, d ? . eel season brood) . 66 
2, 2a. Kanetisa Digna, 6? . . 42 2 b, c,d. Thymipa Savara, 3 2 one 
3, 3a. Kanetisa Pimpla, 9 . 43 season brood) : , : 5 Oe 





lv DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


PAGE 
Prater 109. 
Fig. 1, la, Thymipa Nikea, ¢ : . 68 
2, 2 a, b. Thymipa Sakra, ¢ 9 OU, 
3, 3a. Thymipa Austeni, ¢ ? . _ 
4. Thymipa Avanta, , (Wet-season 
brood) . ; 70 
4a. Thymipa ent 3 (Dry-season 
brood) . ; : : rial 
Puate 110. 
Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Singala, ¢ 2? (Wet- 
season brood) . 3 : « «2 
1b. Thymipa Singala, ¢ (Dry-season 
brood) . 3 . 6 
2, 2a. Thymipa Tabella, 3 : 73 
3, 3a,b. Thymipa striata, J ? (Wet 
season brood) : 73 
3, c. Thymipa striata, ¢ (Dr season 
brood) . ; ‘ eA: 
4. Thymipa Philomela, 3 : ee 
Prats 111. 
Fig. 1. Ypthima Hubneri (larva and 
pupa) . C : : , AS 
1 a, b, c. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 9 
(Wet-season brood) : : 77 
1 d, e. f,g, h. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 2 
(Dry-season brood) : : RS 
Puate 112. : 
Fig. 1, la. Ypthima Kasmira, ¢ @ . ee 
2, 2a. Ypthima Ceylonica, ¢ 2 ( Wet- 
season brood) ‘ : : OL 
3, 3a. Kolasa Chenui, ¢ 2 (Wet- 
season brood) : . 83 
4, 4a. Kolasa vetien ores 3 2: 6184 
5, 5a. Nadiria Bolanica, ¢ 2 . > 8D 
Puate 113. 
Fig. 1, la. Pandima Nareda, ¢ j . 86 
2, 2a, Pandima Newara, $9 . 7 ou 
3. Pandima Lycus, gf . ; CS 
4. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ (Wet-season 
brood) . . : : : OS 
4 a, b, c. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ 9 
(Dry-season brood) ; 5 og 
Puate 114, 
Hig. 1, la. Pandima Mahratta, f 9 (Wet- 
season brood) : ; 90 
1 0, c, Pandima Mahratta, ¢ (oer 
season brood) 5 : B oO 





2, 2a. Lohana Iniea, ¢ 2 ( Wet-season 
brood) . 

2 b, c, d, e. Lohana inten g 9 (oun 
season brood) 


Puate 115. 
Fig. 1, la. Dallacha Hyagriva, ¢ 9 
2, Ya. Callerebia Orixa, 3 9 
3, 3 a, b. Callerebia Annada, ¢ ? 


Prate 116. 
Fig. 1, la. Callerebia hybrida, ¢ ? . 
2, 2 a, b, c, d, e. Callerebia Nirmala, 


AOS a a 


Prate 117. 
Fig. 1, La, b. Callerebia Scanda, ¢ 9 
2, 2a. Callarebia Daksha, 3 
3, 3a, 6. Paralasa Kalinda, ¢ ? 


Prate 118. 
Fic. 1,1 a, 6. Paralasa Shallada, ¢ ? 
2,2 a,b. Paralasa Mani, d? . 
3, 3a. Hemadara Narasingha, ¢ 


Prats 119, 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Zipaetis Saitis, ¢ ? 
2,2 a, b. Zipaetis Sceylax, g 9 


Prater 120. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Ragadia Crisilda, ¢ 9 
2,2 a,b. Ragadia Crito, g ? 


Prats 121. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Erites argentina, ¢ ? 
2,2 a, 6. Erites angularis, ¢ 9 
3, 3a. Erites faleipennis, g. 


Prats 122. 
Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Ismene (larva and 


eae 
Ik (45 @, Gh @ Melanin Teens 3 9 
(Wet-season brood) A ; ; 


PuatE 123. 
Fig. 1, 1 a,b, ¢, d, e. Melanitis Ismene, 
3 2 (Dry-season brood) 


Prats 124. 
Fig. 1. Melanitis Tambra (larva and pupa) 
1 a, b, c. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ ? 
(Wet-season brood) ‘ 
1 d, e, f. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 9 
(Dry-season brood) 7 


PAGE 


93 


93 


95 
96 
97 


98 


100 


101 
102 
104 


105 
106 
107 


108 
109 


110 
111 


113 
115 
116 


120 


118 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


Prats 125. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Bethami, 3 ? 
(Wet-season brood) 
1 c, d, e. Melanitis Bethami 
(Dry-season brood) 


» d# 


Prats 126. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melanitis Bela, ¢ 9 (Wet- 
season brood) 
1 c,d,e. Melanitis Bela, ‘3 g one 
season brood) i : C 


PLATE 127. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c,d, e. Melanitis Varaha, 
3 2 (Wet-season brood) C 


Prats 128. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f. Melanitis Varaha, 
3 2, (Dry-season brood) 


Prats 129. 
Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Gokala, ¢ (Wet- 
season brood) 3 

1 b,c, d, e. Melanitis Goble, 3 5 


(Dry-season brood) 


Puate 130. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? 
(Wet-season brood) ; . 


1d. Melanitis Zitenius, 
grade) . : - 


(inter- 


Puate 131. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ce. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? 
(Dry-season brood) 
2, 2a. Melanitis Kalinga, 
season brood) : 


3 (Dry- 


Prater 132. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Cyllogenes Suradeva, 3 ? 
2, 2a. Cyllogenes Janete, J . : 
3, da. Parantirrhcea Marshalli, g. 


Puate 133. 
Fig. 1. Elymnias undularis (larva) . 
la, b,c. Elymnias undularis, g 2? . 
2,2, a, b. Elymnias tinctoria, ¢ ? 


Prate 134, 
Fig. 1. Elymnias fraterna (larva and pupa) 
1 a, b, c, d, e. Elymnias fraterna, 


G4 "c . 


PAGE 


1351 


133 


134 


135 


137 


135 


137 


158 
139 
140 


147 
145 
148 
149 


149 





Prate 135. 
Fig. 1, la. Elymnias caudata (larva and 
pupa) . : 
1 b,c, d. Elymnias mandate 3 8 


oq 


Puate 136. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Elymnias Cottonis, ¢ 2 
2,2 a,b. Elymnias Mimus, ¢ 9 
Puate 137. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. “Elymnias obnubila, ¢ 9 


2, 2a. Elymnias Deedalion, 9? . 


Prats 138. 
Fig. 1, : a, b, Melynias Singala, ¢ 9 
2, 2 a, b. Melynias Peali, G2. 


Puate 139. 
Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c. Melynias Timandra, ¢ ? 


Prate 140. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melynias Malelas, ¢ 9 
2, 2a. Melynias Saueri, ¢ 2 


PuatE 141. 
Fig. 1, la. Melynias Patna, ¢ 
2, 2a. Melynias Patnoides, g . ; 
3, 3a. Bruasa Chelensis, ¢ 


Puate 142. 
Fig.1, 1 a, b, c. Mimadelias Vasudeva, 
Cae 
2, 2a. Mimadelias Dera 3 OMy 
Puate 143. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Mimadelias Burmensis, 
3 ¢ 
2, 2a. Agrusia Neder Bz 
Puare 144. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Zeuxidia Masoni, ¢ ? 
Prate 145, 
Fig. 1, la, Amathuxidia Amythaon, g ? 
Puate 146. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Amathusia aoe 3 
2 larva and pupa 
Puate 147. 
Fig. 1. Amathusia ea 3 (Pegu 


Variety) 
2. Amathusia eicionees 


2 (Anda- 
man Variety) ‘ ; 


PAGE 


150 
150 


159 
161 


162 
163 
164 


166 
167 


168 
169 


174 


176 


179 


181 


181 


vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


PAGE 


Puate 148. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Nandogea Diores, 62 . 182 


Puate 149. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Thauria pseudaliris, ¢ 2 . 186 


Prate 150. 
Fig. 1. Discophora Continentalis (larva 
and pupa) . : : ; = 89 
1, a, 6, c. Discophora Continentalis, 
CHL as ; : , , . 188 


Prats 151. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Discophora lepida, ¢ 2. 190 


Prats 152. 


Fig. 1, 1 a, b,e. Discophora Zal, 2 . 191 


Puate 153. 
Fig. 1. Discophora Indica (larva and pupa) 194 
1 a, b, c, d. Discophora Indica, g 2. 192 


Puate 154. 
Fic. 1, la. Diseophora spiloptera, ¢ 9 . 193 


Puate 155. 
Fig. 1, la, b, c. Enispe Huthymius, ¢ 2. 198 


Prate 156. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Enispe tessellata, ¢ 9 . 200 


Puate 157. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Enispe Cyenus, ¢ 2 > 201 


Puate 158. 
Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Camadeva, 


ure ‘ ‘ ‘ : 203) 
Purate 159. 
Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Louisa, f 9 . 204 
Prats 160. 
Fig. 1,1 a, 6. Stichophthalma Nourmahal, 
Cue: ; d ‘ a e205 


PuatTE 161. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Stichophthalma Nurinissa, 


Omen ur ) ae aeeeO0G 


Prats 162. 
Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Arcesilaus, ¢ 9. 207 


Puate 163. 
Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Assama, 6? . 208 








Puate 164. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d, e. AAmona Amathusia, 
mn 


Prats 165. 
Fig. 1, la. Aimona Pealii, g . 
2, 2a. Aimona Lena, ¢ 


Prate 166. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Xanthotenia Busiris, 


3 F 


Puate 167. 
Fig. 1, la. Melanocyma faunuloides, ? 
2. Stichophthalma Sparta, ¢ 


PuateE 168. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Psaphon, ¢ ? 


Prate 169, 
Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Haridra Imna, $ ? larva 
and pupa 


Puate 170. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, e. Haridra Marmax, ¢ 9 


Prats 171. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Kahruba, ¢ 2 . 


2. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Desa, ¢ 9 


Puate 173. 
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Avistogiton, ¢ . 
2, 2a. Haridra Adamsoni, ¢ 


Puate 174. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ec. Haridra Harpax, ¢ 9 


Prate 175. 
Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Corax, g¢ larva 
and pupa 


Prater 176. 
Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Mierax, ¢ 2 


PuatE 177. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Haridra Hemana, ¢ ? 


Puate 178. 
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hipponax, ¢ 9. : 
1b, c. Haridra Hipponax (Variety) . 


PAGE 


Lo 
_ 
bo 


214 
215 


240 


DESCRIPTION 


Prats 179. 
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Jalinder, § 9 


Puate 180. 
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hindia, ¢ 


9 
1b, c. Haridra Hindia, ¢ (Var “iety) 24.4 


Prats 181. 


PAGE 


243 


Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Pleistoanax, 


3 ¢ 


Pate 182. 
Fig. 1, la. Haridra Khasiana, 5 9? . 
2. Haridra Nicholii, 3 


Puate 183. 


Fig. 1, la. Charaxes Fabius (larve and 


pupe). « 
1 b, c, d. Charaxes Habis 3 9 


Puate 184. 


Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Athamas (/arve and 


pupe). . 
1 b, c,d. Eulepis Achninas: 3 9 
le. Eulepis Athamas, ¢ (Variety) 


« 2d0 


OF PLATES. 


Puate 185. 
Fig. 1, la, Eulepis Hamasta, ¢ ? 
2, 2a. Eulepis Agrarius, 5 ? 


PLATE 
Fig. 


Pate 


Fig. 


PLATE 


Fig. 


PLATE 
Fig. 


° 


PLATE 
Fig 


186. 


Lelia: 5 5 
1 b,c. Eulepis Arja, ¢ 2 (Variety). 


187. 


ieee) 


Eulepis Arja, d 2 


Eulepis Jalysus, ¢ 


2,2 a,b. Eulepis Moori, ¢ 9 


188. 


ie, Wer, ‘ 
2,2 a, 6. Eulepis Wardii, ¢ 9 larva 


Eulepis Schreiberi, ¢ 9 


and pupa 


189. 


, la. Murwareda Dolon, ¢ 


1 
2, 2a 


190. 


ealicns 
2,20: 


. Murwareda Eudamippus, ¢ 


Murwareda Delphis, ¢ . 
Heleyra Hemina, ¢ 


vil 


ERRATA. 


Page 132. Melanitis Varaha (Dry-season brood). For Plate 127, figs.1 e-i, read 128 figs. 1 a to f. 
» 206. Allied Chinese species of Stichophthalma. For Stichoph. fusca, read siujfusa. 





ANS2 








Ve 
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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


iH. aMoOR EH; #EsZ.5,. 


FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAU 
SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE 
MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, 








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EH PEpOPTHRA ENDICA. 


— 


Sub family SATYRINZ (continued). 
Genus ORINOMA. 


Orinoma, Doubleday in Gray’s Lep. Insects of Nepal, p. 14 (1846); Westwood in Doubleday and 
Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 368 (1851) ; Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50; Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 173 (1883). 

Ivaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat narrow and elongate, triangular; costa 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin yery slightly concave in the middle, posterior 
angle rounded ; cell more than half length of the wing; two subcostals emitted 
before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply 
concave, upper radial from close to the subcostal, lower radial from angle near upper 
end; median veinlets at equal distances apart. Hindwing short, bluntly oval ; apex, 
exterior margin, and anal angle rounded; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; 
cell half the length of wing; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular 
outwardly oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle ; middle median 
emitted immediately before end of cell. Body somewhat slender; thorax clothed 
with fine silky hairs; palpi compressed, obliquely porrected, clothed with fine short 
hairs in front, apical joint stout, pointed; legs rather long, femora slightly hairy 
beneath ; antennze very slender, with an extremely slender lengthened club; eyes 
hairy. 


ORINOMA DAMARIS (Plate 95, fig1, la, g ?). 
Orinoma Damaris, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2a (1846). Westwood, 
in Doubleday and prieaes Gen. D. Lep. p. 369, pl. 63, fig. 3 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. 
BE. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a. Marshall 
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 32, (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 
p. 223, pl. 79, o (1887). 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky violescent-black when fresh, fading 
to dusky violescent-brown; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a prominent 
ochreous-red patch occupying the basal half of the cell, the patch having two small 
obliquely-disposed black spots across its centre; a prominent pale olivescent 
yellowish-white streak extending along lower outer half and a less defined similar 
coloured speckled-streak along the upper half of the cell; four series of similar 
coloured streaks disposed transversely between the veins, the streaks being narrowest 

vot. 1. August dth, 1892. B 


2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


anteriorly, longest interiorly, and the two outer series macular; the set between the 
median and submedian broadest and most connected. Hindwing with a broad 
divided-streak within the cell, and three outer series of similar-coloured streaks 
between the veins, the fourth or outer series being more or less obsolete. Under- 
side. Both wings marked as on upperside, except that all the markings are more 
prominent and somewhat broader ; both wings with the outer row more transversely 
linear ; also with an outer-marginal slender interrupted line ; and the forewing also 
having some slender streaks along the costa. Thorax above clothed with glossy 
virescent-erey hairs, its front with orange-red hairs; abdomen above brown; body 
beneath yellowish-white ; legs and palpi blackish; sides of palpi and collar white ; 
antenne black, annulated with white. 

Expanse, 2} to 3} inches. 

Hasitat.—N.W. and H. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Burma. 

Distripution aND Hasrrs.—* This is a somewhat local insect, nowhere very 
common. In the Kangra District, Mr. Hocking (P.Z.S8. 1882, 235) records that it 
has been taken at Jatingri, but is very local and rare. In Kumaon, Mr. E. T. 
Atkinson obtained it in wooded lowlands, and Major C. F. L. Marshall has taken it 
in the neighbourhood of Nanai Tal. It occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the 
Khasia Hills in the autumn. In Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in 
October, and in Silhet. Capt. C. T. Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the 
lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May. It apparently only occurs in the 
mountainous parts of North-Hast India, and at low elevations” (Butt. of India, 1. 
174). Mr. L. de Nicéville (J.A.S. Beng. July, 1885) records the capture of a 
‘“*female in Sikkim, in October, at 3200 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J. Elwes writes 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), ‘I never saw this insect myself in Sikkim, but Mr. 
Moller obtained it at 2000 to 4000 feet; and Mr. Gammie found it abundant in 
British Bhotan at 6000 feet, in June. At Cherra Punji, in Khasia, I found it com- 
mon at 4000 feet, on the edge of the forest, and beat it from bushes by the path. 
Its flight is not strong, or quick, but dodging. The female seems rare, but Mr. de 
Nicéville caught it at 3000 feet in Sikkim, in October.”’ Dr. N. Manders (Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) obtained a single male in the neighbourhood of Bernardmyo, 
in the Shan States, Burma.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills 
in May and October. 


Genus ,RHAPHICERA. 


Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164; Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. Satyr. Brit. 
Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 175 (1883). 


Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex bluntly pointed, exterior 
margin slightly oblique and even, posterior margin straight; costal, median, and 


SATYRINZE. 3 


submedian slightly swollen at base; cell long, broad; discocellulars outwardly 
oblique, both radials from extremely close to the subcostal; upper median veinlet 
arched ; discal area clothed with pale ochreous, rather long and broad scales, inter- 
spersed with a very few narrow black androconia of similar length, which have either 
an extremely slender, almost linear, lengthened base with a short filiform end and 
penicillate tip, or with a lengthened bulbous base and similar penicillate tip. 
Hindwing rather long, pyriform, exterior margin very convex, very slightly scalloped, 
and with a tendency to an angle at end of upper median vein; cell broad; middle 
median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Palpi very hairy 
in front, apical jot also hairy; middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; 
antennz with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy. 
Type, R. Satricus. 


RHAPHICERA SATRICUS (Plate 95, figs. 2, 2a, 2). 
Lasiommata Satricus, Doubleday ; Westwood and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 387, pl. 64, fig. 4 
(1851), 9. 
Rhaphicera Satricus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, pl. 4, fig. 8,9, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 
p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 175 (1883). Staudinger, 
Exot. Schmett, p. 228, pl. 81 (1887). 

Inaco.—Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, with all the veins black; cilia 
reddish-ochreous. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique black bars crossing the 
cell, the inner bar narrowest, a broader outwardly angulated band crossing obliquely 
from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, this band being narrowest 
posteriorly and angled on the veins; a short subapical oblique macular-band and a 
rounded spot between the lower medians, followed by an irregular angulated mar- 
ginal band; the median and submedian vein broadly black lined. Hindwing crossed 
by a black discal band, which is narrow anteriorly, acutely angled above the upper 
median, and from thence is broad to near lower median; beyond are four round 
large black submarginal spots, two upper and two lower, followed by three slender 
black marginal lines. Underside ochreous-yellow ; veins more slenderly lined with 
black. Forewing with markings as on upperside, except that there is a well-formed 
subapical ocellus with a bluish-white pupil, and the lower black spot has a bluish- 
white pupil ; the marginal band being represented by slender lines. Hindwing with 
a pale golden-yellow fascia extending through the cell to near the outer border ; 
crossed by a very slender black subbasal line and an angular discal line, both indis- 
tinctly defined in crossing the pale fascia; beyond is a series of six ocelli, the sixth 
being duplex, the upper third being sometimes absent, each with a black centre and 
large biuish-white speckled pupil, a yellow ring and a black outer ring; beyond are 
three slender black marginal lines. 

BQ 


4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside somewhat paler; markings the same, but slightly broader 
and less prominent. Underside as in the male. Body above reddish-ochreous ; 
thorax above and beneath, head, palpi in front, forelegs and middle and hind femora 
beneath, clothed with glossy virescent and golden hairs ; middle and hind legs above 
brown ; palpi edged in front with black ; side of palpi and collar pure white; abdo- 
men beneath pale ochreous-yellow. 

Expanse, 22 to 23 inches. 

Hasirat.—E. Himalayas; Sikkim; Bhotan: Naga Hills. 

DistrisutioN.—This species is found in Sikkim, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records 
it as occurring in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably 
the extreme western range of the species ; further to the west it is replaced by the 
allied . Moorei (Butt. Ind. 1.176). Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
322), “I found this species not uncommon on Sinchul and Tonglo, in Sikkim, from 
6000 to about 8000 feet, in the end of July and August, and more abundant at 7000 
feet near Rikisum in British Bhotan. It flies quickly, with a darting flight, about the 
forest paths, settling on ordure and wet places, and returning when disturbed. It 
also settles to rest on damp shady rocks, and flies in wet and cloudy as well as in 
fine weather. I never saw the female.” Mr. Elwes also records its capture by Mr. 


W. Doherty in the Naga Hill. (P.Z.S. 1891, 266.) 


RHAPHICERA MOOREI (Plate 95, figs. 8, 3a, d 9). 
Rhaphicera Mooret, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, p. 4, fig. 4,9; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 
p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 176, pl. xv. fig. 38, ¢ 
(1883). 

Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside yellowish-ochreous, the basal area some- 
what olivescent-ochreous. Forewing with similarly disposed markings as in Lt. 
Satricus, but of a brown tint, broader, less sharply defined, and the veins also 
broadly bordered, thus giving it the appearance of a darker insect, with smaller and 
more restricted ochreous markings than those of 2. Satricus. Hindwing also simi- 
larly marked, but less sharply defined; the submarginal spots smaller, there being 
either two upper and two lower, or sometimes a continuous series of six are present, 
when the third and the lowest are less distinctly defined, all having a minute whitish 
pupil, and the lower ones with a slight pale outer ring; the marginal lines are almost 
confluent and thus form a broad dusky brown border. Underside paler yellowish- 
ochreous. forewing with the veins black lined, and similar markings to those in f. 
Satricus, but more defined. Hindwing also similar, but the markings more defined ; 
there is also a slender inner-line within the cell, the discal angulated line is more 
irregular, the ocelli prominent, and the marginal lines more sinuous. 

Expanse, $24 to 22,223 inches. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. and EH. Himalayas. 


SATYRINZ. 5 


Distripution.—“‘ This species is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882 
it was found in great profusion by Mr. W. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda 
forests, and again at Theog, in the neighbourhood of Simla, in August, flying freely 
during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of bushes and trees. It was con- 
spicuous when settled, and appears to have nothing protective in its coloration.” 
Col. A. M. Lang notes, “‘ Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the 
Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection 
contained five specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla, taken at 9000 feet eleva- 
tion, and two from Lower Kunawar, at 7000 feet elevation. It is evidently a very 
local insect.” (Butt. India, 176.) Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records 
specimens from Ketruar, in the Valley of the Rupin River; taken in September. 
Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it from ‘* Dhankuri, Khati, Dwali, 
and Chaudans, at from 7000 to 11,000 feet in Kumaon.” ‘“ In Sikkim, this species 
seems rare, as Mr. Moller had never seen it until I got three specimens on Singalelah 
at 9000 to 11,000 feet, in July. It occurs higher up than its congener (Satricus), 
but seems to have much the same flight and habits. My Shikaris brought a few 
from the interior in 1888 and 1884. The female is rare.” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1888, 322.) 

Inpo-Curyesz Species of RHAPHICERA, AND ALLIED Genus.—f. dumicola (Satyrus 
dumicola, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1876, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 7. Habitat, Moupin, E. 
Tibet.—Genus noy. Tartinca.—Allied to Rhaphicera. Forewing with the costa less 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle; discocel- 
lulars outwardly recurved, upper radial close to subcostal, lower radial near the 
middle; upper median straight ; discal area clothed with long pale tridentate-tipt 
scales, a few shorter battledore-scales with dentate tips, and with many interspersing 
longer black androconia, which have a lengthened broad-bulbous base and elongated 
hair-like penicillated-tip. These androconia are about twice the length of those in 
Rhaphicera. Hindwing bluntly-ovate ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly 
scalloped ; discocellular undulated and angled in the middle, radial from the angle. 
Type.—Tatinga tibetanus (Satyrus tibetanus, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1876, p. 28, 
pl. 2, fig. 4). Habitat.—Moupin, EH. Tibet. 


Genus LASIOMMATA. 


Satyrus, Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810). 

Lasiommata, Westwood, in Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butt. p. 65 (1840). Doubleday, List. 
Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 184 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. 
p- 885 (1851). Scudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston (1875), p. 202. 

Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 162; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868). 
Kirby, Manual Eur. Butt. p. 50 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 178 
(1883). 


6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Satyrvs (part), Godart, Tabl. Méth. Lep. pp. 8, 18 (1823). Boisduval, Ind. Mcth. Eur. Lep. p. 19 
(1829), zd. Edit. 1840, p. 80. 


Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior 
margin oblique, even ; with an inwardly oblique transverse discal narrow glandular 
fascia clothed with large rather broad basally-tapering raised scales, which have 
rounded very blunt-toothed tips, and are interspersed with numerous longer blackish 
androconia with elongated slender-bulbous base and lengthened filiform, penicillate 
tip; cell rather long, narrow ; costal vein swollen at the base, median less swollen. 
Hindwing bluntly ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly sinuous; cell long, 
broad ; two upper medians from end of cell. Palpi clothed with very long hairs in 
front to the tip, apical joint small; antennal club spatular. 

Aputt Carerrittar.—Head rather large, globose; body villose, slightly tapering 
at each end, with two short lateral caudal points; green, with darker dorsal line, 
and paler subdorsal and spiracular lies. Feeds on grasses. 

CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Thorax convex ; with two short points at 
the head; abdomen slightly arched on the back ; green, or very dark brown. 

Type.—L. Megeera. 





Historicat Note on tHE Genus Satyrus.—In 1746, Linneus (Faun, Sueciea, i. p. 238) gives to his 
Papilio, No. 785, the name of Satyrus as being the common one then applied to it. In 1758 (Syst. Nat. 
i. p. 473, No. 96) he altered the name of this butterfly to Papila Mera, quoting the earlier name (Satyrus) 
in a synonymie form. In the edition of the ‘‘ Fauna Suee. (1761), p. 275, No. 1049, and in the “ Syst. 
Nat.” of 1767, p.771, No. 141,he also uses the name Mra, referring, in both these works, to the 
name Satyrus, as its synonym, Retzius, in 1783 (Gen. et. Spec. Ins. p. 32, No. 16), gives Satyrus as the 
name of a species, and quotes mera as its synonym. Latreille, in 1805 (Gen. Cr. et. Ins. xiv. p. 103), 
of Nymphalis, among other species, gives that of Satyrus (as a synonym of 
Megzera), and as one of the species of that division. 


under his division “ Satyrz,” 

From the above statement, it will be seen that Satyrus is the name of a species synonymous with the 
Linnzan mera; the name Satyrus, therefore, cannot be used either in a subgeneric or generic sense, as has 
been subsequently done by the following authors, viz.: Panzer (Faun. Ins. Germ. Heft. 23—34 (1796), where 
he describes and figures Papilio Satyrus Galathea, P. S. Hypsipyle and P. S. Fauna, and again in Heft 
76 (1801), the P. S. Semele and P. 8S. Cinzia. Cederheilm, in 1798 (Faun. Ingr. Prod. p. 208), describes 
Pap. Satyrus Hyperanthus, P. S. Pamphilus, P. S. Mera, and other species, and in 1810 Latreille 
(Consid. Gén. p. 440) established his genus “ Saryrus,” giving as types, Teucer, Phidippus, Sophore, 
Piera, Galathea, and Mera, but also intending it to embrace within it all the species of the group. 

Subsequently the name “Satyrus” has been adopted in a generic form, in this Subfamily, by Godart 
Eneycl. Méth. 460 (1819) ; by Swainson, Zool. Ilust. 1, iii. pl. 159 (1822); by Boisduval, Index Méth. 
Hur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), and in Edit. (1840), p. 830; by Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen, D. 
Lep. p. 388 (1851) ; Butler, Entom. iii, p. 279 (1867), zd. Catal. Satyride, Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1868), dd. 
dnt. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 194 ; Crotch, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 91 (187 )5 Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 73 
(1871) ; Staudinger, Catal. eps Eur. p. 27 (1871), and others. 

Moreover, the name “Satyrus ” was previously used for a genus of Mammals, by Tulpius, in 1739 
(Observ. Medice, p. 270), and is also occupied, through “ Satyra,” in Diptera, by Meigen, in 1803. 


SATYRINA, i 


LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA (Plate 96, fiz. 1, la,g 2). 


Satyrus Schakra, Kollar, in Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 446, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 3 (1844). 

Lasiommata Schakra, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 387 (1851). 

Amecera Schakra, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 179, pl. xv, figs, 45, 46, ¢ 9 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, somewhat tinged with olive; cilia 
alternated with ochreous-white. Morewing crossed by an inwardly-oblique inner 
discal narrow sinuous dusky glandular fascia ; followed by a large subapical black 
ocellus with white pupil and an irregular outer ochreous ring, below which are three 
decreasing somewhat darker ochreous spots, all being inwardly bordered by an indis- 
tinct recurved discal darker brown line and an outer or submarginal parallel line. 
Hindwing with a faint trace of a slender transverse discal dusky angulated line, 
beyond which is a series of three prominent median ocelli, and one, sometimes two, 
incipient very small upper ocelli, the three former with a black centre, white pupil 
and a broad ochreous ring, the two upper spots, when present, being ochreous with 
sometimes a minute black central dot; marginal lines pale brownish-ochreous. 
Underside grey basally, greyish-white externally. Forewing crossed by, two slender 

‘recurved ochreous bars within the cell, the inner one continuing across the wing, a 
similar bar along the discocellulars, anda more sharply-defined outwardly-recurved 
wavy discal ochreous-brown line, and a submarginal and a marginal line; subapical 
ocellus as above, but with a smaller black centre, larger white pupil, a pale ochreous 
ring, and then a slender brown ring ; above this, immediately before the apex, is a 
minute similar ocellus ; below the ocellus the lower discal area is suffused with bright 
ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal slender ochreous-brown 
irregular wavy line, followed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth being 
duplex, each with a small black centre and white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, a 
slender brown ring, another ochreous ring, and then another brown ring; the upper, 
second and third ocelli being the smallest ; beyond are two slender ochreous-brown 
marginal lines. 

Female. Upperside paler, and more olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the 
ocellus, its ochreous ring, and the posterior spots somewhat broader and paler, their 
Jateral bordering line more defined, and the interspace between the ocellus and its 
upper discal border being more or less whitish. Hindwing with the ochreous ring 
of the ocelli broader and less defined. Underside coloured and marked as in 
male. Body above brown; thorax clothed with glossy virescent hairs, thorax 
beneath clothed with greyish hairs; abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; legs 
brownish above, greyish beneath ; collar and sides of palpi greyish-ochreous ; antennz 
brown, with darker ochreous-tipt club. 

Expanse, 2 to 2} inches. 


8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Carerrittar.— Apple-green, with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various 
grasses.” (A. G. Young.) 

Hasitar.—N.W. and EH. Himalayas. 

Disrrisutionx.—“ This is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western 
Himalayas, extending eastwards as far as Sikkim. Mr. A. Graham Young states that 
in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July and again in September and October, 
the larva being apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines, and feeds on grasses.” 
(Butt. Ind. i.179.) According to Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499), it is “a 
very common Himalayan species; to be seen at all seasons flitting about the rocky 
roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla Hills, and pitching on rocks and banks; 
more abundant on the outer ranges, on bare grassy slopes.’ In his MS. Notes, 1865, 
Col. Lang also says, ‘‘ Schakra appears within ten miles of the plains at Kussowli, 
frequenting all cliff and rocky ground. It continues for 200 miles, very scarce in 
the last fifty of this distance, and I have taken one specimen here, at Pangi; March 
to October.” Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from ‘“‘ Simla, Masuri, and 
Kashmir ; June and October.” Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records 
specimens from ‘‘ Murree, August and September; between Abbottabad and Kala 
Pani, September. Very common in August and September. Found all along the 
hills as far as Thundiani, and as low as Tret and Bugnoter; probably not above 
5000 feet elevation.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880), 
says, “ This insect is to be met with at all seasons and everywhere in the N.-W. 
Himalayas, flitting along rocky roads and paths, and continually settling on stones, 
etc. I have taken it in Kashmir and far up into Ladak.’ Mr. W. Doherty 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it as being found in ‘* Kumaon generally, up to 
9000 feet ; seen as low as Dharchula, 3500 feet.” 


LASIOMMATA MZERULA (Plate 96, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 9). 
Lasiommata Merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 496, 3 (1867). 
Amecera Merula, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 180 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown; cilia alternated with ochreous- 
white. Forewing not possessing a glandular fascia; the subapical ocellus with its 
ochreous ring larger than in L. Schakra, and only two narrow ochreous spots present 
below it, these spots being also situated somewhat further from the outer margin. 
Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and sometimes one or two upper 
incipient spots. Underside similar to L. Schakra. Forewing with the two cell bars 
closer together, these bars and the discocellular, and also the wavy bar beyond the 
cell, are brown, the latter being more outwardly-oblique; the slender brown outer 


SATYRINAD. 9 


ring of the large subapical ocellus #%-joined to the minute apical ocellus, and the 
bright ochreous colour of the lower discal area extends somewhat into the cell- 
Hindwing with the transverse subbasal and the discal irregular line dark brown, and 
more zigzag in their course; ocelli with paler ochreous rings. 

Female. Upperside similar to LZ. Schakra. Forewing with the ocellus larger, 
its outer ring paler, and its contiguous inner border whiter, the lower ochreous spots 
narrower and less defined. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing 
the outer ring of the ocellus and its contiguous inner border is whiter, and on the 
hindwing the ocelli have pale ochreous-white rings. 

Expanse, 3 °, 23 inches. 

Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalaya (Kunawur, Pang’). 

Distrisurion.—Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records this species from 
“ Pangi in Busahir, in August.” 


LASIOMMATA MEROIDES (Plate 96, fig. 3, ). 
Lasiommata Meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii., p. 496, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (1867). 
Amecera Mueroides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 181 (1883). 

TIuaco.—Male. ‘‘ Upperside as in L. menava, but paler; the streaks more 
obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with 
two large spots irrorated with fulvous below it. Hindwing with two ocelli coloured 
as in L. menava, but more broadly ringed and a little nearer the margin; a fulvous 
spot annexed to the upper ocellus. Underside asin L. menava, but the hindwing 
with the streaks of the basal half fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that 
beyond the cell a little more directed outwards towards the costa.” 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus placed on a broad triangular 
ochreous patch paler than in L. menava, distinctly defined throughout, the travers- 
ing veins being also ochreous and scarcely perceptible; the subapical ocellus is 
smaller and further from the discal edge of the patch. Hindwing with two 
prominent ocelli, the lowest small. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, d ? 2 to 22 inches. 

Haxzirat.—Dras and Indus Valley ; Ladak. 

Distrisvtion.—The type specimens were taken by the late Dr. F. Stohezka, in 
the ‘* Dras Valley, Ladak, and at Chulichang, at 12,000 feet.” Major H. B. Hellard, 
in his M8. Notes, records it from the “ lower part of Dras River Valley, and from 
Indus Valley between Skardo and Dras River; taken in July.” 


LASIOMMATA MENAVA (Plate 96, figs. 4, 4a, d 2). 
Lasiommata Menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 3, ¢. 
Amecera Menava, Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883), 
VOL. II. Cc 


10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Tyraco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, with an senescent 
gloss ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a transverse inwardly-oblique 
discal straight dusky glandular fascia, which extends from the upper median to the 
posterior margin; two very indistinct slender dusky bars crossing the cell, a 
similar discocellular bar, and an upper outer-discal outwardly-recurved line, the 
latter with a slightly paler external bordering edge; beyond is a suffused sub- 
marginal line ; a moderately large prominent subapical black ocellus and a minute 
apical ocellus, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. Hindwing 
with two, sometimes three, similar outer ocelli, the lowest, and when present the 
upper, being the smallest. Underside pale brownish-grey. forewing with the 
lower discal area suffused with bright ochreous ; markings as on upperside, with 
the cell bars, discal and submarginal line prominent, dark brown, and externally 
bordered with pale grey, the inner cell-bar extending across the wing; ocelli 
prominent. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular recurved 
ochreous-brown line ; a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth duplex, each with 
two pale ochreous rings and two brown rings; marginal lines pale grey 
bordered. 

Female paler. Forewing with a broad inverted-pyriform bright ochreous ex- 
terior patch, on which the two ocelli are very prominent, the patch traversed by 
the brown veinlets and the large ocellus inwardly bordered by an incurved brown 
streak. Hindwing with the ocelli as in male, but more prominent. Underside 
as in the male. Thorax above clothed with virescent-brown hairs ; body beneath 
brownish-grey ; legs above brown; palpi clothed with brownish-grey hairs; collar 
and side of palpi greyish-white ; antennz dark brown, annulated with white. 

Expanse.—d ? 1& to 22 inches. 

Hasirar.—N.-W. Himalayas ; (? Beluchistan). 

Distrisution.—* According to Col. A. M. Lang’s MS. notes, this species is 
very local, and seems to have its headquarters at Pangi, in Middle Kunawur, and 
to disappear within fifteen miles on either side. On the Werang Pass, nearly 
14,000 feet high, and about twelve miles from here, Tibetwards, I have taken this 
insect in June and July.” Col. Lang also obtained it at Chini, 9000 feet, in 
September. Major Hellard took it at Pangi in July and August. Mr. L. de 
Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 181) observes that ‘‘it is found in the Pangi and Chini 
districts in June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very common. 
I took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females at Chanagund and 
Charjil, Ladak, in June and July; these were all the specimens I saw, the ex- 
tremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not being favourable to an 
abundant insect fauna.” 

A female specimen, doubtfully referable to this species, and differing from 


SATY RIN 2. 11 


the same sex of the Persian species (L. Nasshreddini) has the ochreous patch on 
the forewing paler and with the inner discal border of the patch suffused with 
ochreous, was taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson at Quetta on May 10th, 1885. Mr. 
L. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, 81) also refers to “a female specimen taken by 
Col. A. M. Lang, in the Kawas Valley, Beluchistan, at 8000 feet elevation, in 
September.” 

AtiED PERSIAN AND Caines Sprctaus or Lastommata.—L. Nasshreddini (Pararge 
Nasshreddini, Staudinger; Christoph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xu. p. 240, pl. 5, 
figs. 13, 14, ¢ $% (1876); Romanoff, Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. Nearest allied 
to but distinct from L. menava. Habitat. Shahrud, N. Persia.—L. masa, Leech 
(Lep. China and Japan). Habitat. W. China. 

The following are Chinese allied genera:—Genus nov. Lopinca. Male. 
Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa nearly straight, apex obtuse; ex- 
terior margin oblique and slightly convex; cell long, narrow; discocellulars 
outwardly-oblique, upper radial from end of cell in a direct line with the sub- 
costal, lower radial from above middle of the discocellulars ; no androconial patch. 
Hindwing bluntly ovate, exterior margin convex, somewhat sinuous; cell, broad ; 
discocellulars undulated, radial from the middle; two upper medians from end of 
the cell, upper median much arched. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip ; 
antennz short, stout, with a well-formed thick elongated club. Type.—L. 
dumetorum (Pararge dumetorum, Oberthir, Etudes Ent. 1886, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 20). 
Habitat. W. China.—L. nemorum (Pararge nemorum, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1890, 
p. 42, pl. 9, fig. 103). Habitat. Yunan.—lJL. catena (Pararge catena, Leech, 
Entomologist, 1890, p. 30). Habitat. C. China.—L. fulvescens (Pararge fulvescens, 
Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. v. 1889, p. 118). Habitat. China. 

Gen. nov. Cresera. Male. Forewing longer and narrower than in typical 
Lasiommata (L. megzra) ; costa more arched, exterior margin more oblique, the 
posterior margin comparatively shorter and with an indistinctly defined inner 
discal short glandular fascia, which is clothed with short, very broad, battledore- 
scales, some elongate narrow foliate scales with rounded tip, and a few long fine 
tapering hairs ; cell more than half length of wing, broad. Hindwing short, 
exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; cell longer. Palpi slender, clothed 
with shorter hairs in front; antennz longer, more slender, and with a longer 
gradually-thickened club. Typs.—Ovrebeta Deidamia (Pararge Deidamia, Eversm. 
Bull. Mose, 1851, p. 617. H. Scheffer, Schmett, Kur. i. figs. 609, 610). Habitat. 
Amurland.—C. Menetriesii (Satyr. Menetriesii, Bremer and Grey; Motsch. Etud. 
1852, p. 59. Menetries, Catal. Acad. Mus. Petr. i. pl. 6, fig. 4 (1855). Pryer, 
Butt. Japan, p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 5. Habitat. N. China; Japan. C. erebina 
(Pararge erebina Butler, Ann. N.H., 1888, p. 277). Habitat. S. Corea. 


@ 2 


12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus AMECERA., 


Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 162. 
Pararge, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883), nec Hiibner. 


Twaco.—Male. Wings broad; woolly at their base. Forewing subtriangular ; 
costa well arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped and convex; 
costal vein much swollen at the base; the median and submedian much less so; 
cell broad ; discocellulars angled close to subcostal and before the middle, radials 
from the angles. No androconial patch present. Hindwing short; exterior margin 
convex, scalloped; cell short, broad; first subcostal emitted at some distance 
before end of the cell; discocellular outwardly-oblique and angular in the middle, 
radial from the angle; two upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell, 
upper median much curved. Thorax hairy; palpi long, slender, hairy in front, 
apical joint somewhat cylindrical; legs rather long, slender, middle and hind 
femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz slender and with a well-formed, elongated, 
slightly grooved club; eyes hairy. 


AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS (Plate 97, figs. 1, la, b, 3). 


Pararge Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig. 3, g. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-yellow, suffused with ochreous-brown at 
the base of the forewing, and darker on the hindwing; cilia yellowish-white 
alternated with dark brown. Yorewing with a black dentate discocellular bar, and 
an ochreous-black exterior marginal band, the inner edge of which commences on 
the costa about one-third before the apex, and curves exteriorly half round a black 
white-pupilled subapical spot, and thence attenuates to the posterior angle; no 
androconia present. Hindwing with a broad dusky ochreous-brown exterior 
marginal band with waved inner edge, before which are three or four discal black 
spots, each with a minute white pupil, the middle spot being the largest, and the 
anterior the smallest. Underside. Forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upper- 





Historica, Nore on rae Genus Amucera.—This genus was founded in 1867 by Mr. Butler, with 
megera as the indicated type. As this species (megwra) became the type of Westwood’s genus Lastom- 
mata, in 1840, it cannot therefore be taken for the type of Amecera. All the other species mentioned 
by Mr. Butler, under Ameeera, are strictly congeneric with megera, except Hversmannt and Baldiva, the 
latter species (Baldiva) being congeneric with Semele—the type of Hiibner’s genus HuMENIS—consequently 
Eversmanni is the only species remaining in Amecera, and must therefore be retained to represent the 
genus. 

The Pap. Climene, Fabricius, of S. E. Europe, being congenerie with Hversmannt, will also come into 
Amecera, as here defined. 


SATYRINZ. 13 


side, but greyish-brown; also three slender brown transverse streaks within the 
cell, and an irregular streak beyond it: two prominent subapical black ocelli with 
white pupil, the upper one very small, beneath them is a white dot, indicating an 
Incipient ocellus, all three being encompassed by a slender brownish line. Hindwing 
with greyish-brown basal area and exterior border, the discal area being whitish- 
grey, the division defined by a dark brown irregular zigzag discal line, there being 
also a similar brown subbasal line, and a wavy submarginal line, the pale area 
traversed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the lowest being duplex, each with a 
black centre and white pupil, an ochreous ring, and then a brown ring, the upper, 
second, and third ocellus being the smallest, the others of nearly equal size. 

Female. Upperside, Forewing differs only in the two subapical spots being 
more prominent, the discocellular bar and the marginal border are broader. Hind- 
wing asin male. Underside as in male. 

Hxpanse, ¢ 2 to 22, ? 22 to 22 inches. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Kashmir). 

Distrisution.—A. Cashmirensis is “a rare and very local butterfly. It was 
captured by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau above 
6000 feet, in Kashmir. Specimens have since been taken by Mr. R. Ellis in Pangi, in 
July and August, at considerable elevations. It was also captured by Mr. Atkinson 
in Kashmir, but no other record of its capture can be traced.” (Butt. Ind. i. 178.) 
The late Major H. B. Hellard obtained specimens at Ooramboo and Goolmurg. 

ALLIED species oF AmeceRA.—The allied A. Hversmanni,* F. v. W. Moscow 
Bull. 1847, pl. ii. fig. 5, 6, of Central Asia. Specimens which we have examined 
differ from A. Cashmirensis, on the upperside, in the exterior marginal band being 
much darker and more pronounced, this band on the hindwing being also con- 
spicuously narrow, and very sharply defined on its inner edge, the discal black 
spots being five in number, sharply defined, and placed in a more regularly linear 
sequence, the entire discal and basal area of this wing being also as bright ochreous 
in colour as the forewing. On the underside A. Hversmanni differs in the 
forewing being brighter ochreous, the cell streaks and outer markings darker and 
sharply defined, the cell streaks less sinuous and wider apart, the outer streak being 
much nearer the discocellular veinlet. In the hindwing the basal area and outer 
brown portions are darker, the subbasal and discal irregular line prominent, the 
outer edge of the latter strongly defined, and prominently white bordered ; the ocelli 
are more regular in size, though smaller, the three upper ocelli being of uniform 
size, and all are placed in more regularly linear sequence. 





* Also described and figured by Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15. See also Romanoff’s 
Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. It is placed, erroneously, in Staudinger’s Catal. Eur. Lep. (1871), p. 30, as a 
variety of Pararge Roxelana. This latter named insect is not even congeneric. 


14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


The following is an allied genus: Gen. nov. Kirtnta. Male. Wings short, 
broad. Forewing somewhat triangulate ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, 
exterior margin very slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein much 
swollen at the base, median and submedian slightly swollen ; cell very broad, and 
extending to more than half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close 
to subcostal and deeply incurved before the middle, radials from the angles ; median 
veinlets very wide apart ;.the basal half of the wing, including the cell, hairy, and 
clothed with brownish short, broadly oval, more or less dentate-tipt scales, and 
conspicuously interspersed with numerous jet-black androconia, which have broad 
oval bulbous base, and very long fine tapering hair-like tip. Hindwing broadly 
ovate, exterior margin scalloped; cell broad across its middle; first subcostal 
emitted fully one-third before end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angled in the 
middle, radial from the angle; two upper median branches from extreme end of 
cell, the upper median being much arched ; submedian and median widely separated. 
Palpi long, slender, clothed with long fine hairs in front, apical jot long. Antenne 
short, slender, with a lengthened, very slender club. yes hairy. 

Type.—K. Epimenides (Lasiommata Epimenides, Menétr. Schrenk’s Reise 
Amurland, Lep. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, ¢ 2 (1859). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 
9, f.9. Syn. Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann. N. H., 1877, p.91. Habitat. Amur- 
land; Japan.—K. Hpimenondas (Pararge Epimenondas, Staudinger, Romanoft’s 
Mem. Lep. ii, p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 12). Habitat. Amurland. 


Genus CHONALA. 


Imaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangularly-ovate, with the costa much 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, posterior angle rounded; cell more 
than half length of wing, broad; discocellulars outwardly-recurved, upper radial 
from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle ; 
medians wide apart. No perceptible discal glandular fascia, but a few long black 
androconia with stout bulbous base and hair-like penicillate-tip, are present among 
the ordinary scales. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin convex, and with a 
shght tendency to an angle at end of upper median veinlet; anal angle round ; 
abdominal margin long; cell broad, long ; first subcostal emitted at some distance 
before upper end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angular in the middle, radial 
from the angle; middle median emitted from extremely close to end of the cell. 
Body slender ; palpi clothed in front to the tip with long fine hairs; antennz with a 
well-formed lengthened club. 

Type.—C. Masoni. 


SATYRIN 4. 15 


CHONALA MASONI (Plate 97, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). 
Debis (Tansima) Masont, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 2. 
Lethe Masoni, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 159 (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent, 
Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 515. 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Forewing with a 
broad white transverse discal outwardly-oblique band, which is most sharply defined 
and somewhat sinuous on its inner edge; the outer border of the wing being darker 
brown, and with a subapical small white spot between the subcostal and upper radial, 
sometimes also with a smaller slender spot above it, and an indistinct blackish larger 
spot below it; cilia broad, alternated with white. Hindwing with a shght white 
streak bordering the anterior angle; cilia white anteriorly, brownish posteriorly. 
Underside slightly paler. Forewing with the white band more prominent and some- 
what broader; subapical white spot more distinct, above which is an intersected 
paler spot, and below it a prominent black ocellus, with white pupil and ochreous 
ring ; a short cinereous-white wavy outer line ascending from the upper spot, beyond 
which are two whitish-ochreous marginal lines. Hindwing thickly irrorated with 
cinereous scales; crossed by a subbasal and a discal undulated wavy brown line, 
beyond which is a curved series of six prominent ocelli, each with a black centre and 
white pupil (the lowest bipupilled), a broad dull ochreous ring, and then a black 
ring ; followed by two cinereous-white marginal lines, the inner one being slightly 
dilated at its apical end. Body beneath, and legs cinerescent-brown ; palpi edged 
and clothed with black hairs; collar and side of palpi white; antenne black, 
annulated with white. 

Expanse, 22 to 2% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim., 

This insect, so far as is yet known, “has only been found in the interior of 
Sikkim to the eastward by my native collectors, probably in Bhotan or the Chumbi 
Valley’ (Hlwes, |. c. p. 315). 

CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES oF CHonaLa.—C. episcopalis (Pararge episcopalis, 
Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1886, 22, pl. 4, f. 24). Habitat. W. China.—C. preusta 
(Pararge preusta Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 188). Habitat. W. China. 





Genus AGAPETES. 
Arge,* Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60 (1816). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 25 (1840). Westwood 
in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 383 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus. 
p. 153 (1868). 
Agapetes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Seudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, 
p. 104, 
Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett, i. p. 97 (1829). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 71 (1871). 


* Founded on the name of one of the species, therefore not admissible. 


16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Melanagria, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 9 (1861). H. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 13, 58 
(1865). 
Satyrus (part) Latreille. 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched at base, apex obtuse, 
exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly convex and slightly scalloped; costal 
vein swollen at base; cell broad, extending to half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly 
oblique, angled close to subcostal, concave below the angle, upper radial from the 
upper angle, lower radial emitted before the middle; median veinlets long and wide 
apart. Hindwing short, rather broad; exterior margin convex, sinuous ; cell broad, 
short ; discocellulars very oblique; middle median veinlet starting considerably 
before end of the cell. Palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs. Antennz 
thick, with a gradually-formed stout club. Eyes naked. 

Aputr Caterrittar.—* Cylindrical, stout, tapering towards each end; head 
proportionally small, almost globular; anal segment with two short lateral points ; 
minutely villose ; colour buff, with the longitudinal lines more or less brown, or very 
pale yellowish-green ; the dorsal line dark green, a subdorsal line paler green with 
yellowish borders ; subspiracular line paler ; spiracles small, round, black; head pale 
pinkish-brown; anal points pink; front legs brownish, ventral and prolegs green. 
Feeds on grasses.” ‘ Changes to a pupa among moss without suspending itself in 
any way, or making a cocoon.” 

Curysauis. “Stout, plump, widest where the wing-cases end; headpiece 
sloping from the shoulders, but ends squarely; thorax rounded; abdomen curved 
to the tail; abdomen ending in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt 
spike, set at the end with two little groups of short straight spines; colour pale 
ochreous-white ; wing and antenn cases freckled with pale brown ; the segmental 
rings marked with yellow; a brownish stripe down the middle; spiracles large, 
brown ; anal spike chestnut-brown.” 

Hea. ‘ Large and plump, stumpy, ovate in outline, the shell looking like dull 
bone-white china, and is covered all over with very shallow rhomboidal network, 
with very tiny knobs at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes on the 
top.” (Buckler’s Larve Brit. Butt. i. p. 161.) 

Typz.—A. Galathea. 

No species of this genus has yet been recorded from within our northern limits. 
Specimens of a species closely allied to A. Cleanthe, from Tekes, Kashgar, are in the 
British Museum Collection. A. montana, Leech, occurs in H. Tibet and Western 
China ; A. Leda (Leech, Entom. 1891, p. 57) is also described from W. China. Also 
A. Halimede, Menetries (Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6). 
Habitat. Amurland; Corea. A. meridionalis, Felder (Staudinger in Romanoff’s 
Mem. Lep. 1887, p. 147, pl. 16, fig. 9,10). Habitat. W. China. 


SATY RIN, 17 


Genus EUMENIS. 


Eumenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816); Samml, Exot. Schmett. 11, pl. 85 (1820-26). 
Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 7 (1850). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, 
peli 

Hipparchia (part) Auctorum (nee Fabricius), 


Tuaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular, rather narrow ; costa slightly 
arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, 
posterior margin long, straight; base of wing hairy; costal and median vein swollen 
at the base; cell long, extending to three-fifths the length, rather narrow ; disco- 
cellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower 
radial from the middle; median veinlets very wide apart; crossed by a medial 
discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower edge of the 
cell to beyond its end, and is clothed with laxly-raised, outwardly-curved elongated 
claviform almost transparent scales, between which are interspersed numerous dark 
coloured short androconia, which are extremely slender, attenuating to their end, 





and have a dilated tip, the androconia being scarcely perceptible, unless forcibly 
dislodged from their positions. Hindwing bluntly-ovate, exterior margin scalloped ; 
base hairy; cell long, extending more than half the wing; discocellular very long, 
oblique, recurved ; middle median starting at some distance before end of the cell. 
Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip; antennz slender, with a very short, 
broad, slightly pointed, flattened spatular club. Hyes naked. 


Aputt CarerPrntAr.—* One and a half inch in length, tapering much to the anal 
forked extremity, and a little towards the head, which is globular; ground colour of 
the back delicately mottled drab, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle 
segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive brown, very dark at the beginning of each 
segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white; subdorsal region with three 
longitudinal stripes, the first composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown, 
the second wider, and of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and 
with white beneath, the third, of similar width, is of a dark grey-brown, edged above 
with black; spiracular stripe broader, and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous- 
brown, edged with brownish-white above and below; spiracles black; ventral 
surface and legs drab colour. Head brown, delicately marked with darker brown 
stripes. Feeds on grasses.” 


Curysatis.—* Obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth; abdominal rings scarcely 
visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour. Formed in a hollow space below 
the surface, close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them, with the particles of 
sand and earth very slightly cohering together.” (Buckler.) 

Type.—H. Semele. 

vou. 1. August 10th, 1892. Dax 





18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


EUMENIS DIFFUSA. 


Hipparchia diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 147, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
"India, ete., i. p. 186 (1883). 

Twaco.—Male. Upperside similar to H. Semele, with the glandular patch on the 
forewing less prominent, the ochreous patches enclosing the ocelli obscured and more 
diffused, and also those between the intervening veins. On the hindwing the discal 
ochreous-band is very much broader, extending to the costa, and is uniformly 
ochreous from its sinuous outer edge to its medial angulated edge—this band thus 
being more like that in the female of Semele, and the subanal ocellus is not ringed 
with paler yellow. On the underside of the forewing the pale outer discal band 
is broader than in #. Semele. Hindwing similar, but more densely mottled. 

Expanse, 3 2% inches. 

Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalaya. 

We have examined the type specimen of this species, now in the British Museum 
collection, and find that it is a male, not a female 
Mr. Butler in his original description. 

The only specimen we have had under examination is that of the type above 
referred to. Mr. A. Graham-Young (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1885, p. 130) records its 
capture as follows :— Hipparchia diffusa was, when I first took itin the Ravi Basin 
(I found it not uncommon in 1866 and 1867), at once recognized by me as merely 
a variety of H. Semele, and I had the less difficulty in coming to this conclusion, 
for whereas the specimens of H. Semele (which is very common in Persia) I took 
near Tabriz and other parts of Azerbijan, agreed exactly with English specimens, 
those taken in the Shemron, due north of Tehran, had a slight tendency to vary, 
and specimens from Sharood-i-Bostan and the mountains near Meshed showed a 
further, but still very slight variation. I have no doubt the ‘ missing links’ will 
turn up in Afghanistan, and that this form from the Ravi Basin, as far as we know, 
the eastern limit of H. Semele, will prove inseparable from the European type.” 





as erroneously indicated by 


EUMENIS BALDIVA (Plate 98, fig. 1, la, ¢ @). 

Lasiommata Baldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4 @. 

Amecera Baldiva, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868). 

Hipparchia Baldiva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dusky cinerescent-brown; with a more 

or less dusky-black inner discal oblique broad glandular patch, which is clothed with 
laxly-disposed raised outwardly-curved elongated clavate scales, interspersed with 
long bulbous androconia, having a fine hair-like end, and a divergent feathery-tip, 
these androconia varying in length, and some being extremely fine and hair-hke 


SAT YRINZ. 19 


throughout ; across the outer disc is a bright ochreous band of nearly equal width, 
the outer edge of which is defined by a dusky lunular line, the inner edge being 
sinuous; within the band is a small upper and a lower black spot, and sometimes two 
intervening white dots. Hindwing paler cinereous-brown; with a similar-coloured 
medial-diseal curved band, within which is a very small black spot between the 
lower median veinlets. Cilia cinerescent-white, very slightly alternated with brown 
on the forewing. Underside whitish-cinereous. Forewing with the inner-discal area 
and middle of the band, as above, paler ochreous, the upper black spot with a white 
pupil and pale ochreous outer ring, the lower spot minute; costal border and 
exterior margin crossed by greyish-black strigze. Hindwing thickly covered with 
greyish-black, or ochreous-grey, strige; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal zigzag 
blacker line, a well-defined discal line with pale outer border, and by a submarginal 
sinuous line ; between the two latter is a small white-pupilled black spot above 
the lower median veinlet. 

Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the discal band broader, its inner 
edge angulated at the upper median and below the lower median, the black spots 
larger than in male, the upper one with a minute white pupil, and between them is 
one, sometimes two, small white spots surrounded by brown speckles. Hindwing as 
in the male. Underside similar to the male. Forewing with the two white dots 
between the discal spots. Hindwing with the transverse zigzag lines less defined. 
Body cinerescent-brown; abdomen paler; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath 
cinereous-white. Antenne cinereous-brown, the broad spatular club black beneath. 

Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 22 inches. 

Hasitat.—_Spiti, Upper Kunawur ; W. Tibet. 

Distrisvtion.—Obtained by Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499) “on the bare, 
brown, stony mountain slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawur, Tibet, where this species 
seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July ;’”’ and in his “ MS. Notes”’ 
says, “taken between Shipkee and Broopcha, 10,000 feet, Tibet, in July.”’ It was 
also collected by Mr. J. H. Leech at Skardo, 7-8000 feet elevation, in July, 1887. 


EUMENIS LEHANA (Plate 98, fig. 2, 2a, 3 9). 
Hipparchia Lehana, Moore, Annals, Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; ad. Yarkund Mission, Lep. p. 1, pl. 1, 
fig. 4, ¢ (1879). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188, pl. xvi. fig. 48, 9 
(1883). 

Imaco.—Allied to H. Baldiva. Upperside paler in colour, the discal trans- 
verse ochreous-band broader on both wings, and on the forewing the posterior inner 
edge of the band, in both sexes, is inwardly oblique. In both sexes the small 
ocellus on the band above the analangle is absent on the upper and underside. The 


underside is also much paler, and the transverse sinuous lines wider apart. 
D2 


20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Expanse ¢ 2 to 23, 9 22 to 2% inches. 

Hasirat.—Leh, Kharbu ; Ladak. 

Distrinution.—T he type specimens were obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, at 
Leh, in September, and at Kharbu, 13,000 feet, in Ladak. Mr. L. de Nicéville “* took 
one male and two females at Chanagund, Ladak, in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 188). 
Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained specimens in the ** Indus Valley, between Skardo and 
Dras River, in July.” Mr. J. H. Leech caught it on the road to Skoro La and Braldo 
in July, at 12,000 feet, and Mr. MacArthur obtained it at Kardong at 14,000 feet, 
in August, 1889. 

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 98, fig. 2, represents the male type, 
reproduced from the plate in ‘‘ Yarkund Mission ” above referred to, and fig. 2a that 
of a female from the Indus Valley, in our own collection. 


EUMENIS THELEPHASSA. 
Eumenis Thelephassa, Hubner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett, II. pl. 85, figs. 14, g 9 (1820-26). 

Hipparchia Thelephassa, Klug, Sym. Phys. Ins. pl. 29, figs. 1-4 (1832), Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. 

Mus. p. 51 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 187 (1883). 

Satyrus Thelephassa, H. Scheffer, Eur, Schmett. I. figs. 178-9, et figs. 305-6 (1844-6). 

Satyrus Anthelea, Boisd. Icones Hist. Lep. pl. 41, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 9; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. 
D. Lep. pl. 65, fig. 3 (1851), ?. 

Iwaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown, cilia broadly alternated with 
cinereous-white. Forewing with a broad transverse outer-discal bright ochreous or 
fulvous band, the outer edge of which is almost even and is parallel with the exterior 
margin, the inner edge being angulated outward at the upper median vein ; within 
the band is an upper and a lower black spot with minute white pupil, and between 
them are two small white spots. An oblique discal dusky-grey black-speckled 
glandulur patch extends narrowly below the cell, and also broadly within the anterior 
half of the cell, where it is traversed by a prominent longitudinal oblique-streak of 
black scales ; this black cell-streak is clothed with densely-packed raised narrow 
oval scales, and the lower area beneath it, within the cell, with raised elongated 
pale grey claviform scales, which overlap broader-tipt oval dark scales interspersed 
with a few black very slender attenuated feather-tipt androconia ; below the cell the 
scales are elongated and pale grey, with a few underlying shorter oval dark scales, 
and many long slender attenuating feather-tipt androconia. Hindwing with a 
broad medial discal bright ochreous lunular-edged band, enclosing two very small 
white-pupilled spots between the radials. Underside. Forewing pale cimereous-brown, 
the discal area and lower part of the cell bright ochreous, the edges of the discal 
band defined by a dusky line, the two black spots and intermediate white dots, as in 
upperside, the upper spot being pale ringed; costal border crossed by dusky-black 
strigee, and exterior border traversed by a similar-coloured lunular line. Hindwing 


SATYRIN A. 21 


pale cinereous-brown, transversely mottled with darker brown; crossed by an 
indistinetly-defined subbasal and a more prominent brown irregular angulated discal 
line, the latter broadly outwardly-bordered by cinereous-white, and beyond which is 
a very small subanal black spot with white pupil, and a submarginal lunular dusky 
line. 

Female. Upperside similar to the male (except in the absence of the sexual 
patch). Forewing with the inner edge of the discal band more acutely angular, and 
the outer edge lunular. Underside paler than in male, with similar markings, but 
less defined. Body cinereous-brown; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath 
cinereous-white ; antennz brown, with broad blackish spatular club. 

Expanse ¢ 22, % 2 inches. 

Hasitat.—S8. Russia; Syria; Persia; Beluchistan; 8. Afghanistan. 

Disrrisurion.—Within our limits this species has been taken by Major Howland 
Roberts in the neighbourhood of Kandahar, who notes that it is “ very common at 
the beginning and middle of May in the nullahs and on the rocky slopes at the foot 
of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones during the heat of the day, 
and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily captured. In 
June scarcely a specimen was to be found.”’ (P.Z.S. 1880, 405.) Colonel C. Swinhoe 
also obtained it in S. Afghanistan, at ‘‘Chaman in May, at Quetta in May and 
September, and at Gwalin May. Fairly common.” It was also obtained by Colonel 
A. M. Lang at “ Quetta at 5500 feet elevation, in the Hanna Valley 6500 feet, and 
the Kawas Valley, 8000 feet elevation, where it was not uncommon among boulders 
in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Butt. Ind. 187.) 


Genus CHAZARA. 

Both sexes more robust than typical Eumenis (H#. Semele), and the general 
pattern of the markings en the upperside different. Matz.—Forewing more 
triangular, the glandular patch shorter, confined immediately below the cell, the patch 
clothed with laxly-raised outwardly-curved elongated broad-tipt dark claviform scales, 
interspersed with numerous longer very slender tapering dark androconia with 
feathery tips, the patch also being densely covered with overlapping hairs ; cell 
broader and shorter. Hindwing broader, more convex externally. Palpi much 
stouter, apical joint thicker and shorter. Antenne with a shorter, broader, spatular 
club. Hyes naked. Type. OC. Briseis. 


CHAZARA SHANDURA (Plate 98, figs. 3, 3a, g ¢). 
Hipparchia Shandura, Marshall, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 3, 9 ; Marsha 
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 191 (1888). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Cilia alternated with - white. 


22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Forewing with a darker black broad oblique inner-discal glandular fascia; costal 
border with a few short black strigze; a broad yellowish-white streak occupying 
two-thirds of the cell from the base, and a transverse outer-discal series of longi- 
tudinal short streaks, the outer one, below the radial, being the longest, and divided 
in its middle by a black spot, the streak between the middle and lower median 
veinlets nearly obliterated by a large black spot with a slight white pupil. Hind- 
wing with a broad medial posteriorly-decreasing angular yellowish-white band. 
Underside. Forewing with the costal and exterior margin greyish-white, mottled 
with short transverse black strigze ; the cell and discal area washed with very pale 
yellow; a broad black bar crossing before end of the cell, and an irregular angulated 
discal band outwardly-bordering the cell from the subcostal vein to the posterior 
margin, beyond which is an upper and lower discal black spot with a white pupil, 
followed by a slender black lunular submarginal line. Hindwing greyish-white, 
mottled with blackish strige, which are more thickly disposed partly across the middle 
and across the disc, and there forming two ill-defined curved bands, the latter slightly 
showing a small pale central spot between the veins. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar yellowish-white markings, which 
are somewhat longer, and more confluent, that above the lower median veinlet much 
longer, and a small black spot being present below the latter. Hindwing as in the 
male, with the medial angular-band less defined. Underside similar to the male. 
Body fuliginous-black above, ochreous-white beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs 
beneath ochreous-white. 


Hixpanse ¢ 23, 9 24 inches. 
Hasirat.—Northern Kashmir. 


Allied to C. Heidenreichi, from the Altai mountains. Somewhat smaller; wings 
shorter; similarly marked above. On the forewing above, the male has a longer 
inner pale upper spot, the upper and lower discal black white-centred patch smaller, 
the lower pale spot more oval in shape. Hindwing with a broader pale irregular 
angulated discal patch, but with no white-centred black spot between lower and 
middle medians. On the underside of the forewing the two black white-centred 
discal spots are smaller, and the submarginal wavy black line is further from the 
margin. On the hindwing, the transverse mottling is much darker but more 
irregular, the discal portion having no well-defined black outer demarcating edge, 
this portion also being further from the outer margin of the wing, and has no 
ocellus on it between the lower and middle medians. 


Disrrisurton.—T he female type specimen was “ taken by Major J. Biddulph on 


the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. Both sexes were also taken on the 
Skoro La, Baltistan, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech. A male and 


SATYRIN Zi. 23 


female, from Kashgar, are in the British Museum collection, and also in that 
of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. 

The illustrations of this species on our Plate 98, fig. 3, represent a male from 
Skoro La, kindly lent by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and fig. 3a the female, reproduced 
from Major Marshall’s figure above referred to. 


Genus PHILARETA. 


Mate.—Forewing much broader, shorter, and less triangular, than in typical 
Chazara (0. Briseis) ; costa much arched before the end, exterior margin almost 
erect; cell much shorter; glandular patch not present. Hindwing large, very broad, 
exterior margin scalloped, cell much shorter. Palpi clothed with shorter hairs 
in front, apex more pointed. Antenna with a stouter, longer, flat, more truncate-tipt 
spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. P. Hanifa. 


PHILARETA PERSEPHONE. 


Papilio Persephone, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. I. pl. 115, figs. 589-90, et pl. 140, figs. 710-11 (1805). 
Hipparchia Persephone, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit, Mus. p. 55 (1868). 

Papilio Anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. I. p. 169 (1807). 

Satyrus Anthe, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2. 

Hipparchia Anthe, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete. i. p. 192 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky-brown, cinereous-brown basally. 
Ciha alternated with white. Morewing with an outer-discal interrupted band composed 
of whitish spots,the upper portion being elongated and divided in its middle by a square 
black spot, and its inner end angled upward to the costa, the next portion, between 
the upper medians, shorter and curved on its upper edge, the next longer and 
divided in its middle by a round black spot, the two lower portions shorter. Hindwing 
crossed by a medial-discal curved sinuous whitish band, the inner edge sharply 
defined. Underside cinereous. Jorewing with the costal and outer border mottled 
with blackish and brown strigez, the middle of the wing and macular band pale 
ochreous, the latter almost white and laterally defined by narrow black edging ; 
the two black spots distinct; posterior border dusky. Hindwing densely mottled 
with black and brown strigz; a more or less distinct angulated transverse sub- 
basal and a discal line, and a lunular submarginal line, the two latter with pale 
cinereous outer border. Body beneath, palpi, and legs brownish-cinereous ; antennal 
club blackish. 

Expanse, ¢ 22 to 23, 2 22 to 2 inches. 

Hasrrat.—S. Russia; Persia; 8. Afghanistan. 

Distrieu110n.— Within our limits, this species has been taken in the neigh- 


24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


bourhood of Kandahar by Colonel C. Swinhoe, who obtained a single “ female at 
Chaman on the 14th May, 1880” (Ann. N. H. 1882, 206). This specimen has been 


under our examination for verification. 


Genus NYTHA. 

Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad, A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 231. 

Hipparchia, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868), nec Fabricius. 

Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex 
obtuse, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin short; costal and median vein 
swollen at the base; crossed by a broad medial-discal inwardly-oblique glandular 
patch, which also extends within lower part of the cell to its end only, and is densely 
clothed with raised very long slender serrate-tipt scales, and numerous interspersed 
long very slender attenuated androconia with truncate base and tasselled-tip ; cell 
very long, rather broad. Hindwing very broad, exterior margin convex, sharply 
scalloped; abdominal margin very long; cell long; discocellular much recurved, 
very oblique. Palpi densely clothed to tip. Antenne long, slender, with short broad 
spatular club. Eyes naked. 

Type.—N. Hermione. 


NYTHA PARISATIS (Plate 98, figs. 4, 4a, 3 2). 


Satyrus Purisatis, Kollar, Ins. Fauna 8. Persia, p. 11 (1849) ; id. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math. 
Nat. Cl. 1, p. 52 (1850). Staudinger, in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 483. 

Hipparchia Parisatis, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville 
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 47 9 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky-brown, with an olivescent gloss in some 
lights. Cilia greyish-white, slightly alternated with dark brown at end of the 
veins, more strongly on the hindwing. Forewing with the costal edge from near the 
base more or less thickly studded with greyish-white scales, forming a narrow bor- 
dering fascia, which is dilated before the apex, and the exterior margin posteriorly 
also studded with greyish-white scales forming a narrow band intersected by the 
brown veins; a broad dusky-black oblique inner-discal glandular fascia, which is 
clothed with densely-packed very long narrow foliate serrate-tipt scales, very 
numerously interspersed with long androconia with bulbous base, hair-like end and 
feather-tip ; an indistinctly-defined subapical and a lower outer-discal black spot, the 
upper one white-pupilled, and between them are generally visible two minute 
narrow white spots, which are situated above and below the upper median veinlet ; 
beyond is a narrow dusky-black lunular submarginal line edging the grey-white outer 
border. Hindwing with a broader greyish-white marginal sinuous-edged band 


SATYRIN:. 25 


intersected by the brown veins, the extreme outer marginal edge being also brown 
speckled at the vein tips; a single subanal black spot with white pupil between the 
lower median veinlets. | Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, palest 
on the basal area, thickly mottled, except on the lower part of forewing, with dark 
brown slender transverse strige. Forewing crossed by an angulated dark brown 
discal line outwardly edged with white, and a slender nearly even submarginal line, 
the latter also slightly pale edged; the subapical and lower black spot both larger, 
their intermediate narrow white spots also larger, and very prominent, the subapical 
and lower spot each with an ochreous and then a narrow brown outer ring, the 
upper spot also white pupilled. Hindwing crossed by a prominent dark brown 
angulated discal line outwardly bordered with white, and less-defined brown sub- 
marginal lunular line, between them is an upper and a lower prominent black ocellus, 
each with a white pupil, ochreous ring, and then aslender brown outer ring; some- 
times there is a minute ocellule present above the upper one. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with the ereyish- 
white costal and marginal border, discal black spots, and the two intervening white 
spots more prominent, and the discal transverse angular line of the underside 
slightly traceable. Hindwing with the marginal greyish-white band broader and more 
or less enclosing the subanal spot. Underside as in the male. Body above brown, 
cinereous beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. 

Expanse, 2}, to 3; inches. 

Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan ; S. Persia. 

Distrisutton.—The first record of the capture of this insect within our area is - 
that by Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 500), who “obtained it on steep pre- 
cipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej; the aspect of the insect on the wing is quite 
Nymphalidian, a soaring flight, swift if frightened, and pitching im all sorts of 
inaccessible spots. Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always 
on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks;” and, in his MS. Notes, also says, “ This is a 
Kunawur insect ; only to be seen on cliffs on bona-fide cliff ground, sailing about with 
rather a Nymphalidian flight, and perching on rocks with closed wings. Rather 
numerous in such localities as it frequents. Kotghur, taken in May; in Kumaon, 
from July to September.” The Rey. J. H. Hocking (P. Z. 8. 1882, 236) obtained it 
in the “ Kangra Valley, during the rains, June to September. Always settles under- 
neath overhanging rocks.” Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes) records it from 
*¢ Pangi and Urni in Busahir, July and August ; Kashmir in September, and Skardo 
in July.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 184) obtained it near Simla, and at Kot- 
ghur in the autumn, in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the 
frontiers of Kashmir in June, and late in July near Bajaura, Kulu. Mrs. Deane 
obtained specimens in Chini in June, and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August.” 

VOL. Il. E 


26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357): “Common between Bugnoter and 
Abbottabad, 4000-5000 feet, September; between Abbottabad and Kali Pam in 
September ; also on the lower slopes of Thundiani; seen near Tret, in October.” 
Common also on the hills round Abbottabad in August, and common at Kairabad 
in May and June. Seen also at Attock.” (Ann. N. H.1888, 134.) Major Howland 
Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained it in the neighbourhood of Candahar in 1880 ; 
it “frequents nullahs and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time. 
Abundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among 
the low, rocky, barren hills.”’ Colonel C. Swinhoe (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 388) 
records its capture at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in July and August, 1879 ; 
and at Chaman and Balgoi in May, 1880. The type specimen described by Kollar 
is recorded from 8. Persia. 


Genus AULOCERA. 


Oreas * Hubner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Oken, Lehrb, 1. p. 740 (1815). 

Aulocera, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). 
Seudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Se, Boston, 1875, p.124. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc. i. p. 195 (1883). 


Iuaco.—Male. Forewing broad, triangular, base hairy ; costal vein swollen at 
the base; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; with 
an indistinctly-defined dusky-black inner discal glandular patch, which is clothed with 
moderately long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely- 
dentate tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconiat with lengthened 
bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; cell long, more than half 
length of wing; discocellulars recurved, upper angled close to subcostal, upper radial 
from the angle, lower radial from above the middle. Hindwing broad, base hairy ; 
exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle rounded; cell half the length, 
rather broad ; discocellulars recurved. Palpi clothed with fine long hairs in front to 
the apex. Antennx rather slender, with a lengthened slender club. 

CaterPittar.— A. Swaha. Colour probably black, but so very thickly clothed 
with short bright yellow hairs, that it is almost impossible to see what its ground 
colour is; head and legs black. Found upon the wild blue Iris.” 





* Preoceupied in 1804 for a genus of Mammals. 

+ In A. Swaha, Loha, and Chumbica the androconia are absent, though the patch is present. In the 
European species, Proserpina, the androconia are very slender, with an attenuated lengthened truncate 
base. 


SATYRIN 4. 27 


Curysatis.—* Attached to the centre of the leaf by the tail, with a bright yellow 
thread across, head upwards.’ (Captain A. Graham-Young.) 
Type.—A. Brahminus. 


AULOCERA BRAHMINUS (Plate 99, figs. 1, la, f 9). 
Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jaequemont’s Voy. dans !’Inde, IV. Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1844) 3 
only (nee figs. 5, 6). 
Aulocera Brahminus, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 198, pl. XVI. fig. 49, g (1883). 
Aulocera Werang, Lang, Entom. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 247 ¢ ¢. 
Aulocera Weranga, Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. (1869) p. 35. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 266. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, bronzy in some 
lights. Cilia broadly alternated with white. orewing with an indistinctly apparent 
dusky-black inner-discal glandular fascia which is clothed with moderately-long 
broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely dentate-tipt 
scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia with lengthened bulbous base and 
short hair-like end and tasselled tip; across the disc is a series of well-separated 
small white spots, with a divergent spot and slender streaks to the costa beyond the 
cell, and with an intervening black spot between the radials. Hindwing crossed by a 
slightly-recurved medial narrow sinuous-edged white band cut by the dark veins, the 
contour of the outer edge of the band being somewhat angulated at the upper median 
veinlet, and the entire band decreasing in width to the analangle. Underside paler, 
but brighter coloured, and of a more or less olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing 
with the costal and apical border thickly mottled with darker strigze edged with 
ochreous; discal band broader, duller in tone, and olivescent-white, more diffused 
externally, the lower portion and the divergent portion each continuous, the subapical 
black spot with white pupil and conspicuous. Hindwing densely mottled with brighter 
olivescent-ochreous edged blackish transverse strigee, some of which at the end of 
the veinlets are edged with cinereous white, the disc most clouded, and with a more 
or less apparent series of three or four whitish spots; medial transverse band 
olivescent ochreous-white, broader than on upperside and more angulate externally. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of spots somewhat 
longitudinally narrower and elongated ; the band on the hindwing more regular in 
its course, but of the same width asin male. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, 3 2% to 28, ? 28 to 27 inches. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

Distrisution.—The ‘‘ Himalayas” is given as the locality of this species by 
Blanchard (Jacq. Voy. 22). Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 247) gives 
* Werang Pass, Upper Kunawur,”’ as the habitat of his species (Weranga), also 

E 2 


28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


remarking that “it appears, however, to be very rare, as I have seen but three speci- 
mens ; these were all taken by me at an altitude of 12,000 feet, about 1000 feet below 
the bleak and bare summit of the Werang Pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground 
just clear of the forests of pine and cedars. Dr. Jerdon obtained a single specimen 
at Goolmurg, 9000 feet above the Valley of Cashmere.” he authors of “ Butterflies 
of India, &c.” (p. 199) state that ‘ A. Brahminus is found, so far as we have any 
certain knowledge, only in the N.-W. Himalayas at from 7000 to 13,000 feet eleva- 
tion. Mr, Graham Young took numerous specimens in 1880, in June, on the Ser-ka- 
joth in North Mandi, two miles south of the Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of 
the snowy range at barely 8000 feet elevation ; these were typical Brahminus. Mr. 
de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in 
July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahul at 7000 feet elevation, and again at Kailing 
in Lahul at about 9000 feet in the same month; all these specimens being of the 
Weranga form with the ochreous predominating on the underside, and one, a female, 
from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales and the whitish black- 
encircled spots of Scylla. In Lahul, specimens were taken by the Rev. A. Heyde, at 
Patseo, 11,000 feet, in July, which differ from the usual form in the great predomi- 
nance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi, on the Sach Pass, Mr. R. Ellis took at an 
elevation of 13,000 feet, in August and September, some examples in which the pre- 
vailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown 
strie ; the veins in these are powdered with white, as in Scylla; and finally a large 
series were taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in Kashmir, in July at from 9000 to 
10,000 feet elevation, showing every gradation between typical Brahminus and typical 
Weranga.’ Mr. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January Ist, 1880) states that 
“it always settles on the ground with its wings closed, and then shuts the upper 
wings into the lower ones, so that only the lower wings and the extreme tips of the 
upper are visible.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Pangi, in Busahir, in July 
and August, and in Cashmere in August and September” (MS. notes). Mr. J. H. 
Leech obtained specimens in the Deosi plains in August, 1887. 


AULOCERA SCYLLA. 


Aulocera Scylla, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 122, ¢. 
Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118. 


Male. ‘ Upperside blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia, macular on 
the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the hindwing, bifureate at 
the apex of forewing, and including an oval black spot. Cilia whitish, variegated 
with black. Underside paler, covered with blackish striz ; the subapical spot of fore- 
wing ocellated ; hindwing very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish 
spots tinged outwardly with black, the discal fascia distinct at the analangle. Most 


SATYRINZ, 29 


nearly allied to A. Brahminus, but differs in its much smaller size, less sinuated 
margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in having a row of white 
spots placed in an arc outside the central band. I have seen three specimens of this 
species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern, and coloration.” Mr. Butler 
adds (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 248) that “ the veins on the underside of the hindwing are 
powdered with whitish scales.” 

Expanse, ¢ ¢ 2+ inches. 

Hasitat (of type).—Between Nepal and Tibet Tartary. 

Both sexes smaller in size than typical Brahminus. Upperside. Forewing with 
the macular band composed of smaller and longitudinally narrower spots, the band on 
hindwing also composed of transversely narrower portions. Underside of both wings 
also with the bands narrower. Hindwing with the veins white-speckled throughout, 
and with a series of distinct small white spots, each with a dark brown outer border. 
Expanse, 2} inches. 

Distripu1ion.— The type specimen of A. Scylla, described by Mr. Butler, and 
now in the British Museum collection, bears a label with the inscribed locality of ‘‘ near 
Tibet,” which was evidently misread by that author for ‘‘ Silhet,” and was erroneously 
so printed in the original description. I was fortunate enough to discover this 
error of the locality on the label when examining the type specimen, and upon 
referring to the “ Museum Register ”’ it was found that this specimen was taken “ by 
Major Charlton between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.” There are also two female 
specimens in the British Museum, captured by Dr. Duthie “near Kutta, 13-14,000 
feet, N.-E. Kumaon, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118) 
records A. Scylla ‘‘ from the Pindari Glacier, and North Byeri above Furkya, North- 
West Kumaon, 12-14,000 feet; at Garbyan, 12,000 feet; Lepu Lek, 16,000 feet, 
North-East Kumaon,” remarking also that the prehensores are distinct from those 
of Brahminus. The latter has the uncus, seen from above, longer and its branches 
more slender. Seen from the side, Scylla has the uncus and its branches parallel 
and nearly in the same horizontal plane, and the top of the uncus is knobbed, while 
in Brahminus it is smooth, and the branches diverge downwards from it. The clasp 
has its upper limb toothed horizontally, in Scylla vertically. The present species is 
small, ochreous-grey below, with a discal line of white spots on the hindwing below, 
the band there crooked ; on the forewing below, the ocellus is pupilled with white 
and the band is wide and united. I have caught it flying with Brahminus, from 
which I consider it distinct, in the meadows near Furkya.” 


AULOCERA BRAHMINOIDES (Plate 99, figs. 2, 2a, 2). 
Satyrus Brahminus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 324 (nee Blanchard). 
Comparatively smaller than A. Brahminus. Forewing with the macular band 


30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


composed of shorter spots, those between the medians regularly oval in shape, the 
subapical black spot entirely absent. Hindwing with a broader medial band, which 
is of uniform width throughout its length to the anal angle. Underside much darker 
than in Brahminus, with blacker strigez, and which are all edged with cinereous-white 
(not with olivescent-ochreous) ; the band on both wings as on the upperside, and 
the subapical white-pupilled black spot (always present in Brahminus) entirely 
absent. 

Expanse, 22 inches. 

Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. 

Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- 
Tibet, in July and August, 1883. 


AULOCERA CHUMBICA (Plate 99, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ ?). 
Satyrus Padma, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 406 (nec Kollar). 


Smaller than A. Loha. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series 
of discal spots half the size of those in Sikkim examples of Loha, the glandular patch 
broadly dusky-black, which is clothed with moderately long and broad dentate-tipt 
pale scales and longer foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales only, no androconia present 
in the specimens under examination. Hindwing with the transverse band also half 
the width of that in Sikkimese Loha. Underside of a similar dusky-brown colour 
and mottled markings; both wings with the bands narrower, as on upperside. 
Female. Both wings with the transverse bands narrower than in Loha on both the 
upper and underside. 

Expanse, $ 2}, 2° inches. 

Hasirat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet. 

Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley on the 
Tibetan frontier of Sikkim, at 1000 to 15,000 feet elevation, in August and 
September. 


AULOCERA LOHA (Plate 99, figs. 4, 4a, S ?). 


Aulocera Loha, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 118. 
Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 323, pl. 9, figs. 6, ¢. 


Imaco.—Smaller than A. Padma. Male. Upperside very dark olivescent 
blackish-brown. Cilia narrowly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly 
defined discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with a few short broad serrate-tipt 
scales, and numerous long broad acutely-serrated tipt scales; no androconia present ; 
crossed by a discal series of very widely-separated pale ochreous-white spots, there 
being also two inwardly-divergent spots to the costa beyond the cell, all these spots 


SATYRIN Z. 31 


being conspicuously smaller than in A. Padma, more medially placed across the wing 
than in Padma, and transversely shorter, and those between the medians pyriform. 
Hindwing crossed by a narrower medial pale ochreous-white band. Underside 
brighter coloured, darker, and of a more olive-brown tint than in A. Padma. Fore- 
wing with the costa, interior of cell, and apical border slightly mottled with darker 
brown pale-bordered strige, those at the apex bordered with lilac; transverse discal 
spots medially-disposed as on upperside, and with an intermediate ill-defined white- 
pupilled black spot between the radials. Hindwing densely mottled with dark 
brown strige2 more or less edged with hlac; transverse band narrow, as on 
upperside. 

Female. Upperside with similar transverse pale ochreous-white markings, 
medially-disposed as in male, but somewhat less prominently defined. Underside 
also with similar markings, those on the forewing somewhat larger, but less promi- 
nently defined ; the bands narrower than in Padma. 

Expanse, d 22, ? 3 inches. 

Hapitat.—N.-W. Kumaon; Sikkim. 

The above description is taken from male and female typical specimens obtained 
by Mr. Doherty at Dankuri, N.-W. Kumaon, kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de 
Nicéville. Mr. Doherty’s original description (1. c. p. 118) is as follows: ‘* A. Loha. 
N.sp. Smaller than Padma; cell of male smooth, sex mark not very plain; male distin- 
guished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the female 
by the band of the hindwing below being narrow, well defined and ochreous. The 
insect is darker than Padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and 
the base of the hindwing greenish. It may perhaps be only a seasonal form of 
Padma.” 

Distripution.— Mr. W. Doherty (1. ¢. 118) says: “I found Loha common on 
Bireg mountain, N.-W. Kumaon, from 9000 to 12,000 feet, in August and September.” 
We possess a male and female identical with the typical specimen above de- 
scribed, from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection, Mr. H. J. Elwes 
obtained it in Sikkim, remarking (1. ¢. 323), “I took it only on the Singalelah Range 
which bound Sikkim on the West between Tonglo and Phallut, at elevations of from 
10,000 to 12,000 feet, in July, but it was most abundant on the grassy ridge beyond 
Sundukpho above the pine-forest, where it flies strongly above the trees, resting on 
their trunks, and settling on flower-heads in the open parts and on the edge of the 
forest.” In examples of these Sikkim specimens, under our examination, the 
glandular patch is clothed with somewhat differently-shaped scales from those present 
in the typical male above described, one form being longer and more oval with 
scarcely definable serrate-tip, the other lengthened serrate-tipt form being somewhat 
shorter, and with tapering base, the androconia being also absent. 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


eo 
i) 


Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 92, fig. 4: represents the male, from 
Dhankuri, in Kumaon, and fig. 4a, the female, from a Nepal example. 


AULOCERA PADMA (Plate 100, fig. 1, 1a, 2). 


Satyrus Padma, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2 (1844), 2. 

Aulocera Padma, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 122; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Marshall 
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 196 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, 
p. 118. 

Satyrus Avatara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 229 (1857), ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia alternated 
with white. Forewing with a broad distinct dusky-black inner-discal glandular patch, 
which is clothed with long pale foliate serrate-tipt scales, and long blackish andvo- 
conia with short broad bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip—no short scales 
present; crossed by a discal linear-series of broad yellowish-white spots (those 
ordinarily proceeding inward to the costa being obsolescent or entirely absent). 
Hindwing crossed by a medial yellowish-white band. Underside nearly as dark 
coloured as the upperside. Forewing the palest, the costal and apical border broadly 
mottled with black strigze slightly edged with cinereous; the transverse discal white 
spots broader, diffused externally, with the usual divergent costal portion entire, the 
subapical black spot with white pupil, and distinct. Hindwing thickly mottled with 
cinereous-edged black strigze, which are more clouded externally; the transverse 
medial white band sharply defined on its inner edge, but diffused externally ; sub- 
marginal black lunular line diffused, and with a more or less indistinct subanal black 
spot with white pupil. 

Female. Upperside. Jorewing crossed by similar but slightly larger spots and 
with a broken set extending inward to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with 
the transverse band as in the male. Underside of the same dark colour as in the 
male. Forewing with the transverse white spots larger and more disconnected. 
Hindwing with the mottled outer border more thickly flecked with cinereous, and 
the submarginal line less apparent; the transverse white band broader and more 
diffused externally than in male. Body and legs dark brown; collar and side of 
palpi cinereous-white; antenne dark brown, slightly reddish at the tip beneath. 

Expanse, ¢ 33 to 33, % 3% to 42 inches. 

Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

DistripuTion AND Hasirs.—Of this species, Col. A. M. Lang remarks (Ent. Mo. 
Mag. 1868, 246), ‘I have always found Padma and Avatara in company, and they 
have appeared to me as sexes of the same species. They frequent quite different 
ground to Swaha and Saraswati, and appear at a different season, flying in May 
and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the summits of ranges 


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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


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SATYRINZ. 33 


of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same 
localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners 
Swahe and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district mto Kunawur.” 
On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two 
distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kula, and is 
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and 
above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears 
at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- 
ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared 
earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful 
insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across 
the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from 
the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, ‘‘ Confounded 
with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size 
than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily 
captured; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt. 
Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 
129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, 
at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in 
the Mundi State, ina Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. 
For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low 
as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience 
goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not 
until 1880 that I succeeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the 
females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the 
higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater 
number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. 
I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which 
seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 
4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied 
Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes 
from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I 
obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging 
from 7000 feet at Juti,in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. 
This species is the larger of the two; the other species, dA. Loha, is smaller.” 


AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, g 2). 
Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). 
Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883). 
Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4). 
vou. 1. August 13th, 1892. F 


ot LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent bronzy-brown. Cilia alternated with 
white. Forewing with an inner-discal short broad dusky-black glandular fascia 
extending within the cell, which is clothed with moderately-short broad slightly 
serrate-tipt scales, and long foliate acutely serrated-tipt scales, but no androconia ; 
crossed by a medial-discal series of creamy-white or ochreous-yellow spots, which 
are somewhat short and small, a spot being always present (and sometimes an 
incipient narrow streak) diverging to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with a 
similar-coloured medial-discal band. Underside paler olivescent bronzy-brown. 
Forewing with the costal and apical border indistinctly mottled with pale-edged 
blackish strigze, the discal band creamy-white or ochreous-yellow, broad, its lower 
portion continuous, the divergent costal portion entire and continued to the edge; 
subapical black spot with white pupil more or less prominent. Hindwing more or 
less densely mottled with black strige, the strige being more or less edged witia 
cinereous ; the base tinged with green ; the submarginal lunular line irregular and 
diffused. 

Female. Upperside with the transverse band as in male, but somewhat broader. 
Underside as in the male. Collar and side of palpi, ochreous-white ; legs brown. 

Expanse, 23 to 3 inches. 

CarTerPILLak.—“‘ Colour probably black, but it is so very thickly clothed with short 
bright-yellow hairs that it is almost impossible to see what its ground-colour really is ; 
head and legs black. Feeds on wild blue Iris.” 

Curysanis.—* Attached to the centre of a leaf by the tail, and a bright-yellow 
thread across the pupa, head upwards, like a Lyceenid. Colour shining olive-brown ; 
head, spines, and tail black ; a white patch crossed by an irregular black band upon 
each side of the thorax; a circular yellow spot on each shoulder ; on each side of the 
dorsal segments is an irregular white mark. The colours, very vivid in the living 
pupa, fade rapidly upon the death of the insect. The imago emerges in a fortnight.” 
(A. Graham Young.) 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

Disrripu1ioN.—This species is the commonest of the group, and according to 
Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246) “abounds in the Simla and Kunawur 
districts of the N.-W. Himalayas during the rainy season, from July to October, 
chiefly on grassy slopes and in fields near woods, also in open woods; from the 
outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains for 200 miles into the interior of the moun- 
tain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Tibet.” Major H. B. Hellard 
obtained it in “Simla, Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, and in Kashmir, from June to 
October.” (MS. notes.) Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) records it as 
“common at Murree, August and September; Atabul, 9000 feet; Thundiani, Sep- 
tember.” In Kulu, Mr. A. Graham Young writes, “ Not uncommon in its peculiar 


~ 


SATYRIN 4. 35 


haunts, grassy hills at 7000 to 8000 feet elevation, from June to September.” (Butt. 
Ind. 197), and subsequently (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1886, 103) he records “‘ the discovery, 
after many years’ hunting, of the larva of A. Swaha,” having ‘‘ found it on the wild 
blue Iris during the first week in August, at about 8000 feet elevation, in the Upper 
Parbutti Valley, in Kulu.” In Kumaon, Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118) 
“found it on all the hills of the Pindari district, 7000 to 10,000 feet, also on the 
outer ranges, Jagheswar, Takula, and the Dhoag, 5500 to 9000 feet, and in Chaudans 
in Hast Kumaon, 5000 to 7000 feet. A common species.” 


AULOCERA SARASWATI (Plate 100, figs. 3, 3a, 3 2). 


Satyrus Saraswati, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 445, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4 (1844), 9 , Staudinger, 
Exot. Schmett. pl. 82 (1887). 

Aulocera Saraswati, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 121; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 200 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia broadly alter- 
nated with white. Forewing crossed by a medial-discal broad yellowish-white com- 
pact macular band, composed of almost quadrate spots, with a black spot dividing 
the two longitudinally disposed between the radials; a more or less prominent 
narrow discal black angular glandular patch, which is clothed with very long foliate 
acutely serrate-tipt pale scales, some short broad serrate-tipt scales, and interspersed 
with blackish androconia with broad bulbous base, hair-like end, and _tasselled 
tip. Hindwing crossed by a broad yellowish-white uninterrupted discal band, 
which slightly decreases in width above anal angle. Underside pale olivescent- 
ochreous ; crossed by a pale ochreous-white band, which is whitest on the forewing, 
as on upperside, the inner edge of the band being defined by a dark brown line, the 
outer edge being diffused, the subapical black spot prominent and white-pupilled ; 
the basal area and the broad outer border delicately mottled with transverse black 
strigee, and the outer border traversed by a blackish diffused fascia, which latter, on 


the hindwing, is more or less sinuous, and where the marginal strigz beyond are 


more or less whitish-edged. 

Female. Upperside of both wings with the white macular band, as in the male, 
but shghtly broader, the subapical intervening black spot on the forewing generally 
having a minute white pupil. Underside as in the male, the blackish submarginal 
fascia being much less defined. Body above dark olivescent-brown; abdomen 
beneath pale olivescent-ochreous; collar, side of palpi, and femora beneath ochreous- 
white; tibiz and tarsi ochreous. 

Expanse, ¢ 24 to 28, ? 28 to 3 inches. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

Distrisurion.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “ A. 

F 2 


36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Saraswati is not quite so widely spread as A. Swaha, appears later, and disappears 
earlier ; in August it swarms, in localities affected by it, amongst the luxurious grass 
pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills in the Simla and Kunawur district.” 
“Tn Simla it is not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the 
autumn months. In Pangi Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Henderson took numerous speci- 
mens of both sexes in July and August.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes, 
records its capture at “ Pangi, Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir during 
August and September.’ Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357) obtained it at 
Dewal in August, also commonly at Murree in August, and also taken in September.” 
In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, it appears in July, and remains on the 
wing until the middle of October; it is common from 4000 feet and upwards, and 
greatly affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their 
peculiar haunts.” (Butt. Ind. i. 200.) Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) 
obtained it at “ Pyura, above Loharkhet, the Dhoaj, Takula, 5000 to 7000 feet, in 
Kumaon.”’ Specimens in our own collection are from the late Colonel Impey’s and 
General Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. 


AULOCERA sp, ——? 
Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 266. 


Hasitat.—Manipur frontier, Naga Hills. Mr. H. J. Elwes (I. c. p. 266) records 
“‘two female specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty at Mao, on the Manipur frontier of 
the Naga Hills, at 8000 feet elevation, in August.” 


AttieD CuINese Species or AvLocera.—A. Sybillina (Satyrus Sybillina, Oberthiir, 
Ktudes Ent. 1890, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 106). Habitat. W.China.—A. Merlina (Satyrus 
Merlina, Oberthiir, id. p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 105). Habitat. Yunan.—4A. imagica (Satyrus 
magica, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 21). Habitat, H. Tibet. 


Genus PARCENEIS. . 
Forewing similar in shape to typical Gineis (G2. Norna); venation similar, 
except that the cell is very much shorter, and there is no androconial patch in the 
male. Hindwing with the cell also considerably shorter, and the discocellulars less | 
outwardly oblique. Palpi somewhat shorter and more delicate, the apical joint 
being shorter and less conspicuous. Antennal club shorter and comparatively 
thicker. 
Type.—P. pumilus. 
Typical Gineis (Norna, Jutta, etc.) has the forewing, in the male, furnished 
with a conspicuous oblique androconial patch, and the cell area in both the fore and 
hindwing being much longer. The antenne in (neis has a longer gradually- 


SATYRINZ. 37 


thickening club; the palpi are somewhat longer. The pattern of the markings on 
the wings in the species of @neis is also somewhat different, the forewing generally 
haying two or three small submarginal ocellated spots on a pale ferruginous band, 
the hindwing also mostly having similar submarginal ocelli, whereas in Parceneis 
the pattern of the markings resemble those pertaining to the species of Aulocera. 


PARGNEIS PUMILUS (Plate 101, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). 


Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7 (1867) g. 
Eneis pumilus, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 37, g. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-brown, darker externally ; the veins 
externally lined with darker brown. Cilia ochreous-white alternated with dark 
brown at the vein points. Worewing crossed by a medial-discal ill-defined pale 
brownish-ochreous narrow macular band, with an inward-divergent portion pro- 
ceeding to the costa from between the radials, and where there is a slightly-defined 
pale intervening-spot, this band being very similar in form to that in Aulocera. 
Hindwing crossed by a similar ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow continuous 
band, which is angulated above the radial and at the upper median veinlet. Under- 
side. Forewing pale brownish-ochreous, the transverse band, as above, with dusky- 
brown edges; costal and apical border cinerescent, sparsely flecked with short trans- 
verse dusky-brown strige. Hindwing pale ochreous-cinereous, the veins cinereous- 
white, the transverse angulated-band pale ochreous and well-defined by dusky-black 
edges, the basal area and outer border thickly mottled with blackish strigee with 
pale ochreous edges. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler, with the transverse band also less distinct, 
the apical border of the forewing and the outer border of the hindwing indistinctly 
mottled with darker strige. Undersideasin the male. Body above darker ochreous- 
brown; thorax beneath clothed with dusky-brown hairs; palpi in front, and legs 
dusky-brown ; palpi above pale ochreous. Antenne blackish above, annulated with 
ochreous-white, pale ochreous beneath with bright ochreous tip. 

Expanse, d 14, ? 13 inch. 

Hasitat.—Ladak. 

Disrripution.—The type specimens were collected by the late Dr. F'. Stoliczka 
at ‘“Trantse Sumdo on the Lanak Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, and at 
Pangchog.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119) records “ a single female 
found on the moist ground at the edge of the snow-line on the northern side of the 
Lepu Pass, Chinese-Tibet, at 17,000 feet (N.-E. Kumaon). Specimens of both 
sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, captured at Gya, m August, at 14,000 
feet, by Mr. MacArthur. 


The illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 101, fig. 1, represents the 


33 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


upperside of a male, and fig. 1a, the underside of a female, both figures being taken 
from Gya specimens kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech. 


PARENEIS SIKKIMENSIS (Plate 101, fiz. 2, 2a, 3). 
@neis Sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21. 
Chionobas pumilus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 404, pl. 35, fig. 3 (nec Felder). 
@neis pumilus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327. 

Twaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark ochreous-brown. Cilia white alter- 
nated with dark brown. Forewing crossed by a well-defined medial-discal series of 
small ochreous spots, with an inward divergent portion extending to the costa from 
between the radials, where there is also a small intervening blackish spot with a minute 
white pupil. Hindwing crossed by a well-defined curved discal ochreous narrow 
broken band, the two portions beyond the cell being somewhat elongate and pointed 
externally, the other portions being more lunular. Underside paler ochreous-brown. 
Forewing with the costa and apex cinereous speckled ; across the cell are some 
blackish strigz ; the transverse discal series of prominent pale ochreous spots, as on 
upperside, black edged. Hindwing with the basal area and outer border densely 
mottled with black strige and speckles, edged with cinereous; crossed by a pro- 
minent pale ochreous curved discal irregular band, the inner edge of which is well 
defined by a black angulated line, and the outer edge by a lunular line, inwardly 
bordered with blackish speckles; all the veins cinereous-white speckled. Body 
above dark brown, thorax and front of palpi clothed with black-tipt cinerescent hairs ; 
sides of palpi and legs beneath cinerescent ; legs above ochreous-brown. Antenne 
above blackish, annulated with white, entire length below reddish ochreous. 

Hixpanse, ¢ 14 to 1%, ¢ 1 inch. 

Hasrrat.—Chumbi, Sikkim-Tibet. 

This species differs from P. pwmilus on the upperside in its uniformly darker 
colour, the macular band on the forewing being very distinctly defined and composed 
of smaller spots; the band on the hindwing is also narrower. On the underside it 
is also very much darker in colour, and the band on both wings much more pro- 
minently defined. 

Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- 
Tibet, in 1881 and 1882. 


Auuiep Species or Par@wnets.—P. Buddha (Gneis Buddha, Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soe. 
Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458). Habitat. C. Asia.—P. palearcticus (Hneis palearcticus 
Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 20). Habitat. C. Asia. 

Genus KARANASA. 
Satyrus (part) Auctorum. Hipparchia (part) Auctorum. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings somewhat elongated and narrow. Forewing subtri- 


SATYRIN AE. 39 


angular; costa very slightly arched, apex obtusely-pointed, exterior margin slightly 
oblique, convex, posterior angle very convex ; costal vein swollen at the base, median 
very slightly swollen ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly 
recurved, concave before the middle, upper radial from a slight angle very close to 
subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets widely separated ; 
crossed by an ill-defined broad inwardly-oblique discal glandular patch, which is 
clothed with a few short oval and some longer narrower sharply dentate-tipt scales, 
interspersed with several longer slender andvoconia, which have lengthened-bulbous 
base and short hair-like tasselled-tip. Hindwing ovate ; exterior margin very convex, 
slightly denticulated; cell extending to half the length; discocellular very oblique ; 
middle median emitted at some distance before end of cell. Body rather stout ; 
thorax and head very hairy; palpi clothed with lengthened fine hairs to the tip ; 
antenne with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Eyes naked. 
Type.—K. Hubner. 


KARANASA HUBNERI (Plate 101, figs. 3, 3a, 3). 


Satyrus Hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9 (1867), ?. 

Hipparchia Hiibneri, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. i. p. 189 (1883). 

Hipparchia Cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7,¢. Marshall and de Nicé- 
ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 190 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep fulvous, exterior marginal line blackish, the 
end of the median veinlets on both wings ochreous-speckled. Cilia ochreous- 
white, alternated with dusky-brown. Forewing with the base, costal border, 
and exterior margin cinereous ochreous-brown ; an incipient upper portion of a 
dusky brown pale-bordered excurved discal line beyond the cell, which also curves 
along the subcostal veinlet, extends along the radials, and then sinuously edges the 
dark outer border of the wing; between the radials is a prominent subapical black 
spot with white pupil, and on the lower part of the dise is a short broad dusky- 
black glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and. some long, broad, 
dentate-tipt pale scales, and blackish androconia with lengthened-bulbous base and 
hair-like tasselled tip. Hindwing with the base and abdominal border cinerescent 
purplish-brown ; crossed by an ill-defined inner-discal excurved angulated diffused 
dusky line, and a darker outer-discal obtusely-sinuous blackish line, and thus en- 
closing a curved medial-discal fulvous band. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous, 
yellowish below the costal border; the base, the costal and outer border brownish- 
cinereous, finely flecked with brown scales, the ends of the outer veins being white 
speckled; some short blackish strige crossing the base and the cell, the upper discal 
curved line (the lower portion being also very finely indicated) and sinuous sub- 


40 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. 


marginal line, and the subapical black spot, as on the upperside. Hindwing ochreous- 
cinereous, numerously covered with short blackish strigze and intervening speckles, 
which are thickest disposed at the base; veins prominently white lined ; crossed by 
an indistinctly-defined angulated subbasal and a more distinct medial-discal excurved 
angulated black line, the latter having a whitish outer border, and beyond is a sub- 
marginal distinct black sinuous line. / 

Female. Upperside slightly paler fulvous. Forewing with the base pale 
cinereous purplish-brown, the outer border somewhat darker; crossed by an inner 
discal diffused blackish line, which is acutely angled outward on the upper median 
veinlet, the line also extends along the subcostal and then sinuously and prominently 
edges the dark outer border, thus enclosing a discal fulvous band, within which is 
an upper and a lower black spot. Hindwing with the entire basal area and outer 
border cinereous purplish-brown, enclosing a prominent fulvous medial-discal band, 
which is edged with an inner and outer black sinuous line. Underside. Forewing 
somewhat paler; markings as in the male, except that the discal line is more distinct, 
and the submarginal line more sinuous, there being also two black spots of the same 
size as those above. Hindwing also somewhat paler, with the transverse black lines 
more acutely defined, the subbasal line more distinctly angled within the cell, and 
both the discal and outer sinuous line being pale-bordered externally. Body cine- 
reous-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antenne cine- 
reous-brown, tipt with ochreous, with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. 

Expanse, ¢ 13 to 18, ? 2 inches. 

Hasitar.—Lahul ; Spiti; Deosi Plains, Stakpila Pass, N. Kashmir. 

Distaipution.—Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494) gives ‘‘Lahul and Spiti” as the 
localities of the type specimens. Under this species, a specimen of the female is 
recorded in * Second Yarkund Mission,” Lep. p. 1., as having been taken by the late 
Dr. F. Stoliczka at Leh in September. 

Major H. B. Hellard records it in his “MS. Notes” as having been taken on the 
** south side of Stakpila Pass in the upper part of the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir, 
in July, 1873,” but whether these specimens of Major Hellard’s and those above 
noted from Leh refer to Htberni, as here defined, we are unable to certify. Mr. J. 
H. Leech obtained many specimens of both sexes in the Deosi plains N.-H. of 
Kashmir, at 13,000 feet, in August, 1887; others were taken by Mr. McArthur in 
the Chonging Valley, 15-17,000 feet elevation in July. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. 
Ind. 190), under this species, records ‘‘ two females taken by Major J. Biddulph at 
Gilgit in August.” Neither of these two specimens, which are now before me for 
examination, agree with true Hiiberni. One of them, certainly, is not this species — 
it is a larger insect, with very much paler discal band on both wings, and is two 
and a quarter inches in expanse. 





SATYRIN AE. 4] 


KARANASA LEECHII (Plate 101, figs. 4, 4a, 9 2). 


Male. Similar to K. Hubner’, somewhat larger. Upperside of a paler fulvous, 
the ends of the median veinlets ochreous-speckled, the outer borders uniformly dark- 
coloured. Forewing with the basal area, including the cell, cinerescent ochreous- 
brown ; with a well-defined blackish broad imner-discal glandular patch extending 
throughout its length to the inner edge of the fulvous band, the patch clothed with 
broad serrate-tipt pale scales and numerous long bulbous androconia with tasselled- 
tip, these latter beg narrower than in K. Hubneri ; the sinuous submarginal edge 
of the fulyous band more acutely defined ; within the band is a subapical blind black 
spot, a very small spot also being present between the lower median veinlets, and 
below the upper spot are sometimes two or three minute black speckles. Hindwing 
with a somewhat broader fulvous band, the outer edge of the band more acutely 
sinuous ; the ends of the median veinlets not ochreous. Underside. Forewing paler 
than upperside, but somewhat clouded in the middle, the basal and cell strige obso- 
lete, the subapical black blind-spot prominent, the lower median small spot some- 
times absent. Hindwing paler than in K. Hubneri, the strige less, and more 
speckled throughout with whitish-cinereous edgings to the markings; with similar 
disposed subbasal, median, and submarginal sinuous lines, but the two latter are 
more acutely pointed, and the subbasal line is excurved within the cell (not angled as 
in Hubneri); veins white lined. 

Female. Upperside paler fulvous than in K. Hubnevi, the costa and outer 
borders, and the basal areas also paler. Forewing with the edges of the discal band 
less defined; the subapical and lower black spot as in male. Hindwing with the 
fulyous band comparatively broader, its outer sinuous-edge being slightly nearer the 
exterior margin of the wing. Underside. Both wings as in male. 

Expanse, ¢1§ to 14,?1{ to 23 inches. 

Hasrtat.—Skoro La, Baitistan ; Chonging Valley, N. Ladak. 

DistriguTion.—Obtained by Mr. J. H. Leech on the “Skoro La, Baltistan, at 
15,000 feet elevation, in July, 1887,” and by Mr. H. McArthur, in the “ Chonging 
Valley, 15—17,000, July and August, 1889,” this valley being situated between the 
Upper Shayok river and the Dépsang plains in North Ladak. 


KARANASA MODESTA (Plate 102, figs, 1, la, 3 2). 


Male. Smaller than K. Leechii. Upperside with the entire basal areas and 
outer borders darker brown, and of a vinescent tint, the discal band narrower on 
both wings, prominently defined, and of a paler ochreous. orewing with a large 
conjoined black subapical spot situated above and below the lower radial veinlet, 
and a smaller black spot between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch indis- 

VOL. IL. G 


49 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


tinct. Underside. Forewing similar to Leechii, the conjoined black subapical spot 
with its upper portion minutely white pupilled; the lower median spot as above. 
Hindwing with similar markings to Leechii, the discal and submarginal sinuous-line 
being nearer together ; the veins white lined. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male, the discal band on both wings 
also paler and somewhat broader ; a single black subapical spot only present on the 
forewing. Underside. Forewing much valer than in male; a single subapical spot 
only, as on upper side. Hindwing as in the male. 

Expanse, $13,?18 inch. 

Hasrtat.—Deosi Plains; Kokser, Lahul. 

Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosi 
Plains, 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887; other specimens were also obtained 
by Mr. McArthur at Kokser, on the Chandra River in Lahul, in July, 1888, and on 
the Bara Lacha Pass in August. 


Genus KANETISA. 


Satyrus (part) auctorum, 
Hipparchia (part) auctorum. 


Male. Wings much broader and comparatively shorter than in Karanasa. 
Forewing broad, short, triangular ; costa well-arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin 
oblique and hardly convex, posterior margin short; with a very broad transverse 
discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with shghtly-raised dark-coloured 
claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long 
slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip ; cell somewhat shorter ; 
median veinlets much wider apart. Hindwing short, broadly ovate, exterior 
margin very convex, scalloped; cell longer and narrower; discocellular more 
oblique. Palpi more compactly clothed in front; antennal club shorter. Hyes 
naked. 

Typez.—K. Digna. 


KANETISA DIGNA (Plate 102, figs. 2, 2a, J 9). 


Hipparchia Digna, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1882, p. 67,9. Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 189 (18838) ?. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white alter- 
nated with dusky-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad decreasing discal deep fulvous 
sinuous-edged macular band, cut with the brown veins, and enclosing a large black 
blind subapical spot ; between the band and the cell is a broad inner-discal blackish 
glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised claviform scales with deep 
jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with 


SATYRIN Zi. 45 


attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing crossed by a discal curved narrow 
fulvous macular band, the spots being elongated, narrow, and with somewhat 
blackish edges. Underside. Forewing with the basal cell and discal area fulvous, 
paling to ochreous below the costa; costal border, the outer border, and base of 
posterior border brownish-cinereous mottled with blackish strige; inner line of the 
discal band indistinct except at its costal end, its outer line sinuous ; subapical black 
spot with white pupil. Mindwing pale brownish-cinereous, thickly mottled with 
blackish strigze ; crossed by a wavy subbasal and a somewhat angulated blackish 
discal line, the interspace between them forming a darker band, with its inner and 
outer edge broadly bordered with whitish-cinereous ; submarginal sinuous black 
line distinct. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the discal fulvous band entire, somewhat 
broader and slightly paler, its sinuous inner and outer edge darkly defined, subapical 
black spots large. Hindwing with the discal fulvous band also entire, broader and 
with less sinuous outer edge. Underside as in male, except that both wings are 
paler; markings the same. 

Expanse, d ? 22 inches. 

Hapirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

This species is nearest allied to the European congener K. Hrythia, Hiibner. 

Drsrripution.—The type specimen was “taken by Major J. Biddulph, on the 
Shandur Plateau, in Northern Kashmir” (Butt. Ind. 189.) A male, labelled 
‘* Gilgit,” is in the collection of Mr. L. de Nicéville. 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 102, fig. 2 represents the Gilgit 
male, and fig. 2a the type female, both of which have been kindly lent for this pur- 
pose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. 


KANETISA PIMPLA (Plate 102, figs. 3, 8a, d ?). 
Satyrus Pimpla, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11 (1867),?. Butler, Catal. 
Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868). 

Hipparchia Pimpla, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 185 (1883) ¢ 2. 

Tmaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy olivescent-brown. Cilia alternated with 
white. Forewing with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely pupilled with white 
and with an obsolescent pale iris; with a broad short inner-discal ill-defined dusky- 
black glandular patch, which is clothed with claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed 
tip, some underlying shorter fusiform scales, interspersed by several long slender an- 
droconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous 
vinaceous-brown, the lower part of the cell and middle of the dise ferruginous, 
leaving the costa, outer border and posterior margin broadly brown; the costal 
border and upper part of cell mottled with darker strigz; crossing the dise is a 

G 2 


44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


slightly-defined blackish angular line, and beyond a lunular submarginal line; and 
between them is a large prominent subapical black spot with minute white pupil and 
pale outer ring. Hindwing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, mottled with fine darker 
brown strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal curved angulated black line, and a 
submarginal sinuous line, the two latter outwardly-bordered with whitish speckles. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler glossy olivescent-brown. orewing with 
a larger subapical black ocellus, with a distinct white pupil and pale ill-defined 
ochreous outer ring, below which are also two ill-defined pale ochreous spots 
between the medians. Underside with the broad borders of the forewing, and the 
entire hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, finely mottled with delicate brown strige. 
Forewing with the disc pale bright fulvous; crossed by faint traces of an inner 
diseal fulvous-brown angular line and a brown lunular submarginal line, the white 
pupilled ocellus with very pale outer ring. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a 
discal blackish angulated line, and sinuous submarginal line, the two latter with pale 
outer border. Body beneath pale brownish-cinereous ; legs above brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 22 inches. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan. 

Distrisution.—The type specimen, a female, is recorded by Dr. Felder (Reise 
Noy. 494), as having been taken at “ Chalichang in Ladak.”” <A “female was also 
taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir; a male 
was taken by Lieut. H. Whistler-Smith at Sher Darwaza near Kabul during the late 
Afghan War ; and again quite recently by Colonel A. M. Lang, in the neighbourhood 
of Quetta, at Kawas, ona rocky peak 8500 feet altitude, in September.’ (Butt. Ind. i. 
185.) Mr. J. H. Leech obtained the female at Skardo, Baltistan, at 8000 feet eleva- 
tion, in July, 1887. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 102, fig. 3 represents the male from 
Kabul, and fig. 3a afemale from the Shandur plateau, both kindly lent by the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, and Mr. L. de Nicéville. 


Genus MANIOLA. 


Maniola, Schrank, Fauna Boiea, ii. i. pp. 152, 170 (1801). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. 
Boston, 1875, p. 211. 
Epinephele,* Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 59 (1816). H. Scheffer, Schmett. Eur, i. p. 81 
(1843). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1868). 
Epinephila, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B.M. p. 7 (1850). 
Iuaco.—Male. Forewing short, broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex 
obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded ; subcostal, median, 





* Preoccupied by Epinephelus in 1801, for a genus of Fishes, 


SATYRINZ. 45 


and submedian vein swollen at the base ; base of wing hairy; with a short, broad, 
very oblique dusky-black glandular patch extending below the cell, the patch densely 
clothed with raised narrow rather long slightly serrated-tipt scales, broader and 
shorter round-tipt claviform scales, some still shorter oval round-tipt scales, and very 
numerous long slender androconia with attenuated end and tasselled tip. Hindwing 
short, broad, somewhat produced at the anal angle, exterior margin very obliquely 
convex, and very slightly scalloped, abdominal margin long, Palpi hairy to the tip. 
Antenne rather thick, with a very lengthened gradually-thickened slender club. 
Hyes naked. 

Aputt CaTprPiLiar.—* Green, with darker dorsal line, and with two pink anal 
points. Feeds on Grasses.” 

Curysatis.—* Suspended by the tail ; the shrivelled skin of larva remaining and 
enyeloping the tail. Stout; head with two little horns; tail ending in a short stout 
curved spike, on top of which are a few straight feeble bristles, quite unfit for sus- 
pending it; on the ventral surface close to this spike is a rounded scutcheon with a 
central cicatrice, and on the front edge two little projecting knobs, which with the 
spike no doubt keep a hold on the cast larval skin. Colour green, with some brown 
spots and lines.” (Buckler Larve Brit. Butt. 66.) 

Type.—M. Jurtina.* 


MANIOLA DAVENDRA (Plate 103, figs. 1, la f 2). 
Epinephele Davendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 502, pl. 30, fiz. 7, 69. Butler, Catal. 
Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 201, pl. 
15, fig. 39, 9 (1883). 
Epinephele Roxane, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 491, pl. 69, figs. 12, 13, 9 (1867). Butler, 
Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus, p. 69 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 202 
(1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upper side greyish-brown. Cilia of forewing greyish, of hind- 
wing white. Horewing with the area including the cell to near the apex and to near 
the posterior margin fulvous, enclosing a single black subapical spot, and thus 
leaving the brown borders well-defined ; obliquely below the cell is a short prominent 
dusky-grey glandular patch, which is clothed with raised large broad claviform scales 
with slight bluntly-serrated tips, some short broad oval rounded-tipt scales, and with 
numerous intervening long slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. 
Hindwing without markings; cilia white, tipt with brown at end of the veins. 
Underside paler greyish-brown. forewing with the brown borders narrower, the 





* An impression on waxed-paper, of a female of true M. Jurtina is in our possession, labelled 
‘Kunawur,’ which we received from the late E. T, Atkinson, but as no specimen of this species has been 
recorded as occurring within our area, we are, consequently, very doubtful as to correctness of the locality, 
and have therefore not included it in the ‘ Lepidoptera Indiea,’ 


46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


apex clouded, the outer border defined by a submarginal slender dark-brown line ; 
across the disc is a slender very ill-defined brown angular line, which is obsolescent 
posteriorly ; the ocellus prominently black, with white pupil, pale fulvous ring, and 
a brown outer ring. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with delicate brown speckled- 
strigee ; across the disc isan angulate wavy dark brown line and an even submarginal 
line, both with an outer white border; between them is a series of three small 
prominent black ocelli, one of which is situated between the radial and subcostal, 
the next between the lower medians, and the other between the latter and the sub- 
median veinlet but nearer to the outer margin of the wing, each ocellus with a white 
pupil, white ring, and then an outer brown ring; sometimes there is also a minute 
ocellule present between the subcostals. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler. Forewing with the fulvous area also 
paler and confined more towards the apex; across the disc is a more or less ill- 
defined slightly-angulate brown line ; the subapical black spot slightly paler ringed, 
and a smaller spot, also, sometimes present between the upper medians. Hindwing 
with the discal line and ocelli of the underside indistinctly visible. Underside 
as in the male, except that on the forewing the lower black spot is sometimes present, 
and on the hindwing the upper ocellus is either absent or very minute. Body 
beneath pale greyish brown; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath white; antenne 
brown, annulated with white and tipped with ochreous. Expanse 2 to 2} inches. 

Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalayas (? Kabul). 

Disrrisution.—According to Colonel A. M. Lang (P. Z. 8. 1865, 502) ‘this is 
a Tibetan and Spiti insect, affecting the dry hot summer of the rainless region of the 
Chinese frontier. Ona hot June or July day, these sober insects may be seen flitting 
about the stony hillsides, 9000 to 12,000 feet altitude—hill-sides where the 
Graminacez are scarce and brown, and grey Artemisiz and Ephedra form the prin- 
cipal vegetation. They do not occur in the moister and more wooded regions of the 
Himalayas ; but first appear on the confines of Upper Kunawur, in Spiti, and the 
Chinese provinces of Gughe and Nari Khorsum, Tibet,’ and in his MS. Notes 
records its capture on the road from ‘ Pangi to Tibet in July,’ and at Rogi in 
September and October.”’ The localities given by Dr. Felder (R. Nov. ii., 491) for 
his ‘‘ Roxane” are ‘ Kumaon, Spiti, Losar, Ladak, Kargil.” The figure given by the 
authors of the ‘“‘ Butterflies of India,” referred to above, is stated to be froma 
specimen taken in Kabul by Lieut. H. Whistler-Smith. 


MANIOLA LATISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 2, 2a ¢ ?). 


Epinephele Roxane, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 405 (nec Kelder). 
Epinephele Davendra, var. Roxane (part), Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 338. 


Larger than typical M. Davendra. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the 


SATYRINE, 47 


glandular patch comparatively broader and longer, the subapical spot less prominent. 
Hindwing more deeply scalloped, and with the angulate pale discal line, the sub- 
marginal line, and the ocelli of the underside visible by transparency. Underside 
similar to M. Davendra. Forewing with the discal and submarginal line outwardly 
whitish bordered anteriorly. Hindwing with the upper and lower ocelli larger, the 
angulate discal line straighter in its upper and lower course. Female. Upperside. 
Forewing somewhat brighter than M. Davendra, the transverse discal brown line 
distinct and more or less outwardly pale-bordered, the ocelli pale ringed, the lower 
sometimes obsolete. Hindwing with the discal pale-bordered angulate line, the sub- 
marginal line and the ocelli of the underside more apparent. Underside with the 
borders of the forewing and the entire hindwing paler. Forewing with the discal 
line very distinct and pale-bordered anteriorly. Hindwing with the angulate pale- 
bordered discal line more prominent, and the ocelli somewhat. larger, the upper 
generally obsolete. 

Hxpanse, 24 to 22 inches. 

Hasitat.—S. Afghanistan ; Beluchistan. 

Disrrizution.—Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. 8., 1880, 405) records it from the 
neighbourhood of Kandahar, being “found commonly at the end of May and in 
June in company with two species of Hipparchia (H. parisatis and H. Thelephassa.’’) 
Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained both sexes fairly common in the ‘‘ Hanna Valley at 
6500 feet, Quetta, in October, also at Quetta in August, 1880, at Maach in the 
Bolan Pass, July, and at Ispingil in June, 1882.” Specimens were also obtained at 
Quetta in June, 1885, by Capt. E. Y. Watson. 


MANIOLA BREVISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 3, 3a $2). 


Male. Smaller than M. Davendra; cilia white throughout both wings. Upper- 
side. Forewing with somewhat narrower cinereous-brown borders; the glandular 
patch very short, not extending upward beyond the middle median veiniet; sub- 
apical black spot small. Hindwing with the pale angulate discal line, and large 
upper and lower ocellus of the underside visible. Underside with the borders of the 
forewing and the entire hindwing greyer. Hindwing with the discal white-bordered 
line more acutely angulate in its middle; and a much larger single upper and single 
lower ocellus each with broader white outer ring. 

Female. Upper side similar to M. Davendra, except that on the forewing the 
discal line is more excurved, and the subapical spot larger, and sometimes a lower 
minute spot is also present. On the hindwing the discal angulate line and ocelli of 
the underside are visible. Underside as in the male, except that in some specimens 
there is a lower minute black spot on the forewing, and on the hindwing an incipient 


48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


minute ocellule sometimes present above the large upper ocellus, and one also 
beneath the lower. 

Expanse 3 ¢ 1% inch. 

Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Dras and Indus Valley). 

Distripution.—Specimens of both sexes were taken in Dras, at 11,000 feet 
elevation, in June, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech, and at Kardong, 14,000 feet, in 
August, 1889, by Mr. H. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard also obtained it in the 
** Dras River Valley in July, 1873, and in the Indus Valley on the Skardo Road, in 
July.” 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 103, fig. 3 represents a male from 
Dras, and fig. 3a the female from Kardong, kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech. 


MANIOLA TENUISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 4, 4a, 2). 


Male. Smaller than Quetta examples of M. latistigma ; the cilia on both wings 
being cinerescent-brown throughout and with a fine white inner bordering-line. 
Upperside. Forewing with the fulvous area of a duller tint, the glandular patch 
very narrow, being only half the width of that in M. latistigma; the subapical 
blackish spot small and pale ringed; markings of the underside of hindwing not 
visible. Underside similar to M. latistigma except the forewing having the pale- 
bordered discal line much waved and more erect, and the discal line on the hind- 
wing also somewhat more erect ; ocelli a little smaller. 

Expanse, 1¢ inch. 

Hasitat.—Kojak, Beluchistan. 

Nearest allied to M. comara, Lederer, from Shahrud, North Persia, but differing 
from it on the upperside in the forewing being darker fulvous, the sexual patch also 
darker and half its width, the apical spot somewhat smaller. On the underside the 
forewing is also darker fulvous, with a distinct transverse discal wavy brown line, 
and the ocellus somewhat smaller; the hindwing having a more even angulate line, 
which is broader bordered externally with white, the upper and the two lower ocelli 
each somewhat smaller and white pupilled. 


Disrripution.—The type specimen was obtained by Colonel C. Swinhoe on the 
Kojak, near Chaman, in June, 1880. 


MANIOLA NARICA. 
Papilio Narica, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, 1, figs. 704—707 (1805), 
Satyrus Narica, Boisduval, Icones Lep. p. 212, pl. 62, figs. 3, 4, 5, ¢ 9 (1832). 
Epinephele Narica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 68 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 204 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinereous-brown; cilia white, slightly alternated 


SATYRINA,. 49 


with brown at end of the veins. Forewing with the discal area fulvous; the glandular 
patch brown ; subapical ocellus black. Hindwing without markings. 

Female. Upperside cinereous-brown. Forewing with the discal area paler fulvous ; 
crossed by a slightly-defined angulate discal line; subapical spot large and slightly 
pale-ringed, sometimes a smaller lower spot also present. Underside of both sexes 
paler. Forewing with the borders pale brownish-cinereous, slightly flecked with 
darker strigz ; discal area paler fulvous; subapical ocellus prominent, white-pupilled 
and pale-ringed ; transverse discal angulate line indistinct ; a distinct submarginal 
denticulated brown line. Hindwing brownish-cinereous, indistinctly flecked with 
darker strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular brown line and a sinuous 
submarginal line, the subbasal inwardly-bordered and both the latter outwardly- 
bordered broadly with white, the space between the subbasal and discal line thus 
forming a darker media] band. 

Expanse, 1? to 2 inches. 

Hasitat.—S. Russia; Western Asia; Afghanistan. 

DistTRIBuTION WITHIN OUR LimiTs.—Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained a single female at 
Chaman in 8. Afghanistan, on the 11th May, this specimen having been erroneously 
referred to M. interposita by Mr. Butler, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 207. 


MANIOLA INTERPOSITA. 


Epinephele interposita, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 16,2 (1874). Butler, Proc. Zool. 
Soe. 1880, p. 405, pl. 39, fig. 1,g¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 206 
(1883). 


Iuaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white, lined with 
pale brown. Forewing with an oblique inner-discal short broad black glandular 
patch, and a large subapical black spot with a pale ochreous outer ring. Underside 
pale cinereous. forewing with the discal area pale fulvous; crossed by a very 
indistinct discal slender angulate pale brown line, and a more defined sinuous sub- 
marginal line, the latter line also bordering the upper half of the pale yellow-ringed 
white-pupilled ocellus; costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with 
brown strige. Hindwing flecked with indistinct brown strigz, and crossed by a 
very ill-defined irregular discal brown line and a submarginal lunular line, the discal 
line outwardly bordered by a whitish-cinereous fascia ; between the lower medians 
is a very small subanal ocellule and another between the lower median and sub- 
median vein. 

Female. Upperside brown, with an obsolete paler outer band. Forewing with 
the subapical pale-ringed black spot. Underside similar to male, except that the 
discal area of forewing is brighter fulyous, and the transverse discal angular brown 

vot. 1. October 7th, 1892. Hq 


50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


line distinct. Hindwing also with the discal irregular pale-bordered line more 
distinct, the two subanal ocellules also present. 

Expanse, ¢ ? 14 to 1% inch. 

Hasrrat.—Turkestan; Afghanistan. 

DISTRIBUTION WITHIN OUR LIMITs.—Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) 
obtained a male and female in May in the neighbourhood of Kandahar. Colonel C. 
Swinhoe obtained a single male at Chaman in 8. Afghanistan on the 5th May, 1880. 
It is from this latter specimen that our description of the male is taken. 


MANIOLA CHEENA (Plate 104, fig. 1, la, ¢ ?). 


Epinephele Cheena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 6, g 9. Butler, Catal. Satyr. 
Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 205 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. Cilia brownish- 
cinereous. VWorewing with a prominent short inner-discal glossy grey-black glandular 
patch obliquely below the cell, the patch clothed with raised elongated rather broad 
claviform scales with acutely serrated tips, some shorter and broader similar-tipt 
scales, and some short and broad oval scales with an obtuse tip, interspersed with 
numerous long very slender androconia which have an elongated truncate-base, short 
hair-like end and tassel-tip; a subapical prominent black ocellus with minute 
white pupil and broad dark ochreous outer ring; in some specimens there are also 
two lower small incipient ocelli situated between the median veinlets, and in others 
there is only a lower but prominent small ocellule. Underside paler, cinerescent- 
brown. Forewing with the costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with 
brown strigz, the cell and discal area dark ochreous ; crossed by a slender discal 
angulate brown line, and a straight even submarginal line ; a prominent subapical 
ocellus with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with numerous 
brown strigw ; crossed by a very indistinctly-defined slender brown angulated sinu- 
ous line, and a less distinct lunular submarginal line; a more or less apparent 
minute ocellule above the anal angle. Body beneath cinereous-brown ; collar, sides 
of palpi, and legs beneath, pale whitish-cinereous; antennze above brown, tip black, 
cinereous beneath and ochreous at tip. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with three prominent discal ocelli, the upper 
and lower larger than in male, the middle one small, each with broad pale ochreous 
outer ring, the upper one with a minute white pupil ; between the ocelli and the 
cell the bright ochreous colour is somewhat slightly continued between the veins. 
Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing there are two larger pale- 
ringed ocelli. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23,2 2 to 22 inches. 


SATY RINE. 51 


Hasrrat.—Western Himalaya (Kunawur). 

Disrrisurion.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. 8. 1865, 202) this is ‘ the 
‘“meadow-brown’ of the meadows of Rogi and Cheeni, in Kunawur (taken at 10,000 
feet altitude, in June and July). It is limited in its range, not appearing to the 
westward, nor venturing further north and east into the drier lands affected by the 
two other Satyri (Hpin. Davendra and Las. Baldiva).” Major H. B. Hellard 
obtained it at ‘‘ Pangi in Bushasir, in July and August.” (MS. Notes.) 


MANIOLA KASHMIRICA (Plate 104, fig. 2, 2a, 3 2). 


Comparatively smaller than M. Cheena. Male. Upperside. Forewing with 
the apical ocellus much less defined, duller black, and with an indistinct very narrow 
brownish-ochreous outer ring; a minute blackish spot sometimes also present 
between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch similar. Underside with the 
margins of the forewing and the entire hindwing more ochreous in tint. Forewing 
with the discal area pale ochreous, the transverse discal line less angulate and less 
distinct, the ocellus somewhat smaller. Female. Upperside. Forewing with an 
upper and lower discal black spot, both with a pale ochreous outer ring. Underside 
as in the male, except that the discal area of forewing is paler ochreous, and with 
the two spots present. 

Expanse, ¢ 1£ to 14, 91% inch. 

Hasirat.—Kashmir. 

DistrisutioN.—Obtained by Capt. R. Bayne Reid at Gulmurg. Both sexes 
also obtained in Kashmir, in July and September, by Major H. B. Hellard. Mr. 
L. de Nicéville obtained several specimens “‘ at Budrawah and Jora in Kashmir in 
June” (Butt. Ind. i. 205). 


Genus CHORTOBIUS. 


Chortobius, Guénee, in Doubleday’s List of British Lep. Edit. 2, p. 2 (1859); Lep. Dept. Eure et 
Loir, p. 29 (1867-75). Seudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 293. 

Ceenonympha (part). Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 65 (1816). Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. 
p. 141 (1844). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. p. 9 (1850). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). 
Rambur, Catal. Lep. Andal. p. 23 (1858). 


Imaco.—Differs from typical Coenonympha (adipus, Linn.) in the forewing being 
comparatively longer, narrower, and more triangular in shape, thus having the 
exterior margin oblique and the posterior margin short. Hindwing also compara- 
tively longer and more triangularly-oval in shape ; abdominal margin distinctly 
excavated before the analangle; exterior margin also somewhat scalloped ; subcostal 
branches short. Antennz somewhat stouter, the club shorter and slightly grooved. 

H 2 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ot 
bo 


Tyrr.—C. Pamphilus (Linn.). 

This genus embraces a group of European and N. Asian butterflies, which are 
intermediate between typical Maniola (Jurtina)—the males of which possess an 
androconial patch on the forewing—and Ccenonympha, distinguishable by the above 
characters. It also includes the well-known CO. Typhon (Davus, Fabr.) and its allies. 


CHORTOBIUS PULCHRA (Plate 104, fig. 3, 3a, d 9). 


Epinephele pulchra, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. 111, p. 491 (1867), ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 209 (1883). 


Imaco.—“ Male. Upperside as pulchella. Forewing with the fulvous patch 
less bright, divided by the fuscous veins, and cut through beyond the middle 
by an obsolete fuscous angulate streak, within which it is irrorated with 
fuscous ; the margin of the ground-colour beyond wider than in pulchella, the 
blackish spot larger. Hindwing irrorated with fulvous in the disc. Underside as 
in pulchella, but the patch of the forewing more restricted and brighter fulvous, 
divided beyond the middle by the streak of the upperside, but obscure ferruginous 
and more distinct, and the ocellus larger”? (Helder). Male. Larger than this 
sex of typical Neoza. Upperside similar, except that the brownish-fulvous patch 
on the forewing is duller and is less apparent, it is more restricted within the discal 
area, and thus leaving broader brown margins, it is also crossed by an indistinet 
angulate slightly-diffused brown discal line; the subapical black spot is also larger. 
On the underside, the greyish-brown borders on the forewing are also broader, the 
discal angulate-line distinct, the submarginal line is sinuous, and the ocellus much 
larger. 

Female. Upperside duller fulvous than in Neoza, the discal angulate brown 
line more distinct and diffused. Underside as in the male. 

Hxpanse, ¢ ? 1% to 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

Disrripution.—Dr. Felder gives “ Kunawur; Pangi, Bisahir, and Chini” for 
this species. “ Mr. L. de Nicéville took several males at Dras and Tashgam, Ladak, 
in June; Mr. R. Ellis took it in Pangi in July; Mrs. Bazett obtained it in Kashmir 
at Baba Marishi, at 8400 feet elevation in June, at Katabal at 10,000 feet, and at 
Goolmurg at 9400 feet in July. Major J. Biddulph took a pair, male and female, 
on the Shandur plateau in northern Kashmir. Mr. A. Graham Young took a 
single female in the Kulu Valley” (Butt. Ind. i. 210). Specimens in our collection 
from Col. A. M. Lang, were obtained ‘below Rupin Pass, North, at 12,600 feet, in 
September,” a male also, taken by Capt. R. Bayne Reid at Goolmurg, and a male 
from “ Tashgam in Dras Valley, Ladak,” taken by Major H. B. Hellard. 


SATYRINE. 53 


CHORTOBIUS NEOZA (Plate 104, figs. 4, 4a, 4 9). 
Lpinephele Neoza, Lang, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 35. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
ete. i. p. 209 (1883). 
Epinephele pulchella. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. pl. xv. fig. 40, ¢ (right hand 
half only). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinereous olivescent-brown ; cilia dark cinereous- 
brown. Forewing with the discal area broadly suffused with a glossy brownish- 
fulvous and indistinctly traversed by the brownish veins ; a subapical blackish spot. 
Underside ochreous cinereous-brown. forewing with the discal area bright fulvous, 
crossed by a very faint trace of an angulate discal red-brown line, and a lunulate 
blackish submarginal line; subapical ocellus prominent, with a minute white pupil 
and pale ochreous outer ring; costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with 
brownish strigee. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with brownish-speckled strige, and 
crossed by an indistinct subbasal and a discal sinuous angulate blackish line, and 
a more lunulate submarginal line. 

Female. Upperside paler brown. Forewing with the discal area brighter 
brownish-fulvous than in the male ; crossed by a very indistinct angulated brownish 
discal line ; subapical spot larger, with a pale ochreous outer ring, and sometimes 
with a minute white pupil. Hindwing with the submarginal lunulate line of the 
underside very slightly apparent. Underside. Forewing brighter fulvous than in 
upperside, the angulate discal line very indistinct, submarginal lunulate blackish 
line slender ; ocellus with white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing as 
in the male. 

Expanse ¢ $¢ 13 to 1¢ inches. 

Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas. 

The male of C. Neoza is distinguishable from that sex of C. pulchra by its 
somewhat smaller size, wider area of the brownish-ochreous patch on the upper- 
side, and in the absence of the transverse discal angulate line. Colonel Lang, in 
his original description of the male of Neoza (l.c. p. 35) certainly refers to this form, 
and in a letter received (dated January Ist, 1875) he says, ‘‘ The original Neoza (from 
which I deseribed) were larger than pulchella, and free from the angular transverse 
line outside the end of the disc.” 

Distrisution.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35), ‘‘ this 
species appears to be common in Goolmurg, Kashmir, although in Kunawur it 
seems to be rare and confined to only a few localities.” Our collection contains 
specimens taken by Major H. B. Hellard at “ Pangi and Runang Pass in 
Busahir ; at 10,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July and August, 1871, and at 
Tashgam in Dras River Valley, July, 1873.” Both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s 
collection, taken by Mr. McArthur at ‘“ Dana, June, 1888.” 


54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


CHORTOBIUS PULCHELLA (Plate 105, figs. 1, la, ¢ 9). 


Epinephele pulchella, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, fig. 16 (1867), g. Moore, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 566. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. 1, p. 208, pl. xv. fig. 40, 
3g (left hand half only). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia cinereous-brown. Forewing with a 
large fulvous discal patch extending to near the base; a rather large black sub- 
apical spot. Hindwing unmarked. Underside pale olivescent cinereous-brown. 
Forewing with the fulvous patch as above, the costal and outer border indistinctly 
flecked with browner strigw and hoary scales, the outer border edged with a very 
ill-defined brownish denticulated line; the subapical spot larger, white-pupilled, and 
encircled with a pale ochreous ring. Hindwing flecked with browner strige and 
hoary scales, and crossed by an ill-defined subbasal and a discal very flexuous 
brownish line, and a more macular submarginal line. 

Female. Upperside as in male, except that on the forewing there is sometimes 
a lower median small black spot. Underside also as in the male, except that on 
the forewing the ocellus is somewhat larger and has a slightly broader encircling 
pale ochreous ring, and sometimes having a very small spot between the lower 
median veinlets. Body beneath pale cinereous-brown ; hairs in front of palpi 
blackish-tipt; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath whitish-cinereous ; antennze 
brown above, whitish-cinereous beneath. 

Hxpanse, 613,21¢ to 1} inch. 

Hapirat.— Western Himalayas. 

Distinguishable from C. Neoza by the much brighter fulvous colour of the upper- 
side of the forewing in both sexes, and also in the absence of the transverse discal 
angulate brown line in both the male and female. 

Disrripution.—The localities given for this species by Dr. Felder (1. c. p. 490) 
are “ Spiti; Losar, Dishungdeo, Kibber, Shalkar, Lupshu, and Rumbog in Ladak ; 
Karnag; Niri Sumdo, 15,000 feet; Padam; Abrang; and Marsmag.” Mr. L. de 
Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 208) records the capture of a large series of the male and of a 
single female at Dras and Tashgam in Ladak, in June, and Major J. Biddulph took 
a male at Astor at 7700 feet altitude in September, “and that it appears to affect 
higher elevations and to occur further in the interior than H. Neoza.”” Major 
H. B. Hellard obtained it in Kashmir in September, 1872, and Mr. J. H. Leech 
collected specimens on the Skoro La, 12,000 feet, in July, 1887. 


CHORTOBIUS CEHNONYMPHA (Plate 105, fig. 2, 2). 


Epinephele Coenonympha, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 492, pl. 69, figs. 14, 15,2 (1867). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 210 (1883)  ?. 


Iuaco.—* Male. Upperside fuscous, with the forewing below and the hindwing 


SATYRINZE. ; 55 


above the internal nervure obscurely and shiningly hoary. Forewing with an ocellus 
between the discoidal nervules, and another between the first median nervules, 
blackish-fuscous, blind, incomplete. Underside hoary-fuscous, paler in the exterior 
region, with a very obsolete submarginal line. orewing with a large fulvous discal 
patch, ill-defined, divided by a fuscous discocellular streak, and a most indistinct 
small fuscous fascia beyond the cell; the ocelli of the upperside blacker, the upper 
one with an indistinct ochraceous iris. Hindwing densely irrorated with blackish at 
the base, with a large fulvous patch on the upper base, with a smaller one above 
coalescing with it, circled with fuscous; the basal region darker, defined by an 
interrupted flexuous fuscous streak, and margined externally by seven unequal spots, 
the larger median one excepted, fulvescent, contiguous ; with a minute posterior 
ocellus, obsolete, broadly circled with ochraceous.” 

“Female. Upperside as in the male. Forewing beyond the cell shaded with 
darker, with two blind black ocelli, broadly circled with ochraceous, especially the 
upper smaller one. Hindwing showing the markings of the underside. Underside 
as in the male, but darker. Forewing with the ocelli larger, more distinct, and 
with minute white pupils. Hindwing with two blind, whitish, subanal spots.” 
(Felder.) 

Expanse, 1% inch. 

Hasitat.—Suroo, Ladak. 

Dr. Felder’s type specimens are recorded from Suroo, in North Ladak. We 
have not seen any examples from that district. 

Our illustration of this species on Plate 105, fig. 2,is a reproduction of Dr. 
Felder’s figure in the Novara Reise. 


CHORTOBIUS MAIZA (Plate 105, fig. 3, 3a, b, d 2). 


Epinephele Maiza, Lang, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 36,?. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, 
pl. 43, fig.6,¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 211, pl. xv. fig. 41, 2. 


Iwaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvescent-brown, with an olivaceous gloss in 
some lights; cilia cinereous brown. Forewing with the dusky angular discal line 
of the underside very faintly traceable ; a very small indistinct subapical blackish 
spot with slightly pale outer ring; and sometimes a lower minute spot is also 
apparent between the lower medians; sometimes both these spots are absent. 
Underside paler, but brighter coloured. Forewing with the discal area fulvous, 
traversed by the dark veins, the brown borders broad and diffused ; crossed by an 
angulated discal distinct diffused brown line; a small subapical distinct ocellus with 
white pupil and pale fulyous outer ring, sometimes also there is a minute blind 
ocellule present between the lower medians. Hindwing sometimes uniformly coloured 


56 na *: LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


fulvescent-brown, but generally with the basal half more or less darker and olives- 
cent-hoary, the dark portion sinuously-bordered by a discal interrupted series of pale 
fulyous cuneiform spots, these spots in some specimens being very pale, and those 
between the medians sometimes yellowish-white ; there is also an outer minute pale 
subanal spot or ocellule between the lower medians, and a large fulvous subbasal 
patch cut by the subcostal vein. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler brown. Vorewing with the discal angulate 
diffused dusky line apparent, and an upper and lower prominent black spot, each 
with a pale olivescent-yellow outer ring, these spots in some being small, in others 
larger. Hindwing with the pale discal spots of the underside more or less traceable. 
Underside paler than in the male. Forewing with the fulvous discal-area generally 
more defined, the angulate discal diffused line distinct ; two ocelli always present, 
the upper one sometimes the largest, both with white pupil and pale yellow outer 
ring. Hindwing asin the male. Body beneath fulvescent-brown ; legs beneath and 
side of palpi paler; antennee with dusky-black club; eyes fulvous. 

Expanse, d 212 to 1€ inch. 

Haxirar.— Kashmir. 

Disrrisution.—We possess specimens of both sexes of this species, obtained by 
the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed in Kashmir, and at Goolmurg in July and August. 
Also examples from the Pir Pinjal, Kashmir. ‘A large series of the male were col- 
lected by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in July, at from 9000 to 10,000 feet elevation.” 
(Butt. Ind. i. 212.) 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 105, figs. 3, 3a represent the male, 
and fig. 3b the female, the latter a reproduction of Col. Lang’s original drawing of 
the type specimen. 


CHORTOBIUS GOOLMURGA (Plate 105, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ 9). 


Epinephele Goolmurga, Lang, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 36,9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. i. p. 212,9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar in colour to C. Maiza. Forewing with a very 
small indistinct subapical pale-ringed black spot; no discal angulate line visible. 
Underside brighter fulvous-brown. Forewing with the discal area bright fulvous, 
well defined, and with only a faint trace of the upper end of a transverse discal line 
visible ; a small subapical pale-ringed ocellus with white pupil. Hindwing with the 
basal area dark olivescent hoary-brown, the dark portion bordered by a discal series 
of cuneiform pale fulvous-yellow spots, beyond which are two upper and two lower 
very small submarginal ocellules, sometimes one only of the latter series are pre- 
sent ; a large subbasal fulvous patch cut by the subcostal vein. 

Female. ‘‘ Upperside dark brown. orewing with a rather large subapical and 


SATYRINZE. 57 


a lower black spot, both broadly-ringed with pale fulvous-yellow. Underside more 
olivescent greyish-brown. Forewing with the discal area fulvous ; ocelli as above, 
but with narrow ring and white pupil; crossed by a very indistinct discal angulate 
line. Hindwing with the basal area darker and olivescent-hoary, the outer border 
paler, the dark portion bordered by a discal curved series of seven irregular cunei- 
form pale fulvous spots, followed by two upper and two lower submarginal small 
black spots, each with a yellowish ring; a large subbasal fulyous patch crossed by 
the subcostal vein. 

Expanse, 14 to 12 inch. 

Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. 

Disrripution.—The type specimen, a female, described by Colonel Lang, was 
taken by the late Dr. Jerdon at Goolmurg, in Kashmir. The male, which we have 
described above, was taken by Major H. B. Hellard, in the Boorzil Valley, North 
Kashmir, in July, 1873. Males and females have also been taken by Mr. J. H. 
Leech in the Deosai Plains, at 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887, and 
in the Goorais Valley, 11,000 feet, in September, 1887. Among these Deosai speci- 
mens is a male with the underside of the forewing possessing a very small lower 
ocellule between the medians, and the hindwing having but faint traces of the fulvous 
subbasal patch and discal series of spots; and in a female, also from Deosai, the 
underside of the forewing has the outer border clouded with dark fulyous-brown, 
the hindwing also being uniformly tinted and all the markings obsolete. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 105, fig. 4 represents the male, above 
described, from the Boorzil Valley, and fig. 4a is are production of Colonel Lang’s 
original drawing of the type female. 

Axtizp Cuinese Cuortorius.—C. Sinica (Epineph. Sinica, Alpheraky, Romanoff’s 
Mem. Lep. 1889, p. 121, pl. 5, fig. 7, 2). Habitat. China.—C. pavonica (Coenonympha 
pavonica Alpheraky, id. p. 119, pl. 5, £.8,d). Habitat. China. 


Genus YPTHIMA, auctorum. 


Key to THE Divisions or THE Genus YPTHIMA, of authors. 


1. Androconial patch on forewing of male prominent. 
a. Underside of hindwing with six ocelli, in three pairs, placed in echelon. 


b. ps 5 ue placed in linear series . Tuymipa (type Baldus). 
2. Androconial patch on forewing not visible, but the androconia present ; 
underside of hindwing with four ocelli—one apical, three anal : . Ypruima (type Hubnert). 
3. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with four ocelli . . . Konasa (type Chenut). 
4. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with jive ocelli—three ep two 
anal . ; A c 5 : : : . Naoprrra (type Bolanica). 


VoL. Il. October 29nd, 1892. I 


58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


5. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with three ocelli—oue apical 

between the subcostals, two anal. : : : : . . Panpima (type Nareda). 
6. Androconial patch not visible, but the androconia resent: Underside of 

hindwing with three ocelli—one apical between the lower subcostal and 

radial, two anal . . : : : : ; : ; : . Lowana (type Znica). 


~I 


No androconia. Underside of hindwing with four ocellitwo apical, two 
anal . ; : é : Fi 5 : : : , . Datuacna (type Hyagriva). 


Genus THYMIPA. 
Ypthima (part) auctorum. 


Imaco.— Distinguished from typical Ypthima by its comparatively broader fore- 
wing, the venation being similar, except that it has a broader and posteriorly-longer 
cell, the linear outwardly-obliqueness of the discocellulars, and in the male possessing 
a prominent broad oblique discal androconial patch, which, in the type (Baldus), is 
clothed with very pale rounded-tipt battledore scales, a few longer pale scales with 
attenuated base and bluntly serrate-tip, and extremely numerous long blackish 
androconia with very slenderly-dilated base and tassel-tip. Hindwing also broader, 
the cell longer posteriorly, and the discocellulars more oblique. Palpi larger, apical 
joint long, slender, and slightly hairy in front. Antenne with a slight, but imper- 
ceptibly-increasing, slender club. 

Carrrriniar.— ‘On emergence from the egg pinkish-white, hairy; when full 
grown, one inch in length, body compressed, fiattened to a ridge line below the 
spiracles; head rounded; second, third, and fourth segments gradually increasing 
to the fifth, then very gradually decreasing to the anal segment, which is furnished 
with two very small pointed processes.” 

Curysatis.—‘ Very narrow; thorax longitudinally humped above, with another 
ridge just before the abdominal segment.” (de Nicéville.) 

Type.—T. Baldus. 

The species of this genus are also distinguishable in having a different formula 
in the position of the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing. There are six ocelli, 
which in the first section are disposed in echelon, in three inwardly-oblique groups 
of two across the wing; and in the second section the two lower pairs are linearly 
disposed. 

Section 1.—Ocelli on underside of hindwing placed in three pairs. 


THYMIPA BALDUS. 
Wer-szeason Broop (Plate 106, fig. 1; larva and pupa, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f, d 2). 


Papilio Baldus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 829 (1775). Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 36, fig. (1800). 
Satyrus Baldus, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 551 (1819). 


SATY RINE, 59 


Yphthima Baldus, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 139 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday & 
Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 895 (1851). Hewitson’s (part) Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 286. 

Ypthima Baldus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1869). 

Ypthima Newbold, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 396; Rhopalocera Malayana, p. 57, pl. 4, 
fig. 6, 2 (1882). 

Ypthima methora, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 56, pl. 6, fig. 9, ¢ 9 (1882)— nec Hewitson. 

Ypthima Philomela, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 216 (1883). de Nicéville, Journ. 
Asiat. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 282, pl. xii. fig. 22a, larva and pupa (nec Linneeus). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; a sub-marginal] fascia on both wings, and an 
undulated discal fascia on the hindwing, darker brown ; the ocelli-area paler and 
shghtly sprinkled with cinereous strigz on the hindwing; cilia pale cinerescent- 
brown. forewing with a large prominent bipupilled ocellus, and a prominent discal 
dusky-black glandular patch, which extends also over the end of the cell, the 
patch clothed with short rounded-tipt pale battledore-scales, a few longer narrow 
pale scales with attenuated base and bluntly serrate-tips, interspersed with very 
numerous long blackish androconia, which are extremely slender and filiform with 
slightly thickened base and tassel-tip. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, 
and generally two minute anal ocelli, sometimes one only of the latter being present, 
in others, also, either one or two subapical small ocelli are sometimes present, and 
thus form a continuous series. Underside cinerescent-white, sometimes more ochreous- 
white, numerously covered with olivescent-brown strige, and crossed by a subbasal, 
a discal, and a submarginal more or less defined brown fascia. orewing with a 
large apical ocellus, as above, bipupilled with silvery-blue. Hindwing with six 
prominent ocelli, two apical, two median, and two minute anal, each with a silvery- 
blue pupil, the series being disposed in echelon across the wing; sometimes a small 
ocellus occurs between the upper and median pairs. 

Female. Upperside paler, the ocelli-area on both wings mottled with cinerescent- 
whitish strige, the base also somewhat more or less similarly mottled ; ocelli as in 
the male, but larger. Underside as in the male. Body above brown; body beneath, 
palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; hairs of palpi tipt with brown; legs above 
brown. 

Expanse, 1,% to 1% inches. 


Dry-szeason Broop (Plate 106, figs. g, h, i, ¢ 2). 

Ypthima Marshallii, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 373. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc. i. p. 217 (1883). , 
Male. Upperside somewhat paler than in the wet-season brood, the ocelli 
slightly smaller ; glandular patch and transverse brown fascie also the same. Under- 
side also paler, the strigze paler and more numerous, the transverse fascie the same, 
but generally less defined and somewhat narrower. Forewing with the ocellus as 


lee, 


60 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


above. Hindwing with six minute ocelli, which are generally well-defined and silvery- 
white pupilled. 

Female. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside as in male dry-season 
brood. 

Expanse, 1,5, to 1; inches. 

Apu CaTerPituar.— One inch in length. Body more compressed than in 
Y. Hiibneri, and flattened to a ridge line below the spiracles. Head rounded. 
Second segment a little larger than the head, third and fourth segments gradually 
increasing to the fifth, then very gradually decreasing to the anal segment, which is 
furnished with two very small immovable pointed processes or tails. Colour reddish- 
ochreous throughout, with an indistinct darker dorsal line, two narrow subdorsal 
lines, and several other very narrow lines placed very close together in the spiracular 
region above the lateral ridge; there is also a subdorsal series of about eight short 
oblique streaks. Head and body throughout also shagreened, being covered with 
small tubercles bearig very fine short hairs.” 

Curysatis.—* The pupa is either pale ochreous with darker ochreous and brown 
markings, or pale green with dark brown markings. It is very narrow, the thorax 
longitudinally humped above, with another ridge just before the abdominal segments 
placed transversely.’ (de Nicéville.) 

Haprrat.—India; Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo. 

Rearing or Wur anp Dry Season Broop rrom tHe Eoac.—Mr. L. de Nicéville 
(Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 234) gives the first recorded instance of 
rearing, in Calcutta, both the wet and dry season brood of this insect from the egg, 
as follows :—‘‘ On September 10th Captain Sage sent me a tin box, with net cover, 
containing several females of Y. philomela [Baldus]. The insects had laid numerous 
eggs on the net, which differ considerably in colour from those of Y. Hubneri, bemg 
at once distinguishable by the naked eye. On September 14th two larvee emerged. 
On September 18th eighteen more emerged, and I placed all the young caterpillars in 
a stoppered glass jar on the same grass as that which was used for Y. Hiibneri. The 
larvee are at first exceedingly small, pinkish-white in colour, hairy, and with a pinkish 
head. When full-grown, they are a full inch in length, rather larger therefore than Y. 
Hiibneri, reddish-ochreous coloured throughout ; the head and body throughout are 
shagreened, being covered with small tubercles bearing very fine short hairs [for full 
. description see above]. On October 8th, one larvae ; on October 9th, seven larvee ; on 
October 10th, two larvee; and on October 11th, one larva changed to a pupa. On 
October 17th three females emerged ; on October 19th, two males and one female; 
on October 23rd, two females, and on October 24th, one female emerged ; and two 
larve died. All these butterflies proved to be true Y. philomela {Baldus] like their 
female parent. 

‘“On my return from Darjiling, on November 8th, Captain Sage gave me eight 


SATYRIN ZL. 61 


very small larve which had emerged on November 4th from eggs laid by a female of 
Y. philomela [Baldus] on October 29th. On December 16th, one larva changed to a 
pupa, which disclosed a male imago on January 5th; on December 18th, a larva 
changed, a female imago emerging on January 10th; on December 24th, a larva 
changed to a pupa, a female emerging on January 16th; and on December 28th, two 
larvee changed to pupx, a female emerging on January 19th from the one, and a male 
on January 20th from the other. Two larve died, having shrivelled up in the act of 
turning, possibly in consequence of the atmosphere of the glass-jar in which I bred 
them not being sufficiently moist, for in nature these animals must get heavily 
drenched with dew every night. All these butterflies bred from eggs laid by Y. philo- 
mela proved to be true Y. Marshall. I may add that Captain Sage, who kept a 
careful register of his captures from day to day, first observed ‘ wild’ specimens of 
Y. Marshallii on November 18th, having for months before caught Y. philomela 
only.” 

VanriaBILITy IN Size.—In this widely-distributed species the size of the specimens 
vary considerably. Specimens, under examination, from Western India (Kattywar, 
Bombay, Mahableshwar) are the smallest—and also the palest in tone of colour on 
both the upper and undersides, in both the wet and dry-season broods. Hxamples 
from South India (Nilgiris) are variable in size, some being small, others large, and 
of darker tint throughout the upper and underside. Those from the Plains of Lower 
Bengal are large and prominently marked in the wet-season brood, but are paler in 
the dry-season brood. Chittagong and Upper and Lower Burmese specimens are also 
of the larger size. 

Distripution.—Specimens of 7’. Baldus, as here described, have been examined 
and verified from the following localities :—In our own collection are examples of the 
wet and dry-season broods from Kattywar, Bombay, Poona, and Mahableshwar, in 
Western India; from the Wynaad, Nilgiris, and Travancore, in South India; from 
Calcutta and the Khasia Hills, in Hastern India; of the wet-season brood from 
Chittagong, taken in September; Mandalay; Bhamo, taken in November; Karen 
Hills; Toungoo, in Tenasserim, and of both the wet and dry-season brood, taken in 
the Mergui Archipelago, by Dr. J. Anderson, from December to March. 

Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. §. Beng. 1888, 349) obtained it in the Nilgiris, the 
wet-season brood in May and August, and the dry-season brood from December to 
April; being very common on the lower slopes of the Hills. 

In Captain EH. Y. Watson’s collection are specimens of the wet-season brood 
from Mysore, taken in November, from the Nilgiris, taken in August, and of the 
dry-season brood, in December and January; the wet-season brood from Rangoon, 
in August; Toungoo, in November; Poungadaw, near Thyetmyo, in October and 
November; Pauk Yaw, in November, and Tilin Yaw, in December; and of the dry- 
season brood from Toungoo, in March, from Beeling in March and April, from 


62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sittang, in Tenasserim, in January, the Shan States, in January, and from Tilin Yaw, 
in February, March, and May. In the British Museum collection is the type specimen 
of Y. Marshallii—the dry-season form, from Mepley, Tenasserim. 

We have not seen any specimens of true Baldus from either the Western or 
Hastern Himalayas. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. of India, p. 216) state that it 
‘is found in the Western Himalayas in July; in Sikkim, from July to December; 
in Shillong, in March, April, and May, and again in July; in Lower and Eastern 
Bengal it is very common from May to July, and again in November, and probably 
throughout the year ; in Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it in profusion from April 
to October; from Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Mergui Archipelago, from 
October to March; specimens from Khandalla and the Coessi Ghat, in the South 
Konkan, were taken by Mr. G. Vidal at the end of March; and from Travancore, 
by Mr. H. Fergusson, at 2000 feet elevation, i March and April. It is found not 
uncommonly in the Ashamboo Hills, in Travancore, in the extreme south of the 
Peninsula, and through the Wynaad along the Western Ghats as far as Khandalla. 
We have no certain record of its occurrence on the East coast or in the Dekkan, 
though it probably will be found in suitable localities throughout the Peninsula and 
Central India. We have specimens from Manbhoom and Orissa, and in Lower 
Bengal, Eastern Bengal, and Assam it is one of the commonest species. In the 
Himalayas, also, it is found as far West as Chumba, and probably throughout the 
range Eastward; in Sikkim it is not uncommon; it is found in the Khasia and Naga 
Hills, Cachar, and in Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasseriin.” 

Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 120) records its capture “in the 
Kumaon Valleys up to 6000 feet elevation.”? In Sikkim, according to Mr. H. J. 
Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325), it is “the commonest species of the genus at 
low elevations, from the Terai up to about 5000 feet. In the rains it is more abun- 
dant, and the form with ocelli well-marked is then the only one found, but the species 
occurs during the whole year in greater or less numbers; the cold-weather brood, 
which has the ocelli small or obsolete, agrees very well with those which Mr. de 
Nicéville has bred from eggs of Philomela in Calcutta.’ Mr. J. A. Betham (Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 158) says ‘“ the Yphthime are generally found fluttering 
about where there is grass, and flying in and amongst the stems; they are feeble 
httle things, and not difficult to capture.” 

Disrripution Oursipe Iypran Arna.—Mr. W. L. Distant, in ‘* Rhop. Malayana,” 
p. 56, has described and figured (pl. 6, fig. 9) this species (Baldus) erroneously as 
the Y. Methora of Hewitson, and on p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 6, has also described and 
figured a variety of the species as Y. Newboldi, both being from Malacca and Pro- 
vince Wellesley in the Malay Peninsula. Specimens of both sexes are also in the 
British Museum collection from Penang. In our own collection are examples from 
Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo, 


SATYRIN 4. 63 


Of the illustrations of 7. Baldus on our Plate, No. 106, fig. 1 represents the 
larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville, figs. la, b, c, male and 
female from Bombay, fig. d, a Calcutta male, fig. e, an Assam male, and fig. f, a 
Calcutta female of the wet season brood; and fig. g, a Bombay female, fig. h, a 
Travancore male, and fig. i, a Calcutta male, of the diy season brood. 


THYMIPA INDECORA. 
Wet-season Broop (Plate 107, figs. 1, la, ). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; both wings with a darker dusky-brown 
submarginal line. Forewing with a broad dusky-black medial-discal oblique glandular 
patch extending within the cell, the patch being clothed with short broad serrate- 
tipt battledore-scales, long narrow basally-attenuated acutely serrate-tipt scales, 
interspersed with numerous very long and extremely slender filiform black androconia 
with tassel-tips; a prominent large subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a 
slightly-apparent dusky median fascia, two large median ocelli, and the small duplex 
anal ocellus and the apical ocellus of the underside slightly apparent. Underside 
pale cinereous-ochreous thickly covered with slender brown strige; with faint 
traces of a transverse discal fascia and of a submarginal line on the forewing. 
Forewing with the apical ocellus as above. Hindwing with three geminated pairs 
of large prominent ocelli disposed in echelon—two upper, two median, and two anal, 
the latter being the smallest. 

Expanse, 12 to 13 inch. 

Dry-srason Broop (Plate 107, fig. lb, ¢). 
Ypthima indecora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 238, pl. 12, fig. 7, ¢@. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 218 (1883). 

Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood, the dusky marginal line, medial 
fascia, and the dusky black glandular patch on forewing clothed with the same kind 
and shaped seales and androconia. Underside cinereous-ochreous, somewhat more 
densely covered with strige than the wet-season form, the submarginal brown 
ine and discal fascia on the forewing more defined, the ocellus as above. Hindwing 
with two similarly defined medial brown fasciz, both of the latter being somewhat 
angulated, the three pairs of ocelli disposed as in the wet-season brood, being 
minutely defined. Female. Upperside as in male, except that the submarginal line 
is inwardly speckled by a few cinereous stripes. Underside as in male. 

Expanse, ¢ ? 12 to 14 inches. 

Hasitat.—N. W. Himalayas. 

Distxipution.—This species is confined to the Western Himalayas. ‘It has 
been taken in Pangi, Kulu, and Kangra, in April and July” (Butt. of India, i. 218). 
Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “Masuri at the end of September or 


64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


beginning of October, and in the lower Bagh River Valley, Kashmir, at the end 
of June” (MS. Notes). Specimens are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection from the 
Kulu Valley, 500 feet elevation, taken by Mr. E. Graham Young. 


THYMIPA METHORA. 
Wet-season Broop (Plate 107, fig. 2, 2a, bg, 2). 


Yphthima Methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 20, 21, 9. 
Ypthima Methora, Butler., Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149 (1868). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1888, p. 326. 


Tnraco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown, with a faintly-indicated 
darker narrow transverse discal and a submarginal recurved fascia. Forewing with 
a large prominent apical black ocellus with pale ochreous outer ring and bipupilled: 
with silvery-blue ; a faintly-indicated broad dusky glandular patch, which is clothed 
with short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, some longer serrate-tipt scales, and a few 
moderately long blackish androconia with broad clavate base, short hair-like end and 
tassel-tip. Hindwing with six distinct ocelli, placed in echelon, the two upper being 
moderately small, the two median moderately large, and the two anal small, all 
narrowly ringed with pale ochreous, and the four latter silvery-blue pupilled. 
Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; densely covered with thickish dark brown 
strigea. Both wings crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a discal, and a submarginal 
brown fascia, the two latter on the hindwing bemg angulated. Forewing with the 
ocellus larger and very prominent. Hindwing with the ocelli also somewhat larger 
and all very prominent. 

Female. Upperside paler; mottled with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz, the 
discal and submarginal fascia more distinct and broader, the ocellus on forewing 
larger, the ocelli on the hindwing also somewhat larger, the upper one sometimes 
being obsolete. Underside brighter ochreous-cinereous, marked as in the male. 
Body above clothed with glossy olivescent-brown hairs, beneath pale ochreous- 
cinereous; legs brownish above, cinereous beneath; palpi clothed in front with 
blackish-tipt hairs. 

Expanse, d 2 to 22, ? 22 inches. 


Dry-season Broop (Plate 107, fig. 2c, ¢). 

Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood, except that the ocelli on the hind- 
wing are somewhat smaller, and sometimes one or both of the upper are absent; 
glandular patch and androconia the same. Underside paler and ochreous-cinereous 
in tint, the brown strige somewhat less prominent, the transverse brown fascize more 
defined, and the discal fascia distinctly angulated on the hindwing ; the ocellus on 


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SATYRINZ. 65 


the forewing larger and paler ringed, the ocelli on the hindwing all very small, 
though distinctly formed. 

Female. Upperside similar to wet-season brood; the ocelli being smaller. 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, 2 to 22 inches. 

Hasitrar.Sikkim ; Bhotan; Khasia Hills. 

Distrisution.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, 326) records “ obtain- 
ing three specimens (of the wet-season brood) at Pashok in Sikkim, and at Mamloo 
in the Khasia Hills, in August and September, and Sikkim and Bhotan specimens 
of the cold-weather brood in February and March.” Mr. Otto Moller also obtained 
specimens of both broods in Sikkim, and in Bhotan, the wet-season brood in August. 
“Mr. A. V. Knyvett obtained both the ocellated and non-ocellated forms in Buxa, 
Bhotan, the former occurring in March and April, and the latter in August.” (de 
Nicéville, J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 233.) 


THYMIPA DOHERTYI. 
Wer-srason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 1, la, 3). 
Ypthima Methora, Elwes, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 267, pl. 27, fig. 1, g (nec Hewitson). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown, with a narrow dusky- 
brown submarginal fascia, and also a less distinct discal fascia on the hindwing. 
Forewing with a distinctly-defined broad discal dusky glandular patch, which also 
extends to within the lower part of the cell, the patch clothed with short dentate- 
tipt battledore-scales, some longer anteriorly-broad acutely serrate-tipt scales, 
interspersed with numerous long blackish androconia with broadly-elongated clavate 
base, hair-like end and tassel-tip, and others of the same length but with extremely 
slender base and tassel-tip; ocellus large, pale ringed, bipupilled with silvery-blue. 
Hindwing with two prominent rather large apical ocelli, two large median, and a 
small anal geminated pair. Underside pale ochreous-white, the borders more 
ochreous in tint, numerously covered with slender olive-brown strige, these strigze 
being more thickly disposed across the area of the ocelli; discal and submarginal 
fascia scarcely defined ; no indication of a subbasal fascia on either wing. Forewing 
with a large prominent ocellus having a rather small black centre, broad ochreous 
ring and a slender brown outer ring. Hindwing with six very prominent ocelli, 
placed in echelon, the upper two large and of equal size, the two median somewhat 
larger and equal in size, the two anal geminate and also large, all with somewhat 
small black centre, broad ochreous ring and slender brown outer ring. 

Female. Upperside as in the male; both wings with the discal area bordering 
the ocelli mottled with pale strigee. Underside as in the male. Forewing with the 

vou. 11. November 10th, 1892. K 


66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ocellus the same. Hindwing with the ocelli somewhat smaller. Body above brown ; 
body beneath, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous-white; legs above ochreous ; 
palpi clothed with slightly blackish-tipt hairs. 

Expanse, 2; to 23 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DistrrBuTION.—The male of the wet-season brood above described was obtained 
by Signor Leonardo Fea at Moolayet, Upper Tenasserim, in March, during his 
recent Burmese excursion. 

Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 267, pl. 27, f. 1) records and figures a male 
(under the name of Y. methora), from specimens collected by Mr. W. Doherty in 
Eastern Pegu, at 2000 feet elevation and upwards. 

A female of this species is in the Hewitsonian Cabinet at the British Museum, 
and is there also erroneously placed with Y. methora ; this specimen is labelled 
*Yunan,’” and was formerly in the late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson’s cabinet, having been 
collected by Dr. J. Anderson during the Expedition to Western Yunan in 1868. 
Specimens of the male, also from the Yunan Expedition, are erroneously recorded 
(Butt. of India, i. 215) under Y. methora, as being in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 


THYMIPA SAVARA. 
Wert-Szason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 2, 2a, g). 


Yphthima Savara, Grose-Smith, Annals of Nat, Hist. 1887, p. 267. Adamson, Catal. of Burmese Lep. 
p. 8 (1889). Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 35. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-brown; cilia of forewing brownish- 
cinereous, of hindwing pale cinereous. Forewing with a very broad medial discal 
dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short broad dentate-tipt pale 
battledore-scales, some long anteriorly-broad acutely serrate-tipt scales, and numerous 
long darker androconia with elongated clavate base, hair-like end and tassel-tip ; 
apical ocellus large, bipupilled with silvery-blue, the upper pupil being minute, the 
ring pale ochreous, broad, and bordered by an outer indistinct brown ring; sub- 
marginal brown fascia diffused. Hindwing crossed by a slightly-defined discal re- 
eurved narrow brown fascia, which joins an outer marginal wavy fascia, the inner 
ocelli-area being slightly cinereous speckled inwardly and with paler strige out- 
wardly, encompassing a minute (sometimes two) upper ocellus, two large prominent 
median ocelli and two minute anal ocelli, the four latter with a single silvery-white 
pupil. Underside whitish-cinereous, numerously covered with slender olivescent- 
brown strige; both wings crossed by a subbasal, a medial, and a submarginal brown 
fascia, which are less prominent on the hindwing, the discal fascia on the forewing 
being dilated posteriorly, and the two discal fasciz on the hindwing being straight in 


SATYRINZ. 67 


their course across the wing. Forewing with a large prominent apical ocellus, 
bipupilled with silvery-blue, broadly ringed with pale ochreous and by a narrow outer 
brown ring. Hindwing with two prominent moderately-sized apical ocelli, two large 
median ocelli and two smaller geminated anal ocelli, disposed in echelon, each with a 
silvery-blue pupil. Body beneath pale cinereous-ochreous ; palpi and legs above 
brownish, beneath pale cinereous-ochreous. 

Expanse, 2 inches. 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 108, figs. 2b, ec, d, d 2). 


Male. Upperside cinereous olivescent-brown, the discal and marginal brown 
fascia more defined, the area enclosing the ocelli paler and more cinereous-white 
speckled ; glandular patch as in wet-season brood. Underside somewhat paler, and 
of a more ochraceous-cinereous tint; the brown strigz less distinct, the transverse 
brown fasciz more defined but somewhat narrower. Forewing with a similar large 
ocellus. Hindwing with all the six ocelli minute and silver pupilled. 

Female. Upperside browner than in the male; the basal area somewhat strigose. 
Both wings crossed by a recurved discal and a marginal dusky-brown fascia, their 
inner ocelli area traversed by cinereous-white strige. Forewing with the ocellus 
larger. Hindwing with two very small upper ocelli, two large median ocelli, and 
generally two minute anal ocelli, the four latter silvery pupilled. Underside as in 
the male. 

Expanse, 2 to 22 inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

DistxisuTion.—The type specimen was obtained by Major C. H. E. Adamson 
near ‘‘ Myawaddee on the Thougyeen River, Upper Tenasserim, in February, 1881 ”’ 
(Adamson’s List, p. 8). Major Adamson also obtained wet-season examples at Ky- 
ap-Saken, at 2000 feet elevation, in March, and sexes of the dry-season brood at 
Kathapa in February, and also at Yemmathoung, in February, 1892. Captain E. Y. 
Watson obtained several specimens of the dry-season brood during the expedition 
from the Burmese side to the Chin-Lushai Hills of 1889-90, at Tilm Yaw, in March 
and April, 1890, and also both sexes at Toungoo in March, 1891. Specimens of the 
wet-season brood were also obtained by Mr. W. Doherty, in Hast Pegu, at 2000 feet 
elevation, in March and April, 1890, and are now in the collection of Mr. H. J. 
Elwes. 

The three last described species, viz.: Methora, Savara, and Dohertyi, though 
nearly allied, are undoubtedly quite distinct. In addition to their difference in 
coloration both on the upper and under side, their androconia, as seen under the 
microscope, are each different, one from the other. In Methora also, the subbasal 

K 2 


68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


and discal brownish fascia, on the underside of both sexes, are both angulated in 
their course across the wings; whereas in Savara, they are straight, and in 
Dohertyi, the discal fascia is scarcely traceable, the subbasal fascia being quite 
obsolete. 


Srorion 2. 


Ocelli on underside of hindwing placed in linear series. 


THYMIPA NIKAA (Plate 109, figs. 1, la, ¢). 


Ypthima Nikea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 567. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i, p. 232 (1883). Waterhouse, Aid to the Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 8,9. 

Ypthima Sakra, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1866, p. 359; Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 136; nec 
Moore. 


Tmaco.—Male. Smaller than 7’. Sakra. Upperside. Both wings with smaller 
and less prominent ocelli—these being about half the size; with two median ocelli 
on the hindwing, sometimes one only (the lower) being present ; marginal band less 
defined and narrow; glandular patch very indistinctly defined, clothed with more or 
less short broad scales with serrate-tips, interspersed with a very few long black 
androconia, which have an elongated broad base, hair-like end and _ tassel-tip. 
Underside duller, pale cinerescent-ochreous; more densely covered with brown 
strige, especially on the forewing. Both wings with a well-defined slender pale 
ochreous extreme marginal line, and the forewing with traces of a broad discal and a 
marginal brown fascia; ocelli smaller, the apical geminated pair on the hindwing 
has, generally, separated black centres and intervening portion of the yellow ring, 
sometimes the upper median ocellus is also absent. 

Female. Upperside paler brown; extreme marginal slender pale line on the 
hindwing distinct ; discal area studded with pale strigz. Underside also paler than 
in male, more cinerescent in tint, the apical geminated-ocellus on the hindwing 
somewhat larger. 

Hxpanse, 3 $1,8, to 2 inches. 

Hasitat.—N. W. Himalayas. 

Distrisution.—Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 136) records it as 
“common on the lower slopes of Thundiani above Kala Pani ; and a few were 
taken at Murree and at Dewal, in August and September.” Major H. B. Hellard 
took it at ‘Simla, Masuri, and in Kashmir, from June to October” (MS. Notes). 
Col. A. M. Lang, in his MS. Notes records it from the “Simla Hills and Lower 
Kunawar, in June and July.” Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
119) obtained it in ‘“‘ Kumaon generally, at 8000 to 11,000 feet, being common in 
the higher regions. 


being 


SATYRINZ. 69 


THYMIPA SAKRA (Plate 109, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 2). 

Yphthima Sakra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy. i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. 

Ent. Soe. Lond. 1864, p. 290, pl. 18, fig. 18. 
Ypthima Sakra, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 232 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep olivescent-brown ; both wings with a broad 
darker marginal band, which is slightly bordered inwardly by a few pale ochreous 
strigee, and the hindwing with avery slender pale cinerescent-ochreous extreme outer 
marginal line. Cilia brownish-cinereous. Forewing with a prominent subapical 
ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue, and with a slender ochreous outer ring, and, in 
some few specimens, a very minute ocellus is present between the middle and lower 
medians, being more prominent on the underside ; glandular patch indistinctly defined, 
clothed with rather short broad dentate-tipt scales and with a few intervening black 
androconia, which have a short broad dilated-bulbous base, hair-like end and tassel- 
tip. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, the lower one the largest, and, 
generally, there is also a small anal ocellus, and sometimes a minute apical ocellus, 
which latter is also occasionally as large as the upper median ocellus. Underside 
olivescent-ochreous, densely covered throughout with wniformly-disposed dark 
olivescent-brown strige. Forewing with the ocellus, as above, very prominent and 
ringed with bright ochreous and bipupilled with silvery-blue. Hindwing with a 
very prominent large subapical geminated pair, bipupilled, both being encompassed 
in one outer bright ochreous ring; two median ocelli, and a large geminated anal 
bi-pupilled ocellus. 

Female. With somewhat broader wings than in the male. Upperside as in 
the male, except that the outer discal area of both wings is broadly more con- 
spicuously studded with cinerescent-ochreous strigz. Underside as in the male. 
Body }beneath, palpi and legs beneath pale cinerescent-ochreous; legs above 
brown ; hairs of palpi whitish tipt; antenne dusky brown, annulated with white, 
tip reddish. 

Hxpanse, ¢ 2 to 24, 2 22 inches. 

Hasitat.—H. Himalayas. 

Disrrisurion.—Typical Sakra is confined to the Eastern Himalayas. Mr. H. J. 
Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) records it as “the commonest species of the 
genus in Sikkim, at from 4000 to 8000 feet elevation, and occurs as low as 2000 
feet, from March to November. It is one of the commonest roadside insects in 
Sikkim among grass and bushes.” 


THYMIPA AUSTENI (Plate 109, figs. 3, 3a,¢ 2). 
Ypthima Sakra, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. pl. 17, fig. 67, ¢. 


Iyvaco.—Male. Upperside similar to typical Sakra. Underside densely covered 


70 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. 


with dark olivescent-brown strigz; both wings with a submarginal and a discal 
brown fascia; ocelli similar, except that on the hindwing the lower series are 
larger and of uniform size. 

Female. Upperside paler than in the same sex of Sakra, the outer discal area 
bordering the ocelli more or less paler and but very slightly studded with a few 
ochreous scales. Forewing with the ocellus larger. Hindwing with a large subapical 
ocellus, and two median ocelli of the same size; sometimes a smaller ocellus is 
present above the subapical one and another also below it. Underside paler than 
in male, the strige duller, the basal area and the broad marginal border densely 
clouded, the intermediate outer-discal area being whitish cinereous and slightly 
traversed by the strige, thus forming a more or less-defined submarginal pale 
fascia. Ocellus of forewing very large, rounded ; sometimes a small lower ocellule 
is present between the medians ; ocelli on hindwing somewhat smaller than in male, 
the three lower of uniform size. 

Expanse, g¢ 2, 9 2} inches. 

Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Naga Hills; Looshai Hills, Upper Burma. 

DistriBvuTion.—S pecimens were taken in the Khasia Hills by Lt.-Colonel H. H. 
Godwin-Austen. Examples from the Khasia Hills are also in the collection of 
Colonel C. Swinhoe. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1891, 268) records specimens, taken 
by Mr. W. Doherty, in the Naga Hills, and at Bernardmyo, Burma. In Mr. P. 
Crowley’s collection are examples from the Looshai Hills. 





THYMIPA AVANTA. 
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 109, fig. 4, ? ). 


Ypthima ordinata, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 3; zd. 1886, p. 358. 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 219 (1883). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 
p. 136. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with an indistinctly 
defined broad dusky discal glandular patch, which is clothed with short round-tipt 
battledore-scales, some longer clavate rounded-tipt scales, and numerous long 
slender dark tapering filiform androconia with tassel-tips; a subapical bipupilled 
ocellus. Hindwing with two, and sometimes a lower third subanal small ocelli. 
Underside pale ochreous-grey, very densely covered with dark-brown strige. Both 
wings crossed by a more or less-defined angulated subbasal and medial, and a 
submarginal brown fascia. Forewing with a large prominent subapical ocellus. 
Hindwing with two upper and four lower well-formed large ovate ocelli, the two 
anal being geminated, each with a large black centre and a large oval silvery pupil. 

Female. Upperside with the ocelli more prominent. Underside strigose, as in 


SATYRINZ. fil 


the male, the ocelli somewhat larger and more prominent, the transverse fasciz less 
apparent. 
Expanse, d 1,5,, ? 1,8 inches. 


Dry-Season Broop (Plate 109, fig. 4a, ¢). 


Ypthima Avanta, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p.567. Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 218, pl. xvii. fig. 66, ¢ (1883). Waterhouse, Aid to Ident. of Ins. pl. 179, 
fig.6, ¢. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 135. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Forewing with an indistinctly 
defined broad dusky discal glandular patch, and a very small indistinct bipupilled 
subapical ocellus. Hindwing with two very small single-pupilled subanal ocelli 
situated between the medians. Underside pale ochreous-grey, very densely covered 
with slender dark-brown strigz, and both wings crossed by a narrow subbasal, a 
medial and a submarginal brown fascia, the subbasal and medial fascia on the 
hindwing being wavy. Forewing with a prominent large bright oval subapical 
ocellus bipupiled with silvery-bluish-white. Hindwing with two small upper oval 
ocelli disposed between the upper subcostal and radial, and four lower linearly- 
disposed similar ocelli, the two lowest being geminated, each with a large oval 
silvery bluish-white pupil. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with a larger well-formed pale ringed bipupilled 
ocellus. Hindwing with two smaller subanal ocelli. Underside densely covered 
with dark-brown strige, as in the male, the transverse fasciz less defined. Fore- 
wing with large prominent ocellus, as on upperside. Hindwing with two small upper 
and four lower ocelli disposed as in the male. 

Hxpanse, 6 1,4, to 1,6, 2 1,% inch. 

Hasirat.—N. W. Himalayas; Eastern India; Western Burma. 

Distrisotion.—‘‘ In the Western Himalayas, the dry-season form is found from 
April to August, beimg common in Kulu, and extending to Kashmir on the West.” 
(Butt. India, i. 218). Major H. B. Hellard obtained the dry-season form in the 
“Lower Bagh River Valley, Kashmir, at the end of June” (MS. Notes). Major 
J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8, 1886, 359) took the wet-season form between Abbottabad and 
Kala Pani im September, at Murree and Tret in October, and the dry-season form at 
Kala Pani in April and May; being common about Kala Pani and on the road 
between Abbottabad and Bugnoter in September.’ In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection 
are specimens of the wet-season brood from Col. A. M. Lang, taken in Kumaon at 
Bagheswar, 3800 feet, in September, at Katarwal, 4500 feet in October. Mr. W. 
Doherty (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120) records it from ‘“ Kumaon—being 
found in river valleys generally from 2500 to 5000 feet elevation.” Mr. Butler 
(P. Z. 8. 1880, 148) gives “ Bengal”’ as the locality of the type specimen of ordinata. 


72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


In Colonel Swinhoe’s collection is a male of the dry-season form, taken at Paras Pani, 
Mirzapur, N. W. Provinces, and which was erroneously referred by him in P. Z. 8. 
1883, 145, under Y. Inica, as being the same as that species. In Capt. E. Y. Watson’s 
collection are specimens taken at Berhampur, Ganjam District, in Orissa. Capt. 
Watson collected specimens [which we have examined] during the Chin-Lushai 
Expedition of 1889-90, and took the wet-season form at Pauk-Yaw, on the Burmese 
side, in November, and of the dry-season form also, at Tilin-Yaw, in March and 
April” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35). Capt. Watson also obtained the 
wet-season form at Toungoo, in November, and at Sittang, in Tenasserim, in 
January. 


THYMIPA SINGALA. 
Wet-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). 
Ypthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gessell. 1868, p. 283. Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, 
pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ (1880).° Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 230 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. Both wings generally 
without any ocelli visible, but sometimes an indistinct black subapical spot is 
present on the forewing, and either one, or two, small subanal ocelli on the hindwing. 
Underside pale ochreous-grey, very thickly covered with uniformly-disposed brown 
strige ; both wings showing slight traces of an incurved discal, and a submarginal 
narrow brown fascia. Forewing with a very prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. 
Hindwing with two small apical, two median, and two smaller anal round linearly- 
disposed ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, the two anal ocelli being 
smallest and geminated, and the upper apical generally also smaller. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with a well-formed subapical bipupilled ocellus. 
Hindwing with the two small median ocelli also present. Underside as in the 
male. 

Expanse, 1,4 to 1,5, inch. 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110. fig. Lb, 3). 
Ypthima Thora, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ (1880). 


Imaco.—Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ocellus present or absent. 
Hindwing with one only, or sometimes two, small median ocelli. Underside thickly 
covered with uniformly-disposed brown strigz, and with indistinct traces of an 
incurved discal and marginal fascia. orewing with a prominent bipupilled ocellus. 
Hindwing with two apical, two median, and two anal minute round ocelli. 

Eixpanse, 1,4, to 1,4 inch. ; 

Hasirat.—Ceylon. 

Distrisution.—The type specimen described by Dr. Felder was obtained at 


SATYRINZ. 73 


Badulla at an elevation of 3000 feet. Capt. Hutchison states (Lep. Ceylon, 24) that 
it is “rare, a few specimens only being taken in long grass on borders of coffee- 
plantations at Buselowe at 3000 feet elevation.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in his 
‘Notes,’ records it “from 2000 feet upwards, in patenas and small undergrowth 
adjoining. Most plentiful at Ambegamoa.” 


THYMIPA TABELLA. 


Wer-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). 
Ypthima Tabella, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 234 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniform brown, with a slightly-defined submarginal 
linear shade. Forewing with a small rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus, and 
hindwing with two small median round ocelli; no glandular patch nor androconia, 
the discal area being clothed with ordinary scales only. Underside pale ochreous- 
grey, thickly covered with uniformly-disposed dark-brown strige. Forewing with a 
prominent subapical ocellus. Hindwing with six ocelli, placed in echelon,—viz. : a 
geminated apical pair, the upper one being minute and sometimes absent, two 
median ocelli, and an anal geminated pair of smaller ocelli. 

Expanse 1,%, to 1, inch. 

Dry-Srason Broop. 


Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside uniformly covered 
with strige. Forewing with a prominent apical ocellus. Hindwing with two minute 
subapical ocelli, the upper one being sometimes obsolete, two minute median ocelli, 
and two still more minute anal ocelli. 

Expanse 1,%, inch. 

Hasirat.—South India. 

Distrizutton.—The type specimen described by Capt. Marshall is recorded 
from the Wynaad. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 350) says it is 
“Common at the North-West corner of the Nilgiris on the Wynaad boundary.” 
Mr. Hampson obtained the wet-season brood on the Nilgiris in September and 
October. Capt. E. Y. Watson took specimens of the dry-season brood on the 
Nilgiris, at Devala, in January. Capt. EH. Y. Watson also obtained examples of 
what appear to be the dry-season brood of this species, at Sittang and Toungoo, in 
Burma, in December and January. 


THYMIPA STRIATA. 
Wet-Season Broop (Plate 110, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2). 
Ypthima striata, Hampson, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 349. 
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark-brown; cilia pale cinereous. Forewing with a 
VOL. II. L 


74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


distinct large subapical black ocellus, bipupilled, and ringed with ochreous-yellow ; 
with a faintly defined darker-brown submarginal and a discal fascia; glandular 
patch not apparent, its area clothed with short, and a few longer, broad scales with 
dentate tips, interspersed with a very few dark filiform androconia. Hindwing 
with two small subanal ocelli. Underside cinereous-white, with numerous distinctly 
defined very slender brown strige. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger and 
brighter than on upperside; crossed by a well-defined darker brown slightly 
recurved submarginal and a discal fascia. Hindwing crossed by a similar brown 
recurved medial and a discal fascia and a broken submarginal fascia, the latter 
partly encompassing the ocelli; a geminated apical pair of prominent ocelli, and 
three linearly-disposed lower ocelli, the anal smallest and duplex. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger. Hindwing 
also with the ocellus somewhat larger, and with the two upper and the minute anal 
ocelli of the underside slightly visible. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse ¢ 1,% to 1,5, ¢ 1,% inch. 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 110, fig. 3e, ¢). 


Male. Upperside dark brown. Forewing with a very small ill-defined black 
ocellus. Hindwing with a small subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous-white, the 
strigx less-defined ; both wings with the fascie less distinct. Ocellus on forewing 
smaller than in wet-season brood. Ocelli on hindwing minute, but distinctly formed, 
the two apical and the two anal being well separated from each other. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing differs from the male in having a large and 
distinct ocellus, as in the wet-season brood. Underside: both wings with the fascize 
more prominent, but not as much as in the wet season-brood ; ocelli as in the male. 

Expanse 6 1,4, ? 1,5, inch. 

Hasitat.—Nilgiris. 

Distripution.—* The wet-season brovd occurs at 2000 to 4000 feet, and 
commonly at about 3000 feet, on the southern slopes of the Nilgiris, in August, and 
the dry-season brood in December and January.” (Hampson, l.c. p. 349.) Capt. 
E. Y. Watson also obtained it at Coonoor in the Nilgiris during August. 

Typo-Matayan Sprctes or Toymipa.—’. Horsfieldii (Y. Horsfieldii) Moore, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 18; Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of Ins. pl. 179, fig. 3. 
Habitat. Java.—T. Philomela (Pap. Philomela, Johansson, Amen. Acad. 1764, 
p. 404). We have illustrated this species on our Plate 110, fig. 4, d. Both sexes 
smaller than 7’. Baldus. Forewing shorter and less triangular, the exterior margin 
more erect. Male. Upperside brown, the discal patch less prominent; ocelli 
similar, but smaller and more narrowly ringed. Underside with uniformly disposed 
strige, the transverse fascie either obsolete or but very faintly defined ; ocelli on 


SATY RIN 45, 75 


forewing.smaller and more narrowly ringed; ocelli on hindwing similarly disposed 
in three pairs, but also smaller. Female. Upperside paler than in male, outer discal 
_area slightly flecked with pale-ochreous strige. Underside as in male. Hxpanse d 
Yo, * 1,4. Habitat. Java (Batavia). Sumatra.—In Coll. British Museum and 
F. Moore.—T’. Lisandra (Pap. Lisandra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 298, fig. G. H.) 
Habitat: China.—T. Zodia (Y. Zodia, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 402. Hlwes 
P.Z.S. 1881, p. 904). Habitat. N. China (Snowy Valley, hills of Ningpo).—T. Argus 
(Y. Argus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1866, p. 56). Habitat. Japan.—T. 
evanescens (Y. evanescens, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 184). Habitat. Japan. 
—T. fasciata (Y. fasciata, Hewits. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 287). Habitat. Borneo. 


Genus YPTHIMA. 


Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. 
Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868); Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 36 (1869). Kirby Syn. Catal. D. 
Lep. p. 94(1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 24 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete., i. p. 212 (1883). 

Yphthima, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 138 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewit- 
son’s D. Lep. p, 394 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 235 (1857). Hewitson, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 283, Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. and Sc. Boston, 1875, p. 289. 


Imaco.—Wings moderately small. Forewing elongated, triangular, costal margin 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin even, slightly convex, posterior margin almost 
straight ; costal vein strongly swollen at the base, median vein moderately swollen, 
sub-median scarcely swollen; cell extending to half the wing ; subcostal vein with 
its first branch arising just before anterior end of the cell, the second, third, and 
fourth branches at equal distances apart, the second being emitted at about one- 
third beyond end of the cell; upper discocellular very short, middle discocellular 
inwardly curved, lower discocellular longer and outwardly oblique; median vein 
with its lower and middle branch wide apart; submedian vein nearly straight ; no 
glandular patch visible, in the type species (Hibneri), but the lower discal area is 
clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many elongated 
broad acutely jagged-tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia of similar 
length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. 
Hindwing broadly triangularly-ovate ; costal margin arched from near the base, apex 
rounded, exterior margin convex, abdominal margin slightly convex; costal vein 
extending to near the apex; subcostal vein starting from opposite the short pre- 
costal veinlet, its branch arising at about one-third from its base; upper discocellular 
short, curved, starting at a short distance from base of second subcostal, lower dis- 
cocellular longer, outwardly-oblique and slightly curved ; cell extending to beyond 
half the wing ; median vein three-branched ; submedian straight ; inner vein shghtly 

L 2 


76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


recurved. Body slender; head and thorax small, clothed in front with hairs. Hyes 
prominent, naked. Palpi long, slender, obliquely-porrect, compressed, clothed in 
front with long straight divergent bristly hairs; second joint reaching to vertex, 
third joint fully two-thirds the length of second, slender, naked. Antenne very 
slender, ringed with white, terminating in a very slender gradually-formed club. 

Carprprttar.—‘* When full grown is about an inch or a little less in length; 
entirely green; head round; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly 
increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, 
which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails; the 
head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely-set 
tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs.” 

Curysatis.—* Either green or brown; head rounded, the edge of the wing- 
cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax tuunpes ” (de Nicéville). 

Tyrz.—Y. Hibneri. 


YPTHIMA KASMIRA (Plate 112, fig. 1, la,d 9). 
Ypthima Kasmira, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid Identif. of Ins. 
pl. 179, fig. 5,9. 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark brown, Forewing with a moderate- 
sized subapical bipupilled ocellus ; lower discal area clothed with short broad dentate- 
tipt scales, some longer scales with dentate tips, and a very few intervening longer 
black androconia with broad bulbous base and hair-like tassel-tip. Hindwing with 
two small subanal ocelli situated between the medians in the male, and a third 
minute anal ocellus in the female. Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, 
very densely covered with entirely uniformly-disposed broad brown strige. Forewing 
with a prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a prominent apical 
ocellus, and three lower linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest being bipupilled. 

Expanse 3 13, ¢ 1 inch. 

Hasrrat.—Kashmir. 

DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens of both sexes of this species in our own collection 
were taken by Major H. B. Hellard in Kashmir, in September. 


YPTHIMA APICALIS. 
Ypthima apicalis, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to Identif. of 
Ins. pl. 179, fig. 2. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brown. Forewing palest obliquely across the 
lower discal area; with a small rounded bipupilled subapical ocellus, above which is 
a distinct whitish apical streak. Hindwing with two small subanal ocelli, the upper 


SATYRINA:, 17 


one minute, the anal and the apical ocellus of the underside being slightly visible. 
Underside pale brownish-ochreous, with ill-defined darker brown uniformly disposed 
strige. Forewing with the subapical ocellus and white upper streak, as above. 
Hindwing with a small apical and three lower ocelli, the anal one bipupilled ; an in- 
distinct pale whitish fascia traceable across the disc above the lower ocelli. 

Expanse, 1} inch. 

Hasitat.—Deyra Dhoon. 

The male above described is all that is known tous. It is probably only a 
curiously-marked variety of Y. Hiibnert. 


YPTHIMA HUBNERI. 
Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 111, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1, a, b,e, 3 9). 
Ypthima Philomela, Hiibner, Zutrage Exot. Schmett, p. 17, figs. 83, 84 (1816-18); Verz. bek. 
Schmett, p. 63 (1816-18). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868)—(nee Linnzus).* 
Yphthima Philomela, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 284, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 
p. 152 (1868). 
Ypthima Hiibneri, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 57, pl. 7, fig. 5, 
9 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 65, § (1883); de 
Nicéyville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 231, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, b, larva and pupa. 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slightly pale-bordered dusky sub- 
marginal line, Cilia pale brownish-cinereous. orewing with a rather large rounded 
ocellus bipupilled with silvery-blue; no glandular patch visible, but the lower discal 
area is clothed with a few ordinary short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, many 
elongated broad acutely-jagged tipt scales, interspersed with a few dark androconia 
of similar length, which have an elongated dilated bulbous base and hair-like tassel- 
tip. Hindwing with three small subanal ocelli, the lowest generally minute and 
sometimes obsolete, sometimes the upper one is also minute or obsolete, and in some 
specimens the apical ocellus of the underside is visible. Underside various shades of 
cinerescent ochreous-white, numerously, but not densely, covered with fine olivescent- 
brown strige. Forewing with a large prominent ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- 
blue, encircled by a broad pale ochreous ring and then by a narrow brown ring, the 
latter ring being dilated below the ocellus, and extending to or near the posterior 
margins ; a more or less defined submarginal lunular brown slender fascia, and a 
medial discal transverse fascia. Hindwing with a moderately large apical ocellus and 
three subanal linearly-disposed ocelli, the lowest generally bipupilled; a more or less 
defined submarginal sinuous brown fascia, and, generally, a more or less ill-defined 
transverse discal angulated fascia. 


* The Pap. Philomela Johansson, is quite distinct from this. It is a Javan species belonging to the 
genus Thymipa. See our Plate 110, fig. 4, 


78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside slightly paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger and more 
prominent, the darker brown submarginal and discal fascia with indistinctly visible 
intervening pale brownish-white strigee. Hindwing with the ocelli as in the male, 
sometimes the apical ocellus of the underside being also slightly apparent ; outer 
border also shghtly traversed with pale strigee. Underside as in the male but some- 
what darker in tint. Worewing with the ocellus somewhat larger. Hindwing also 
with the ocelli larger, the three lower sometimes having the yellow rings coalescent, 
and sometimes a variety occurs in which a small lower ocellus is attached beneath 
the apical one—when the outer yellow ring coalesces and is then continuous through- 
out the entire series ; another variety sometimes show three continuous decreasing 
upper ocelli, each with a separate yellow ring. 

Expanse, 1,5, to 1,5, inch. 


Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 111, figs. 1, d, e, f, gh, ¢ 2). 


Ypthima Howra, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1884, p. 17. Waterhouse, Aid to the 
Identification of Insects, pl. 179, fig. 4, ¢. 

Ypthima Catharina, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 183. 

Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 396. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Forewing 
with the lower discal area clothed with similar scales and androconia. Hindwing with 
the ocelli minute or obsolescent, the submarginal area more or less speckled with 
pale cinerescent scales. Underside with somewhat paler shades of cinerescent 
ochreous-white ; both wings generally with paler and less-defined striga, especially 
on the hindwing. Forewing with the ocellus, as in the wet-season brood, the sub- 
marginal and discal fascia less defined. Hindwing with the apical and three lower 
ocelli either very minute, but distinctly formed, or reduced to black dots, and some- 
times entirely obsolete ; the transverse discal angular fascia and submarginal sinuous 
line shghtly apparent, or sometimes obsolete. 

Expanse, 1,3, to 1,8 inches. 

AvuLt CaTErPiLtar.—‘ The larva when full grown is about an inch, or a little 
less in length ; the head round ; body of nearly equal thickness throughout, slightly 
increasing in size to the fifth segment, thence gradually tapering to the anal segment, 
which is furnished with two very short diverging immovable processes or tails. 
The head and body are thickly shagreened, being covered with very small closely- 
set tubercles emitting fine colourless hairs. Colour entirely green, with a dorsal 
line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and 
extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line 
below the spiracles.” 

Curysatis.— The pupa is either green or brown; with the head rounded, the 


SATYRIN Zi. 79 


edge of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly, the thorax humped, and 
marked, like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and 
spots” (de Nicéville). 

Haprrat.—India, Burma. 

Rearing oF Wer anD Dry-Szason Broop From THE Hoc.—Mr. L. de Nicéville 
(Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 231) gives the first recorded instance of 
rearing both the wet and dry-season brood of this species from the egg, as follows : 
—‘* On September 5th, 1885, Captain C. A. R. Sage, of the 18th Bengal Infantry, 
sent me in a tin box with a gauze cover seven live females which had that day been 
caught. WhenI received them they had laid over 70 eggs of a beautiful light 
green colour on the gauze cover, and two on the side of the box. On September 
9th, larvee commenced to emerge, and I placed the gauze on which the eggs were 
laid amongst some grass growing in a pot, covering the whole with a large wooden 
box with glass sides. The larve rapidly fed up, and turned to pupx, the imagines 
emerging between October 19th and 25th, as true Y. Hibneri like their mothers. 
The pupz were sometimes green, sometimes brown. On my return on November 
8th from my autumn holiday in the Sikkim Hills, Captain Sage gave me six about 
half-grown larve, which he had hatched on October 20th from eggs laid by 
Y. Hiibneri on the 15th. Being few in number, these larvae were fed up by me in a 
stoppered glass jar, fresh grass being supplied about every other day. ‘The first 
of them changed to a pupa on November 20th, and the imago emerged on December 
7th; on November 22nd, another larva changed to a pupa, the imago emerging 
December 9th ; on November 25th, two more larve changed to pupe, the imagines 
emerging December 12th; on December 8rd, another larva changed to a pupa, the 
imago emerging December 19th; on December 12th, the last larva changed to a 
pupa, the imago emerging on January Ist. All the pupz were green, and all the 
imagines were true Y. Howra. The colour of the pupa does not, I believe, affect 
the imago in the least ; it is purely protective, the green ones in nature being pro- 
bably attached to the green blades of grass, while the brown ones occur on the 
dark-coloured stems near the roots. Captain Sage first took Y. Howra on 
November 18th, at a time when a few Y. Hiibneri were still on the wing, this being 
the earliest date on which he captured the cold and dry-season non-ocellated form 
of this species.” 

Distrisution.—From North-Western India, specimens are recorded (Butt. 
Ind. i. 228) from Chumba. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in ‘* Kumaon, at Bag- 
heswar, Rambagh, and at Kapkot, at from 1000 to 4000 feet elevation” (J. A.S. 
Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. G. F. Hampson has the wet-season form from Naini Tal, 
1000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in October. In the North-Hast, Mr. H. J. 
Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 326) says it “cccurs in the Sikkim Terai during the 


80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


rainy season, but, as far as we know, not in the Hills.” It was also “ taken by 
Mr. Otto Miiller in the Sikkim Terai, from July to September” (Butt. Ind. i. 227). 
From Western India we possess the wet-season form from Bombay, and Colonel C. 
Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1885, 127) obtained the wet-season form at ‘“ Mahableshwar in 
May,” and the dry-season form “ (joculari) in April and May” (P. Z. S. 1889, 396). 
Mr. C. R. Morris obtained it in the Upper Godavery District in September, and 
Mr. G. Vidal took numerous specimens in March on the Coessi and Onomed Ghats 
in the South Konkan” (Butt. Ind. 228). In the South it has been taken by Captain 
KH. Y. Watson, in Mysore, at Kathlekan, Kadur District, in November, and the dry- 
season form in November and December. Mr. G. F. Hampson has it also from 
Mysore, taken at 3000 feet in September. From the Nilgiri Hills, Mr. Hampson 
(J. A. S. Bengal, 1888, 350) records it as being common on the Northern Slopes, at 
3000 to 4000 feet elevation,’ the wet-season form being registered in his MS. 
Notes, as taken in May, and the dry-season form [agreeing with Howra-jocularia | 
in January. Mr. A. W. Morris obtained the dry-season form (jocularia) on the 
Shevaroy Hills. ‘‘ Mr. H. Fergusson took it at Trevandrum and in the Ashamboo 
Hills ” (Butt. Ind. 228). We possess the wet-season form from Mynall, 2600 feet, 
‘in Travancore. From the Hastward, Captain EH. Y. Watson has the dry-season 
form from Surada, Gangam District, Orissa, taken in January. ‘‘In the neigh- 
bourhood of Calcutta it is common throughout the year’’ (Butt. Ind. 227). Mr. 
L. de Nicéville reared the wet-season form in Calcutta, from the egg, in October, 
and the dry-season form in November, December and January, as above recorded. 
It occurs “in Assam, as far north as Sibsagur” (Butt. Ind. 227), and Mr. J. Wood- 
Mason records ‘numerous specimens from Cachar” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 351). 
From Burma we possess the wet-season form from Chittagong, taken in August and 
September. It has been taken in “ Akyab in July” (Butt. Ind. 227). Captain E. 
Y. Watson obtained many specimens during the Chin Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 85), which we have examined, the wet-season form 
having been taken at Pauk Yaw in September, and also on the road from Pauk to 
Tilin in November, and the dry-season form at Tilin Yaw in January and April, 
Pauk to Tilin in November, and at Tilin in November and April. Captain Watson 
also took the wet-season form at Rangoon in May, July, August, September, November 
and December, the wet-season form at Poungadaw, Thyetmyo in October and 
November, at Beeling, in Tenasserim, in March, and the dry-season form also at 
Beeling in March and April, at Kyaikto in February, at Sittang, Tenasserim, in 
January, and at Toungu in March. Commander Carpenter, R.N., obtained the dry- 
season form, named Y. Catharina, by Mr. Butler, “at Katha on the Irrawaddy, in 
January, and at Myadoung in January.” (Ann. N. H. 1886, 183.) Signor Leonardo 
Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo, in November. It is also recorded 


SATYRINZE. 81 


(Butt. Ind. 227) from “ Pegu, in May and June, and taken by Captain C. H. E. 
Adamson at Gyne,” in January. Dr. J. Anderson found it “‘ very common in 
the Mergui Archipelago, from December to March.” (J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, 
32.) 

DisrrreutTion OvursipE Inp1an Arva.—Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, p. 5) 
describes and figures a female of the wet-season form from Malacca, Malay Penin- 
sula. We also possess it from Malacca. Mr. Distant also records it from Sumatra 
and Java, on the authority of Herr Snellen. The latter locality is doubtless an 
error, for this species, as we possess several specimens received from Herr Snellen, 
labelled, ‘ philomela,” of Hubner, and all of them have six ocelli, disposed in three 
pairs, on the underside of the hindwing, and are undoubted philomela of Linnexus, 
which latter species is quite distinct, and belongs to another division of the 
Ypthime group. 

Of the illustrations of Y. Hubneri on our Plate No. 111, jig. 1 represents 
the larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville; jigs. la, b, 
Calcutta males of the wet-season brood, and fig. 1c, a Nilgiri female of the same 
brood ; jigs. 1d, e, represent the male and female of the dry-season brood, these 
being the type specimens of ‘‘ Howra,” fig. f is from one of the dry-season males 
reared by Mr. de Nicéville in Calcutta; jig. g is a male, and fig. h the female 


5 
Mahabeshwar type specimens of jocularia, kindly lent by Colonel Swinhoe, 


YPTHIMA CEYLONICA. 
“Wert-Srason Broop (Plate 112, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ ?). 
Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, ¢@. 

Ypthima Ceylonica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i, p. 25, 

pl. 12, figs. 5, 5a, 9 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p, 228 (1883). 
Ivaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia of forewing cinerescent-brown, of hind- 
wing white. Forewing with a prominent large apical bipupilled ocellus, and a few 
very slightly-defined submarginal pale cinerescent strigee. Hindwing with the lower 
half pure white, the extreme outer edge-line and a contiguous submarginal sinuous 
line being dark brown ; bordering the latter are two small black median ocelli, and, 
generally, a smaller anal ocellus, each with a slightly-defined minute white pupil, 
ochreous ring, and then a brown ring ; sometimes a small apical black spot is also 
present. Underside cinerescent-white, purest white on the hindwing; sparsely 
covered with delicate transverse brown strigee, which are much less numerous, more 
slender, and more widely separated on the discal area of the hindwing. Forewing 
with the ocellus larger than above, broadly pale ochreous ringed, and outwardly by 
a brown ring, the latter ring broadly extending below the ocellus, and descending 
as a brown streak to the posterior margin ; a slightly-defined discal and submarginal 

vot. 11. November 17th, 1892. M 


82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


brown fascia. Hindwing with a prominent black apical ocellus, two median and a 
bipupilled anal ocellus, each distinctly formed with an ochreous ring and slender 
outer brown ring. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocelli are somewhat larger, 
and those on the hindwing slightly blurred by contiguous brown strige, some few 
strigze also being visible across the white area. Underside more densely packed 
with brown strigze than in the male, on both wings, the ocelli being the same, but 
very prominent. Body beneath white; palpi brown above, edged with white, the 
frontal hairs brown and white; legs brown above, white beneath; antenne dark 
brown, annulated with white, tip reddish. 


Dry-Szason Broop. 

Male. Upperside slightly paler brown. Hindwing with the marginal and 
sinuous submarginal brown line less defined; two ill-defined median minute ocelli. 
Underside also slightly paler. Hindwing with the apical and lower ocelli all very 
minute. 

Female. Upperside paler. Ocelli on the hindwing with the marginal and 
sinuous submarginal brown line very slenderly defined. Underside paler, some- 
what ochreous-white, the strigz paler, and the ocelli on hindwing very minute. 

Expanse, $ 1,7, to1,3,, ? 1,3, to 1,5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Ceylon; 8. India; Orissa. 

Drisrrisution.—In Ceylon, according to Captain F. J. Hutchison, it is ‘“ very 
common at Galle and Colombo, among grass and weeds by the road side. Flight 
short, constantly settling down on leaves, or in the grass” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 25). 
Mr. F, M. Mackwood notes that it is ‘‘ very abundant from the level of the coast to 
the highest ranges, and at all times of the year.” Major J. W. Yerbury recently 
obtained the wet-season brood at Trincomaliin July and September. ‘“‘ Till recently 
it was believed to be confined to the Island of Ceylon, but it has now been taken in 
Travancore by Mr. H. Fergusson, and was found extremely common in Orissa by 
Mr. W. C. Taylor. Mr. Kirby records it from Madras” (Butt. Ind. i. 228). Mr. F. 
C. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng., 1888, 350) obtained it in the ‘ Nilgiris at 2000 to 4000 
feet elevation on the Southern Slopes, where it takes the place of Y. Hubneri of the 
Northern Slopes; very common; March; August.” Lieut. E. Y. Watson has 
obtained it at Berhampore in Gangam, having taken the wet-season brood in 
September, 1887, and the dry-season brood in February of the same year. 


Genus KOLASA. 
Imaco.—Forewing comparatively longer, less triangular, and the exterior margin 
less oblique than in typical Ypthima (Hiibneri). Hindwing longer, narrower, exterior 


SATYRIN ZA. 83 


margin very oblique, abdominal margin longer, and excavated before the anal angle. 
Venation similar, except that in the forewing the cell is longer posteriorly, and the 
discocellulars considerably more bent inward; cell of hindwing also longer 
posteriorly. No androconia on the forewing. Apical joint of palpi much shorter, 
stouter, and with long projecting hairs in front, whereas in Hiibneri this joint is 
long, slender, cylindrical, and naked. Antenne stouter, with a conspicuous 
lengthened grooved rather broad club, the club in Hiibneri being slender, and not 
grooved. 


Type.—K. Chenui. 


KOLASA CHENUI. 
Wet-Season Broop (Plate 112, figs. 3, 3a, gd 2). 
Satyrus Chenu, Guérin-Méneville, in Delessert’s Souv. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1843). 


Ephthima Chenu, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). Hewitson, Tr. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 285. 


Ypthima Chenui, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 95 (1871). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 228 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinereous ochreous-brown; cilia cinereous. 
Forewing with a moderately large prominent rounded obliquely-disposed subapical 
black ocellus, bipupilled with silvery-blue, and encircled by an ochreous-yellow outer 
ring; a very indistinct dusky-brown discal and a submarginal fascia. Hindwing 
with two small prominent subanal ocelli, pupilled with silvery-blue and encircled by 
an ochreous-yellow ring. Underside whitish, very numerously covered with thick 
dark ochreous-brown strigs, which are most numerous and somewhat confluent on 
the forewing. Forewing with a subapical ocellus as on upperside, but more promi- 
nent, and contiguously bordered by a more or less well-defined discal and a sub- 
marginal transverse ochreous-brown fascia. Hindwing with a single prominent 
asical oval ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and four linearly-disposed lower 
decreasing ovate ocelli, the two anal being minute and sometimes geminated ; 
crossed by a more or less well-defined broad subbasal, a discal, and an anteriorly- 
broader submarginal ochreous-brown fascia, the latter encompassing the lower 
ocelli and sometimes coalescent in the middle with the discal fascia. 

Female. Upperside paler, the outer discal area slightly mottled with pale 
cinereous-ochreous strigze ; ocelli on both wings as in the male. Underside as in 
the male. 

Dry-Srason Broop.—Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside less 
whitish, the brown strigze more confluent, the transverse bands broader, the ocelli 
on hindwing reduced to smaller oval size. Female. Upperside with less perceptible 
pale strige. Underside as in male. 

Expanse, 1,% to 1,4 inch. 


84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasitat.—Nilgiri Hills, 8. India. 

Disrripution.—According to Mr. G. F. Hampson (MS. Notes”) this is 
“common on rocky hill sides. It has four broods in the year. Taken at Dun- 
sandle, Nilgiris, 6700 feet elevation from February to May, and at the Sholur Ghat, 
6500 feet, in March. Is not found below 5000 feet, and chiefly frequents places on 
the top of the plateau where sheet-rocks crop out on grass hill sides. It is also 
found on the Anaymalai Hills, 4300 feet, south of the Palghat Gap in February, 
flying with K. Yphthimoides.’ Captain HE. Y. Watson obtained specimens at 
Coonoor and Ootacamund in August. 


KOLASA YPHTHIMOIDES (Plate 112, figs. 4, 4a, g 92). 


Callerebia Yphthimoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc..Lond. 1881, p. 307. 

Ypthima Yphthimoides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 230 (1883). Distant, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 4. 

Ypthima Robinsoni, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 406. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 229. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent-brown ; cilia cinerescent- 
brown. Forewing with an obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with silvery- 
blue and encircled by a very slender dark ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two 
small median ocelli pupilled with silvery-blue. Underside numerously covered with 
pale brownish-grey strigze, which are duller and uniformly-disposed on the fore- 
wing, but on the hindwing the strigw are paler grey and more prominently-disposed 
in transverse broad fasciz, similar to those in K.Chenui. Forewing with an ocellus, 
as above, and slight traces of a submarginal and a discal darker fascia. Hindwing 
with one, sometimes two, small apical ocelli, two median, and two minute anal 
ocelli, the two latter being sometimes geminated, each with a single silvery-blue 
pupil and slender dark ochreous ring. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the outer borders are mottled 
with pale brownish-grey strigz ; sometimes there 1s a geminated pair of minute anal 
ocelli on the hindwing. Underside paler than in the male, the pale strigwe and the 
fasciz being more defined. Body beneath, palpi and legs brown in the male, but 
brownish-grey in the female ; antennz with reddish tip. 

Expanse, d 1§ to 18, ? 1% to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Travancore Hills, 8. India. 

Disrripotion.—‘ Obtained by Mr. Bourdillon at Colathoorpolay Patnas, 4000 
feet elevation, Travancore, in April.” Mr. Fergusson writing from Trevandrum 
says, ‘itis to be found on the hills here only on grass land near the tops of the hills. 
My specimens were taken in two localities—one a small patch of grass about an 
acre in extent at an elevation of 3500 feet, and the other on a grass hill about 3000 


SATYRINAE, 85 


feet; here they were fairly abundant” (Butt. India, i. 230). Mr. W. L. Distant 
(Ann. N. H, 1882, 406) records specimens obtained by Mr. F. E. Robinson, in the 
Pulni Hills. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens taken in the Anaymalai 
Hills, at 4500 feet elevation in February. 


Genus NADIRIA. 


Imaco.—Wings broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing with the costa 
more arched, subcostal and median vein much swollen; cell broader. No ANpRo- 
conta. Hindwing with the costa more arched ; cell broader ; three linearly-disposed 
apical ocelli, and two anal ocelli on the underside. Antenne with a shorter and 
somewhat stouter club. 

Type.—N. Bolanica. 


NADIRIA BOLANICA (Plate 112, figs. 5, 5a, ¢ 2). 
Ypthima Bolanica, Marshall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 759, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 231 (1883). 

Iwaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Cilia brown with a distinet 
whitish-cinereous inner line. Forewing with the subcostal and median vein very 
tumid at the base; a prominent large subapical black ocellus with two silvery- 
blue pupils, a yellowish ring and an outer brown ring, the surrounding border 
mottled with lilacine-grey and then edged by the darker brown curved continuous 
submarginal and discal fascia. Hindwing with a slightly-apparent darker brown 
submarginal line, a single small prominent black subanal ocellus between the two 
lower medians, pupilled with silvery-blue and yellow ringed, sometimes the two minute 
silvery-blue dots of the geminated anal ocellus of the underside are also visible. 

Underside whitish-cinereous, thickly covered with purpurescent ochreous-brown 
sirigee, which are broadest on the basal area. Forewing with the subapical ocellus 
as ou upperside, but more prominent, and the broad brown curyed-submarginal and 
the oblique-discal fascia broadly confluent above the posterior angle ; two short ill- 
defined brown bands also across end of the cell. Hindwing crossed by a rather 
broad brown excurved discal band, which is slightly angulated posteriorly, and an ill- 
defined submarginal wavy fascia; three upper linearly-disposed slightly decreasing 
ocelli, disposed between the upper subcostal and upper median veinlet, and a some- 
what larger subanal ocellus and a smaller geminated anal pair, all being prominently 
oval-pupilled with silvery-blue and with a dark narrow yellow ring. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the ocellus on both wings is 
larger. Underside also as in the male, the ocelli larger, more prominent, and with 
brighter yellow ring. 

Eixpanse, d 1,5, to 1,4, 2? 1,4 to 1%, inch. 


86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasitat.—Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan ; N.-W., India. 

Distrisution.—The type specimen, which we have examined, was taken by 
Colonel C. Swinhoe at Mach, Bolan Pass, Befuchistan, in September, 1879. We 
possess specimens taken by Major J. W. Yerbury at Attack Bridge in November, 
1885, and April, 1886, at Kairabad in March and April, 1886, at Campbellpur in 
April, and on the Akhori Hills in September. Major Yerbury records it (Ann. N. H. 
1888, 136) as being “common on the Hills round Campbellpur, Attack, and 
Kairabad in March and April.” 


Genus PANDIMA. 


Imaco.—Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. 
Forewing less subtriangular, costa much arched, exterior margin less oblique and 
more convex; cell broad; discocellulars very concave. No Anproconra. Hindwing 
beneath with one apical ocellus, disposed between the subcostals, and two anal ocelli. 
Palpi stouter ; antennz with a slenderly-formed club. 

Type.—P. Nareda. 


PANDIMA NAREDA (Plate 113, figs. 1, 1a 3). 


Satyrus Nareda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 451 (1844). 

Yphthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 6, d (mec fig. 7). 

Ypthima Nareda, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 148 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 

India, ete. i. p. 221, pl. xvii. fig. 63, (1883). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 359. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown ; both wings with the 
outer border slightly paler and crossed by an indistinct darker diffused submarginal 
and a slender marginal line; cilia brownish-cinereous. Jorewing with an oval sub- 
apical black ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white, and with a slender pale ochreous 
outer ring ; the area bordering the ocellus somewhat paler than the ground colour, 
thus forming an ill-defined halo. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus with a single 
bluish-white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring; occasionally a minute anal ocellus 
is also present. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, or cinereous, very numerously 
covered with delicate dark-brown strige. Forewing with a diffused rufescent-brown 
submarginal fascia, which widens inward posteriorly and slightly ascends towards 
end of the cell ; a prominent black subapical ocellus with silvery-blue pupils, bright 
ochreous ring and then a brown ring. Hindwing with an ill-defined diffused 
rufescent-brown submarginal fascia, a large prominent round apical black ocellus, 
the pupil of which is disposed between the upper and lower subcostals; two some- 
what smaller anal ocelli, the upper with a single silvery-blue pupil, the lower 
generally bipupilled. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler ; the submarginal fascia more diffused; ocelli 

the same. Underside as in the male. 


SAT YRINZ. 87 


Expanse, 1,4, to 1,8 inch. 

Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas. 

Distrrpution.—This is a common species in the Western Himalayas, being 
replaced in the Hast by the next species. Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘‘ Simla, 
Masuri, and in Kashmir from June to October” (MS. Notes). Colonel A. M. Lang 
obtained it at “ Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, in May and June, and at Jaranda, 
Kunawur, in June”’ (MS. Notes). The late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it in the 
Tavi Valley, Kashmir, and at Naini Tal. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses specimens 
taken at Naini Tal 5000 to 6000 feet, in May, by Colonel Lang, and from Kulu 
Valley, 5000 feet, taken by Mr. A. Graham Young. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. 
Beng. 1886, 119) says it is found ‘‘ common in Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet.” 
Major J. W.. Yerbury (Ann. N. H. 1888, 137) records it as ‘‘ fairly common between 
Abbottabad and Kala Pani; common also at Murree in August, also taken at Dewal 
in August.” ‘Throughout the Western Himalayas it occurs at from 6000 to 8000 
feet elevation in suitable localities and is not uncommon. In Kashmir it has been 
taken in June at 8200 feet elevation ; in Pangi and Kulu in May and July, and in 
the neighbourhood of Simla in July; it also occurs at Masuri and probably in 
Kumaon”’ (Butt. of Ind. 221). 


PANDIMA NEWARA (Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, 8 ¢). 
Ypthima Newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 567, g ; Waterhouse, Aid Identif. Ins. pl. 
179, fig. 7, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 222 (1883). 
¥phthima Nareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, pl. 17, fig. 7, 2 (mec fig. 6). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown ; the submarginal diffused pale- 
bordered fascia and slender marginal line darker brown. Yorewing with a sub- 
apical black oval ocellus (which is disposed less outwardly-oblique than in Nareda) 
bipupilled with blue. Hindwing with a round subanal blue-pupilled ocellus and 
a minute anal oval pupilled ocellus; sometimes the latter is obsolete and also 
occasionally geminated. 

Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; numerously covered with delicate brown 
strige. Forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ccellus (disposed less out- 
wardly-oblique than in Nareda) ; the submarginal brown fascia narrow, not dilated 
posteriorly, but with slight traces of a similar inner lower-discal shade. Hindwing 
with a slightly-defined submarginal fascia, the apical black ocellus prominently large 
and silvery-blue pupilled (sometimes being bipupilled), the two lower ocelli also pro- 
minent, the lowest bipupilled, the pupils in each being large and oval in shape. 

Female. Upperside paler; the outer half of both wings indistinctly traversed 
with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz ; ocelli as in male. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,8 to 2, 2? 1,5, inch. 


&8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—Hastern Himalayas. 

P. Newara is distinguishable from P. Nareda on the upperside by the less out- 
wardly-oblique position of the ocellus on both the upper and underside of the fore- 
wing. On the underside also, the ocelli are larger, especially the apical ocellus on 
the hindwing, and in the female being numerously covered with pale strigze on the 
upperside. 

Our illustrations on Plate 113, figs. 2, 2a, represent the Nepal type male and 
female. 

Distrisution.—Occurs in the Eastern Himalayas. We possess specimens from 
Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, and from Sikkim. ‘ Mr. Otto Miiller 
took it in Sikkim, in October, at about 3000 feet elevation. We have specimens 
from Nepal” (Butt. Ind. i. 222). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325) 
says it “occurs in Sikkim from the Terai up to about 5000 feet, from May to 
September.” 


PANDIMA LYCUS (Plate 113, fig. 3, 3). 


Ypthima Lycus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 165, pl. A, fig. 2, g. 
Ypthima Motschulzkii, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 214 (nec Bremer). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy brown ; cilia brownish-cinereous. Fore- 
wing with a small black bipupilled subapical ocellus with a slender pale ochreous 
outer ring; discal area, including lower part of the cell, dusky, but clothed with 
ordinary broad rather large dentate-tipt scales and some longer narrower anteriorly 
widening scales with sharp dentate-tips. Hindwing with a small well-formed round 
ocellus situated between the lower medians. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, 
thickly covered with dark-brown strige which are uniformly-disposed throughout. 
Forewing with the ocellus as above, but more prominent, and with broader outer 
yellow ring. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus and two smaller anal ocelli, the 
lowest bipupilled. 

Female. Upperside paler throughout than in the male; ocelli on both wings 
the same, those on the underside being larger. 

Expanse 1,5, to 1,8 inch. 

Hasitar.—Khasia Hills. 

This is a smaller insect than Y. Newara. The underside is more uniformly 
covered with brown strige ; discal shade not present. 

Disrrisution.—* Occurs near Shillong in the Khasia Hills, where it was taken 
by Dr. E. R. Johnson in March, April, May and July, who writes “ that it flies faster 
than Y. Newara, frequents more open spaces, and is rather uncommon”’ (Butt. Ind. 
i. 215). We possess specimens taken by Dr. G. Watt, in November, on his journey 
to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 302), and also specimens from Balah 4000 feet 


PU 108. 





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SATYRINZ. 89 


elevation, taken by Dr. Watt. The specimens recorded as ‘‘ Newara” by Mr Wood- 
Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 351) as occurring in the “ forests near Silcuri, Cachar, 
in May and July,” and those mentioned (Butt. Ind. 222) as from “ Sibsagur, Upper 
Assam,” doubtless refers to this. 


PANDIMA WATSONI. 
Wet-Szason Broop (Plate 113, fig. 4, 3). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown ; both wings with a darker 
brown submarginal fascia anda single slender marginalline. Forewing with a moder- 
ately large subapical ocellus bipupilled with silvery-white, and a slightly -defined out- 
wardly-oblique discal brown fascia. Hindwing witha single subanal moderately-large 
ocellus, and a slightly-defined angulated discal brown fascia. Underside dull whitish- 
cinereous, numerously covered with thick dark-brown strigw. Forewing with a large 
subapical ocellus broadly ringed with pale ochreous; an ill-defined discal and a 
submarginal brown fascia. Hindwing with a large apical ocellus, a large subanal and 
a conjoined large anal ocellus, each with a broad pale-ochreous ring and silvery- 
blue pupil, the anal ocellus being bipupilled. 

Female. Upperside paler ; submarginal brown fascia and single slender marginal 
line, as in the male. Both wings with the ocellus larger, and the discal area mottled 
with pale cinereous strige ; the hindwing showing also an incipient small anal ocellus. 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 9 1,4 to 1, inch. 


Dry-Sreason Broop (Plate 113, figs. 4, a, b,c, d 2). 

Imaco.—Male: Upperside cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a large rounded 
bipupilled ocellus, a well-defined outwardly-oblique discal and .a submarginal darker 
brown fascia, both joining above the posterior angle. Hindwing with a moderately 
large subanal ocellus, an angulated discal brown fascia and a_ well-defined 
submarginal fascia, the inner area between the fasciz on both wings being paler. 
Underside pale olivescent-cinereous, numerously covered with olive-brown speckled- 
strigz at the base and outer border and with paler speckles only on the ocelli areas. 
Forewing with the ocellus large and prominent, the outwardly-oblique discal and the 
submarginal brown fascia distinct and joined together above the posterior angle. 
Hindwing also with two distinctly-defined medial brown fascia, both being angulated, 
the outer one especially; submarginal fascia also prominent; the apical ocellus, 
situated between the subcostals, and the two anal ocelli, very minute. 

Female. Upperside paler; the discal area between the fasciz mottied with pale 
cinereous strige. Hindwing with a minute geminated anal ocellus below the sub- 
anal. Underside as in the male, 

Expanse, ¢ 1,4, * 1,4 inch. 

VOL. I. 


90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—Burma. 

This species is nearest allied to the Malayan P. corticara. The male of the wet- 
season brood of P. Watsoni differs from the same sex of P. corticaria, on the upperside 
of both wings, in haying only one marginal slender brown line, whereas the latter 
species, in both sexes, possess ¢wo very distinctly-defined marginal lines, in addition 
to the submarginal fascia ; the ocellus on both wings of P. Watsoni also have a 
broader and paler ochreous ring. On the underside of P. Watsoni, the strigze are 
more uniformly-disposed, the hindwing not showing the transverse pale fasciz as 
are present in P. corticaria; the ocelli in P. Watsoni have a much broader pale 
ochreous ring, and the ocelli on the hindwing are also larger. 

Distripution.—Specimens of the wet-season brood were taken by Signor 
Leonardo Fea at Palon, in Pegu, during August, and others at Bhamo in November. 
In Major C. H. E. Adamson’s Collection are examples from Kindat in Chindwin, 
taken in November, 1891, and others from Pyoumyoung in the Shan States, taken 
in July. Dr. N. Manders records (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519), under Y. Newara, 
“five specimens of both sexes taken in the wet and dry seasons, in the Shan States, 
one of which was taken in April on the Yatsouk Expedition.” Capt. EH. Y. Watson 
took examples of the dry-season brood at Toungoo in January and March, 1891. 
Dr. J. Anderson took specimens in Burma during the Yunan Expedition. 


PANDIMA MAHRATTA. 
Wer-Season Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2). 
Ypthima Mahratta, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 16. Waterhouse, Aid Indentif. of 
Ins. pl. 179, fig. 1, ¢. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 137. 

Ypthima Asterope, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i, p. 224 (nec. Klug). 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a subapical 
bipupilled ocellus, a slightly darker brown submarginal and a curved discal fascia, 
with paler intervening area bordering the ocellus. Hindwing with a very small sub- 
anal ocellus pupilled with blue. Underside cinereous, very numerously covered with 
short delicate pale-brown strigz, which are uniformly disposed, but in most speci- 
mens show traces of an ill-defined irregular discal brown fascia. Forewing with a 
brownish submarginal fascia which curves below the ocellus and joins the discal 
fascia. Hindwing with a very small distinct and well-formed apical ocellus dis- 
posed between the subcostals, and two similar subanal ocelli of the same size, the 
lowest being bipupilled. 

Hxpanse ig) Lio, eal nel: 

Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 1, b, c, d). 
Ypthima Alemola, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 127. Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 
1888, p. 137. 
Male and female. Upperside of both sexes similar to the wet-season brood. 


SATYRINZ.. 91 


Underside. Forewing also similar. Hindwing finely irrorated with brown scales— 
imperfectly forming strige, which are more densely disposed on the basal half, 
paler and less numerous on the outer half; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a 
medial narrow sinuous angular fascia, and a less-defined submarginal fascia ; a very 
minute apical and two anal black dots, the former disposed between the subcostals 
and generally blind, the two latter sometimes pupilled and ringed. The following 
is the original description of Y. Alemola. ‘‘Male and female. Upperside very 
similar to Y. Asterope, an African species. Underside much paler, and of a different 
hue, greyish-white, very plentifully covered with pale reddish-brown striz, more 
dense in the fore than in the hindwing. Forewings with a brown fascia from the 
costa round the ocellus back to the costa, diffuse and deep below the ocellus. Hind- 
wing with three sinuous fascie across the wing, the first before the middle, the second 
beyond the middle, the third submarginal; one or other of these fasciz is very 
often obsolete ; the striz is denser towards the base of the wing, leaving the outer 
half whitish; two anal and one apical blind dots, in the place of the well-formed 
ocelli with yellow wings of Y. Asterope, one or other of these dots is often wanting, 
in some specimens all are wanting.” 

Expanse, 1,%, to 1, inch. 

Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalayas ; Western and Central India; Orissa. 

This species is allied to the N.-E. African (Aden) species P. Asterope of Klug, 
specimens of which from Lahej, in Aden, collected by Major J. W. Yerbury, are in 
our collection. 

Distrripution.—In the N.-W. Himalayas, the wet-season form of this species has 
been taken by Colonel A. M. Lang in the ‘* Simla Hills in June and July” (MS. 
Notes), and at Naini Tal. Col. C. H. T. Marshall took it in ‘‘Chumba, in March”’ 
(Butt. Ind. 225), and Col. Swinhoe possesses specimens from Col. Marshall taken 
at Chumba in April. Major J. W. Yerbury (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 157) collected 
the wet-season form at Attock and Abbottabad in April, at Campbellpur and Hassan 
Abdal in June and July, at Kairabad in July, and at Abbottabad and Kala Pani in 
July and August. The dry-season form (Alemola) was also obtained at Attock in 
March and April, at Kairabad in April, at Campbellpur in April, at Akhori Hill in 
April, at Hassan Abdal in May, Kala Pani in May, and at Rawul Pindi and on the 
Murree Road in March and April. Both forms being common on the Hills round 
Campbellpur, and on the lower slopes of the Hills near Abbottabad.” Mr. W. Doherty 
doubtless refers to this species (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119), under Y. 
Asterope, as having been collected by him in Kumaon at ‘‘ Bagheswar, Takula, Lower 
Sarfu and Lower Gori, at 2000 to 6000 feet elevation.” In Western India, it has 
been taken at ‘ Hyderabad in Sind” (Butt. Ind. 225). Specimens from Mount 
Aboo are in Major Adamson’s collection. The late Mr. G. H. Wilkinson took it at 

N 2 





92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


Akote. Colonel CG. Swinhoe obtained both forms at Ahmednuggur, and records 
(P. Z. 8. 1885, 127) the wet-season form (Mahratta) as taken in “ Bombay in October 
and November, and the diy-season form (Alemola) at Poona from October to June.” 
At Mhow the wet-season form was taken in “June, July and November, also at 
Neemuck, September to November,” and the dry-season form in February, and 
“from April to July” (P. Z. S. 1886, 423). The late Dr. F. Day collected speci- 
mens in the Dekkan. It has also been taken in “‘ Khandesh and Nagpur, and by 
Mr. J. A. Betham at Amri and Ghindwara, Central Provinces, in October” (Butt. 
Ind. 225). Capt. E. Y. Watson has specimens of the wet-season form, taken at 
Ahmednuggur in August, and also of the dry-season form (Almeola) taken in April. 
Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Ganjam, Orissa, in June. 

This species (Mahratta) is erroneously entered by Mr. G. F. Hampson (Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 350), as having been taken by him in the Nilgiris. The 
specimens in his collection (which we have examined), and are entered in his MS. 
Journal as this species, are labelled as having been taken in ‘‘ Poona by Col. 
Swinhoe.” 


Inpo-Matayan sprctns oF Panprma.—P. Pandocus (Y. Pandocus, Moore, Catal. 
Lep. Mus. H. I. Compy., i. p. 235. Hewitson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 290, pl. 18, fig. 
12). Habitat. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.—P. corticaria (Y. corticaria, Butler, Trans. | 
Linn. Soe. Zool. 1879, p. 537); Distant Rhop. Malay, p. 55, pl. 7, fig. 8. Habitat. 
Malay Peninsula, Singapore.—P. Motschulskyi (Sat. Motsch. Bremer ; Menétries, 
Catal. Mus. Acad. Petr. Lep.i. pl. 6, fig. 5, 1885). Habitat. N. China.—P. multistriata 
(Y. multistriata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 50). Habitat. N. Formosa.— 
P. sempera (Y. sempera, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 125). Semper, Reis. 
Archipel. Phil. Lep. i. 49, pl. 10, figs. 1,2. Habitat. Mindanaro.—P. Stellera (Hipp. 
stellera, Esch. Kotzeb. Reise i., p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 24, 1881). Semper, l.c., p. 48. 
Habitat. Philippines.—P. norma (Y. norma, Westwood, in Doubleday, and Hewits, 
Gen. D. Lep. 395, pl. 67, fig 1, 1851). Habitat. China (? Java). 


Genus LOHANA. 


Imaco.—Wings much shorter and broader than in typical Ypthima. Forewing 
with the cell very broad: discocellulars much more oblique; no visible glandular 
patch, but the lower discal area is clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt 
scales, some longer dentate-tipt scales, and a few long filiform dark androconia with 
tassel-tips. Hindwing with one subapical ocellus, disposed between the lower subcostal 


and the radial veinlet. Palpi slender, apical joint long; antennal club very slender. 
Tyrt.—tL. Inica. 


SATYRIN A. 93 


LOHANA INICA. 
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, 2a, 3 2). 
Ypthima Ariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc. i. p. 224 (1883). 
Ypthima Rara, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 1, 2. 
Ypthima Dedalea, Swinhoe, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1886, p. 423, ¢. 


Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside uniformly dark-brown. orewing with 
a rounded subapical bipupilled ocellus; no visible glandular patch, but the lower 
discal area clothed with short round-tipt or dentate-tipt scales, some longer 
dentate-tipt scales, and many long filiform dark androconia with tassel-tips. Hind- 
wing with a small subanal ocellus. 

Underside pale ochreous-cinereous, uniformly covered with numerous narrow 
brown prominent strigz ; no submarginal shade. J orewing with ocellus, as above, 
prominent, bipupilled, and with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with an apical 
ocellus (disposed between the lower subcostal and radial) and two small subanal 
ocelli, the lowest bipupilled. 

Expanse, 1,49 to 1; inch. 


Dry-Szason Broop (Plate 114, figs. 2, b,c, d,e, d 2). 


Yphthima Inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 284, pl. 17, fig. 5, 2. 

Ypthima Inica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 151 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc, i, p. 225 (1883). 

Ypthima Alkibie, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond, 1886, p. 422. 

Ypthima complexiva, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1886, p. 423, pl. 40, fig, 2, 2 (variety). 


Male and Female. Upperside as in the wet-season brood. Underside pale 
ochreous-grey, very numerously covered with brown strige, more or less uniformly 
disposed on both wings, and with an indistinctly defined incomplete submarginal 
sinuous fascia, which is more distinct on parts of the hindwing, or the hindwing is 
crossed by four more or less defined somewhat clouded brown sinuous fasice, the 
intervening strigose spaces being pale ochreous-grey. Forewing with a prominent 
ocellus, as in wet-season brood, sometimes there is a minute blind ocellule present 
(as in the variety complexiva) between the lower median veinlets. Hindwing with 
three minute, more or less perfectly-formed ocelli, or, black dots, sometimes the black 
dots are obsolescent, as in the typically described Inica. 

Expense, 1,4 to 1,’o inch. 

Hasirat.— Western and Central India, Upper Bengal. 

Distrisution.—The type specimens of the wet-season brood (Ariaspa) were 
obtained by the late General G. Hearsey in the Punjab District, and the late Mr. 


94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


E. T. Atkinson collected it in Western Central India. Colonel C. Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 
1883, 145) also collected the wet-season form in “* Mhow, Central India, in September 
and October 1881,” also recording it (P. Z. 8. 1886, 423) as being “ very plentiful 
in Mhow from May to November ; and at Neemuck in November.” 

In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection are several of the wet-season brood, which 
were taken by Mr. W. H. Irvine at Bholakat, Malda District, Upper Bengal. The 
dry-season brood (Inica Hewitson), of which the type specimen was taken in Malwa, 
Central India, is in the British Museum collection. Colonel Swinhoe records it 
(P. Z. S. 1883, 145) from Mhow, December and February, and in P. Z. 8. 1886, 
422-3) his alkibie, also from ** Mhow, being very plentiful from November to March, 
and at Depalpur in January and February ;” the variety, complexiva, having been 
also taken at ‘‘Depalpur in November.” The type specimens of both the wet 
and dry-season form of this species, referred to above, have all been examined and 
verified by the author. 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 114, figs. 2, 2a represent the 
male and female wet-season brood (ariaspa), figs. 2b, c, d, e, the dry-season brood ; 
jig. 2b being a male similar to the figure of ‘ complexiva,’ and figs. 2c, d, e, being 
typical ‘ Inica’ and ‘ Alkibie.’ 


Genus DALLACHA. 


Imaco.—Wings short. Forewing very broad ; costa much arched, apex obtusely 
rounded, exterior margin almost erect and slightly convex; cell broad, very long, 
extending to more than half the wing; first and second subcostal branches emitted 
before end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distances beyond; upper disco- 
cellular angled close to the subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular convex ; 
subcostal much swollen at the base, median not swollen. No androconia. Hindwing 
short, very broad; cell extending to beyond half the wing; discocellulars long, very 
oblique ; with two apical and two anal ocelli on the underside. Palpi stout, densely 
clothed ; antennz with a very lengthened slender club. 

Typr.—D. Hyagriva. 

According to Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 119) “the 
venation of the forewing shows this species to be a true Callerebia, both the first and 
second subcostals being emitted before end of the cell. The structure of the pre- 
hensores shows the same thing. All the Satyridx known to me, except Ypthima and 
Melanitis, have the uncus branched, and in Hyagriva this part is branched precisely 
as in other Callerebia. The prehensores are scarcely to be distinguished from 
those of C. Annada.” 


SATYRINZE. 95 


DALLACHA HYAGRIVA (Plate 115, figs. 1, la, 3 ?). 


Yphthima Hyagriva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Compy., i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, 
Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1885, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 11. ; 

‘pthima Hyagriva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 152 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. i. p. 226, pl. 17, fig 64, 9 (1883). 


Tuaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent brown; cilia cinereous-brown with 
a paler inner line ; both wings with a dusky-brown submarginal fascia. Forewing 
with a prominent large broadly-oval or rounded subapical black ocellus, bipupilled 
with bluish-white and ringed with ochreous, sometimes a single white pupil only is 
present, and in some a minute ocellule is also present between the lower median 
veinlets. Hindwing with a large round subanal ocellus with a single pupil and 
ochreous ring. Underside deep olivescent brownish-ochreous ; cilia brownish- 
ochreous with a brown line. JMovrewing with the costal edge and outer border 
slightly flecked with brown strigz ; a distinct broad dusky-brown submarginal fascia 
and a slender black marginal line; ocellus, as in upperside, bipupilled, and below it 
is one, or two, white spots between the medians, the lower one being sometimes a 
fully developed minute ocellus. Hindwing numerously covered with dusky-brown 
waved strigz ; a submarginal dusky-brown fascia; a large geminated pair of apical 
ocelli, each with a bluish-white pupil and both encompassed by an ochreous ring; a 
similar geminated pair of anal ocelli, and between the upper and lower medians two 
intervening white dots are generally present. 

Female. Upper and underside as in the male; sometimes a minute anal ocellus 
being present on upperside of the hindwing. Body beneath, palpi, and legs olives- 
cent brownish-ochreous ; antennz brown above and ochreous beneath in male, 
reddish in the female. 

Expanse, ¢ 1;% to 1,4, 9 1, to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. 

Distrizution.—In the late Mr. W. 8. Atkinson’s collection we verified speci- 
mens labelled “ Tavi Valley, Kashmir,” and “ Chumba,” and in a M8. Note, he says, 
*«T have a specimen from Kumaon, and I took two or three near Thana Mandi just 
before crossing the Ruttan Pir. It seemed common there. I also took a specimen 
on the outer hills of Chumba.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “‘ Masuri at the 
end of September, or beginning of October ” (MS. Notes). In Mr. G. F. Hampson’s 
collection are specimens taken by “Colonel A. M. Lang in Gin Chini, Kumaon, at 
5000 feet in September, and at Naini Tal, 6500 feet, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 119) says, “I found Hyagriva not uncommon at various points 
in Kumaon, from 3000 to 7000 feet elevation, during the rains.” ‘* Mr. A. Graham 
Young took it in the Kulu Valley in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 226), 
We have a specimen from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. 


96 . LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus CALLEREBIA. 


Callerebia, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217 ; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868); Ent. Mo. 
Mag. 1868, p. 194. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 243 (1883). 

Ivaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing broad, subtriangular; costa much 
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly convex, posterior angle rounded ; 
cell broad, extending to more than half the wing; costal vein much swollen at the 
base, median vein slightly swollen; first and second subcostal branches emitted 
before end of the cell, the first at some distance before, and the second close to the 
end; upper discocellular short and inwardly-oblique, angled close to the subcostal, 
lower discocellular long, excurved ; upper radial from angle close to the subcostal, 
lower radial from the middle below the end of upper discocellular ; median branches 
at nearly equal distances apart; submedian slightly recurved from the base. Hind- 
wing very broad, obtusely-conical; anterior margin convex, apex round, exterior 
margin convex, anal angle somewhat produced and slightly lobular, abdominal 
margin recurved and convex towards the base; cell long, broad across the middle ; 
first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular 
very oblique, slightly concave anteriorly, radial from above the middle; the middle 
median emitted at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi densely 
hairy to the tip, above, and beneath; antenna with a lengthened slender tip. 

Typz.—C. Scanda. 

Hasrts.—The species of Callerebia “ are autumnal insects of weak flopping 
flight, with an irregular pitching action ; frequenting bare grassy slopes [hybrida], 
or else hedges, copses, and fields near woods [Nirmala and Scanda].” (Col. A. M. 
Lang, MS. Notes). In the Western Himalayas they affect lower elevations than 
the species of Paralasa, and are common in the outer ranges at 6000 feet elevation. 


CALLEREBIA ORIXA (Plate 115, fig. 2, 2a, 3 ?). 
Callerebia Ortxa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 555, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, etc. i. p. 245 (1883). Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 301. 

Callerebia ophthalmica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p, 227, pl. 81 (1887). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown, vinescent in some 
lights; exterior borders shghtly paler; both wings traversed by a slender dusky- 
brown submarginal line ; cilia with a cinerescent-white inner line. Forewing with a 
large prominent subapical rounded black ocellus, which is bipupilled with bluish- 
white and has a broad bright reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small 
round subanal ocellus with a single pupil. Underside paler, but of a brighter and 
redder-brown on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical border slightly mottled 
with cinerescent strige ; the ocellus as above, the submarginal dusky fascia joining 


SATYRINZ. , 97 


a similar discal fascia below the ocellus, both fascia being disposed, anteriorly, close 
to the ocellus. Hindwing with numerous greyish-white transversely-disposed strigz, 
which are most numerous and are somewhat confluent from the abdominal margin 
and less frequent before and below the apex, where their partial absence form an 
upper-discal and upper-marginal fascia of the ground colour; two very small anal 
ill-formed ocelli. 

Female. Upperside paler. Morewing with the ocellus larger, its ochreous ring 
paler, broader and dilated outwardly. Hindwing with the anal ocellus also somewhat 
larger. Underside as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is larger and 
has a broader and paler but less-defined ochreous ring. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;%, to 2;4, ? 2,5 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Khasia and Naga Hills; Manipur. 

Both sexes of C. Oriva are distinguishable from OC. Annada by the larger size of 
the ocellus on the forewing, on both the upper and underside ; and on the underside 
of the forewing having the submarginal and discal conjoined-line disposed close to 
the edge of the ocellus. 

DistriBution.— This species is isolated in its geographical range from the rest 
of the genus. We have specimens taken by Mr. A. O. Hume in the eastern hills of 
Manipur, in May, and others taken by Mr. H. R. Johnson at Shillong in May and 
June, and at Terria Ghat below Shillong in the autumn ” (Butt. Ind. i. 245). Mr. 
W.S. Atkinson took it in Cherra Punji. Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens “near 
Assam’ during his journey to Manipur (Ann. N. H. 1885, 301). Has also been 
obtained in the Khasia Hills by Mr. H. J. Elwes, and in the Naga Hills by Mr. W. 
Doherty. 

CALLEREBIA ANNADA (Plate 115, figs. 3, 3a, b, 3 2). 
Erebia Annada, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, 1. p. 226 (1857). 
Callerebia Annada, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 245 (1883). 
Callerebia Scanda (var. b.), Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 8. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent umber-brown, vinescent-brown in some 
lights, the exterior borders paler; cilia with a whitish-cinereous inner line; both 
wings with a slender dusky-brown submarginal lie. Forewing with a moderate- 
sized obtusely-oval subapical ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and with a narrow 
reddish-ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with a small round subanal ocellus, with a 
single pupil. Underside much paler. Jorewing cinerescent-brown, suffused with 
pale chestnut-brown ; apical border mottled with cinereous strigz ; subapical ocellus 
more prominent, somewhat larger than on upperside, and ringed with pale ochreous ; 
the dusky-brown submarginal line joined to the discal line at the lower median vein, 
the lower area between the lines being bright chestnut-brown, and the lines disposed 
at some distance from the ocellus. Hindwing chestnut-brown ; very numerously 


vou. u. February 28th, 1893. 0 


98 , LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


covered with more or less-confluent cinereous-white transverse strige ; crossed by an 
ill-defined discal brown sinuous fascia, this fascia being dilated anteriorly before the 
apex, and by a less defined upper marginal brown fascia ; two small anal blind ocelli. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler, the ocellus on both wings larger, the one 
on the forewing being round. Underside as in the male, but paler, the ocellus on 
forewing large and round, the ocelli on the hindwing also larger. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2,5, 2 2,5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhotan). 

Distripution.—We have examined, and verified specimens, now in the British 
Museum Collection, taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, at Masuri, 7000 feet elevation, 
in June, 1868, and others taken at Naini Tal, 4000 to 7000 feet, taken in May, 
September and October, in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. We possess specimens 
from Masuri and Kashmir, taken by the late Major H. B. Hellard in August and 
September, and others from Major-General G. Ramsay’s Nepal Collection. Major 
J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records specimens (which are now in the British 
Museum Collection, and have been verified as true C. Annada) “ between Abbottabad 
and Kala Pani, taken on 25th September, 1885, being not uncommon about Kala 
Pani; its [habits here appeared different from those of Callerebia in general, as 
it was flying over stones and low bushes, not affecting the shade; near Tret on 
October 8th, however, C. Annada affected the shade much like C. Nirmala.” Mr. 
W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) records it from ‘“‘ Kumaon generally, from 
5000 to 7000 feet elevation ; first specimen taken on September 22nd.” In Mr. J. 
H. Leech’s Collection, are examples taken by Mr. MacArthur, at Kujiar, 6000 feet, 
in April, at Narkunda in April, and at Kala in August. ‘‘ Mr. Hocking took it in 
the Kangra District ; Major C. H. T. Marshall obtained it in the Chumba State in 
May, and Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Simla. The type is recorded from Bhotan. 
The India Museum, Calcutta, has it from Nepal, and it is probably to be found in 
all the intermediate regions, occurring in the rainy season” (Butt. India, i. 246). 
Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 327) says, “I have no specimens taken in 
recent years in Sikkim, but two which were contained in Mr. Wilson’s Sikkim 
Collection are somewhat larger than those from Kulu and Nepal. Mr. Knyvett’s 
collectors took it in 1887, in the interior of West Bhotan, near the Sikkim frontier.”’ 


CALLEREBIA HYBRIDA (Plate 116, figs. 1, la, 2). 
Callerebia hybrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 147. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc. i. p. 246, pl. xv. fig. 44, J'(1883). 
Callerebia Nada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 306. 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent umber-brown, slightly paler at the 
apex; with arather broad dusky-black submarginal line; cilia cinerescent-brown 


SATYRINZ. 99 


with a slightly paler inner line. Forewing with a subapical obtusely-oval black 
ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark reddish-ochreous. 
Hindwing with a small subanal round ocellus with single pupil. Underside paler. 
Forewing with the discal area suffused with chestnut-brown ; ocellus prominent, ringed 
with pale ochreous; apical border and upper area of ocellus thickly covered with 
cinerescent strige ; submarginal and conjoined discal dusky-brown line prominent. 
Hindwing uniformly covered with dull cinerescent mostly-confluent strigze; crossed 
by a discal undulated sinuous slender brown line, and a less-defined submarginal 
line ; two perfectly formed prominent subanal ocelli of nearly equal size, each with 
a single pupil and pale ochreous ring, above which are four inner submarginal 
cinereous-white ocelloid-dots, which latter are sometimes replaced by well-developed 
minute ocelli. 


Female. Upperside somewhat paler; ocellus on forewing larger. Underside 
as in the male, except that the ocellus on forewing is also larger. 


Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,%,  2;% to 2° inches. 
Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. 


Distinguishable from C. Annada by the shorter and more convex apex of the 
forewing, and on the underside of the hindwing by the more uniformly disposed 
and duller strigz, the sinuous discal line being slender and uniform in width 
throughout its course across the wing, and by the prominent well-formed subanal 
ocelli. 

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 116, figs. 1, la, represent the male and 
female specimens of C. Nada. 


Disrripution.—This species ‘‘is very common in the Western Himalayas, 
throughout the outer ranges, at moderate elevations from May to September” 
(Butt. of India, 247). Colonel A. M. Lang found it ‘‘ very abundant in Middle and 
Upper Kunawur, in June and July, frequenting hot, dry hill-sides ’’ (MS. Notes). 
We possess specimens from Col. Lang, and both sexes obtained by Major H. B. 
Hellard at Simla and Masuri, in June and October ; from Kulu by Mr. J. H. Hocking, 
and from the Jumna Valley, 5000 to 6000 feet, in September, by Major J. W. 
Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in ‘* Kumaon generally, at from 6000 to 
9000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, 119). Specimens from Naini Tal, 
6500 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in May, 1887, and from the Kulu Valley, 5000 
feet, taken by Mr. de Nicéville, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. In Mr, 
J. H. Leech’s Collection are examples taken at Sultanpur in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham 
Young ; others also from Sultanpur taken in September, by Mr. McArthur, from 
Ramband 2000 feet, taken in May, 1889, from Narkunda, taken in April, and from 
Chamba Valley, taken in September by Mr. McArthur. 

02 


100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


CALLEREBIA NIRMALA (Plate 116, figs. 2, 2a, b, c, d,e,$ 9). 


Erebia Nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond, 1865, p. 501. 

Callerebia Nirmala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 247 (1883). 
Callerebia Scanda (var. ¢.), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 217, pl. 4, fig. 9. 

Callerebia intermedia, et C. Cashapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 236 (Varieties). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark olivescent vinous-brown ; cilia 
brownish-cinereous, with a paler inner line. Forewing with an obtusely-oval black 
ocellus, bipupilled with bluish-white and narrowly ringed with dark ochreous ; 
sometimes a minute ocellule is also present between the middle and lower median 
veinlets. Hindwing with a round subanal single-pupilled ocellus. Underside paler. 
Forewing with the costal and apical border speckled with brownish-cinereous scales, 
the discal area broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; ocellus as above, but 
more prominent and paler ochreous ringed, the submarginal and discal upper dusky 
line slightly defined. Htndwing uniformly-covered with brownish-cinereous confluent 
strige ; and crossed by a slightly-defined discal sinuous brown line and a less 
apparent submarginal line, beyond which is a series of four upper white dots, a 
prominent well-formed subanal ocellus, and an anal white dot. 

Female. Upperside as in male, but somewhat paler. Underside also paler. 
Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal 
and discal line less defined; a subanal and an anal ocellus below the upper white 
dots. 

Expanse, o 2, 2 2,% inches. 

Variety intermedia (Plate 116, figs. 2, b, c,d 2). Male and female. Upperside 
similar. Hindwing sometimes with a small ocellus above the upper median. Under- 
side. Forewing less warmly suffused with chestnut-brown. Hindwing uniformly 
speckled with brownish-grey scales; the discal and submarginal brown line being 
obsolete ; with a subanal, or both a subanal and an anal ocellus, and with either one 
or two upper ocelli, situated above and below the radial, one or other of which are 
sometimes obsolete. 

Expanse, d 2; to 2,4, ? 2; inches. 

Variety Cashapa (Plate 116, figs. 2, d,e, ¢?). Upperside similar. Hindwing 
with one, or two, upper ocelli. Underside of similar tints to intermedia. Hindwing 
with a more or less well-formed discal brown sinuous line, and generally three upper 
and two lower ocelli, or sometimes a complete series of six well-formed ocelli, the 
upper ones decreasing in size, and the anal one also small; sometimes the upper 
one, the lower third, and the anal one are either absent or represented by a white 
dot. Probably this is the wet-season brood. 

Expanse, ¢d 2 to 2%, $2; inches. 

Hasitat.— Western Himalayas. 


SATYRINA:. 10L 


DistriBuTion.—Typical OC. Nirmala “is very abundant in Kunawur in June and 
July. It hasa wide range, flies for many months, and is very common. It frequents 
the same ground as C. Nada, but extends also through the habitat of C. Scanda 
almost to the Plains. It appears among woods and glens and damp regions, as well 
as the dry slopes above, in middle and upper Kunawur” (Lang’s MS. Notes). “It 
is very common at moderate elevations throughout the Western Himalayas, from 
May till September. It affects the undergrowth in glades and forests, and may be 
seen on the wing even on damp and cloudy days” (Butt. Ind. 248). Capt. Beckett 
took it in Gurhwal. Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Simla, and Pangi, Busahir, 
in July and August” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty records it from “ Loharkhet, 
Western Kumaon, at from 7000 to 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 119). 
We possess the type specimens of CO. Nirmala, and also the form intermedia, from 
Simla, and of Cashapa, from Masuri, 7000 feet, taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in June, 
from Kangra, taken by Mr. Hocking, and from Simla, taken by Major Hellard in 
June, and from Masuri in October. Specimens are in Mr, G. F. Hampson’s Collection, 
taken by Col. Lang, at Naini Tal, 3500 to 7700 feet elevation in May and June, 
1887. 


CALLEREBIA SCANDA (Plate 117, figs. 1, la, b,¢ 9). 


Erebia Scanda, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 452, pl. 17, figs. 3, 4, ¢ (1844). 
Callerebia Scanda, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist, 1867, p. 217; Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. 
B. M. p. 96 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 244 (1883). 


Twaco.—Male. Upperside dark cinerescent olive-brown, darkest basally and 
with a vinescent tint in some lights; cilia cinerescent-brown, with a cinereous-white 
inner line which is most distinct on the hindwing. Forewing with the apical area 
perceptibly paler and traversed by a narrow submarginal dusky fascia; subapical 
ocellus obtusely-oval, black, bipupilled with bluish-white, and ringed with dull 
ochreous. Hindwing with a subanal round ocellus pupilled with bluish-white. 
Underside paler. Forewing with the ocellus more prominent, the apical area very 
slightly speckled with cinereous scales, traversed by an indistinct dusky-brown 
submarginal and an oblique discal fascia, which are convexly-joined at the lower 
median. Hindwing irrorated with cinerescent-white scales, which are very densely 
disposed towards the inner area and there form more or less-defined strigz; a 
prominent round subanal and a smaller anal ocellus both white pupilled, the latter 
being sometimes bipupilled; above these is a submarginal series of four white 
ocelloid dots. Body beneath and legs above brown; legs cinerescent beneath ; 
palpi cinerescent at the side, with a lateral black streak and black-tipt frontal hairs ; 
antenne brown. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, but somewhat paler. Underside as in the 


102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


male, except that on the hindwing the cinerescent-white speckles are less 
prominent. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2;%,? 2;% inches. 

Hasitrat.—Western Himalayas. 

DistriputTion.—Obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at ‘‘ Narkunda, at 6000 to 
7000 feet altitude, in Lower Kunawur, appearing only when the rainy season has 
set in thoroughly, flying only in July and August, where, in dripping forests about 
moist banks draped in dense ferns, this species flies weakly even during rain, and 
when flying looks parti-coloured—black and white. It is local, extending perhaps 
through seventy miles, and flies only in the autumn in damp regions where and 
when the rainfall is heavy, whereas C. Nirmala extends through at least 200 miles 
from the Plains into the mountains, through damp and wooded regions, and dry 
rocks, hot mountain sides, and through many months of the year” (Lang’s MS. 
Notes). Specimens taken by Colonel Lang in 1887, at Naini Tal 6500 to 7000 
feet elevation in August, are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s Collection. This species is 
“common throughout the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas, as far east as 
Masuri, and is probably found in Kumaon; our collection contains specimens from 
Pangi, taken by Mr. R. Ellis, and from Simla and Masuri’’ (Butt. Ind. i. 245), 
A specimen from Kulu, taken by Mr. Hocking, is in the British Museum, and our 
own collection contains various specimens, among them males from Narkunda taken 
by Col. Lang, and others from the Jumna Valley, 5000 feet, taken in September by 
Major J. W. Yerbury. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it “‘ above Loharkhet, Khati, and 
at Dhankuri, in N.W. Kumaon, at 7000 to 11,000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8. Beng. 
1886, 119). 


CALLEREBIA DAKSHA (Plate 117, figs. 2, 2a, $). 
Callerebia Daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43, fig. 1, g. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). 

Callerebia modesta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown, of a uniform tint throughout; 
cilia cinereous-brown. forewing with an obtusely-oval black subapical ocellus, 
bipupilled with pure white and with a very indistinctly defined brownish-ochreous 
narrow outer ring ; sometimes a minute ocellule is present between the middle and 
lower median veinlets. Hindwing with a round similar subanal ocellus with white 
pupil, and sometimes there is present either one, two, or three upper discal minute 
white ocelloid dots. Underside slightly paler vinous-brown, of a uniform tint 
throughout. Forewing with the subapical ocellus more prominent, beneath which is 
a minute white dot between the upper medians. Hindwing with a prominent round 
subanal ocellus and a smaller anal ocellus, above which is a discal series of five pure 


SATYRINZ. 103 


white dots, the lower of which—and sometimes the two or three lower—appear 
as small ocelli, and in some the anal ocellus is represented by a white dot. Body 
beneath blackish ; legs above and entire palpi blackish ; legs beneath brownish. 

Expanse, 1,6, to 2 inches. 

Hasrtat.— Kashmir. 

Disrrisution.—The type specimens of C. Daksha were taken by the late Capt. 
Bayne Reed at Gulmurg, and Major H. B. Hellard took it in the Jheelum Valley, 
Kashmir, in July and August. “Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at Gond, also in 
Kashmir ; and Mrs. Bazett obtained a large number at Katabal near Gulmurg, at 
8000 to 9000 feet elevation, in June”’ (Butt. Ind. 248). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained 
specimens in the Scind Valley, 7000 feet, in June, 1887. Major J. W. Yerbury 
obtained it at Thundiani in August, 1886. 

Awtiep TrpeTan and CurtnegsE species of Catturepia.—t. Sylvicola, Oberthiir, 
Etud. Ent. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, f. 25. Habitat. Tibet.—C. pratorum, Oberthiir, id. 
1886, p. 25, pl. 4, f. 26. Habitat. Tibet.—C. polyphemus, Oberthiir (Friv. Term. 
Fuz. Magyar Nem. Mus. x. p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 3. Allied to C. Orixa. Habitat. N. 
China.—C. albipunctata, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 31; Lep. China, etc., p. 102, pl. 9, 
figs.5, 6. Habitat. W.China.—C. rurigena, Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., p. 101, 
pl. 9,f. 3. Habitat. Moupin; W.China. C. Delavoyi, Oberthiir, 1891, pl. 18, f. 18. 
Habitat. W. China.—C. ruricola, Leech, id. p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 4. Habitat. W. 
China.—C. savicola (Erebia saxicola, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, p. 32, pl. 4). 
Habitat. Mongolia. 





Genus PARALASA. 


Imaco.—Male. From Callerebia, this genus differs in the comparatively longer, 
narrower and more triangular forewing, longer and much narrower hindwing, and 
in the grooved spatulate-club of the antenna. Venation similar. From typical 
Krebia (EH. Ligea) the forewing differs in being comparatively longer and narrower, 
the costa being more convex, the apex rounded, and the exterior margin more 
oblique. The hindwing shorter, much narrower posteriorly and more produced 
anally, the anterior margin being very short and the apex oblique, exterior margin 
posteriorly convex, the abdominal margin very long and excavated above the angle. 
Body slender, antennz more slender, and with a shorter and broader grooved-club. 

Type.—P. Kalinda. 

In the general pattern of the markings the species of this genus are distin- 
guishable from Callerebia, on the upperside of the forewing, by the ocellus having a 
single white pupil—whereas in all the species of Callerebia there are two white 
pupils ; and on the hindwing in the absence of the subanal ocellus. From Erebia 


104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


it is also easily distinguishable by the absence of the series of submarginal ocelli, 
on a ferruginous band, which are generally present on both wings in most of the 
species of the latter genus. 


PARALASA KALINDA (Plate 117, figs. 3, 3a, b, ¢ 2). 
Erebia Kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 5, 9. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 241 (1888). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1889, pp. 331, 341. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia alternately edged with white 
and brown. Lorewing with a subapical round black ocellus, pupilled with white and 
narrowly ringed with ochreous, below which is an outer-discal chestnut-red patch. 
Hindwing with a lower outer-discal smaller chestnut-red patch, which is nearly or 
sometimes quite obsolete in some specimens. Underside cinerescent-brown. Fore- 
wing with the entire discal area, including the cell, chestnut-red, the subapical 
ocellus more prominent and paler ringed, and the brown apical border speckled with 
cinerescent scales. Hindwing sparsely speckled with distinctly-defined cinereous 
scales, these scales being more densely disposed across the disc and there form an 
ill-defined transverse fascia, beyond which is an outer discal recurved series of white 
dots. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus somewhat larger, and the 
discal red patch much broader. Hindwing as in the male. Underside duller brown, 
in some darker cinerescent-brown. forewing as in the male. Hindwing more 
densely speckled with cinereous scales, the discal white dots less prominent. Thorax 
beneath greyish-black; abdomen beneath and legs beneath greyish; legs above 
brown ; palpi white at the side, frontal hairs black; antennz blackish above, pale 
ringed beneath, club reddish and black tipt. 

Expanse, 3 1,8, to 2, ? 1,%, to 2,4 inches. 

Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. 

Disrrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, who 
remarks that “this is a subalpine Kunawur insect, and is local. I saw very few, 
and at only two places, on the Hill-sides below the Werang and Runang Passes, at 
perhaps from 11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July. It has a weak low flight 
amongst grass and flowers” (MS. Notes). ‘Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the 
Kulu Valley in May. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained numerous males and one female at 
Ulwas in May, and Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Hutchinson took numerous specimens of 
both sexes in Pangi, in June and July, at altitudes of 9000 feet and upwards” 
(Butt. Ind. 241). Dr. G. Watt obtained it in the Pine forests of the Ravi Basin, 
up to 12,000 feet. Specimens are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection, taken by Mr. 
H. McArthur in the Kutie Pass, 7000 feet, N. of Dalhousie, in September, 1889, 
and from Kokser, in Lahul in July, 1888, and from the Kutkie Pass, 85,000 feet, in 


SATY RIN 4. 105 


July, taken by Capt. Thompson, and also from Dugi, 12,000 feet, August and 
September, from Baralacha, August, and from Spiti, August and September, taken 
by Mr. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard took it on the “ South side of Runang 
Pass, at about 12,000 feet, in August” (MS. Notes). 


PARALASA SHALLADA (Plate 118, figs. 1, 1a, b, d 2). 
Erebia Shallada, Lang, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 241, pl. xv. fig. 42, ¢ (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1889, pp. 331, 
341, 

TImaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark velvety olivescent-brown ; cilia brown 
alternately edged with white between the veins, Forewing with a subapical black 
ocellus having one prominent white pupil and an indistinctly-defined brownish- 
ochreous outer ring; below which is a small dark red outer-discal patch, situated 
between the middle and lower median vein. Hindwing with a similar red patch 
extending from above the upper to the lower median vein. Underside. Forewing 
dark red, with the borders dark cinerescent-brown, and the apex speckled with 
cinerescent scales; ocellus larger than on upperside, bipupilled with white and ringed 
with pale ochreous. Hindwing dark-brown, sparsely irrorated with cinerescent 
speckles and short hairy scales, which are somewhat more numerously disposed across 
the disc and there form a very ill-defined curved fascia; beyond which is an outer- 
discal curved series of white dots. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler brown, the dark red patches brighter 
coloured and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct and bipupilled, 
the lower pupil being minute, outer ring pale ochreous ; sometimes there is a minute 
ocellule between the upper and middle medians. Underside as in the male, but 
paler brown and more densely speckled, the subapical ocellus more prominent, 
larger, and brighter coloured. 

Expanse, 2 to 2,%, inches. 

Hasirar.— Western Himalayas. 

Distripution.—This species was first obtained by Col. A. M. Lang, who remarks 
that ‘‘it appears to be very local, as during three or four years collecting in Kunawur 
I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6000 feet altitude, and 
again at 8000 feet, on grass ground and rocky slopes near Wangtoo, above the 
Sutlej,m June” (MS. Notes). Since then Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken a large 
number at Ulwas, in company with P. Kalinda, in May; he also found it during 
May exceedingly plentiful along all the roads in the Station of Dalhousie, and 
through the thick forest as far as Kujiar. Major C. H. T. Marshall also found it 
commonly at Kujiar, near Dalhousie, and at other places in the Chumba State, in 


May ; and Mr. A. Graham Young took it in Kulu in May and July ” (Butt. India, 
VOL. I, P 


106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


i. 141). In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are specimens taken by Mr. H. McArthur 
at Dana, in June, 1888, and from Sultanpur, in Kulu, taken by Mr. A. G. Young in 
1889. 
PARALASA MANI (Plate 118, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2). 
Erebia Mani, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 247. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. i. p. 242, pl. xv. fig. 43, ¢ (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 331, 
341, 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Dusky-brown; cilia alternated with cinerescent- 
white. Forewing with a large somewhat-quadrate bright-ochreous discal-patch, 
which encompasses a round black subapical ocellus having a white pupil and paler 
ochreous outer ring. Hindwing immaculate. Underside paler; cinerescent-brown. 
Forewing with the costal and exterior border darker brown irrorated with cinerescent 
scales, the quadrate ochreous discal patch paler, the ocellus as above, the basal area 
being chestnut-brown.  Hindwing numerously but indistinctly irrorated with 
cinerescent-white speckles and hairy-scales, and crossed by a curved discal series of 
eight prominent white dots. 

Female. Upperside as in male, but slightly paler brown, the discal ochreous 
patch on forewing somewhat larger and also paler; cilia more prominently alternated 
with cinerescent-white. Underside as in male. 

Expanse, d 2, ? 2, inches. 

Hasirat.—Ladak. 

Distrisution.—* Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained six males and two females on the 
Chung Pass on July 10th, and one female at Lingti, on July 16th, all at high 
elevations” (Butt. Ind. i. 242). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens at Skardo, 
13,000 feet, in July, 1887. 

Curnese and other Asiatic species of Paratasa.—P. Megalomma (Erebia 
megalomma, Butler, Cistula Ent. 1. p. 236 (1874). Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 86, 
pl. 9, fig. 2. Habitat. Shanghai, N. China.—P. Cyclopius (Hrebia Cyclopius, 
Eversmann, Bull. Mose. 1844, p. 590, pl. 14, fig. 4. H. Scheeff. Schmett, Eur. i. 
fies. 606-8). Habitat. Siberia; Amurland; Ural.—P. Maracandica (Erebia mara- 
candica, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 13 (1874). Habitat. Central 
Asia.—P. Jordana (Hrebia Jordana, Staudinger, Berlin Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 171). 
Habitat. Khokand.—P. Roxane (Hrebia Roxane, Grum.-Grsh. Romanoff’s Mem. 
Lep. iii. p. 401, 1888). Habitat. Pamir.—P. Herse (Leech, Lep. China, Japan, etc., 
p- 99, pl. 9, fig. 7, 8). Habitat. W. China, 


Genus HEMADARA. 


Imaco—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; costa much arched, apex 
obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein 


SATYRINA. 107 


much swollen at the base. Venation similar to typical Ypthima, except that the 
second subcostal branch arises at end of the cell, and that the cell is, comparatively, 
much longer and broader. With a broad discal glandular patch clothed with afew 
short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt scales, and 
numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base and hair-like 
tassel-tip. Hindwing short, broad, triangular, the costa slightly arched near the 
base, exterior margin obtusely angular in the middle, anal angle somewhat produced 
and almost lobate, abdominal margin long, excavated near posterior angle. Body 
slender, short; palpi very long, obliquely porrect, second joint extending two-thirds 
beyond the front, third joint nearly half length of second, each clothed with long 
projecting hairs in front. Antenne very slender, short, with a moderately slender 
flattened club. 
Typz.—H. Narasingha. 


HEMADARA NARASINGHA (Plate 118, figs. 3, 3a, ¢). 


Yphthima Narasingha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 236 (1857). Hewitson, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 19. 

Ypthima Narasingha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 225. Elwes, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1891, p. 268, pl. 27, fig. 2,?. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown; cilia cinerescent-brown. Forewing 
with a broad inwardly-oblique discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with a 
few short oval serrate-tipt scales, long, narrow, basally-attenuated, jagged-tipt 
scales, and numerous long black androconia with lengthened narrowly-dilated base 
and _ hair-like tassel-tip ; a large subapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and 
narrowly ringed with pale olivescent-ochreous, beyond which is a slender dusky 
submarginal line, which is joined on the lower median vein to a similar discal line. 
Hindwing with a dusky-brown marginal border, which is slightly speckled with a few 
cinerescent scales. Underside olivescent-grey. Forewing numerously speckled with 
brown scales, and crossed by an outer-discal and a submarginal dusky line; ocellus 
as above, but more prominent and brighter coloured. Hindwing numerously covered 
with uniformly-disposed short dark-brown transverse strigz ; an ill-defined outer 
discal series of white dots being more or less apparent, and the outer margin 
posteriorly grey speckled. 

Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the ocellus larger, the submarginal 
and discal slender line apparent. Hindwing as in male. Underside as in male. 
Body and legs beneath, and sides of palpi olivescent-grey ; clothing of palpi blackish, 
tipt with grey ; antenne brown, tip reddish. 

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23, ? 23 inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

Pp 2 


108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Disrrieuti0on.—The only authentic record of the habitat of this rare butterfly is 
that by Mr. W. Doherty, who captured it “ at Bernardmyo, 5400 feet elevation, north 
of Mandalay, where it was very scarce”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 268). 


Genus ZIPAEZTIS. 


Zipetis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100 (1863), Herr Scheffer, Prod. Lep. i. p. 63 (1864). 
Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 98 (1868). Kirby, Syn. Catal. 
D. Lep. p. 103 (1871). 


Zipoetes, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 248 (1883). 
Ziboetes, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1881, p. 86. 


TIuaco, Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa arched, 
apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; costal vein swollen 
at the base; cell broad, long, extending beyond half-length of the wing; first and 
second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, 
upper short and concaye ; upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial 
from above the middle; median veinlets equi-distant apart. Hindwing rather short, 
broad ; exterior margin convex, obtusely scalloped; cell long, rather broad ; first 
subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular long, 
outwardly recurved, radial from above its middle; the middle median veinlet emitted 
at some distance before end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, rather stout, 
compressed, thickly clothed in front with long hairs, third joint stout; antennze 
with a slender gradually-thickened club ; eyes smooth. 

Type.—Z. Saitis. 


ZIPATIS SAITIS (Plate 119, figs. 1, la, b, dQ). 
Zipetis Saitis, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. iii. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 6, ¢ (1863). Marshall and de Nicé- 
ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 78, 9 (1883). 

Imago. Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown, darkest basally ; both wings 
with an ill-defined pale-bordered dusky-black submarginal line; cilia alternated with 
brownish-cinereous. orewing crossed by an outwardly-oblique broad subapical 
purpurescent-white band. Hindwing crossed by a similar white posterior sub- 
marginal band, which is sinuous on its outer edge and is attenuated upwards towards 
the apex. Underside uniformly paler, the dusky marginal lines distinctly pale 
bordered. Forewing with the oblique white band as above. Hindwing with the 
posterior submarginal white band as above, before which is a discal series of five 
prominent black ocelli, two upper and three lower, with white pupils, the upper one 
and the two lowest being minute, the second upper one very large and bipupilled, 
the third about half its size, each ringed with ochreous, the two upper also being 


SATY RIN. 109 


outwardly encompassed by a silvery line, and the three lower by a similar silvery 
line. 

Female. Upperside paler. Both wings with the white bands as in the male. 
Underside much paler; both wings marked as in the male. Body beneath, legs, and 
front of palpi brown; side of palpi whitish ; antennz reddish-brown, black-tipt. 

Hixpanse, ¢ 2,4, to 2,5, % 2;% to 2;% imches. 

Hasrrat.— Hills of South India. 

Distrisution.—‘* Not uncommon on the Western Slopes of the Nilgiris, at from 
2000 to 8000 feet. A brood emerges at the end of September ” (Hampson, J. A. S. 
Beng. 1888, 350). “*Mr. Harold Fergusson took it m May and June, at Mynall 
in the Ashamboo Hills in Travancore, at an altitude of 2600 feet. It is also found 
in the Wynaad” (Butt. Ind. 249). We possess specimens taken by Mr. Bour- 
dillon in Travancore, at 2200 feet elevation in April, and at Mynall at 1800 feet, in 
August. 


ZIPETIS SCYLAX (Plate 119, figs. 2, 2a, b). 


Zipatis Scylax, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. ili. p. 100, Zip. pl. fig. 7 (1863). Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, etc. i. p, 249, pl. 17, fig. 62, 9 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 83 (1887). 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, paler externally and of a cinereous 
ochreous tint. Both wings with two well-defined blackish marginal lines, both of 
which are bordered by a pale cinereous-ochreous line ; cilia pale ochreous-cinereous. 
Underside uniformly slightly paler brown ; both wings with three prominent mar- 
ginal blackish pale-bordered lines. Forewing with an upper submarginal row of 
five small bluish-white pupilled ocelli, which are inwardly bordered by a slightly- 
defined sinuous silvery line. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five very 
prominent black bluish-white pupilled ocelh, two upper, and three lower, the upper 
one being minute, the second very large, oval, and bipupilled, the third very large 
and round, the two lowest small, all being encompassed within a broad silvery band. 
Female. Upperside and underside as in the male. Body beneath brown; legs 
beneath paler ; side of palpi pale ochreous; antenne reddish-brown. 

Hxpanse, 2,4 to 2;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Naga and Khasia Hills. 

Distrisution.—“ Rather a rare insect. Mr. Otto Méller has taken it at 
moderate elevations in Sikkim, and Mr. L. de Nicéville met with it in the Great 
Runjit Valley in October. It probably will be found to occur here and there in the 
lower ranges on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal and Assam” (Butt. Ind. 
249). It is also recorded from the Naga Hills, and we possess specimens from the 
Khasia Hills. Mr. W. H. Irvine obtained it in Sikkim in April. Mr. H. J. Elwes 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) records it as “‘ not a common species in Sikkim, and 


110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


only found in low, hot valleys at 1000 to 8000 feet elevation, from May to November. 
I took it near the Tista Bridge in August, and noticed that its flight and appearance 
were similar to those of an Ypthima.” 


Genus RAGADIA. 
Ragadia, Westwood, Genera of D. Lep, ii. p. 376 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyr., B. M. p. 158 (1868). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 234 (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420 
(1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much arched, apex rounded, 
exterior margin oblique ; costal vein much swollen at the base; cell long, broad ; 
first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave ; upper 
radial from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of 
discocellular; median veinlets very wide apart. Hindwing rather short ; exterior 
margin very convex and slightly uneven; precostal very short ; costal vein much 
curved at the base ; subcostal almost straight, its lower branch emitted at half 
length of the wing ; cell extremely short and acute, the radial emitted from below 
subcostal at about one-third between its base and its branch; upper discocellular 
short, emitted from close to base of subcostal and extending sharply ward, the 
lower discocellular being very acutely bent outward and joining the median vein 
before the origin of its lower branch, the lower discocellular being developed along 
the underside into a narrow elongated glandular pouch, and on the upperside is fur- 
nished with a small tuft of fine long hairs which he along it. Body slender; palpi 
moderately long, clothed in front with rather short hairs, apex slender ; eyes nearly 
naked ; antenuze with a slender gradually formed club. 

Type.—R. Crisia. 

Hasirs.—Capt. Godfrey, who captured &. Crisia in the Malay Peninsula, de- 
seribes it as being ‘found in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the 
early morning, it was several times met with. Its flight beine weak and feeble, but 
it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way through the tangled brushwood ” 
(Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 421). 


RAGADIA CRISILDA (Plate 120, figs. 1, la, b, 2). 
Ragadia Crisilda, Hewitson, Exotic, Butt. iii, Rag. pl. figs. 5,6, 2 (1862). Marshall and de Nicé- 
ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 235, pl. 15, fig. 36, 9 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male.—Upperside dull brownish-black ; cilia cmereous-brown, ore- 
wing crossed by an oblique discal white vein-intersected band, also by the two inner 
and the submarginal band of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. 
Hindwing crossed by an oblique discal and a curved submarginal white band, the 
basal bands and the marginal of the underside also visible. Underside brownish- 


SATYRIN A 111 


black; both wings crossed by six white bands, the basal and submarginal on the 
forewing being slender and less defined, but the latter on the hindwing well formed. 
Forewing with a row of eight small black ocelli, each pupilled with silvery bluish- 
white and with a slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the outer-discal black 
band. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli upon the broad outer- 
diseal black band, with silvery bluish-white pupils and slender ochreous outer ring, 
the upper ocellus being small, the three next large and united, the fifth also large, 
the sixth and seventh being geminated. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the white bands are somewhat 
broader. Underside also as in the male, the white bands somewhat broader and the 
slender marginal band on the forewing well defined. Body beneath pale-ochreous ; 
legs brownish-ochreous ; side and front clothing of palpi ochreous white, the tip 
above brown ; antennz brown, with pale annulations, club with a reddish band. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 1,%, ? 1,% inch. 

Hasrtat.— Khasias ; Silhet; Cachar; Lushais ; Upper Tenasserim. 

Disrrisution.—“ This is apparently a rare insect. It was originally described 
from Silhet, and Colonel A. M. Lang’s Collection contains two males from that 
locality. Mr. Kirby notes it from the Khasia Hills—which, if correct, it probably 
occurs only at the foot of them, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens, 
believed to have been taken in Cachar” (Butt. Ind. p. 235). The late Mr. W. 8S. 
Atkinson possessed specimens from the Khasia Hills and Cherra Punji. In Mr. P. 
Crowley’s Collection are specimens from Shillong and the Lushai Hills. Major C. 
H. EH. Adamson (Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 9) records taking specimens of this insect 
on one occasion only, in October, 1880, flying among long grass on the bank of 
the Aploon Choung, a small stream in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, in Upper 
Tenasserim. 


RAGADIA CRITO (Plate 120, figs. 2, 2a,b, ¢ 2). 
Ragadia Crito, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, g 92. 


Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dull cinerescent-black. Both wings crossed by four 
oblique obscure sullied cinerescent-whitish bands and a less apparent marginal band, 
these bands being those of the underside showing through by semi-transparency. 
Underside of a more brownish-black tint; both wings crossed by five oblique 
prominent white bands and a similar more slender band at the extreme base of the 
wing. Forewing with the outer-discal black band traversed by a row of eight small 
black ocelli, each having a silvery bluish-white pupil and slender ochreous outer 
ring. Hindwing with a series of seven prominent black ocelli, with a silvery bluish- 
white pupil and slender ochreous outer ring, disposed along the broad outer-discal 


112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. . 


black band, the upper ocellus minute, the three next large and united together, the 
fifth large, and the two lower geminated. 

Female. Upperside. Both wings with all the pale bands broader and clearer 
white. Underside. Both wings as in the male, but all the markings more clearly 
defined. Body and legs beneath, and side of palpi pale ochreous-white ; antennz 
black, distinctly annulated with white, club with a reddish band. 

Expanse, ¢ 1,%, ? 2 inches. 

Haszitat.—Bhotan; Upper Assam. 

Distripution.—This species was first taken in Bhotan by Mr. Otto Moller, in 
September, 1888, and was also taken in October, by Mr. Fritz Moller’s native 
collectors. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 266) records it from ‘‘ Margherita in 
Upper Assam,” where several specimens were captured by Mr. W. Doherty. 


RAGADIA CRITOLAUS. 
Ragudia Critolaus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 322, ¢, pl. H. fig. 1, g. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings with the ground-colour about equally 
divided between black and white. Jorewing with the white area commencing on 
the inner margin about half its length from the base of the wing and almost reaching 
the anal angle, extending towards the apex of the wing, which it does not reach, in 
a triangular or wedge-shaped figure, bearing a series of five round black spots 
between the veins, of which the three posterior ones are well-formed and separated, 
the two anterior ones have their outer edges more or less merged into the outer 
black border of the wing; the base of the wing is occupied very obliquely by two 
streaks a little darker than the blackish ground-colour; there is also a narrow 
whitish streak below the costa; the outer margin is broadly black, with its inner 
edge festooned. Hindwing with the dusky basal area crossed by two straight dark 
lines; a broad discal black band touching the costa but not quite reaching to the 
abdominal margin, broadest in the middle, narrowing towards both ends ; the outer 
margin broadly black, bearing a slightly paler line. Underside of both wings 
precisely as in F. crito, from Bhotan, but all the black bands narrower, the white 
ground being consequently more extensive. 

Female differs from the male only in its slightly broader and more rounded 
wings. 

Expanse, 3 1-5 to 1-7; ¢% 1-6 inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

“ Nearest to f. crito, from which it may be known at a glance by the greater 
extent of the white ground-colour on the upperside of both wings, which character 
will also separate it from FR. crisilda equally well.” 

Disrrisutioy.—* Major C. T. Bingham and Mr. L. de Nicéville captured this 


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SATYRINA. 113 


species in considerable numbers in October, 1891, and 1892, in the virgin forests 
at the foot of the Donat Range, Middle Tenasserim, the butterfly always keeping 
in the shade of the great trees, and flying amongst the bushes and brushwood, on 
which it often settled. Its flight is only equalled in weakness and gentleness by 
Leptosia xiphia” (De Nicéville Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1892, p. 323). 

Inpo-MALAYAN species oF RaGapia.—R, crisia (Hiibner, Zutr. figs. 675-6 (1832). 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 420, pl. xix. fig. 7. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang ; 
Singapore ; Borneo.—R. makuta (Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 9, 9a, 
(1829). Habitat. Java; Sumatra.—R. annulata, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
1887, p. 4385. Habitat. N. Borneo.—R. latifasciata, Leech, The Entom. 1891, 
p- 25; Lep. China, etc., p. 92, pl. x. fig. 2. Habitat. W. China.—R. Luzonia, 
Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 305. Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. pl. 8, fig. 1. 
Habitat. Luzon.—f. melindena, Felder, 1. c. 1863, p. 125. Semper, Reisen Phil. 
Lep. pl. 8, figs. 8, 4. Habitat. Mindanao.—R. crohonica, Semper, Reisen Phil. 
Lep. p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8,9, ¢ %. Habitat. Philippines. 


Genus ERITES. 

Erites, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 392 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. FE. C. i. p. 229 
(1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 146 (1868), Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 46 (1882). 
Marshall and de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 235 (1883). 

Ivaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated and narrow, subtriangular ; 
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and nearly even ; costal 
vein much swollen at the base; cell long; first and second subcostal branches 
emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave; upper radial from 
slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets 
equidistant ; submedian vein recurved. Hindwing short, triangularly-ovate ; outer 
margin convex, sinuous, slightly produced at end of upper median; cell long; first 
subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular long, outwardly recurved, radial 
from above the middle; the middle median veinlet emitted*before end of the cell. 
Body slender; eyes prominent, naked; palpi very slender, erect, clothed in front 
with fine long lax hairs, tip slender ; antennz with a gradually slender club. 

Type.—E. Madura. 


ERITES ARGENTINA (Plate 121, figs. 1, la, b, 3 2). 
Erites argentina, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 188, pl. 5, fig. 8, 2 (1868). 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent ; pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown; 
marginal pale ochreous lines slender and sharply defined on the hindwing. Forewing 
subtriangular; crossed by two discal broad dusky-brown bands, beyond which is a 
large posterior round blackish nearly-blind ocellus narrowly ringed with pale 
vou. 1. February 28th, 1893. Q 


114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ochreous, above which is a series of four subapical small similar ocelli. Hindwing 
crossed by two discal bands, the inner band even and dusky-brown, the outer band 
angulated and ochreous with a dusky-brown border, beyond which is a series of very 
prominent nearly-blind small ocelli, the four lower being ringed with ochreous. 
Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with numerous ill-defined 
brown strigw; marginal lines very sharply defined. Forewing with the two discal 
bands distinct and brownish ochreous ; the posterior ocellus very prominent, with a 
large silvery-blue pupil and bright ochreous outer ring, the four small subapical 
ocelli sharply defined and white pupilled. Hindwing with the two discal bands 
bright ochreous, the inner band even, the outer band angulated and _ broadest 
anteriorly, followed by five prominent small submarginal ocelli, each with a silvery- 
white pupil and ochreous ring, the three lower being outwardly-blurred with bright 
ochreous. 

Female. Upperside as in the male. Underside also as in the male. 

Expanse, d 1,8, 2,2 inches. 

Hasirar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Borneo. 

DisrrreuTion.—The type specimens of ZF. argentina are recorded from Labuan, 
Borneo. Major C. H. EK. Adamson caught specimens—which are identical with the 
Bornean type—near Kannee, on the Siamese border, Upper Tenasserim, in October, 
1880. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 121, figs. 1 and la represent the 
male from Upper Tenasserim, kindly lent from Major Adamson’s Collection, and 
fig. 1b the female from Berneo. 


ERITES BEELINGA. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside semi-transparent, pale cinerescent brownish-ochreous. 
Forewing crossed by two discal pale brown narrow bands, beyond which is a very 
prominent posterior black ocellus with pale ochreous ring and pur-blind pupil; the 
three minute subapical ocelloid spots of the underside also sometimes being slightly 
visible. Hindwing crossed by an outer-discal narrow pale ochreous angulated band, 
and a submarginal series of four large black blind-ocelli, all with conjoined pale 
ochreous outer rings; extreme marginal sinuous lines pale ochreous. Underside 
paler and of a mure ochreous tint ; marginal lines slender, dusky-brown ; forewing 
with the basal and apical area very sparsely and indistinctly flecked with pale brown 
strige ; crossed by two discal slender ochreous bands; the subapical minute ocelli 
slightly apparent ; the large posterior ocellus more prominent, brighter ringed and 
with a large bluish-white pupil. Hindwing very sparsely and indistinctly flecked 
with slender brown strigeze; the two discal angulated pale ochreous bands very 
obscurely defined ; the five submarginal ocelli being all very minute. 


SATYRINZ, 115 


Expanse, 1,8, to 2 inches. 

Hasirar.—Upper Tenasserim. 

This species is nearest allied to the Javan H. madura, but is distinguishable 
from it by being smaller, and on the upperside by the smaller size of the posterior 
ocellus on the forewing, and on the hindwing by the series of four black ocelloid- 
spots being conjoined by the unison of their pale ochreous rings. On the underside 
of the forewing, the two discal ochreous bands are somewhat more incurved, the 
subapical ocelli very minute, and on the hindwing the two discal ochreous bands are 
very imperceptibly defined, the submarginal ocelli being all minute and obscurely 
pale bordered. 

DisrriBution.—This species was captured by Capt. E. Y. Watson at Beeling, 
about sixty miles north of Moulmein in Upper Tenasserim, in March and April, 1886, 
the specimens being now in the British Museum Collection. According to Capt. 
Watson (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1888, p. 3) this species is “‘not uncommon 
in Beeling, at moderate altitudes, but very difficult to capture, as it is only found in 
thick bamboo jungle. I found the best plan to have them driven towards me.” 


ERITES ANGULARIS (Plate 121, figs. 2, 2a, b, d ?). 
Erites angularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 825, g. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 46, 
pl. 5, fig. 3, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 236, pl, 16, fig. 50, 
9 (1883). 

Imaco.—Wings semi-transparent; all the markings of the underside showing 
through by transparency. Male. Upperside pale purpurescent fuliginous-brown ; 
cilia cinereous. Both wings faintly showing the numerous slender dusky-brown 
transverse wavy-strige. Forewing subfalcate ; showing two transverse discal dusky- 
brown fasciz, the inner one being straight, the outer recurved ; a large oval dusky- 
black ocellus above the posterior angle, and three, or four, upper subapical less 
apparent minute ocelli. Hindwing faintly showing two transverse discal angulate 
ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five pale ochreous-ringed blind black 
ocelli, the three upper ones small, the two lower large and more defined ; the outer 
marginal border narrowly dusky-black and traversed by two slender pale ochreous 
lines. Underside, pale purpurescent-cinereous, the basal area with a nacreous gloss, 
the transverse brown strige distinct but somewhat confluent towards the apex ; 
prominent black and ochreous lines more distinct, especially on the hindwing. 
Forewing with the two discal dusky-brown fascie prominent; the posterior ocellus 
more distinctly defined, having a large blurred silvery bluish-white pupil and an 
ochreous outer ring, the three upper subapical small ocelli also more or less distinct. 
Hindwing crossed by two moderately broad angulate wavy ochreous bands, both 
bordered by the strigz, the inner band narrowest and traversed by them ; beyond 

Q 2 


116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


is a submarginal series of five small ocelli, each with a minute silvery-white pupil, 
ochreous outer ring and then a blurred circlet of brownish-ochreous speckles. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the ocelli are 
more prominent, the posterior one larger, blacker, and blind; on the hindwing the 
outer-discal angulate band is externally edged by a narrow bright ochreous line, and 
all the ocelli are distinctly ringed with ochreous. Underside slightly paler than in 
male, the transverse strigz confined to the basal area, the transverse discal bands 
on both wings ochreous, those on the hindwing brightest, and the ocelli on both 
wings more prominent. Body beneath, legs beneath and sides of palpi pale ochreous ; 
legs above brownish-ochreous ; clothing of palpi in front dusky-brown ; antenna 
brownish-ochreous. 

Expanse, od? 2,% to 2,4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Pegu ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Disrrisut1loN.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg on the 
Taoo plateau, Upper Tenasserim, at from 3000 to 5000 feet elevation. ‘Capt. C. 
T. Bingham obtained it in the Mepley Valley in January, and in the Thoungyeen 
forests in March” (Butt. Ind, 237). Major C. H. EH. Adamson “ found it common 
at Jayling Choung, near the three Pagedas at the boundary between Burma and 
Siam, in December, 1877, and January, 1878, these specimens being much worn, 
and occasionally in other places in Upper Tenasserim, in April” (Adamson, Catal. 
Burma Butt. p.9). “Mr. W. Doherty took numerous specimens in Hast Pegu, at 
about 1500 feet”? (Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, 268). Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 
p. 47) records it from Perak, in the Malay Peninsula. 


ERITES FALCIPENNIS (Plate 121, figs. 3, 3a, J). 

Erites falcipennis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 287 (1883), g. De Nicé- 

ville, Journ. Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1887, p. 351,,pl. 16, fig. 2, ¢. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent fuliginous-brewn throughout ; 
the outer marginal lines slightly defined. Forewing distinctly faleate ; the transverse 
discal bands of the underside visible, the posterior ocellus prominent, rounded, 
black, with a distinct white pupil. Hindwing with the two discal angulate ochreous 
bands of the underside slightly visible; the submarginal blind-ocelli uniformly 
defined. Underside purpurescent-cinereous, the ‘hindwing posteriorly being tinted 
with ochreous ; both wings with numerous dark brown transversely-disposed 
speckled-strigw ; marginal lines ill-defined. Forewing crossed by two distinct 
brownish-ochreous discal bands; the posterior ocellus very prominent, the small 
upper subapical ocelli minute, but distinct. Hindwiny crossed by two discal 
angulate ochreous bands, and a submarginal series of five small distinct ocelli, each 
with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. 

Expanse, 2,% to 2; inches, 


SATYRINZL. 117 


Hasirat.—Cachar. 

Distrisutron.—‘‘ Mr. J. Wood-Mason took a single male in the forests near 
Silcuri on 6th August, and another male on Nemotho Peak at 3300 feet elevation 
n 25th November” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 351). 

Typo-MAnayaN ALLIED Ertrus.—H. elegans, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 
p. 147, pl. 2, fig. 4, ¢ (1868).—Staudinger, Exot. Schmett., pl. 82 (1887).—Habitat. 
Sarawak, Borneo.—H. uchreana, Staudinger, Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 38. Habitat. 
—?—H. Madura, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a (1829). 
Hatitat. Java. 








Genus MELANITIS. 

Melanitis, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. 
Company i. p. 222 (1857); id. Lep. of Ceylon. i. p. 14 (1880). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 
p. 194; 2d. Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868) ; id. Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869). 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 40 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 250 
(1883). 

Hipio, Hibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). 

Cyllo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 140 (1832). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 120 
(1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 360 (1851). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 
1875, p. 151. é 

Imaco.—Wings moderately short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa 
convex, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, more or less angled below 
the apex and slightly waved below the angle, posterior margin nearly straight ; cell 
very long; first and second subcostal veinlets emitted before end of the cell ; upper 
discocellular twice angled close to subcostal, lower discocellular long and obliquely 
concave, radials from the upper angles; median veinlets wide apart; submedian 
recurved and terminating above the posterior angle. Iindwing short, subovate, 
costa slightly arched, apex convex, exterior margin sinuous and produced into an 
obtuse angle at end of the upper median veinlet, abdominal margin long; costal 
vein curved and extending to the apex ; precostal short; subcostal bent close to the 
costal vein near the base, the first branch ending below the apex; cell broad ; 
discocellular oblique, convex, bent outward above the middle, radial from the angle ; 
middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body short, slender ; palpi porrect, 
compressed, compactly and densely clothed to tip with short scaly hairs, apex obtuse, 
legs slender, antennz slender; eyes naked. 

Apvutt Carerrittar.—Hlongated, somewhat fusiform, slightly pubescent, the 
terminal segment armed with two divergent pubescent fleshy processes ; head large, 
prominent, armed with two vertically erect well-separated pubescent fleshy processes. 
Feeds on grasses. 

Carysatis.—Thick, simple; abdomen dorsally convex; thorax broad and 
dorsally obtuse; head case terminated in an obtuse point in front. 


118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Typr.—M. Leda. 

THe species or M®ELANiTis ARE DiMorPHIC.—The species of this genus have 
two forms, the result of a wet season-brood and of a dry-season brood occurring 
within the year, and to Mr. L. de Nicéville belongs the credit of having discovered 
and proved the fact that the common Indian species, M. /smene, is dimorphic, and 
that the forms hitherto known as M. Leda and M. Ismene were only the wet and dry- 
season broods of one species. 

The two forms in this genus differ, not only in the ocellated or non-ocellated 
markings of the underside, as occurs in the species of the allied genera of 
Mycalesis and Ypthima, but the outline of the wings of the specimens in 
each brood, in Melanitis, also differ, especially in the males, the forewing in the 
males of the wet-season brood being shorter, its exterior margin nearly even or with 
but a very slight angle below the apex; whereas in the males of the dry-season 
brood, the forewing is subfaleate and has a more or less prolonged acute angle below 
the apex ; and in the hindwing, also, of the wet-season brood the angle on middle of 
the exterior margin is short and obtuse, but in the hindwing of the dry-season brood 
this angle is also acute and prolonged. 

Further, the undersides of the dry-season or unocellated-brood are very variable, 
and in their markings and tints of colour they harmonize so completely with the 
coloration of decaying vegetation, that when settled amongst dead leaves and dried- 
up grass, it is almost impossible to see them. 


MELANITIS ISMENE. 
Wet-Srason Broop (Plate 122, figs. 1, la, larva and pupa, 1, b,e,d,e, d 9). 

Papilio Leda, Drury, Exot. Ins. i. pl. 15, figs. 5, 6, 9 (1773). Cramer, Pap, Exot. iii. pl. 196, figs. c, 
D (1780). (nee Linneus).* 

Melanitis Leda, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282, 1807). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. 
E. I. C. i. p. 222 (1857); id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 10, figs. 1, a, b, ¢ 9 (1880). Butler (part) 
Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 1 (1868); cd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 9 (1869). Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 252 
(1883). De Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 4, larva and pupa. 

Oreas M, Leda, Hiibner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 91, figs. 1, 2, 2 (1806-16). 

Hipio Leda, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). 

Satyrus Leda (part) Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 478 (1819). 

Hipparchia Leda, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 8, fig. 9, larva and pupa (1829). 








* The Pap. Leda, Linn. 8. N. 1758, p. 474, is an Amboina species, quite distinct from the Indian. 
See Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi. Linnzeus’ reference to Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297, is not given 
in the 1758 edition, but is erroneously added in the 1767 edit. of Syst. Nat. Edwards’ figure, however, 


represents the dry-season form of our Indian species. 


SATYRIN. 119 


Cyllo Leda, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 361 (1851). Hewitson, Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool. 1864, 
p. 144. 
Melanitis determinata, Butler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. vi. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent umber-brown; cilia 
alternated with whitish-cinereous. Forewing with two superposed more or less- 
defined subapical black confluent ocelloid spots, one on either side of the upper 
median veinlet, the lower spot large and rounded, the upper narrow, both more or 
less obscurely bordered by a pale ferruginous ring, which is generally apparent only 
on their inner side, and each with a pure white pupil; there is also a very diffused 
and indistinctly-defined blackish patch before the apex and a similar patch internal 
to it extending into the cell, these two indistinct patches being divided by a slightly 
perceptible pale ferruginous bar. Hindwing with a series of submarginal more or 
less defined ocelloid spots, varying in number and distinctness, as disposed on the 
underside, the three posterior generally being mostly defined and with a white pupil 
and obscure pale ferruginous outer ring, the upper spots usually being obsolescent. 
Underside pale ochreous or purpurescent-cinereous, uniformly covered with 
numerous dark brown strigx, the forewing generally showing a more or less slightly 
defined transverse subbasal, medial, and a discal narrow brown fascia, which are 
formed by confluent strige, and the hindwing generally showing a slight subbasal 
and more or less distinct medial similar fascia. Forewing generally with a series 
of five submarginal black ocelli, the two upper small, the fourth larger and most 
prominent, but further removed from the outer margin, the fifth also small, each 
pupilled with bluish-white, ringed with pale ochreous and by an outer slender brown 
ring ; sometimes the upper ocellus, the third and the lowest are minute or obsolete. 
Hindwing with a submarginal series of six prominent black ocelli, the upper one and 
the sixth being the largest, the others decreasing from the second, the sixth also 
small, each bluish-white pupilled (the anal one being sometimes bipupilled), rmged 
with pale ochreous and by an outer brown ring. 

Female. Upperside as in the male; the ocelloid black spots larger, more 
defined, and with larger white pupils, a small ocelloid spot also sometimes being 
present on the forewing between the middle and lower medians. Underside also as 
in the male, with the ocelli larger and more prominent. Body beneath, legs, and 
palpi pale ochreous-cinereous ; antenne pale brown, club dusky with a reddish 
tip. 

Expanse, 2, to 3,%) inches. 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, c, d, e, $ $). ; 


Papilio Tsmene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, figs. a, b (1775). Edwards’ Birds, pl. 297. 
Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 14, pl. 10, figs. 2, 2a, g @ (1880). Distant, Rhop. 


120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Malayana, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 9, 11, 12, ¢ (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. 
1. p. 256, pl. xii. fig. 28, § (1883). 

Papilio Mycena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 291, fig. r (1782). 

Papilio Arcensia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. c (1782). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat pale olivescent-brown, the costa of 
forewing and the exterior margins slightly paler and speckled with vinescent- 
cinereous scales ; cilia brown, slightly pale-edged. Forewing more acutely angled 
below the apex than in the wet-season brood, with the apical area dusky-brown, the 
subapical black spots larger, more prominent and corfluent than in the wet-season 
brood (Leda), the white pupils also larger, and the ferruginous inwardly-defined ring 
and upper bar broader and brighter in colour; sometimes, though but rarely, there 
is asmaller narrow black spot attached to the lower one. Hindwing with only the 
posterior ocelloid spots present, which are very small, or sometimes almost obsolete 
or represented only by the white dot. Underside extremely variable; the ground- 
colour in some being pale buff-brown, cinerescent-brown, ochreous or ferruginous- 
brown, ochreous, dark-brown or almost black, with various intermediate shades 
between these colours. Usually both wings are crossed by darker fasciz, as in wet- 
season brood, which, in some, are narrow, in others broad, the outer fascia being 
generally more sharply defined along its exterior edge. Both wings are numerously 
covered with strigz of darker colour than that of the ground-colour, and some have 
the fascize broadly blotched of a darker colour, resembling fungi on dead leaves, or 
the entire surface of both wings may be darkly mottled throughout. On both 
wings the ocelloid spots are more or less obsolescent, or indicated by whitish dots, 
and in some few instances the ocelli are all indistinctly defined. 


Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat paler. Underside 
generally paler than in the male, and, generally, of shades of ferruginous ground- 
colour, with darker strigz and transverse fasciz; the ocelloid spots as in the 
male. 

Expanse, 2,5 to 3, inches. 

Aputr Carerpittar.—Long, slender, somewhat fusiform, rough; terminal segment 
armed with two divergent setose fleshy processes; head prominent and armed with 
two erect obtuse setose fleshy processes; ‘‘ colour grass-green with a yellow lateral 
line and many rows of very small white spots ; head normally green, with the horns 
and a continuing cheek-stripe red and three black spots on the face, but sometimes 
the head and horns are dark brown with three white spots on the face” (Aitken, 
Bombay, 1890). Feeds on grasses. 


Curysauis.—Thick, smooth, abdomen dorsally convex, head case terminating 
in an obtuse point in front; colour, pale watery green without markings. 


SATYRINZ. 121 


Hasitat.—Throughout India; Ceylon; Burma; Andaman and Nicobar Isles ; 
Malay Peninsula. 

Dimorruic Spectuen oF Fematy with the markings peculiar to both seasonal 
forms occurring in the same specimen.—A specimen of the female, from Berhampur, 
Ganjam District, Madras, taken in October by Capt. E. Y. Watson, has the upper- 
side of both forewings as in the dry-season form (Ismene), with the left-hand 
hindwing of the upperside having the two median ocelli of the same large size as in 
the wet-season form, and the right-hand hindwing with these ocelli minute as in 
dry-season form both on the upper and underside, whereas, the underside of the left- 
hand hindwing have the ocelli large, as in the wet-season form. 

REARING OF THE TWO FORMS OF THIS SPECIES IN Catcurra by Mr. L. de Nicéville. 
In the Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, p. 237, Mr. de Nicéville says, ‘I 
did not keep a very exact record of dates in breeding this species, as the transforma- 
tions had been previously recorded, but, from eggs laid by M. Leda in August, I 
bred, on September 6th, a female of M. Leda; on the 7th another female; on the 
8th two female M. Ismene, one with distinct ocelli and therefore an intergrade 
between M. Leda and M. Ismene, though nearer the latter ; on September 9th one 
male and two females of M. Ismene; on September 10th three males and four 
females of M. Ismene, several of which are intergrades, and one male of M. Leda; 
on September 11th two males and one female (the latter a highly ocellated specimen) 
of M. Ismene; and on September 12th one male of M. Isimene; the total result 
being that from nineteen pupe bred from eggs laid by true M. Leda I obtained 
three specimens (1 ¢ 2 ?) like the mother, and sixteen specimens (7 ¢ 9 ?) of 
M. Ismene, several of which, though transitional forms, were yet all nearer to M. 
Ismene than to M. Leda. My efforts to breed a second generation failed, all the 
specimens dying without coupling or laying eggs.” 

Description of the larve of the wet-season brood, reared from the egg, in Lucknow, 
1860, by the late Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette: “ Larva; After first moult, two- 
fifths of an inch long; ground-colour grass-green; dorsal line well-defined, dark- 
green ; lateral line broad and interrupted, yellow, placed close over the legs; anal 
segment terminating in two long pointed tails, giving it a forked appearance ; 
abdomen and legs green; head large, blue-green, circled with deep carmine and 
having on the top two long appendages, like little horns, of the same colour; the 
carmine does not quite circle the head, the part where the circle is incomplete 
being the space between the two horns; on either side of the head is a milky streak 
bordering the carmine circle. Head and horns, hairy; body rugose, from being 
covered with yellow piliferous spots. After last moult: Length 1 inch; cylindrical, 
tapering much posteriorly and a little anteriorly ; rugose; ground-colour and general 
characters as after first moult. Feeds on the leaves of Saccharum Ravenne. 

vou. I. R 


122 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA. 


Habits slow. Went into chrysalis 3lst August. Chrysalis (pendule) green, with 
a little brown fascia on either side. Imago emerged 7th September” (From 
original M8.) 

Notes on Hasits or Imaco.—In the Western Himalayas ‘these insects 
inhabit dark, thickly shaded, gloomy hill-slopes clad with oak (Quercus incana) and 
creel (Pinus longifolia). On very hot days, they may be seen flying with a short 
jerky flight in the shade of the trees, just within the line of sunlight. On such days 
it 1s curious, as you tread the forest path, to see it rise suddenly at your feet, and 
disappear as quickly withm a yard. On the wing it is of course plainly seen, 
except in very dark corners, but the moment it settles among the dry spikes of the 
pines, and the brown scanty vegetation which struggles for bare existence under 
these trees, it is lost, and it requires much experience of its ways and keen eyes to 
find it lying within a foot or two of your path. The genus Melanitis mimics on the 
underside of the wings many species of fungi, and this, with the sober colouring of 
the upperside, increases the difficulty of finding the insect amid the débris of the 
forest ; the underside is very variable, scarcely two being exactly alike, and this 
may arise from the fact that they mimic the fungus most common at the time and 
place of flight”? (Rev. J. H. Hocking, Sci. Gossip, 1882, 271). In Southern India 
‘« these are insects of the dusk, coming out after the sun is down, and dancing round 
the roots of trees in company, after the manner of fairies. A little later they come 
out of their haunts and fly straight up into the air as far as the eye can follow them. 
They are thirsty creatures, and will gather in numbers where water has been spilt 
on the ground, but they prefer whiskey. I found the larve feeding on grass; the 
larvee is difficult to find, being a night feeder and very shy. As the species of grass 
on which it feeds grows during the monsoon only, except where there is water, this 
species is in season all the latter part of the rainy season, and in some places for a 
short time they almost jostle each other for room. About October, when vegetation 
is drying up, it gives place to the form Ismene. I have noticed it on alighting fall 
over on its side until it was almost horizontal, which very much enhanced its like- 
ness to a dead leaf. In Guzerat and Bombay we have reared the larva on Grass. 
In Karwar we found it during August and September on Rice. It is very shy, 
resting by day on the underside of a blade and feeding by night” (EH. H. Aitken, 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1886, 129, id. 1890, p. 267). ‘‘ Larva and perfect 
insect very common on the Western Coast amongst the long grass. The perfect 
insect affects dark places during the day time. It seems to me to migrate, and from 
the mountains to below sometimes in great numbers. I have traced them on the 
move from 2000 feet high to the sea coast” (S. N. Ward MS. Notes). 

Of our illustrations of this species plate 122 represents the male and female, and 
lary and pupx of the wet-season brood, fig. 1 being the larva and pupa reared in 


SATYRINZE. 123 


Madras by the late Sir Walter Elliot, and reproduced from his original drawings ; 
fig. la is the larva and pupa reproduced from Mr. L. de Nicéville’s figure in Journ. 
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, pl. 12, fig. 4; plate 123, figs. 1, a, b, c, d, e, 
represents the male and female of the dry-season form. 

DistRIBUTION WITHIN INDIAN AREA.—This species is extremely common in many 
parts of the country, and has a very wide range. It is found throughout India, 
and occurs in the Himalayas at low elevations; also Upper and Lower Burma, 
Tenasserim, the Mergui Archipelago, Andaman and Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. “ It 
is on the wing more or less throughout the year. The upperside is fairly constant 
in coloration throughout its range, some specimens, however, having the ground- 
colour darker than others ; but the underside of the dry-season form varies strangely 
even in the same locality, and in their markings and tints they harmonize so com- 
pletely with the autumnal coloration of decaying vegetation, that, when settled 
amongst dead leaves and dried-up grass, it is almost impossible to see them” (Butt. 
of India, 1. 257). 

We possess specimens from Cashmere, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed, 
and from the N.-W. Himalayas. ‘“ Mr. C. J. Rodgers took the dry-season form 
below Dalhousie. In the neighbourhood of Simla Mr. L. de Nicéville took two 
specimens only in four years’ collecting. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a single 
specimen from Masuri’’ (Butt. of India, i. 257). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the 
“Tarai and low valleys of Kumaon up to 4000 feet, capturing the wet-season form 
in August and September, and the dry-season form in October and November ”’ 
(Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120). The Rev. J. H. Hocking obtained it in 
the Kangra District. We possess specimens from General G. Ramsay’s Nepal 
Collection, ‘‘ the wet-season form being rare in the Valley of Nepal, but the dry- 
season form is very common in the rice-fields”” (Ramsay’s MS. Notes). Mr. H. J. 
Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 328) says, ‘“‘it occurs in Sikkim all the year round 
at low elevations, and I have taken the wet-season form in July as high as 7000 
feet, but it is not so common in Sikkim as in the plains.” Capt. A. M. Lang (Ent. 
Mo. Mag. 1864, 182) records “ both broods common in Oudh and Umballa, always 
flitting about under the shade of trees, or lurking in long grass. I reared the larve 
on Saccharum Ravenne.’ At Saugor, Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette (Ann. N. H. 
1865, 37) found the dry-season form ‘‘more common of the two. They fly at 
sunset under the Neem trees (Azadirachta indica), resting for a long time motionless 
on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will 
fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.” 
Capt. H. B. Hellard took it at Allahabad. Major J. Le Mesurier, R.E., obtained it 
in Sind, Capt. Lloyd in Kattywar, and Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1884, 504) records 
‘‘both forms are apparently common in places in the interior of Karachi; LI have 

RB 2 


124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


seen it from Hydrabad, but they are apparently very rare on the coast. I obtained 
one wet-season form at Karachi, and there is one of the dry-season form labelled 
Karachi in the museum,” ‘‘ It is comparatively rare in the Punjab; in the North- 
Western Provinces it is much commoner, but throughout Central and Peninsular 
India and Bengal it is very common” (Butt. Ind. i. 257). Col. C. Swinhoe (P. Z.8. 
1886, 422) records taking ‘‘ the wet-season form at Mhow in June, July, September 
and October, and the dry-season form commonly during the cold weather from the 
latter end of October to beginning of March. I have, however, taken one of the 
latter in June.” Dr. Forsayeth (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1884, 377) records rearing, and 
describes the larvee, at Mhow. In Bombay ‘it is common in all moist places, the 
wet-season form from July to October, and the dry-season form all the year round, 
being very plentiful in the cold season” (P. Z.8. 1885, 126). Mr. G. F. Hampson 
(J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1888, 351) obtained it on the Nilgiri Hills at 3000 to 4000 feet 
elevation, the wet-season form, April-August, the dry-season form, August, 
November, December and February, being common in forests.” Capt. HE. Y. 
Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 2) records ‘ the wet-season form taken in 
Mysore, October, November and December, and the dry-season form in November 
and December.” 

In Madras, the late Sir Walter Elliot reared the wet-season brood from “ larve * 
found on Guinea Grass, changing to pupa on October 29th, the butterfly emerging 
on November 7th” (MS. Notes). 

Mr. J. Rothney (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34) found it common “in the neighbourhood 
of Calcutta, but difficult to catch; always found in shade, either under Bamboo or 
Mangoe topes; fond of settling, when disturbed, in cactus hedges.” ‘ In Calcutta it 
is common, both in the rainy and dry seasons. Keeps in shade under trees and 
bushes and amongst dead leaves during the day, but flies about rapidly in the 
evening” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A.S. Beng. 1885, 43). Mr. J. Wood-Mason records 
(J. A. 8S. Beng. 1887, 352) * the dry-season form from Silchar and Silcuri in Cachar, 
in April and end of May, and the wet-season form in May, July and August.” It is 
also found in Silhet and Assam. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 9) says it is 
**common throughout Burma. I have bred the wet-season form from the egg; the 
larvee feeds on the rice-plant, remaining in the pupa state fifteen to seventeen days ; 
the dry-season form very common at all times of the year except May and June.” 
Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season form at Bhamo in October. Capt. 
EK. Y. Watson (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 35) records “the wet-season form, 
taken during the Chin Lushai Expedition, at Pauk in September, and at Pokoko in 
October, and the dry-season form at Pauk in November, and at Tilin from November 





* Figured on our Plate 122, fig. 1, from Sir W. Elliot’s original drawings. 


SATYRINAE. 125 


to May.” Dr. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) took it in the “ Shan States, 
Eastern Burma, where it is abundant at low elevations.” In Upper Tenasserim, 
Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 824) records the dry-season form taken in 
December at Ahsown, 2000 feet, Moulmain, Meetan, at 300 feet, Naththoung to 
Paboga, and at Moolai, 3000 to 5000 feet.” Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A.S. Beng. 1887, 
417) records it from Tavoy. Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 32) 
* obtained the wet-season form in Mergui, December and end of April, the dry-season 
form at Mergui in March and April, Owen Island in January, King’s Island in 
January, and Elphinstone Island in March.’ Mr, F, de Roepstorff obtained it at 
Fort Blair, South Andamans (Moore, P. Z.8. 1877, 583), and Mr. J. Wood-Mason 
(J. A. 8. Bengal, 1882, 16) from Kamorta Island, Nicobars. In Ceylon, according 
to Major Hutchison, it is “found at all times in the Western and Central 
Provinces, in grassy places, both in the plains and hills up to 2000 feet ; flying at 
dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely by day. Settles down in grass” (Lep. of 
Ceylon, i. p. 15). According to Mr. F. M. Mackwood the wet-season form affects 
the low country in Ceylon, having a range up to 3000 feet, and is very abundant 
especially from November to January, but is found all the year round; the dry- 
season form (Ismene) being found in the up-country, from 2000 feet and upwards ” 
(MS. Notes). 

DistrisuTIoN wiTHIn Inpo-Matayan Area.—Mr.'W. Distant (Rhop. Malayana, 
p. 41) records it from the Malay Peninsula and Penang. We possess specimens from 
Malacca, Nias, Sumatra, and Java, the latter bred from larve by the late Dr. 
Horsfield. Mr. H. Druce (P. Z. 8. 1874, 104) enumerates it from Chentaboon. in 
Siam. We have it from N. China. 

We also have it from 8. Borneo, and Mr. W. B. Pryer (Distant, Ann. N. H. 1887, 
48) obtained it at Sandakan, North Borneo. The late Robert Swinhoe (P. Z. 8. 1878, 
690) took it in the Island of Hainan, and also in the Island of Formosa (P. Z.S. 
1866, 360). Herr G. Semper (Lep. Philippen, pp. 40, 41, pl. 9, figs. 1-4) records it 
from the Philippines. Mr. H. Pryer (Butt. of Japan, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8) describes 
and figures both forms from Japan. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1881, 90) also 
states that it is ‘ found in Nikko, Japan.” 


MELANITIS TAMBRA. 
Wer-season Broop (Plate 124, figs. 1, a, b,c, d 9). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark dusky olivescent-brown. Forewing with the 
exterior margin almost straight below the apex; the ordinary subapical black 
spots not defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown ; 
the veins grey and black speckled; thickly covered with strige, which are cinereous- 
ochreous and most dense on the basal area and brighter ochreous but less defined 


126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


on the outer area; fasciz indistinctly darker, submarginal ocelli small, fully 
developed. 

Female. Upperside much paler olivescent-brown. Forewing angled below the 
apex; with the subapical dusky-black confluent spots and costal patch obscurely 
defined, the spots white pupilled, the upper pale bar very obscurely brownish- 
ochreous. Hindwing with three small posterior submarginal white dots. Underside 
pale bright ferruginous, with darker strige; the fascie prominently defined and 
covered with more uniformly-disposed darker strigw, their outer edges waved, that 
of the discal fascize on forewing being distinctly sinuous, their interspaces and basal 
area of hindwing and outer border of discal fascia paler; the ordinary dusky black 
cell spot on hindwing ; the submarginal ocelli small, well developed. 

Expanse, d 2,5, ? 23% inches. 


Dry-sEason Broop (Plate 124, fig. 1, larva and pupa, 1 d, e, f, ¢ 9). 
Melanitis Tambra, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 2, a, b, ce, ¢ 2, larva and pupa (1880). 


Imaco.—Upperside dark olivescent-brown, apical area and outer borders slightly 
paler and obscurely speckled with ferruginous or cinereous-ferruginous scales. Fore- 
wing somewhat angled below the apex; with two very obscure small ,ordinary 
subapical blackish confluent-spots, with a single white pupil on its upper portion, 
but in some a lower white dot is slightly apparent. Hindwing without markings. 
Underside very dark ferruginous or purplish-ferruginous ; veins alternately blackish 
and pale ochreous speckled ; more or less numerously variegated with pale ochreous 
strigze, which are more dense and confluent between the fascize on the forewing, and 
the basal area and end of cell on the hindwing; the transverse ordinary fascize 
darker, those on forewing diffused, the outer one broadly greyish washed externally, 
most apparent on the hindwing, but paler and more ochreous on the forewing, 
especially on the dilated upper end before the apex. Both wings with the sub- 
marginal ocelloid spots small, ochreous-brown ringed, those on the hindwing being 
most distinct. 

Female. Upperside paler and of a ferruginous olivescent-brown tint, the costa 
and apex of forewing and outer borders suffusedly speckled with pale brighter 
ferruginous. Forewing more acutely angled below the apex than in the wet-season 
form ; with the subapical black confluent-spots large, each with a prominent white 
pupil, the upper one large, the lower small, the pale ferruginous ring obscure, the 
upper ferruginous bar more defined, the contiguous dusky costal patch blackish. 
Hindwing with three, or four, posterior submarginal minute white spots. Underside 
much paler and brighter ferruginous than in the male; the fascie more defined and 
more uniformly strigose, their interspaces and basal area of hindwing not pale mottled, 


SATYRINZE. 127 


the ordinary dusky blackish spot in cell of hindwing being distinct ; submarginal 
ocelloid spots more or less developed. 

Eixpanse, 3 2; to 2;%, % 2;% to 3 inches. 

Catrrrittar.—Hlongated, thickened in the middle; head with two long pubes- 
cent red processes; anal segment also with two processes ; colour green, with 
longitudinal and transverse darker lines ; face striped with red. 

Curysatis.—Green. Head and thorax flattened. 

Hasirat.—Ceylon. 

Distripution.—* Found in the Western and Central provinces; in the plains, 
and up to 3000 feet elevation. June to September” (Hutchison, Lep. Ceylon, i. 
p- 16). Mr. E. E. Green obtained it at Pundaloya in January, March, April, May, 
July and October, and at Ramboda, Kandy, in January and April. 


MELANITIS BETHAMI. 
Wer-season Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1, la, b, d 2). 
Melanitis Bethami, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 451. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky fuliginous-brown, the outer borders palest ; 
cilia brown. Forewing very slightly angled below the apex; with a well-defined 
subcostal nearly round ochreous patch before the apex, divided by the brown radial 
veinlets. Hindwing unmarked. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, densely and 
uniformly covered with ochreous-cinereous strige; the outer border ferruginous. 
Forewing with four ordinary small obscure white-pupilled ocelli. Hindwing with 
a series of six submarginal prominent ocelli, the upper second minute, the anal 
geminated, the other four nearly equal and much larger, each pupilled with white. 

Female. Upperside. Both wings much paler than in the male. Forewing 
more broadly angled below the apex; with the entire apical area broadly pale 
ochreous, on which is placed a round black spot with white pupil, situated between 
the upper and middle median veinlets, also a minute obsolescent ocellus below it and 
three above it. Hindwing with a small posterior submarginal black spot between 
the middle and lower medians, pupilled with white. Underside. Both wings with 
the ground-colour pale purpurescent-ochreous, densely covered with darker brown 
strigze, the basal area and outer borders of the discal fascia slightly washed with 
pale purpurescent-cinereous ; the ocelli as in the male, but rather larger; the outer 
margins ochreous. J orewing with an obscure ochreous oblique medial and a waved 
discal narrow fascia, and the hindwing with a medial excurved similar fascia, the 
two latter somewhat most defined. Body beneath, and palpi cinereous-ochreous 
speckled ; legs brown; antennz brown, with a pale ochreous tip. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,%, % 3 inches. 


128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Dry-srason Broop (Plate 125, figs. 1,¢,d,e, ¢ 2). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside much deeper dusky-brown than in the wet-season 
form, the colour having a purpurescent tint, and the outer borders are thickly 
speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales. Forewing with a more acute and 
prolonged angle below the apex than in male of the wet-season form; the large 
apical patch being of a rich ochreous and darkest inwardly, the patch extending 
from within the end of the cell to the cinereous marginal border; the ocelloid spots 
being obscurely defined. Hindwing unmarked; the tail much prolonged. Under- 
side very densely purpurescent-brown or purpurescent olive-brown, the cinerescent 
strige very irregular and more or less indistinctly disposed and mottled, the basal 
area darkest, the outer discal washed with cinereous; the ocelloid spots smaller, 
very ill-defined. 

Female. Upperside much paler than in the male, with less distinct cinereous 
margins. Forewing even more acutely angled below the apex than in male; the 
rich ochreous apical patch occupying about half the wing, extending more or less 
well into the cell and to the posterior angle, the enclosed ocelloid spots being 
present as in the female of the wet-season form, or the two ordinary-disposed 
subapical black spots are developed, but both well-separated, more or less elongated, 
and with a distinet white pupil. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior submarginal 
white dots. Underside. Both wings dusky ochreous, with uniformly-disposed 
dark brown strige, which are sometimes more or less irregularly blotched ; the 
submarginal ocelloid spots also blotched. 

Expanse, 3 3 to 3,%, ? 3; to 3,% inches. 

Hasirat. 

DisrrisuTion.—The type specimens of this beautiful species were ‘‘taken by 
Mr. J. A. Betham at Pachmari, a Sanatarium in the Satpura Hills, Central Provinces, 
at an elevation of 3500 feet, the wet-season form having been captured in August, 
and the dry-season form in October.” Mr. Betham (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1890, p. 160) states that “it has the same habits as M. Leda, and has only 
been found about Pachmari, where it is fairly abundant.” 





Satpura Hills, Central Provinces. 


The illustrations of this species on our Plate 125 represent the male and 
female of both the wet and dry-season forms, from the type specimens kindly lent 
for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. 


MELANITIS BELA. 


Wet-season Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 
Cyllo Aswa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 769, ¢. 
Melanitis Aswa, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 253 (1883). 
Cyllo tristis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 463 (1867), 3. 


SATYRIN ZL. 129 


Ivaco.—Male. Forewing with but a very slight angle below the apex. Upper- 
side uniformly dark olivescent umber-brown, the outer borders slightly paler; cilia 
entirely brown. Typically both wings are unspotted, but in most specimens the 
forewing has one, or two, obscurely-defined subapical white dots, the lowest some- 
times black-bordered, and the hindwing has a submarginal white dot between the 
lower and middle medians. Underside dark purpurescent-brown, or dark ferru- 
ginous-brown, uniformly covered with short grey or ochreous-grey strige; the 
forewing crossed by three, more or less obscurely-defined, darker and brighter 
coloured narrow ordinary fasciz, and the hindwing by a narrow discal similar fascia, 
the outer borders also with a more or less-defined fascia. Forewing with five more 
or less defined minute ocelli, composed of a black spot, white pupil, dull ochreous 
ring, and a darker brown outer circlet. Hindwing with a submarginal series of six 
well-defined black ocelli, each with a large bluish-white pupil, narrow ochreous ring 
and dark brown outer circlet, the lowest sometimes being geminated. 

Female. Forewing somewhat more angled below the apex than in male. 
Upperside paler. Forewing with two obscurely-defined subapical black confluent 
spots with white pupils, and a minute white dot nearer the apex; the dusky-black 
subcostal pale-bordered patch more or less apparent. Hindwing with a submarginal 
series of five small white-pupilled black spots, the upper and lowest minute, the 
three middle spots very obscurely ochreous ringed. Underside paler, but brighter 
coloured than in male; with the uniformly-disposed grey strige throughout, the 
darker and brighter coloured fasciz and submarginal ocelli also as in male. Body 
beneath dark brown; legs ferruginous brown; sides of palpi grey speckled ; antennz 
brown, with a dusky subterminal band aid pale tip. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,4, ? 3,% inches. 


Dry-srason Broop (Plate 126, figs. 1, ¢, d, e, d ?). 


Melanitis Bela, Moore, Catal. Lep., Mus. E. I. Company i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. 
Mus. p. 4 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 254 (1883). 
Melanitis Duryodana (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 257 (mec Felder). 


Twaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky olivescent-brown or cinereous olivescent- 
brown, the subapical area more intensely dusky brown, the costal edge of forewing 
and exterior margin of both wings more or less thickly covered with purpurescent- 
cinereous scales; cilia pale brownish-cinereous. Forewing with two moderately 
small subapical confluent black spots with prominent pure white pupils, the upper 
pupil large, the spots more or less obscurely inwardly-circled by ferruginous, the 
upper ferruginous bar, generally, being somewhat more sharply defined. Hindwing 
with either one, two, or three, white-pupilled minute black dots. Underside either 

VOL. II. 8 


130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


dark ferruginous, dark greyish ferruginous, dark olivescent-ferruginous, or olivescent- 
grey, the transverse ordinary fasciz darker and generally broadly defined, their 
outer borders washed with grey, and the entire surface is variegated with more or 
less darker strigze and pale ochreous mottlings, which latter tend to coalesce in 
irregular patches; veins alternately dark and grey speckled. Forewing with the 
greyish border to outer discal fascia broadly dilated to the costa before the apex ; 
with five small submarginal pale ochreous ocelloid spots more or less well-defined. 
Hindwing with a submarginal series of similar, ill-defined, ocelloid spots. 

Female. Upperside paler and more olivescent in tint, the outer borders more 
broadly-speckled with cinereous, the apex of forewing dark ferruginous speckled. 
Forewing with a larger and more prolonged acute angle below the apex; the 
subapical black confluent-spots large and broad, the inner-part of the upper spot 
projecting towards the cell and joins the dusky costal patch; a lower small black 
spot sometimes being also present between the middle and lower medians, the white 
pupils large, the bright ferruginous outer-bordering ring broad and diffused, the 
upper ferruginous bar also broad ; there are also two white specks close to the apex 
situated above and below the upper radial. Underside brighter ferruginous than in 
the male, but identical in markings. Body beneath and sides of palpi dark ferru- 
ginous; legs paler ; antennz pale ferruginous, with a dusky club. 

Expanse, 3 to 3,9 inches. 

Hasrrat.—N.-W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills ; Upper 
Burma ; Tenasserim. 

Disrripution.—We have examined and verified specimens of the wet-season 
form from the N.-W. Himalayas, possessing examples of both forms, as well as both 
sexes of the dry-season form from Kashmir, taken by the late Capt. Bayne Reed. 
Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at Simla and Masuri, June to October. Mr. W. 
Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 120) records both the dry and wet-season forms from 
the “Kali Valley, 2500 feet, in Kumaon, both being rare.’ Mr. J. H. Hocking 
obtained the dry-season form in Kulu. Mr. G. F. Hampson possesses the dry-season 
form from Rhani Ket, Kumaon, taken at 5000 feet, in July, and from Naini Tal, 4200 
feet, in October, both taken by Col. A. M. Lang. It also occurs at Bhimtal, at 
4500 feet in Kumaon. From the Eastern Himalayas we also possess examples of 
both forms from Sikkim. Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from “ Sikkim at from 2000 
to 4000 feet elevation, from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). It has 
been taken at Sibsagar, Assam, at Shillong, in November, and in the Naga Hills, 
Khasia Hills, and Silhet. In Burma, Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in ‘‘ Arakaa, 
the wet-season form in September and October, and the dry-season form in Arakan, 
Bhamo, and in Tenasserim” (List. p. 9). Capt. E. Y. Watson, during the Chin- 
Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, obtained the wet-season form at Tilin Yaw im 


SATYRIN 4, 131 


December, and the dry-season form at Pauk and Tilin in November, December, and 
April. Capt. Watson also took the wet-season form in Rangoon in June, July, 
August, and September, and the dry-season form at Beeling in Upper Tenasserim, 
in February, March, and April. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained the wet-season 
form at Palone in Pegu, in August, and the dry-season form at Moolayet in March, 
and also at Bhamo in October. Capt. Bingham took the dry-season form at 
Thoungyeen in Tenasserim in January and February, and at Houndrau in November. 
Capt. Watson also obtained the dry-season form at Poungdau near Thyetmyo in 
November, and in the Karen Hills in December. Mr. O. Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 
824.) obtained the dry-season form in Upper Tenasserim at Ahsown, Meetan, 3000 
feet in April, Naththoung to Paboga, Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and Moolat, 4500.” 
Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1887, 417) records the dry-season form from 
Tavoy. 

This species is also found in Western China; the wet-season form (Aswa) is 
described by Mr. J. H. Leech in “ Lep. China, ete.’ p. 108, and the dry-season 
form (Bela) described and figured as M. Ismene, p. 106, pl. 13, figs. 2, 5. 


MELANITIS VARAHA. 
Wert-season Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, g 2). 
Melanitis Ampa, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 353, 2. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly dark sepia-brown, the exterior borders 
paler. Forewing with the exterior margin nearly straight. Both wings generally 
unspotted, but sometimes the forewing shows two subapical white dots and the 
hindwing two posterior submarginal dots. Underside purpurescent-brown ; densely 
covered with uniformly-disposed narrow purpurescent-grey strige. Both wings 
crossed by a very obscurely-defined darker narrow discal fascia, the ordinary inner 
fascia on the forewing not being defined; submarginal ocelli small, fully developed, 
white pupilled, the pupil on those of the hindwing large, and in some few examples 
the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform large size and the pupil occupying 
the whole of the centre. 

Female. Upperside much paler and of a cinerescent olive-brown tint. ore- 
wing angled below the apex; with two very obscure blackish-brown subapical 
superposed spots, both with an indistinct whitish pupil, the adjacent costal patch 

_also obscurely defined. Hindwing sometimes with one, or two, posterior submarginal 
prominent whitish spots. Underside reddish-brown or brownish-ochreous; densely 
covered with uniformly-disposed pale ochreous-grey strige. Both wings with the 
discal fascia well defined, narrow, darker and brighter reddish-brown or brownish- 
ochreous, the marginal border being also of the same darker colour; the submarginal 

s 2 


132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ocelli as in the male, and sometimes the ocelli on both wings are of nearly uniform 
large size throughout, with large white centres. 
Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2,8, 2 2,4 to 2,5 inches. 


Dry-srason Broop (Plate 127, figs. 1, e, f, g, hi, d 2). 
Melanitis Varaha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 (1857), g. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, i. p. 256 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark vinescent olive-brown; both wings with 
the exterior margin more or less densely speckled with purpurescent-cinereous 
scales. Forewing with the subapical dusky black spots and costal patch very 
indistinct, the confluent-spots small, each generally with a prominent white pupil, 
in some they are quite obsolete. Hindwing with two, or three, posterior submarginal 
white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either ashy-brown tinged with olive 
at the base, or pale purpurescent-cinereous-brown with the base olivescent, pur- 
purescent-cinereous with the base brown, or various shades of dark purplish-brown, 
ferruginous or reddish-brown with the base or transverse fasciz still more intense, 
or purplish-red with darker base, or, again, in some it is dusky-ochreous ; all are 
more or less numerously covered with obscure cinereous strige and the basal 
area with darker strige of the ground colour; the veins also being speckled; the 
ordinary fasciz either ill-defined and narrow, or the discal fascia only being indicated 
as the outer border of the dark basal area; in some the fascize are intervened by 
pale ochreous strigze, and in some few the fasciew are blotched with darker strige ; 
the submarginal series of ocelloid spots are small, more or less ill-defined and 
imperfectly developed, being either pale ochreous and brown speckled, or pale 
ochreous, or iron-grey speckled, or, sometimes they are large and prominent and 
yellowish or brown speckled and with a darker brown speckled ring, those at the 
apex of the forewing also being sometimes inwardly-bordered by whitish speckles, 
and there is, generally, present in most specimens a pale ochreous-white speckled 
patch at end of the cell on the hindwing. 

Female. Upperside pale olivescent-brown, the outer margins cinereous speckled. 
Forewing more acutely and broader angled below the apex than in male; with the 
apex ochreous tinged, the subapical dusky black spots more defined, white pupilled, 
and with a slightly-indicated obscure ochreous upper bar to the costa; a minute 
white speck also present close to the apex. Hindwing with the posterior sub- 
marginal white dots more or less distinct. Underside of various shades of dark 
ochreous or ferruginous, numerously covered with strigee, with the fascie indicated, 
and the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male. Body beneath, and palpi either 
cinereous or ochreous; legs brownish-ochreous ; antennz pale ochreous, with a 
dusky-brown subterminal band and pale tip. 


SATYRIN 2. 133 


Expanse, 5 2; to 2;%, % 2% to 2,% inches. 

Hasirat.—South India. 

Distrisution.—The type specimens of the female of the wet-season form, 
described erroneously as male and female, were taken in North Kanara by Mr. Wise, 
and the type of the dry-season form was also taken in N. Kanara by the late Mr. 
S. N. Ward. In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it at from 3000 to 4000 
feet elevation, being common on the lower slopes, flying round trees at dusk, the 
wet-season brood appearing in June and the dry-season brood in December. In 
Mr. Hampson’s MS. Notes the wet-season brood is recorded as having been taken 
in “July, August and October, and the dry-season brood also in April, July and 
November.” We also possess specimens of the dry-season brood from Capt. E. Y. 
Watson, which were taken numerously at Kathlekan, Kadur District, Mysore, in 
November, December and January. The late Capt. Bayne Reed took it in the 
Wynaad, and we have it from Mynall, Travancore, 2500 to 3000 feet, taken in 
March. 

Of our illustrations of this species, Plate 127, figs. 1, la, b, ec, d, represent the 
male and females of the wet-season brood ; 1 and la the male; 1b and c the female, 
and 1d the type female described as Ampa by Col. Swinhoe. The dry-season brood 
is represented on Plate 128, figs. 1 and la, the upper and underside of typical male 
(Varaha), figs. 1b and c, also males, and figs. d, e, f, the female of the dry-season 
brood. 


MELANITIS GOKALA. 
Wert-Szason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, la, @). 
Melanitis Gokala, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 224 g (1857). Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 256 (1888). 

Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 351 (wet-season form). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown; cilia dark-brown. Forewing 
with the exterior margin nearly straight, with but a very slight angle below the 
apex; two subapical more or less indistinctly-defined large blackish spots and 
obliquely-continued patch to the costa, the subapical spots when less defined being 
without pupils, but in others, where these spots are more defined, the two white 
pupils are present, and in these latter specimens the ordinary upper pale bar is 
very obscurely brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with one, or two, posterior sub- 
marginal white dots. Underside with the ground-colour pale glossy olivescent- 
brown, very indistinctly speckled with grey strigz, which are most numerous and 
distinct on the basal area, and borders of the fasciz, or the ground-colour is pale 
ochreous with dark ferruginous-brown strige, and the fasciz more defined and 
bordered with grey strige; the submarginal series of ocelli very small, white 
pupilled. 


134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


‘Female. Upperside similar to male. Underside pale ochreous, with brighter 
ochreous bordering to the narrow fascie and outer margins, and uniformly-covered 
with slightly-defined brownish-ochreous strige ; submarginal ocelli very small, as in 
male. Body beneath and palpi grey-speckled; legs pale ochreous; antenne pale 
ochreous with a dusky subterminal band. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,9, ? 3,°9 inches, 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 129, figs. 1, b, ec, d, e, d 2). 
Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng, 1888, p. 351, 5 9. 





Imaco.—Male. Upperside somewhat paler olivescent-brown than in wet-season 
brood ; outer borders very slightly speckled with purpurescent-cinereous scales and 
brown strige ; cilia dark brown. Forewing with the apex subfalcate, the exterior 
margin broadly angled below the apex; the subapical blackish confluent-spots and 
costal patch obscurely-defined, the upper spot with an ochreous-white pupil, the 
oblique upper bar to costa pale dusky ochreous. Hindwing with two posterior 
submarginal white dots. Underside pale olivescent-brown, washed with grey basally 
and speckled with darker olive-brown strigz, the transverse fasciz on forewing less 
erey and broadly-defined, and speckled with dark brown confluent-strigex ; a strigose 
brown blotch also in the middle of cell of hindwing; submarginal ocelloid spots 
minute, indicated by blackish-edged whitish dots. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing more sharply angled below the apex than in 
male; the apex and exterior margins tinged with reddish ferruginous ; with the 
subapical blackish spots and costal patch more defined, the spots usually whitish 
pupilled, the upper bar paler ochreous and somewhat more distinctly defined. 
Underside. Both wings pale purpurescent-ochreous or ferruginous, with indistinctly 
darker strigz, the fascize narrow, not prominent, their borders slightly washed with 
grey ; the submarginal ocelloid spots as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,4, 2 3,9 to 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.—South India (Mysore, Nilgiris). 

Distriput1on.—The type specimen of M. Gokala was taken by the late Mr. 8. N. 
Ward in Kanara. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. 8. Beng. 1888, 351) obtained it on the 
“northern slopes of the Nilgiris and Mysore forests at 3000 to 3500 feet elevation,” 
the wet-season form having been captured in July, and the dry-season form in 
September and April. Capt. H. Y. Watson’s Collection contained examples of the 
dry-season form ‘‘ taken at Kathlekan in the Kadur District, Mysore, in November 
and December,” and are referred to, erroneously, under the name M. Gnophodes, in 
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 3. 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 129, figs. 1, la, represent the 





SATYRINZ.. 135 


male of the wet-season form, and figs. 1b, c, d, e, the male and female of the dry- 
season form, from the type specimens described by Mr. Hampson. 


MELANITIS ZITENIUS. 
Wer-Sxzason Broop (Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, e, d,s 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing with the apex not subfalcate, the exterior margin 
being but very slightly angled below the apex. Upperside paler olivescent ochreous- 
brown than in the dry-season brood. Forewing with the subapical black confluent 
spots smaller, more or less obscurely defined, the upper spot with a pale ochreous 
pupil, the ochreous upper bar being narrow and also more or less obscurely-defined, 
the dusky inner-patch to the costa obscure. Hindwing with three posterior sub- 
marginal minute blackish-edged white dots. Underside with the ground-colour 
either cinerescent-ochreous or ochreous, densely and uniformly-covered with dark 
brown strigz; the transverse fasciz on the forewing somewhat indicated by slightly 
more dense confluent-strige, the edge of the outer discal fascia on both wings 
being more brightly defined; the marginal border with a more or less brighter 
_ ochreous fascia; the submarginal series of ocelli more or less fully developed. 

Female. Upperside pale olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing angled below 
the apex as in dry-season brood; the subapical blackish spots, inner costal dusky 
patch and their ochreous outer border more or less paler, narrower, and obscurely 
defined. Underside more ochreous than in male; the strige more slender and 
paler; the transverse fascive narrow and well-defined ; the submarginal ocelli as in 
the male. 

Expanse, do 3, 2 3; inches. 


Dry-Srason Broop (Plate 181, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 
Papilio Zitenius, Herbst, Natursyst, Schmett. viii. p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2 (1796). 
Melanitis Zitenius, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 258, pl. xii. fig. 29, 2 
(1883). 
Melanitis Vamana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I, Company, i. p. 223 (1857). Butler, Catal. Satyr. 
Brit. Mus. p. 3 (1868). 
Cyllo Duryodana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 464 (1867). 

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown, the exterior borders 
slightly-speckled with prominent grey scales and blackish strigx; cilia brown, 
alternately edged with pale ochreous. Forewing with two large subapical confluent 
black spots, the upper spot narrow, pupilled with ochreous-white, the lower pupil 
being minute, and from the upper spot a continuous blackish patch extends inward 
across end of the cell to the costal vein, both being broadly more or less obscurely 
bordered by pale ochreous, which colour is obscure and diffused on their discal side 


136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


but broad and more defined exteriorly, and is brighter on the upper bar to the costa- 
edge. Hindwing with two, or sometimes three, posterior submarginal prominent 
minute black-edged ochreous white dots. Underside with the ground-colour either 
purpurescent-cinereous or purpurescent-ochreous, both colours sometimes being 
dark olivescent tinted; more or less thickly speckled with black or dark brown 
strige and scales, which are most densely packed and partly-confluent where 
they form the ill-defined broad dark-blotched fasciz on the forewing and a blotched 
cell and discal patch on the hindwing; the normal dark transverse discal fascia on 
both wings being indicated by an ill-defined brighter pale-edged line ; the posterior 
border and triangular patch before the apex of forewing, and the costal border and a 
submarginal fasciole on the hindwing, generally, being paler and unspeckled. Both 
wings with a submarginal series of ordinary positioned more or less small black 
blotchy-spots with ochreous-white pupil. 

Female. Forewing sharply falcate below the apex. Upperside somewhat paler, 
the markings as in male, the outer margins more broadly-speckled with grey and 
blackish strigze, the subapical black confluent-spots and continuous-patch less sharply 
defined and larger, the ochreous bordering paler and generally of a purpurescent- 
ochreous tint; the strige uniformly-disposed throughout, the transverse fascia 
narrow and slightly-defined ; the submarginal ocelloid-spots as in the male. 

Expanse, 3,9 to 3%, %3,% to 3; inches. 

Hasitatr.—N.-W. and EH. Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; South 
Andamans, Malay Peninsula. 

Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 120) records this 
species from the “ Kali Valley, 2000 to 4000 feet, in Kumaon.” “It is found in the 
Eastern Himalayas, and the Kbasia Hills, and through Burma to Tenasserim. In 
Tenasserim it was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in 
April, in the South Andamans by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff in August, and there are 
specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Daffla Hills, and from Sikkim ” 
(Butt. India, i. 258). Through the kindness of the Honble. W. Rothschild we have 
examined and verified Felder’s types of male and female duryodana from Assam 
and Cachar. We possess specimens from Sikkim and from Gen, Ramsay’s Nepal 
Collection. According to Mr. L. de Nicéville (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1882, 56) it is 
“common in Sikkim at low elevations in October.” Mr. H. J. Elwes found it also 
“common in Sikkim from April to November” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 329). Capt. 
E. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 36) obtained the dry-season form 
during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 at Tilin, from November to May, “it 
being the commonest Melanitis met with.’ Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. Soc. Bengal, 
1887, 417) records the dry-season form from “ Sinbyoodine, Tavoy.” Mr. Roep- 
storff obtained examples of the dry-season form at Fort Blair, South Andamans. 


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SATYRINA. 137 


Mr. W. D. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 412, pl. 38, fig. 2, describes and figures the 
male of the wet-season form, taken in Perak, Malay Peninsula. 

Of the illustrations of this species, those on our Plate 130, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, 
represent the male and female wet-season form, and fig. 1d an intergrade female ; 
of the dry-season form, on Plate 131, figs. 1, la, b, c, represent the male and female. 


MELANITIS KALINGA. 
Dry-Season Broop (Plate 131, figs. 2, 2a, ¢), 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with a large 
quadrate ordinary subapical black spot and continuous costal patch, the spot with 
a very obscure upper pale-ochreous pupil, the circling border and upper bar bright 
ochreous sharply defined. Hindwing unmarked. Underside with the ground-colour 
either purplish olive-brown with obscurely-defined purplish-cinereous strigz, the 
fascia indistinct, and the submarginal spots almost obsolete, or the ground-colour is 
dark dusky-ochreous, with dark brown strigez ; blotched fasciz on the forewing and 
irregular blotches on the basal area of hindwing, the fascia on hindwing and the 
marginal border brighter ochreous ; submarginal spots minute and almost obsolete. 

Expanse, 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Upper Godaveri District, South India; (? Orissa). 

This is a smaller insect than the dry-season form of M. Zitenius. Specimens 
have been taken by Mr. C. B. Morris, and are in Col. Swinhoe’s and our own 
Collection. 

Inpo-Matayan species or Muranitis.—M. Abdullez, Distant, Rhop. Malay. 
p- 241, pl. 19, fig. 3, ¢ (1883). Nearest allied to M. Tambra.—Habitat. Malay 
Peninsula.—M. Suywdana, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. Compy. i. p. 224 
(1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 412, pl. 39, fig. 2. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; 
Nias; Sumatra; Java.—M. Phedima, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292, fig. b (1782). 
Habitat. ?,—M. Ambasara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. 1. p. 223 
(1857). Syn. M. Gnophodes, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1 
(1868) 3. Habitat. Java.—WM. Atrax, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. p. 41, pl. 9, 
figs. 5, 6 (1868). Habitat. Luzon.—M. Cajetana, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8. 
Habitat. Mindanao.—M. Hrichsonia, Semper, id. p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10. Habitat. 
Mindoro.—M. Boisduvalia, Semper, id. p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 11. Habitat. Luzon. 





Genus CYLLOGENES. 


Cyllogenes, Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus, p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc. i. p. 260 (1883). 


Twaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongated, subtriangular; costa very 
vou. tl. April 24th, 1893. 7 


138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


convex, apex pointed, exterior margin oblique and almost even, posterior angle 
pointed ; with a large oval inwardly-oblique medial glossy-black patch, clothed with 
glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or rather long and 
have acute tridentate tips, some few however having a four-pointed tip; no 
anlroconia ; cell very broad; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end 
of the cell; discocellulars deeply concave in the middle, the lower long; upper radial 
from slight angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; the 
middle and lower median veinlets very wide apart, the lower terminating at the 
posterior angle; submedian very short, recurved, and terminating on the middle of 
the posterior margin. Hindwing short and broad, the apex obtusely pointed, 
exterior margin sinuous and produced into an obtuse short caudate angle at end of 
upper median veinlet ; costal vein terminating on the middle of the costa; first 
subcostal branch ending on the costa at some distance before the apex, the second 
branch ending at the apex ; cell broad across the middle ; discocellular very oblique, 
radial from near upper end; middle median emitted before end of the cell. Body 
short, somewhat woolly; palpi obliquely porrect, compressed, clothed to tip with 
fine short hairy-scales, apex pointed; antenne slender, rather short; eyes 
naked. 
Typz.—C, Suradeva. 


CYLLOGENES SURADEVA (Plate 132, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Melanitis Suradeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Staudinger, Exot. 
Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, ¢ (1887). 

Cyllogenes Suradeva, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. i. p. 260, pl. xiii. fig. 30, g ? (1883). 

Twaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-brown, darkest at the apex; cilia brown 
edged with cinereous. Forewing with a prominent narrow excurved subapical pale 
ochreous streak, below which is a large medial obliquely-oval glossy-black patch, 
clothed with glossy-black modified scales, which are either moderately short or 
rather long, and have acute tridentate-tip, some few however having a four-pointed 
tip; no androconia. Hindwing without markings. Underside dull ochreous, 
numerously covered with short, narrow, undulating strige; both wings with a 
transverse darker brown ill-defined discal fascia, which is formed by confluent 
strigze, the fascia outwardly bordered by a few pinkish-white strigz ; a submarginal 
series of normally-disposed ill-defined small lilacine white-centred longitudinally 
black-speckled bordered spots. 

Female. Upperside with a bluish-purple tint. Forewing with a broader and 
darker ochreous excurved subapical streak. Underside as in the male, except that 


SATYRINZ. 139 


the discal fascia is not outwardly bordered by pinkish-white strigee. Body beneath, 
legs and palpi, dull ochreous ; antenne brown above, ochreous beneath. 

Expanse, 3 to 3,% inches. 

Hazitat.—Sikkim. 

Disrrisutioy.— This appears to be a very rare insect. Col. A. M. Lang has 
five males in his collection, from Sikkim, and Mr. Otto Miller has taken a female 
also in Sikkim” (Butt. of India, 260). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1888, 330), it is not so rare in Sikkim, as supposed, but local, as far as known, and 
confined to an elevation of about 2000 feet, where it is taken by Mr. Moller’s 
collectors at Singla, from April to June.” 





CYLLOGENES JANETA (Plate 132, figs. 2, 2a, 9). 
Cyllogenes Janetw, de Nicéville, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1887, p. 453. 


Tyaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; cilia black, edged 
with cinereous-white. Forewing with the apical half blackish-brown ; crossed by an 
oblique excurved rich ochreous subapical band, which broadly extends from the 
costa, and is attenuated towards the posterior angle. Hindwing with the outer margin 
somewhat broadly covered with ochreous strige. Underside. Both wings with the 
ground-colour ochreous, very thickly covered with dark olivescent-brown strige, 
the strigz being less numerous along the costal border of both wings, where they 
thus leave short ochreous fasciz, and the outer borders also more ochreous ; cross- 
ing the dise is an obscurely defined narrow dusky-brown fascia, followed by a sub- 
marginal series of small lilacine-white spots, which are longitudinally bordered on each 
side by black speckles ; the outer discal area is also washed with pale hlacine-purple. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the subapical ochreous band broader, 
richer coloured, and extending along the costa; the black apical area traversed by 
ochreous veins, the median veinlets also lined with ochreous near the band. Hind- 
wing with the outer border richer ochreous. Underside much paler; the dark 
strige far less dense, and with no trace of the diffused fasciz. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,°, 2 3, ches. 

Hasitat.—Bhotan; Naga Hills. 

Distrizution.— ‘‘ Two males taken by Mr. A. W. Knyvett in Bhotan, and 
a female in Mr. O. Moller’s collection” (de Nicéville, 7. ¢c.). According to Mr. 
H. J. Elwes, “‘a single male was taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills, which 
agrees with Bhotan specimens” (P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 269). 


Genus PARANTIRRHCEA. 
Parantirrhea, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 248; zd. Annals of Nat. Hist. 
1881, p. 333. Marshall and de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 261 (1883). 
7 2 


140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Imaco. Male. Forewing broad, triangular; costa moderately and regalarly 
arched, the apex acute, exterior margin straight, posterior angle rounded, posterior 
margin somewhat sinuous, being lobed near the base, and the edge of the middle 
folded back flat upon the underside, the fold being thickly clothed on its surface 
and fringed at its free edge with firmly attached long and somewhat raised modified 
scales, rendered conspicuous by their rich dark-brown colour and satiny lustre; the 
outline of this turned-down fold is marked out on the upperside by a curvilinear 
eroove; first subcostal branch emitted just before end of the cell, second 
branch beyond the end of the cell, the first and second, and the third coales- 
cing near their middle respectively with each other, and the first with the 
costal, ending on the costa before the apex; discocellulars concave, upper radial 
from a slight angle close to subcostal, the lower radial from above the 
middle ; median veinlets emitted at equal distances apart and from the base, the 
lower median terminating at the posterior angle; submedian vein sinuous, being 
much recurved downward from the base, and touching the posterior margin at one- 
fourth from the base from whence it is curved upward, and terminates on the 
posterior margin. About one-fourth from the posterior angle, the middle of the 
posterior margin being folded beneath the wing as above stated. Hindwing broad, 
quadrate, tailed ; anterior margin very much arched, and almost angled in its middle, 
apex angled, exterior margin broadly produced in the middle, and with a prolonged 
tail at end of the upper median veinlet, anal angle rounded ; costal vein short and 
terminating on the middle of the margin; first subcostal branch ending beyond the 
middle, and the second at the apex; cell narrow; discocellular starting from near 
the base of lower subcostal, and running in the same straight line, then curving 
obliquely downward and outward to lower end of the cell, radial from its middle; 
the middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower 
median at about two-fifths; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved, the 
submedian furnished with a prominent black sagittate glandular patch, divided by the 
vein, near the anal angle; the patch clothed with black elongated scales of nearly 
equal width throughout, their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also 
bidentate ; some few of these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Body, 
slender; palpi very compactly clothed with short hairy scales, tip pointed; legs 
slender ; antenne very slender, rather short, and with a well-formed club ; eyes naked. 

Tyrx.—P. Marshalli. 


PARANTIRRHGEA MARSHALLI (Plate 132, figs. 3, 3a, ¢). 


Purantirrhea Marshalli, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1880, p. 250 ; cd. Ann. Nat. 
Hist. 1881, p. 335. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 262, fig. J (1883), 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, with a violet-blue tint in 


ELYMNIINZ. 141 


some lights ; cilia brown. Forewing crossed by a broad subapical somewhat excurved 
pale violet band, which extends decreasingly to above the posterior angle, the area 
of the band being traversed by three small superposed discal whitish spots, situated 
respectively between the upper and lower radials and the middle median; posterior 
margin with a medial dusty-brown curved bar, outwardly edged with pale ochreous- 
brown, which is formed by the folding beneath of the middle of the lobular margin. 
Hindwing with the anterior margin broadly pale ochreous-brown, and with a 
prominent black sagittate glandular patch on the submedian vein near its anal end, the 
patch being clothed with black elongated scales of nearly equal width throughout, 
their apex being very obtusely bidentate, and their base also bidentate ; some few of 
these scales are much narrower, but of the same form. Underside dull pale-ochreous, 
numerously covered with obscure ochreous-brown transverse strigee, which are 
slender and more sparsely disposed on the basal half, but are more confluent on the 
exterior half, and there form two broad ill-defined fasci#, between which is a very 
indistinctly more or less ill-defined series of ordinary-disposed submarginal small 
black-speckled spots, the veins are also slightly black speckled. Body beneath, 
palpi, and legs pale ochreous; antennz brown with a pale ochreous tip. 


Expanse, ¢ 2,4, inches. 
Hasitat.—South India. 


DrstrisuTion.—The type specimens of this insect were taken at Trevandrum in 
Travancore, and are in the collections of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and that of 


Capt. G. F. L. Marshall. 


Sub-family ELYMNIINZ. 


Elymniina, Herrich-Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. i. p. 15 (1864). 
Elymniine, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 112 (1871). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 
i. p. 263 (1883). 

Satyrine (group Elymniades), Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1869). 

Elymniade, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. 

Eurytelide (part) Westwood, Gen. D, Lep. p. 403 (1851). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, 

p. 321. 

Cuaracters or THe Krnymnuna.—Imaco.—Wings moderately large, weak, 
outer margin generally dentate. More-wing with the costal vein always swollen 
at the base; cell short and broad; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, the lower 
considerably the longest and deeply concave; the two upper median veinlets 
emitted from end of the cell; submedian undulated and extending to the 
posterior angle. The male, in the group represented by Elymnias undularis 


142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and its allies, has an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside 
between the base of the median and submedian vein, the patch being clothed 
with peculiar-shaped scales, but no androconia; a corresponding nacrescent patch 
being also present on the underside of this wing; and, in another group, repre- 
sented by vasudeva, the forewing has the middle portion of the posterior margin folded 
over on to the upperside, the fold covering a glandular patch of scales, and the patch 
overlaid by an erectile tuft of enclosed hairs. Hindwing, in the males of all species, 
with a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, which is overlaid 
by a lengthened tuft of erectile hairs, arising from the lower edge of the patch, the 
patch being clothed with very densely packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal 
width throughout and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short 
fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia), which latter have an acute point at each 
end; costal vein short, looped at its base and forming a false prediscoidal cell; the 
cell short, very broad ; upper subcostal branch emitted at about half way before end 
of the cell, and terminating on middie of the anterior margin; lower discocellular 
concave; the two upper median veinlets emitted from end of the cell. Head 
moderate sized ; body moderately robust; eyes naked, prominent; antenne slender, 
with a gradually formed indistinct club; forelegs small, those of the male hairy, 
those of the female also small but more robust, naked, cylindrical, and blunt at 
the tip; palpi elongate, porrect, clothed with short adpressed hairy-scales and 
perceptibly tufted above. 

Aputt CarerPILLaR.—Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed 
with two erect divergent branched-processes ; anal segment also armed with two 
longer slender setose hindwardly-projected processes. 

CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail only; head truncated, with two small pointed 
processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. 

Kee.— Similar (to those of the Satyrine), large, globular, translucent, hard, 
obscurely facetted, nearly as high as wide” (Doherty, J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 109). 

GuNpRAL Craractertstics.—The males of all the known species possess, on the 
upperside of the hindwing, a basal glandular patch of scales overlaid by a tuft of erectile 
hairs. In certain species of the genus Hlymnias (undularis and its immediate 
allies) there is also an inconspicuous glandular patch on the upperside of the 
forewing, below the base of the cell, and in the genus Mimadelias, the forewing 
has the middle of the posterior margin folded over on to the upperside, the fold 
covering a glandular patch of scales, and an erectile tuft of hairs. 

The genera of Elymniine, though structurally similar as regards their venation, 
the species, as here assigned to each genus, not only exhibit, to a certain degree, the 
particular form of the wings, but in their colours, and also their peculiar style of 
markings, they accord with the group of protected butterflies, of which, respectively, 


ELYMNIINZ, 143 


they are mimics—the species of Elymnias and of Melynias, agreeing with certain 
species of Limnaina and Huploeina—those of Bruasa also with certain Elplocina— 
those of Mimadelias with certain Pierina—those of Agrusia with certain Nymphaline, 
and the typical species of the Malayan genus, Dyctis, with certain Morphine. 

Foop prants or Carerpintar.—So far as yet known, the caterpillar of only two 
of the genera, here described, have been discovered, and these are recorded as 
feeding upon plants of different Orders, namely—the caterpillar of Elymnias 
(undularis, etc.), upon Patmacnm, and those of Mimadelias (Godferyi) upon 
ORCHIDACER. 

Hasrts or Imaco.— The Elmniine are forest-loving insects, with a weak flight, 
frequenting dense undergrowth or bush jungle, and usually avoiding the open 
sunshine ; they are all tropical or subtropical insects”? (Butt. of India, 264). 

Tur Spectres or Enymnunm® aru att Mimeric.—The species of this sub-family 
possess a highly mimetic character, and are, I believe, without exception, mimics, 
both in general form of their wings, and in the colowrs and markings of the 
upperside, of certain ‘ protected’ or ‘inedible’ species of butterflies common to the 
district they inhabit. 

Of the commonly known species, the female of Hlymnias undularis, and of its 
immediate allies, the species which they mimic is the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura 
genutia, the Malayan Hlym. discrepans, in both sexes, mimic the Hupleine 
butterfly, Calliplea Ledereri, and the Hlym. panthera (Dusara Horsf.), the Euploeine 
butterfly, Vadebra sepulchralis. In the genus Melynias (limandra, and its Malayan 
allies, Lais, Ceryx, etc., both sexes mimic the Limnaine genera Parantica,? and 
Caduga; the Melynias Malelas, in both sexes, mimic the corresponding differently- 
marked sexes of the Euploeine butterfly, Zrepsichrois Linnei,*’ and in the allied 
Melynias Saueri the male mimics the same sex of Trepsichrois, but the female 
mimics quite a different butterfly, namely the Limnaine genus Hestia (probably 
H. Agamarschana,* or H. Donovani); the Melynias Patna, both sexes mimic the 
Eupleine butterfly, Stictoplea binotata® or Isamia splendens; and the Melynias 
Singala probably mimics the Huplceine butterfly, Pademma Sinhala.® In the genus 
Bruasa, the male of B. Penanga and probably also that of B. Chelensis mimics the 
Euploeine butterfly, Calliplwa Ledereri.’ In the genus Mimadelias, the M. Vasudeva, 
in both sexes, mimic the Pierine butterfly, Delias pasithow, and the allied Malayan 
M. Godferyi the Delias Dione. In the genus Agrusia, the A. Andersonii, A. Hsaca, 
and its allies, the males are excellent mimics of the ‘protected’ section of the 





nm 


1 See vol. i. pl. 10, figs. 1, b, c. See vol. i. plates 13 and 14. 
3 See vol. i. pl. 35. 4 See vol. i. pl. 4, fig. 1. 
> See vol. i. pl. 53, figs. 2, 2a. 6 See vol. i. pl. 47, figs. 3, 3a. 


7 See vol. i. pl, 36, figs, 1, la. 


144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Nymphalid butterflies of the genus Huthalia, of which lepidea, Andersonii, Diardii, 
Ambalika, ete., are representatives. 


Key to THE INDIAN GENERA OF HLYMNIINA. 
1, Forewing rather short, subtriangular, 
Seorron A. Forewing of male possessing a glandular patch situated between the base 
of median and submedian vein. Hindwing with a very slight 
eaudate-angle to exterior margin, 
Section B. Forewing of male not possessing the glandular patch. Hindwing 
caudate . : D : : : . : , : : . EnyMntas. 
Forewing elongated, triangular. Hindwing somewhat more or less caudate : . MELyYNras. 


bo 


3. Forewing elongated, subtriangular, exterior margins very slightly sinuous. Hindwing 

not caudate. : : F : : : ° , : . Bruasa. 
4, Wings short; very broad, exterior margins uniformly scalloped. Horewing of male 

with a longitudinal fold on posterior margin covering a glandular 


patch and an erectile tuft of hairs. Hindwing convex. : . Mrmaperias, 
5. Wings very short and broad, exterior margins extremely-slightly sinuous. : . AGRUSIA, 


Genus ELYMNIAS. 

Elymnias, Hiibner, verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816); 2d. Ziitrage, Samml. Exot. Schmett. figs. 37, 
388 (1818). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 236 (1857); zd. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 25 
(1880). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 519. 
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 
264 (1883). 

Melanitis (part) Fabricius, Iligers’ Mag. 1807, p. 282. 

Melanitis, Horsfield (1829); Boisduval (1833); Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 
403 (1851). 

Biblis (part) Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325 (1819). 

Tmaco.—Male. Wings moderately broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa very 
convex, apex acute, exterior margin very slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior 
margin slightly convex towards the base; costal vein much swollen at the base and 
terminating near middle of the costa ; subcostal arched near its base, the first and 
second branches emitted before end of the cell; the cell short and very broad ; 
discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper angled close to the subcostal, lower radial 
from slight angle above the middle ; the two upper median branches emitted from 
end of the cell, the upper median much arched ; submedian bent close to the median 
at the base, thence slightly recurving to the posterior angle. On the upperside 
between the basal interspace of the lower median and the submedian is an incon- 
spicuous rounded black glandular patch, which, as seen under the microscope, is 
clothed with laxly-raised short black scales,* with many-toothed tips, and by longer 








* We possess three specimens, from different localities, in which these scales have been removed from 
the patch on both wings during the life of the insect, thus leaving the entire patch quite bare, 


ELYMNIINA. 145 


narrower bidentate-tipt scales, but no androconia visible; on the underside of 
the wing is a glossy nacrescent patch below the base of the cell, which is 
clothed with broad ordinary scales, and a restricted portion below the sub- 
median is clothed with laxly-packed raised narrow oval scales. Hindwing short, 
obtusely triangularly-ovate; anterior margin extremely convex, apex pointed, 
exterior margin convex, sinuous, and with a broader caudate angle at end of upper 
median ; anal angle obtusely pointed ; costal vein short, looped at its base, forming 
a false prediscoidal cell, emitting a short spur towards the base of the costa; cell 
short, very broad ; upper subcostal emitted at one-half before end ot the cell, and 
terminating on middle of the costa, second subcostal terminating at the angle ; 
discocellulars erect, lower concave, radial from angle above the middle; the two 
upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower median at more than 
one-third before the end; submedian vein straight ; internal vein recurved ; on the 
upperside is a glandular patch situated within the upper half of the cell, and is 
overlapped by a tuft of long erectile-hairs arising from along its lower edge, the patch 
being clothed with very densely-packed laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width 
throughout, and have obtuse rounded tip and base, and with numerous short, slender, 
nearly fusiform blackish scales (androconia) with an acute point at each end. Body 
moderately robust ; palpi elongate, porrect, slender, very compactly clothed beneath 
with adpressed scales, and pilose above; front legs hairy, middle and hindlegs 
naked; antennz with a slender indistinctly formed club; eyes naked. 

Apuir Carerpittar.—Somewhat fusiform, minutely pubescent; head armed with 
two erect divergent setose processes; anal segment also armed with two longer, 
slender, hindwardly-projected setose processes. Feeds on Palmacee. 

Curysatis.—Suspended by the tail; head truncate, with two small pointed 
processes in front, and a similar thoracic process above. 

Tyrr.—K. undularis. 

Of the species enumerated by Hiibner (Verz. p. 87), under Hlymnias, viz., 
Protogenia, Jynx, undularis, and Lais, Jynx is figured as an Elymnias, by Hubner 
(Ziitrage, figs. 37, 38). This group, therefore, becomes the typical one, and not 
that represented by Lais. 


ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS (Plate 133, figs. 1, larva, la, b,c, ¢ ?). 


Papilio undularis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 10, figs. 1,2, ¢ (1773). Fabricius, Spee Ins. App. 
p. 504 (1781); Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 127 (1793). 

Biblis undularis, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819). 

Melanitis wndularis, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 404 (1851). 

Elymnias undularis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. 


VOL. II. U 


146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Compy. i. p. 237 (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1869); Proc. Zool. 
Soe. Lond. 1871, p. 520. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 266, pl. xvii. fig. 
59, ¢ 2(1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ 2. 


Tuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark, velvety ; purpurescent blackish- 
brown, in fresh specimens somewhat tinged with blue, and the edge of the outer 
margin with purple; in older specimens the ground-colour is generally more or less 
dark chestnut-brown; some blue irrorated-strige along the costal margin, and an 
excurved subapical series of small violet-blue irrorated spots disposed between the 
veinlets, the spots elongated near the apex, those below rounded ; between the basal 
interspace of the median and submedian vein is an inconspicuous rounded impressed 
black glandular patch, which is clothed with short broad many-pointed tipt black 
scales, and with some longer narrower tridentate-tipt scales. Hindwing somewhat 
paler, purpurescent blackish-brown, or chestnut-brown, the outer border being broadly 
suffused chestnut-red, fading to dull dark ferruginous, which is sometimes traversed 
by a submarginal series of very small more-or-less pale red or white spots ; the veins 
across the red band also sometimes being black lined; within the upper base of 
the cell is an elongated glandular patch, which is clothed with very densely-packed 
laxly-raised scales, which are of equal width throughout and have obtuse rounded 
tip and base, and with numerous short fusiform slender blackish scales (androconia) 
with an acute point at each end, the patch being also overlapped from its 
posterior edge by a tuft of long blackish hairs. Ciha alternately edged with white. 
Underside deep chestnut-red, with numerous wavy transverse lilacine-cinereous 
strige of more-or-less intensity, these strige being sparsely-disposed on the basal 
two-thirds, and are generally densely-packed and confluent on the outer border, 
where their density forms a more-or-less defined paler nebulous border, the division 
generally being indicated by the angulated curved edge of the dark basal area. On 
the forewing is a prominent triangular costal patch before the apex, which is 
densely covered with lilacine cinereous strige, and on the middle of the discocellular 
veinlet is a minute whitish speckled-spot ; on the hindwing, also, there is a more or 
less prominent subcostal white spot above end of the cell, and occasionally a sub- 
marginal series of white points are more or less apparent. Body beneath, legs, and 
palpi paler brown ; legs beneath cinereous-brown ; antennz brown with a pale tip. 

Female. Upperside coloured and marked somewhat after the style of Salatura 
Genutia. Forewing with the costal border from the base, the outer half, and below 
the submedian vein blackish-brown, the medial area from the lower base of the cell 
being ochreous ; along the base of the costa are some violescent-white strige, and 
before the apex a broad violescent-white subapical band intersected by the dark 
veins, below which are three submarginal decreasing white rounded spots. Hind- 
wing with the costal border and outer margin broadly dark brown, the latter 


ELYMNINA. 147 


traversed by a submarginal series of four large white round spots, the inner basal 
area being ochreous, intersected by the brown radial and median veinlets. Underside 
paler and more suffused chestnut-red than in the male, the basal area of an ochreous 
tint, with numerous paler ochreous or cinerescent-ochreous transverse strige, which 
are very broad and are palest on the lower basal area of the forewing; the costal 
border, apical patch and outer border of the forewing, and outer border of the hind- 
wing, more or less thickly covered with transverse lilacine-white, or ochreous-white, 
strige ; the subcostal white spot on hindwing more or less prominent, or sometimes 
absent. 

Expanse, d 2,% to 3,7, ? 3;% to 3; inches. 

Aputt CaTerritiar.—Hlongate, fusiform, setose ; green, with longitudinal dorsal 
and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated yellow spots which 
are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed 
with two erect brownish setose processes; anal seement also with two red slender 
hindward-projecting processes. (Described from a drawing reproduced on our 
plate, made in Allipur, Lower Bengal, by the late Mr. Arthur Grote’s native artist.) 

Curysalis.—Similar to H. fraterna and EH. caudata. 

Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Eastern and Lower 
Bengal ; Central India. 

The female of H. wndularis is an excellent mimic of the common Limnaine 
butterfly, Salatura Genutia.* 

Distrisution.—“ This is the common Elymnias of Northern India. It is 
commen in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas, as far west as Masuri. In 
Bengal, where the rainfall is heavy, it extends into the plains, and is found in 
Assam, Silhet, Hastern Bengal, and along the Hast Coast as far South as Raja- 
mundry on the Godaveri, and it also occurs in the Deccan. It affects bush jungle 
and shady undergrowth” (Butt. Ind. 267). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in 
Kumaon at “ Ranibagh at the foot of the outer hills, at 1000 feet elevation ”’ 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 120). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as being “found in 
Sikkim from the Terai up to 3000 feet more or less commonly at all seasons of 
the year” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330). Mr. J. Wood-Mason “obtained twenty-seven 
males and two females in the forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, between April and 
August, being most common in June and July. The males emit a strong odour 
resembling vanilla, but the females are scentless” (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 352). 
The late Capt. Mortimer Slater found it ‘‘not uncommon at Dacea, flying in a 
weak, hovering manner, generally over the damp pits formerly used by the muslin 
manufacturers”? (MS. Notes). It is “very common at Calcutta, settling on the 


* See vol. i. Plate 10, figs. 1b, c. 
U 2 


148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


trunks of the Corypha” (Capt. Chaumette, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1865, 38). Mr. J. 
Rothney records the ‘male common and the female rare at Barrackpur, near 
Calcutta, settling in dense foliage close to the trunk” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 34). 
Mr. L. de Nicéville also found it ‘‘a common species in Calcutta, the larva feeding 
on Palmacee” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1885, 43). The late Mr. A. Grote found the larva 
at Allipur in the.district of Calcutta, feeding on the Rattan and on Corypha. (MS. 
Notes.) In Orissa, it is recorded by Mr. Taylor (List, p. 3) as ‘‘not common at 
Khurda.” 

Of the illustrations on our Plate 183, fig. 1 is a reproduction of the original 
drawing of the larva found at Alhpur, by Mr. A. Grote, now in our possession ; 
and figs. la, b, ec, represent the male and female. 


ELYMNIAS TINCTORIA (Plate 133, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 2). 


Elymnias tinctoria, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 826, ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, etc. i. p. 267 (1883). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, p. 32. 


Tvaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent bluish-black. Forewing with the 
excurved series of blue spots larger and broader throughout than in typical H. wndu- 
laris, in some the upper spots are conjoined, and the lower touch the outer margin. 
Hindwing with the outer border dusky, suffused purplish chestnut-red, the sub- 
marginal spots indistinctly whitish, or the two upper pale blue. 

Female. Upperside similar to #. undularis, except that on the forewing the 
bluish-black costal and outer border is comparatively broader, and consequently, the 
ochreous inner-area more restricted ; the lower white spots are smaller, and the three 
submarginal spots on the hindwing are also smaller. Undersides of both sexes 
similar. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3, % 3 to 3;% inches. 

Hapirat.—Burma; Tenasserim. 

The female of EH. tinctoria is more like that sex of the Javan form (H. Pro- 
togenia) than to H. undularis, m the broad breadth of the dark borders, but the 
Javan females have even a broader border to the forewing, than in tinctoria, and 
consequently the ochreous area is still more restricted, and, it may be noted, that 
the tint of the ochreous colour on both wings of the Javan female is more intense 
and dusky, agreeing in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the Javan 
Eupleid, Salatura intensa, and of which the female of E. Protogenia is a mimic. 

Distripution.—‘* Very common throughout Burma, at all times” (Major Adam- 
son, List, p. 10). Specimens in Capt. H. Y. Watson’s collections were captured during 
the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at “‘ Pauk Yaw, in October and November, 
and at Tilin from November to May” (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 36). Mr. 


ELYMNIINZ. 149 


F. E. Dempster obtained it at Lounghut during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 
1889-90, only on low ground up to 1000 feet (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 2). 
Capt. Watson also obtained specimens at Rangoon in August, Sittang, Tenasserim, 
in January, Beeling in April, Toungoo in March, Kyaikto, Tenasserim, in February, 
and in the Karen Hills, 500 to 1500 feet, in December. ‘It is very common in 
Hastern Karenee at 800 feet, in January’ (Dr. Manders, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519). 
Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘‘ Mee- 
tan, 3000 feet, in April, at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet, and at Taoo, 3500 feet.” Capt. 
Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests. Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in 
Bhamo in September. Mr. H. J. Elwes (J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from 
*“Tavoy in March.” Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1888, 32) 
obtained it in “* Mergui in December, and on King’s Island in January. 


ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Plate 134, figs. 1, larva and pupa, la, b, c, d,e, ¢ 2). 
Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3, g. Moore, Lep. of 
Ceylon, i. p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, b, ¢ 9 (1880). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 
i. p. 268 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-brown. Forewing with the exterior 
margin slightly tinged with purplish-ochreous ; crossed by a very obscurely-defined 
excurved subapical series of very small purplish-blue spots. Hindwing with a broad 
pale fulvous marginal band, and a submarginal series of paler spots. Underside 
dark chestnut-red; a triangular apical patch on forewing and the outer borders of 
both wings densely covered with confluent brownish-grey strige; the basal areas 
also with less numerous but more regularly disposed strigz ; a distinct bluish-white 
spot on anterior border of hindwing. 

Female. Upperside blackish purple-brown. Forewing with the basal and discal 
area rich ochreous ; a subapical oblique purplish-white vein-divided fascia and three 
lower submarginal spots, having the strigze on the underside visible by semi-trans- 
parency. Hindwing with the basal and discal area rich ochreous, the branches of 
the median vein and the abdominal area grey speckled, or the entire ochreous area 
is more or less covered with pale transverse strige ; a submarginal series of four 
large bluish-white round spots. Underside as in the male, but paler, the basal area 
slightly ochreous, and the strige on the borders more dense, prominent, and 
ochreous-white with ill-defined submarginal round spots ; costal bluish-white spot 
prominent. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2;%, ? 3 to 3,% inches. 

Apur Caterritnar.—Hlongated ; thickenéd in the middle, pubescent ; head 
small, yellow, surmounted by two erect pink pubescent processes, anal segment also 
with hindwardly-divergent processes; colour green, with longitudinal yellow lines, 





150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the subdorsal ornamented with some chrome-yellow spots, and the fifth to eighth 
segments with a red and blue spot. Feeds on Palmacee. 

Curysatis.—Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or 
spots ; head and thorax truncate in front, with three short tubercles. 

Hasitat.—Ceylon. 

The male of H. fraterna is a much paler and differently coloured insect, on the 
upperside, from the same sex of H. wndularis; the female also having broader and 
darker borders on the upperside, and the hindwing of the latter sex has the ochreous 
area always more or less partially or entirely covered with pale striga. The female 
of this species is also a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Salatura Genutia. 

Disrrieution.—According to Capt. Wade ‘it occurs at Galle and also about 
Kandy.” Mr. F. M. Mackwood notes that it is a “low country species, and generally 
abundant.” Capt. Yerbury recently obtained it at Trincomali, in July and October. 


ELYMNIAS CAUDATA (Plate 135, figs. 1, la, larva and pupa, lb, c, d, 3 9). 


Elymnias caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 4, ¢. Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 270 (1883). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, 
p- 351. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 268, pl. A. figs. 2, 2a, 
larva and pupa. 


Tiraco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark velvety purple-brown, bluish-black 
in some lights; with an oblique subapical bluish-white band and three lower 
submarginal oval spots, the upper spot being disposed inwardly-oblique, and 
the lower spot outwardly-oblique, the strigze of the underside being visible by 
semi-transparency on the band; no glandular patch. Hindwing paler purple- 
brown, darkest at the base; glandular tuft within the cell cinereous-brown ; 
crossed by a more or less broad discal fulyous band, which is intersected by 
the brown veins and generally traversed by small paler or sometimes nearly white 
submarginal spots, and occasionally the dark strigz of the underside are visible on 
the band. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the basal area with several very 
obscurely-defined brownish-grey strige. Forewing with a prominent apical triangular 
patch, and an irregular submarginal fascia composed of confluent pinkish cinereous- 
white strige. Hindwing with a broad outer fascia or the entire border very densely 
covered with more or less confluent pinkish cinereous-white strige ; the ordinary 
submarginal spots being indicated by small dark brown or white centred points. 
Body beneath, palpi, and legs pale brown; legs beneath cinereous; antennz dark 
brown with a pale ochreous tip. 

Female. Upperside with paler purplish-brown outer borders, the inner area 
dull ochreous. Forewing with the subapical bluish-white band and lower spots as in 
the male. Hindwing with the costal and outer border, and the veins, broadly paler 
brown; the inner area, and streaks between the veins obscurely merging into the 


ELYMNIIN 4, 151 


submarginal spots, being pale dull ochreous, the spots sometimes being almost white. 
Underside much paler than in the male, but marked the same. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3,4, 2 3,% to 3,5 inches. 

Aputt CaTrrPittar.—< Fusiform, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with 
short stout bristles just visible to the naked eye; head large, surmounted by two 
stout, straight processes, sloping backwards, which are slightly branched at their 
end ; a pair of long straight caudal processes, setose like the body; colour of the 
body bright green, with two dorsal and two lateral longitudinal yellow lines, more 
or less distinct, and a subdorsal row—one on each side—of large yellow spots tinged 
with pink and sometimes tipt with black; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek 
stripe and frontal line. Feeds on Palmacex (Cocoanut and Betel-nut Palms).” 

Curysatis.—‘‘ Suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position ; 
regular, with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an 
acute thoracic process above them; colour bright green, ornamented with four 
irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red” (Davidson and Aitken, 
l..c. 268). 

Hasirat.—South India. 

Distripotion.— This has only been found in the South of Peninsular India. 
Mr. H. 8. Fergusson took both sexes on the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore, where it 
is fairly common in April and May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from 
Calicut, the Wynaad, and the Kadur District in Mysore” (Butt. Ind. 271). We 
have several specimens, from Calicut and the Wynaad, Malabar, captured by the 
late Dr. Bayne Reed, and from the Nilgiris. Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. S. Beng. 
1888, 351) records it as being “rare in the Bamboo jungles at the foot of the 
Northern and Western Slopes of the Nilgiris.’’ Messrs. Davidson and Aitken 
(Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 268) obtained the larvee and several pup on 
the Cocoanut and Betel-nut palms, in October. The late Mr. 8. N. Ward obtained 
the type specimens at Calicut, and “found the larvae feeding on the Soopari, 
(Areca-nut Palm) in September, October and December, both above and below the 
Ghats ’’ (MS. Notes). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 135, fig. 1 is a copy of Mr. 8. N. 
Ward’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la, a reproduction of Mr. Aitken’s 
figure in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, and figs. 1b, ec, d, the male 
and female. 


ELYMNIAS COTTONIS (Plate 136, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 
Melanitis Cottonis, Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1874, p. 358. 
Elymnias Cottonis, Moore, Proc. Gool. Soc. 1877, p. 583. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 245. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 268 
(1883). 


152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Ivaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark velvety purple-brown, almost black in 
some lights; cilia alternately edged with cinereous-white. Forewing with the 
costa more or less obscurely flecked with bluish strigz, the outer margin with a 
suffused deep purple-red band, the inner edge of which is anteriorly incurved to the 
costa; the black glandular patch below the median vein visible. Hindwing with a 
similar purple-red marginal band ; the glandular tuft within the cell cinereous black. 
Underside dark chestnut-red, the basal area darkest and very sparsely covered with 
obscure brownish-grey strigz, the outer margins and the apical patch on forewing 
more numerously covered with broader more or less confluent plumbeous strige, and 
forming an ill-defined fascia on the former; on the hindwing is a prominent white 
costal spot, and sometimes a submarginal series of white or bluish-white points. 
Female. Upperside paler, with the outer marginal band also paler. Forewing with 
the inner area of the marginal band traversed by an excurved series of obscure 
ochreous spots. Hindwing with the band also traversed by two or three small pale 
ochreous submarginal spots. Underside paler than in the male, the strigz on basal 
area the same, those on the triangular costal patch and outer borders brighter and 
lilacine-grey. Hindwing with the costal white spot prominent, and the submarginal 
white points also distinct. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 3, 9 3,%, inches. 

Hasirar.—South Andamans. 

This species in all probability is a mimic of the Euploeine butterfly, Menama 
simulatriz, a common butterfly in South Andamans. 

Disrrisution.—* This species is apparently common at Port Blair, S. Andamans, 
where it was taken by Mr. F. de Roepstorff in the months from April to August ”’ 
(Butt. of India, 269). 


ELYMNIAS MIMUS (Plate 136, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 9). 
Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason and de Niecéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 280; id. 
1882, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 3,4, ¢ 9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 271 
(1883). 

Elymnias dolorosa, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1883, p. 53. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. forewing with an 
obscurely paler olivescent cinereous-brown excurved marginal band; no glandular 
patch. Hindwing with a similar paler marginal border, and sometimes one or 
two obscure small dusky-black. submarginal spots are present; glandular’ tuft 
within base of cell blackish. Ciha alternately whitish. Underside pale chestnut- 
brown ; the basal area of both wings densely covered with broad transverse dark 
chestnut-brown strige, and the outer margins with more slender and _sparsely- 
disposed strige. Forewing with an obscure ordinary costal patch and the broad 
posterior margin dull cinerescent-brown. Hindwing with the submarginal area dull 


ELYMNIIN Zz. ’ 153 


cinerescent-brown, traversed by six suboval black ocelli, the first upper and the fifth 
large, the others much smaller, and sometimes the third is obsolete, and the two last 
are geminated, the first and fifth with a violet- white speckled oval pupil, the others 
with a slender pupil, the fifth and the geminated anal pair also having a slightly- 
defined pale-ochreous outer ring; below the costal border is another but more 
prominent white pupilled black spot. 

Female. Upperside much lighter brown, with the marginal paler cinerescent- 
brown band broader. Forewing with some pale strigew along base of the costa. 
Hindwing with three lower submarginal dusky-black ocelli, as on underside, apparent. 
Underside paler, with the dark chestnut-brown strigz less confluent and permit- 
ting more of the ground colour to be seen; the subcostal white-pupilled ocellus 
on hindwing larger, and with a more diffused black border, the upper submarginal 
ocellus with a rudimentary white pupil. 

Expanse, ¢ 21%, % 2,% inches. 

Hasirat.—Nicobar Islands ; Nias Island. 

This species, “in all probability, mimics the Eupleine butterfly, Crastia Camorta, 
a species which abounds in all the islands of the Nicobars ” (Butt. Ind. 272). 

Distripution.—Specimens haye been received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 
from Mr. F. de Roépstorff, taken in Kar Nicobar, Pulo Koudul, Great Nicobar, 
Kamorta, Trinkutt, Teressa, and Katschall” (Butt. Ind. 272). 

The type of H. dolorosa is described by Mr. A. G. Butler from Nias Island, 
Sumatra. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 136, figs. 2, a, b, are from 
the type specimens named mimus by Mr. Wood-Mason, which have been kindly 
lent for this purpose. 


ELYMNIAS OBNUBILA (Plate 137, figs. 1, la, bg @). 

Elymnias olnubila, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 272 (1883). Moore, Journ. 

Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety chestnut-brown, glossed with violet in 
certain lights; Forewing with a much paler chestnut-red excurved outer band; io 
glandular patch. Hindwing witha similar pale chestnut-red outer band, the glandular 
tuft brown. Underside numerously covered with dark chestnut-red strigew, and 
intervening lilacine grey strigze, which are most densely packed and broadest on the 
basal area, and are more slender on the outer half, the costal patch on forewing, and 
the submarginal areas being most densely covered with the lilacine grey strigx. 
Hindwing with a submarginal series of six small black spots with silvery-white 
pupils, and a larger-pupilled subcostal spot. 

Female larger; paler. Upperside with the pale marginal band much wider, 

VOL. Il. ax 


154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


occupying on the hindwing the whole outer half; a submarginal series of four brown 
obsolescent dots. Underside also paler. Hindwing with the silvery subcostal spot 
larger, the rest of the ocelli smaller and imperfect, being reduced to blackish 
dots with white speckles on their inner edge. 

Kxpanse, ¢ 2;, ? 3 inches. 

Hasitar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui Archipelago. 

Disrripurion.—* A female in Major Marshall’s collection was taken by Captain 
C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests, in Upper Tenasserim, in December” 
(Butt. Ind. 272). According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269), Mr. W. 
Doherty found it rare in the “* Karen Hills at about 2000 feet elevation, in April. 
Found also West of Bassein.”’ 

Of this rare species a single male, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutia, was 
taken by Dr. J. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1888, 33) at Thaing, King Island, 
Mergui Archipeiago, in January. A male of this species, identical with the type, 
trom the Island of Salanga, is in the British Museum collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 137, fig. 1, la is from the type 
male kindly lént from the Indian Museum, Caleutta, and fig. 1b the female taken 
by Mr. Doherty, obligingly lent for this purpose by Mr. Elwes. 


ELYMNIAS DADALION (Pilate 137, figs. 2, 2a, ? ). 
Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 202, pl. D, fig. 4, 2. 


Tuaco.—‘‘ Female. Upperside. Both wings dull reddish-brown, almost fuscous ; 
crossed by a broad pinkish-white band, beyond which the ground-colour is somewhat 
obscurely striated with paler. Forewing with the costa striated with white; the 
broad white band slightly outwardly-curved, commencing on the costa at the middle 
and decreasing in width to the anal angle, its lower portion sullied, especially at 
the edges. Hindwing with the broad discal white band extending from the anterior 
margin to the abdominal margin above the angle, widest in the middle, and traversed 
outwardly by a series of five round black spots. Underside. Both wings with the 
basal half dull castaneous-brown, coarsely striated with whitish, the discal fascia 
white, the outer margins coarsely striated with dark castaneous brown; the hind- 
wing with the black spots as above, and a small bluish-centred costal spot between 
the base of the subcostal veins. 

Expanse, 2;% to 2,% inches. 

Hasrrat.— Burma. 

Distripution.——* The type specimen was taken at Myitta, Burma, in January, 
and is in the Phayre Museum, Rangoon (de Nicéville, /. c. p. 203). Major C. H. H. 


ELYMNIIN 4. 155 


Adamson obtained a female at ‘Tavoy, in August,’ which was kindly lent for 
examination, and is referred to in his ‘ List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10,’’’ under the 
name of Hlym. Mimus. 

This is nearest allied to the Bornean lym. Dara, Distant (Ann. Nat. Hist. 
1887, p. 50), the female of Dadalion differing, on the upperside, from the same sex 
of Dara, in the white band on the forewing being straighter and broader in its 
oblique-course from the costa to posterior angle ; the band on the hindwing is also 
broader. On the underside, Deedalion has both bands as on upperside, and both are 
entirely free from strige. 

Typo-Manayan allied species of Erymyias.—H. Protogenia (Cramer, Pap. Exot. 
u. pl. 189, figs. F, G, 2 5 id. i. pl. 25, figs. A, B, ¢ (1777). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. 
K. I. C. pl. 3, fig. 24; pl. 8, fig. 8 (1829). Syn. E. Jynx, Hiibn. Zutrage Exot. 
Schmett. figs. 37, 38, d (1818). Both sexes smaller than in the allied Indian species 
(undularis). In the male the curved series of blue spots on forewing above are 
generally smaller and longitudinally narrow, the underside more uniformly covered 
throughout with strigze. Female with much broader dark-brown borders to the 
forewing, the dark marginal band on the hindwing being obsolesvent posteriorly and 
with much smaller white spots. Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;%, ? 2,% to 8 inches. This 
is nearer to the Burmese species (tinctoria) than to the Indian (wndularis), both in 
size and in the broader dark-brown borders of the upperside of the female. The Javan 
female has the ochreous colour on both wings more intense and dusky than in either 
tinctoria or undularis, coinciding, in this intensity of colour, with that occurring in the 
Javan Huploeine Salatura intensa, of which the female of E. Protogenia is a mimic. 
Habitat. Java.—H. discrepans, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 60, pl. vi. figs. 2, 38, ¢ ? 
(1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—H. leucocyma (Godart, Enc. Méth. 
ix. p. 326 (1819). Described by Godart as having “absolutely the appearance and 
shape of ‘undularis,’ the upperside blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue-violet 
spots on the border of forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of hind- 
wing. Underside deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish waves, more 
powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing.” Habitat. Java.—H. nigrescens. 
Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 1. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 61, pl. 6, fic. 
1, %?,pl. 9, fig. 1, ? (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Billiton; Borneo; 
Formosa.—H. Hecate. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 2. Habitat. 
Labuan, Borneo.—F. congruens, Semper, Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. p. 61, pl. xi. figs. 
8, 9,10, d2 (1886). Habitat. Mindanao.—f. Hainana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878 





p- 696. Habitat. Hainan; Formosa.—l. Panthera (Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 39 
(1787) ; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 7. Syn. M. Dusara, Hors- 
field, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 7 (1829). Habitat. Java.—H. lutescens, 
Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 404, pl. 9, fig. 10. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, 


x 





156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


pl. 6, figs. 4, 5, ¢% (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Borneo.— HF. 
Dara, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50. Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Albofas- 
ciata, Staudinger, Iris, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 39. Habitat. Palewan.— 
H. Enganica, Doherty, J. A. S. Beng. 1891, p. 24. Habitat. Engano Island, 
Sumatra. 


Genus MELYNIAS. 


Elymnias (part), Hubner Verz. p. 37 (1816). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 236 (1857). 
Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 519. Scudder Proc, Amer. Acad. A. Sci. Boston, 1875, 161. Distant, 
Rhop. Malay, p. 58 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 264 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat elongate, triangular; costa much arched, 
apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and scalloped, posterior margin 
slightly convex ; costal vein swollen at the base ; first and second subcostal emitted 
before end of the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, lower concave ; 
to upper medians originating from end of cell. Hindwing short, obtusely ovate, 
anterior margin regularly convex, exterior margin convex, scalloped and subeaudate 
at end of upper median; cell extending to nearly half the wing, rather narrow ; 
discocellulars inwardly-oblique, much recurved, radial from above the middle; two 
upper medians from end of cell; glandular patch and tuft within the cell, as in 
Klymnias. 

Typs.—M. Laiss 

The species of this genus are mimics of the Eupleine genera Parantica, 
Caduga, Trepsichrois, and Hestia. 


MELYNIAS SINGALA (Plate 138, figs. 1, la, bd 9). 


Elymnias Singala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 26, pl. 138, 
figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9 (1880). 
Dyctis Singala, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 277 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivaceous purpurescent-brown ; cilia alternated 
with pale olivescent-cinereous. Forewing with a marginal macular band formed of 
pale olive-grey speckled quadrate spots; a few olivescent-ochreous strige along 
the costa; no glandular patch. Hindwing with a broad submarginal band composed 
of transversely-disposed more or less confluent olive-grey strigee ; glandular tuft 
within cell cinerescent-brown. Underside paler purplish-brown; covered with 
blackish strigze, which are most numerous on the basal half, and along the extreme 
outer margins; the submarginal area being broadly covered with densely packed 
pinkish-grey strige, forming a broad fascia which is more or less inwardly suffused 


ELYMNIIN A, 157 


with olivescent-brown; on the hindwing is a submarginal series of small blackish 
points and a bluish-white apical spot situated between the subcostals. 

Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expanse, 3 to 3,5, inches. 

Hasirar.—Ceylon. 

This species is probably a mimic of the Eupleeine butterfly Pademma Sinhala, 

Disrrreution.—* A scarce butterfly, except at the Peradeniya Gardens. The 
larva feeds on a species of palm-tree ’’ (Mackwood MS. Notes). 


MELYNIAS PEALII (Plate 138, figs. 2, 2a, b,d 2). 


Elymnias Pealit, Wood-Mason, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 62, pl. 2, figs. A, B, 3. 
Dyctis Peali, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 276 (1883). Doherty, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124, pl. x. fig. 3, 2. 


TIvaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent black, darkest basally, with the mark- 
ings deep lavender-blue; cilia alternated with greyish-white. Forewing with an 
oblique subapical band and a continuous submarginal series of rather faint and 
diffused blotches, and the extreme apex lavender-blue ; the costa also transversely 
striated with lavender-blue. Hindwing with a curved submarginal lavender-blue 
band, which is very prominent, and is composed of coarse strige extending from 
the apex to the lower median vein, and ends in a purple patch at the anal angle. 
Underside much as in #. widularis and its allies, but more richly coloured. 

Female. ‘Upperside. Both wings tinted with blue instead of violet. Forewing 
with the subcostal band very obscure, the cell dark, the dise pale. Hindwing with a 
conspicuous rufous-orange anal spot occupying the entire breadth of the submedian 
interspace, the violet submarginal band of the male replaced by a broad bluish 
fascia extending over the disc to before the apex. Underside with the entire fore- 
wing, except the cell and outer margin clouded with large violet-blue strigew, and 
so also is the apical and part of the discal area of the hindwing” (Doherty, J. c. 
p- 124). 

- Hxpanse, d 3,, ? 3) inches. 

Hapirat.—Assam. 

Disrrizution.—The male type specimen was “ captured by Mr. 8S. E. Peal at 
Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam” (W. Mason, J. c. p. 62). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. 
Bengal, 1889, 124), records it from “‘ Sadiya and Margherita, Upper Assam, between 
August and December.” According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. S. 1891, 269), Mr. 
Doherty also took ‘‘ a single specimen at Margherita in May.” 


158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


Of our ‘illustrations of this species on Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, male and female, 


are reproduced from the figures above quoted. 


MELYNIAS TIMANDRA (Plate 139, figs. 1, la, b,c, f 9): 


Elymnias Timandra, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 
1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 275 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown. Forewing with some pro- 
minent bluish-grey strigz at base of the costa, and some quadrate spots towards the 
apex ; a violescent-blue or verditer-blue broad streak within the cell and a longitu- 
dinal streak disposed between the veins ; the two upper streaks below the subcostal 
being slender, the next also slender but broadly lobate at end of the cell, the three 
next broadest at their inner end and somewhat lobate at their outer end, the posterior 
margin also with a narrow streak. Hindwing with a similarly-disposed but much 
paler and less sharply defined streak between the veins, the outer streaks broadest 
at their discal end, the ends being indented, and are each opposed to an opposite 
submarginal lunular-spot, these streaks and spots being mottled with brown speckles ; 
glandular tuft cimereous-brown. Underside densely covered with dark purplish- 
brown transverse strigee, and intervening purpurescent-cinereous strigew, the dark 
strigze most dense and more confluent on the basal half and the onter margin, the 
pale strigze most dense and confluent on the discal area. T’horax and abdomen above 
speckled with verditer-blue scales; spots on the head above, collar, and sides of palpi 
whitish ; antennze brown above, ochreous beneath. 

Female. Upperside paler brown, the markings as in male; those on the fore- 
wing paler and of a violaceous-blue, paling to ochreous-cinereous posteriorly, and 
those on the hindwing also ochreous-cinereous. Underside less densely but more 
uniformly covered with slender dark-brown strigze and broader confluent pur- 
purescent-white strigex. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,4, ? 3% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Silhet; Arakan ; Tenasserim. 

This species is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly, Parantica Aglea.* 

Distripurion.—Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 321) records a “ single 
specimen of the female, apparently agreeing with Timandra, taken in Sikkim by Mr. 
Otto Moller’s collector at Singla, in April, 1887.” The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained 
it in Silhet. ‘ The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Silhet. Capt. Bingham 
took a male in the Donat range in Tenasserim in April, and one female was taken 
at Kanhlete in September, by Major Adamson” (Butt. Ind. 275). Obtained by 








* See vol. i. pl. 13. 


ELYMNIINAE. 159 


Major C. H. E. Adamson in “ Arakan and Tenasserim in September, February, 
April and May, but it is very rare in Burma” (List of Burmese Butt., p. 10). Mr. 
A. R. Wallace records it from “ Moulmein” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1869, 326). 


MELYNIAS MALELAS (Plate 140, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 

Melanitis Malelas, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. me/. pl. 1, figs. 6,7, ¢ (1863). 

Elymnias Malelas, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p, 327. 

Melanitis leucocyma, Boisdaval ; Doubleday, Catal. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 144 (1844), Westwood, 
Gen. D. Lep. p. 404 (1851) nee Godart.* 

Elymnias leucocyma, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1869, p. 326. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 522. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 273, pl. xvii. fig. 60, ¢ 2 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown. Cilia alter- 
nately edged with white. Forewing darkest, the outer two-thirds brilliantly glossed 
with steel-blue in some lights; costal edge with several short pale-blue strigze ; an 
excurved submarginal series of violet-blue spots, of which there are five, the lower 
being rounded, the two upper oval and Jonger ; sometimes an incipient slender sub- 
costal upper spot is also shghtly indicated ; three similar blue smaller spots also on the 
disc, another just beyond end of the cell, and a more or less defined slender speckled 
streak extending to near each of the upper outer spots, the lowest and sometimes the 
middle spot being slender and extending towards the outer lower spots. Hindwing 
paler externally, with a purpurescent tinge ; with, or without, an obscure sub- 
marginal series of small violet-grey speckled lunules; the basal tuft of hairs 
cinereous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown, undulated with short trans- 
verse cinereous-ochreous strige, which are most densely disposed externally and 
more or less obsolescent, or absent basally ; the costa of both wings being also more 
prominently edged with whiter strige, and the base of the hindwing with three 
superposed white spots. Head above, and thorax beneath spotted with white; 
collar beneath also white; clothing of palpi above and beneath tipt with white; legs 
white speckled; antennz brown. 

Female. Upperside paler. orewing as in the male, except that the glossy blue 





* Godart’s leucocyma (Enc. Méth. ix. p. 325) is described by him as having “ absolately the appear- 
ance and shape of ‘ wndularis,’ the upperside of the wings of a blackish-brown, with a band of pale blue- 
violet spots on border of the forewing, and a row of ashy points on the border of the hindwing. Underside 
deep brown, with a multitude of small greyish-waves, more powdered on the hindwing than on the forewing. 
Habitat, Java.” I am indebted to Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, for directing my attention to 
Godart’s species (in a letter dated Feb. 2, 1890), wherein he says that ‘‘ Lewcocyma of Godart is not found 
in Java, where only the typical wndularis form with its very different female occurs. I have leucocyma 
from Sumatra, Banea, Billiton, and Flores, the female resembling the male.” 


160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


area is confined to the outer half, the spots much paler and the lower whiter, or mostly 
white, with a pale ochreous-cinereous speckled-streak extending from the lower 
outer spot to the base, and a much less defined narrow similar streak from the lower 
diseal spot. Hindwing with all the interspaces marked with transverse ochreous- 
cinereous strigee, these strigse forming a more or less confluent longitudinal streak 
between the veins. Underside also paler than in the male; markings the same, except 
that the strigee are much paler and wider. 

Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3%, 9 3,8, to 4,2, inches. 

Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet ; Burma. 

This insect is an excellent mimic of the Euploine butterfly, Trepsichrois 
Linnei, both the male and female resembling the corresponding sexes of the latter 
butterfly.* 

Disrrisution.—It is common in the submontane districts of Northern and 
Eastern India, extending through Burma as far South as Tavoy (Butt. Ind. 278). 
Mr, E, J. Atkinson records it “from Kali, Kumaon, on the western border of Nepal”’ 
(Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ Kali Valley, E. Kumaon, at 
Balwakot and Toli, 2500 to 3000 feet elevation, which, compared with Sikkim speci- 
mens, are more striated and speckled with white below, and have an irregular line 
of whitish spots round the outer disc of the hindwing above”’ (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 
120). We have specimens from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. 
“Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken it around villages in Sikkim at about 2000 feet 
elevation, in October” (Butt. Ind. 273). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
330) records it as ‘not rare in the low valleys of Sikkim, from the Terai up to 3000 
feet, during almost every month in the year.” ‘The India Museum, Calcutta, 
possess specimens from Upper Assam, and from Silhet, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it 
in Cachar in June and July ” (Butt. Ind. 273). The late Mr. W. S. Atkinson took 
it in Cherra Punji, and the late Mr. A. Grote obtained it in Silhet. Captain 
BE. Y. Watson’s collection contained it from the Khasia Hills. “Capt. C. H. 1. 
Adamson obtained it in Akyab, and found it commonly in plantain gardens j» 
Moulmein in August and September” (Butt. Ind. 273). Signor Leonardo Fe: 
obtained it at Bhamo in November. ‘Mr. T. C. Hill took it in Tavoy in March ; 
Capt. C. T. Bingham found it commonly in the Thoungyeen forests in the autumn 
and again in April”? (Butt. Ind. 273). Capt. E. Y. Watson took it at “ Pounga- 
dow, Upper Burma, in October, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, in January ” 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1888, 4). Mr. O. Limborg obtained it at ** Ahsown, in 
Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 826). 





* See vol. i. pl. 35. 


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ELYMNIINZ. 161 


MELYNIAS SAUERI (Plate 140, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 9). 


Elymnias Saueri, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 65, pl. 9. fig. 3, ¢(1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 274 (1883), @. 

Elymnias Kiinstleri, Honrath, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr. 1885, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 3, 9. Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 422, pl. 41, fig. 9 (1886), 2. 

Imaco.—Male. ‘“ Upperside. Forewing dark violaceous-brown, with paler blue 
suffusions on apical area; with a submarginal series of five pale violaceous-blue 
spots, and three discal smaller indistinct spots ; costal margin basally speckled with 
ereyish strigs and apical bluish spots. Hindwing castaneous brown, the basal area 
fuscous. Underside pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark chocolate-brown 
strige, which are irregular in shape and size. Forewing with the costal margin 
speckled with grey; the upper part of the cell and apical area somewhat paler in 
hue, and with indications of a dark-waved fascia near the cell. Hindwing somewhat 
darker, the strigze being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much- 
waved and irregular dark fascia crossing the wing about end of the cell, and a more 
or less distinct broad submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and 
indistinct lines ” (Distant, J. c. 65). 

Female. ‘ Upperside greyish-white. Forewing with greyish-blue reflections in 
the cell and pale ochraceous shadings on inner marginal area; costa more or less 
spotted and marked with blackish, thickly so to end of the cell, and some similar 
markings in the cell along the median vein ; veinlets ornamented with fuscous and 
blackish blotches, the three median veinlets and the lower discoidal veinlet most 
prominently so. J/indwing with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded 
with pale ochraceous ; veins with black and fuscous blotches as on forewing, but less 
prominent; a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and upper median veinlets; a 
submarginal series of irregular-shaped blackish spots, between which and the 
posterior margin are many wavy fuscous and black irregularly-shaped and placed 
linear spots. Forewing as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along 
the veins much more broken and unrelieved by fuscous-brown ; several curved black 
lines crossing the cell. Hindwing generally as above” (Distant, J. c. 422), 

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 4;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

The male is a mimic of the same sex of the Eupleine Trepsichrois Linnzi,* 
and the female, apparently, is a mimic of the Limnaine butterfly Hestia Agamar- 
schana, or H. Donovani. 

DistripuTION.—A male of this species, taken by Capt. Bingham in the Thoung- 
yeen Valley, Tenasserim, is in the British Museum collection. The male type 





* See vol. i. plate 35, and plate 4, fig. 1. 


vol. 1. July 22nd, 1893. y 


162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


described by Mr. Distant, was captured in Province Wellesly, Malay Peninsula, by 
Mr. Saiier, and the above assigned female, in Perak, by Mr. Kiinstler. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 140, fig. 2, 2a, male and female, 
both are copied from Mr. Distant’s figures above quoted. 


MELYNIAS PATNA (Plate 141, figs. 1, la, 3). 


Melanitis Patna, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 405, pl. 68, fig. 2 (1851). 

Elymnias Patna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. EH. I. Compy. i. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 327. 

Dyctis Patna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
ete. 1. p. 277 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark velvety blackish purple-brown ; cilia alternately 
edged with white. Morewing with the outer area glossed with dark violaceous-blue, 
and crossed by a curved discal series of elongated purplish-blue streaks, which 
commence from middle of the costal edge, and decrease posteriorly; the streak 
disposed between the lower radial and upper median being more or less very 
obsolescent, slender, lobate, and obscurely extending in a lobe to end of the cell. 
Hindwing paler externally, with the apical area glossed with violaceous-blue ; 
crossed by a submarginal series of four distinct white dots; the glandular tuft of 
hairs at the base pale ochreous-brown. Underside uniformly paler brown. Forewing 
with the costal edge flecked with bluish-white strigze ; the discal area with numerous 
transverse very obscurely-defined brownish-cinereous strigz, and a submarginal row 
of three bluish-white dots. Hindwing with a submarginal curved series of seven 
bluish-white spots, the upper one disposed between the subcostals; the outer 
border being flecked with cinereous: striga. Head above and thorax beneath 
spotted with white ; collar and streak on sides of palpi also white. 

Female. Upperside paler. Morewing as in the male, except that the elongated 
purple-blue streaks are larger, longer, and more diffused, the submarginal streaks 
each with a slightly-defined outer central white dot. Hindwing as in male. 
Underside also paler ; markings as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3,%, 2 3; inches. 

Hapirar.— Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Cachar; Silhet; Burma. 

This species is a mimic, both in form, colour, and general markings, of the 
Hupleeine butterflies Stictoplea binotata,* and Isamia splendens. 

Disrripution.—Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 120) records “‘ two males, 
taken at Garjiaghat, near the junction of the Kali and the Gori, astern Kumaon, at 
2500 feet. They do not differ from Sikkim specimens.” The late W. 5S. Atkinson 





* See vol. i. plate 53, figs. 2, 2a. 


ELYMNIINZ. 163 


took it in Cherra Punji. ‘It is not a common species, and we have only seen it 
from Sikkim, Cachar, and Silhet. Mr. L. de Nicéville took it in the Valley of the 
Great Runjit, in Sikhim, in October ; and Mr. Wood-Mason took a single specimen 
on Nemotha Peak, Cachar, in September”? (Butt. Ind. 278). Mr. H. J. Elwes 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 330) records it as ‘‘ not a common species in the low Valleys of 
Sikkim up to 3000 feet, between April and December.” 


MELYNIAS PATNOIDES (Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing comparatively narrower and more tri- 
angular in shape than typical Patna, the pale blue streaks somewhat shorter and 
narrower. Hindwing conspicuously more triangular in shape; the anterior margin 
less arched, the exterior margin being almost straight from the apex to anal angle, 
and less broadly sinuous; the submarginal bluish-white spots disposed more linearly 
in their course. Underside uniformly coloured throughout. Forewing with no trace 
of the obscure pale transverse strigee (which are always present broadly across the 
disc in Patna) ; there are also five submarginal prominent small bluish-white spots, 
two apical and three lower, the lowest being slender and disposed between the 
median and submedian veinlets. Hindwing with very prominent bluish-white sub- 
marginal spots, which, as on upperside, are disposed in a more linear course, 

Expanse, d 3,%o inches. 

Hasrrar.—Burma. 


Distrizurion.—A single male was taken at Kathapa, in February, by Major 
C. H. E. Adamson. “Two specimens of the male were also taken by Mr. W. 
Doherty in the Karen Hills, East Pegu, at 4000 feet elevation in March and April, 
1890” (H. J. Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 270). 

OF our illustrations of this species on Plate 141, figs. 2, 2a, represent the male 
from Kathapa, kindly lent for this purpose from Major Adamson’s collection. 


Inpo-Matayan species or Manyntas.—M. Lais (Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 114, 
figs. A, B (1779). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 62, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1882). Staudinger, 
Exot. Schmett. p. 237, pl. 86, ¢ (1887). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; 
Billiton ; Java; Borneo; Siam.—M. Cerya (Boisduval. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 9, 
fig. 8 (1836). Habitat. Java—M. Casiphone (Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii. 
(1820-26). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 64, pl. vi. fig. 10, ¢ (1882). Semper, Reise 
Philippen, Lep. pl. xi. figs. 11, 12, d ¢. Habitat. Singapore ; Java; Mindano. 
—M. Kumara (Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 289 (1857). Habitat. 
Java.—M. Harterti (Elym. Harterti, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 165, pl. 
2, fig. 3). Allied to M. Peali. Habitat. Malacca. 


y 2 


_ 





164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus BRUASA. 


_ Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, triangular; costa much arched; apex 
pointed, very acute; exterior margin oblique and very slightly sinuous, posterior 
angle convex; cell very broad and short ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique, lower 
deeply concave. Hindwing triangularly-ovate ; anterior margin long, apex obtusely 
pointed; exterior margin oblique, shghtly smuous; cell short, broad; glandular 
patch and tuft of hairs within the cell ; palpi long, slender, porrect. 

Typr.—B. Penanga. 


BRUASA CHELENSIS (Plate 141, figs. 3, 3a, ¢). 
Elymnias Chelensis, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 200, pl. D, fig. 3, @. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings fuscous-brown. forewing with the 
basal half of the costal and the outer margin narrowly ferruginous brown, the rest of 
the wing strongly glossed with rich deep blue, becoming obsolete basally ; two large 
conjoined equal-sized oblong upper discal pale blue spots, and three similar but 
smaller lower spots in the median interspaces, the lowest being sometimes obsolete. 
Hindwing entirely unglossed with blue, the fuscous ground-colour becoming lighter 
towards the outer margin, the extreme outer margin ferruginous-brown. Underside ; 
both wings rich castaneous-brown, sprinkled with purplish and white strige. ore- 
wing with the white mottlings concentrated into an oblique band, which commences 
on the costa and ends at the first median veinlet, where the speckles are more 
scattered and larger, and with the mottling extended one-fourth along the costa from 
the apex ; inner margin dull fuscous, extending on to the dise beyond the oblique 
discal mottled-band and ending in a point on the third median veinlet. Hindwing 
divided into two equal well-defined areas, the basal area rich castaneous, sparsely 
sprinkled with dull purplish strigz, the outer area so thickly sprinkled with purplish 
confluent-strige that the castaneous ground-colour is almost obliterated; a large 
oval pale ochreous spot in the middle of the upper subcostal interspace ; an outer 
discal or submarginal series of five minute black dots inwardly marked with a 
minute white dot, one in each interspace. 

Expanse, d 2;% to 2% inches. 

Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Upper Tenasserim. 

According to Mr. L. de Nicéville this is “closely allied to Hlym. penanga 
[mehida, Hewitson] from the Malay Peninsula, from which it differs in the 
apex of the forewing being more produced, the outer margin much _ less 
sinuous, the apex of the hindwing also more produced, the outer margin con- 
siderably truncated and entire; in the costa of the forewing and of the outer 
margin of both wings on the upperside being tinged with ferruginous, instead 


ELYMNIINA. 165 


of being concolorous with the rest of the wing, as in H. penanga [mehida]; in the 
forewing [in the type] having four instead of five spots, owing to the posterior one 
being absent; in the two anterior spots being shorter, wider, and conjoined instead 
of well separated ; in the hindwing being entirely unglossed with blue, whereas in 
HH, penanga [mehida] it is strongly blue-glossed ; in the markings of the underside of 
both wings being more variegated, and in the presence [in the type| of the large 
ochreous subcostal spot of the hindwing” (de Nicéville, J. ¢.). 

Distrisution.—‘ The type specimens were captured by the Rev. W. A. 
Hamilton’s native collectors at Chelapunji, at the foot of the Khasia hills, on the 
Silhet side, at nearly sea-level” (de N./.c.) A single male, taken by Major C. 
H. EH, Adamson, on April 23rd, 1880, in Upper Tenasserim on the road to the Siam 
frontier, which is evidently of the same species, has five blue elongated spots on 
the forewing above, and on the underside the ochreous subcostal spot is absent, this 
spot being also either absent or present in the male of the allied Malay species, 
B. penanga. Mr. H. J. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 269) records a single specimen from 
the low country of Hast Pegu, taken by Mr. W. Doherty. 

Both this species, and penanga, are mimics of the Eupleine butterfly 
Calliplea Ledereri.* 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 141, fig. 3 is a reproduction 
of M. de Nicéville’s figure of the type, and fig. 8a is from the Burmese specimen 
taken by Major Adamson. 

Inpo-Matayan species or Bruasa.—B. Penanga (Melanitis Penanga, Westwood, 
Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, ? (1851). Habitat. Penang—B. Mehida (Klymnias Mehida, 
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Mel. pl. figs. 2, 3, ¢ (1863). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 
63, pl. 7, fig. 6, ¢; pl. 6, fig. 11, ? (1882). Habitat. Malacca. Singapore.—B. 
Sumatrana (Elymnias Sumatrana Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, &. 
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Mel. pl. figs. 1, 4, ? (1863). Habitat. Sumatra.—B. 
Abrisa (Elymnias Abrisa, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 531; Rhop. Malayana, 
p- 421, pl. 43, fig. 5, d (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.—B. Borneensis (Hlym- 
nias Borneensis; Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1892, p. 428). Habitat. N.-E. 
Borneo.—B. Konga (Elymnias Konga, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317). 
Habitat. Kina Balu, N. Borneo. 


Genus MIMADELIAS. 


Wings shorter, broader, and more regularly triangular than in Elymnias. Tore- 
wing with the costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly 
scalloped ; posterior margin slightly convex, the middle portion being folded over on to 





* See vol. i. plate 36, figs. ], la. 


166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ihe upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated below the 
submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the patch, and 
enclosed within the fold. Veins as in Elymnias. Hindwing obtusely-ovate, the 
costa much arched at the base, exterior margin convex and scalloped, but not cau- 
date, the anal angle rounded. Cell shorter and broader, the discocellular outwardly- 
oblique, nearly straight; other veins and also the glandular patch and tuft of hairs 
within the cell, as in Elymnias. 

'l'ype.—M. Vasudeva. 

The species of this genus are mimics of the Pierine butterflies of the genus 
Delias. 

Hasits; AND Foop piant or Caterrintar.— According to the observations 
of Capt. Godfery (Distant Rhop. Malay. 423) the species of this genus (MM. 
Godferyi) found in the Malay Peninsula, was captured ‘hovering with some- 
what feeble flight over the high banks separating the road from the adjacent 
forest.” Mr. Distant also records (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) on the authority 
of Mr. W. B. Pryer, that in North Borneo the larva of this same species (God- 
feryi) “feeds on an Orchid—a specimen of this orchid hanging in my verandah 
attracted two or three females, and a caterpillar feeding on the orchid was bred up 
and produced the male butterfly. This butterfly may be described as rare, but is 
probably common enough 150 feet above ground amongst the tree tops, where only 


the orchid grows.” 


MIMADELIAS VASUDEVA (Plate 142, figs. 1, la, b,e,¢ ?). 


Elymnias Vasudeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. 1. p. 238 (1857). Wallace, Trans. Ent. 
Soe. Lond, 1869, p. 327. 

Dyctis Vasudeva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 525. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 278, pl. xvii. fig. 61, ¢ (1883). 

Elymnias Thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 323, 8 2. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dull black, glossed with indigo-blue ; 
some bluish-grey strigze along the costal edge, a bluish-grey broad fusiform cell- 
streak cut by the discocellulars, below which are three longitudinal median diseal 
streaks, and beyond is an excurved outer decreasing series of six small streaks, 
the cell and discal streaks being, generally, narrowed at their outer end, and 
joined to the opposite outer streak, and the extreme outer margin also lunularly 
speckled with bluish scales; posterior margin with the middle portion folded over 
upon the upperside and there covering a scabrous glandular patch of scales situated 
below the submedian vein, a tuft of fine erectile hairs arising from the inner end of the 
patch, and enclosed within the fold, the inner surface of the fold being white, and 
the tuft brownish-ochreous. Hindwing with the costal border and exterior margin 


ELYMNIIN 2. 167 


broadly dull blue-black, the extreme edge of the exterior margin lunularly speckled 
with bluish-grey scales ; the lower half of the cell, a streak beyond the cell, and the 
inner interspaces of the median veins to the abdominal margin white, thus forming 
a large white lower basal area; glandular tuft of hairs within the cell pale brownish- 
ochreous. Underside dull white; veins black lined. Forewing numerously covered 
with black strige, which are broadest and partly confluent on the basal area, par- 
tially absent across the disc and more slender but less densely packed on the outer 
area. Hindwing with the basal third and the outer border decreasing to anal angle 
more densely covered with confluent black strige, the upper discal interspaces 
being ochreous-white, bare of strige, and the lower interspaces broadly also bare, 
but of a chrome-yellow colour; between the base of the internal and lower median 
vein is ared patch. Clothing of body above and palpi tipt with bluish-grey; head 
above and thorax beneath with white spots; collar white; legs above bluish-grey, 
beneath brown ; antennz brown above, ochreous beneath. 

Female. Wings somewhat longer than in male. Upperside paler. Forewing 
with the longitudinal streaks duller, less prominent, and more diffused. Hindwing 
with the outer band traversed by broad transverse grey strige. Underside as in 
the male, but with all the strigz more slender and uniformly disposed. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, % 3,% inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim. 

This very peculiarly marked species is a mimic of the common Pierine butterfly 
Delias pasithoe. 

Disrrisution.—Specimens in Mr. O. Miller’s collection, now in the possession 
of the Hon. W. Rothschild, were taken in Sikkim from June to October. The late 
W.S. Atkinson obtained it in Sikkim. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained it in “ Sikkim 
at low elevations, in October” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1882, 56). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Tr. 
Ent. Soc. 1888, 331) records it as ‘‘ not uncommon in the low valleys of Sikkim, 
at 1000 to 2000 feet, from May to October.” 


MIMADELIAS DEVA. (Plate 142, figs. 2, 2a, 9). 


Iwaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with much broader and paler grey 
streaks between the veins, these being entire from the base of wing to the outer 
border. Hindwing with a narrower outer marginal band, the upper portion being 
composed of the broad black ends of the veins. Underside. Forewing whiter, with 
similarly, but less dense black striga. Hindwing with similar basal marks, narrow 
strigose outer border, and bright ochreous medial and lower area; red spot dis- 
tinct. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar broad but duller bluish-grey streak 


168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


between the veins, as in male. Hindwing with broader outer band traversed by 
slender bluish-grey strigee. Underside as in male. 


Expanse, 3 3, ¢ 3,8, inches. 
Hasrrar.—Assam ; Khasia Hills. 


Disrrisution.—Specimens were taken by the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson in Silhet. 
Mr. J. J. Weir possesses a male from Assam. Col. Godwin Austen obtained it in 
the Khasia Hills. Specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s 
native collectors, are in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. 


MIMADELIAS BURMENSIS (Plate 143, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Twaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with dark bluish-grey streaks between 
the veins, which are broad and continuous. Hindwing with broad biack outer 
border ending narrowly at the anal angle, the lower white discal area being broadly 
ochreous-tinted. Underside. Ground-colour white. Forewing with more densely 
disposed and finer strige than in Vasudeva or Deva. Hindwing also with the basal 
area and exterior margin more densely covered with black confluent-strige than in 
the above; the upper medial interspaces being quite white; red spot prominent and 
large. 

Female. Forewing with the dark bluish-grey streaks confined to the base, 
and to an outer excurved series. Hindwing with a broad black marginal lunulose 
band. Underside. Forewing with densely-disposed strigz. Hindwing with the 
auterior border and outer margin to near anal angle uniformly strigose, the lower 
discal area bright-ochreous. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,, ? 3,8 inches. 

Hazitat.—Burma; T'enasserim. 


DisrrisuTion.—Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at “ Kathapa, Upper 
Burma, in February.” A female, in Mr. F. Godman’s collection, from ‘ Taoo, 
3000 to 5000 feet, Upper Tenasserim,” was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 
1878, 826). Capt. E. Y. Watson records ‘“‘a single male taken at Beeling, Upper 
Tenasserim, in January” (J. Bombay N. H. Soe. 1888, p. 4). Mr. H. J. Elwes 
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 419), also records it from ‘* Tavoy, in March.” 

Inpo-Manayan ALLIED Miwapenias.—M. Godferyi (Elymnias Godferyi, Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 39, fig. 5, % (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; 
N. Borneo.—M. Borneensis (Elymnias Borneensis, Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1869, p. 324, 2. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 237, pl. 86, d (1887). Habitat. 
Sarawak, Borneo.—M. Egialina (Melanitis Egialina, Felder, Noy. Reise, Lep. iii. pl. 
61, figs. 7, 8 (1867). Habitat. Luzon. 


ELYMNIINZ.. 169 


Genus AGRUSIA. 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing very short and broad, triangular ; costa much arched, 
apex obtuse ; exterior margin almost erect and very slightly scalloped, posterior 
angle rounded; posterior margin long, with the middle longitudinally folded wpon 
the upperside and covering a scabrous patch of scales below the submedian vein, the 
patch with an erectile tuft of hairs arismg from the inner end; cell short, very broad. 
Hindwing short, and very broad, triangular; anterior margin arched at the base, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin obliquely-convex and almost even, anal angle obtuse ; 
the normal glandular tuft within the cell ; the cell short and broad. 

Typz.—A. EHsaca. 

The species of this genus are mimics of the Nymphalid butterflies of the 
“protected” section of the genus Huthalia—of which lepidea, ambalika, Diardi, 
Andersonti, etc., are representatives. 

According to Mr. W. B. Pryer (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 50) the 4. Esaca is 
found in N. Borneo, ‘in fairly open ground, in sunshine.” 


AGRUSIA ANDERSONII (Plate 143, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 


Dyetis Andersonii, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 5, . 
Dyctis Esaca (part), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 278. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent violet-brown. Forewing with a 
marginal excurved series of lilacine-grey spots, the three upper of which are of a 
lengthened oval form, and the three lower pyriform with the point acute. Hind- 
wing with a broad marginal scalloped-edge lilacine-grey band. Underside pale 
vinous-brown, the apical area of forewings and the exterior marginal area of hind- 
wings whitish ; covered with numerous darker brown more or less confluent strigze, 
which are broadest from the disc to the base. Female unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 25 inch. 

Hasitat.—Mergui Archipelago. 

This species is, apparently, a mimic of the Nymphalid Huthalia Andersonii. 

Distrisution.—A single specimen was taken by Dr. J. Anderson at Minthan- 
toung, Mergui, in December. 

Inpo-MatayaN allied species of AGrusia.—A. Hsacoides, de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 323, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra 
(Coll. Godman).—A. Hsaca (Melanitis Esaca), Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 405, 2 
(1851). Hewitson, Exot. Butt. mi. Mel. pl. fig. 5, ¢ (1863). Elym. Egialina, 
Semper [nec Felder], Reisen Philippen, Lep. i. pl. xii. figs. 7, 8, ¢ (1886). Habitat. 
Borneo.* Philippines. 





* Not Assam, as has erroneously been stated. 


voL. 11. October 23rd, 1898. Zz 


170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sub-family AMATHUSIINZ. 


Morphide (part) Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 332 (1851). 

Morphine (part) Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 8 (1869). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 115 (1871). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 281 (1883). 

Nymphaline (part) Bates, Journ. Ent. 1864, p. 176. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 26 (1881). 

Nymphaline (group Morphina), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 67 (1882). 

Morphide (sect. B.), Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 182 (1889). 

Imaco.—Wings broad, ample, varying in outline; generally ocellated on the 
underside. Forewing with the costal vein generally slightly and gradually dilated 
at the base ; first subcostal veinlet long, emitted before end of the cell; second sub- 
costal four-branched ; cell short and very broad, completely closed; median and 
submedian both with a basal more or less slightly-projected approximating tumid 
angle, that of the submedian in typical Zeuxidia (Luxerii) being developed into a 
short spur. Hindwing with the cell area rather narrow, partly closed, or entirely 
open, the discocellular veinlet appearing asa third subcostal branch ; no prediscoidal 
cell; the inner margin of the wing broadly channelled, and enclosing the entire 
abdomen ; the male furnished with a glandular patch or patches of scales, and tufts 
of overlapping hairs on various positions of the upperside of this wing, or with 
a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian or internal vein. Body robust, seldom 
elongate; thorax woolly ; the abdomen sometimes furnished with subanal lateral 
glandular tufts of hairs, or with basal glandular patches of scales; head usually 
small, tufted; eyes large, prominent, naked; palpi slender, somewhat elongate, 
erect, or sometimes porrect, the front edge not dilated, clothed in front with dense 
appressed hairs, above with longer hairs ; antennz long, slender, with a lengthened, 
very gradually slender club ; forelegs of male small, brush-like ; those of the female 
larger, longer, and less hairy ; anal claspers elongate, narrow. 

CaterPILtarR.—Cylindrical, of nearly equal thickness throughout ; hairy ; head 
(in Amathusia) furnished with two palmated processes, and anal segment (in Ama- 
thusia and Discophora) with two fleshy setose points. In Xanthotzenia (according 
to Mr. W. Doherty, P. Boston N. H. S. 1890, 60) the larva is not hairy. 

Curysatis.—Elongate, boat-shaped, head-piece prolonged into an acuminated 
bifid point. 

Eac.—* Globular, translucent, hard, not so high as wide, smooth (Discophora, 
Thaumantis), or obscurely facetted (Clerome) ” (Doherty, J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, 
109). 

Hasirs or Imaco.—According to the observations made by Mr. W. Doherty, 
“they are all crepuscular. Except Clerome and Xanthotwnia, they have the curious 
habit of flying up and down a given space for an hour about sunset and sunrise, as 
if taking a ‘ constitutional,’ never varying a hair’s breadth from their given ‘beat,’ 


AMATHUSIIN A. 71 


except when disturbed by another of the same species. In that case they fly with 
lightning rapidity, and in a most erratic way, and once I saw a Discophora dash 
himself to pieces upon an obstructive bough, through which he was apparently 
trying to fly. This is quite true, though it sounds improbable. They fly so fast 
that they generally get broken in the net by the force of impact; you may strike at 
them a dozen times as they pass you without inducing them to change their route” 
(Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1890, 60). Mr. L. de Nicéville states that: ‘“ All 
of them affect shade, fying but little unless disturbed, and resting near the ground 
with closed wings, usually amongst dead leaves” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1885, 43). As 
observed in N. Borneo, by Mr. W. B. Pryer, ‘ One or two species of not common 
Morphine are almost the only butterflies found in the deep gloomy forest which 
covers by far the great bulk of the country. Thaumantis comes next, perhaps, in its 
preference for heavy forest’? (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, 45). 

Foop Prants or CatirPitLAr.—The caterpillar of Discophora Celinde feeds upon 
the leaves of the Cocoanut Palm tree, and that of Dise. indica upon the Bamboo. 
The larva of Amathusia phidippus also feeds upon the Cocoanut Palm tree. 


CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMATHUSIINA. 


The differential characteristics, between the Amathusiine and the American 
Morphine, are as follows :— 


AMATHUSIINA. 


Forrewine.—First subcostal veinlet only emitted 
before end of the cell. 

Second subcostal veinlet four-branched. 

Cell short, very broad, not extending to 
half length of the wing. 

No median vein spur, but the median and 
submedian with a slightly projected, approxi- 
mating tumid angle, that of the submedian 
in Zeuxidia developed into a slight spur. 


Hiypwine.—Cell either partially closed or entirely open, 

Cell area rather narrow. 

Male furnished with glandular patches of 
scales and tufts of hairs on various parts of 
this wing. 

Bopy.—Robust, thorax woolly. 

Antenne long. 

Abdomen sometimes with a glandular patch 
of scales on the base beneath, or with lateral 
tufts. 

Anal claspers of male elongate, narrow. 


Morpu ine. 


Forew1ne.—First and second subcostal veinlets free 
and both emitted before end of the cell. 
Third subcostal veinlet three-branched. 
Cell very long, narrow, extending to nearly 
two-thirds the length of the wing. 
Median vein witha basalspur. Submedian 


slender, no basal tumid angle. 


Hinpwine.—Cell entirely open. 
Cell area rather broad. 
Male. 


present. 


Glandular patches or tufts not 


Bopy.—Somewhat slender, smoothly scaled, 
Antenne short. 
Abdomen. 
present, 


Glandular pateh or tuft not 


Anal claspers of male broad, thick. 


ih 7 


172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


AMATHUSIINE—(continued). Moreuin&—(continued). 
Hasits or Imaco.—Crepuscular ; affecting shady Hasrrs or Imaco.—Diurnal, flying in the hottest 
undergrowth in forests. sunshine. 


Larva.—Hairy ; head with or without two promi- Larya.—Hairy; head and anal segment with or 


nent processes on vertex; anal segment with without very short, obtuse, inconspicuous 
two elongate processes. processes. 


Pura.—Elongate, boat-shaped; head-piece pro- Pupa.—Stout; head-piece broad, and with widely 
longed into an acuminated bifid-point. separated short points. 


The characteristics of the Amatnustinn, as above defined, we consider amply 
distinctive for justifying their entire separation from the true Morpuin”, with which 
they have hitherto been mostly included, and have therefore adopted the oldest 
generic name for their designation. 

In the Brassouina, the American allied sub-family, the forewing, in all the 
known genera, has both the first and second subcostals free, and the third subcostal 
three-branched ; the hindwing also having a prediscoidal cell; the antenne being 
long, and in Opsiphanes with a stout club. Im the genus Caligo, the males are 
furnished with secondary sexual characters, the hindwing of the male of C. Amphi- 
medon possessing a glandular-tufted pouch along the base of the submedian vein, and 
it also has a large prominent glandular patch of scales near the end of this vein, 
besides also having a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. In the 
genus Opsiphanes, the hindwing of the male of O. Xanthus and O. Cassi possesses 
a subcostal glandular tuft, and a tufted pouch along the submedian vein, in addition 
to a glandular patch of scales on the side of the abdomen. The larve of the Brasso- 
line are elongate, thickest about the middle, minutely hairy, or nearly nude, the head 
being furnished with two lengthened spiny processes on the vertex, and two or three 
shorter lateral processes, and the anal segment with two elongated fleshy processes. 
The pup are somewhat stout, the thorax broad and truncate in front, the head-piece 
with two short widely separated points. 


Key to tHe INDIAN GENERA OF AMATHUSIIN®E. 


A.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell partially closed by a short lower discocellular 
veinlet. Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. 
a.—Forewing with the upper median veinlet emitting a short spur beyond 
the cell. 
a.—Hindwing of male with a two subcostal glandular tufted patches, and 
a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian vein . : . ZEUXIDIA. 
b.—Forewing without the upper submedian spur. 
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the submedian 
vein. : . , . : 2 : ° . . AMATHUXIDIA, 
B.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell open, but apparently partially closed by a short 


AMATHUSIIN 2. 173 


transverse discocellular foldin the wing membrane. Forewing with 
the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. 
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular-tufted pouch along the submedian 
vein . ' ‘ 3 3 5 ; . : . : . AMATHUSIA, 
C.—Hindwing with the discoidal cell completely open. 
A, 1.—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched. 
a.— Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . NANDOGEA. 
b. —Hindwing of male with a large subcostal glandular hairy patch, and 
a glandular tufted pouch along the internal vein. Abdomen 
beneath with a basal glandular patch of scales : : . THAURIA. - 
c.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch on internal vein, 
and a large discal glandular patch. Abdomen beneath with 
a basal glandular patch of scales . : , : : . DiscopHora. 
A. 2.—Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet three-branched. 
a.—Hindwing of male with a glandular tufted pouch along the internal 
vein. Abdomen beneath with a lasal glandular patch of 
scales . : : : - ; : ; : : . ENISPE. 
b.—Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted patch . STICHOPHTHALMA. 
A. 3.— Forewing with the second subcostal veinlet four-branched, 
a.—Hindwing of male with a small subcostal glandular tufted pouch . CLEROME. 
b.—Hinduing of male with a glandular tuft along submedian vein. . MONA 


XANTHOTANIA. 
Genus ZEUXIDIA. 


Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Index p. 2 (1820-26). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. 
pt. i. p. 114 (1844). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 327 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 72 
(1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. p. 285 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, 

Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 186 (1889). Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887). 
Tuaco.—Male. Wings large, short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa convex, 
apex acute, exterior margin oblique, even, very slightly concave, posterior angle 
rounded, posterior margin extremely convex ; costal and subcostal vein much arched 
at the base; cell very broad ; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fourth before end 
of the cell and touching the costal near its end, second subcostal emitted at about half 
its length beyond the cell; upper discocellular short, almost erect, bent close to sub- 
costal; lower discocellular very long, outwardly oblique and concave at upper end ; 
upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from above middle of disco- 
cellulars; median veinlets equidistant apart, straight, the middle median emitted at 
some distance before end of the cell; upper median bent beyond the cell and emitting 
a short outwardly curved spur from the angle; submedian vein bent downward close 
at its base and emitting a very short spur from the angle, thence closely following 
the curve of the posterior margin. Hindwing short, produced hindward ; anterior 
margin convex, apex rounded, exterior margin convex and produced at the anal angle 
into a broad pointed tail; abdominal margin convex and broadly channelled to 


174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


receive the abdomen ; costal vein with a short curved inner spur; first subcostal 
veinlet arched, starting at two-thirds before end of the cell, the radial (the base of 
which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from below the second sub- 
costal at more than one-third before end of the cell; median veinlets straight, the 
upper median giving off a short incomplete tubular discocellular veinlet, which latter 
does not reach the radial but completely terminates at a short distance from it, and 
thus leaves the cell partially open; swhmedian vein long, much recurved, and on the 
upperside of the wing has a lengthened fold along its inner edge, and a narrow lateral 
glandular pouch at the middle of its length, the pouch being open on the upperside 
of the wing and enclosing an erectile tuft of long bristly hairs, the edge of the fold 
above being fringed with fine woolly hairs ; within the cell there are two small oval 
superposed glandular patches, and above the cell, between the subcostal and costal veins, 
is a third similar glandular patch, each patch being overlaid by a tuft of erectile hairs 
arising from their inner end. Body woolly; head woolly in front; eyes large, 
prominent, naked; palpi elongate, narrow, compressed, erect, extending above level 
of the vertex, densely clothed with appressed scalés beneath, laxly hairy above, 
terminal joint slender, pointed ; antenne long, slender, distinctly articulated, the 
club very slender and elongated. Forelegs of male slender, hairy, of female rather 
longer, more robust, tarsus spiny beneath. 
Typr.—Z. Luxeri. 


ZEUXIDIA MASONI (Plate 144, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Zeuxidia Masoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 826, 9. Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soe. 
Bengal, 1882, p. 39. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 286 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violescent-brown, palest at the margins. Cilia 
cinerescent-white. Forewing crossed by a subapical excurved broad decreasing 
violet-blue band, extending from the costa to below the lower median veinlet. Hind- 
wing with a broad violet-blue posterior patch extending broadly from the submedian 
vein and decreasing upward along the outer border to near the apex ; within the cell 
is a small oval glandular patch overlaid by a tuft of erectile blackish hairs arising 
from its inner end; above the cell is a smaller similar glandular patch, which is over- 
laid by a tuft of ochreous hairs, and along the inner edge of the base of the submedian 
vein is a lengthened glandular pouch, which is fringed by long dark-brown hairs and 
a terminal tuft of erectile ochreous hairs. Underside purpurescent-brown ; crossed 
by a narrow brown discal fascia with sharply-defined outer edge, four short basal 
fasciee, and a very indistinctly defined submarginal sinuous line, the basal interspaces, 
the apical area beyond the cell, and the posterior area of the hindwing, being washed 
with glossy pale purplish-grey. On the hindwing are two small brownish-ochreous 
ocelli, the upper one situated between the subcostals, the lower between the middle and 


AMATHUSINZ. 175 


lower median veinlets. Body beneath, legs and palpi pale brown; forelegs beneath 
whitish ; side of palpi white streaked. 

Female. Upperside ochreous-brown basally, dusky-brown anteriorly. Forewing 
crossed by an oblique subapical broad pale yellow band, which is entire from the 
costa to the middle median veinlet, below which is a small triangular spot followed 
by two pale ochreous lower submarginal spots and lower marginal line; a small pale 
yellow spot also before the apex. Hindwing broadly lunularly-bordered with pale 
ochreous or cinnamon-brown. Underside similarly coloured to male. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,8, to 4, 2 4,°, inches. 

Hasrrat.—Upper Tenasserim. 

The male of Z. Masoni is distinguishable, from the same sex of the allied Ma- 
layan Z. Amethystus, on the upperside of the forewing, in the oblique blue band being 
comparatively narrower and more excurved in its course ; and on the hindwing in 
the posterior blue band extending fully up to the upper median veinlet and more 
narrowly along the margin to the apex. On the underside the ground-colour is 
darker, the discal transverse fascia and the short basal fasciz also darker ; the two 
ocelli on the hindwing being about half the size. he female of Z. Masoni differs 
from the same sex of Z. Amethystus in its paler ochreous-brown colour, and on the 
forewing in the greater width of the subapical pale yellow band, this band being 
entire and terminates at the middle median veinlet, below which are two small yellow 
spots, but no inner discal third spot. The hindwing is broadly bordered with pale 
ochreous or cinnamon-brown. 

Distripution.—The type specimen—a female—was taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg 
at Meetan, 3000 feet altitude, Upper Tenasserim, in April. A male was also taken 
by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, at the 
same season. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in Hast Pegu, at 4000 to 5000 feet, in 
March, April and May. 

Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 144, fig. 1, la is that of a male 
in Mr. Philip Crowley’s collection, and fig. 1b is that of a female, from Hast Pegu, 
taken by Mr. W. Doherty, and now in the possession of Mr. F. Godman. 

Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES OF ZEuUXxIDIA.—Z. Luwerii, Hibner, Samml. Exot. 
Schmett ii. (1820-26). Westwood, Cab. Oriental Ent. pl. 19, fig. 5 (1848). Syn. 
Z. Boisduvalii, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 (1851). Habitat. Java—Z. Doubledayi, 
Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329, pl. 52, fig. 1, ¢ (1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, 1. p. 287, fig. ? (1883). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 424, fig. g ; 
id. pl. 38, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang.—Z. Amethystus. 
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485. Distant, Rhopal, Malayana, p. 72, pl. 7, figs. 
1, 2, 2 (1882); id. p. 424, pl. 38, fig.5, d. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1. p. 188, 
pl. 638, ¢. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Z. Wallacei, Felder, Reise 


176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Novara, Lep. p. 461, pl. 62, fig. 3. Habitat. Borneo.—Z. Horsfieldii, Felder, Reise 
Novara, Lep. iil. p. 460, pl. 62, fig. 4 (1867). Habitat. Java.—Z. Victriv, Staud- 
inger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 41. Habitat. Palawan.—Z. Semperi, Felder, 
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 304; Reise Novara, Lep. ui. pl. 62, figs. 1, 2 (1867). 
Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. p. 72 (1887). Habitat. Luzon.—Z. Sibulana, 
Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 205, pl. 2, fig. 2, g; pl. 3, fig. 2a d; pl. 4, 
fig.2,b ¢. Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Lep. p. 73. Habitat. Mindanao. 


Genus AMATHUXIDIA. 
Amathuaidia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887). 


Imaco.—Wings large, short, broad. Forewing subtriangular; costa much 
arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin almost erect, even, posterior angle rounded ; 
posterior margin almost straight ; cell short, very broad ; first subcostal emitted at 
one-fifth before end of the cell and touching the costal vein near its end; dis- 
cocellulars concave, lower very oblique; median veins slightly curved, upper median 
bent beyond the cell, but not spurred. Hindwing produced posteriorly into a short 
spatulate tail; cell partially closed by a short spur, which extends from the upper 
median veinlet to near the lower subcostal; on the upper side is a large velvety 
glandular patch extending across the middle of the cell to below the middle and lower 
medians, but which is not accompanied with the usual overlapping tuft of hairs; along 
the inner edge of the middle of the submedian vein is a lengthened fold and narrow 
glandular pouch with an accompanying radiating-tuft of erectile hairs. 

Typr.—A. Amythaon. 


AMATHUXIDIA AMYTHAON (Plate 145, figs. 1, la, g 2). 

Amathusia Amythaon, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 175; List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. 
p- 29 (1848). Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 39, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2,3, 3 9 
(1848). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 291 (1883). 

Amathuxidia Amythaon, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887). 

Amathusia Portheus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461, ¢ 2 (1867). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 
1869, p. 55. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i: p. 293, fig. g (1883). 

Amathusia Westwoodii, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1869, p. 5d. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, the basal area almost 
black ; cilia white. Forewing crossed by an oblique medial broad excurved pur- 
purescent violet-blue band extending from the costa to the submedian vein, the band 
being of uniform width to the lower median veinlet, below which it is somewhat 
narrower. Hindwing with a large reddish-brown glandular patch extending across 
the middle of the cell to below the medians, the patch being clothed with laxly 
packed lengthened broad blackish scales of mostly equal width and obtuse tips ; no 


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AMATHUSIINZ. 177 


androconia; and along the inner edge of the middle of the submedian vein is a 
lengthened fold and a narrow glandular pouch, with accompanying radiating tuft of 
erectile ochreous hairs. Underside pale purpurescent-cinereous. Forewing crossed 
by three chocolate-brown slender cell-streaks, an erect medial streak, and two discal 
more slender streaks, also by a less distinct submarginal line. Hindwing crossed by 
outwardly-oblique slender chocolate-brown cell-streaks, a long basal streak, which 
latter joins a medial streak by the subanal ocellus, beyond which is a discal streak 
which is ‘bent below the ocellus and ascends up the abdominal margin, also a 
submarginal similar streak; a large ocellus situated between the subcostals, and 
another ocellus between the lower medians, each with grey and brown-speckled 
centre, white pupil, and a slender black outer ring. Body beneath, legs beneath, 
collar, and palpi pale lilacine-cinereous ; palpi tipt with brown ; legs above brown. 

Female. Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad oblique 
medial yellow band, which is narrower than in the male, and does not extend across 
end of the cell, as occurs in the male; the inner edge of the band irregularly 
sinuous, there is also a faint brown wavy discal line across its middle, and a similar 
line near the outer margin; below the band is a small yellow lunate spot between 
the middle and lower medians. Hindwing with the spatulate-tail marked with two 
black-and-white lunate spots. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous, crossed by 
similar but paler brown streaks, as in the male, the ocelli being larger. 

Expanse ¢ 4; to 5, ? 5 to 5,‘ inches. 

Hasrrat (? Sikkim). Assam; Sylhet; Cachar; Naga Hills; East Pegu; 
Tenasserim. 

We have examined the type specimens in the collection of the British Museum, 
described by Mr. Doubleday as Amythaon, the specimens figured by Prof. Westwood, 
now in the Oxford University Museum (the male of which is badly engraved on 
the plate in his “ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,” and was subsequently named 
** Westwoodii”’ by Mr. Butler) ; and, by the kindness of Mr. Walter Rothschild, we 
have also compared Dr. Felder’s types of the male and female Portheus, these 
comparisons proving that they all represent but one species. 

Distripution.—* The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, 
in Assam, from Sikkim, and from Cachar. The latter taken by Mr. Wood-Mason in 
August” (Butt. Ind. i. 293). According to Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
334) ‘it occurs very rarely, if at all, in Sikkim.’ The type specimens described by 
Mr. E. Doubleday are labelled “Sylhet.” We possess both sexes from Sylhet. 
Specimens from the Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Mr. Elwes 
(P. Z. 8. 1891, 270) records “ three males and one female, taken by Mr. Doherty at 
the foot of the Karen Hills.’’ Capt. C. T. Bingham “ took a few specimens of both 
sexes in the autumn and winter months in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper 

VOL. Il. Aa 


178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i, 293). Major C. H. E. Adamson (List of Burmese 
Butterflies, p. 10) ‘‘ obtained two males, which flew into his tent about 6 p.m. on 
Christmas Day, 1879, when encamped in evergreen forest near the sources of the 
Thoungyeen River in Upper Tenasserim.”’ We also possess a male from Tavoy. 
Mr. A. R. H. Tucker recently took specimens in Tavoy, in heavy forest, flying both 
at sundown and in the early morning. 

Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES or AMATHUXIDIA.—A. dilucida (Amathusia dilucida, 
Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 206, pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 3, b, ¢ (1884). 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 423, pl. 38, fig. 7, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Malay Penin- - 
sula.—A. insularis (Amathusia insularis, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1891, 
p- 25. Habitat. Engano, Nias Islands.—A. Porthaon (Amathusia Porthaon Felder, 
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 779 (1867). Habitat. Java.— A. Ottomana, Butler, 
Entom. Monthly Mag. 1869, p.55. Habitat. Borneo.—A. Pylaon (A. Pylaon, Felder 
Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 461. Habitat. Java.— A. Philippina (Amathusia 
Portheus, Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71, pl. 13, fig. 7, ¢). Habitat. 
Philippines. 

The following is an allied genus :— 

AmaxipiA, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 188 (1887).—Type. A. Aurelius, 
(Pap. Aurelius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 168, figs. A, B (1779). Hewitson, Exot. 
Butt. Zeua, pl. figs. 1, 2 (1868). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 425, pl. 37, fig. 1, 3 
(1886). Habitat. Sumatra; Malay Peninsula.—4A. aureliana (A. Aureliana, Honrath, 
Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 162). Habitat. Borneo. 





Genus AMATHUSIA. 


Amathusia, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 279 (1807). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. 
p- 326 (1851). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 70 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 288 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. il. p. 185 (1889). 

Mera (part), Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 51 (1816). 

Mitocerus, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820). 

Iwaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. forewing short, subtriangular ; 
costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almust even, slightly 
oblique, posterior angle round ; posterior margin nearly straight ; cell broad ; first sub- 
costal branch emitted at about one-fifth before end of the cell and free from the costal 
vein, second with the branches emitted cluse together near the apex ; discocellulars 
erect from the middle, outwardly-oblique below the middle ; upper radial from slight 
angle close to the subcostal, lower radial from above the middle of discocellulars ; 
median veinlets wide apart, upper median slightly bent at one-third beyond end of 
the cell, but not spurred; submedian vein slightly recurved. Hindwing subtri- 
angular, short, and very broad, produced posteriorly into a broad spatulate tail at 


AMATHUSIINZ. 179 


end of lower median and submedian; anterior margin arched; exterior margin 
slightly rounded and widely scalloped ; abdominal margin long, convex in the middle ; 
cell very long, narrow, completely open, but apparently partially closed by a transverse 
fold in the membrane of the wing, which extends from the upper median veinlet to 
near the lower subcostal (radial) at half the length of the latter ; submedian with a 
longitudinal groove extending along its inner edge, enclosing a glandular pouch and 
tuft of long erectile hairs about the middle, a similar fold also along tis outer edge, 
ending in a broad lateral fringe of fine hairs opposite the pouch. Thorax woolly ; 
abdomen with the terminal segments furnished with lateral wpward-curved tufts of 
hairs ; eyes naked; palpi erect, rising above the vertex, slender, compressed, clothed 
with fine hairs above to the tip; antennz long, slender, with a lengthened thin club 
and pointed tip. 

Aputt CarerPintar.*—Cylindrical, slightly covered with rather short fine hairs 
arranged in tufts placed in rows along the body from the fifth to last segment, the 
anterior segments with transversely-disposed long forward-projecting hairs, the head 
with similar hairs. Head large, armed with two laterally-disposed palmated pro- 
cesses ; anal segment also armed with two hindwardly-projected lengthened setose 
processes. 

Foop Prant or Caterrinuar.—According to Dr. Horsfeld, the larve, in Java, 
feed on the young leaves of the Cocoanut Palm, Cocos nucifera. 

Curysatis.—EHlongated, boat-shaped; thorax prolonged into an acuminated 
bifid head-piece. 

Typs.—A. Phidippus. 


AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS (Plate 146, figs. 1, la, b,c, dg, 9; larva and pupa). 


Papilio Phidippus, Johanssen, Amen. Acad. vi. p. 402 (1764). Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, i. ii. p. 752 
(1767). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 69, figs. A, B, 2 (1775). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. i. p. 71 
(1793). 

Mera Phidippe, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 51 (1816.) 

Morpho Phidippus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 439 (1823), 

Amathusia Phidippus, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 279 (1807). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. 
E.L. C. pl. 7, figs. 10, a, b, larva, pupa, etc. (1829), Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. 
p. 327, pl. 54, fig 2, (1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 209, pl. 6, figs. 4, 4a 
(1857). Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 45 (1869). Snellen, Tijd. Ent. 1876, p. 147. 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 70, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7,3, 9 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. i. p. 289 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.i. p. 187, pl. 63, g (1887) ; dd. i. p. 185, 
pl. 31 (1889). 

Amathusia Perakana, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 348, pl. 6, fig. 2. 





* Mr. de Nicéville’s description of the larva of A. Phidippus (Butt. of India, p. 290) is quite 
erroneous, having been made from Horsjield’s figure of the larva of Discophora Celinde. 
Aa2 


180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown ; cilia pale brownish- 
ochreous. Forewing with a paler indistinctly-defined oblique subapical fascia and a 
submarginal lunular fascia. Hindwing with the extreme outer margin slightly paler, 
and with a paler submarginal indistinctly-defined fascia; the lobate tail bearing 
two laterally-disposed small sublunate black spots outwardly edged with white ; the 
long hairy fringe of the glandular pouch ochreous. Underside ochreous-brown ; both 
wings crossed by several pale nacrescent-greyish narrow fasciz, consisting of a 
basal, two subbasal, a narrower medial, two discal, and two slender submarginal 
and marginal fasciz ; an indistinct pale lunular nacrescent-grey fascia also extending 
between the outer discal and submarginal fascia, the interspaces between the basal 
and between the discal being darker ochreous-brown, and all conjointly ending 
above the anal angle of the hindwing. On the hindwing there is a large round 
apical ocellus and a similar posterior ocellus, both with yellow and black speckled 
centre, a small white pupil and slender black outer ring; the lobate tail with two 
similar or more rounded spots as on upperside. Body beneath, legs above and 
palpi ochreous-brown ; collar, legs beneath and sides of palpi streaked with grey. 

Female. Upperside. Both wings paler; crossed by the indistinctly visible 
paler basal and medial fasciz of the underside. Forewing with a pale ochreous- 
yellow slender lunular discal fascia, a well-defined short broad subapical oblique 
band, followed by a broadly-lunular submarginal fascia and a narrower lunular 
marginal fascia. Hindwing also with a pale ochreous-yellow discal fascia, a more 
prominent broad submarginal and a narrow marginal fascia. Underside paler than 
in male ; markings similar. 

Expanse, d 4;, ? 4;% inches. 

ApuLt CATERPILLAR.—Cylindrical, slightly covered with rather short fine hairs, 
arranged in tufts placed in rows along the body from the fifth to last segment, the 
anterior segments with transversely-disposed long forward-projecting hairs, the 
head with similar hairs. Head large, armed with two laterally-disposed palmated 
processes; anal segment also armed with two hindwardly-projected lengthened 
setose processes. Colour, light purpurescent-brown above, with a darker brown 
dorsal and lateral line; pale ochreous beneath, including the anterior segments and 
head; a transverse dorsal bar of black on fourth and third segments. 

Foop pLiant.—According to the late Dr. Horsfield, “‘ the larve, in Java, feed on 
the young leaves of the Cocoa Nut Palm (Cocos nucifera) from December to April.” 

Curysatis.—Elongated, boat-shaped; thorax prolonged into an acuminated 
bifid head-piece ; colour green. (Described from Horsfield’s figure.) 

Hasirat.—Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Andaman Isles. 

Distrisution.—Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List of Burmese Butterflies, p. 10) 


3 


records it from ‘‘ Akyab, in November,” remarking that it frequents old barns and 


AMATHUSIINA. 18k 


other dimly-lighted places.” Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8S. 1878, 826) obtained it 
at ‘* Meetan, 3000 feet elevation, in Upper Tenasserim.” 

A Variety or THE MAte (see our Plate 147, fig. 1) in Mr. F, D. Godman’s 
collection, labelled ‘* East Pegu, March and April, 1890,” taken by Mr. W. Doherty, 
has the upperside much darker brown, the forewing having a conspicuous well- 
defined short broad pale ochreous oblique subapical fascia, followed by broad 
submarginal lunules, similar to those in the female, and the hindwing has both the 
submarginal and marginal fascia also paler. ‘The underside of this male has the 
fascie disposed similarly to those in Honrath’s figure of Perakana. Dr. J. 
Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 33) took ‘‘ both sexes at Thaing, King 
Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, in January. Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained 
many examples at Port Blair, S. Andamans, these differmg from the normal 
specimens as follows :— 


ANDAMAN FORM. (See our Plate 147, fig. 2, 2.) 


Male. Upperside similar to Burmese examples. Underside paler than both 
Burmese and Malayan, the hindwing possessing a more or less complete series of 
ocelli, instead of the normal single apical and anal ocellus. Female. Upperside 
paler, with the pale fasciz of underside visible. Forewing with a more sharply- 
defined pale ochreous-yellow subapical oblique fascia, slender lower discal lunules, and 
broad submarginal spots. Hindwing with the exterior margin more convex and 
sharply scalloped, and more sharply-defined pale ochreous-yellow discal lunular line, 
submarginal and marginal fascia, the two former being more irregular in their 
course. Underside with the ground-colour conspicuously paler; the transverse 
fasciz similar. Hindwing with a more or less complete series of five ocelli, the 
lower second being of the same size as the upper, the third smaller, the fourth 
incipiently indicated by black scales. Expanse, ¢ 4,9, ¢ 4;%, inches. Specimens 
from the Andaman Islands, agreeing with the above, are.also in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta, and several of both sexes are in Mr. L. de Nicéville’s collection. 

Distripution ovrsipE our Argea.—Mr, Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 71) records it 
from the “ Malay Peninsula, Penang, Sumatra, and Billiton.’ Mr. Druce (P. Z. 8. 
1874, 104) gives ‘“‘Chentaboon, Siam, and Borneo.” Dr. Horsfield obtained it 
frequently, and reared their larve, in Java. 

Hasits or Imaco.— Several writers have noted the crepuscular habits of 
A, Phidippus, and it is often found in Cocoanut Palm groves” (Butt. Ind. i. 290). 
Major Adamson (List, p. 10) found it in Akyab, “ frequenting old barns and other 
dimly-lighted places, in November.” ‘‘In the Malay Peninsula, this butterfly 


possesses the local name of ‘Cocoanut Moth,’” and, as Mr. Bigg writes: “it 


delights in shady places, and is especially found about Attap-sheds and on dead 


182 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


cocoanut leaves” (Distant, Rhop. Malay. 71). “In Java,” according to Mr. 
Piepers (Tijd. xix. pp. 18, 24) “the sun has scarcely set before we see everywhere 
this and a few other species of like habits ;’’ but the same author remarks, “I never 
saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or entering hghted 
rooms, like the true night-moths, although, like the latter, they sit still and repose 
all day, and, if disturbed, only fly a little way and settle again directly ’’ (Distant, 
l. ce. p. 71). Mr. Collingwood (Rambles of a Naturalist, 183) speaks of these 
butterflies in the Bornean Island, Labuan, as making “ their appearance near sunset, 
when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for small bats.” 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 146, figs. 1, la, b represent the 
male and female from Burma, and fig. le the larva and pupa, from Horsfield’s 
drawings. On Plate 147, fig. 1 represents the Pegu male variety, and fig. 2 the 
Andaman female. 

Inpo-MALAYAN ALLIED spEcIES or AmarHustA.—Amath. Pollicaris, Butler, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 485. Semper, Reisen Archipel. Philippen, Lep. p. 71. Habitat. 
Luzon, Philippines.—Amath. Schonbergii, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 347, 
pl. 6, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay Peninsula (? Borneo).—Amath. Ochraceofusca, 
Honrath, zd, p. 348. Habitat. Malay Peninsula. 

The following is an allied genus :—Psnupamatuusia, Honrath, Corr.-Blatt. Iris, 
1886, p.91. P. virgata (Amathusia virgata Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 486). 
Syn. P. Ribbei, Honrath, ad. p. 91, pl. 3, fig. 1 (1886). Habitat. Celebes. 


Genus NANDOGEA, 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing with the apex and exterior margin more rounded 
than in Thaumantis (Odana); cell broader. Hindwing more rounded, the exterior 
margin more uneven, anal angle convex and not produced posteriorly; furnished 
with only a small slender tu/t of erectile hairs arising from below base of the sub- 
costal, but not accompanied with any perceptible glandular patch, either above or 
within the cell (as occurs in Odana). On the underside of the forewing there is a 
short nacreous basal area below the median vein, and an elongated dull silvery-patch 
below the base of the submedian vein. 

Typr.—N. Diores. 


NANDOGEA DIORES (Plate 148, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, 2). 
Thaumantis Diores, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 234. Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 337 


(1851), id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 171. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 215 
(1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 304 (1883). 


AMATHUSIIN 22. 183 


Thaumantis Ramdeo, Moore (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 172) ; Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. 
Company, i. p. 215 (1857). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purpurescent-brown, somewhat palest exter- 
nally; cilia cinerescent-brown. Forewing with a broad excurved discal brilliant 
metallic-blue band, which extends from the costal vein outside the cell to just beneath 
the lower median veinlet, the blue being of a bright violaceous ultramarine tint, with 
pale cobalt-blue scales disposed lunularly upon its outer half; a slightly-defined 
lilacine-speckled lunular streak descending from the costa before the apex. Hindwing 
with a large medial-discal rounded similar brilliant blue patch, with pale cobalt-blue 
centre. Underside paler; the outer border broadly palest and somewhat cinerescent- 
brown. Forewing crossed within the cell by two prominent darker purpurescent- 
brown waved fasciz, one upon the discocellulars, an outwardly-oblique inner-discal 
sinuous line, an erect outer-discal sinuous line, and a much less-defined zigzag sub- 
marginal line; the three latter lines outwardly-edged with lilacine-white scales, which 
are sharply defined on the erect outer-discal line, the interspace between the latter and 
the submarginal line being also sprinkled with lilacine scales. Hindwing crossed by a 
similar prominent darker brown angulated subbasal line, a wavy mner-discal line, a 
sinuous outer-discal line, and a less-defined zigzag submarginal line, the two latter lines 
and their interspace speckled with lilacine scales ; between the subcostals is a pro- 
minent small round yellow ocellus, with a black outwardly-disposed central dot and outer 
black ring, and between the lower medians is a larger well-formed rounded ocellus, 
with black centre speckled with a few lilacine scales, a slender yellow ring and a 
black outer ring; there is also a small black anal spot situated outside the end of the 
submarginal line. Body, legs, and palpi dark-brown ; antennz reddish. 

Female. Upperside asin the male. Underside alsoas in the male, but with the 
markings more prominently defined. 

In the form named Ramdeo, the upperside of both sexes differs only in having 
the brilliant blue patch extending over the whole of the middle of the wings, the 
patch also being even more intensely brilliant in its lustre. The underside also differs 
only in being somewhat paler, and in having the two ocelloid spots on the hindwing 
smaller and less prominently developed. 

Expanse, d 4, ? 4,5, to 4,8 inches. 

Haprrat.—Sikkim; Assam; Naga and Khasia Hills; Silket; Burma. 

Distrizution.—* It is not uncommon in Sikkim.” Mr. Wood-Mason took it on 
Nemotha, in Cachar, in September and October, noting that the “‘ scent fans of the 
male are vanilla-scented”’ (Butt. Ind. 305). ‘* Ramdeo is also found over the same 
ground as Diores ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has it from Sibsagar, in Assam, and 
from the Daffla Hills” (id. p. 306). According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
333) ‘this species is not uncommon in shady ravines in Sikkim at from 2000 to 4000 


184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


feet elevation. It flies slowly among dense herbage near the ground in the shade. 
The form described as /tamdeo is considered by Mr. Otto Moller only as a second 
brood of Diores, which he gets from April to June, whilst Ramdeo occurs later in the 
year, from about August to October.” Dr. G. Watt obtained specimens during his 
journey to Manipur (Butler, Ann, N. H. 1885, 302). Numerous specimens in 
Colonel C. Swinhoe’s collection were taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. 
Hamilton’s native collectors. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List Burmese Lep. 10) 
obtained it ‘not uncommon about Bhamo in the cold season. One specimen also 
taken in Arakan.”” Mr. Elwes (P. Z.S. 1891, 271) records its capture by Mr. W. 
Doherty, but not abundantly in the Karen Hills, East Pegu. Mons. G. A. Poujade 
(Nouvelles Arch. du Mus. Paris, 1592, p. 264) records it from Luang Prabang, 
Laos. 

Inpo-Matayan allied genera :— 

Genus THAauMANTIS.—Thaumantis, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 1. Index 
Syst. p. 2, pl. 61 (1822-26). Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 455 (1840). Westwood, 
Gen. D. Lep. p. 335 (1851), id. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1856, p. 170. Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 77 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. 
i. p. 304 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 185 (1889). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad, short. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much 
arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin almost erect, even; posterior angle 
rounded ; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of 
the cell, anastomosed to the costal for some distance before its end and touching the 
base of the second subcostal just beyond its base; second subcostal emitted at two- 
thirds beyond the cell ; discocellulars long, outwardly-oblique and slightly concave 
in the middle; radials from slight angles near upper end of discocellulars ; middle 
median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, upper median 
obtusely arched beyond the cell. Hindwing with the apex rounded, exterior margin 
oblique, anal angle slightly produced; first subcostal branch emitted at from half 
length of the cell area, second at an equal distance ; upper median veinlet much bent 
beyond its base, the angle approximating closely to the radial (third subcostal) ; 
cell open; submedian vein straight ; internal vein long; on the upper side there is a 
nacreous-bordered narrow glandular patch of scales situated above the base of the sub- 
costal, the patch being overlapped by a lengthened tuft of long erectile hairs extending 
from below the base of the subcostal; and within the cell there is a large black glan- 
dular patch of raised scales, which occupy the upper middle of the cell, this latter 
patch is not nacreous-bordered. On the underside of the forewing, the basal area 
below the median vein is broadly nacreous and has a very small patch of dull silvery- 
scales below the submedian near its base. Body robust; thorax woolly ; head large, 
with a small pointed frontal tuft ; eyes prominent, large, naked; palpi nearly erect 


AMATHUSIIN 22. 185 


slender, compactly clothed in front, laxly clothed above; apical joint short, 
pointed; antennx long, distinctly annulated, slender. Type.—T. Odana (Morpho 
Odana, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 445 (1823). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 6, 
figs. 5, 5a, 5 (1829). Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. pl. 12, fig. 1 (1836). Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 427, pl. 36, fig. 3, d (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Sch. i. pl. 65; id. ii. 
p- 185, pl. 30. M. Klugius, Zinken-Som. Noy. Acta (1831), pl. 15, figs. 12, 18, ¢ 
only. Habitat.—Malay Peninsula; Sigapore; Sumatra; Nias; Java; Borneo. 

Genus Krryeana.—haco.—Male. Forewing obtusely truncated at the apex. 
Hindwing narrowed posteriorly and anal angle more prolonged than in Thaumantis ; 
furnished with two conspicuous superposed conjoined glandular patches, each with a 
nacreous border and tuft of hairs; the upper patch being situated above the base of 
the subcostal, and the lower patch within the cell ; the cell is much broader across 
the middle ; and the first subcostal branch emitted at fully two-thirds from the base of 
the cell. Type—K. Noureddin (Thawmantis Noureddin, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. 
p. 337 (1851). Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 175, pl. 20, figs. 1,2, ¢ 2. Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 78, pl. 6, fig. 3,3, pl. 9, fig. 7,) ? 1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo. 
—K. Klugius (Morpho Klugius, Zinken-Som. Nova Acta (1831), p. 165, pl. 15, fig. 
11, g only. Habitat. Java.—K. Lucipor (T. Lucipor, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. 
p. 337, Tr. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 173, pl. 19, figs. 1,2, ¢ ?. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 77, 
pl. 9, figs. 8, 9,d % (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sarawak; Borneo. 


Genus THAURIA. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad, robust. Horewing with the posterior 
margin convex towards the base; cell very broad, short; first subcostal branch 
slightly touching the costal near its end; lower and middle median veinlets nearer 
together and at equal distances from end of the cell. Hindwing ovate; anterior 
margin convex, exterior margin broadly scalloped ; first subcostal branch emitted at 
two-thirds from the base, the second at three-thirds ; the radial starting from below 
the second subcostal at a short distance from its base; the cell open; the upper 
median much arched from its base ; a large irregular-shaped glandular patch of black 
scales extending from near the costal vein to beyond the base of subcostal and upper 
area of the cell, this patch being overlapped by an out-spreading tuft of long hairs 
arising from base of the cell; the lower cell-area and the base of the wing to the 
submedian vein also being clothed with long hairs; a pale yellow glandular pouch 
between the submedian and the internal vein near the middle, the pouch enclosing a tuft 
of short brown radiating hairs. On the underside of the forewing is a lengthened dull 
silvery-patch of scales below the base of the submedian vein. Body very robust ; 
thorax very woolly; abdomen above clothed with long woolly tufts and laterally 

VOL. II. Bb 


186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with upward-curved subanal tufts of long hairs; abdomen beneath with a glandular 
patch of ochreous scales ; palpicompactly clothed in front, hairy above; antennz 
long, slender. 

Type.—T. Aliris. 


THAURIA PSEUDALIRIS (Plate 149, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1867, p. 115; id. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1876, 
p- 538, pl. 68, fig. 1, g; 7d. Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p.372. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 79, 
pl. 8, fig. 8, g (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 307 (1883). 
Thaumantis Aliris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 176 (male only). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark purplish-brown, the base ferreginous- 
brown; crossed by a very prominent oblique medial pale yellow band, which is inter- 
sected by the dark veins, the band extending from the costa beyond the cell to the 
lower median veinlet, and is continued below it by a small coalescent speckled spot of 
the same colour; a lilacine-white spot before the apex, and a less-defined speckled 
spot obliquely below it. Hindwing with the basal area dark ferruginous-brown, the 
discal area broadly to the middle of the outer margin being purplish-black ; the base 
of the costa pale ochreous-yellow; the apical border narrowly and the posterior 
border very broadly to above the anal angle deep orange-yellow ; a large black sub- 
costal glandular patch and overlapping out-spreading fine long hairs, these hairs also 
extending over the cell to near the abdominal margin above the anal angle, pale 
brown; a narrow pale yellow glandular pouch bordering the middle of the internal 
vein and enclosing a small tuft of short brown hairs. Underside. Forewing with the 
oblique discal band pale ochreous-yellow and extending entire from the costa to above 
the posterior angle; the basal area densely woolly and ochreous-grey ; the inner 
border of the oblique band and the apical area dark chestnut-red, the latter crossed 
by a darker line extending from before the apex and with a small white mner costal 
spot, the area between this line and the yellow band being marked with blackish 
strigee, and the posterior angle also marked with similar strigz ; the grey basal cell 
area crossed by a blackish recurved streak, a chestnut-red cordate spot, another 
above it on the costa and a smaller spot at base of the cell. Hindwing with the basal 
area from the costa to near the anal angle ochreous-grey, densely woolly and traversed 
by an irregular chestnut-red streak extending from the costa across the cell, and with 
an inner and an outer red spot also within the cell; the disc crossed by a broad, 
strongly-defined chestnut-red band which decreases in width from the costa to anal 
angle, the outer edge of the band being blackish and irregularly angulated inward 
between the upper subcostal and the middle of the cell, and incurved between the lower 
median veinlets, in both these angulated parts it is white-bordered externally; the 
outer area from the irregular-edged band dark orange-yellow, traversed by an upper 


AMATHUSIIN 43. 187 


submarginal chestnut-red lunular fascia and a dusky-brown marginal line, the anal 
portion of the latter line being white and ending in a small narrow black anal spot; a 
large olivescent-ochreous ocellus between the subcostals and another ocellus between 
the lower medians, the upper one with a minute white-speckled centre and slender 
black outer ring and then a pale outer lunule, the lower ocellus having a white- 
speckled centre, an inner transverse white streak and broad black lunule, an outer 
slender black ring and then a slightly-defined pale lunule on its outer half. Body 
above brown; a streak on sides of thorax and front of head chestnut-red; body 
beneath and legs beneath ochreous-grey; abdomen beneath with a glandular patch 
of ochreous scales; legs above brown; fore tarsi reddish; palpi brownish above, 
whitish below; antenne red. 

Female. Upperside coloured and marked as in the male, except that on the 
forewing the oblique pale yellow band is much broader, and the lilacine-white sub- 
apical spot larger. Underside also as in the male, except that the base is paler grey, 
and on the forewing the yellow band is broader and paler. 

Expanse, ¢ 4,% to 4;%, ? 4;% to 5; inches. 

Hasitat.—Lower Burma, Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—‘‘ Captain C. T. Bingham obtained specimens of this rare butter- 
fly in the Thoungyeen forests and in the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in October 
and April. It was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg, who collected near the same 
ground, from December to April” (Butt. Ind.1.308). ‘ Mr. W. Doherty took several 
specimens in March and April, at the foot of the Karen Hills, EH. Pegu” (Elwes, 
P. Z. 8. 1891, 271). It also occurs at Malacca, in the Malay Peninsula, and in the 
Island of Salanga. 

AttieD Borngan Specres.—Thauria Aliris (Thaumantis Aliris, Westwood, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 176, pl. 17, 2). Habitat. Borneo. 


Genus DISCOPHORA. 


Discophora, Boisduval, Spée. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 329 (1851). 
Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 35 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74 (1882). Marshall and 
de Nicéville, Butt, of India, ete. i. p. 294 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. 
p. 186 (1889). 

Mera (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 51 (1816). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings large, short. Forewing broad, triangular ; costa much 
arched, apex acute, exterior margin straight, slightly oblique, posterior angle obtusely 
rounded, posterior margin straight; cell extending to nearly half the wing; costal 
vein extending to one-fourth from the apex; first subcostal branch arising at one- 
fourth before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal vein for some distance 
before its end; second subcostal anastomosed to the first at its end, four branched ; 

Bb 2 


188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper discocellular short, extending outward in a 
nearly straight line with base of the subcostal, twice contiguously bent at its outer 
end, the lower discocellular long and deeply concave ; the radials from angles of upper 
discocellular ; median veinlets equidistant apart, the upper angled at end of the cell; 
submedian vein recurved from its base. Hindwing broad, triangular ; costa slightly 
arched, apex and exterior margin conyex, the exterior margin broadly, somewhat 
subangulate in the middle; abdominal margin long; anal angle obtuse ; cell narrow, 
entirely open; lower half of the cell and the longitudinal fold below the median from 
the base clothed with fine hairs; with a conspicuous large obconical velvety-black 
glandular patch on the upperside, situated across the base of the upper median vein- 
lets, the patch being clothed with densely-packed raised lengthened broad scales of 
equal width and with obtuse or slightly obtusely-dentate tip ; no androconia; also a 
small glandular pouch close to the base of the short internal vein, between it and the 
edge of abdominal margin, the pouch being covered with glossy smooth scales and 
enclosing an appressed tuft of short stout rigid hairs. Body robust, woolly ; abdomen 
beneath with a small glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales on each side of 
the keel near the base; head rather small, front woolly; palpi compressed, almost 
erect, extending above the vertex, compactly clothed beneath and hairy above, 
terminal joint short; antennz long, with a lengthened slender club; eyes large, 
prominent, naked ; forelegs of male small, very hairy. 

Avutt Carerrr.tar.—Long, cylindrical, anal segment furnished with two short 
divergent processes; head small; clothed with dorsal and lateral rows of fine short 
radiating hairs arising from tubercles. 

Foop Piant.—Feeds on the young leaves of the Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera). 

CurysaLis.—Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and 
acuminated into a bifid point. 

Typr.—D. Celinde. 


DISCOPHORA CONTINENTALIS (Plate 150, figs, 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2, larva and pupa). 


Discophora Celinde, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 75, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11,¢ 2 (1882). Marshall and de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 295, fig. ¢ 9 (1883).—nee Stoll. 
Discophora continentalis et andamanensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190 (1887). 


Ivaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent purplish-brown, with deep indigo- 
blue reflections in certain lights. Ciha ochreous. Forewing with a small pale 
ochreous longitudinally-oval spot beneath the lower subcostal, and a series of three 
more or less defined smaller lower decreasing lunate spots, followed by a submarginal 
series of four (sometimes five) smaller spots, which latter vary in size and are more 
or less lunate or pointed. Hindwing with a prominent obconical pale-bordered 


AMATHUSIIN 4. 189 


velvety-black glandular patch situated across the base of the upper median veinlets, 
the patch clothed with densely-packed raised lengthened broad scales of equal width 
and with obtuse or slightly-obtusely-dentate tips ; mo androconia. 

Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour more or less brownish-ochreous, 
with numerous short transverse dark brown strigz, most numerous externally ; 
crossed by a dark brown narrow subbasal zigzag fascia, a broad medial discal fascia, 
a much less-defined outer discal fascia, and two submarginal slender lunulate fasciz ; 
some small blackish spots at base of the cells and one or two spots at the end; the 
outer borders between the submarginal fascie slightly irrorated with llacine-white 
scales. Hindwing with two round ocelli outside the medial discal fascia, the upper 
one being between the subcostals, the other, somewhat smaller, between the lower 
medians, each with a reddish centre, white pupil, narrow yellow and black ring and 
then a yellow lunule on its inner edge. Abdomen beneath with a small glandular 
patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. 

Female. Upperside paler purpurescent-brown, darkest externally, without any 
blue reflections. Forewing crossed by a broad excurved discal ochreous band, which 
commences from middle of the costa and extends in an equal width to the middle 
median veinlet, below which it is narrowed to near the submedian, followed by a 
contiguous submarginal series of three large lunate patches, a fourth upper smaller 
patch being slightly indicated by ochreous speckles; beyond is a marginal row of 
slender lunules; a small inner discal ochreous spot between the lower median veinlets. 
In Burmese specimens the excurved discal band is very broad, and in Malacca speci- 
mens this band and the submarginal lunate spots are united. Hindwing with an ill- 
defined submarginal and marginal series of narrow ochreous lunules and a much less 
apparent upper discal spot. Underside paler than in male, the strige less pro- 
minent and more uniformly disposed, and the transverse fasciz less apparent ; ocelli 
on hindwing duller coloured. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 4;° inches. 

Aputt Caterpintar.—Long, cylindrical, anal segment armed with two short 
divergent processes; clothed with dorsal and lateral rows of fine short radiating 
hairs arising from tubercles; colour pale purpurescent-brown, with a much paler 
dorsal and lateral bands extending the whole length ; the dorsal band edged on each 
segment with two short black longitudinal anterior streaks; head of moderate size, 
darker brown; legs with darker brown bands. Feeds on the young leaves of the 
Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera). 

Curysatis.—Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and 
acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpurescent-brown. (Described from 
Horsfield’s figure of Java D. Celinde.) 

Hasrrar.—N.-E. India; Burma; Andaman Isles; Malay Peninsula. 


190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


DistripuTion AND Hasits.—‘‘ In Sikkim, Mr. L. de Nicéville took it at low 
elevations, where he found the males commonly sucking up moisture from damp 
spots, with their wings folded; when disturbed they fly off into the jungle. The 
rich indigo-blue of the upperside of the male, when fresh, makes it a very handsome 
insect on the wing. In Sikkim it is not uncommon. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 
has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam” (Butt. Ind. 1. 295, 6). According to 
Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 331), it is ‘‘ not rare in the lower valleys of Sikkim 
up to about 2000 feet, from March to November.” Col. C. Swinhoe has received 
numerous specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. 
Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo in Upper Burma, where the males 
were very common on moist places on roads throughout the rainy season; the 
females never leave the thick undergrowth of the adjoining forest, where, however, 
they can easily be found” (List, p. 11). Mr. Ossian Limborg (P. Z. 8. 1878, 827) 
obtained it at the “ Houngduran Source, in Upper Tenasserim.” Capt. C. T. 
Bingham “took it at Houndran in Upper Tenasserim” (Butt. Ind. i. 295). 
Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Dr. J. 
Anderson (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 33) took it on Elphinstone Island, Mergui 
Archipelago, in February and March.” The late Mr. F. de Roepstorff obtained speci- 
mens at Port Blair, South Andamans, the males having the ochreous spots on the 
forewing all small, inconspicuous, and narrow, the submarginal row being indicated 
by slender longitudinal pale points—as in some Sikkim specimens; the female 
having the ochreous band on the forewing, as described by Mr. de Nicéville, 
including the upper submarginal lunate patch, the dark dividing line between them 
being obsolete. In specimens from the Malay Peninsula the male has the ochreous 
spots on the forewing conspicuous, and in the female the ochreous band is broader, 
including within it the entire submarginal patches. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 150, fig. 1, la, b represents the 
male and female, and fig. le the larva and pupa, reproduced from Horsfield’s 
figures of the Javanese D. Celinde. 


DISCOPHORA LEPIDA (Plate 151, figs. 1, la, b, c,d ?). 


Enispe lepida, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 213, ? (1857). 
Discophora lepida, Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 36, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2(1880). Marshall and 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 297 (1883). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown, the discal area darkest. ore- 
wing crossed by an oblique subapical series of three decreasing bluish-white spots, a 
fourth lower smaller spot also sometimes being present, followed by a submarginal 
series of small bluish dots. Hindwing with a distinct discal black glandular patch of 
raised scales. Underside dark brownish-ochreous, darkest externally; with numerous 


AMATHUSIIN 4. She 


transverse darker brown strige, cell spots, a subbasal sinuous line, discocellular 
spot, a broader discal fascia, and outer submarginal sinuous pale speckled-bordered 
fascia. Hindwing with a prominent upper and lower ocellus, each with reddish- 
ochreous centre, white pupil, black ring, and then an outer yellow ring. Body, 
palpi, and legs beneath brownish-ochreous ; abdomen beneath with a small glandular 
patch of raised lax scales, placed on each side of the keel near the base. 

Female. Upperside paler, fading to an ochreous-brown. Forewing with a broad 
oblique subapical transverse bluish-white coalescent macular band, cut by the brown 
veins and the lower portions very sinuous edged ; an inner discal row of three small 
bluish-white diamond-shaped spots, and an outer submarginal row of pale bluish- 
ochreous broadly-lunate spots. Hindwing with three rows of pale ochreous irregular 
lunate-dentate spots, and marginal lunular line. Underside pale ochreous or 
olivescent-ochreous, crossed by ill-defined markings and fasciz, as in the male, the 
two ocelli on hindwing less prominent and with pale ochreous centre. 

Expanse, d 3;o, ? 4 inches. 

Hasrrat.—S8. India. Ceylon. 

This species, in the character of the markings on the forewing of the male, 
connects the group represented by the Malayan species Dis, Necho, etc., with that 
of the Tullia group. 

Distrrsution.—The type specimen of the female was taken in Canara by Mr.S. N. 
Ward. A male and female from the same locality subsequently came into our own 
possession from the remains of Mr. Ward’s collections, and from which our 
descriptions and figures are now taken. We also possess a female from Travancore. 
Both sexes have also been “taken by Mr. H. 8. Fergusson in the Ashamboo Hills, 
Travancore” (Butt. of India, 297). Capt. E. Y. Watson also obtained a single 
female at Kathlekan, Kadur District, Mysore, in November, which is now in the 
British Museum Collection. In Ceylon, it was taken by the late Dr. Thwaites, and 
from whose original drawings the female in “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” pl. 18, 
figs. la, b, were copied. Capt. F. J. Hutchinson also took it “in forest land near 
Galle in July, where it is very rare” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 36). Mr. F. M. Mackwood, in 
his MS. Notes, says “‘ one specimen only taken ; caught in Ambegamoa.” 


DISCOPHORA ZAL (Plate 152, figs. 1, la, b, c, ¢ 2). 


Discophora Zal, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 331 (1851); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 188, pl. 21, 
figs. 5, 6,2. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a 
discal row of six (the first and third upper being minute) and two submarginal rows 
of five well-defined spots, the discal and outer submarginal row being parallel with 


192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the outer margin, the middle row being slightly incurved; the discal and inner 
submarginal row are lilacine-white, the former somewhat diamond-shaped, the latter 
broadly triangulate, the outer row being pale ochreous and narrowly lunate; a 
dusky-brown spot upon the middle of the discocellulars, and a dot obliquely below 
it within the cell, these two spots being indistinctly ochreous-bordered. Hindwing 
crossed by a short upper discal and two complete submarginal rows of pale ochreous 
triangulate spots, followed by a broad lunular marginal border; the discal black 
glandular patch very prominent. Underside ochreous ; crossed by a broad inner- 
discal purple-brown somewhat sinuous-edged fascia, composed of speckled strige, 
a less-defined similar outer discal fascia, and a narrower submarginal fascia; there 
is also a narrow sinuous but less-defined subbasal fascia, and two basal cell-dots, 
and a discocellular speckled-dot. On the hindwing also there is a small ocellate 
spot between the subcostals and a less-defined ocellule between the lower medians. 
Body, palpi, and legs beneath pale ochreous. Abdomen beneath with a small 
glandular patch of laxly raised ochreous scales, placed on each side of the keel near 
the base. 


Female. Upperside somewhat paler ochreous-brown, darkest externally; the 
basal half being somewhat ochreous. Forewing crossed by three similar rows of 
larger spots, the discal row being lilacine-white and with a larger upper spot, the 
two upper also being bent inward to near the costa, the lower of the middle row 
ochreous-tinged, the outer row ochreous, and the two inner spots above and those 
below the radial confluent; the discocellular and cell spots distinct, their borders 
and the basal interspaces of the medians pale ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a 
complete discal and two submarginal rows of ochreous triangulate spots; the cell 
spot distinct. Underside paler than in the male, markings the same, the two small 
ocellules on the hindwing white-centred. 


Expanse, ¢ 3,;% to 3,5, ? 3; inches. 
Hasrrat.—Khasia Hills. Upper Burma. 


Distrisution.—We possess specimens of this species from the Khasia Hills, 
taken by Major Godwin-Austen. Specimens are also in the collection of Mr. 
Philip Crowley. Major C. H. E. Adamson has a male, taken at Singoo, 4000 feet 
elevation, in March, and a female taken at Kindat, Upper Burma, in April, 1892, 
both of which are typical D. Zal. 


DISCOPHORA INDICA (Plate 153, figs. 1, la, b, c, d, ¢ 9, larva and pupa). 


Discophora Tullia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 211, pl. 12, figs. 15, 15a, larva 
and pupa (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 74, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9, d 9 (1883); Ann, Nat. Hist. 


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Iwaco. 





Male. Upperside dusky purpurescent-brown in fresh examples, fading 
to dusky ochreous-brown ; cilia ochreous. Forewing crossed by a discal and two 
submarginal rows of bluish spots ; the discal row very small, the upper spot largest, 
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ochreous, with numerous short transverse, more or less intense dark brown strige, 
and which are generally less apparent basally ; crossed by a dark brown slender 
zigzag subbasal line, a broad discal fascia, an ill-defined slender sinuous submarginal 
line, and a lunular marginal fascia, the interspace between the latter being more or 
less washed with lilacine-white, which is most intense posteriorly. Forewing also 
with three dark brown dots across base of the cell, a ringlet-spot on the discocellulars 
and a dot below it. Hindwiig also with two basal cell dots and a discocellular dot ; 
and a large upper and lower ocellus, both with ochreous centre, white lunate- 
pupil, and a slender black outer ring; a third smaller lower ocellus sometimes 
being present between the upper medians ; and, in some specimens, generally in 
those which have the exterior margin of hindwing most angulate (probably the 
dry-season brood), the upper and lower ocellus are both smaller and less-defined. 
Body beneath, palpi, and legs ochreous; abdomen beneath with a small glandular 
patch of laxly raised ochreous scales placed on each side of the keel near the base ; 
antenne brown above, ochreous beneath. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler, darkest upon the discal area. Vorewing 
with the three transverse rows of spots bluish-white, larger, the lower discal 
diamond-shape, the upper largest and disposed inward; the middle row broadly- 
dentate, the upper incurved and coalescent with the opposite discal; the outer row 
rounded or broadly lunate ; the discocellular spot of the underside sometimes slightly 
apparent. Hindwing with a complete discal row and two submarginal rows of pale 
ochreous decreasing spots, the discal spots being obtusely dentate, the middle row 
acutely dentate, and the outer row more or less lunate or rounded; followed by 
marginal lunules. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, numerously covered with 

VOL, II. ce 


194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


olivescent-brown strigw, and crossed with less-defined fascie and markings, and 
ocelli, as in male. 

Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2 3,4 to 4 inches. 

Aputr Caterrmtar.—Length 2} inches; cylindrical; with two short anal 
processes ; thickly covered with fine pale ochreous hairs; the third and fourth 
segment with a transverse dorsal dense row of longer purple-brown hairs, a sub- 
dorsal slight tuft of longer purple-brown hairs arising from anterior edge of the 
segments ; body dark purple-brown, speckled with grey; a broad dorsal paler 
yellower-edged band from fifth to anal seement, the anterior junction of the segments 
marked by a subdorsal prominent short black and yellow streak ; head large, dark 
purplish-brown, with grey marks. 

CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail ; boat-shaped; smooth ; ventral line nearly 
straight, dorsal line arched ; thorax also arched ; head-piece prolonged into an acute 
apex ; colour pale yellowish-ochreous, with a white bloom. 

Hasrrat.—N.-H. India; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

Foop prant and Hanirs of tarvA.—The late Mr. Arthur Grote found the larva 
on Bamboo, in the Calcutta district. Mr. W.S. Atkinson also found the larva in 
the Calcutta district, “on Bamboo, living between rolled up leaves, on April 23rd, 
1856, the larva changing to pupa on the 26th” (MS. Notes). Dr. Manders (Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, 519) found the larva in the Shan States, “on Bamboo, living 
during the day among three or four leaves spun together,” and describes the larva 
and pupa as follows: ‘‘ Full fed larva two inches long; colour black, mottled with 
grey ; a rather broad yellowish dorsal line; the junction of the segments marked by 
a thin irregular yellow line and red spot ; body covered with white hairs; head and 
anus black, the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white, sus- 
pended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ; changing to dark brown 
a few hours before emergence. The perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.” 

Distripution.—“* Commoner than D. Continentalis, and has been taken in more 
localities, but the geographical range is the same within Indian limits, except that 
D. indica is known to occur in the Plains of Bengal as far South as Calcutta. It is 
common in Sikkim, and in Tenasserim, from September to April. In the neighbour- 
hood of Calcutta, Mr. de Nicéville has taken it throughout the year. They rest 
under the shade of large trees among the dead leaves on the ground, taking short 
flights when disturbed, and arg easily captured. They not unfrequently enter houses. 
There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, 
and Silhet ”’ (Butt. Ind. i. 298). Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Hnt. Soc. 1388, 331) 
records it as “common in Sikkim up to about 2000 feet, perhaps extending a little 
higher, and occurring throughout the year.’ Mr. W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at 
“ Darjeling, Cherra Punji, and Plains of Bengal” (MS. Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe 


AMATHUSIIN. 195 


has specimens from the Khasia Hills, taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. 
Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 353) records it as “common in the 
forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, from May to August.” The late Mr. Arthur 
Grote found the larva feeding on Bamboo in the Calcutta district. Mr. W. 8. Atkin- 
son also obtained the larva in the Calcutta district, on Bamboo, living between rolled 
up leaves, on April 23rd, 1856. Mr. L. de Nicéville has taken the species ‘‘in dry 
ditches in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, during the cold weather” (J. A. S. Beng. 
1885, 43). Mr. J. Rothney obtained it in “Barrackpore Park, near Calcutta” 
(Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882). Mr. Charlton Swinhoe also recently obtained it in the 
Calcutta district. In Burma, according to Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List, p. 11) 
it is recorded as being common throughout the country; both this species and 
D. Continentalis having been caught by me early in the morning before the sun was 
much above the horizon.” Captain EH. Y. Watson (J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, 
36) obtained both sexes during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, at Tilin 
Yaw, in March, April, and September.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it at Bhamo, 
and Dr. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) records it as being ‘‘common in the 
Shan States.” It has been taken in Rangoon, in July and August. Mr. Ossian 
Limborg (P. Z. S. 1878, 826) obtained it in Upper Tenasserim, at ‘*T'aoo, 3000 to 
5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet; and above Ahsown.” Mr. H. J. Elwes 
(J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from Tavoy. We possess a specimen recently 
received from Mr. A. R. H. Tucker, taken in Tavoy in December. Mr. Distant 
describes and figures both sexes from the Malay Peninsula, the male being entirely 
unspotted on the upperside of the forewing (Rhop. Malayana, p. 75, pl. 7). D. 
indica 1s probably only the wet-season form of D. Zal. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 153, fig. 1 represents the larva and 
pupa reproduced from Mr. A. Grote’s original drawings of Calcutta specimens, and 
figs. 1, a, b, c, d, the male and female. 


DISCOPHORA SPILOPTERA (Plate 154, figs. 1, la, g ?). 
Discophora spiloptera, de Nicéville, trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p, 331. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky ochreous-brown; cilia ochreous. Forewing 
crossed by an erect discal, and two erect submarginal rows of rich ochreous spots, 
the discal row being small and longitudinally slender, the ordinary spot between the 
upper median and radial being obsolescent, and the upper one ochreous-white ; the 
middle row composed of large wedge-shaped spots, the outer row of small posteriorly 
decreasing rounded spots; the extreme outer margin also lunularly bordered. Hind- 
wing crossed by a short upper discal row of two small rounded ochreous spots, an 
inner submarginal row of large triangular spots, and an outer row of lunate spots, 
the extreme outer margin also broadly lunularly bordered ; the discal black glandular 

ce 2 


196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


patch very prominent. Underside ochreous, with the fascie and other markings 
similar to those in male D. Zal. Female. Upperside paler ochreous-brown, externally 
and between the markings dusky-brown. Forewing with the three transverse rows 
of ochreous spots larger than in male, the discal row being much larger, very 
prominent, and slightly paler, the dusky-brown cell dots and discocellular spot 
present. Hindwing with a complete discal row, and two submarginal rows of much 
larger paler ochreous spots, and outer lunular border. Underside paler than in male; 
crossed with fasciz as in D. Zal, the basal area also being speckled with transverse 
brown strige, the two small ocelloid spots on hindwing as in D. Zal. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 4;% inches. 

Hasirar.—sikkim. 

The male of D. spiloptera is distinguishable from the same sex of D. Zal, by 
the difference in size, shape, and colour of the spots on the forewing; the female also 
differing from that sex of D. Zal, in these spots being larger, both the inner and 
middle series being erect, and wide apart at their upper end. The type specimens, 
from which our descriptions and figures are taken, are now in the possession of the 
Honble. Walter Rothschild, who has kindly lent them for this purpose, and were 
taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, in the middle of March, 
1887, at about 2000 feet elevation. 

Our illustrations of this species, on Plate 154, fig. 1, la are taken from the type 
specimens of the male and female, which have been kindly lent for this purpose by 
the Honble. Walter Rothschild. 

Inpo-Matayan attinp Discornoras.—Discophora Celinde (Pap. Celinde, Stoll, 
Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 87, figs. 1, la, ¢ (1790). Herr.-Sheffer, Hxot. 
Schmett. ii. figs. 5, 6, ¢ (1853). Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, pl. 6, 
fig. 6, 2; pl. 7, fig. 11, a-h, larva, etc. (1829). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. H. I. C. i. 
p- 211, pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a, larva and pupa (1857). Staudinger, Hxott. Schmet. 1. p. 
190, pl. 63, d. Synonyms—Pap. Menetho. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. mi. 1. p. 83, # 
(1793). Jones, Icones, v. pl. 61, 2. Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 1, (1800). 
Disc. Menetho. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 45 (1869). Pap. Aristides, Fabr. 
Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 86, ? (1793). Both sexes of this species (Celinde) were taken, 
and the larve bred, in Java, by the late Dr. Horsfield, the males agreeing with the 
figure by Stoll, and the females with the type specimen of Menetho, in the “ Linnean 
Cabinet,” in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, a label upon which 
latter specimen states that, Jones’ figure (from which Fabricius’ description was 
taken) was made from this identical specimen. The Javan female has the ochreous 
band on the forewing broad only at its upper end (from the costa to the upper 
median), below which are two inner-discal small spots and two outer lunules, 
followed by the submarginal row of five lunular patches and the marginal lunules, 


AMATITUSIIN 4. 197 


and on the hindwing also, the submarginal and marginal series are both composed 
of larger and broader lunate spots. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Timora, Double- 
day and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 2,2 (1851). Habitat. Timor.—Discophora 
Necho, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. i. p. 462, d 2 (1867). The male type specimen 
of this species, which we have examined, through the kindness of the Honble. 
Walter Rothschild, has a broad oblique discal band, similar to that in D. Dis ; 
this band having faded to a whitish colour in the type, and described as whitish by 
Felder, but which, in freshly-caught specimens, would certainly be blue, as in VD. 
Dis ; the female having a broad pale ochreous confluent band on the forewing, of the 
Celinde pattern. Habitat. Java.—Discophora Dis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 325, pl. H. fig. 3,3. Habitat. Sumatra.—Discophora 
Cheops, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 463 (1867). Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— 
Discophora Ogina (Morpho Ogina, Godart, Ene. Méth. p. 445 (1823). Hubner, 
Samm]. Exot. Schmett. (1820-26). Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippen, Lep. i. p. 74, 
nec fig.). Syn. D. Melinda, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 122. Habitat. Manilla, 
Philippines.—Discophora Celebensis, Holland, Proc. Boston, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 59, 
pl. 5, figs. 5,6, 0%. Habitat. Celebes.—Discophora Tullia (Pap. Tullia, Cramer, Pap. 
Exot. i. pl. 81, figs. A, B,?(1775). D. Tullia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 189 
(1887). Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown ; forewing less acute at the apex and 
the posterior angle, and the extreme margin less even thanin Burmese or Indian D. 
indica ; the hindwing is convex, somewhat scalloped, and less angular at end of 
upper median veinlet. Forewing with two submarginal transverse rows of small 
blue spots, the inner row dentate, the outer row rounded. Hindwing with a very 
prominent jet-black discal glandular patch, and a slightly-defined submarginal series 
of ochreous points. Underside pale purpurescent-ochreous-brown, with numerous 
short transverse darker brown strigee, which are most distinct externally ; the normal 
subbasal markings indistinct; crossed by a darker brown discal fascia, an ill-defined 
submarginal slender fascia and a sinuous marginal fascia, the area between the discal 
and submarginal fascia slightly washed and the anal angle of the hindwing distinctly 
speckled with hlacine-white ; ocelli of hindwing large, distinct and perfectly formed. 
Female. Upperside much paler brown. Forewing with three transverse rows of 
pale hlacine-blue spots, the discal lower three being small, the upper large, inwardly- 
disposed and coalescent with those of the middle row, the other spots large, the 
middle row being much incurved in their course. Hindwing with two upper discal 
small pale ochreous spots, and two submarginal rows of pale lilacine-blue spots. Under- 
side pale olivescent-ochreous, with olivescent-brown markings as in the male; ocelli 
large and perfect. Another female has the outer row of spots on upperside of the 
forewing pale ochreous, and all those of the hindwing also pale ochreous; the ocelli 
on the hindwing beneath being small and ill-defined. Expanse, d 3, ? 3, inches. 


198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Habitat.—S. China. Specimens of both sexes of D. Tullia, taken in Hong Kong, 
are in Mr. J. Jenner Weir’s collection. We also possess both sexes from China. 
Capt. J. R. Walker, R.N., also obtained it in Hong Kong.—VDiscophora Sondaica, 
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 12, fig. 3 (1836), 3. ? Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 
426, pl. 43, fig. 7, d. Habitat. Java; Sumatra; ? Malay Peninsula.— Discophora 
simplex, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889, p. 42. Habitat. Palawan.— 
Discophora Semperi (Disc. Zal. Semper, Reisen Archipel Philippen, Lep. p. 73, pl. 18, 
figs. 10, 11, 3; figs. 8, 9, 2 (nee Westwood). Habitat. Mindanao.—Discophora 
Philippina (Disc. Menetho, Semper, Reisen Archip. Philippen, Lep. p. 74, pl. 14, 
figs. 1, 2, d (1887), nec Fabricius. Habitat. Philippines.—Dise. Bambuse, Felder, 
veise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 462 (1867). Habitat. Gilolo. 





Genus ENISPE. 


Enispe, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40 (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 (1851). Marshall 
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 299 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii 
p. 187 (1889). 

Imaco.—Male. Both wings similar in shape to typical Discophora. Forewing 
with the posterior margin somewhat convex ; first subcostal branch anastomosed with 
the costal for a short distance near its end ; second subcostal with only three branches ; 
upper discocellular angled close to the subcostal, the radials from the angles ; upper 
median veinlet curved from its base. Hindwing with the veins as in Disco- 
phora ; no discal glandular patch ; the entire cell and the longitudinal fold between 
the median and submedian being covered with long fine hairs; a small glandular 
pouch close to base of inner vein enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Thorax very 
robust and woolly ; base of abdomen above also woolly, and beneath with a very 
prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales near the base. Forelegs longer than 
in Discophora. 

Typr.—E. Euthymius. 


ENISPE EUTHYMIUS (Plate 155, fies. 1, la, b,c, g ?). 


Adolias Euthymius, Doubleday, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 179. 

Enispe Euthymius, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 40, fig. 2, g (1848). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 292 
(1851). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 300, fig, g (1883). Stau- 
dinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 190, pl. 63, 3; dd. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1887); Leech, Lep. China, ete. 
p. 111 (1892). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright orange-red ; cilia reddish-black. Forewing 
with a reddish-black short curved streak on upper part of the discocellulars, a sinuous 


AMATHUSIIN 2. 199 


streak beyond the celi, a discal series of four somewhat sagittate speckled spots, one 
each being upon the lower radial and median veinlets, followed by a submarginal 
narrow sinuous band and then by a broader marginal band, the latter being faintly 
traversed by reddish lunules, the three series being broadly confluent at their apical 
end. Hindwing with the base clothed with long fine dusky hairs, and marked with two 
blackish lower discal sagittate spots, a transverse inner discal slender line, two sub- 
marginal narrow lunulate bands and paler outer marginal lunules; a small pale 
yellowish glandular pouch situated close to the abdominal base of the inner vein, the 
pouch enclosing a tuft of short rigid hairs. Underside pale ochreous, or ochreous- 
yellow, of more or less intensity. Both wings crossed by a brown subbasal sinuous 
line and a straighter discal line, their inner borders being clouded with brownish- 
ochreous, beyond which are three outer transverse indistinct lunulated brownish- 
ochreous fasciz. Forewing also with three brown basal dots within the cell.  Hind- 
wing also with a single similar dot and a short discocellular streak, and a discal 
series of four small darker brown spots, the lowest of which is white-pupilled, and 
the two inner smallest. Body beneath pale ochreous ; base of abdomen beneath with 
avery prominent glandular patch of jet-black raised scales; palpi, and legs pale 
ochreous ; antenne reddish. 

Female. Upperside paler and of a more ochreous tint; markings on both wings 
the same, but somewhat narrower than in male, the inner line on the hindwing more 
distinct and extending straight across from the costa to the anal angle. Underside 
paler than in the male; markings the same; the basal spots and transverse discal 
bordered-line being more distinct. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,9, 2 4 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim; Assam; Cachar; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma. 

Disrrisution.—‘‘ This is found in the mountains to the North-East of Bengal, 
extending southward as far as Tenasserim. It is not uncommon in Sikkim; the 
Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from the Naga Hills. It was taken by 
Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, in March 
and April’? (Butt. India, i. 301). ‘Mr. Otto Moller took it in the Runjit Valley, 
Sikkim. It has the habit of a Discophora, flying off into the jungle when disturbed, 
and resting on a leaf with closed wings” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. 8. Beng. 1883, 93). 
According to Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, 332), it is ‘not uncommon in 
Sikkim, at low elevations, from April to October.” In the late W. 8. Atkinson’s 
collection were specimens from Darjeling and Cherra Punji, Of typical Huthymius 
numerous males and females from the Khasia Hills, taken by Rev. W. Hamilton’s collec- 
tors, are in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s coilection. It is recorded in Lieut. D. Thompson’s 
List of Chin-Lushai butterflies (Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1890, 295). Signor 
Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills, in November. Mr. W. Doherty took 


200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


it in East Pegu, where it ‘‘seems to be very common in the Karen Hills, at from 
1500 to 4000 feet” (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 270). The Pegu males are richly-coloured 
orange-red, and have the markings above more like those in tessellate than in typical 
Euthymius. 

According to Mr. de Nicéville (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, 353), ‘ H. Huthymius is, 
judging from the specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, an eminently variable 
species, whose variations are in no way related either to locality or to geographical 
range, so that the term ‘local race’ cannot be applied to the extreme dark form 
named E. tessellata.” 


ENISPE TESSELLATA (Plate 156, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ Q). 


Enispe tessellata, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 521, ¢ 2. 

Enispe Euthymius, Wood-Mason and de Nieéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. 15, 
18% Ik eo 

Enispe Sylhetensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 191 (1887). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from typical H. Huthymius, in the 
basal area being much darker coloured; the markings being similar, but con- 
spicuously more broader and more sharply defined, and on the forewing there is a 
prominent inner-discal erect band which coalesces with the upper streak beyond the 
cell. Hindwing with the basal area ochreous-brown, and the markings conspicuously 
much broader, the discal series extending across from the subcostal vein. 

Female. Both wings also with much darker basal area, and with markings similar 
to the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 31, ? 3} inches. 

Hasirat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Cachar. 

We have here retained LH. tessellata as differing from H. Huthymius. The male 
type of tessellata was obtained from the “ Darjeling”’ collection formed by the late 
Arthur Grote, and the female type from the “ Nepal’’ collection of the late General 
G. Ramsay, and from these type specimens our figures on Plate 156 are taken. 
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, p. 353, pl. xv. fig. 1) 
describe and figure a male—identical with our type of tessellata—which is therein 
stated to be taken from a Cachar specimen captured by Mr. Wood-Mason on 
Nemotha Peak in September.* 


* This same Cachar specimen was previously referred to, under the name of E. Euthymius, by the 
authors of the ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” p. 801, as being only “‘ of a far deeper and richer orange-red ” than any 
other specimens we have ever seen;” but they do not there mention the differences in the markings 
between that specimen and the others under their examination. Specimens from Sylhet, from the 


AMATHUSIIN 2. 201 


ENISPE CYCNUS (Plate 157, figs. 1, la, b,c, g $). 


Enispe Cycnus, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 330 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. 
p. 212 (1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 301 (1883). 


Twaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown, darkest and with blue 
reflections on the outer half of the forewing; cilia ochreous. Forewing with a broad 
oblique lilacine-white band extending from middle of the costa to the upper median 
veinlet, below which are three decreasing broad lunate spots, followed by a sub- 
marginal series of four triangular similar-coloured spots, which increase in size from 
the upper one; a slightly-defined pale ochreous spot-streak below the submedian near 
the angle, and an inner discal series of small ochreous spots sometimes being visible. 
Hindwing with a more or less indistinct submarginal row of small pale ochreous 
spots and marginal lunules, and sometimes a discal row of slender lunules; from 
the cell to below the median, and the abdominal fold, clothed with long fine hairs. 
Underside ochreous-yellow, merging to olivescent ochreous-brown on the outer 
borders. Both wings crossed by a slender subbasal zigzag dark ochreous-brown 
line with a pale outer border, and a broader brown sinuous discal band, followed by 
a contiguous less-defined paler outer-discal lunular fascia, and two submarginal 
sinuous fascia. Forewing also with three brown basal cell-spots and some disco- 
cellular spots. Hindwing also with one basal cell-spot, a discocellular spot, and a 
very small white-pupilled ocellule between the subcostals, and a similar ocellule with 
large white pupil between the lower medians. Body and legs beneath, palpi, and 
collar ochreous-yellow ; legs above and tip of palpi ochreous-brown; abdomen 
beneath with a basal glandular patch of dark grey scales. Female. Both wings with 
the basal area ochreous-brown, the outer area of the forewing dark purpurescent- 
brown, of the hindwing dark brown. Forewing with the lilacine-white oblique band 
and the two series of spots as in the male, but larger, the lower discal spot and a 
narrow streak below the submedian being partly ochreous; there is also two inner- 
discal rows of smaller ochreous spots, and a spot is sometimes present beyond end 
of the cell, and a streak bordering the inner-edge of the discocellulars. Hindwing 
with an inner-discal short row of small ochreous spots, a discal row of larger 
decreasing spots, the lower being lunate, followed by a submarginal row of broad 
pointed-spots, and then by a marginal continuous lunular-band. Underside pale 
ochreous-yellow with a slightly olivescent tint; the transverse discal band and 
markings as in the male. 

Expanse, 3 3,5,, ? 3,5, inches. 





“ Atkinson ” collection, are in the ‘‘ Hewitson” Cabinet at the British Museum. From specimens in the 
late W. S. Atkinson’s collection, Dr. Staudinger has recently separated this species under the name of 
EL. Sylhetensis. 


VOL. Il. pd 


Lo 
o 
ko 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasrrat.—Sikkim (?); Bhotan; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper 
Burma. 

Distriution.—“ The type specimen is recorded from Sylhet; the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, and from Sikkim” 
(Butt. of India, 301). It has been taken at Shillong and the Khasia Hills. “It 
occurs not uncommonly at Buxa, in Bhotan, in July, but I know of no specimens 
having been recently taken in Sikkim” (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333). 
Dr. N. Manders, in his List of the Lepidoptera of the Shan States (Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1890, 520) records “one male taken at Bernardmyo, a Hill Station at about 
7000 feet elevation north of the Ruby Mines.” Mr. Elwes (P. Z. 8. 1891, 271) also 
records ‘‘ specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty in the Naga Hills at low elevations, 
and others at Bernardmyo in Burma.” 

Auinp Cainuss Entspe.—E. lunatus, Leech, Entomologist, 1891, suppl. p. 26 ; 
Lep. China, etc. p. 111, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, d $¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. 


Genus STICHOPHTHALMA. 


Stichophthalma, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vi. p. 27 (1862). Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. of 
India, ete, i, p. 308 (1883). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 184 (1889). Leech, 
Lep. China, ete. p. 113 (1892). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings large, very broad. Forewing subtriangular; with the 
costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior margin 
long and nearly straight; cell very broad; first subcostal branch emitted at one- 
fourth before end of the cell and entirely free from the costal; second subcostal 
three-branched; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled at lower 
end, lower discocellular deeply concave; radials from the upper angles; upper 
median veinlet arched from the end of the cell. Hindwing obovate; costal vein 
ending beyond the middle; first subcostal branch emitted at half distance before 
second and third; cell narrow, open; upper median veinlet arched from its base; 
internal vein much recurved ; a small ovate glandular patch * situated above the base 
of the subcostal veinlet, which is overlapped by an erectile tuft of fine hairs arising 
from below the base of the subcostal vein. Body robust; thorax woolly; eyes 
prominent, naked; palpi long, slender, extending more than half beyond the front ; 
antennee slender, evenly articulated. 

Typs.—sS. Howqua. 





* Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 353) remarks that “ this gland, in S. Camadeva, 
secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour, distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the 
presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop) which is common 
to the two sexes.” 


AMATHUSIIN. 203 


STICHOPHTHALMA CAMADEVA (Plate 158, figs. 1, la, d ?). 
Morpho (Thaumantis) Camadeva, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2 
(1848). 
Thaumantis Camadeva, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 177 ; id. Doubleday and Hewitson, 
Gen. D. Lep. p. 377, pl. 55, fig. 2 (1851). 
Stichophthalma Camadeva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 309, fig. 9 (1883). 
Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 204, pl. 65, ¢ (1887) ; dd. ii. p. 184, pl. 30 (1889). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area rich ochreous-brown, 
the outer area purpurescent lilacine-grey, and traversed by a discal series of small 
round blackish spots, followed by a row of quadrate sagittate-spots, which latter 
have their outer angle dilated and extending along the vein to the margin, and then 
by a submarginal row of continuous lunules, the upper end of each series being 
broadly dilated at the apex. Hindwing with the basal area rich dark ochreous-brown, 
the outer area purpurescent-black, traversed by a submarginal row of large broad pur- 

_purescent lilacine-grey biconical spots, and a marginal narrow lunular band ; basal 
glandular tuft pale ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous. Underside rich brownish-ochreous ; 
crossed by a subbasal and a medial slender black sinuous line, the former generally 
being inwardly-bordered by pale olivescent-ochreous, and the latter outwardly-bor- 
dered by a whitish fascia, followed by a dark brown speckled-edged lunular fascia ; 
the disc crossed by a row of red ocelli, five on each wing, each being centred with a 
white lunule, and having a black outer ring ; beyond are two submarginal ill-defined 
brown lines, the outer line sometimes being more or less broad, and both ending at 
the anal angle in a black speckled streak, the outer streak much dilated. Body 
beneath, legs, and palpi brownish-ochreous ; antenne dark brown, 

Female. Upperside as in the male, with the marginal markings broader. Un- 
derside as in the male. 

Expanse, 5 to 6 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim; Assam; Khasia Hills; Cachar ; Manipur. 

Distripution.—‘‘Common in Sikkim, in June and July” (Mr. de Nicéville, J. A. S. 
Bengal, 1885, 2). Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 333) records it as not uncommon, 
in Sikkim, in suitable localities, from May or June to October. I found it not un- 
common by the river at Choongtong, at 2500 feet, in July, but difficult to take in 
good condition, as it flies so close to the ground among thick vegetation that it is 
not easy to get a clear stroke of the net.” Major H. H. Godwin-Austen—who 
captured several specimens in the Jatinga Valley, N. Cachar Hills, during his Survey 
operations—noted that “‘ it affects the openings in forests ; having a lopping lazy sort 
of flight, flying about quite low down among the brushwood, during April, just after 
the rains set in.’ Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 353), found it ‘ very 
common in the forests near Silcuri in Cachar, during May ; others also being taken 

pd 2 


204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


in July. The gland covered by a patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp 
of hairs on each hindwing of the male, secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour 
distinct from, but so faint as barely to be perceptible in the presence of, a much 
stronger odour, resembling that of sable fresh from the furrier’s shop, which is com- 
mon to both sexes.’ Dr. G. Watt (Ann. N. H. 1885, p. 303) obtained specimens 
during his journey to Manipur. 


STICHOPHTHALMA LOUISA (Plate 159, figs. 1, la, g 9). 


Thaumantis Lowisa, Wood-Mason, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 163; zd. Journ. Asiatic Soc. 
Bengal, 1878, p. 175, pl. 12. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. Marshall, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 40, ?. 

Stichophthalma Louisa, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 311 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area of both wings rich pale yellowish- 
ochreous, and the outer area lilacine-white. Both wings with a submarginal row of 
black hastate-spots, their outer angles coalescing with a marginal row of lunules, 
each series palest and increasing in size from the apex of the forewing, where the 
border is clouded with dusky speckles ; the transverse lines and ocelli of the under- 
side being visible by semi-transparency ; basal tuft on the hindwing ochreous. 
Underside very pale dull olivescent-ochreous ; both wings crossed by a subbasal and 
a medial slender blackish sinuous line, the former with a whitish inner border, the 
latter with a more distinctly-defined whitish outer-bordering fascia, followed by a 
broad pale olivescent-brownish lunular fascia ; a discal series of small pale ochreous- 
brown ill-defined ocelli, of which the upper and lower on the hindwing are prominent, 
much larger, reddish-ochreous, and with a slender black ring; beyond is a pale de- 
fined olivescent-brownish submarginal series of hastate-spots and marginal lunules, 
the latter forming an indistinctly-defined broader marginal fascia, the submarginal 
series traversed by a slender sinuous line, and the marginal ending in a dilated black 
anal spot speckled with grey. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the marginal hastate marks 
and lunules are larger and entirely coalescent. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, 5 to 5,9 inches. 

Hasirat.— Upper Tenasserim. 

DistrisuTion.—The type specimen was “ taken at T'aoo, 3000 to 6000 feet alti- 
tude, in Upper Tenasserim, by Mr. Ossian Limborg in the cold season. Capt. C. 
T. Bingham took specimens between March and May in the lower Thoungyeen 
forests’ (Butt. Ind. 1.311). Mr. W. Doherty ‘‘took many males, but only two or 
three females at the foot of the Karen Hills, in March and April” (EKlwes, P. Z. S. 
1891, 271). Signor Leorardo Fea obtained specimens at Moolayet, in April. 


AMATHUSIIN 2. 205 


STICHOPHTHALMA NOURMAHAL (Plate 160, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ ). 


Thaumantis Nourmahal, Westwood, Gen. of D. Lep. p. 337 (1851); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, 
p- 178, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, 9. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. Hast Ind. Company,i. p. 215 (1857). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 312 (1888). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside with both wings chestnut-red, cilia brownish cine- 
reous. forewing crossed by a broad excurved oblique subapical ochreous fascia, 
which extends from the costa to the outer margin below the apex aud to the pos- 
terior angle, the apex of the wing being darker brown, and the fascia traversed by 
a submarginal row of dark brown hastate points and a marginal row of lunules. 
Hindwing with the outer border narrowly margined with ochreous and traversed by 
a submarginal and a marginal row of similar brown marks. Underside paler. Both 
wings crossed by a subbasal and a medial discal slender black irregular line, the 
subbasal edged on its innerside and the discal on its outerside with olivescent 
silvery-grey scales; on the forewing the base of second subcostal, and the discocel- 
lulars to the middle black; the outer border with a submarginal and a marginal 
black zigzag line. Forewing also with an outer discal series of five round ocelh, of 
which the lower first and the fourth are the most defined, being red with a white 
pupil, black ring and then an outer pale ochreous ring; the others being ill- 
defined by ochreous scales. Hindwing also with similar but somewhat larger 
ocelli, the first, third, and fifth being more brightly developed and are of a deep 
red, the second and fourth being ill-defined by ochreous scales. Body, legs, and 
palpi beneath pale ochreous ; legs and palpi above reddish-brown ; antennz black. 


Female. Upperside similar to the male, but somewhat darker coloured, the 
oblique subapical fascia on the forewing slightly broader, and with a prominent 
white spot before the apex between the subcostals; the submarginal and marginal 
markings also somewhat broader. Underside darker than in the male, being of an 
olivescent brownish-ochreous colour and darkest across the disc ; the subbasal and 
discal black lines also broadly edged with silvery-grey ; the ocelli and submarginal 
lines similar. 

Expanse, d 3,% to 4, ? 4,74 to 4;% inches. 

Hasirat.—Native Sikkim. 

DistripuTion.—The type was described from a female in the collection of the 
late Mr. W. W. Saunders; specimens of both sexes were also in the Hast India 
Company’s Museum, and others in the Hewitsonian collection. According to “ Mr. 


A. V. Knyvett, specimens have recently been obtained by his collectors in Native 
Sikkim ” (de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc, 1890, p. 181). 


206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


STICHOPHTHALMA NURINISSA (Plate 161, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 9). 


Stichophthalma Nurinissa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 131, pl. C. fig. 
3 f. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings differ from those of S. Nowrmahal in the 
ground-colour being paler and of a much brighter tint of chestnut-red. On the fore- 
wing the ochreous outer fascia is narrower and the dark brown margin broader. On 
the hindwing the ochreous outer fascia is much broader, with submarginal blackish 
points and broad marginal lunules. Underside. Both wings of a lighter colour ; 
the transverse subbasal and discal black line less intensely edged with olivescent 
silvery-grey scales; the submarginal and marginal line more sinuous and nearer 
together; the ocelli are similar. 

Female. Upperside also much paler, the ochreous fascia, the submarginal points 
and marginal lunules, as in the male; the apical white spot is larger, and there 
is a minute spot above it and also one below it. Underside as in the male, but 
darker coloured, the markings all more intensely defined. 

Expanse, 3 3,°9 to 4, ? 4,4 to 5 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Bhotan. 

Disrrisution.—‘* Numerous specimens were taken near Buxa, in Bhotan, by 
the native collectors of the late Mr. Otto Méller, and Mr. A. V. Knyvett” (de 
Nicéville, 1. c.). 

ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES OF STIcHOPHTHALMA.—St. Cambodia (Thaumantis Cam- 
bodia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. im. Thawm. pl. fig. 2 (1862). Habitat. Cambodia. 
—St. Howqua (Th. Howqua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1851, p. 174; id. 1856, 
p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a. Habitat. N. China; Formosa.—St. fusca, Leech, Lep. 
China, ete. p. 113, pl. 1, fig. 3, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—St. Newmogeni, 
Leech, Lep. China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 5, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China. 


Genus CLEROME. 


Clerome, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 333 (1851) ; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1856, p. 182. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 80 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
ete. i. p. 312 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). Leech, Lep. 
China, ete. p. 112 (1892). 

Faunis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 55 (1816), preoccupied. 


Imaco.—Male. Wingsshort, very broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much 
arched at the base, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin lobularly 
dilated near the base; cell broad ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth 
before end of the cell, free from the costal, second subcostal four-branched ; dis- 
cocellulars very outwardly-oblique, upper short, twice angled near subcostal, lower 


AMATHUSINZ. 207 


very long and much recurved, being concave at its upper end and convex at its 
lower end; radials from upper angles of discocellulars; upper median veinlet not 
arched. Hindwing broadly ovate, apex somewhat obtusely pointed, exterior margin 
very convex posteriorly, anal angle rounded; subcostal branches arising near base 
of the wing; cell very narrow; upper median veinlet arched from the base; a 
short very slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first 
subcostal branch, the pouch being surrounded by a patch of fine raised hair-like scales, 
which are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by 
a very slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median 
vein. Body moderately robust ; thorax woolly; eyes naked, large; palpi compactly 
clothed, hairy above, slender, projected in front of the head; antenne long, 
slender. 
Type.—C. Arcesilaus. 


CLEROME ARCESILAUS (Plate 162, figs. 1, la, b, ce, d ?). 


Papilio Arcesilaus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28 (1787). Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 30, fig. 2 
(1800). 

Clerome Arcesilaus, Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep., p. 334, pl. 54*, fig. 5, 9 
(1851). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. 
p- 44 (1869). Marshall and de Nic¢ville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 133 (1883). Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 428, pl. 40, fig, 5 (1886). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 202, pl. 65, ¢ 
(1887) ii. p. 188, pl. 31 (1889) 

Faunis Caneus, Hibner, Samm. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 82, 2 (1820-26). 

Morpho Leonteus, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. N. C. 1831, p. 170, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15 (1831). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted 
throughout both wings. Cilia brownish cinereous. Hindwing with a short very 
slender glandular pouch situated immediately above the base of the first subcostal 
branch, the ponch itself surrounded by a patch of raised fine hair-like scales which 
are directed towards the pouch, and the pouch itself being also overlapped by a very 
slender tuft of long erectile hairs arising from below the base of the median vein. 
Underside dark olivescent ochreous-brown. Both wings crossed by a wavy indis- 
tinctly-defined blackish curved narrow subbasal fascia, and a more defined sinuous 
narrow curved medial discal faseia ; an outer discal series of minute ochreous-white 
spots, six on the forewing and seven on the hindwing, followed by a slender blackish 
submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown; palpi brownish-ochreous ; 
antenne reddish. 

Female. Upperside paler and brighter coloured, but with the apex and outer 
borders darker tinted. Underside as in the male. 

Hixpanse, ¢ 2,5 to 2,8, 9° 2:8 to 3 inches. 


208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—Sikkim ?; Khasia and Naga Hills; Silhet; Looshai Hills; Burma; 
Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula. 

Distrisution.—Within our area Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 
314) record “ specimens from Sikkim, from the collection of the late Mr. Mandelli.”’ 
According to Mr. Elwes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334) ‘it has never been seen recently 
by Mr. Moller or myself from Sikkim.” Colonel C. Swinhoe has received numerous 
specimens taken in the Khasia Hills by the Rev. W. Hamilton’s native collectors. 
The late W. 8. Atkinson obtained it at Cherra Punji. It is also recorded from Silhet. 
Specimens are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection from the Lushai and Naga Hills. 
Major C, H. HE. Adamson (hist, p. 10) obtained it at ‘‘ Bhamo, Burma, and in Upper 
‘Tenasserim, in woody places, during the cold weather.” Capt. C. Bingham obtained 
in the Donat Range i Upper Tenasserim in January, and others in the Thoung- 
yeen forests in March and December” (Butt. Ind. 314). Mr. Ossian Limborg 
(P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827) met with it above Ahsown in Upper Tenasserim in the cold 
weather.” Mr. Elwes (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 419) records it from “Tavoy and 
Ponsekai.” The type specimen described by Fabricius is recorded from Siam, 
now in the Bankhan Cabinet at the British Museum, which we have examined, 
and is identical with our Indian examples. 


DIstTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. 429) records it 
from the Malay Peninsula, where Capt. Godfery “‘ took it in a shady nook near a 
well. Its flight was very low; issuing from the surrounding jungle it would flit 
along the path, or rest upon it for a while, and then return to the thickest shades.” 
Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Perak (P. Z.S. 1891, 273). It also occurs at Penang 
and Singapore; Nias (Kheil); Sumatra (Snellen); and Java (Horsfield). The 
Java specimens (of which many were obtained by the late Dr. Horsfield) differ on 
the underside in having both the dark transverse subbasal and medial fascia con- 
spicuously broader, the latter fascia being also less sinuous on its outer edge; the 
submarginal line is also comparatively broader. If this Java form proves distinct, 
it will take Hiibner’s name of Caneus. It is also recorded from Borneo. 


CLEROME ASSAMA (Plate 163, figs. 1, la, b, c,d ?). 


Clerome Assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 184. Marshall and de Nieéville, Butt. India, 
etc. i. p. 314, fig. 9 (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep brownish-ochreous or fulvous, uniformly tinted 
throughout both wings. Sometimes the median pale spots of the underside are 
slightly apparent. Underside much darker, and more or less ochreous-brown in tint. 
Both wings crossed by a prominent black slightly-wavy subbasal and a medial discal 
line; an outer discal series of small pale yellow rounded spots, the penultimate lower 





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AMATHUSIIN 2. 209 


one on the forewing the largest, and the upper one on the hindwing still larger, 
followed by a black submarginal sinuous line. Body beneath and legs brown ; palpi 
pale ochreous below. 

Female. Upperside somewhat darker, especially at apex of the forewing, which 
is crossed by a very ill-defined oblique excurved paler ochreous band, the inner 
dge of the band obsolescently merging into the basal ground-colour, Underside 
marked as in the male; the transverse series of yellow spots being comparatively 
larger. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 3,, ? 4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam ; Khasia and Lushai Hills. 

Disrrisution.— Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen obtained specimens in the Khasia 
Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It 
is recorded by Mons. Oberthiir (Htudes Ent. 1893, p. 13) as occurring also in 
Tonkin, but it is probable that this is erroneous, and that the specimens are refer- 
able to the Chinese species, C. Humeus. 


Inpo-Matayan species of CLerome.—O. Humeus (Pap. Eumeus, Drury, III. 
Exot. Ent. i. pl. 2, fig. 3 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 183, figs. C, D (1777). 
Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 183. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. 
p. 44 (1869). Pap. Gripus Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). Pap. decem- 
punctatus, Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. i. p. 212 (1779). Habitat. China; Hong-kong ; 
Hainan; Borneo.—C. Afrope, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 81; Lep. China, etc. 
p- 112, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢ (1892). Habitat. W. China.—C. Stomphar, Westwood, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4. Habitat. Sarawak, Borneo.— 
C. Kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 344, pl. F. fig. 3. 
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—C. gracilis, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, 
p- 401, pl. 8, fig. 7. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 1. Habitat. Malay 
Peninsula ; Borneo.—C. Besa, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Cl. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1863). 
Habitat. Borneo.—C. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 44. 
Habitat. Palawan.—C. Phaon (Pap. Phaon, Erichson; N. A. Acad. N.C. p. 401, 
pl. 50, figs. 1, Ja (1834). Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 185. Semper, 
Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 68 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Leucis, Felder, Wien. 
Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 304; Reise Novara, Lep. pl. 62, figs. 5, 6 (1867). Semper, 
Reisen Philippen Lep. p. 69 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines.—C. lurida, 
Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 460 (1867). Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, 
figs. 19, 20 (1887). Habitat. Mindoro, Philippines—C. Kleis, Semper, Reisen 
Philip. Lep. p. 70, pl..8, figs. 17, 18 (1887). Habitat. Philippines.—C. Sappho 
Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao, 
Philippines. 

vot. 11. March 18th, 1895. Ee 





210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus MELANOCY MA. 
Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1858, p. 186. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad; exterior margin oblique. Forewing 
triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, posterior 
angle rounded, posterior margin lobate near the base; cell broad, upper 
end extending to nearly half the wing, lower end to three-fifths; first 
subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second at two- 
thirds beyond end of the cell, third, fourth, and fifth nearer the apex ; upper 
discocellular short, angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long, much 
recurved ; radials from angles near subcostal; median veinlets wide apart, equi- 
distant ; submedian recurved near the base. Hindwing obconical, anterior margin 
long, nearly straight, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and rounded 
posteriorly ; furnished with a recumbent androconial tuft of hairs at base of the 
subcostal, and a row of fine longish hairs extending between the submedian and 
internal vein, which terminate more thickly above the anal angle; subcostal branches 
and radial emitted together near the base of costal; cell open; medians wide apart ; 
middle median emitted at about half the wing. Body slender; palpi slender, porrect, 
finely hairy above ; antenne slender, and with an elongated club. 

Type.—M. Faunula. 


MELANOCYMA FAUNULOIDES (Plate 167, fig. 1, la, ?). 
Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 1895, p. , pl. N. 
fig 2, 9. 

Imaco.—* Female. Upperside, both wings very pale fuscous or French-grey, all 
the black markings of the underside showing through faintly by transparency. 
Forewing with the veins slightly infuscated. Hindwing with the outer two-thirds of 
the abdominal margin, and the anal region widely as far as the inter-nervular fold in 
the first median interspace ochreous-yellow, this colour being carried narrowly along 
the outer margin as far as the second median nervule. Underside, both wings slightly 
paler than above, especially the hindwing. Forewing with a large round black spot near 
the middle of the discoidal cell; a broad black line across the cell beyond its middle, 
joined to two similar lines running along the subcostal and median neryvures from 
the base of the wing, the latter broadening out towards the base of the submedian 
interspace ; the anterior half of the discocellular nervules black, fining away to nothing 
posteriorly ; two broad slightly irregular nearly parallel black lines commencing at 
the subcostal and ending at the submedian nervure, the inner line somewhat 
lunulated between the median nervules; a very fine obscure submarginal blackish 
line, with an extremely fine black line on the margin. Hindwing with the abdominal 
margin ochreous-yellow of a paler shade than on the upperside, this colour becoming 


AMATHUSIIN 4. 211 


entirely lost towards the middle of the submedian interspace, extending narrowly 
along the outer margin as far as the first median inter-nervular fold; the wing is 
crossed by four broad parallel highly irregular black bands, all commencing close to 
the costa; the first band is straight and is quite close to the base of the wing, and 
ends on the submedian nervure ; the second band is also nearly straight and ends on 
the internal inter-nervular fold; the third band is highly irregular and lunulated, 
the concavity of each lunulated portion directed towards the outer margin, it ends 
in a somewhat faint detached spot on the internal inter-nervular fold, anteriorly it is 
joined to the second band by a thin black line running along the costa; the 
fourth band is also highly irregular and lunulated, the concavity of each lunulated 
portion directed towards the base of the wing; a somewhat broad submarginal 
fuscous line posteriorly becoming lost in the ochreous anal area; a very fine black 
line on the margin ending posteriorly on the first median inter-nervular fold. Cilia 
throughout very short and cinereous; antenne black; thorax in front ochreous, 
posteriorly, and abdomen pale fuscous.” 


Expanse, ¢ 4,°, inches. 
Hasitat.—North Chin Hills, Upper Burma. 


*« A reference to Hewitson’s, Westwood’s, and Distant’s figures (Rhop. Malay. pl. 
8, f. 2), of Melanocyma faunula, Westwood, all taken from female specimens, will at 
once reveal the many important characters in which that species differs from the 
present one, which characters are also borne out by the numerous specimens of M. 
faunula I possess from several localities in the Malay Peninsula and from Chanta- 
boon in Siam. The ground-colour in M. faunula is almost white on the upperside of 
the hindwing instead of being concolorous with the forewing; the yellow colour is 
more extensive also, reaching to the second median nervule; in M. faunuloides it 
ends midway between the first and second median nervules; on the underside of the 
forewing the black discal bands are highly lunulated, and the points of the lunules 
almost meet in M. faunula, while in M, fawnuloides the bands are nearly straight and 
the inner one is only slightly lunulated; this character is even more strongly 
pronounced on the hindwing, as in M. faunula anterior to the third median nervule 
these bands entirely join, enclosing large oval spots of the ground-colour ; lastly the 
yellow colour is much duller, and does not extend half as far on to the disc in M. 
faunuloides.” 

« Described from two specimens kindly given to me by Lieut. E. Y. Watson, which 
were captured in June, 18935, at Number Three Stockade, in the North Chin Hills, 
at 3500 feet elevation above the sea”’ (de Nicéville, 1.c.). 


Twpo-Matayan Species or Mepanocyma, M. faunula (Thaum. faunula, Westwood, 
Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 1) (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1856, p. 186, pl. 21, fig. 2,°%. 
Ee 2 


212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 81, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; 
Siam ; Cambodia. 

Genus Tenarts, Htibner (Syn. Drusilla, Swains.)—T. Birchii, Distant, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 241; Rhop. Malayana, p. 428, pl. 39, tig. 7 (1886). Habitat. 
Malay Peninsula. Singapore.—T. Horsjieldii (Drusilla Horsfieldii Swainson, Zool. 
Illust. i. pl. 11 (1820). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 54, fig. 4 (1851). Thon, 
Ent. Archiv. p. 90, pl. 4, fig. 3. Habitat. Java.—T. occulta, Grose-Smith, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 316, Habitat. Borneo.—T. Plateni, Staudinger, Deutsch. Ent. 
Zeit. 1889, p. 48. Habitat. Palawan. 


Genus AXAMONA. 


Aimona, Hewitson, Exotie Butt. iv. dim. pl. figs. 3, 4 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. 
Bengal, 1880, p.. 175. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888). 
Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 187 (1889). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing rather broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex 
acutely pointed and produced; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex hind- 
ward ; posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to five-sevenths of the 
length of the costal margin; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before end 
of the cell and anastomosed with the costal vein for some distance before its end; 
upper discocellular twice angled close to the subcostal, lower discocellular long and 
outwardly recurved, radials from the upper angles ; middle and lower median veinlets 
wide apart, upper median slightly curved beyond the cell. Hindwing short, broad, 
somewhat quadrangular; apex rounded, exterior margin obtusely angular in the 
middle; subcostal branches straight at their base; first subcostal branch emitted 
at about one-fifth from the base; cell area rather broad; upper median veinlet 
nearly in a line with the base; submedian vein recurved, and with a row of fine 
hairs extending along its outer edge, ending in a curled glandular fascicle of 
longer and stouter hairs, which latter overlap a slight groove or fold of the wing 
before the anal angle. Head small; eyes naked; palpi slender, apex pointed ; 
antenne rather short and with a well-formed lengthened club. 


Tyrr.— Ad. Amathusia. 


ZEMONA AMATHUSIA (Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b,c, d, e, g 2). 


Clerome Amathusia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1867, p. 566, 2. 

Aimone Amathusia, Hewitson, Exotie Butt. iv. 4m. pl. figs. 3, 4, 2 (1868). Wood-Mason, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 176, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, @. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, g (1883). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-yellow or fulvous, the basal area 
tinged with brownish-ochreous ; cilia brown. Forewing with the apex and the 


AMATHUSIIN A. 218 


exterior margin pale ochreous-brown; crossed by the slightly-apparent excurved 
subbasal and the oblique discal brownish line of the underside. Hindwing crossed 
by the slightly-apparent subbasal and discal brown line of the underside, followed 
by a more distinct outer discal sinuous brown line, and then by a slightly-defined 
less sinuous upper submarginal line. Underside uniformly paler ochreous-yellow, 
the veins brownish; crossed by an ochreous-brown subbasal line, which is incurved 
on the forewing and excurved on the hindwing, a narrow oblique discal fascia and a 
slender sinuous submarginal line; between the two latter is a series of small ocelli, 
which decrease in size upwards, those on the forewing varying from one to five, 
and those on the hindwing from five to six, the one situated between the lower 
medians the largest, and the upper ones, generally, more or less imperfect; these 
ocelli, where perfect, have a pure white centre, ringed with black, a bright ochreous 
ring, and then an outer black ring. Body, palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-yellow ; 
antenne brown. 

Female (type). Upperside pale ochreous-brown. Forewing crossed by a 
faintly-defined broad excurved band of ochreous-yellow, which commences from 
the costa, where it is broadest and brightest yellow, and ends indistinctly towards 
the posterior angle, where it merges into the ground-colour; also crossed by the 
very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside. Hindwing crossed by 
the very faintly-defined subbasal and discal line of the underside, followed by an 
ochreous-brown outer discal sinuous line, and then by a submarginal line, the apical 
area being also slightly paler ochreous. Underside dull pale cinerescent ochreous- 
brown; crossed by slightly broader lines, as in the male, and more sharply-defined 
submarginal ocelli. Another female (from the Khasia Hills) is smaller than the 
type above described, and on the upperside is duller coloured, with the subapical 
pale band less-defined, but the transverse oblique discal line broad and distinctly 
defined ; on the underside the basal area is uniformly darker, the ocelli being of the 
same size, and with an additional small ocellus at the anal angle. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 8, ? 3 to 3, inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga, Khasia, and Garrow Hills. 

Distripution.—The type specimen (female) has a printed label “ Darjeling ” 
attached to it, and was obtained by the late Mr. W. 8S. Atkinson, as is indicated in 
his MS. Notes in our possession. A male, taken in Bhotan, August, 1888, by 
Mr. Otto Moller’s native collectors, is now in Mr. Walter Rothschild’s collection, as 
is also a male, labelled “Garo Hills, December, 1888,” taken by the Rev. W. 
Hamilton. Colonel C. Swinhoe has specimens of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, 
also taken by Mr. Hamilton’s native collectors. Specimens from the Khasias are 
also in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley. Mr. 8. EH. Peal obtained a single male 
in the Naga Hills. 


214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 164, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ represent a 
male and the female from the Khasia Hills, in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe ; 
figs. d and e are reproductions of the Hewitsonian figure of the type female. 


JEMONA PEALII (Plate 165, figs. 1, la, 3). 


Emona Pealii, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 177, pl. 6, figs.3, 3a, g. Marshall 
and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 303, front plate, figs. 3, 3a, g (1883). Doherty, Journ. 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 124. 


Imaco.—Male. “Closely allied to A. amathusia. Upperside coloured and 
marked in the same manner, but with the ocelli as well as the strigz of the under- 
side showing through. Forewing with the apex angulated but not produced, the 
outer margin arched instead of being concave, sinuous, and the inner angle not so 
broadly rounded. Hindwing darker coloured, and also paling towards the outer 
margin, but with the submarginal series of arcuate marks smaller and less distinct. 
Underside coloured and marked in much the same manner, but with more perfectly 
formed and more numerous ocelli, the forewing having three—(the first between the 
submedian vein and the first median veinlet, the second the largest and best defined) 
—perfect ocelli and two or three rudimentary ones following them, and the hind- 
wing having one rudimentary (close to the submedian vein) and six (the first in the 
same interspace with the rudimentary one, and the second the largest of all) perfect 
ocelli; each ocellus dark brown encircled by a very fine line of the colour of the 
strige and pupilled with iridescent silvery-white; the thin submarginal brown line 
more deeply engrailed.’’ Female unknown. 


Expanse, ¢ 2,% inches. 
Hasitat.—Assam. 


Distrizsurion.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. 8. EH. Peal at Sibsagar, 
Upper Assam, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. According to Mr. W. 
Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1889, 124), ““ Av. Pealii appears to be the wet-season form 
of 4. amathusia, differing only in the less acute and falcate forewing, the more 
distinct ocelli, and brighter colouring below. I took two specimens of Pealii near 
Sadiya in September; the outer margin of the forewing was convex throughout, but 
the apex was slightly more acute than in the type. On the 1st of December, I 
caught a single ragged specimen of Amathusia near Margherita, apparently quite 
typical.” Mr. Ernst Hartert, who accompanied Mr. Doherty in his Assam journey, 
also records (Proc. A. 8. Beng. 1890, 205) the capture of this species. 


Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, figs. 1, la are reproductions 
of Mr. Wood-Mason’s figure in the Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1880. 


AMATHUSIIN A. 215 


JEMONA LENA (Plate 165, figs. 2, 2a, ¢). 


Aimona Lena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 1, ¢. Moore, Anderson’s Zool. 
Exped. W. Yunan, i. p. 924, pl. 81, fig. 1 (1878). Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1880, 
p- 177. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 302 (1888). Staudinger, Exot. 
Schmett. i. p. 208, pl. 65, g (1887) ; dd. ii. p. 187, pl. 31 (1889). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale brownish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-brown. 
Forewing with the veins bordered with dusky-brown which broadens outwardly and 
pervades the entire margin, the disc being crossed by a slightly darker brown narrow 
sinuous band, thus breaking the pale interspaces between the veins and showing:a 
more prominently-defined outer series of pale pointed streaks, beyond which is a 
faintly-defined submarginal line. Hindwing paler anteriorly, the posterior area 
being broadly ochreous yellow; the dusky-brown subbasal and discal line of the 
underside visible by semi-transparency ; a series of four upper submarginal whitish 
quadrate-spots, the three upper with brown-speckled edges. Underside dull pale 
brownish-ochreous ; an ochreous-brown narrow band extending from apex of the 
forewing to above the anal angle of the hindwing ; the hindwing also having a short 
subbasal similar line; both wings also with a much less defined slender submarginal 
hne and a series of small pale ochreous-white ocelloid spots. 


Female unknown. 
Expanse, 3,°9 inches. 
Hasrrat.— Burma. 


Distxisution.—The type specimen—now in the Hewitson collection at the 
British Museum, and from which our description is taken, was obtained by Dr. J. 
Anderson, during the Yunan Expedition of 1868, and is labelled * Yunan” in Mr. 
Atkinson’s handwriting. ‘‘ There are two specimens of the male, in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, taken by Dr. Anderson at the same time. In a specimen of the 
male received from the Upper Thoungyeen forests, Burma, by Major G. F. L. 
Marshall, taken in April, the three white spots on the anterior half of the hindwing 
are larger, forming a band divided by the veins” (Butt. of India, i. 303). This 
species was also taken by Mr. Ossian Limborg at ‘* Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet eleva- 
tion, in Upper Tenasserim” (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 827). ‘A single male was taken by 
Mr. W. Doherty, in the Karen Hills, at 2000 feet. It also occurs near Bernardmyo, 
in Upper Burma’”’ (Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1891, 271). Dr. N. Manders also records the 
capture of a male at Bernardmyo (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 520). 


Our illustrations of this species on Plate 165, fig. 2, 2a, are repreductions of 
Mr. Atkinson’s figure of the male from the Proc. Zoological Society for 1871. 


216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus XANTHOTAENIA. 


Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 82 (1882). 
Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 283 (1883). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. 
Schmett. ii. p. 188 (1889). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa 
arched, apex obtusely convex; exterior margin short, almost erect, very slightly 
convex, even, posterior angle obtusely convex ; posterior margin long ; costal vein 
thick; first subcostal veinlet emitted before end of the cell, second at nearly one- 
third beyond the cell; the cell broad ; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper angled 
close to the subcostal and concave below; lower discocellular long and_ slightly 
outwardly-recurved ; upper radial from angle close to subcostal, lower radial from 
above the middle; median veinlets at equal distances apart ; submedian vein re- 
curved from the base. Hindwing short, very broad, triangularly-ovate ; anterior 
margin broadly lobate at the base and nearly straight outwardly; apex obtuse ; 
exterior margin very conyexly-produced hindward from the middle; abdominal 
margin long; costal vein with a long inner spur near the base, terminating near the 
apex; first subcostal veinlet emitted at about one-third before end of the cell area, 
the radial (the base of which is homologous to an upper discocellular) starting from 
below the second subcostal at one-third from its base ; lower discocellular completely 
atrophied (as seen in the desquamated wing under the microscope), thus leaving the 
cell quite open; the cell area moderately broad; the two upper median veinlets 
emitted from the lower end of the cell area ; submedian vein with a raised fold along 
its outer edge and scantily fringed with fine long hairs, the fold terminating beyond 
the middle in a small longitudinal scabrous glandular patch of scales overlaid by a 
tuft of long erect hairs. Body rather long, abdomen slender, not tufted ; eyes naked; 
palpi much compressed, curved and extending to level of the vertex, thickly clothed 
with appressed hairy-scales beneath and with longer hairs above, the tip distinct, 
slender, acute at the tip; legs long; antennz long, distinctly articulated, with a 
lengthened gradually slender club and acute tip. 

Typrr.—X. Busiris. 


XANTHOTENIA BUSIRIS (Plate 166, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 9). 


Xanthotenia Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 187. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 
1878, p. 827. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 7 (1882). Marshall and de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, i. p. 284, fig. J (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 145, pl. 50, g (1886); 
id. ii. p. 188, pl. 30 (1889). 

Xanthotenia obscura, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 54 (variety). 


TImaco.—Male. Upperside dusky chestnut-red. Cilia brown, edged with cine- 
reous. orewing with the outer half dusky chestnut-brown ; crossed by an outwardly- 


AMATHUSIIN. 217 


oblique medial-discal pale ochreous-yellow sinuous-edged band, which extends from 
the costa to the lower median and terminates near the outer margin; a subapical 
yellow triangular dot before the apex. Hindwing unmarked; the abdominal margin 
with the longitudinal raised fold bordering the submedian, its scabrous glandular 
patch, and erect tuft of hairs paler red. Underside paler and of a brownish-ochreous 
tint of colour. Forewing with the oblique yellow band as above; a dark brown 
slender zigzag line crossing the cell, and two sinuous lines before the outer margins ; 
before the apex are two small superposed yellow dots, the upper one minute, followed 
below by an ocellated spot and then by two lower yellow dots. Hindwing crossed 
by two zigzag subbasal and two sinuous submarginal slender brown lines which 
terminate at the submedian vein; the discal area also being traversed by a series 
of eight ocellated spots, the two upper being conjoined, and the sixth large, the 
others more or less small, the former with a large brown-and-grey-speckled centre, 
minute black-speckled yellow pupil, and narrow yellow outer ring, the others more 
or less imperfectly developed. Body beneath, legs and palpi, pale brownish-ochreous ; 
antenne red. 

Female. Larger than the male. Upperside of the same colour; the oblique 
yellow band on the forewing somewhat broader, the white apical spot more distinct. 
Underside as in the male, except that all the markings are more distinctly defined. 

Expanse, 3 2,% to 2;%, $ 2;% to 3,% inches. 

Hasirat.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. 

DistriBuTion.— Within our limits, this species is found in Upper Tenasserim, 
where Mr. Ossian Limborg took it “near Moolai, at 3000 to 6000 feet altitude” 
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, 827), and ‘ Capt. C. T. Bingham also obtained it on the 
Donat Range and in the lower Thoungyeen forests in April” (Butt. Ind. 285). 
Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 10) records it from “*Tavoy and Tenasserim, 
frequenting thick evergreen forests, September.” Also “‘taken at Tavoy and at 
Ponsekai” (Elwes, J. A.S. Bengal, 1887, 419). 

DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OUR AREA.—This species occurs in the Malay Peninsula, 
Sumatra, Nias Island (these being very dark coloured), Java (Coll. Distant), and 
Borneo, where, according to Mr. W. B. Pryer—(Ann. N. H. 1887, 51)—who obtained 
it in Sandakan, N. Borneo, ‘‘it frequents only the shade of the high forest.” 





The following additional species of the genus Stichophthalma has recently been 
discovered in Manipur, namely :— 
STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA (Plate 167, figs. 2, 2a, 3). 
Stichophthalma Sparta, de Nicéville, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1894, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢. 
Imaco.—* Male. Upperside. Both wings deep rich reddish fulyous or 
VOL. Il. mg 


218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the underside 
showing through by transparency; the apical area widely pale fulvous, this pale area 
extends from the submarginal hastate black markings to just within the discal line, 
it is very wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first 
median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings, one in each 
interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure, increasing 
progressively in size from the anterior to the posterior marking ; a large black patch 
at the apex ; a submarginal fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary 
black line, both reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule; the 
area enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of six 
rounded spots, regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the smallest, the 
posterior one the largest ; these spots are of a slightly darker shade than the pale 
fulyous apical area, but not so dark as the dark rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of 
the wing. Hindwing with the abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the 
rest of the wing; a submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the 
anterior one is a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the 
wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped, increasing in size from the anterior 
one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the seventh posterior marking 
somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the whole width of the submedian inter- 
space ; a fine black anteciliary thread. 

“Underside. Both wings of areddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade as on 
the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking towards the base of 
the cell; a highly irregular and zigzag black line crosses the middle of the cell and 
extends both to the costa and to the submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the 
line is broken and shifted outwardly below the median nervure; the upper, middle, 
and anterior half of the lower discocellular nervule defined by a black line; an 
irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure, just touching the 
lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five somewhat cordate reddish 
ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish lunule, and bounded by a fine whitish, and 
then a fine black line, the four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in 
the first median interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irregular 
black line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler than 
the discal one ; the space between these two lines is anteriorly somewhat paler than 
the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight blackish band; a very fine 
anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an irregular subbasal and a discal black line, 
the latter posteriorly curving round and almost meeting the posterior end of the 
former, both terminating above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series 
of five ocelli on the disc similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the largest 
and rather mis-shapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three in the middle 


NYMPHALINA. 219 


nearly equal sized ; the outer discal fulvous line and blackish submarginal band as in 
the forewing; a small oval deep black spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud 
above it reaching to the posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Dody 
throughout ferruginous. Antenne black. 

** Hxpanse, 5 inches.” 

Hasitar.—Manipur. 

This beautiful species is “nearest to S. Howqua, var. suffusa, Leech (Butt. 
China, etc. p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 3, 2), from Western China, differing in the forewing, on 
the upperside, in the pale apical area being very much smaller, not extending into 
the cell as it does in S, suffusa; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. Sparta 
are well formed, in suffusa they have lost all shape, having coalesced into an almost 
solid black band. On the underside the ground-colour in S. suffusa is pale greenish, 
in S. Sparta it is ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference ; but in true 
S. Howqua, and its named variety, the outer discal line and the submarginal band on 
both wings are half the distance apart that they are in 8. Sparta; and they have six 
and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing, while S. Sparta has only five” (de 
Nicéville, 1.c.). 


Sub-family NYMPHALINZ. 


Nymphalidi (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 14 (1829). 

Nymphalides, Peridromides, Biblides (part), Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. p. 164-5 (1836). 

Nymphalides, Apaturides, Boisduval, Ind. Méth. pp. 16, 24 (1840). 

Nymphalide, Argynnide, Vanesside, Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. pp. 2, 8 (1844). 

Nymphalites, Argynnites, Peridromites, Biblites (part), Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. il. pp. 330, 332 
(1845). 

Nymphalide, Peridromide, Doubleday, List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Part I. pp. 46, 64 (1844). 

Nymphalide, Ageronide, Eurytelida, Doubleday, Hewitson, and Westwood’s Gen. D. Lep. pp, 81, 
143, 403 (1847-52). 

Nymphalidi, Vanessidi, Argynnidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. pp. 10, 13 (1850). Stainton, 
Manual Brit. Lep. pp. 33, 41 (1857). 

Nymphalides, Lederer, Class. Eur. Lep. p. 21 (1852). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. pp. 4, 59 (1853). 

Nymphalina, Herrich-Schaffer, Lep. Exot. p. 54 (1858); Syst. Verz. Eur. Schmett. p. 3 (1861). Plotz, 
Mitth. Nat. Ver. Vorp. 1886, p. 5. 

Nymphaline, Bates, Journ. Ent. 1861, p. 220; zd. 1864, p. 176. Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep, B. M. 
p- 46 (1869). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 147 (1871). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 1. p.*26 (1880). De 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 1 (1886). Scudder, Butt, E. United States i. p. 222 (1889). 
Leech, Butt. China, ete. i. p. 116 (1892). 

Nymphalides, Vanessides, Apaturides, Argynnides, Kirby, Catal. Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862). 

Nymphalina (part), Eurytelina, Herr. Schiffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 16, 17 (1864). 

Nymphalide, Apaturide, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 15 (1871). Lang, Rhop, Eur. i. pp. 153, 
159 (1884). 

Nymphalina, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83 (1882). 

Ff 2 


bo 
Lo 
o 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Nymphalide, Apaturide, Eurytelide, Charaxide, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. 

Nymphalide, Staudinger, Exotic Schmett. p. 86 (1885); Staudinger and Schiatts, 7d. p. 108 (1887). 

Najades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Borkhausen, Nat. Eur. Schmett. pp. 37-48 (1788). 

Consules (part), Nobzles, Herbst, 

Lemoniades, Dryades, Hamadryades, Najades, Potamides, Hiibner, Tentamen p. 1 (1806) ; 7d. Samml. 
Exot. Schmett. 1. pp. 1, 2 (1806-19). Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 26-46 (1816). 

Spinose, Carunculate, Guénee, Lep. Eure et Loir, pp. 17, 23 (1867). 

Spinigert, Limaciformes, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 19 (1871). 

Najades, Scudder, Syst. Rev, Amer. Butt. p. 8 (1872). 


CHARACTERS OF THE NYMPHALIN®. 


Imuaco.—Wings of either small, medium, or large size. Forewing generally more 
or less triangular, usually produced at the apex, seldom pointed at the tip; exterior 
margin more or less emarginate, sometimes angulated ; costal vein (except in the 
group Hurytelina), not dilated at the base ; first and second subcostal branches 
generally emitted before the end of the cell ; in some genera, however, the first sub- 
costal branch only is emitted before the end of the cell, in which latter case the 
second subcostal is four-branched. Hindwing generally broadly oval or triangularly 
oval, the exterior margin sometimes more or less deeply scalloped or tailed; in some 
the anal angle is prolonged; abdominal margin always affording a deep groove for 
the reception of the abdomen. Discoidal cell either closed in both wings, or in some 
genera closed in the forewing only, in which latter cases the cell of the hindwing is 
open, and in several genera, the cell in both wings is entirely open. 

Body usually robust. Head variable in size. yes large, generally naked; in 
some hairy. /alpi rather large, generally porrected, extending considerably in front 
of the head, usually protruded widely apart, well clothed with scales and hairs. 
Abdomen short. Antennx generally rather long, the club either broad or elongated. 
Forelegs greatly atrophied in the male, less so in the female; the fore tibia and 
tarsus of the male clothed with fine hairs ; the fore tarsus of the male consisting of 
a single elongate joint and unarmed ; the fore tarsus of the female composed of five 
joints, which are generally rather dilated at their extremity, each joint being 
furnished beneath with a pair of short, fine spines.* 

Abdominal appendages (Prehensores of male), ‘‘ with the upper organ [tegumen, 
B. White; wneus, Gosse], of variable size, never provided with lateral appendages ; 





* In Calinaga—a genus hitherto placed in the Nymphaline—the female (of both the Indian and 
Chinese species) has the fore tarsus perfect, the terminal joint being furnished with a pair of rather long, 
stout, curved, forward-projecting claws, paronychia and pulvilli. This genus we have therefore assigned to 
a subsequent sub-family, the Caninacina. Another genus—Pseudergolis—hitherto placed in the Nym- 
phaline, the females of which also possess perfect tarsi, has consequently been assigned to another sub- 
family. 


NYMPHALINZ, 221 


clasps large and broad and tumid, seldom tapering much apically, furnished with an 
upper apical or basal process, emitted from the edge of the outer surface, and often 
with an upward directed, free or attached finger on the inner ae of the clasp ”’ 
(Scudder, Butt. EH. U.S. I. 223). 

Eec.— Either subglobular and then reticulate and filamentous; or barrel- 
shaped, distinctly higher than broad, and then vertically ribbed, the ribs usually 
higher near the summit than on the sides, and sometimes confined to the upper 
half ” (Scudder, l.c.). 

CaTerRPILLAR.—Hither limaciform or nearly cylindrical, rarely not distinctly 
moniliform, equal or tapering behind, sometimes in front, or if swollen unusually in 
any part, such prominence is restricted to a single segment, and is not massed in 
two or more adjoining segments ; either smooth and minutely shagreened, or armed 
above with longitudinal rows of mostly branched-spines, or conspicuous spinous- 
tubercles, the anal segment occasionally bifid or with a posterior median tuberosity. 
Head more or less slightly cleft above, hairy, or set with either two or more very 
short simple spines, or too elongated spiniform-tubercles, on the vertex ; or with four 





CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Hither smooth, thick, almost oval or boat- 
shaped with obtuse or bifid head, or generally more or less elongate, with either a 
conical, angulated, or dilated medio-dorsal and thoracic prominence, and abdominal 
segmental small conical points. 

Szconpary SexuaL Cuaracters.—In the butterflies of this sub-family there are 
but few genera in which Androconia, or scent-producing scales, have been found, and 
these mostly occurring in certain genera of the groups Euthaliina, Limenitina, 
Argynnina, and Hurytelina. 

SeasonaL Drimuorpnisu.—The perfect insects in this sub-family mostly have 
settled characters in their markings, and are but little subject to variation, but in 
the group Cuaraxina, it will probably ultimately be found that certain species, as 
here described, of the genus Haridra and of Hulepis, are but seasonal forms only. 
In certain genera of the group Nympuatina, Le. Grapta, Araschnia, Junonia, and 
Hypolimnas [Apatura], seasonal dimorphism occurs to a more or less extent, and 
probably also in some species of the group Liwenirina, i.e. Athyma and Neptis, 
and also in the group Arcynnina. In the genus Symbrenthia, the species [S. Hippo- 
clus ?], as occurring in Java, is stated by Mr. W. Doherty to be dimorphic in the 
female. 

PotymorpHism and Mimicry.—In some species of Hypolimnas [Apatura], notably 
H. Misippus, of the genus Huripus, 1.e. H. Halitherses, and of Sephisa, i.e. S. Chandra, 
the females are polymorphic, as well as being mimics of certain species of Limnaine 
and of Euploeine butterflies. The males of the same species of Huripus and both sexes 


222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of Hestina, also mimic certain species of Limnaine butterflies. Apatura [Potamis] 
Chevana, which is alike in both sexes, is on the upperside a remarkable mimic of a 
, White-banded species of Athyma, namely of A. Opalina. The species of Symbrenthia, 
in the shape and red colour of the markings on the upperside, closely resemble, in 
both sexes, the red-banded females of certain species of Athyma. In the genus 
Symbrenthia, the species (S. Hippoclus?), as occurring in Jaya, is stated by Mr. 
Doherty to be also dimorphic in the female—one form having red bands, the other 
white—but it is also very remarkable that these white-banded females of Symbrenthia 
are mimics of the white-banded males of the common Athyma Nefte, and the red- 
banded forms of the red-banded female of the same species of Athyma. In the group 
Areynnina, the female of the widely-distributed Eastern species Argynnis Niphe 
is a fair mimic of the equally widely-distributed and common Limnaine butterfly, 
Limnas chrysippus ; and the female of the rare N.W. Himalayan Argynnis Clara is 
also a good mimic of the female Parnassius Charino. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF CATERPILLAR AND CurysaLis.—The external appearance of 
both the caterpillar and of the chrysalis of the Nymphalinew exhibits a variety of 
forms. The caterpillar is either slug-shaped, smooth and shagreened, with processes 
on the head and anal segment, or cylindrical, with rows of either short or long 
branched-spines, and occasionally similar spines on the head, or, with some of the 
anterior segments tumid and surmounted with short or elongated spiny processes. 
The chrysalis is always fully suspended by the tail, and is either thick, oval, or boat- 
shaped, or with a dorsal and thoracic prominence, tumid or angular wing-cases, and 
bifid or hammer-shaped head piece, and some with abdominal conical or slender 
points, or with dilated processes. 

Hasirs or ImMaco.—The butterflies of this sub-family ‘“ are pre-eminently bold 
sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes, as do 
the butterflies of the Amathusiine and Satyrine. Their flight is usually strong, 
and as a rule they are seen most abundantly at mid-day. Generally they rest 
with the wings widely spread open, and delight in displaying their beauty. In the 
genus Charazes the power of rapid flight 1s very great. In the genus Neptis, and the 
‘White-Admiral’ group of Limenitis, the flight is easy, graceful, and sailing, while in 
Vanessa, Argynnis, Apatura | Potamis], &c., though the flight is rapid and irregular, 
they are often easily caught, owing to their habit of returning again and again to 
the same resting place on a particular leaf. The flight of Cyrestis is weak, and very 
often, when pursued, suddenly alights on the underside of a leaf; so also does 
Stibochiona Nicea. Many of the species are very foul feeders, the depraved tastes 
of the ‘ Purple Emperor’ [Potamis Iris] are well known. Species of Charazes have 
also been taken on carrion, and OC. Fabius is very fond of the juice of the Toddy 
Palm, and Huthalia of rotten fruit, &e.”’ (de Nicéville Butt. Ind. i. 3). Dr. 


NYMPHALINA. 223 


Thwaites, writing of the butterflies of this sub-family as observed in Ceylon, says, 
“The strength and firm texture of the wings enable them to keep up an unceasing 
activity during the bright hours of the day. They seem to delight in displaying 
their exquisite beauty to the sun. Their flight, though so powerful, is not observed 
to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction, like the Euplcas, but 
serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic, to make wide sweeps 
within no very extensive area. Some species, such as the Junonias, prefer to display 
their bright expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, as Neptis, fly 
gaily about the low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema [ Hypolimnas], &c., 
when at play, return again and again at certain intervals of time to the same, or to 
nearly contiguous spots, and thus give the collector renewed opportunities of 
capture”’ (Lep. Ceylon, 1, 26). 

** All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there is nothing 
more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. They fly so straight 
that you can take them on the wing nine times out of ten; they persistently return 
to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting twigs, where you can easily get 
them by a stroke of the net from below. But this is not the case in the Malayan 
regions; I do not know how many hours I spent in the interior of Sumba, trying to 
catch a huge undescribed Charazes of the pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group 
never seem common down there as in India” (Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). 

Disrrisution.—The Nymphaline are found throughout the world. One species, 
Vanessa cardui, may well be called cosmopolitan, “ whose range,’ writes Mr. 
Scudder (l.c. 469), ‘‘ with the exception of the Arctic regions and South America, 
extends over the entire extent of every continent, Australia and New Zealand 
producing a race peculiar to themselves, while the other large islands south of Asia 
possess the normal type, which is also found upon the small islands lying off the 
western borders of the Old World, the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, and St. Helena, 
occurring also in Bermuda, Cuba, and has been taken at various points in the 
Hawaiian Archipelago.” The greatest development of the sub-family is “in tropical 
and sub-tropical regions” (de Niceville lc. 3). Some Himalayan species occur at 
very high altitudes; Vanessa indica was observed by the late Major J. L. Sherwill in 
the Hastern Himalayas, “as being common at great elevations, and also on the 
snow and on the glaciers at 15,000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Vanessa Ladakensis was 
taken by Dr. Stoliczka at 15,000 feet in the Western Himalayas. Captain Lang took 
Grapta C-album on the Hungrung Pass, at about 15,000 feet altitude, and Limenitis 
Ligyes at 10,0C0 feet. Dr. Stoliczka observed an Argynnis on the top of the Lanak 
Pass, at an elevation of 18,672 feet. Dr. Duthie obtained Argynnis clara at 12,000 
to 14,000 feet in the North-Western Himalayas, and Major H. B. Hellard took 
specimens of the same Argynnis on the north side of the Rupin Pass from about 


224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


12,000 feet to near top of the pass. Captain Lang obtained specimens of Melitea 
Sindura at 16,000 feet elevation in North-Western Himalayas. 


Groups OF THE NYMPHALINE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 


The Nymphaline is the most extensive sub-family of butterflies, and embraces a 
great variety of forms, not only in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, but also in that 
of the imago. The assemblage of these various forms, as here embraced in this sub- 
family, has, by most modern Lepidopterists who have studied their structure, been 
divided into three or four, or more, limited natural groups,* and which, by some 
authors, are mainly based upon the differences of form in their larval and pupal 
stages. 

In the arrangement of the Nymphalinz, in this work, we have assigned the 
various genera of the Indian fauna to named groups, into which they naturally 
range themselves, in accordance with their special characteristics, and which are 
here briefly indicated as follows :— 


Group I. Cuaraxina. 


Imago.—Very robust, thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; 
apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point. Hindwings short; 
exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of upper 
and lower median veinlets. 

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped (limaciform), with four lengthened processes on 
the head, and two skort processes on the anal segment. 

Chrysalis.—Short, thick, almost oval; smooth; dorsum much arched, head 
more or less obtusely pointed. 

Eiqg.—* Large; few; globular; hard; not so high as broad; with obscure 
ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting 
points at their intersection ’”’ (Doherty). 


Group II. Poramrna [Apaturidee, auctorum]. 

Imago.—Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse; 
exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex. Hindwings short, 
either triangular and somewhat prolonged at anal angle in male, or subquadrate ; 
exterior margin slightly scalloped, or obtusely produced at end of the upper median 
veinlet. 





* But have been ignored by Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malayana), Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, ete.), 
Mr. Elwes (P.Z.S., 1888, etc.), and Mr. Leech (Butt of China, etc.), although the life history of many 
species of the various groups were then known, consequently their arrangement of the genera in this 
sub-family is erroneous and entirely unnatural, 


NYMPHALINA. 225 


Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped, with two processes on the head, and two on the anal 
segment, 

Chrysalis.—Somewhat boat-shaped; dorsum arched ; head with two short pro- 
jecting points. 

Hgg.—‘ Large; few; hardly as high as wide; ribs low, serrate, rather numerous, 
not produced at apex ”’ (Doherty). 


Group IIT. EHuraariuya. 


Imago.—Robust. Forewings broad, triangular; apex either obtusely pointed or 
rounded, or somewhat falcate; exterior margin either slightly, but obtusely, 
scalloped, or nearly even. Hindwings short, broad, triangular or obovate, or some- 
times subquadrate. 

Caterpillar.—Head slightly cleft and spiny or minutely hairy. Body armed 
with a subdorsal and lateral row of erect branched-spines, or with very long lateral 
horizontally-projecting branched-spines. 

Chrysalis.—Hlongate and boat-shaped, with arched dorsum and bifid head; or, 
short and stout, with triangulate medio-dorsal prominence, and bifid head. 

Egg.—? 

Group IV. Limenrrra. 


Imago.—Moderately robust, generally. Forewings either short and more or less 
triangular, or elongate and narrow; apex obtuse or. rounded; exterior margin in 
some more or less slightly scalloped. Hindwings short, generally broad and 
triangularly-ovate, in some obovate ; exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, 
and in some the anal angle is prolonged, or lobate, the apex slightly excised, and 
with a short acute point or narrow tail at end of upper median veinlet. 

Caterpillar.—Head cleft, or serrate, on vertex. Body either unequally humped 
dorsally, or more or less cylindrical; armed with two subdorsal series of mostly 
short irregular-shaped fleshy branched-spines. 

Chrysalis—Somewhat elongate, or short ; with projecting wing-cases, broad 
rounded elevated anterio-dorsal prominence, arched thorax, and projected bifid (or 
rarely single) head piece. 

Egg.— Very large; few; soft; not so high as wide, strongly reticulate with 
elevated translucent lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal 
and hexagonal spaces, and bearing long; acute, often bifid spines at their in- 
tersection ’’ (Doherty). 


Group V. NympHatina. 


Imago.—Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtusely angled or rounded, in 
some produced to a more or less distinct point ; exterior margin either more or less 
VoL. II. ess 


226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


shghtly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex 
and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but 
obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat 
quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even, 
or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the 
upper median veinlet; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin 
nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail. 


Caterpillar—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two 
minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect 
branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal 
series of branched-spines. 


Chrysalis.—With dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax 
obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid. 

figg.—* Not so high as wide; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting 
at apex, and often serrate” (Doherty). 

Nort on tHe Group Nympnarina.—We refer the origin of this name to Linneus, 
who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphales] at the head of 
the group, but in the singular form [Nymphalis] at the top of the pages; dividing 
the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being 
To, Almana, Asterie, Alnone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris, 
and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa, 
Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Venilia, Alimene, 
Leucothcee, Phetusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769 
(1767) Linnzus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 [Nym- 
phalis], under section I. gives Io, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi, 
Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina, 
Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia, Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro- 
syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 [Nymphales] at head 
of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urtice, only, 
as typical. Any further restriction of the name in its generic use must therefore 
be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209 
[Nymphales], gives sect. I. Io, Galathea; sect. II. Urticw, Atalanta, Lathonia. 
In 17938, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. i. p. 61 [Nymphales| places at the head of 
the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus; two species not occurring in Linneus’s group Nymphales, 
and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical 
species of the genus Nymphalis. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589 
| Nymphales|, gives Antiopa, Io, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier’s thus 
fixes lo as the type of Nymphalis. 


se} 
8 
a 


NYMPHALIN 2. 


Group VI. ARGyYNNINA. 


Imago.—F orewings elongately-triangular, or triangular; apex obtuse or rounded; 
exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, or even. Hindwings short, broad, 
obovate, in some subquadrate ; exterior margin more or less slightly, or prominently 
scalloped ; in some with a more or less prominent broad caudate angle at end of the 
upper median veinlet. 

Caterpillar.—Head hairy, either armed with two vertical branched-spines, or, 
not armed. Body armed with from six to nine longitudinal rows of branched-spines. 

Chrysalis—More or less constricted at the waist ; thorax arched ; wing-cases 
ample and protuberant; either with dorsal conical tubercles, which in some are 
slender, in others the anterior and the posterior dorsal pair are abnormally long, 
enlarged, and expanded at the base ; head obtusely or acutely bifid. 

Hqg.— Sugar-loaf shaped”’ (Scudder). ‘‘As high as wide or higher; ribs 
rather numerous, heavy, blunt, anastomosing, projecting at apex, with numerous 
distinct cross lines” (Doherty). 


Group VII. Metiraina. 


Imago.—Small. Forewings elongately-triangular ; apex obtuse; exterior 
margin almost even. Hindwings short, obovate; exterior margin barely slightly 
scalloped. 

Caterpillar.—Head small, unarmed. Body attenuated a little anteriorly, armed 
with four longitudinal series of short, coarse branched-spines. 

Chrysalis— Rather stout. Head obtuse; thorax rounded; abdominal 
segments with dorsal and lateral small blunt tubercles ” (Scudder). 

Hgg.—‘* Somewhat acorn-shaped, higher than broad, well rounded at base and 
at sides, and broadly docked at the summit; with very slight longitudinal ribs 
occupying only the upper half, the surface below being smooth, or indented with 
polygonal or rounded depressions ”’ (Scudder). 


Group VIII. Huryvtetina. 


Imago.—Of moderate size. Forewings mostly short and broad, elongately- 
triangular, or triangular ; costal vein dilated at the base ; apex abruptly pointed 
cr obtuse; exterior margin either erect, slightly scalloped, and angled outward 
below the apex and less so at the upper median veinlet, or the margin oblique 
and nearly even. Hindwings short, broadly obovate; exterior margin more or 
less scalloped. 

Caterpillar.—Slender. Head armed with two long branched-spines. Body 
armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of short branched-spines. 

Gg 2 


to 
bo 
oo 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Chrysalis.—Slender. Wing-cases somewhat dilated and angular; anterior 
dorsum and thorax angular; head with two small points. 

Hgg.—* Radiate, small, hard, nearly as high as wide, with radiating lines of 
erectile bristles’? (Doherty). 


Group I. CHARAXINA. 


Apaturides (part), Boisduval, Ind. Méth. ii. p. 24 (1840). Kirby, Hur. Butt. p. 44 (1862). 

Nymphalide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 8 (1844). 

Nymphalina (part), Herrich-Schiaffer, Prod, Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83, 
(1882). 

Apature (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1869). 

Apaturide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 153 (1884). 

Charaxide, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 109. 


CHARACTERS OF THE Group CHARAXINA. 


Imaco.—Very robust. Thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; 
apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point; first and second 
subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, except in Heleyra, in which the 
second branch is emitted beyond the cell; the cell closed in all except Helcyra. 
Hindwings short, exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed 
tail at end of the upper and lower median veinlets ; cell imperfectly closed by a very 
fine slender thread, except in Hulepis and Helcyra, in which it is entirely open. 
Forelegs of male short, slender, clothed with appressed short hairy scales ; 
fore tarsus almost smooth, femur and tibia finely hairy beneath. Fore tarsus of 
female smooth, thickened beneath apically, each joint with two short spines beneath. 
Antenne thick, with a lengthened club, except in Helcyra, in which it is slender 
and with a short spatular club. Hyes naked. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped, with four lengthened fleshy processes on the head, 
and two short processes on the anal segment. 

Curysatis.—Short, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum much arched; head 
more or less obtusely pointed. 

Eoc.— Large, globular, hard; not so high as broad; with obscure ribs and 
cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting points at 
their intersections ’’ (Doherty). 

Hasits of tHe Imaco.—Mr. KE. H. Aitken remarks, ‘‘ Last December Mr. J. 
Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matheran in trying to capture two 
specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, of C. Imna, for when we got 
them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found that it is 
by no means uncommon on the Ghits from December to March, at least; but 
it does not put itself in the way of beimg converted into cabinet specimens. 


NYMPHALIN A (Group CHARAXINA.) 929 


It comes out about ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, 
perches bolt upright in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest 

point you can reach with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is 
~ fenced on all sides with a creeper, whose sharp-curved thorns lay hold of everything 
that passes them, and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing 
away any other butterfly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you 
pelt it with stones, it darts off, takes a short circuit, and returns to the same leaf. 
You may pelt it for an hour with the same result” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, p. 
132). “All the Charaxes in the Malayan region are hard to catch, but there 
is nothing more helpless than most Charaxes in the Indo-Malayan region. 
They fly so straight that you can take them on the wing nine times out of 
ten; they persistently return to the same spot, and love to alight on projecting 
twigs, where you can easily get them by a stroke of the net from below. But 
this is not the case in the Malayan regions; I do not know how many hours I 
spent in the interior of Sumba trying to catch a huge undescribed Charaves of the 
pyrrhus group; and the polyzena group never seem common down there as in India” 
(Doherty, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 256). 

Dimorenism.—In the group Charaxina, it will probably ultimately be found, 
that certain species of the genus Haridra, and of Hulepis, as here described, are but 
dimorphic or seasonal forms. In Haridra, it probably occurs both in the section of 
which the males have no white band on the forewing, and also in the section in 
which the white band is present in both male and female. But, as there is little 
available data respecting the times of appearance on the wing of the various species, 
and further, where such is known, the names of the species, as cited by certain authors, 
are erroneously determined (as we have personally proved by actual comparison of 
specimens) ; consequently we cannot utilize them with certainty. 


Key Tro Tor GENERA OF THE CHARAXINA. 


A. First and second subcostal branches of forewing emitted before end of the cell. 
a. Cell of hindwing imperfectly closed : ; ; : ; - Harrpra. CHaraxes. 
b. Cell of hindwing entirely open ; : : . Evuiepis. Murwarepa, 
B. First subcostal branch only of the forewing envied efor Sa of the cell ; 
cell of hindwing open ; ; ° : , : ; 2 . Hetoy a. 


Genus HARIDRA. 


Haridra, Moore, Lepidoptera of Ceylon, i. p. 30 (1880). 
Charazes (part), Felder; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. 


Imaco.—Male. Wings similar in form to Charaxes. Forewing somewhat 
broader, with the costa more arched. Hindwing somewhat more conyex externally. 


230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


costal margin shorter ; cell imperfectly closed by a very slender thread; precostal 
curved towards the end; with a short tail from the upper median veinlet only. 
Body extremely robust ; antenne more slender ; palpi porrect, projected in front of 
the head; forelegs of the male longer than in typical Charaxes, femur slender, 
sparsely clothed with long fine hairs beneath, tibia thickened and hairy at the base, 
tarsus compact; forelegs of the female longer than in typical Charaxes, scaly, 
tarsus stouter. Sexes dimorphic. Type H. Psaphon. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped; with four vertical elongated spinous fleshy 
processes on the head, and two short naked depressed pointed processes on anal 
segment. 

Curysatis.—Thick, oval, abbreviated, dorsum well arched ; head obtuse. 

Hgg.—Unknown. 


HARIDRA PSAPHON (Plate 168, fig. 1, la, b,c, d ?). 


Charaxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Ent. p. 48, pl. 21, fig. 1, 2, ¢ (1848). Butler, 
Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 636. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p, 284 (1886). 

Nymphalis Psaphon, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 309 (1850). 

Haridra Psaphon, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2, ¢ (1880). 

Haridra Serendiba, Moore, id. p. 80, pl. 15, fig. 3, 2 (1880). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous-red. Forewing with the exterior half 
purpurescent-black, forming a broad marginal band, its inner edge being erect and 
sinuous ; a discocellular duplex black mark, and some very indistinct slender blackish 
discoidal streaks. Hindwing with a very broad apical and marginal band, which 
sinuously attenuates hindward, and terminates in two small white-marked anal spots; 
a short sinuous black streak from the costa contiguous to the band. Underside 
fulvous-brown, washed with purplish-grey. Both wings crossed by three basal, and 
two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders. Forewing also with a submarginal 
fascia composed of more or less defined small blackish dentate inner spots and outer 
diffused pearly-white dentate lunules. Hindwing also with a submarginal darker 
blackish-grey lunular fascia, and outer series of small black-tipt pearly-white dentate 
spots. 

Female. Upperside deep fulvous-yellow. Forewing with a transverse medial 
discal purplish-white band, which shows, by semi-transparency, the discal sinuous 
line of the underside, and is edged inwardly by a broken black line which is more or 
less inwardly diffused anteriorly ; outer border of the wing broadly black, with its 
inner edge sinuous, and bearing a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak. 
Hindwing with a short medial discal purplish-white band edged inwardly by a slender 
black sinuous line ; submarginal black band broad, as in the male, but broken and 
macular posteriorly, and with a distinct white lunule on each portion between all the 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) Zo 


veins, the anal spot being also blue-speckled. Underside. Olivescent fulvous- 
brown, darkest basally and externally, and washed with purplish-grey ; transverse 
markings throughout, as in the male; the subbasal interspace being slightly, and the 
medial discal interspace distinctly fulvous-white or pale fulvous-yellow. Body 
entirely dark fulvous-red ; palpi blackish above, white beneath; pectus fulvous- 
white; legs above dark fulvous-red, whitish beneath; fore-tarsi fulvous-white ; 
antennz black; eyes dark red. 

Expanse, 3 31, ¢ 4 to 43 inches. 

Hasitat.—Ceylon. 

Distrisution.—Major Hutchison obtained males near Trincomali in August, 
fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle. Capt. Wade took males and 
a female at Kandy, and a female in the forest at Kottawa. A female was taken by 
Mr. Skinner in March, 1875, at Arisvawalle. Major Yerbury took a female at sugar 
in October, at Kanthalla. 


HARIDRA IMNA (Plate 169, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9, et larva and pupa). 


Charaxes Imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2, g ; de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. ii. p. 285 (1886). Hampson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 355. Davidson and 
Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1889, p. 278, pl. A, fig. 4, 4a, larva. 

Charaxes Hindia (female only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5, 9 (1872). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a somewhat paler fulvous-red than in the closely 
allied Psaphon. Forewing with the black marginal band slightly narrower, the dis- 
cocellular streak slightly defined. Hindwing with the black band comparatively 
narrower apically, and posteriorly broken up into two or three spots, in addition to 
the white-centred anal spots; the slender costal streak also further from the apical 
portion of the band. Underside paler fulvous-brown than in Psaphon; markings 
similar, but of a more generally uniform tint throughout; the sinuous transverse 
lines and fascize being much less defined. 

Female. Upperside similar to that of Psaphon, the fulvous colour somewhat 
paler. Forewing with the white band comparatively narrower, and its inner black 
edgings less sharply defined. Hindwing also similar, but the black macular band 
somewhat narrower. Underside similar, but paler, and the transverse sinuous 
markings less defined. 

Expanse, 3d 33, ° 4 to 44 inches. 

CarerPitiaR.—“ Slug-shaped, elongated ; head very broad, surmounted by two 
pairs of incurved rugose fleshy processes, the outer pair longest ; anal segment flat, 
square, ending in two points; last pair of legs almost aborted ; colour rich dark 
ereen, with a large dorsal semicircle of pinkish-white on the seventh segment, and a 


232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


yellow lateral line; horns and sides of face rusty-brown” (Davidson and Aitken, 
J. Bomb. N.H.S. 1890, p. 278). 

Curysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head obtuse; 
colour green. 

Hasitat.—Lower Bengal; Orissa; Bombay ; S. India. 

Distrinution.—We have examined the type specimen of the male, now in the 
possession of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Specimens of the female in my own collection 
(described erroneously as the female of C. Hindia by Mr. Butler) were taken by the 
late Mr. Arthur Grote at Parasnath Hill, Behar, in Lower Bengal; a female from 
Ranchi, Chota Nagpore, is in Mr. Grose Smith’s collection; a female is recorded 
(Butt. Ind. 11. 291) from Nagpur, taken in March by Mr. HE. A. Minchin, and a 
female was taken by Mr. L. de Nicéville in a garden at Alipur, near Calcutta, in the 
cold weather (J.A.S. Beng. 1885, 45). Males are also recorded from Khorda in 
Orissa by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Colonel Swinhoe has males from Khandalla taken in 
October, and a female was taken at Lanaoli in February by Mr. A. B. Watson. Mr. 
Lindsay took it in Coonoor, and Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained both sexes on the 
Nilgiris, where it was rare, at from 3000 to 4000 feet. The late Dr. Shortt took 
both sexes on the Shevaroy Hills. Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained two males in 
November at Kathlekan in Mysore. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay, N.H.S. 1891, 
10) says it is ‘* not uncommon in the low country of Travancore, and at the foot of 
the hills.’ According to Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii. 285), “The Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, has specimens of male from the Wynaad taken by Mr. R. Morgan ; 
Mr. W. Doherty took males in Travancore and Beypur; Mr. G. W. Vidal obtained 
males at Khandalla in April, and Mr. E. H. Aitken took it on Matherhan in 
January.” 

Hasirs or Imaco.—Mr. J. Betham (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 286) states 
that “it has the most powerful flight of any butterfly I know (while Athamas is 
the fastest), and looks like a bird while on the wing. It is a very foul feeder, 
and greedily fond of Mhowa, so much so, that it can be approached and taken 
by the fingers while engaged in its meal. One year I took several of these and 
C. Fabius and a few C. Athamas, at a Sirris tree (Acacia speciosa) which had a 
bough injuredin some way, and from which a juice was exuded. The wings 
of several of the Charaxes that I took had bits chipped out of them by the 
beaks of birds.” Mr. EH. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1886, 182) says: “ Last 
December Mr. J. Davidson and I spent part of two days at Matherhan in trying 
to capture two specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, for when 
we got them we found that only half of each remained. I have since found 
that it is by no means uncommon on the Ghats from December to March at 
least, but it does not put itself in the way of being captured. It comes out about 


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— dL 
Mg 
; NYMPHALINA. (Group CHARAXINA.) 233 


ten o’clock, and, selecting a tree with bright shiny leaves, perches itself bolt upright 
in the middle of a particular leaf, just a foot above the highest point you can reach 
with your net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides 
with a creeper whose sharp curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them, 
and let go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butter- 
fly that approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you pelt it with stones, it 
darts off, takes a short circuit and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an 
hour with the same result.” 

Hasits anp Foop Prant or Larva.—Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken 
(J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 278) gives the following :— 

*“We reared three specimens of the larve of this butterfly on Aglaia Roxburgh- 
iana, a very common tree in Kanara, belonging to the Order Meliaceze. Among butter- 
flies the length of the larval life seems to be generally proportioned to the robustness 
of the insect in its perfect state, and, as might be expected, 0. Imnais a Methuselah 
among butterflies. One found on the 6th October, then evidently a few days old, 
became a pupa on the 25th of November. The butterfly emerged on the 9th of 
December. Like most smooth caterpillars, this species eats its skin when cast, but 
not the head-case. When touched it appears to use its horns defensively, as does 
also C. Athamas.” 

The larva figured in Mr. Arthur Grote’s drawing was taken ‘‘ feeding on 
Amoora Rohituka.” 

Of our illustrations of this species on plate 169, fig. 1 is copied from Messrs. 
Davidson and Aitken’s drawing of the larva and pupa; fig. la is from Mr. Grote’s 
drawing; fig. lb is from a Khandalla male, and fig. 1c is from the type specimen 
described by Mr. Butler, erroneously, as the female of C. Hindia. 


HARIDRA MARMAX (Plate 170, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 
Charaxes Marmax, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ 2 (1848). 
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1865), p. 636. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), p. 831. De Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 281 (1886). 
Charazes Lunawara (male only), Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. ¢ (1872).* 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; the costal area of hindwing palest. 
Forewing with faint traces of three transverse slender sinuous dusky-fulvous lines 
within the cell, two similar discal lines below the cell, beyond which is a discal line 
and a less defined inner submarginal line, followed by a more distinct but diffused 
submarginal line, which latter is somewhat blackish, and widens out at the costal 
end, and is there apically joined to a marginal sinuous black band, the fulvous inter- 








* The type female, described erroneously as that sex of Lunawara, is from the Philippines, and is 
identieal with C. Amycus, Felder. 
vou. 1. April 10th, 1895. Hh 


234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


spaces forming between the veins a series of seven lunules; the outer edge of the 
band having the tips of the veins indicated by fulvous points, and the lower end of 
the band terminating in a narrower lunular end at the submedian vein; at the end 
of the cell is a slender, dusky lunule, with a continuous outer upper black streak, 
beyond which is a subcostal short narrow black broken curved mark. Hindwing 
with two medial costal short slender black sinuous lines below the costal vein, the 
outer line being continued below the subcostal; beyond is a submarginal decreasing 
row of black spots centred by a white dentate point, the upper spots being ovate, the 
lower dentate. Underside ochreous-yellow. Both wings crossed by four or five 
slender black sinuous lines on the basal half, the interspace between the two outer 
lines being dull fulvous; a discal less-defined fulvous line with diffused border, 
followed, on the forewing, by a submarginal series of slightly-defined pearly-white 
lunules, the upper two being broadest and dentate, and their outline diffused with 
fulvous; and on the hindwing the discal line is followed by a slight dusky grey- 
speckled dark fulvous sinuous fascia, and then by a submarginal series of pearly- 
white dentate marks, of which the posterior marks are tipt with blue scales and a 
black point. 

Female. Upperside with the discal area, and middle of costa on hindwing 
paler fulvous than in the male. Forewing with the outer discal sinuous line dis- 
tinctly defined and blackish, the cell mark and the subcostal streak beyond broader 
black, the submarginal sinuous line blackish and slender to its costal end, but with 
the marginal black border as in the male. Hindwing with the costal sinuous marks 
and the submarginal row of spots as in the male, the latter only being somewhat 
larger and more distinctly white centred. Underside exactly as in the male. Body 
bright fulyous ; palpi above brown, white beneath; pectus white; legs above pale 
ochreous, whitish beneath; fore tarsi white; antenne blackish, club tipt with 
ochreous ; eyes dark purple-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 33, 2 44 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. 

Disrripution.—In Sikkim, according to Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. ii, 282), 
this species is the commonest of the group. ‘‘ It occurs from April to October at 
low elevations, the female being much rarer than the male” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 
1894, 148). Specimens taken in Sikkim in July and November by Mr. Otto 
Moller are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, It has been taken at Buxa in Bhotan 
by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. It also occurs in Assam and Sylhet. We have it from the 
Naga Hills, and specimens from the Garo Hills arein Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 
Major C. H. E. Adamson obtained it at Bhamo, Burma, and Mr. W. Doherty 
obtained it in Hast Pegu. Both sexes from Taipang, Malay Peninsula, are in 
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 235 


HARIDRA KAHRUBA (Plate 171, figs. 1, la, b,c, d 2). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, as in H. Marmaz, with similarly 
disposed markings. Forewing differing in the comparatively broader black 
marginal band, and in the much more sharply-defined submarginal sinuous line, 
which latter line is also narrower at its costal end, thus giving the intervening 
broad lunular marks a more prominent shape throughout their extent. Mindwing 
with the medial costal sinuous streak distinct, and the submarginal black 
spots somewhat larger and more irregularly-oval in shape, the central dot 
ochreous-white. Underside with the ground-colour pale Indian yellow, the 
transverse sinuous lines more sinuously disposed than in Marmazx, but very sharply 
defined, their bordering shades, and the submarginal dentate fascia, and also 
the interspace between the two medial discal sinuous lines, being dark ochreous- 
brown. 

Female. Upperside uniformly paler than in male. orewing with the markings 
less defined. Hindwing with the submarginal row of black spots also less defined, 
but each with a central dentate mark. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, d 3% to 4, ¢ 44 to 4} inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Sylhet; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma. 

DistripuTion.—Presuming this to be the species referred to by Mr. de Nicéville 
as Lunawara, “itis much rarer than Marmar in Sikkim, but occurs at the same 
seasons and elevations” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148). Specimens from Sikkim 
taken in July, August, and November, by Mr. Otto Moller, are in Mr. W. 
Rothschild’s collection. We have it from Sylhet, Cachar, and Colonel Swinhoe 
has it from the Khasia Hills. We have also identified specimens from the 
Arakan Hills, taken in November by Major C. H. HE. Adamson, in the Thoungyeen 
forests, Upper Tenasserim, and in September, by Captain Bingham; and also 
specimens from East Pegu. 


HARIDRA DESA (Plate 172, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9).! 


Charaxes Desa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1878, p. 832, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 
ii. p. 283 (1886). 


Tmaco.—Male. Nearest allied to H. Aristogiton. Forewing differs in the inner 
edge of the black marginal band being bent inward from the costa to the upper 
radial, whereas, in Avistogiton, the edge is more even, and comparatively nearer the 
subcostal streak ; and the submarginal lunules are comparatively broader. Hindwing 
with similar black macular band. Underside similar. 

Female. Upperside paler than in male; similarly marked as the same sex of 
Marmaz. Forewing with the discocellular duplex streak and the subcostal streak 

Hh 2 


236 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


somewhat narrower, the inner discal sinuous line less defined, the marginal macular 
band broader, the submarginal sinuous line sharply defined, and dilated at its costal 
end, with the intervening lunular spaces more prominent. Hindwing similar to 
Marmaz. Underside paler purpurescent brownish-ochreous than in male ; markings 
the same. 

Expanse, d 4, ? 43 inches, 

Hasitat.—Upper Tenasserim. 

Disrrigution.—The type specimen, a male, was taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason 
at Moolai, 83-6000 feet, Upper Tenasserim. A specimen from Toungoo is in Mr. 
P. Crowley’s collection. Major C. H. EK, Adamson obtained two males in the 
Thoungyeen Valley in February, and indicated it under Aristogiton in his List, p. 20. 


HARIDRA ARISTOGITON (Plate 173, figs. 1, la, ¢). 
Charaxes Aristogiton, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867), ¢. Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1870, 
121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. il, p. 282 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a broad black outer 
border, which is traversed by a series of six narrow fulvous lunules, the three upper 
being small; a slender blackish duplex streak from upper end of cell, a very in- 
distinctly defined inner discal sinuous line, and a black subcostal streak disposed 
apically before the outer band. Hindwing with a medial costal short sinuous black 
slender line, and a submarginal black macular band, the apical portion being large, 
the lower portions formed of decreasing broadly-dentate spots, each with a white 
central speck. Underside purpurescent brownish-ferruginous, with a darker 
brownish submarginal fascia bordering the lilacine-grey washed dentate marks; 





transverse sinuous lines black. 

Female unknown. 

Expanse, d 3} to 4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga Hills; Sylhet. 

Distripution.—Males, taken in Sikkim in April by Mr. Otto Méller, are in Mr. 
W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. L. de Niceville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 148) says 
«it occurs in Sikkim with the two preceding species (Marmazx and Kharuba).” A 
specimen from Buxa, Bhotan, isin Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. Others from the 
Naga Hills are in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild. 

Our illustration of this species, on Plate 173, is from a male, identical in every 
respect with Felder’s type. 


HARIDRA ADAMSONI (Plate 173, figs. 2, 2a, 2). 


Ivaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with a very indistinctly 
defined upper discocellular streak, a less broad marginal black band than in Corax 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA,) 237 


or Harpazx, leaving a much wider interspace between it and the end of the cell, 
the band with a regular but indistinct inner sinuous line which forms an inward 
row of lunules to the interspaces between the upper median and lower radial, above 
which point are two upper fulvous spots diverging abruptly outward; the extreme 
outer margin of the wing edged with fulvous at end of the veins. Hindwing with a 
submarginal row of smaller black spots, of which the two apical are divided, and 
with shght whitish-speckled centres, the lower spots being minute, dentate points. 
Underside pale duller fulvous than upperside, with transverse sinuous blackish lines, 
the medial discal lines approximated ; a submarginal slightly-defined lilacine dentate 
fascia on forewing, and a row of minute black-tipt marks on the hindwing. 

Expanse, 3 3, inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Tenasserim. 

A single male of this species was taken by Major C. H. E. Adamson in the 
Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in February. 


HARIDRA HARPAX (Plate 174, figs. 1, la, b,c, f 9). 


Charazes Harpax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1870, p. 121. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 109, pl. 13, 
fig. 1, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii, p. 288 (1886). 

Charaxes Agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832, 3. 

Charaxes Borneensis (female only) Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16, 9. 

Charaxes Baya, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 36, fig. 1, g (nec Moore). 


Tvaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing differs from typical 
Corax in the outer black band being comparatively broader anteriorly, the upper 
portion thus being nearer the discoidal streak, and its inner edge is also less sinuous. 
Hindwing with well-separated and smaller submarginal white-centred spots. Under- 
side precisely the same as in Coraz, the submarginal spots on the hindwing appearing 
farther from the margin simply because they are smaller. (Described from Felder’s 
type in coll. Honble. W. Rothschild.) 

Female. Upperside dullfulvous. forewing with the outer border broadly black, 
traversed by a series of four or five pale fulvous lunules ; crossed by a broad oblique 
discal diffused pale fulvescent-white band, the discal sinuous lines of the underside 
being also apparent. Hindwing with the middle of the costa broadly pale fulvescent- 
white; submarginal row of black spots of moderate size, the two apical conjoined, 
the others separate, each with a distinct white lunule. Underside pale olivescent- 
ochreous ; the normal transverse sinuous lines brown and slender, the inner discal and 
subbasal interspaces pale purpurescent-brown, the outer discal interspaces somewhat 
pale, glossy olivescent yellowish-white, the outer border with lilacine-grey dentate 


238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


markings, those on the hindwing with blue-speckled black-tips. (Described from Mr. 
Butler’s type specimens erroneously described by him as the female of Borneensis.) 

Expanse, d 3,% to 383i, % 4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, &c. 

Distrisution.—A Burmese male identical with the type is in Major C. H. EH. 
Adamson’s collection. A male from Thoungyeen is also in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s 
collection. The specimens named Agna were taken by Mr. J. Wood-Mason at 
Moolai, 3000 to 6000 feet elevation, Upper Tenasserim. We also have a male from 
Megaree, Pegu. A female (erroneously referred by me to Borneensis) was taken 
by Dr. J. Anderson on Elphinstone Island, Mergui, in March (J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 
1886, 38). 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant l.c. pp. 109, 433). We possess 
both sexes from Sumatra, the type female (Borneensis, Butler) from Borneo, and 
both sexes also from Borneo, are in Mr. P. Crowley’s, Colonel Swinhoe’s, and 
Mr. Godman’s collection. 

Of our illustration of this species on Plate 174, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type 
of the male, and fig. 1, b, c, from a female example from Borneo. 


HARIDRA CORAX (Plate 175, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, et larva and pupa). 
Charaxes Coras, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., iii. p. 444 (1867), g. Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, 
p. 121. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 287 (1886). 

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, of a uniform tint throughout. Fore- 
wing with the outer border broadly purpurescent-black, commencing anteriorly at 
nearly half the costa and well decreasing posteriorly to a little beyond the angle, its 
inner edge being sinuous anteriorly and undulated posteriorly, and with a slender 
slightly-defined fulvous lunular streak descending from before the angle; a slightly 
blackish duplex streak at upper end of the cell. Hindwing with a submarginal black 
macular band, the apical portion being broad and marked with two white dots and a 
small inner irrorated fulvous spot, the descending lower black spots small, and 
dentate, the two anal marked with bluish-white scales ; a short medial costal sinuous 
black slender line. Underside rufescent with somewhat darker rufescent-brown 
borders to the transverse sinuous lines, and outer margin, the basal area and the 
submarginal dentate fascia more or less glossed with pale purplish-white ; the sub- 
marginal spots on the hindwing somewhat anchor-shaped, with black-tip, blue centre 
and white base. Body above bright fulvous ; palpi blackish above, ochreous-white 
beneath ; pectus, fore tarsi, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi ochreous-white, fore 
tibize and femur, and middle and hind femora rufescent-brown ; antennz black, club 
rufous tipt. 

Described from Dr. Felder’s type in coll. Mr. W. Rothschild. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 239 


In some specimens the band on both wings is less heavily defined, and the band 
on the hindwing is composed of the upper two conjoined-spots and lower more or 
less smaller separated spots. In these specimens the underside of the wings is also 
of a much less paler rufescent colour, and the sinuous transverse lines and other 
markings less defined—these characters indicating that the latter specimens probably 
belong to a seasonal brood. Female unknown. 

Expanse, ¢ 3, to 3,9 inches. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; widest in the middle, tapering rapidly towards the 
end and more gradually towards the head, the anal segment terminating in two short 
pointed processes ; head encircled by a mottled pink and white line and surmounted 
with four pink rugose curved processes, each being tipt with blue. General colour 
rich green, but somewhat mottled above, yellowish beneath, with the lateral edge 
defined by a pink speckled line; a large white-ringed dorsal spot with pink centre 
on middle of the back, and three small similar subdorsal spots on each side. 

CurysaLis.—Pale green, unmarked ; head ending up in a blunt point. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam, Khasia Hills; Burmah. 

DisTRIBUTION.—Specimens taken in Sikkim in September, 1886, by Mr. Otto 
Moller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe also has 
specimens from Sikkim taken by Mr. Paul Mowis. A specimen taken in Bhotan, 
July, 1887, by Mr. O. Moller, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Col. Swinhoe 
and Mr. P. Crowley have specimens from the Khasia Hills. Two males in the 
British Museum are from Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in 
September, and from Tounyah, Donat Range, October. We have it from Toungoo, 
Upper Tenasserim, and from the Karen Hills. Specimens taken by Mr. Doherty 
in East Pegu, in March and April, are in Mr. Godman’s collection. A male 
from King’s Island, Mergui, taken in February, is in the British Museum. 

Of our illustration of this species on Plate 175, fig. 1 is from the drawing of the 
larva and pupa and imago, made by the late Mrs. Hamilton from specimens reared at 
Amherst, Moulmain, in November, 1852. This larva being erroneously figured in 
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. xii. fig. 14, as that of H. Baya. Fig. 1, a, b, is from 
Felder’s type specimen of the male. 


HARIDRA HIERAX (Plate 176, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ ?). 


Charaxes Hierax (male only), Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1870, p. 120. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 290 (1886). 

Charaxes Watti, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2, g. 

Charaxes Hipponax (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 443. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvous. Forewing with the marginal broad 
band rusty-black, the inner edge of the band oblique but not curved, sinuous, its 


240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


upper edge extending in slender points along the subcostal veins to the black disco- 
cellular duplex streak, below which is an indistinetly-defined blackish slender sinuous 
line; the interspace between the latter line and the black outer band being of the 
same fulvous colour as the basal area; posterior border of the blackish band with 
slightly-defined fulvescent lunules. Hindwing with a broad black submarginal 
decreasing continuous macular band, and a short upper discal black sinuous line 
slightly-diffused outwardly with pale fulvous. Underside fulvous-red, the normal 
transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the interspace between the discal lines 
darkest ; outer border with lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above rich 
fulvous; palpi above greyish-black, white beneath ; pectus and fore tarsi whitish ; 
body beneath and legs pale ochreous ; antennz black. Described from Felder’s type 
of male. 

Female. Upperside paler than in male. J orewing with a broad white discal 
band, the discocellular blackish duplex streak and lower sinuous line ill-defined ; 
the outer series of fulvous whitish spots distinct. Hindwing with short upper discal 
whitish band, and broad submarginal macular band with prominent white central 
lunules. Described from specimen presumed to be the type female of Felder’s 
Hipponax, now in possession of Mr. W. Rothschild. 

Expanse, d 3,, ? 4 inches. 


Hasirat.—Assam. 


Distrisution. —Felder’s type is from Assam. The type specimen of Watti was 
taken at Bishnath in Assam. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 176, fig. 1, la, is from Felder’s type 
specimen of the male. Fig. 1b is from the female specimen presumably assigned by 
Felder to H. Hipponax. 


HARIDRA HEMANA (Plate 177, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ 2). 


Charaxes Hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. ii. p. 283 (1886). Doherty, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1886), p. 124. 
Charaxes Bernardus, Kollar, Hiigels Kaschmi, iv. 2, p. 484, pl. xi. figs. 1, 2, ¢ (1844) (nec Fabricius), 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous. Forewing with the outer border 
rusty-black; the inner edge of the border excurved and with two sub- 
costal slightly defined black-edged slightly pale fulvous spots before its upper 
end, the lower end of the border traversed inwardly to or above the upper 
median by three or four slender pale fulvous lunules; a slightly-defined slender 
blackish discocellular duplex streak, and a transverse discal interrupted sinuous line, 
the discal interspace between the sinuous line and the black band being slightly 
paler fulvous or exactly of the same tint as the basal area, Hindwing with a broad 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 241 


black submarginal decreasing macular band, which sometimes has central white dots ; 
a short upper discal slender black sinuous line slightly diffused outwardly with paler 
fulvous. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous, crossed by the normal slender blackish 
sinuous lines, the interspace of the discal lines being darker ochreous, and the 
marginal border with the normal lilacine-grey washed dentate markings. Body above 
pale fulvous; palpi above dusky-brown, beneath white; body beneath and legs pale 
greyish-ochreous; fore tarsi whitish ; antenne black. 

Female. Upperside yellowish-fulvous ; much paler than in male. Forewing 
with the outer border broadly black, the extreme marginal edge being fulvous tinged ; 
discocellular duplex streak and inner discal transverse lunules black and sharply 
defined, the lunules between the median basal interspaces decreasing in width from 
the upper, which is broad; the series of six submarginal lunular spots on the 
black border are broad, well-defined, and pale fulvous-yellow ; the medial discal 
area is pale yellowish-white, the upper portion being whitest, and with a distinct black 
costal streak extending from the costal vein to the lower radial. Hindwing with a 
submarginal series of broad black rounded spots, the two upper largest and united, 
the six next decreasing in size, the fourth, fifth, and sixth with a slightly defined 
central white speck, the two anal with a distinct white lunule speckled with grey 
scales ; a slender obsolescently decreasing black sinuous discal line extending from the 
costal vein to the lower median, the medial costal area slightly paler yellow. Under- 
side similar to that of the male. 

Expanse, d 3, to 3,4, ? 3,4 to 4 inches. 

Hasitat.—N.W. Himalayas ; Nepal. 

This species—compared with the type of Hierar—is a comparatively shorter 
insect, the forewing being less produced apically, and differs in having the inner 
edge of the black outer marginal band excurved (whereas in Hierar this band is 
broader and its inner edge is obliquely erect) ; the transverse discal sinuous line of 
Hemana is also further from the outer band, being three-tenths of an inch in width 
between the upper and middle medians (whereas in Hieraz it is not two-tenths); the 
whole underside is also of a much paler colour. 

DisrrisutioN.—Kollar’s specimens are recorded from Masuri. Specimens of 
both sexes, from Masuri, are in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection, A female 
from the Uglar Valley, north of Landour, is in the British Museum. Mr. W. 
Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 124) records it from ‘‘ Kapot, on the Sarju, also 
from the Gori and Kali Valleys, Kumaon.” The type male is recorded from Nepal, 
and specimens of it, taken by the late General G. Ramsay, during his residency at 
the Court of Nepal, are in my own collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 177, fig. 1, la, is from a Nepal male, 
identical with the type, and fig, 1b is from a Masuri female. 

VOL. II. Ta 


bo 
~ 
to 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


HARIDRA HIPPONAX (Plate 178, figs. 1, la, 3 9). 
Charaxes Hipponax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1870, p. 120. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc. ii. p. 290 (1886). 
Charaxes Hierax (female only), Felder, l.c. p. 442. 
Charaves Khimalara (female only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 97, 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvous. Forewing with the outer border broadly 
black ; a transverse discal white band extending to near or to the lower median 
veinlet, this band being comparatively narrower and more irregular in its course 
than in H. Jalinder, its upper end generally composed of the two outer or lower 
spots above the radial, the crossing veins also being black; the black discocellular 
duplex streak more diffused and the inner-bordering sinuous line of the white band 
more thickly defined ; the submarginal row of fulvous spots obsolescent or obsolete. 
Hindwing with a short upper discal thickly-defined black sinuous line, which is 
outwardly diffused with white and crossed by black veins; the submarginal black 
macular band broad and continuous to the anal spots, each portion generally with 
a white central speck. Underside pale rufescent olive-brown, the bordering inter- 
spaces between the discal sinuous lines, and less so of the subbasal lines, pale 
yeliowish-ochreous ; the outer borders with the normal lilacine-grey washed markings. 

Female. Upperside most like female of H. Hierar, the basal area of forewing 
and the hindwing darker, being dusky brownish-fulvous. Forewing with the discal 
bluish-white band somewhat narrower, the outer series of whitish spots smaller. 
Hindwing with short upper discal white band, and broad black submarginal macular 
band with white lunate central marks. (Described from Felder’s type of female 
Mierax, in the collection of Mr. W. Rothschild.) 

Expanse, d 33, 2 4 inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam ; Sylhet; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills. 

Variety (Plate 178, fig. 1, b, c)—In the Naga Hill specimens, which are 
somewhat smaller, being only 3} inches in expanse, the discal band on the forewing 
is comparatively narrower, and is either white, as in typical specimens, or it is of a 
more or less pale fulvous-white, and, in some, is nearly of the same depth of tint as 
the basal area, which latter is also somewhat darker in tint. 

Disrrisution.—Felder’s type is from Assam. Specimens from Shillong are in 
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. Mr. W. B. Farr took it in Sylhet. Specimens from 
the Khasia Hills, taken in October by Rey. W. A. Hamilton, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s 
collection. Several specimens of the male of the variety from Naga Hills are in 
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 178, fig. 1 is from a male specimen 
identical with Felder’s type. Fig. 1a is from the type female erroneously assigned 
by Felder to H. Hierax.. Figs. 1, b, c, are from the Naga Hills variety. 


NYMPHALINZE. (Group CHARAXINA.) 243 


HARIDRA JALINDER (Plate 179, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9). 


Charazes Jalinder, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 4, ¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc. ii. p. 291 (1886). 


Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich dark fulvous. Forewing with a broad 
black outer border, a transverse discal white band ending at or before the submedian 
vein, normally broken anteriorly below the subcostal, and inwardly bordered by a 
black discocellular duplex streak at end of cell, and, generally, by a lower diseal 
sinuous line; the outer black border traversed by a row of more or less defined 
small fulvous lunate spots. Hindwing with a very short upper discal white or 
whitish band, not extending beyond the lower subcostal, and which is inwardly 
edged by a black sinuous line; submarginal macular black decreasing band with or 
without white lunate dots. Underside purpurescent brownish-red, washed with 
lilacine-grey, the transverse black sinuous lines pale edged, the discal interspaces 
pale yellowish. 

Female. Upperside darker fulvous than in male. Forewing with the discal 
white band broader, its inner sinuous edge broader black and its subcostal streak 
more or less slender or obsolescent ; the outer row of spots more or less large and 
fulvous-white. Hindwing with a short upper discal white band, and a broad 
submarginal black macular band with slender white lunular marks. Underside 
much paler than in male, with prominent yellowish discal and darker subbasal 
interspaces. 


Expanse, ¢ 3} to 33, 2 4 to 43 inches. 
Hasitat.—H. Himalayas; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. 


Disrrisution.—We have typical Jalinder from Sikkim, and Buxa in Bhotan, 
taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from Sikkim, taken in July, September 
and November, by the late Mr. Otto Méller, are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection, 
Both sexes from the Khasia Hills are in Colone] Swinhoe’s and Mr. W. Rothschild’s 
collection. Males obtained by Lieut. EH. Y. Watson in the Chin Hills, 1000 to 2000 
feet, in May, are in the British Museum ; Major C. H. KH. Adamson took it commonly 
at Bhamo; specimens from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, were taken by Mr. h. 
Roberts, C.E., and are in the collection of Mr. H. C. Dent, Mr. W. Rothschild and 
my own. 

Of our illustrations of H. Jalinder on Plate 179, fig. 1, la, b, c, are from the 
male and female type specimens described by Mr. Butler. On Plate 180, fig. 1, la, 
we figure a male of the (? seasonal) form of this species named Hindia. 


Tee 


244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


SEASONAL FORM ? (Plate 180, figs. 1, 1», 3). 

Charaxes Hindia (male only), Butler,* Lep. Exotica, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5 (1872), g. 

Male. Upperside paler bright fulvous than in typical Jalinder; the discal 
white band on forewing unbroken from the subcostal to submedian. Underside 
pale purpurescent-ferruginous, washed with lilacine-grey ; sinuous lines ill-defined ; 
discal interspaces dull pale yellow. Darjiling (Major Roberts); Darjiling (coll. 
W. Rothschild); Shillong (coll. P. Crowley). 

In some specimens (Plate 180, fig. 1, b, c), labelled ‘* Sikkim,” in Mr. Crowley’s 


collection, the discal band is less defined and of a diffused fulvous white, with bright 
fulvous submarginal lunular spots. 


HARIDRA PLEISTOANAX (Plate 181, figs. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2). 


Charazes Pleistoanax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iil. p. 443, male only (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 121; Lep. Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 3, g¢ 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. ii. p. 292 (1886). 

Charaxes Khimalara (male only), Butler, Lep, Exotica, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1(1872). de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, ete. ii. p. 292. 





Twaco.—Male. Upperside with the basal area dark olivaceous brownish- 
ochreous, the outer border of hindwing brighter ochreous. Forewing with the apex 
and outer border broadly black and traversed by an inner incurved series of more or 
less obsolescent or well-defined pale ochreous or ochreous-white spots; a rather 
broad bluish-white transverse discal band continued to the posterior margin, the 
upper end of which is broken into spots between the lower subcostal and lower 
radial ; the discocellulars marked by a more or less defined duplex black streak, 
and the inner border of the white discal band generally defined by a more or less 
black-speckled sinuous line to near the submedian vein. Hindwing with a bluish- 
white prominent upper discal band obsolescently decreasing to the middle median 
veinlet, inwardly edged anteriorly by a black sinuous line, and traversed by black 
veins, which latter sometimes dilatingly merge into the black submarginal band ; 
the black band broad anteriorly and decreasing to anal angle, composed of conjoined 
spots, which generally have a central white lunate dot. Underside olivescent 
purplish-brown ; crossed by pale-edged normal sinuous black lines, outer discal pale 
olivescent-yellow dentate markings and submarginal glossy lhlacine-grey dentate 
markings, the latter on the hindwing bordering a row of black-tipt whitish anchor- 
shaped spots; the subbasal and discal transverse interspaces pale yellow. 





* The female described and figured by Mr. Butler (l.c.) as erroneously assigned to that sex of Hindia, 
belongs to the species named Imna, 


NYMPHALINZ:, (Group CHARAXINA.) 245 


Female. Upperside similar to male. Forewing with the white transverse band 
broader, anteriorly broken by a broad subcostal black streak, and with a broad 
black-speckled inner discal border extending to near the submedian vein ; the outer 
series of white spots large and lunular. Hindwing with the white upper discal band 
broader and extending to near the middle median yeinlet; the submarginal black 
macular band broader and with slender white lunular marks. Underside as in the 
male, but somewhat more olivescent in tint. Body dark brownish-ochreous ; palpi 
above black ; palpi beneath and pectus white; legs brownish-ochreous ; fore tarsi 
white ; antenne black ; eyes red. 

Expanse, ¢ 3,6, 2 4,2, to 4,5, inches. 

Hasirar.—Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Naga Hills. 

Distrisution.—‘* Common in Sikkim throughout the summer months at low 
elevations” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 149). Specimens taken by the late 
Mr. Otto Méller in Sikkim in June and July are in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 
It was also taken at Buxa in Bhotan by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens from the 
Naga Hills are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 181, fig. 1 is cra Mr. Butler’s 
type male of Khimalara, and figs. la, b, c, are from male and female identical with 
Felder’s types. 





HARIDRA KHASIANA (Plate 182, figs. 1, la, 32). 


Charaxes Khasianus, Butler, Lep. Exotica, p. 98, pl. 37, fig. 6, g 2 (1872). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, ete. ii. p. 293 (1886). 
Charaxes Pleistoanax (female only), Felder, Reise Novara ili. p. 443, 


Imaco.—Male. Similar to H. Pleistoanax. Upperside differs in the olivaceous- 
ochreous basal area and hindwing being paler. Forewing with the bluish-white 
discal band broader and extending diffusedly within the basal area beyond the 
sinuous black line, which latter is generally broadly defined ; submarginal series of 
spots small or lunulate. Hindwing with the white discal band also broader and 
extending diffusedly inwards more or less beyond the black sinuous line; sub- 
marginal black macular decreasing band with white lunate marks. Underside 
similar to H. Pleistoanax, but generally more ochreous. 

Female. Upperside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the basal areas muc 
paler, the abdominal margin of hindwing and its outer border also much paler. 
Forewing with the discal bluish-white band much broader, and also extending 
diffusedly inward more or less beyond the blackish-speckled virgula; the outer 
marginal series of spots white, large, and conspicuous. Hindwing with the white 


246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


discal band also broader and extending posteriorly to near the submedian vein and 
more or less diffusedly inward beyond the discal black virgula; submarginal black 
macular band broader. Underside similar to H. Pleistoanax, but with the discal 
interspaces much broader. 

Expanse, 3 3,8 to 3;%, % 4 to 44 inches. 

Hasitat.— Khasia Hills; Burma. 

Distrisution.—We possess specimens from the Khasia Hills. Specimens of 
both sexes from the Khasias are in the collection of Colonel C. Swinhoe, and also in 
that of Mr. W. Rothschild, taken by the Rev. W. A. Hamilton in October. A male 
from Toungoo is in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection. We have it also from the Shan 
States, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.H. 


HARIDRA NICHOLII (Plate 182, fig. 2, 3). 

Charaxes Nicholii, Grose Smith, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 150, ¢ ; id. Rhop. Exotica, ch. pl. 2, 

figs. 1, 2 (1887), ¢. 

TIuaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical two-thirds obliquely blue- 
black, the base ferruginous-brown; crossed by a discal recurved series of five (or 
six) lilacine-white letter V-shaped marks, the upper being slender, the two lower 
conjoined, followed by a submarginal row of larger-sized broad white lunate marks; 
the extreme margin also showing a small white dot between the lower veins, and a 
broader white space at the posterior angle. Hindwing with the basal half ferruginous- 
brown, discally edged with a sinuous black line, the broad outer border being 
olivescent-white, and traversed by a submarginal row of six small decreasing 
blackish rings, and two very small blue-black anal points. Underside lilacine-grey, 
crossed by the normally disposed black slender sinuous lines, and sub-marginal 
dentated fascia, the interspace between the discal sinuous lines darkest. Body and 
palpi above ferruginous-brown ; body beneath and legs dull lilacine-grey ; antennze 
black ; eyes dark brown. 

Expanse, d 3,% inches. 

Hasitat.—East Pegu. 

Disrrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty took this species in the Karen Hills, Hast 
Pegu, in March and April, 1890. It is quite distinct from H. Durnfodii, Distant. 


Cuinese AND Inpo-Matayan Sprcies oF Hariwwra.—Haridra Bernardus (Pap. 
Bernardus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 71, 9 (1793); Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 35, 
9 (1798) ; Jones, Icones, iv. pl. 65, fig. 2, 9). Charaxes Bernardus, Butler, Catal. 
Fabr. Lep. B.M., p. 50 (1869). Mar. Upperside very dark fulvous. Forewing 
with the black outer border extending anteriorly to the cell; crossed by a medial 
discal prominent bluish-white band with distinctly-defined sinuous edges ending at 


NYMPHALINZ, (Group CHARAXINA.) 247 


the lower median veinlet, this band composed of the three median portions, a 
smaller spot outside end of the cell, and sometimes two superposed smaller outer 
spots below the subcostal ; two, or some times three, pale fulvous lunules bordering 
the marginal band. Hindwing with a submarginal black continuous macular band 
centred with white points; upper discal black sinuous line distinct, its outer area 
pale fulvous. Frmanz. Upperside deep fulvous. Forewing with black marginal 
band traversed by pale fulvescent-white lunules ; crossed by a broad fulvescent-white 
discal band; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal sinuous line. 
Hindwing with a submarginal black decreasing macular band centred with white 
points ; an upper discal black sinuous line, its outer area diffused fulvescent-white. 
Expanse, 3 3,;, % 4 imches. Habitat—Hongkong. Described from a male 
and female taken in Hongkong by Bishop Smith, from the late J. J. Weir’s collection, 
and now in the possession of Mr. Stanley Edwards. Both sexes were also taken in 
Hongkong in May, 1892, by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N. This species is distinct from 
H. Polyxena, and is allied to the Indian H. Jalinder and Hipponax. 

Haridra Polyxena (Pap. Polyxena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1. pl. 54, figs. A, B, ? 
(1779). Doxocopa EHpilais, Htibner, Verz. p.50 (1816). Manz. Upperside fulvous. 
Forewing with a broad black outer border, its inner edge commencing from middle 
of the costa at a short distance beyond end of cell, whence it descends very obliquely 
to the upper median, and from thence posteriorly to the submedian, and enclosing 
three broad fulvous lunules ; a blackish discocellular duplex streak and inner discal 
sinuous line, slightly defined. Hindwing with a moderately broad black submarginal 
decreasing macular band with white centred points; an upper discal black sinuous 
line, slender, its outer costal area paler fulvous. Franz. Upperside pale fulvous. 
Forewing with a broad fulvescent-whitish discal band ; outer black border traversed 
by fulvescent-whitish lunules ; a blackish costal streak, discocellular duplex streak 
and inner discal sinuous line, each diffused. Hindwing with a prominent black sub- 
marginal decreasing macular band with distinct white central lunules ; upper discal 
blackish line slender, its outer costal area fulvescent-whitish. Expanse, ¢ 3,%, 
¢ 3,8 to4 inches. Habiiat—S. China. Described from specimens in our own 
collection. This species belongs to the Corax section of the genus. 

Haridra Borneensis (Char. Borneensis, Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 2, 
male only (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 433, pl. 37, fig. 6, ¢ (1886). Habitat. 
Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—H. Bupalus (Char. Bupalus, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. 
Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Distanti (Char. Distanti, Honrath, Berl. 
Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 277. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 4384, pl. 36, fig. 2, d (1886). 
Habitat. Malay Peninsulax—H. Harpagon (Char. Harpagon, Staudinger, Deuts. 
Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 85). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Scylaw (Char. Scylax, Felder, Reise 
Noy. Lep. iii. p. 442 (1867). Habitat. Java—H. Haimodius (Char. Harmodius, 





248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 445 (1867). Habitat. Java.—H. Baya (Nymph Baya, 
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 207 (1857). Habitat. Java.—H. Bajula (Char. 
Bajula, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 86). Habitat. Palawan.—H. Georgius 
(Char. Georgius, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 262). Habitat. Mindoro.— 
H. Plateni (Char. Plateni, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 82). Habitat. 
Palawan.— H. Amycus (Char. Amycus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1861, p. 303). 
Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 3, 5, d ¢.—Syn. Char. Lunawara 
(2 only), Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2, 2. Habitat. Philippines.— 
H, Antonius (Char. Antonius, Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 6, 7, 8, 
$2 (1860). Habitat. Philippines —H. Durnfordii (Char. Durnfordii, Distant, 
Rhop. Malay. p. 432, pl. 40, fig. 8, ¢ (1886). Allied to but distinet from H. Nicolii. 
Habitat. Malay Peninsula.x—H. Hveretti (Char. Everetti, Rothschild, Deuts, Ent. 
Zeit. 1893, p. 438). Habitat. N. Borneo.—H. Staudingeri (Char. Staudingeri, 
Rothschild, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 439). Habitat. N., Borneo. 


Genus CHARAXES. 


Charaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816). Felder, Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861). Butler, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 623. Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 650 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, 
i, p. 28 (1880), Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 101 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. 
p. 269 (1886). 

Nymphalis, Latreille, Sonn. Buff. xiv. p. 82 (1805). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 306 
(1850). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E.I.C. i. p. 204 (1857). Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 267 (1871), 
nec Linneus. 

Paphia (part), Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. VI. p. 282 (1807), preoccupied. 

Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. p. 46 (1816). 

Jasia, Swainson, Zool. Illust. ii. p. 90 (1832). 


Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex narrow, obtuse; 
exterior margin oblique, uneven, concave in the middle; posterior margin straight, 
thickly fringed at the base; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end 
of the cell, the first at about one-third before the end, third branch immediately 
beyond the cell and extending to the extreme apex, fourth and fifth branches at one- 
third beyond ; upper discocellular very short, lower slender and concave, closing the 
cell, radials from upper angles; median veinlets wide apart, upper curved; sub- 
median vein curved at the base. Hindwing triangular, short ; costa very convex at 
the base, apex rounded, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous, with a slender tail 
at end of upper and lower median veinlets ; abdominal margin long; the cell and 
along the submedian vein thickly clothed with long hairs; costal vein much curved, 
extending to the extreme apex and with a short abruptly bent precostal spur; sub- 
costals and radial equidistant from the costal vein ; cell imperfectly closed by a very 


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M gh 


NYMPHALIN A. (Group CHARAXINA.) 249 


slender discocellular thread, which joins the median just before the middle branch ; 
submedian and internal vein wide apart, internal vein short. Body short; thorax 
elongated, broad, very robust, woolly at the base; head large, woolly, not tufted ; 
eyes prominent, naked; palpi large, obliquely porrected, broad and flat in front, the 
tip elevated much above the vertex, and extending forward, apart at the base, but 
approximating at the tip, thickly scaled, second joint above clothed with short erect 
hairs, apical joint almost smooth, conical ; forelegs of male minute, scaly, and slightly 
airy ; forelegs of female scaly, femur very slightly hairy on the inner side, tarsus 
dilated towards the tip, which is rounded off in front, each joint with two short 
blunt spines beneath; middle and hind legs rather short, robust, finely scaled, 
tibiz flat beneath, each side armed «with a row of short fine spines, tarsi armed 
with four series of short spines, the terminal lateral spine on each side being the 
longest, claws moderate, inner lobe short, outer lobe acute, curved; antenne rather 
short, stout, straight, the club elongated, thick and truncate at the tip, with a slight 
treble carina on its inner edge. Type, C. Jasius. 

CaTERPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; head with four vertical short spiny processes ; 
anal seement with two short depressed points. 

CurysaLis.—Abbreviated, thick, almost oval, smooth, dorsum arched; head 
very obtuse. . 

Ecc.—Large, globular; apex flattened, broad. 


CHARAXES FABIUS (Plate 183, figs. 1, la, b, c,d, g, 2; larva and pupa). 
Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787). Ent. Syst, iii., i., 
p. 64 (1793). 
Nymphalis Fabius, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep., p. 309 
(1851). 
Charazxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1869). Kirby, Catal. Butt. p, 268 (1871). 
Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1880). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 280 
(1886). 
Paphia Fabia, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, pl. 12, fig. 3, larva (1846). 
Papilio Solon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii., i, p. 69 (1798). Jones, Icones, pl. 63, fig. 2, . 
Papilio Euphanes, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 59, fig. 1, ¢ (1785-90). 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish olive-brown, palest basally. Forewing with 
a transverse discal recurved series of eight yellow spots increasing in size from 
near the costa, the upper spots mostly rounded, the lower spots being broad and 
irregularly-quadrate with uneven exterior ; also a yellow subcostal spot between the 
lower subcostal veinlets and upper radial, and a smaller spot outside end of the 
cell above the upper median veinlet ; a marginal lower row of minute yellow spots 
which are more or less obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with a transverse discal 
VOL. Il. K k 


250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


yellow irregular band, decreasing posteriorly ; a submarginal row of small, yellow 
lunules, and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at the anal angle being 
greenish-grey. Underside lilac-grey, of a more or less pale or darker tint, but 
dullest at the base, and purplish-tinted externally. Both wings with white trans- 
verse discal markings as on upperside, but each inwardly-edged by a black line; the 
basal area crossed by irregular black slender lines. Forewing also with three basal 
black spots in the cell, a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with posteriorly- 
increasing black borders, and a marginal lower row of indistinct purplish-white 
lunules. Hindwing also with a discal more or less defined irregular row of black- 
edged purplish-white lunules, and a submarginal row of ochreous-yellow spots with 
blackish outer borders, followed by a marginal row of small, more or less ochreous- 
yellow or greenish-ochreous lunules surmounted by an indented black line and white 
speckles above, and broken lunate white spots below; the extreme margin and tails 
being blackish-edged. 

Female. Upperside as in the male, with the markings somewhat larger. 
Underside as in the male. 

Body above dark olive-brown ; collar, front, and palpi above black, spotted with 
white ; palpi, body beneath, and legs whitish ; fore tibiz brown above; antenne 
black ; eyes reddish. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3,4, 2 3,% to 3,6, inches. 

CatErPILLAR.—Slug-shaped ; bluish-green; head armed with four reddish-tipt 
spinous fleshy vertical processes ; anal segment with two short depressed points; a 
small dorsal semicircle of white on seventh segment; lateral line dotted with pale 
yellow. Feeds on Tamarindus indica. 

Curysatis.—Cylindrically-ovate, smooth ; dorsum arched; head obtusely pointed. 

Hasitar.—Himalayas ; Oudh; H. and S. India; Ceylon; Burma. 

In specimens from the N.W. Himalayas, the undersides are the palest coloured, 
and also have the markings less prominently defined. In Eastern Indian and Burmese 
specimens the underside is darker, and the South Indian and Ceylonese examples are 
darkest of all, being of a purpurescent-brownish tint, with all the markings intensi- 
fied. The S. Indian specimens are identical with the Fabrician type. 

Disrrisution aND Hapits.—This butterfly has a wide range. In the Western 
Himalayas it ‘“‘has been taken in Chumba in March by Lieut.-Col. C. H. T. 
Marshall, and in Mundi in July and September by Mr. A. Graham Young” (Butt. _ 
Ind. 1. 280). The Rev. J. H. Hocking took it in “ Dharmsala in July, at sugar” 
(P. Z. 8. 1882, 238). Mr. W. Doherty found it in “ Rambagh, at the foot of the hills, 
Kumaon” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 124). In Oudh “it occurs in Lucknow” (Lang. 
Ann. N. H. 1864, 181), and “‘ at Fyzabad”’ (Butt. Ind. 11. 280). In the Eastern 
Himalayas “ stragglers have been taken in Sikkim at low elevations from May to 





NYMPHALIN 22. (Group CHARAXINA.,) 951 


July” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 147). The larva is figured in General 
Hardwicke’s Drawings (Libr. Brit. Mus.), found in August feeding on leaves of 
Gardenia. It occurs in Assam. Mr. J. W. Mason (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 363), 
records its capture at ‘ Silchar, Cachar, in September.” According to Mr. de Nicé- 
ville (Butt. Ind. ii. 280), ‘* it is common in Caleutta, and have taken nearly all my 
specimens in the cold weather, frequently having been taken drinking the juice of 
the date palms when cut for the extraction of toddy. It occurs also during the 
rains.” Mr, J. Rothney also obtained it in the Barrackpore Gardens, near Calcutta, 
Capt. Mortimer Slater in his MS. Notes, p. 41, states: ‘* At Dinapur, I generally 
found it near or on pomegranate trees; flies rapidly. Uncommon.” The late 
General Hearsey (Westw. Orient. Ent.), says, ‘he usually captured this species upon 
wounded apple trees, the butterflies frequenting the wounds to suck up the fluids 
which were discharged therefrom.” Mr. W. C, Taylor obtained it in Orissa, and it 
has been taken in Belgaum (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Colonel C. Swinhoe took it in 
“ Mhow, June and October (P. Z. 8S. 1886, 425); in Poona, February, April, and 
November ; and at Belgaum in November” (P. Z. 8. 1885,130). In Madras, Lieut. 
E. Y. Watson took it in April (J. A. 8. Beng. 1890, 266). Messrs. J. Davidson and 
E. H. Aitken (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 278) record “ the capture of larve in Karwar 
in July and August, and have also reared it in Khandeish and the Dekkan, always on 
the tamarind tree.” The butterfly occurs in Bombay sparingly, specimens being 
captured in Khandeish and the Tanna District (Aitken, id. 1886, 133). Mr. J. 
Betham (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 286) says, ‘It isa bold creature, with a strong 
flight, but sometimes falls a prey to curiosity. One settled on my boot once, and at 
another time one wanted to see what my tonga was, and flitted round it as I went 
along, until it was caught.” The late S. N. Ward obtained it in Kanara. Mr. G. F. 
Hampson found it rare on the Nilgiris at 3000 to 4000 feet (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 
355). ‘It occurs throughout South India to Travancore ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 281). Mr. 
H. 8. Ferguson (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 10) says, ‘‘ It is fairly common in the low 
country of Travancore, but is not found in the hills.” In Ceylon, it has been taken 
at Dambool and Kandy, but not very commonly (Capt. Wade). Mr. F. M. Mack- 
wood also caught it in the low country to the north of Matale, and always on human 
excrement (MS. Notes). Major Yerbury took it at Trincomali in October. Godart 
cites Nicobars, but this has not since been verified, and therefore is doubtful. In 
Burma, Dr. N. Manders obtained a single specimen in December, at 5000 feet eleva- 
tion, at the bottom of the Hopaung Valley, S.E. of Fort Stedman in the Shan States 
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526). Lieut. E. Y. Watson obtained it during the Chin-Lushai 
Expedition ‘‘ on the road from Pauk to Tilin in October, and also at Tilin in March ” 
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 42). Major C. H. E. Adamson took it in Arakan, but 
not common, from March to May (List, p. 20). Specimens from the Karen Hills 
Kk 2 


252 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. It has also been taken in the Lower Thoungyeen 
forests in May, and in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim (Butt. Ind. ii- 
280). 

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 183, fig. 1 is from Mr. Ward’s draw- 
ing, fig. la is copied from Messrs. Davidson and Aitken’s figures published in the 
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, fig. 1b is from a Kangra male, and le from a 
Ceylon female. 

Inpo-Manayan Specius or Cxaraxes.—C. Lampedo, Hibner, Samml. Exot. 
Schmett. ii. pl. 52, figs. 3,4, ? (1820-26). Syn. Char. Zephyrus, Butler, Cistula Ent. 
i, p. 5 (1869) 3 ; ad. Lep. Exotica, i. pl. 10, fig. 1, g (1870). Habitat. Mindanao.— 
OC. Echo, Butler, Annals Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 401, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6, g. Distant, Rhop. 
Malay. p. 103, fig. 38, ¢ (1883). Habitat. Malay Peninsula ; Singapore; Labuan, 
Borneo. 


Genus EULEPIS. 
Evulepis, Dalman, in Billberg’s Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29 (1880). 


Eribea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 46 (1816). 
Charaxes (part), Felder ; Butler ; Distant; de Nicéville. 


Imaco.—Male. Outline of wings as in Charaxes. Forewing with the veins 
also similar. Hindwing with the second subcostal veinlet and the radial emitted 
nearer to the base of the first branch; cell completely open ; precostal veinlet 
gently curved; upper and middle median veinlets emitted further from base of the 
lower. Thorax and head more woolly ; antenne less thick ; palpi stouter; forelegs 
of male short, clothed with fine long hairs ; forelegs of female shorter than in typical 
Charaxes, scaly, tarsus slightly dilated at the tip, joits with short lateral spines. 
Sexes alike. Type, E. Athamas. 

CarerriLiar.—Slug-shaped ; with four vertical elongated fleshy spinous pro- 
cesses on the head, and two short naked depressed conical processes on anal 
segment. 

Curysatis.—Thick, oval, smooth, abbreviated ; dorsum arched; head obtuse. 

Eac.—Unknown. 


EULEPIS ATHAMAS (Plate 184, figs. 1, la, b, ¢, d, 3 2 ; larva and pupa). 


Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. 
pl. 89, figs. C, D (1776). 

Nymphalis Athamas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 353 (1823). 

Paphia Athamas, Horsfield, Catal. Lep, Mus. E. I. Compy. pl. 8, fig. 7, a—g; larva and pupa, 
(1829). 

Charaxes Athamas, Moore, Catal. Lep, Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, pl. 6, figs. 3, 3a (1857). Butler, Proc, 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 253 


Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 106, pl. 13, fig. 8, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 275 (1886). 

Eribea Athamis, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 47 (1816). 

Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 29, fig. 3 (1800), nee Linn. 

Charaxes Bharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 488 (1867) 3. 

Charazxes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 831. 

Eulepis Samatha, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 29, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, b, g ; larva and pupa (1880). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent-black, the basal border somewhat 
greyish-black. Forewing with a transverse medial-discal more or less moderately broad 
olivescent-yellow band, commencing at the upper median veinlet, above which is an out- 
wardly-disposed rather large obliquely-quadrate yellow spot, and a much smaller 
subapical spot. Hindwing with a similar broad olivescent-yellow band extending 
from the costa, and decreasing to a point at the lower median veinlet above the anal 
angle ; a submarginal series of very small narrowly-ovate white spots, followed by a 
marginal row of more or less indistinct ochreous-red lunules, with intervening blue 
streaks along the two tails. Underside. Both wings purpurescent olive-brown, of 
more or less pale or darker tint, the discal olivescent-yellow band as above, but paler 
and glossy, the whole inner margin of the band bordered by a rich dark olivescent- 
red narrow band, which is defined on both the sides of its middle portion by a black 
line inwardly-edged by pearly-white scales. Horewing also with only the lower subapical 
spot well defined, the other either obsolescent or absent; within the base of the 
cell are two superposed small white-centred black dots; a row of posteriorly in- 
creasing lunate marks outwardly bordering the discal band. Hindwing also with 
the outer edge of the discal band bordered by a row of sharply-defined carmine-red 
sinuous marks, each mark being transversed by a pearly-white lunate line, and the 
upper and lower marks outwardly-edged by a black sinus; beyond is a submarginal 
row of small black lunate spots with diffused pearly-white borders, followed by a 
marginal row of dull ochreous-red lunules. 

Female. Upperside similar to the male. Forewing with the discal pale yellow 
band broader, the lower subapical spot larger. Hindwing also with broader discal 
band, the submarginal white spots larger and very prominent, the marginal ochreous 
lunules also distinct. 

Body above purpurescent greyish-brown ; collar and front black, with ochreous- 
white spots; palpi black above, ochreous-white beneath; pectus ochreous-white ; 
fore femur and tibia purplish-brown, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora 
blackish, tibize and tarsi ochreous-white, antennz black ; eyes reddish-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 3, 2 3,3, to 3,4 inches. 

CaterPILtaR.—Hlongated, slug-shaped, dark-green; head large, wide and sur- 
mounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes ; anal segment with two 
short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral 


254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


stripe, most prominent on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments, and beneath 
these a lower series of small white spots. 

Carysatis.—Thick, cylindrically oval; green, streaked with white; dorsum 
and thorax convex ; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front. 

Hasirat.—Hills N.E. and 8. India; Ceylon; 8. Andamans; Burma; Malay 
Peninsula, etc. 

DisrRIBUTION WITHIN OUR ArgA.—This insect has a wide range. We possess it 
from Sikkim; specimens are also in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection from Sikkim, 
taken by the late Otto Moller in July and October, Mr. G. C, Dudgeon obtained it 
at Buxain Bhotan. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147) says “ this is 
the commonest species of Charaxes in Sikkim, and found from April to December, 
from 6000 feet to the level of the Terai.” It is also found in Assam, Silhet, 
Cachar. Mr. Wood-Mason (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 363) obtained males in the 
forests around Silcuri, in Cachar, in June and August. Specimens from the Khasia 
Hills are in Colonel Swinhoe’s and Mr. P. Crowley’s collections. Mr. J. L. Sherwill 
took it in the Naga Hills. Specimens from the Lushai Hills are also in Mr. Crow- 
ley’s collection. Lieut. EH. Y. Watson took it during the recent Chin-Lushai Expedi- 
tion, in the Chin Hills at from 1000 to 2000 feet elevation in May, and at Tilin Yaw 
in November and February (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 41). It also occurs at 
Toungoo, in Upper Tenasserim; Mr, Wood-Mason took it at Moolai, 3000 to 6000 
feet, in Tenasserim. According to Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 526), “ It 
oecurs commonly all the year round throughout the Shan Hills and Karenni.” 
Specimens from the Karen Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. From Southern 
India, we possess it from the Nilgiris, taken by Mr. G. F. Hampson, “ commonly at 
3000 to 4000 feet elevation’ (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 355), and from Kanara, taken 
by the late 8. N. Ward; Mr. E. H. Aitken says it “is common enough on the 
[Western] Ghats, chiefly, I think, from December to March” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 
1886, 133). The late Dr. Leith obtaimed it on Matheran, and Col. Swinhoe also 
took it on Matheran in December (P. Z. 8. 1885, 180); also from Kathlekan, in 
Mysore, taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson, in November. In Ceylon it is “taken at 
Colombo and Kandy; common” (Wade), and according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s 
“ Notes,” it is plentiful about Kandy and similar elevations in the island, 

DIsTRIBUTION OUTSIDE ouR ArEA.—Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 106) records it 
from the Malay Peninsula. It has been taken at Chentaboon, in Siam (P. Z. §S. 
1874, 106). Mr. Snellen (Lep. Mid. Sumatra, 16) records it from Sumatra. 

From Borneo we possess a male taken at Sarawak, a female taken at Hong 
Kong, and another female was in the late Mr. J. J. Weir’s collection, both of which 
were taken by the late Bishop of Hong Kong. Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., writes me 
that he has also observed it in Hong Kong. 


to 


55 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 


It also occurs in the Philippines; a specimen from Mindoro being in Mr. P. 
Crowley’s collection. 

Hasirs or Imaco.—* The fastest butterfly I have come across. It is, in common 
with CO. Fabius and C. Imna,a very foul feeder” (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 
1890, 286). Mr. EH. H. Aitken (J. Bomb. N. H. S. 1886, 133) says, ‘it is very 
similar in its habits to C. Jmna, and almost as difficult to capture. They have a 
penchant for certain places.” Capt. Wade, in his Ceylon “ Notes,” remarks, ‘ Males 
most frequently found perched high up on Acacia trees; flight, quick and strong ; 
common,” and Mr. F. M. Mackwood states that they are “ not easily caught, as they 
rest generally on trees out of reach.” 

Hasirs or Larva.— Mr. Moore’s description (Lep. Ceylon, i. 29) is good, but 
we have found different specimens to vary very much in the distinctness and 
colour of the lateral stripes ; they are always present, but sometimes very faint 
indeed. Another more important point, which seems hitherto to have escaped 
notice, is that the last pair of legs are almost obsolete, and are not used in walking. 
We found this larva, from June to October, on the ‘ Goolmohr’ (Poinciana 
regia), the ‘ Khatree’ (Cxsalpinia mimosioides), and several other trees. The 
larva, like those of most wary and strong-winged butterflies, is very shy and 
cautious in its habits, feeding by night, and remaining motionless all day; but it is 
much preyed on from the time it leaves the egg, and only a small proportion seem 
to reach maturity. The pupa is almost oval, smooth, and without irregularities ; 
in colour, green, with faint white lines, more or less distinct” (J. Davidson and 
E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 277). In Ceylon, according to the 
late Dr. Thwaites, the larva feeds upon Cesalpinia. Mr. H. A. Minchin (Butt. 
India, 1. 277) says the “ larva feeds in South India on Adenanthera pavonica.” 

E. Athamas (Vanizty)—Plate 184, fig. le. Male.—Upperside deep rich indigo- 
blue black. Forewing with a small single subapical spot only ; the olivescent-white 
band on both wings narrower than in typical specimens of Athamas-—being from 
two-tenths to three-tenths of an inch only in width; the outer edge of the band on 
the hindwing is bordered by purplish-blue speckles lunularly disposed between the 
median veinlets; the marginal series of white spots are also much smaller. Under- 
side darker, and the markings also richer and darker in colour, and more prominently 
defined. Expanse, 2,°, inches. Habitat, Khasia Hills. 

This variety (or seasonal form) appears to be scarce in collections. I have 
only seen a few specimens, all males, two being from the Khasia Hills, in Mr. 
Walter Rothschild’s collection, others, also from the Khasias, iu Colonel Swinhoe’s 
collection, and one I possess, from Colonel Taylor’s cabinet, doubtfully taken at 
Buxa. Mr. de Nicéville probably refers to this form, under C. Avja (Butt. Ind. ii. 
278), from Cachar, four males haying been taken by Mr. Wood-Mason, in June and 


256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


August, at Sileuri, also two males from Shillong, taken by Dr. Johnson, a male from 
Jorehat, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill, and a male from Sibsagar, taken by Mr. 8. E. 
Peal. 

Of our illustrations of H. Athamas, on Plate 184, fig. 1 is from Mr. 8. N. Ward’s 
drawing of larva reared in Kanara ; fig. la is from the Ceylon larva; fig. 1b, ¢, is 
from a Sikkim male, and fig. 1d,a female from Shillong, Assam. Fig. le is the 
variety from the Khasia Hills. 


EULEPIS HAMASTA (Plate 185, figs. 1, la, ¢ oD): 


Eulepis Hamasta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p. 238. 
Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 275 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Both wings with broad olivescent-yellow discal band, broader 
than in L. Athamas, the black outer border, consequently, being narrower. Forewing 
with a quadrate larger lower subapical spot, and a small apical spot. Hindwing 
with prominent submarginal white lunate spots and ochreous marginal lunules. 
Underside paler; with the band inwardly-bordering the broad discal band paler 
olivescent-ochreous, and the outer marginal lunular marks narrower. 

Female. Upperside with broad discal band. Forewing with large quadrate 
subapical spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing with very pro- 
minent yellowish-white submarginal spots, the four upper small and ovate, the 
lower large and broadly lunate ; the marginal ochreous lunules indistinct, the lowest 
edged with bluish-grey. Underside as in the male. 

Hxpanse, d 2,5, to 3, 2 3,2, to 3,4, inches. 

Hasirar.— Western and Eastern Himalayas; CO. India. 

Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by the Rev. J. H. Hocking at 
**Dharmsala, 6200 feet,in March and June” (P. Z. S. 1882, 238). The late Captain 
R. Bayne Reed records ‘‘ Athamas” in his list of butterflies taken in Kashmir in 
1872. Colonel A. M. Lang also obtained it in the Tonse Valley, Gurhwal, at 6000 
feet, and Mr. W. Doherty captured it in the “ Sarju, Kali, and Gori Valleys, 2000 
to 4000 feet, in Kumaon, in September”’ (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 124). Males, 
taken in Sikkim, March, 1887 and 1888, by Mr. O. Moller, are in the collection of 
Mr. Walter Rothschild, and I possess specimens which were also taken in Sikkim 
by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens, labelled Buxa, are in Mr. H. Druce’s collection, 
and a male and female from Deesa, Central India, are in Colonel Swinhoe’s 
collection. 

Hanrs.—This is ‘fan insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning 


NYMPHALINZAE, (Group CHARAXINA.) 257 


up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens, 3000 to 5000 feet. It 
pitches on rocks in mid-streams, and flashes off again if approached. It is not 
common, and is very difficult to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven 
individuals sitting with closed wings motionless on a foul spot (by the damp sandy 
_Imargin of a stream), so close together that I might have put my hat on all of them. 
Except on that occasion, I have never seen more than one at a time” (Lang, 
P. Z. 8S. 1865, 498). Mr. Hocking says, “it is the wildest butterfly that I know. 
It takes very long flights at a time and returns to the same point. It is very shy” 
(P. Z. S. 1882, 238). Mr. L. de Nicéville remarks, “I took one specimen in 
October, 1878, at Kotgurh, imbibing moisture on a damp spot near the Komarsen 
stream. Of all the butterflies I am acquainted with this insect is the swiftest on 
the wing. J have taken a few small and apparently hybernated specimens on hill 
tops near Simla in April, and have seen the ordinary sized ones in various places 
near Simla in the autumn. My Darjeeling specimens are decidedly darker than 
those taken at this end of the Himalayas. Expanse from 2°2 inches to 2°9 inches”’ 
(Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). 

Of our illustrations of HL. Hamasta on Plate 185, fig. 1 is from a Sikkim male 
identical with the type, and fig. la is from the type specimen of the female. 


EULEPIS AGRARIUS (Plate 185, figs. 2, 2a, f 2). 
Charazes Agrarius, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 425, pl. 40, fig. 3, ¢. 
Charaxes Athamas (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 275 (1886). 

Twaco.—Male and female. Both wings with the yellow discal band uniformly 
narrower, the outer edge of the band more irregular, undulated, the portions 
between the medians being each somewhat incurved. Forewing with a large 
quadrate lower submarginal spot and two small superposed apical spots. Hindwing 
with yellowish-white rounded submarginal spots, the upper minute, the lower three 
large and dento-lunate; marginal ochreous lunules not present in the male, very 
indistinct in female, the lower bluish-grey streaks only present in male. — Underside 
similar to 1. Hamasta, but paler. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 2,5, ? 2,8 inches. 

Habitat.—Hills of Central India ; Eastern Ghats ; ? Chin Hills. 

DistrrsuTIoN.—T he type specimens were taken by Colonel Swinhoe at Mhow in 
October, at Assighur in October, and at Poona in September. A female from 
Ganjam, taken by Mr. Minchin, is in Mr. Druce’s collection. Similar specimens 
(presumably of this species) are in the British Museum collection, and others in 
my own possession, taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai 
Expedition, are labelled “ Tilin Yaw, February and March, Chin Hills, May,” except 
that the yellow band is narrower, and the marginal white spots on hindwing are 

von. 1. May 8th, 1895. L | 


258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of uniform size, there being also a spot present between the costal and subcostal ; 
the underside of these latter specimens have the discal band and lower subapical 
spot clouded with ochreous-yellow. 

Of our illustrations of H. Agrarius, on Plate 185, figs. 2 and 2a are from the 
type specimens of the male and female in Colonel Swinhoe’s Collection. 


EULEPIS ARJA (Plate 186, figs. 1, la, gd, ?). 
Charaxes Arja, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iil. p. 438 (1867). Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, 
p. 119. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 278 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside purpurescent bluish-black. Both wings with the 
discal band olivescent-white. Forewing more obtuse at the apex, with the band 
broader at its anterior end and of more equal width than in H. Athamas ; the lower 
subapical spot more ovate, the other minute or absent. Hindwing with the discal 
band also broader and less sharply defined than in EL. Athamas, its outer edge 
posteriorly blue speckled, and the submarginal white spots somewhat larger, lunular, 
and very prominent. Underside similarly marked to H. Athamas. 

Female. Upperside with the discal band olivescent-white, more uniformly 
broader than in #. Athamas, the lower subapical spot larger, the upper very small. 
Hindwing with the discal band also broader, and the submarginal white lunulate 
spots very prominent. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3,4, % 3;% to 3;% inches. 

Hasitat.—Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma. 

Distrisution.—Confined to the north-eastern portion of India and Burma. 
Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. II. 278) records it from ‘ Sikkim (where it is less 
common than H. Athamas), Sylhet, Jorehat, Sibsagar, Chittagong, and Upper 
Tenasserim.” We have verified specimens with Felder’s type, from the following 
localities, namely, Sikkim, taken in March and October by Mr. Otto Moller, now in 
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection; Buxa, Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; 
Khasia Hills, in Colonel C. Swinhoe’s and my own collection; Shillong, Assam, 
Lushai Hills, and Karen Hills, in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Tilin Yaw, Burma, 
taken by Lieutenant E. Y. Watson in November and December (J. Bombay, N. H. 8. 
1891, 42) ; Toungoo, Rangoon, in May, and Malawoon, Tenasserim, taken by Signor 
Leonardo Fea in August, im our own collection. Dr. N. Manders (Tr. Ent. Soc. 
1890, 526) says it is “ quite as common as H, Athamas in the Shan States, and is 
found in the same localities.” 


EH. Arja (Variety) Plate 186, fig. 1, b, c. 
Male and female. Upperside differs from typical Arja in the forewing being 
comparatively more triangular ; both wings, for their size, have a somewhat broader 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 259 


olivescent-white discal band, and narrower outer black border. Forewing with an 
elongated quadrate lower subapical spot and two small apical spots. Hindwing 
with a prominent series of white lunular spots. Underside with the marginal 
ground colour paler than in typical dja; the subbasal and marginal markings less 
defined. Described from a male and female, from Toungoo, in our own collection. 

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, 2 2,8 inches. 

Hastrat.—Burma. 

Of our illustrations of H. Aja on Plate 186, Fig. 1 is from a Khasia Hill male 
identical with Felder’s type specimen, fig. la that of a female. Figs. 1, b, c, represent 
the Burmese variety, male and female, in our own collection. 


EULEPIS JALYSUS (Plate 187, figs. 1, la, g). 
Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 438, pl. 59, fig. 5, ¢ (1866). Butler, Trans. Ent. 
Soe. 1877, p. 539. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 4,9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. 

of India, etc., p, 278 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1891, p. 284. 

Charaxes Moor?, apud Adamson, Catal. Burmese Butt. p. 20 (1889). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing witha purpurescent- 
blackish band extending from base of the costa, including the apex above and 
beyond the middle of the median yeinlet, from which it descends narrowly to the 
posterior angle ; base of the wing and the cell area speckled with darker olivescent 
scales; before the apex is a rather large pale spot of the ground colour. Hindwing 
with a submarginal row of broad purplish-black, continuous, lunular spots, each of 
which bears a slender white lunule, the whole series being inwardly bordered with 
olivescent-grey, and outwardly by a marginal row of ochreous lunules, the extreme 
marginal edge and cilia being black. Underside with the costal border, the base 
and outer border of both wings, pale purplish-brown, palest on the hindwing; a 
dark purplish-red narrow band inwardly bordering the broad pale olivescent discal 
area, from the pale subapical spot on forewing to above the anal angle, this band 
being edged by a broken black line on its basal portion of each wing and above the 
anal angle; along the exterior border of the discal area, on both wings, is a 
submarginal series of black-edged lunules, those on the forewing being narrow on 
a pearly-white ground, and those on the hindwing broader, deep red, traversed by a 
slender pearly-white sinuous line, and bordered inwardly by red and outwardly by 
diffused pearly-white and a row of small black dots ; the margin being bordered by 
ochreous lunules. 

Female. Upperside similar to the male, except that the olivescent-yellow discal 
area is somewhat broader, and the marginal band on the hindwing is entire through- 
out, not composed of conjoined spots, and on the underside the submarginal deep 
red lunules are less angular. Thorax greyish-brown; abdomen olivescent; palpi 

L 12 


260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


above brown ; collar and vertex with white spots; palpi below and pectus white ; 
forelegs blackish, fore tarsi white; middle and hind femora blackish, tibize whitish ; 
antenne black. 

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 32, 2 32 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma ; Malay Peninsula. 

Distripution.—Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p. 20) records (under C. Moort), 
‘one specimen taken at Poonkan, Tenasserim, in August.’’ This specimen we have 
verified as being true Jalysus. Two specimens are recorded as having been taken 
by Mr. W. Doherty in the Karen Hills (P. Z.S. 1891, 284). Mr. Distant (Rhop. 
Malay. 109) says ‘‘ this species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley, 
one specimen only being captured by myself. It is, however, not uncommon in 
Malacca.” 


EULEPIS MOORI (Plate 187, figs. 2, 2a, g, 9). 
Charaxes Moori, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 108, pl. 13, fig. 3, ¢ (1883). 


Imaco.—Nearest allied to H. Kaba. Male. Upperside. Forewing differs from 
EH. Kaba in the pale olivescent-yellow discal area being narrower, the basal area and 
the outer black border, consequently, being broader ; the entire cell and basal area 
is also much darker. Hindwing with the marginal black spots disposed in a con- 
joined series, the three large anterior portions forming one continuous piece. Under- 
side similar to H. Kaba ; the olivescent discal area being narrower. 

Female. Similar to the same sex of H. Hebe. Upperside. Forewing with the 
pale olivescent discal area broader than in either Malacca or Sumatran female Hebe, 
being more like that in Jalysus, the curve from the base being more regular, and the 
lower portion of the black outer border more undulated. Hindwing with the 
marginal spots smaller throughout the series than in Hebe. Underside similar to 
Hebe, but having the pale olivescent discal area of both wings very much broader, 
this area being quite as broad as in Jalysus. 

Expanse, d 23, ? 31 inches. 

Hasitat.—Naga Hills ; Burma; Malay Peninsula. 

Disrrigution.—A specimen of the male, from the Naga Hills, taken by Mr. J. 
L. Sherwill, is in the collection of Mr. Philip Crowley ; and one also in that of Mr. 
W. Rothschild ; a male from Moulmein is in the British Museum; a female, also 
from Burma, is in the Hewitsonian collection. Mr. Distant’s type specimen was 
taken in the Malay Peninsula. 

Of our illustrations of H, Moori, on Plate 187, fig. 2, 2a is from a Naga Hill male 
in Mr. Crowley’s collection, and fig. 2b is from a Burmese female in the Hewitsonian 
collection. 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 261 


EULEPIS SCHREIBERI (Plate 188, figs. 1, la, f 9 yy 


Nymphalis Schreiberi, Godart, Eneyclop. Meth. ix., Suppl. p. 825 (1823). 

Paphia Schreiberi, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. Compy. pl. vi. figs. 3, 3a, 2 (1829) 

Charaxes Schreibert, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 633. Distant, Rhop, Malayana, p. 104, pl. xiii. 
fig. 2, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 274,' 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings bluish-black, the basal third palest 
and most tinged with blue. Forewing crossed by an erect medial bluish-white band, 
which commences anteriorly in the interspace between the lower radial and upper 
median veinlet, and sinuously widens out externally to the posterior margin ; between 
the upper and lower radials is a moderate-sized somewhat quadrate white spot, 
situated exteriorly beyond the medial band, and a smaller similar spot near the apex 
between the upper radial and lower subcostal ; both of these spots being sometimes 
obsolescent, or the subapical spot absent; the medial band is more or less thickly 
bordered posteriorly along both sides with smalt-blue scales. Hindwing with a 
similar medial white band decreasing evenly from the costa to the lower median 
veinlet, its posterior borders being also externally bordered with smalt-blue scales, 
the outer portion broader and sinuously ; a submarginal row of small white lunules, 
and a marginal series of indistinct ochreous lunules with intervening blue-speckled 
shorter streaks, except on the two tails, where the blue streaks are longer ; abdominal 
border broadly dusky greyish-brown. Underside dull nacreous pinkish-white, the 
outer borders suffused with olive-brown; the medial white band and apical spots 
bluish-tinted on the forewing, but the band pure white on the hindwing. Torewing 
with the medial band inwardly-bordered by a transverse dark olive-brown band with 
sharply-defined black borders inwardly-edged with smalt-blue, this latter band 
extending from the costal vein to beneath the lower median veinlet; bordering the 
black-edged outside of the medial band is a curved series of slender brown-edged 
lunulate marks, the lowest mark more or less merged in a large blue-black patch ; 
between the upper end of the medial white band and the outer lunules is a carmine 
patch, and above this patch is a slender black streak ; two small black superposed 
spots near base of the cell. Hindwing with the medial band similarly mwardly 
bordered by a black-edged olive-brown band, the inner line of which ends above the 
anal angle, and outwardly bordered by a series of deep carmine lunules; the 
extreme outer margin of the wing bearing blue-edged ochreous-red lunules and blue 
intervening streaks. 

Female. Upperside resembling the male, but with the medial white band 
broader, and on the forewing there are two superposed quadrate white spots (the 
upper one sometimes small) beyond the medial band, as well as the smaller sub- 
apical spot. On the hindwing the submarginal slender white lunules are larger 
and longer, and the marginal ochreous-red lunules very prominent. Underside 


262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


marked as in the male. Body bluish-black above, ochreous beneath; collar and 
vertex white spotted; palpi black above; palpi beneath and pectus white; fore 
femora and tibiwe black, fore tarsus white; middle and hind femora black, with the 
tibise and tarsi dull ochreous-white, the tarsi with black bands. Antenne black ; 
eyes reddish-brown. 

Expanse, ¢ 2? to 31, ? 3} to 4 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Assam ; Naga Hills; Arakan, Burma; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

DisrripuTion.—This is a very rare butterfly. Colonel Swinhoe has a male from 
Cherra Punji. A male and female from Shillong, Assam, and a male from the 
Naga Hills is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection; Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from 
Jorehat, in Assam; Major C. H. E. Adamson took two females in Arakan in 
November. Mr. W. Doherty obtained a tattered male in Toungoo (P. Z. 8. 1891, 
283). It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant Rhop. Malay. p. 104), Batavia 
(Snellen), Java (Horsfield), Billiton (Godman and Salvin), Labuan (British Museum), 
and Borneo ( Distant). 

Of our illustrations of H. Schreiberi on Plate 188, fig. 1 is from the Naga Hill 
male, and fig. la from a Shillong female. 


EULEPIS WARDII (Plate 188, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢ ; et larva and pupa). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar to E. Schreiberi. Forewing differing in the 
medial white band extending up to the lower subcostal veinlet, the upper end having 
two additional portions, placed in a linear series with the others, the band itself 
being also comparatively narrower and of a more uniform width, and the subapical 
spots being absent. Hindwing similar to Schreiberi. Underside differs in the 
medial white band of the forewing being of uniform width and having the two 
additional portions at the upper end, the carmine patch absent, and the lunular 
marks disposed in a less curved series, otherwise similarly marked as in Schreiberi. 

Expanse, ¢ 32 to 3% inches. 

Apourr CaTmrPiLLak.—Slug-shaped ; dark green and pale dotted above, pale 
beneath, and with a yellowish saddle-like dorsal band on anterior part of seventh 
segment; head with four incurved, red, tuberculated processes ; anal segment with 
two, short, conical pointed processes. 

CurysaLis.—Short, thick, cylindrically-ovate; green; smooth; dorsum much 
arched; head truncated, pointed in front. 

Hasirat.—s. India. 

Distrisution.—The late Mr. §. N. Ward reared a male from larva found at 
Calicut, in August, 1853. Dr. Jerdon obtained a specimen at Anjirucady, near 
Tellicherry. Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. India, 275) records a single male taken in the 
Wynaad by Mr, Rhodes Morgan; and that Mr. Harold Ferguson obtained a broken 


NYMPHALIN 4. (Group CHARAXINA.) 263 


specimen in T'ravancore—probably a female—having the discal band twice as broad 
as in the Wynaad example, and with the two upper spots joined to it and very 
large. ‘ Mr. Imray also has taken it on the plateau of Pirmerd, at an elevation of 
3700 feet, in Travancore” (Journ. Bombay N. H.S8. 1891, 10). Colonel C. Swinhoe 
has two males taken at Karwar, in Bombay, in September and October, by Mr. E. H. 
Aitken. 

Of our illustrations of H. Wardu on Plate 188, fig. 2, 2a is from a Karwar male 
im Colonel Swinhoe’s collection. Fig. 2b is from the drawing of the larva and pupa 
made by Mr. Ward at Calicut. 

Inpo-Matayan Specizs or Kuneris.—Z. Attalus (Charaxes Attalus, Felder, Reise 
Nov. Lep. i. p. 438 (1867). Syn. C. Fruhstorferi et C. Phrixus, Rober, Ent. 
Nachr., 1895, pp. 63, 64. Habitat. Java.—H. Hebe (Char. Hebe, Butler, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 634, pl. 37, fig. 3). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 107, pl. 15, fig. 2, 
3 (1883). Syn. C. Albanus, Rober, lc. p. 66. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, 
Sumatra.—H. Ganymedes, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 173 (1888). Habitat. 
Borneo.—f. Smerdis (Char. Smerdis, Felder MS.) Syn. Jasia Athama, Swainson, 
Zool. Ilust. 2nd ser., pl. 90 (1833). C. Fallax et Javanus, Rober, l.c. pp. 66, 298. 
Habitat. Sumatra, Java.—H. Kaba (Char. Kaba, Khiel, Rhop. Nias, p. 27, pl. 3, 
fig. 19 (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—H. Heracles (C. Heracles, Rober, Lc. p. 292). 
Habitat. Borneo.—H. Niasica (Char. Niasica, Butler, Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 56). 
Allied to E. Schreiberi. Habitat. Nias Island.i—H. Kadenii (Char. Kadenii, 
Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. IV. p. 232, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1860). Habitat. Java. 


Genus MURWAREDA. 
Charaxes (part) anctorum. 

Wings comparatively broader than in Eulepis. orewing more regularly 
triangular, costa less arched, apex more pointed, exterior margin more even; third 
subcostal branch emitted nearer end of the cell, fourth and fifth emitted nearer to 
base of third, and consequently much nearer to end of the cell; the cell shorter 
and wider. Hindwing more convex externally ; cell broader; middle median veinlet 
emitted near to base of lower branch; tails more elongated. Antennal club longer; 
palpi stouter and more laxly clothed above; fore femur and tibia of male longer , 
fore tarsus of female much stouter. 

Typs.—M. Dolon, 


MURWARDA DOLON (Plate 189, figs. 1, la, @). 


Charazes Dolon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 55, pl. 27, figs. 2,3 (1848). Butler, Proe. 
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. ii. p. 272, pl. 22, fig. 100, g (1886). 
Haridra Dolon, Butler, Annals of Nat, Hist. 1885, p. 306. 


Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Lorewing with 


264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the costa, a streak at end of the cell, and the apical border broadly decreasing to the 
posterior angle, purpurescent-black ; the outer border traversed by a submarginal 
row of pale olivescent-yellow decreasing spots. Hindwing with a submarginal 
narrow band composed of bluish-white lunular spots, each surrounded by black and 
inwardly-traversed by a slender bluish-white line; the extreme marginal edge, 
including the two slender tails and the ends of the veins, black, diffused inwardly 
with bluish-grey. Body dark purpurescent-brown; palpi brown above, white 
beneath ; vertex and collar white-spotted ; forelegs brown, fore tarsus white; middle 
and hind femora brown above, white beneath, tibiz and tarsi white ; antenne black ; 
eyes reddish. Underside. Both wings pearly-white ; the costa of forewing to near 
the tip, a narrow recurved subbasal band, an excurved submarginal band, and an 
extreme marginal band olivescent brownish-ochreous, brightest on the hindwing ; 
the subbasal band anteriorly-edged with a slender black broken line, the sub- 
marginal band outwardly edged on the forewing by a broken black lunular line, and 
on the hindwing traversed by a row of narrow black-edged lunules, followed by an 
outer row of small black spots. 

Expanse, 34 to 3$ inches. 

Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas ; Assam. 

Distrisution.—In Butt. Ind. 11.273 Mr. de Niceville records ‘‘ two specimens 
taken in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young.” The late General G. Ramsay took it in 
Nepal. According to Mr. de Nicéville this species is ‘‘ apparently single-brooded, 
and in Sikkim occurs at low elevations only in April and May. I have only seen 
one female of this species, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in Bhotan on 2nd May, 
1892” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, and 
Upper Tenasserim. Mr. Tucker, of the Rangoon Police, took it at Tavoy in 
December, and Capt. Bingham in Thoungyeen Vailey in February. It is also found 
in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 


MURWAREDA EUDAMIPPUS (Plate 189, figs. 2, 2a ¢). 


Charaxes Eudamippus, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1848, p. 218, pl. 8. Butler, Proe. Zool. 
Soc., 1865, p. 635. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete.,ii. p. 273 1886). 


Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings pale olivescent-yellow. 
Forewing with the costa including more or less the upper-half of the cell, and a broad 
bar at its end, the apex widely and the outer margin broadly, deep purpurescent- 
black ; also a short continuous black streak below the base of the upper median 
veinlet enclosing a quadrate pale yellow spot beyond the cell; following which are 
two superposed pale yellow subquadrate spots, a transverse submarginal series of 
spots, the three upper of which are obconical and the four lower decreasingly 


NYMPHALINZ. (Group CHARAXINA.) 265 


lunular, the last being bluish-tinted and extending to the posterior angle, and then 
a marginal series of dentate smaller-sized spots. Hindwing with a submarginal 
series of seven decreasing white spots, of which the upper are more or less angularly- 
conical, and the lower lunular; each of these spots is surrounded by a blue-black 
border, and each with a pale grey inner-bordering lunule, which is again inwardly- 
edged more or less by a black line; the extreme outer margin of the wing, 
including the long, narrrow tail at the end of the lower and upper median veinlet, is 
inwardly-suffused with blue. Underside. Both wings pearly-white. Forewing 
with two superposed black spots within the cell ; a short transverse subbasal narrow 
olivescent-ochreous black-edged band; a transverse submarginal straight narrow 
olivescent-ochreous band, which is outwardly-edged with a short black incurved 
line between the veins, the lowest being lunular; followed by a plain marginal 
olivescent-ochreous band. Hindwing with a transverse narrow slightly-incurved 
subbasal bright olivescent-ochreous band, which is anteriorly-edged on both sides by an 
interrupted black line; beyond is a submarginal row of black-edged narrow bluish- 
grey lunules, inwardly-bordered by a narrow olivescent-ochreous band, and outwardly 
by a row of black dots, followed by a marginal olivescent-ochreous band, which latter, 
with the tails, is outwardly edged with bluish-grey; a short black streak on the 
abdominal margin above the lower submarginal lunule. Thorax and abdomen 
olivescent-yellow, the middle of the thorax tinged with grey ; collar, head, palpi, and 
sides of thorax beneath brown; vertex and sides white spotted; palpi beneath 
white; pectus, hind part of thorax beneath and abdomen beneath white; fore 
femora and tibiz brown, tarsi white; middle and hind femora brown above, tibize 
and tarsi white ; middle and hind tarsi with brown bands; eyes reddish; antenne 
black. 

Expanse, ¢ 3} to 4, ? 44 to 43 inches. 

Hapitat.—H. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim. 

DistripuTion.—The female of this butterfly is extremely rare. I have seen 
but two specimens, one being in the Hewitson collection, and the other in Mr. W. 
Rothschild’s, the latter from Sikkim, taken in July by the late Otto Moller. Males are 
common in all collections. Mr. W. Doherty (J. As. Soc. Beng., 1886, 124) records 
observing it at Jhulaghat, on the Kali, in Kumaon. We possess specimens from Nepal, 
Sikkim, Bhotan, and Assam, Mr. de Nicéville records it from Sibsagar, in Upper 
Assam. ‘“ A much commoner species in Sikkim in the spring than #. Dolon. Found at 
low elevations only. It occurs from April to August, according to Mr. O. Moller” 
(de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 147). It also occurs inthe Naga Hills, Upper 
Burma. It was taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., on the Upper Makong, Shan States. 
It occurs also in Upper Tenasserim and Tavoy. Major C. H. EH. Adamson (List Burm. 
Butt., p. 20) “took it in Tenasserim and Bhamo in Apriland August, about decaying 

VOL. IT. Mm 


266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


refuse on the banks of streams.” Lieut: EH. Y. Watson obtained two specimens at 
Tilin in February (J. Bombay N. H. 8S. 1891, 41). 


MURWAREDA DELPHIS (Plate 190, Figs. 1, la ¢). 

Charazes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, p. 217, pl. 7. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 
1865, p. 685. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 105, pl. 15, fig. 1., g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, etc., ii. p. 272 (1886). 

Charaes Concha, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. iv. p. 162, pl. 10, figs. 1-3 (1861). 

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent-yellow. Forewing with 
the base of the costa slightly infuscated; an indistinct slender black streak on upper 
end of the discocellulars ; the whole apical border broadly purpurescent-black ; the 
inner edge of the black border irregularly simuous, commencing on the costa beyond 
the cell, curving outward and rapidly decreasing to a narrow lunule above end of the 
submedian vein; below the apex is an oblique more-or-less lunate white spot. 
Hindwing with a submarginal row of narrow greenish lunules, the three upper of 
which are disconnected, and with thickly black-spotted edges, the lower lunules 
being paler, connected, their ends extending to the point of the veins are but slightly 
black speckled, and show a slender white inner streak. Body pale olivescent-yellow ; 
thorax above tinged with grey ; collar, head and palpi above dark brown; vertex 
and sides of collar white spotted ; palpi beneath white; legs above blackish; white 
beneath ; fore tarsi white; antenne black; eyes reddish. Underside olivescent 
pearly white. Forewing with two (occasionally only one) small, superposed, and a 
larger broken upper black spot within the cell ; a lunate black-edged bluish-centred 
lunule and a slender contiguous streak in front at end of the cell, below which is a 
larger bluish-centred black-edged round spot between the middle and lower medians, 
beyond which are two short slender excurved subapical black streaks below the 
subcostal, followed by a submarginal row of slender bluish-grey speckled lunules, 
and a parallel row of small rich ochreous dentate spots. Hindwing with a large 
blue-centred black-edged round spot on middle of the costa, a similar small spot 
below it, but which latter is sometimes absent ; a slender black-edged lunate mark 
at end of the cell, and lower slender black streaks extending to above the anal angle ; 
followed by a submarginal row of bluish-grey lunules, a parallel row of dark rich 
ochreous spots, and an outer reversed-lunulate pale ochreous fascia, beyond which 
another row of bluish-grey narrow lunules, and then a marginal row of broader pale 
ochreous lunate spots. 

Expanse, 33 to 4 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Assam; Cachar ; Sylhet ; Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc. 

Distripution.—Mr. J. Wood-Mason (J. A. S. Bengal, 1887, 426) records a 
single male in August from Tavoy. Major C. H. E. Adamson (List, p: 20) took it 
at “ Tavoy and Hpapoon in October and November; but was rare.” Mr. A. R. H. 


NYMPHALINZ (Group CHARAXINA.) 267 


Tucker also recently took it in Tavoy. ‘Capt. C. T. Bingham obtained a male on 
the Donat range in January, and another in the Thoungyeen forests towards the 
end of the year, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from 
Sylhet and Moulmain” (Butt. Ind. II., 272). 

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Labuan, Borneo. 

Curnese Species or Murwarepa.—M. Nepenthes (Char. N epenthes, Grose Smith, 
Entom. Mo. Mag. 1883, p. 58; id. Rhop. Exot. Char. pl. 2, figs. 3,4. Habitat. Siam. 
—M. Rothschildi (Char. Rothschildi, Leech, Lep. China, etc., p. 128, pl. 14, fig. 3, ¢ 
(1891). Syn. Char. Ganymedes, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 30 (1891). Habitat. 
W. China.—M. Narceus (Nymph. Nareeus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I., Nymph. pl. 1, 
fig. 1,4 (1854). Habitat. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.). Japan.— 
M. Mandarinus (Char. Mandarimus Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. III. p. 437 (1867). 
Habitat. Shanghai. N. China.—Chusan Island (Capt. Walker, R.N.).—M. Tibetanus 
(Char. Tibetanus, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. XV., p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1891). Habitat. 
K. Tibet.—M. Menedemus (Char. Menedemus, Oberthur, Htud, Entom. XV., p. 13, 
pl. 2, fig. 9 (1891). Habitat. W. China.—WM. Posidonius (Char. Posidonius, Leech, 
Entom. Suppl., p. 30 (1891); id. Lep. China, etc., p. 127, pl. 14, fig. 4 3. Syn. 
Char. Clitiphon, Oberthur, Htud. Entom. XV., p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 11. Habitat. W. 
China. 

Genus HELCYRA. 
Heleyra, Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xl. p. 450 (1860). Neues Lep. pp. 37, 44 (1861). de 
Nicéville, Butt. of India, etce., ii. p. 45 (1886). 

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Jorewing subtriangular ; costa arched, 
apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, almost even, posterior angle rounded ; 
subcostal vein five brayched, first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before 
upper end of the cell, second at a short distance beyond the end, third 
at fully half beyond the end, fourth and fifth at fully half between the 
third and the apex; upper discocellular very short, slightly bent close to 
subcostal; the two radials from the angle; cell open; median veinlets wide 
apart; submedian vein straight. Hindwing triangularly-ovate; base of anterior 
margin much arched; apex rather pointed, exterior margin convex posteriorly, 
sinuous ; precostal vein curved outward; subcostals and radial emitted together 
from upper end of the cell; the cell open. Body robust, thorax hairy; palpi 
obliquely porrect, compactly scaled, second joint hairy above, apex pointed ; fore legs 
of the male hairy ; middle and hind legs scaley ; fore legs of the female smooth, fore- 
tarsus slightly thickened beneath at the apex, the apical joints each with a 
terminal short spine on each side; eyes naked; antennz rather long, slender, with 
a short thick ovate club, which is finely tricarinated on its inner side. 

Type.—H. Chionippe. 


Mm 2 


268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


HELCYRA HEMINA (Plate 190, figs. 2, 2a ¢). 
Helcyra Hemina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1864, p. 245, pl. 15, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ii. p. 45, pl. xix. fig. 85, ¢ (1886). 

Tmaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale olivescent pearly-white. Forewing 
with a broad purpurescent-black decreasing apical band, the inner edge of which is 
very irregular and its lower end fromthe middle median narrow, marked by a slight 
white lunular streak above the posterior angle; obliquely across the band before the 
apex are two white spots; two obliquely-superposed black spots at end of the cell, 
the upper spot smal] ; and between the lower median veinlet and submedian vein is 
another black spot near the angle. Hindwing with a submarginal series of eight smaller 
black spots, placed in eschelon, three being inwardly disposed anteriorly, two in the 
middle, and the subanal, followed by a narrow black marginal lunular line and a 
slender anteciliar line. Underside glossy pearly-white. Both wings with the 
markings of the upperside indistinctly visible and bluish-tinted. Forewing also with 
a very slightly-defined slender black sinuous line extending from middle of the lower 
radial to the middle median veinlet. Hindwing also with a very slender black sinuous 
discal line placed before the transverse spots of the upperside, these spots being bluish- 
tinted, and the third subanal spot being bright yellow with blue and black scaled tip. 
Body white; front of thorax and head grey; palpi above dark brown; antennex 
black above, ochreous beneath ; legs white; eyes red. 

Expanse, 24 to 3 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Khasia and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. 

DistrisuTion.—This beautiful species is rare. Mr. Otto Moller took males in 
Sikkim in April, May, and September, and a single female at Singla, near Darjiling, 
1300 feet, in October, 1884. A male from the Naga Hills is in the British Museum, 
Calcutta (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 45). ‘A very rare butterfly, which occurs 
singly in Sikkim during the summer. It is less rare in the Daling division of 
Darjiling, where it occurs at 4000 feet. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon once took a specimen 
himself at 3000 feet in Darjiling, and found that it flies very swiftly, which may help 
to account for its scarcity in collections ” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 134). 
Specimens from the Khasia Hills are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. ‘Mr. W. 
Doherty obtained a male in the Naga Hills, and four at the Ruby Mine district, 
north of Mandalay, Burma, in June” (P. Z. 8., 1891, 273). 


CHINESE AND Marayan Hetoyras. 
Heleyra superba, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 189; Lep. China, etc. p. 152, pl. xx. fig. 2 (1891). 
Habitat. W. China. 
Helcyra sp.? (Qf. Snellen, Tijd. v. Entom. 1894, p. 78). Habitat. Java (Coll. Mus. Leyden), 


Heleyra chionippe, Felder, Sitzb, Akad. Wiss. Wien. 1860, p. 450; Neues, Lep. p. 46, pl. 1 (1861). 
Habitat. Amboina. 


INDEX OF 


Adolias Euthymius, Dbleday. 198. 
4imona, Hewits. 173, 212. 
Amathusia, Hewits. 212. 
Lena, Atkinson, 215. 
Pealii, W. Mason, 214. 
Acapertes, Billberg, 15. 
Cleanthe, 16. 
Galathea, 16. 
Halimede, Menétr. 16. 
meridionalis, Feld. 16. 
montana, Leech, 16. 
Ageronide, Dbleday. 219. 
AgrustA, Moore, 144, 169. 
Andersonii, Moore, 169. 
Esaca, Westw. 169. 
Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. 
AmatausiA, Fabr. 173, 178. 
Amythaon, Dbleday. 176. 
Aureliana, Honrath, 178. 
Aurelius, Cram. 178. 
dilucida, Honrath, 178. 
insularis, Doherty, 178. 
ochraceofusca, Honrath, 182. 
Ottomana, Butler, 178. 
Perakana, Honrath, 179. 
Phidippus, Linn. 179. 
Pollicaris, Butler, 182. 
Porthaon, Feld, 178. 
Portheus, Felder, 176. 
Pylaon, Feld. 178. 
Schonbergii, Honrath, 182. 
virgata, Butler, 182. 
Westwoodii, Butler, 176. 
AMATHUsUNZ, Moore, 170. 
AMATHUXIDIA, Stgr. 172, 176. 
Amythaon, Dbleday. 176. 
dilucida, Honrath, 178. 
insularis, Doherty, 178. 
Ottomana, Butler, 178. 
Philippina, Moore, 178. 


GHNERA AND SPECIES. 


VOL i: 


Amatuuxip1a Porthaon, Feld, 178. 
Pylaon, Felder, 178. 

Amaxidia, Stgr. 178. 
Aureliana, Honrath, 178. 
Aurelius, Cram. 178. 

AMEOERA, Butler, 12. 
Baldiva, 12, 18. 
Cashmirensis, Moore, 12. 
Climene, Fabr. 12. 
Eversmanni, /. v. W. 13. 
mceroides, Felder, 9. 
Merula, Felder, 8, 
Megera, 12. 
Menava, Moore, 9. 
Schakra, Kollar, 7. 

Apaturide, Stgr. 219. 

Apaturides, Boisd. 219, 

Arge, Hiibner, 15. 

Argynnide, Dup. 219. 

Argynnides, Kirby, 219. 

Argynnidi, Steph. 219. 

Areynnina, Moore, 227. 

AvLocera, Butler, 26. 
Brahminoides, Moore, 29. 
Brahminus, Blanch. 27, 33. 
Chumbica, Moore, 30. 
Loha, Doherty, 30. 
Padma, Kollar, 32. 
Saraswati, Kollar, 35. 
Scylla, Butler, 28. 
Swaha, Kollar, 33. 
Weranga, Lang, 27. 

Biblides, Boisd. 219. 

Biblis undularis, Godart, 145. 
leucocyma, Godart, 155. 

Brassoline, 172. 

Bruasa, Moore, 144, 164. 
Abrisa, Distant, 165. 


Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165, 


Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164. 


Bruasa Konga, Grose Smith, 165. 
Mehida, Hewits. 165. 
Penanga, Westw. 165. 
Sumatrana, Wallace, 165, 

Caligo, 172. 

Amphimedon, 172. 
Calinaga, Moore, 220. 
Catinacinaz, Moore, 220. 
CaLuereEBIA, Butler, 96. 

albipunctata, Leech, 103. 

Annada, Moore, 97. 

Cashapa, Moore, 100. 

Daksha, Moore, 102. 

Delavoyi, Oberth. 103. 

hybrida, Butler, 98. 

intermedia, Moore, 100. 

modesta, Moore, 102. 

Nada, Moore, 98. 

Nirmala, Moore, 100. 

ophthalmica, Stgr. 96. 

Orixa, Moore, 96. 

Polyphemus, Oberth. 103. 

pratorum, Oberth. 103. 

ruricola, Leech, 103. 

rurigena, Leech, 103. 

saxicola, Oderth. 103. 

Seanda, Kollar, 101. 

Sylvicola, Oberth. 103. 

Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. 
Cuaraxes, Ochs. 229, 248. 

Agna, Moore, 237. 

Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. 

albanus, Rober, 2638. 

Amycus, Felder, 248. 

Antonius, Semper, 248. 

Aristogiton, Felder, 236. 

Arja, Felder, 258. 

Athamas, Drury, 252. 

Attalus, Felder, 263. 

Bajula, Stgr. 248. 


Cuaraxes Baya, Moore, 248. 


Bernardus, Fabr, 246. 
Bernardus, Kollar, 240. 
Bharata, Felder, 253. 


Borneensis, Butler, 237, 247. 


Bupalus, Stgr. 247. 
Clitiphon, Oberth. 267. 
Concha, Vollenh. 265. 
Corax, Felder, 238. 
Delphis, Dbleday. 265. 
Desa, Moore, 235. 
Distanti, Honrath, 247. 
Dolon, Westw. 263. 
Durnfordii, Distant, 248. 
Echo, Butler, 252. 
Eudamippus, Dbleday. 264. 
Kveretti, Rothschild, 248. 
Fabius, Fabr. 249, 
fallax, Rober, 263. 
Fruhstorferi, Rober, 263. 
Ganymedes, Leech, 267. 
Ganymedes, Stgr. 263, 
Georgius, Stgr. 248. 
Hamasta, Moore, 256. 
Harmodius, Felder, 247. 
Harpagon, Stgr. 247. 
Harpaz, Felder, 237. 
Hebe, Butler, 263. 
Hemana, Butler, 240. 
Heracles, Rober, 263. 
Hieraz, Felder, 239, 242. 
Hindia, Butler, 231, 244. 
Hipponaz, Felder, 239, 248. 
Imna, Butler, 231. 
Jalinder, Butler, 243. 
Jalysus, Felder, 259. 
Javanus, Rober, 263. 
Kaba, Khiel, 263. 
Kadenit, Felder, 263. 
Khasianus, Butler, 245. 


Khimalara, Butler, 242, 244. 


Lampedo, Hiibn. 252. 
Lunawara, Butler, 233, 248. 
Mandarinus, Feld. 267. 
Marmaz, Westw. 233. 
Menedemus, Oberth. 267. 
Moori, Distant, 260. 


Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. 


Niasica, Butler, 263. 
Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246. 


INDEX. 


CuHaraxes Phrizus, Rober, 263. 
Plateni, Stgr. 248. 


Pleistoanaz, Felder, 244, 245. 


Polyxena, Cram. 247. 
Posidonius, Leech, 267. 
Psaphon, Westw. 230. 
Rothschildii, Leech, 267. 
Samatha, Moore, 253. 
Schreiberi, Godt. 261. 
Scylax, Felder, 247. 
Smerdis, Felder, 263. 
Staudinger?, Rothschild, 248. 
Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. 
Watti, Butler, 239. 
Zephyrus, Butler, 252. 
Charaxide, Doherty, 220, 228. 
Cuaraxina, Moore, 224, 228. 
Cuazara, Moore, 21. 
Briseis, 21. 
Heidenreichi, 22. 
Shandura, Marshall, 21. 
Chionobas pumilus, Felder, 37. 
Cuonata, Moore, 14. 
episcopalis, Oberth. 15. 
Masoni, Elwes, 15. 
preusta, Leech, 15. 
Cuortostus, Guénee, 51. 
Ceenonympha, feld. 54, 
Goolmurga, Lang, 56. 
Maiza, Lang, 55. 
Neoza, Lang, 54. 
pavonica, Alph. 57. 
pulehra, Feld. 52. 
Sinica, Alph. 57. 
CLrerome, Westw. 178, 206. 
Airope, Leech, 209. 
Amathusia, Hewits. 212. 
Arcesilaus, Fubr. 207. 
Assama, Westw. 208. 
Besa, Hewits. 209. 
Eumeus, Drury, 209. 
gracilis, Butler, 209. 
Kirata, de Nicéville, 209. 
Kleis, Semper, 209. 
Leucis, Felder, 209. 
lurida, Felder, 209. 
Phaon, Erichs. 209. 
Plateni, Stgr. 209. 
Sappho, Semper, 209. 
Stomphax, Westw. 209. 


Cenonympha, Hibn. 51. 
pavonica, Alph. 57, 

Cresera, Moore, 11. 
Deidamia, Eversm. 11, 
erebina, Butler, 11. 
Menétriesti, Brem. 11. 

Cyllo, Boisd. 117. 

Aswa, Moore, 128. 

Duryodana, Feld, 135. 

tristis, Felder, 128. 
Cyiiocenns, Butler, 137. 

Janete, de Nicéville, 139. 

Suradeva, Moore, 138. 
Datuacna, Moore, 58, 94, 

Hyagriva, Moore, 58, 95. 
Debis Masoni, Elwes, 15. 
DriscopHora, Boisd. 173, 187. 

Andamanensis, Stgr. 188. 

Bambuse, Felder, 198. 

Celebensis, Holland, 197. 

Celinde, Distant, 188. 

Celinde, Stoll, 196. 

Cheops, Felder, 197. 

Continentalis, Stgr. 188. 

Dis, de Nicéville, 197. 

indica, Stgr. 192. 

lepida, Moore, 190. 

Menetho, Semper, 198. 

Necho, Felder, 197. 

Ogina, Godart, 197. 

Philippina, Moore, 198. 

Semperi, Moore, 198. 

simplex, Stgr. 198. 

Sondaica, Boisd. 198. 

spiloptera, de Nicéville, 195. 

Timora, Dbleday. 197. 

Tullia, Cram. 197. 

Tullia, Moore, 192. 

Zal, Semper, 198. 

Zal, Westw. 191. 
Doxocopa Epalias, Hibner, 247. 
Drusilla, Swains. 212. 

Horsfieldii, Swains, 212. 
Dryades, Hiibner, 220. 

Dyctis Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. 
Patna, Butler, 162. 
Pealii, de Nicéville, 157. 
Singala, de Nicéville, 156. 
Vasudeva, Butler, 166. 

Elymniade, Doherty, 141. 


INDEX. 271 


Erymntas Vasudeva, Moore, 166. 
Elymmina, H. Scheffer, 141. 
Erymnun&, Kirby, 141, 

Enisrr, Dbleday. 173, 198, 


Evuerris Hebe, Butler, 263, 
Heracles, Rober, 263. 
Jalysus, Felder, 259. 
Kaba, Khiel, 263. 


Elymniades, Butler, 141. 

Exymntas, Hiibner, 144. 
Abrisa, Distant, 165. 
Albofasciata, Stgr. 156. 


Borneensis, Grose Smith, 165. 


Borneensis, Wallace, 168. 
Casiphone, Hiibn. 163. 
Caudata, Butler, 150, 
Ceryx, Boisd. 163. 
Chelensis, de Nicéville, 164. 
Congruens, Semper, 155. 
Cottonis, Hewits. 151. 
Dedalion, de Nicéville, 154. 
Dara, Distant, 156. 
discrepans, Distant, 155. 
dolorosa, Butler, 152. 
Dusara, Horsf. 155. 
Enganica, Doherty, 156. 
Esaca, Westw. 169. 
Esacoides, de Nicéville, 169. 
fraterna, Butler, 149. 
Godfery?, Distant, 168. 
Hainana, Moore, 155. 
Harterti, Honrath, 163. 
Hecata, Butler, 155. 

Jynx, Hiibn. 155. 

Konga, Grose Smith, 165. 
Kumara, Moore, 163. 
Kunstler’, Honrath, 161. 
Lais, Cram. 163. 
leucocyma, Boisd. 159. 
leucocyma, Godart, 155, 159. 
lutescens, Butler, 155. 
malelas, Hewits. 159. 
Mehida, Hewits. 165. 
mimus, W. Mason, 152. 
nigrescens, Butler, 155. 
obnubila, de WMicéville, 153. 
Panthera, Fabr. 155. 
Patna, Westw. 162. 

Pealii, W. Mason, 157. 
Penanga, Westw. 165. 
Protogenia, Cram. 155. 
Saueri, Distant, 161. 
Singala, Moore, 156. 
Sumatrana, Wallace, 165. 
Thycana, Wallace, 166. 
Timandra, Wallace, 158, 
tinetoria, Moore, 148. 
undularis, Drury, 145. 


’ 


Cyenus, Westw. 201. 
Euthymius, Dbleday. 198, 
lepida, Moore, 190. 
lunatus, Leech, 262. 
sylhetensis, Stgr. 200. 
tessellata, Moore, 200, 
ipinephila, Stephens, 44. 


E/pinephele, Hiibner, 44. 


Cheena, Moore, 50. 
cenonympha, Feld. 54. 
Davendra, Moore, 45. 
Goolmurga, Lang, 56. 
interposita, Ersch, 49. 
Maiza, Lang, 55. 
Narica, Butler, 48. 
Neoza, Lang, 53. 
pulchella, Feld. 54. 
pulchra, Feld. 52. 
Roxane, Feld. 45. 
Sinica, Alph. 57. 


Kadenii, Felder, 263. 
Moori, Distant, 260. 
Niasica, Butler, 263, 
Samatha, Moore, 253. 
Schreiberi, Godart, 261. 
Smerdis, Felder, 263. 
Wardii, Moore, 262. 
Euments, Hubner, 17. 
Baldiva, Moore, 18. 
diffusa, Butler, 18. 
Lehana, Moore, 19. 
Semele, 17, 
Thelephassa, Hiibn. 20. 
Eurytelide, Dbleday. 219. 
EvurytEtina, Moore, 227. 
Hurnaiwna, Moore, 225. 
Faunis, Hiibner, 206. 
Caneus, Hiibn, 207. 
Hamadryades, Hiibn, 220, 
Haripra, Moore, 229, 


Erebia Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. 
Herse, Leech, 106, 
Jordana, Stgr. 106. 
Kalinda, Moore, 104. 
Mani, de Nicéville, 106. 
Maracandica, Ersch. 106. 
Megalomma, Butler, 106, 
Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. 
saxicola, Oberth. 103. 
shallada, Lang, 105. 

Eribea, Hiibn. 248. 

Erites, Westw. 113. 
argentina, Butler, 113. 
angularis, Moore, 115. 
Beelinga, Moore, 114. 
elegans, Butler, 117. 
Saleipennis, W. Mason, 116. 
Madura, Horsf. 117. 
ochreana, Stgr. 117. 

Eouepis, Dalman, 229, 252. 
Agrarius, Swinhoe, 257. 
Arja, Felder, 258. 
Athamas, Drury, 252. 
Attalus, Felder, 263. 
Ganymedes, Stgr. 263. 
Hamasta, Moore, 256. 





Adamsoni, Moore, 236. 
Amycus, Felder, 248. 
Antonius, Semper, 248. 
Aristogiton, Felder, 236. 
Bajula, Stgr, 248. 
Baya, Moore, 248. 
Bernardus, Fabr. 246. 
Borneensis, Butler, 247. 
Bupalus, Stgr. 247. 
Corax, Felder, 238. 
Desa, Moore, 235. 
Distanti, Honrath, 247. 
Durnfordii, Distant, 248. 
Everetti, Rothschild, 248. 
Georgius, Stgr. 248. 
Harmodius, Felder, 247. 
Harpagon, Stgr. 247. 
Harpax, Felder, 237. 
Hemana, Butler, 240. 
Hierax, Felder, 239. 
Hipponax, Felder, 242. 
Imna, Butler, 231. 
Jalinder, Butler, 243. 
Kahruba, Moore, 235. 
Khasiana, Butler, 245. 
Marmax, Westw. 233. 


272 


Harrpra Nicholii, Grose Smith, 246. 


Plateni, Stgr. 248. 
Pleistoanax, Felder, 244. 
Polyxena, Cram. 247. 
Psaphon, Westw. 230. 
Scylaz, Felder, 247. 
Serendiba, Moore, 230. 
Staudingert, Rothschild, 248. 
Hevcyra, Felder, 229, 267. 
Chionippe, Felder, 268. 
Hemina, Hewits. 268. 
superba, Leech, 268. 
Hemapara, Moore, 106. 
Narasingha, Moore, 107. 
Hipio, Hiibner, 117. 
Hipparchia, 17. 
Anthe, Boisd. 23. 
Baldiva, de Nicéville, 18. 
Cadesia, Moore, 39. 
diffusa, Butler, 18. 
Digna, Marshall, 42. 
Hiibneri, Butler, 39. 
Lehana, Moore, 19. 
Parisatis, Kollar, 24. 
Persephone, Hiibn. 23. 
Pimpla, Felder, 42. 
Shandura, Marshall, 21. 
Thelephassa, Klug. 20, 
Jasia, Swainson, 248. 
Athama, Swains. 263. 
Kanetsta, Moore, 42, 
Digna, Marshall, 42. 
pimpla, Felder, 43. 
Karanasa, Moore, 38. 
Hiibneri, Feld. 39. 
Leechii, Moore, 41. 
modesta, Moore, 41. 
Kririnta, Moore, 14. 
Epimenides, Menétr. 14. 
Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. 
Konasa, Moore, 57, 82. 
Chenui, Guérin. 57, 85. 
Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. 
Krineana, Moore, 185. 
Klugius, Zink. Som. 185. 
Lucipor, Westw. 185. 
Noureddin, Westw. 185. 
Lasiommata, Westwood, 5. 
Baldiva, Moore, 18. 
Epimenides, Menétr. 14. 


INDEX. 


LastommaTa Meeroides, Felder, 9. 
Merula, Felder, 8. 
Mesa, Leech, 11. 
Megera, 12. 

Menava, Moore, 9. 
Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. 
Satricus, Dbleday. 3. 
Schakra, Kollar, 7. 

Lemoniades, Hiibn. 220. 

Lethe Masoni, de Nicéville, 15. 

Limenrtina, Moore, 225. 

Louana, Moore, 58, 92. 
Inica, Hewits. 93. 

Lopinea, Moore, 11. 
catena, Leech, 11. 
dumetorum, Olerth. 11. 
Sulvescens, Alph, 11. 
nemorum, Oberth. 11. 

Mera Phidippe, Hibn. 179. 

Manroua, Schrank, 44. 
brevistigma, Moore, 47. 
Cheena, Moore, 50. 
Davendra, Moore, 45. 
interposita, Ersch. 49. 
Jurtina, 45, 

Kashmirica, Moore, 51. 
latistigma, Moore, 46. 
Narica, Hiibn. 48. 

Melanargia, Meigen, 15. 

Metanitis, Fabr. 117. 
Abdulle, Distant, 137. 
aculeata, Hampson, 133. 
Ambasara, Moore, 137. 
Ampa, Swinhoe, 131. 
Arcensia, Cram. 120. 
Aswa, Moore, 128. 
Atrax, Semper, 137. 
Bela, Moore, 128. 
Bethami, de Nicéville, 127. 
Boisduvalia, Semper, 137. 
Cajetana, Semper, 137. 
Cottonis, Hewits. 151. 
determinata, Butler, 119. 


Duryodana, de Nicéville, 129. 


Dusara, Horsf. 155. 
Egialina, Feld. 168. 
Erichsonia, Semper, 137. 
Esaca, Westw. 169. 
Gnophodes, Butler, 137. 
Gokala, Moore, 133. 


Me tanitis Ismene, Cram. 118. 
Kalinga, Moore, 137. 
Leda, Fabr. 118. 
leucocyma, Boisd. 159. 
Malelas, Hewits. 159. 
Mycena, Cram. 120. 
Patna, Westw. 162. 
Phedima, Cram. 187. 
Suradeva, Moore, 138. 
Suyudana, Moore, 137. 
Tambra, Moore, 125. 
undularis, Westw. 145. 
Vamana, Moore, 135. 
Varaha, Moore, 131. 
Zitenius, Herbst. 135, 

Meranocyma, Westw. 210. 
Jaunula, 210. 
faunuloides, de Nicéville, 210. 

Me.irzina, Moore, 227. 

MetyniAs, Moore, 144, 156. 
Casiphone, Hibn. 163. 
Ceryx, Boisd. 163. 
Harterti, Honrath, 163. 
Kumara, Moore, 163. 
Lais, Cram. 163. 

Malelas, Hewits. 159. 
Patna, Westw. 162. 
patnoides, Moore, 163. 
Pealii, W. Mason, 157. 
Sauert, Distant, 161. 
Singala, Moore, 156. 
Timandra, Wallace, 158. 

Mmavetias, Moore, 144, 165. 
Borneensis, Wallace, 168. 
Burmensis, Moore, 168. 
Deva, Moore, 167. 
Egialina, Felder, 168. 
Godferyi, Distant, 168. 
Vasudeva, Moore, 166. 

Mitocerus, Billberg, 178. 

Morphine, 170, 171. 

Morpho Camadeva, Westw. 203. 
Leonteus, Zinken-Som. 207. 
Klugius, Zinken-Som, 185. 
Odana, Godart, 185. 
Ogina, Godart, 197. 
Phidippus, Godart, 179. 

Murwarepa, Moore, 229, 263. 
Delphis, Dbleday. 266. 
Dolon, Westw. 263. 


MorwarepaEudamippus, Dbdy.264. 
Mandarinus, Fldr. 267. 
Menedemus, Oberth. 267. 
Narceus, Hewits. 267. 
Nepenthes, Grose Smith, 267. 
Posidonius, Leech, 267. 
Rothschildii, Leech, 267. 
Tibetanus, Oberth. 267. 

Napiria, Moore, 57, 85. 
Bolaniea, Marshall, 57, 85. 

Najades, Wiibner, 220. 

Nanpocea, Moore, 173, 182. 
Diores, Dbleday. 182. 

Nymphalidae, Dup. 219. 

Nymphalides, Boisd. 219. 

Nymphalidi, Steph. 219. 

Nympuaina, Moore, 224. 
H. Sch. 219. 

NyYMPHALIN®, Bates, 219. 

Nympuatis, Linn. 226. 

To, Linn. 226. 

Nymphalis, Latr. 248. 
Athamas, Godart, 252. 
Baya, Moore, 248. 
Fabius, Godart, 249. 
Narceus, Hewits. 267. 
Psaphon, Westw. 230. 

Nymphalites, Blanch, 219. 

Nyaa, Billberg, 24. 
Hermione, 24. 

Parisatis, Kollar, 24. 

CEnets, Hiibn. 36. 

Jutta, 36. 
Norma, 36. 
Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. 

Opsiphanes, 172. 

Cassie, 172. 
Xanthus, 172. 

Oreas, Hiibn. 26. 

Proserpina, 26. 

Orinoma, Doubleday, 1. 
Damaris, Dbleday. 1. 

Panpima, Moore, 58, 86. 
corticaria, Butler, 92. 
Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. 
Mahratta, Moore, 90. 
Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. 
multistriata, Butler, 92. 
Nareda, Kollar, 86. 
Newara, Moore, 87. 

Vou. UW. 





INDEX. 


Panpima Norma, Westw. 92. 
Pandocus, Moore, 92. 
Sempera, Felder, 92. 
Stellera, Esch. 92. 
Watsoni, Moore, 89. 

Paphia, Fabr. 248. 
Athamas, Horsf. 252. 
Fabia, Gray, 249. 

Papilio Anthe, Ochs. 23. 
Arcesilaus, Fabr. 207. 
Aristides, Fabr. 196. 
Athamas, Drury, 252. 
Aurelius, Cram. 178. 
Baldus, Fabr. 58. 
Bernardus, Fabr. 246. 
Celinde, Stoll, 196. 
Climene, Fabr. 12. 
Eumeus, Drury, 209. 
Euphanes, Esper. 249. 
Gripus, Fabr. 209. 
Leda, Drury, 118. 
Menetho, Fabr. 196, 
Narica, Hiibn. 48. 
Persephone, Hiibn. 23. 


Phidippus, Johanssen, 179. 


Philomela, Johans. 74. 
Polyxena, Cram. 247. 
Protogenia, Cram. 155. 
Pyrrhus, Donov. 258. 
Solon, Fabr. 249. 
Tullia, Cvam. 197. 
undularis, Drury, 145. 
Paranasa, Moore, 103. 
Cyclopius, Eversm. 106. 
Herse, Leech, 106. 
Jordana, Stgr. 106. 
Kalinda, Moore, 104. 
Mani, de Nicéville, 106. 
Maracandica, Ersch. 106, 
Megulomma, Butler, 106. 
Roxane, Gr.-Gr. 106. 
Shallada, Zang, 105. 


ParantTirrua@a, W. Mason, 139. 


Marshalli, W. Mason, 140. 
Pararge Catena, Leech, 11. 
Deidamia, Eversm. 11. 
dumetorum, Oberth. 11. 
Epimenondas, Stgr. 14. 
episcopalis, Oberth, 15. 
erebina, Butler, 11. 


273 


Pararge fulvescens, Alph. 11. 
Nasshreddini, Stgr. 11. 
nemorum, Oberth. 11. 
preusta, Leech, 15. 

Para@neis, Moore, 36. 
Buddha, Gr.-Gr. 38. 
palearcticus, Stgr. 38. 
pumilus, Felder, 37. 
Sikkimensis, Stgr. 38. 

Peridromide, Dbleday. 219. 

Peridromides, Boisd. 219. 

Putuareta, Moore, 23. 
Hanifa, 23. 
Persephone, Hiibn. 23. 

Potamides, Hiibner, 220. 

Potamina, Moore, 224. 

Pseudamathusia, Hourath, 182, 
virgata, Butler, 182. 

Pseudergolis, 220. 

Racabia, Westgv. 110. 
annulata, Grose Smith, 113. 
Crista, Hiibn. 113. 
Crisilda, Hewits. 110. 
Crito, de Nicéville, 111. 
Critolaus, de Nicéville, 112. 
Crohonica, Semper, 113. 
latifasciata, Leech, 113. 
Luzonia, Feld. 113. 
Melindena, Felder, 113. 
Makuta, Horsf. 113. 

Ruapuicera, Butler, 2. 
dumicola, Oberth. 5, 
Moorei, Butler, 4. 
Satrieus, Doubleday, 3. 

SATYRINA, 1. 

Satyrus, Latreille, 5. 
Anthea, Boisd. 23. 
Anthelea, Boisd. 20. 
Avatara, Moore, 32. 
Baldus, Godt. 58. 
Brahminus, Blanch. 27. 
Chenu, Guérin. 83. 
dumicola, Oberthiir, 5. 
(Historican Nore), 6. 
Tiibneri, Felder, 39. 
Loha, Elwes, 30, 36. 
Menétriesit, Brem. 11. 
Nareda, Kollar, 86. 
Narica, Boisd, 48. 
Padma, Kollar, 32. 


Nn 


274 


Satyrus Parisatis, Kollar, 24. 
Pimpla, Felder, 43. 
Saraswati, Kollar, 35. 
Schakra, Kollar, 7. 
Swaha, Kollar, 33. 
Thelephassa, H. 8. 20. 
Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. 


StichoputHaima, Felder, 178, 202. 


Camadeva, Westw. 203. 
Cambodia, Hewits. 206. 
JSusca, Leech, 206. 
Howqua, Westw. 206. 
Louisa, W. Mason, 204. 
Neumogeni, Leech, 206. 
Nourmahal, Westw. 205. 
Nurinissa, de Nicéville, 206. 
Sparta, de Nicéville, 217. 
Sujfusa, Leech, 206. 
Tansima Masoni, Elwes, 15. 
Tattnea, Moore, 5. ° 
Tibetanus, Oberth. 5. 
Tenaris, Hiibner, 212. 
Birchii, Distant, 212. 
Horsfieldii, Swains. 212. 
occulta, Grose Smith, 212. 
Plateni, Stgr. 212. 
THAuMANTIs, Hiibner, 184, 
Aliris, Westw. 187. 
Camadeva, Westw. 203. 
Cambodia, Hewits. 206. 
Diores, Dbleday. 182. 
Jaunula, Westw. 211. 
Howqua, Westw. 206. 
Louisa, W. Mason, 204. 
Lucipor, Westw. 185. 
Noureddin, Westw. 185. 
Nourmahal, Westw. 205. 
Odana, Godart, 185, 
pseudaliris, Butler, 186. 
Tsauria, Moore, 173, 185. 
Aliris, Westw. 187. 
pseudaliris, Butler, 186. 
Tuymiea, Moore, 57, 58. 
Argus, Butler, 75. 
Austeni, Moore, 69. 
Avanta, Moore, 70. 
Baldus, Fabr. 58. 





INDEX. 


Tuymrpa Dohertyi, Moore, 65. 
evanescens, Butler, 75. 
Jasciata, Hewits. 75. 
Horsfieldii, Moore, 74. 
indecora, Moore, 63. 
Lisandra, Cram. 75. 
Marshallit, Butler, 59. 
Methora, Hewits. 64. 
Nikza, Moore, 68. 
Philomela, Johanssen, 74. 
Sakra, Moore, 69. 
Savara, Grose Smith, 66. 
Singala, Felder, 72. 
striata, Hampson, 73. 
Tabella, de Nicéville, 73. 
Zodia, Butler, 75. 

Vanesside, Dup. 219. 

Vanessides, Kirby, 219. 

Vanessidi, Steph, 219. 


XaNrHOTENIA, Westw. 173, 216. 


Busiris, Westw. 216. 
obscura, Butler, 216. 
Yphthima, Dbleday. 75. 
Baldus, Dbleday. 59. 
Yrruima, Hubner, 75, 75. 
Alemola, Swinhoe, 90. 
Alkibie, Swinhoe, 98. 
apicalis, Moore, 76. 
Ariaspa, Moore, 93. 
Asterope, de Nicéville, 90. 
Avanta, Moore, 71. 
Baldus, Butler, 59. 
Bolanica, Marshall, 85. 
Catharina, Butler, 78. 
Ceyionica, Hewits. 81. 
Chenui, Butler, 83. 
complexiva, Swinhoe, 93. 
corticaria, Butler, 92. 
Dedalea, Swinhoe, 93. 
Horsfieldit, Moore, 74. 
Howra, Moore, 78. 
Hubneri, Kirby, 77. 
Hyagriva, Moore, 95. 
mmdecora, Moore, 63. 
Inica, Hewits. 93, 
Jjocularia, Swinhoe, 78. 
Kasmira, Doore, 76. 











Yrruima Lycus, de Nicéville, 88. 
Mahratta, Moore, 90. 
Marshallii, Butler, 59. 
Methora, Distant, 59. 

SS Elwes, 65. 

5 Hewits. 64. 
Motschulskyi, de Nieé, 88, 
Motschulskyi, Bremer, 92. 
Multistriata, Butler, 92. 
Narasingha, Moore, 107. 
Nareda, Kollar, 86, 
Newara, Moore, 87. 
Newboldii, Distant, 59. 
Nikcea, Moore, 68. 
Norma, Westw. 92. 
ordinata, Butler, 70. 
Pandocus, Moore, 92. 
Philomela, de Nicéville, 59. 
Philomela, Hibn. 77. 
Philomela, Johanssen, 74. 
Kara, Butler, 93. 
Robinsoni, Distant, 84. 
Salrra, Moore, 69. 
Savara, Grose Smith, 66. 
Sempera, Felder, 92, 
Singala, Feld. 72. 
Stellera, Esch. 92. 
striata, Hampson, 73. 
Tabella, de Nicéville, 73. 
Thora, Moore, 72. 
Yphthimoides, Moore, 84. 

Ziboetes, W. Mason, 108. 

Zipxtis, Hewitson, 108. 
Saitis, Hewits. 108. 
Scylax, Hewits. 109. 

Zipoetes, de Nicéville, 108. 

Zeuxip1A, Hiibner, 172, 173, 
Amethystus, Butler, 175. 
Boisduvalii, Westw. 175. 
Doubledayi, Westw. 175. 
Horsfieldii, Felder, 176. 
Luxerti, Hiibner, 175. 
Masoni, Moore, 174. 
Sempert, Felder, 176. 
Sibulana, Honrath, 176. 
Victriz, Stgr. 176. 
Wallacei, Felder, 175. 


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